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(1992–1998) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Fidel_Ramos_administration_(1992–1998)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Joseph_Estrada_administration_(1998–2001)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Joseph_Estrada_administration_(1998–2001)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Joseph Estrada administration (1998–2001) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Joseph_Estrada_administration_(1998–2001)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Gloria_Macapagal_Arroyo_administration_(2001–2010)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gloria_Macapagal_Arroyo_administration_(2001–2010)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Gloria Macapagal Arroyo administration (2001–2010) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Gloria_Macapagal_Arroyo_administration_(2001–2010)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Benigno_Aquino_III_administration_(2010–2016)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Benigno_Aquino_III_administration_(2010–2016)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Benigno Aquino III administration (2010–2016) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Benigno_Aquino_III_administration_(2010–2016)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Rodrigo_Duterte_administration_(2016–2022)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rodrigo_Duterte_administration_(2016–2022)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Rodrigo Duterte administration (2016–2022) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Rodrigo_Duterte_administration_(2016–2022)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ferdinand_Marcos_Jr._presidency_(2022-present)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ferdinand_Marcos_Jr._presidency_(2022-present)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Ferdinand Marcos Jr. presidency (2022-present) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ferdinand_Marcos_Jr._presidency_(2022-present)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 References </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 External links 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<div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">History of the Philippines (1986–present)</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. 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.sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile vcard hlist" style="width:15em"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title"><div class="sidebar-pretitle" style="margin: -0.2em 0; font-size:69%; font-weight:normal;">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:History_of_the_Philippines" title="Category:History of the Philippines">a series</a> on the</div></th> </tr><tr> <th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style=""><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Philippines" title="History of the Philippines">History of the Philippines</a></th> </tr><tr><td style="padding-bottom: 0.4em; border-bottom: 1px solid #ccc;"><figure class="mw-halign-center mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Carta_Hydrographica_y_Chorographica_de_las_Yslas_Filipinas_Dedicada_al_Rey_Nuestro_Se%C3%B1or_por_el_Mariscal_d._Campo_D._Fernando_Valdes_Tamon_Cavall%C2%BA_del_Orden_de_Santiago_de_Govor._Y_Capn.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Carta_Hydrographica_y_Chorographica_de_las_Yslas_Filipinas_Dedicada_al_Rey_Nuestro_Se%C3%B1or_por_el_Mariscal_d._Campo_D._Fernando_Valdes_Tamon_Cavall%C2%BA_del_Orden_de_Santiago_de_Govor._Y_Capn.jpg/225px-thumbnail.jpg" decoding="async" width="225" height="207" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Carta_Hydrographica_y_Chorographica_de_las_Yslas_Filipinas_Dedicada_al_Rey_Nuestro_Se%C3%B1or_por_el_Mariscal_d._Campo_D._Fernando_Valdes_Tamon_Cavall%C2%BA_del_Orden_de_Santiago_de_Govor._Y_Capn.jpg/338px-thumbnail.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Carta_Hydrographica_y_Chorographica_de_las_Yslas_Filipinas_Dedicada_al_Rey_Nuestro_Se%C3%B1or_por_el_Mariscal_d._Campo_D._Fernando_Valdes_Tamon_Cavall%C2%BA_del_Orden_de_Santiago_de_Govor._Y_Capn.jpg/450px-thumbnail.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4745" data-file-height="4365" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure></td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Philippine_history" title="Timeline of Philippine history">Timeline</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:lavender;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Prehistory_of_the_Philippines" title="Prehistory of the Philippines">Prehistoric period</a> (pre-900)</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:center; line-height:18px;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prehistory_of_the_Philippines#Kalinga_artifacts_and_fossil_fauna_remains" title="Prehistory of the Philippines">Early hominin activity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homo_luzonensis" title="Homo luzonensis">Homo luzonensis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tabon_Man" title="Tabon Man">Tabon Man</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Models_of_migration_to_the_Philippines" title="Models of migration to the Philippines">Austronesian expansion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angono_Petroglyphs" title="Angono Petroglyphs">Angono Petroglyphs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lal-lo_and_Gattaran_Shell_Middens" title="Lal-lo and Gattaran Shell Middens">Lal-lo and Gattaran Shell Middens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sa_Hu%E1%BB%B3nh_culture" title="Sa Huỳnh culture">Sa Huỳnh culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Precolonial_barangay" title="Precolonial barangay">Precolonial barangay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maritime_Silk_Road" title="Maritime Silk Road">Maritime Silk Road</a></li></ul> Events/Artifacts <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Balangay" title="Balangay">Balangay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rice_Terraces_of_the_Philippine_Cordilleras" title="Rice Terraces of the Philippine Cordilleras">Cordillera Rice Terraces</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prehistoric_grave_goods_in_the_Philippines" title="Prehistoric grave goods in the Philippines">Grave goods</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalanay_Cave" title="Kalanay Cave">Kalanay Cave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maitum_anthropomorphic_pottery" title="Maitum anthropomorphic pottery">Maitum anthropomorphic pottery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manunggul_Jar" title="Manunggul Jar">Manunggul Jar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prehistoric_beads_in_the_Philippines" title="Prehistoric beads in the Philippines">Prehistoric beads</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shell_tools_in_the_Philippines" title="Shell tools in the Philippines">Shell tools</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:lavender;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Philippines_(900%E2%80%931565)" title="History of the Philippines (900–1565)">Precolonial period</a> (900–1565)</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:center; line-height:18px;">Historically documented states/polities (north to south) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pangasinan_(historical_polity)" title="Pangasinan (historical polity)">Pangasinan (historical polity)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caboloan" title="Caboloan">Caboloan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cainta_(historical_polity)" title="Cainta (historical polity)">Cainta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tondo_(historical_polity)" title="Tondo (historical polity)">Tondo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Namayan" title="Namayan">Namayan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maynila_(historical_polity)" title="Maynila (historical polity)">Maynila</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kumintang_(historical_polity)" title="Kumintang (historical polity)">Kumintang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibalon" title="Ibalon">Ibalon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ma-i" title="Ma-i">Ma-i</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pulilu" title="Pulilu">Pulilu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sandao" title="Sandao">Sandao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madja-as" title="Madja-as">Madja-as</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cebu_(historical_state)" class="mw-redirect" title="Cebu (historical state)">Cebu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dapitan_Kingdom" title="Dapitan Kingdom">Bo-ol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Butuan_(historical_polity)" title="Butuan (historical polity)">Butuan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanmalan" title="Sanmalan">Sanmalan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sultanate_of_Maguindanao" title="Sultanate of Maguindanao">Sultanate of Maguindanao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sultanate_of_Buayan" title="Sultanate of Buayan">Sultanate of Buayan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confederate_States_of_Lanao" title="Confederate States of Lanao">Sultanates of Lanao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sultanate_of_Sulu" title="Sultanate of Sulu">Sultanate of Sulu</a></li></ul> Events/Artifacts <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Maragtas" title="Maragtas">Maragtas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laguna_Copperplate_Inscription" title="Laguna Copperplate Inscription">Laguna Copperplate Inscription</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Butuan_Ivory_Seal" title="Butuan Ivory Seal">Butuan Ivory Seal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Limestone_tombs_of_Kamhantik" title="Limestone tombs of Kamhantik">Limestone tombs of Kamhantik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kabayan_Mummies" title="Kabayan Mummies">Kabayan Mummies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baybayin" title="Baybayin">Baybayin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ijang" title="Ijang">Batanes Ijang fortresses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agusan_image" title="Agusan image">Golden Tara of Agusan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monreal_Stones" title="Monreal Stones">Monreal Stones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Butuan_Silver_Paleograph" title="Butuan Silver Paleograph">Butuan Silver Paleograph</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piloncitos" title="Piloncitos">Piloncitos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barter_rings" title="Barter rings">Barter rings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luzones" title="Luzones">Luzones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magellan_expedition" title="Magellan expedition">Magellan expedition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Mactan" title="Battle of Mactan">Battle of Mactan</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:lavender;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Philippines_(1565%E2%80%931898)" title="History of the Philippines (1565–1898)">Spanish colonial period</a> (1565–1898)</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:center; line-height:18px;">Events <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Miguel_L%C3%B3pez_de_Legazpi#Expedition_to_the_Philippines" title="Miguel López de Legazpi">Voyage of Miguel López de Legazpi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sandugo" title="Sandugo">Sandugo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Cebu_(1565)" title="Treaty of Cebu (1565)">Treaty of Cebu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blockade_of_Cebu" title="Blockade of Cebu">Blockade of Cebu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Manila_(1570)" title="Battle of Manila (1570)">Spanish capture of Manila</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Bangkusay" title="Battle of Bangkusay">Battle of Bangkusay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Spain" title="New Spain">New Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_East_Indies" title="Spanish East Indies">Spanish East Indies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Captaincy_General_of_the_Philippines" title="Captaincy General of the Philippines">Captaincy General</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tondo_Conspiracy" title="Tondo Conspiracy">Tondo Conspiracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manila_galleon" title="Manila galleon">Manila galleon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippine_revolts_against_Spain" title="Philippine revolts against Spain">Revolts and uprisings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Igorot_resistance_to_Spanish_colonization" title="Igorot resistance to Spanish colonization">Igorot resistance to Spanish colonization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish%E2%80%93Moro_conflict" title="Spanish–Moro conflict">Spanish–Moro conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battles_of_La_Naval_de_Manila" title="Battles of La Naval de Manila">Battles of La Naval de Manila</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_occupation_of_Manila" title="British occupation of Manila">British invasion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Propaganda_Movement" title="Propaganda Movement">Propaganda Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1872_Cavite_mutiny" title="1872 Cavite mutiny">1872 Cavite mutiny</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/La_Liga_Filipina" title="La Liga Filipina">La Liga Filipina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Katipunan" title="Katipunan">Katipunan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cry_of_Pugad_Lawin" title="Cry of Pugad Lawin">Cry of Pugad Lawin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippine_Revolution" title="Philippine Revolution">Philippine Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tejeros_Convention" title="Tejeros Convention">Tejeros Convention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Biak-na-Bato" title="Republic of Biak-na-Bato">Republic of Biak-na-Bato</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish%E2%80%93American_War" title="Spanish–American War">Spanish–American War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Paris_(1898)" title="Treaty of Paris (1898)">Treaty of Paris (1898)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Manila_Bay" title="Battle of Manila Bay">Battle of Manila Bay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippine_Declaration_of_Independence" title="Philippine Declaration of Independence">Declaration of Independence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Manila_(1898)" title="Battle of Manila (1898)">American capture of Manila</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malolos_Congress" title="Malolos Congress">Malolos Congress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Philippine_Republic" title="First Philippine Republic">First Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippine%E2%80%93American_War" title="Philippine–American War">Philippine–American War</a></li></ul> Artifacts <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Boxer_Codex" title="Boxer Codex">Boxer Codex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doctrina_Christiana" title="Doctrina Christiana">Doctrina Christiana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Santo_Tomas_Baybayin_Documents" title="University of Santo Tomas Baybayin Documents">UST Baybayin Documents</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Velarde_map" title="Velarde map">Velarde map</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:lavender;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Philippines_(1898%E2%80%931946)" title="History of the Philippines (1898–1946)">American colonial period</a> (1898–1946)</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:center; line-height:18px;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tagalog_Republic" title="Tagalog Republic">Tagalog Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Negros" title="Republic of Negros">Negros Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Zamboanga" title="Republic of Zamboanga">Zamboanga Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Military_Government_of_the_Philippine_Islands" class="mw-redirect" title="United States Military Government of the Philippine Islands">Military Government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moro_Rebellion" title="Moro Rebellion">Moro Rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insular_Government_of_the_Philippine_Islands" title="Insular Government of the Philippine Islands">Insular Government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jones_Law_(Philippines)" title="Jones Law (Philippines)">Jones Law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tydings%E2%80%93McDuffie_Act" title="Tydings–McDuffie Act">Tydings–McDuffie Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_of_the_Philippines" title="Commonwealth of the Philippines">Commonwealth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_the_Philippines_during_World_War_II" title="Military history of the Philippines during World War II">World War II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_occupation_of_the_Philippines" title="Japanese occupation of the Philippines">Japanese occupation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Bataan" title="Battle of Bataan">Battle of Bataan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Corregidor" title="Battle of Corregidor">Battle of Corregidor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Philippine_Republic" title="Second Philippine Republic">Second Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippine_resistance_against_Japan" title="Philippine resistance against Japan">Philippine resistance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hukbalahap" title="Hukbalahap">Hukbalahap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Leyte_Gulf" title="Battle of Leyte Gulf">Battle of Leyte Gulf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippines_campaign_(1944%E2%80%931945)" title="Philippines campaign (1944–1945)">Philippines campaign</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:lavender;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Philippines_(1946%E2%80%931965)" title="History of the Philippines (1946–1965)">Post-independence</a> (1946–1965)</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:center; line-height:18px;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Philippines_(1946%E2%80%931965)" title="History of the Philippines (1946–1965)">Third Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Manila_(1946)" title="Treaty of Manila (1946)">Treaty of Manila</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mutual_Defense_Treaty_(United_States%E2%80%93Philippines)" title="Mutual Defense Treaty (United States–Philippines)">Mutual Defense Treaty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hukbalahap_Rebellion" class="mw-redirect" title="Hukbalahap Rebellion">Hukbalahap Rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Filipino_First_policy" title="Filipino First policy">Filipino First policy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Borneo_dispute" title="North Borneo dispute">North Borneo dispute</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:lavender;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Philippines_(1965%E2%80%931986)" title="History of the Philippines (1965–1986)">Marcos era</a> (1965–1986)</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:center; line-height:18px;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Communist_armed_conflicts_in_the_Philippines" title="Communist armed conflicts in the Philippines">Communist rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moro_conflict" title="Moro conflict">Moro conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Philippines_(1965%E2%80%931986)#Martial_law_(1972–1981)" title="History of the Philippines (1965–1986)">Martial law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Philippines_(1965%E2%80%931986)#The_Fourth_Republic_(1981–1986)" title="History of the Philippines (1965–1986)">Fourth Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People_Power_Revolution" title="People Power Revolution">People Power Revolution</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:lavender;;color: var(--color-base)"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Contemporary period</a> (1986–present)</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:center; line-height:18px;"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Fifth Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1997_Asian_financial_crisis" title="1997 Asian financial crisis">1997 Asian financial crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2000_Philippine_campaign_against_the_Moro_Islamic_Liberation_Front" title="2000 Philippine campaign against the Moro Islamic Liberation Front">2000 campaign against the MILF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_EDSA_Revolution" title="Second EDSA Revolution">2nd People Power Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/EDSA_III" title="EDSA III">EDSA III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oakwood_mutiny" title="Oakwood mutiny">Oakwood mutiny</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippine_drug_war" title="Philippine drug war">Philippine drug war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Territorial_disputes_in_the_South_China_Sea" title="Territorial disputes in the South China Sea">Territorial disputes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Marawi" title="Siege of Marawi">Siege of Marawi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bangsamoro" title="Bangsamoro">Bangsamoro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_Philippines" title="COVID-19 pandemic in the Philippines">COVID-19 pandemic</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:lavender;;color: var(--color-base)">By topic</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:center; line-height:18px;"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_pre-colonial_Philippines" title="Religion in pre-colonial Philippines">Ancient religions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_sovereign_state_leaders_in_the_Philippines" title="List of sovereign state leaders in the Philippines">Rulers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ancient_Philippine_consorts" title="List of ancient Philippine consorts">Queen consorts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Administrative_divisions_of_the_Philippines" title="Administrative divisions of the Philippines">Administrative divisions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emergence_of_agriculture_in_the_Philippines" title="Emergence of agriculture in the Philippines">Agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archaeology_of_the_Philippines" title="Archaeology of the Philippines">Archaeology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_in_the_Philippines#History" title="Telecommunications in the Philippines">Communications</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_conflicts_in_the_Philippines" title="List of conflicts in the Philippines">Conflicts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_achievements_of_pre-colonial_Philippines" title="Cultural achievements of pre-colonial Philippines">Cultural achievements</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Filipino_diet_and_health" title="Ancient Filipino diet and health">Diet and health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_the_Philippines#History" title="Education in the Philippines">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_the_Philippines" title="Economic history of the Philippines">Economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_the_Philippines" title="Geography of the Philippines">Geography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historiography_of_the_Philippines" title="Historiography of the Philippines">Historiography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_the_Philippines" title="Languages of the Philippines">Languages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_medicine_in_the_Philippines" title="History of medicine in the Philippines">Medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_the_Philippines" title="Military history of the Philippines">Military</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Filipino_name" title="Filipino name">Names</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_history_of_the_Philippines" title="Political history of the Philippines">Politics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_and_technology_in_the_Philippines" title="Science and technology in the Philippines">Science and technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_World_Heritage_Sites_in_the_Philippines" title="List of World Heritage Sites in the Philippines">World Heritage Sites</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below" style="border-top:#aaa 1px solid; border-bottom:#aaa 1px solid;"> <img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Flag_of_the_Philippines.svg/16px-Flag_of_the_Philippines.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Flag_of_the_Philippines.svg/24px-Flag_of_the_Philippines.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Flag_of_the_Philippines.svg/32px-Flag_of_the_Philippines.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Philippines" title="Portal:Philippines">Philippines portal</a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:History_of_the_Philippines" title="Template:History of the Philippines"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:History_of_the_Philippines" title="Template talk:History of the Philippines"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:History_of_the_Philippines" title="Special:EditPage/Template:History of the Philippines"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> This article covers the history of the <a href="/wiki/Philippines" title="Philippines">current Philippine republican state</a> following the <a href="/wiki/People_Power_Revolution" title="People Power Revolution">1986 People Power Revolution</a>, known as the Fifth Philippine Republic. The return of democracy and government reforms beginning in 1986 were hampered by national debt, government corruption, <a href="/wiki/1986%E2%80%9390_Philippine_coup_attempts" class="mw-redirect" title="1986–90 Philippine coup attempts">coup attempts</a>, <a href="/wiki/MV_Do%C3%B1a_Paz" title="MV Doña Paz">disasters</a>, a persistent <a href="/wiki/Communist_rebellion_in_the_Philippines" class="mw-redirect" title="Communist rebellion in the Philippines">communist insurgency</a>,<a href="#cite_note-1">[1]</a> and a military conflict with <a href="/wiki/Moro_insurgency_in_the_Philippines" class="mw-redirect" title="Moro insurgency in the Philippines">Moro separatists</a>.<a href="#cite_note-2">[2]</a> During <a href="/wiki/Corazon_Aquino" title="Corazon Aquino">Corazon Aquino</a>'s administration, U.S. forces withdrew from the <a href="/wiki/Philippines" title="Philippines">Philippines</a>, due to the rejection of the <a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Corazon_Aquino#U.S._Bases_Extension_Treaty" title="Presidency of Corazon Aquino">U.S. Bases Extension Treaty</a>,<a href="#cite_note-3">[3]</a><a href="#cite_note-4">[4]</a> and leading to the official transfer to the government of <a href="/wiki/Clark_Air_Base" title="Clark Air Base">Clark Air Base</a> in November 1991 and <a href="/wiki/Subic_Bay" title="Subic Bay">Subic Bay</a> in December 1992.<a href="#cite_note-Subic-5">[5]</a><a href="#cite_note-Clark-6">[6]</a> The administration also faced a series of natural disasters, including the <a href="/wiki/1991_eruption_of_Mount_Pinatubo" title="1991 eruption of Mount Pinatubo">eruption of Mount Pinatubo</a> in June 1991.<a href="#cite_note-Topo-7">[7]</a><a href="#cite_note-8">[8]</a> After introducing a constitution that limited presidents to a single term, Aquino did not stand for re-election.<a href="#cite_note-9">[9]</a> Aquino was succeeded by <a href="/wiki/Fidel_V._Ramos" title="Fidel V. Ramos">Fidel V. Ramos</a>. During this period the country's economic performance remained modest, with a 3.6%<a href="#cite_note-theglobaleconomy.com-10">[10]</a> percent GDP growth rate.<a href="#cite_note-11">[11]</a> Political stability and economic improvements, such as the peace agreement with the <a href="/wiki/Moro_National_Liberation_Front" title="Moro National Liberation Front">Moro National Liberation Front</a> in 1996,<a href="#cite_note-lastlaugh-12">[12]</a> were overshadowed by the onset of the <a href="/wiki/1997_Asian_financial_crisis" title="1997 Asian financial crisis">1997 Asian financial crisis</a>.<a href="#cite_note-AFC-NA-13-13">[13]</a><a href="#cite_note-AFC-NA-14-14">[14]</a> Ramos' successor, <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Estrada" title="Joseph Estrada">Joseph Estrada</a> assumed office in June 1998 and under his presidency the economy recovered from −0.6% growth to 3.4% by 1999.<a href="#cite_note-15">[15]</a><a href="#cite_note-16">[16]</a><a href="#cite_note-17">[17]</a> The government announced a war against the <a href="/wiki/Moro_Islamic_Liberation_Front" title="Moro Islamic Liberation Front">Moro Islamic Liberation Front</a> in March 2000 and attacked various insurgent camps, including their headquarters.<a href="#cite_note-18">[18]</a><a href="#cite_note-19">[19]</a> In the middle of ongoing conflict with the <a href="/wiki/Abu_Sayyaf" title="Abu Sayyaf">Abu Sayyaf</a>,<a href="#cite_note-GMA&others-20">[20]</a> accusations of alleged corruption, and a <a href="/wiki/Trial_of_Joseph_Estrada" title="Trial of Joseph Estrada">stalled impeachment</a> process, <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Estrada" title="Joseph Estrada">Estrada</a> was overthrown by the <a href="/wiki/2001_EDSA_Revolution" class="mw-redirect" title="2001 EDSA Revolution">2001 EDSA Revolution</a> and he was succeeded by his <a href="/wiki/Vice_President_of_the_Philippines" title="Vice President of the Philippines">Vice President</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gloria_Macapagal_Arroyo" title="Gloria Macapagal Arroyo">Gloria Macapagal Arroyo</a> on January 20, 2001.<a href="#cite_note-21">[21]</a> In <a href="/wiki/Gloria_Macapagal_Arroyo" title="Gloria Macapagal Arroyo">Arroyo</a>'s 9-year administration, her rule was tainted by graft and political scandals like the <a href="/wiki/Hello_Garci_scandal" title="Hello Garci scandal">Hello Garci scandal</a> pertaining to the alleged manipulation of votes in the <a href="/wiki/2004_Philippine_presidential_election" title="2004 Philippine presidential election">2004 presidential elections</a>.<a href="#cite_note-ANC-22">[22]</a><a href="#cite_note-davis-23">[23]</a><a href="#cite_note-24">[24]</a><a href="#cite_note-25">[25]</a> On November 23, 2009, 34 journalists and several civilians were <a href="/wiki/Maguindanao_massacre" title="Maguindanao massacre">massacred</a> in Maguindanao.<a href="#cite_note-26">[26]</a><a href="#cite_note-maptimeline-27">[27]</a> <a href="/wiki/Benigno_Aquino_III" title="Benigno Aquino III">Benigno Aquino III</a> won the <a href="/wiki/2010_Philippine_presidential_election" title="2010 Philippine presidential election">2010 national elections</a> and served as the <a href="/wiki/List_of_presidents_of_the_Philippines" title="List of presidents of the Philippines">15th</a> <a href="/wiki/President_of_the_Philippines" title="President of the Philippines">president of the Philippines</a>.<a href="#cite_note-28">[28]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Framework_Agreement_on_the_Bangsamoro" title="Framework Agreement on the Bangsamoro">Framework Agreement on the Bangsamoro</a> was signed on October 15, 2012, as the first step of the creation of an autonomous political entity named <a href="/wiki/Bangsamoro" title="Bangsamoro">Bangsamoro</a>.<a href="#cite_note-29">[29]</a> However, a <a href="/wiki/Mamasapano_clash" title="Mamasapano clash">clash</a> that took place in <a href="/wiki/Mamasapano,_Maguindanao" class="mw-redirect" title="Mamasapano, Maguindanao">Mamasapano</a>, <a href="/wiki/Maguindanao" title="Maguindanao">Maguindanao</a> killed 44 members of the <a href="/wiki/Philippine_National_Police" title="Philippine National Police">Philippine National Police</a>-<a href="/wiki/Special_Action_Force" title="Special Action Force">Special Action Force</a> and put the efforts to pass the <a href="/wiki/Bangsamoro_Basic_Law" class="mw-redirect" title="Bangsamoro Basic Law">Bangsamoro Basic Law</a> into law in an impasse.<a href="#cite_note-30">[30]</a><a href="#cite_note-31">[31]</a> Tensions regarding territorial disputes in eastern <a href="/wiki/North_Borneo_dispute" title="North Borneo dispute">Sabah</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Territorial_disputes_in_the_South_China_Sea" title="Territorial disputes in the South China Sea">South China Sea</a> escalated.<a href="#cite_note-32">[32]</a><a href="#cite_note-33">[33]</a><a href="#cite_note-SultanObjective-34">[34]</a> In 2013, two more years were added to the country's ten-year schooling system for primary and secondary education.<a href="#cite_note-35">[35]</a> In 2014 the <a href="/wiki/Enhanced_Defense_Cooperation_Agreement" title="Enhanced Defense Cooperation Agreement">Enhanced Defense Cooperation Agreement</a>, was signed, paving the way for the return of <a href="/wiki/United_States_Armed_Forces" title="United States Armed Forces">United States Armed Forces</a> bases into the country.<a href="#cite_note-36">[36]</a><a href="#cite_note-37">[37]</a><a href="#cite_note-38">[38]</a><a href="#cite_note-39">[39]</a> Former <a href="/wiki/Davao_City" title="Davao City">Davao City</a> mayor <a href="/wiki/Rodrigo_Duterte" title="Rodrigo Duterte">Rodrigo Duterte</a> won the <a href="/wiki/2016_Philippine_presidential_election" title="2016 Philippine presidential election">2016 presidential election</a>, becoming the first president from <a href="/wiki/Mindanao" title="Mindanao">Mindanao</a>.<a href="#cite_note-2016_election-40">[40]</a> On July 12, 2016, the <a href="/wiki/Permanent_Court_of_Arbitration" title="Permanent Court of Arbitration">Permanent Court of Arbitration</a> ruled in favor of the Philippines in its <a href="/wiki/Philippines_v._China" class="mw-redirect" title="Philippines v. China">case against China's claims</a> in the South China Sea.<a href="#cite_note-theguardian2016-41">[41]</a> After winning the Presidency, Duterte launched an intensified anti-drug campaign and took steps to deal with to fulfill a campaign promise of wiping out criminality in six months.<a href="#cite_note-42">[42]</a> As of February 2019, the death toll for the <a href="/wiki/Philippine_Drug_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Philippine Drug War">Philippine Drug War</a> is 5,176.<a href="#cite_note-43">[43]</a><a href="#cite_note-CayetanoWarOnDrugsUPR-44">[44]</a><a href="#cite_note-45">[45]</a><a href="#cite_note-46">[46]</a> In 2017, he oversaw the <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Marawi" title="Siege of Marawi">battle of Marawi</a> against insurgent groups, and the <a href="/wiki/Rehabilitation_of_Marawi" title="Rehabilitation of Marawi">rehabilitation of the city</a>. The implementation of the <a href="/wiki/Bangsamoro_Organic_Law" title="Bangsamoro Organic Law">Bangsamoro Organic Law</a> led to the creation of the autonomous <a href="/wiki/Bangsamoro" title="Bangsamoro">Bangsamoro</a> region in Mindanao.<a href="#cite_note-willitlast-47">[47]</a><a href="#cite_note-CarolynArguillas20190126-48">[48]</a> Former senator <a href="/wiki/Bongbong_Marcos" title="Bongbong Marcos">Bongbong Marcos</a> won the <a href="/wiki/2022_Philippine_presidential_election" title="2022 Philippine presidential election">2022 presidential election</a>, 36 years after the <a href="/wiki/People_Power_Revolution" title="People Power Revolution">People Power Revolution</a> which led to his family's exile in <a href="/wiki/Hawaii" title="Hawaii">Hawaii</a>. He was <a href="/wiki/Inauguration_of_Bongbong_Marcos" title="Inauguration of Bongbong Marcos">inaugurated</a> on June 30, 2022.<a href="#cite_note-BBM-49">[49]</a> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Corazon_Aquino_administration_(1986–1992)">Corazon Aquino administration (1986–1992)</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_the_Philippines_(1986%E2%80%93present)&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Corazon Aquino administration (1986–1992)">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Corazon_Aquino" title="Presidency of Corazon Aquino">Presidency of Corazon Aquino</a></div>With the <a href="/wiki/People_Power_Revolution" title="People Power Revolution">People Power Revolution</a>, <a href="/wiki/Corazon_Aquino" title="Corazon Aquino">Corazon Aquino</a>'s assumption into power marked the restoration of democracy in the country. Aquino immediately formed a revolutionary government to normalize the situation, and provided for a transitional "<a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_the_Philippines#1986_amendments" title="Constitution of the Philippines">Freedom Constitution</a>" that restored civil liberties and dismantled the heavily <a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_Marcos" title="Ferdinand Marcos">Marcos</a>-ingrained bureaucracy— abolishing the <a href="/wiki/Batasang_Pambansa" class="mw-redirect" title="Batasang Pambansa">Batasang Pambansa</a> and relieving all public officials.<a href="#cite_note-50">[50]</a> The Aquino administration likewise appointed a constitutional commission that submitted a new permanent constitution that was ratified and enacted in February 1987.<a href="#cite_note-51">[51]</a> The constitution crippled presidential power to declare martial law, proposed the creation of autonomous regions in the <a href="/wiki/Cordillera_Administrative_Region" title="Cordillera Administrative Region">Cordilleras</a> and <a href="/wiki/Autonomous_Region_in_Muslim_Mindanao" title="Autonomous Region in Muslim Mindanao">Muslim Mindanao</a>, and restored the presidential form of government and the bicameral Congress.<a href="#cite_note-usdos-52">[52]</a> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Corazon_Aquino_1986.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Corazon_Aquino_1986.jpg/161px-Corazon_Aquino_1986.jpg" decoding="async" width="161" height="215" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Corazon_Aquino_1986.jpg/242px-Corazon_Aquino_1986.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Corazon_Aquino_1986.jpg/322px-Corazon_Aquino_1986.jpg 2x" data-file-width="894" data-file-height="1192" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Corazon_Aquino" title="Corazon Aquino">Corazon Aquino</a>, President from 1986 to 1992</figcaption></figure> Progress was made in revitalizing democratic institutions and respect for civil liberties, but Aquino's administration was also viewed as weak and fractious, and a return to full political stability and economic development was hampered by several attempted coups staged by disaffected members of the Philippine military.<a href="#cite_note-cnn-cory-53">[53]</a> Aquino privatized many of the utilities the government owned, such as water and electricity. This practice was viewed by many as Aquino catering to oligarchic as well U.S. interests, losing the government's power of regulation. Economic growth was additionally hampered by a series of natural disasters. In June 1991, <a href="/wiki/Mount_Pinatubo" title="Mount Pinatubo">Mount Pinatubo</a> in <a href="/wiki/Central_Luzon" title="Central Luzon">Central Luzon</a> <a href="/wiki/1991_eruption_of_Mount_Pinatubo" title="1991 eruption of Mount Pinatubo">erupted</a>, after being dormant for 600 years. It was the second largest volcanic eruption of the 20th century. It left 700 dead and 200,000 homeless, and cooled global weather by 1.5 °C (34.7 °F).<a href="#cite_note-54">[54]</a><a href="#cite_note-55">[55]</a><a href="#cite_note-56">[56]</a><a href="#cite_note-57">[57]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pinatubo91eruption_plume.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Pinatubo91eruption_plume.jpg/220px-Pinatubo91eruption_plume.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Pinatubo91eruption_plume.jpg/330px-Pinatubo91eruption_plume.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Pinatubo91eruption_plume.jpg/440px-Pinatubo91eruption_plume.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2875" data-file-height="1923" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/1991_eruption_of_Mount_Pinatubo" title="1991 eruption of Mount Pinatubo">1991 eruption of Mount Pinatubo</a> is the second largest volcanic eruption of the 20th century.</figcaption></figure>On September 16, 1991, despite lobbying by President Aquino, the Philippine Senate rejected a treaty that would have allowed a 10-year extension of the U.S. military bases in the country. The United States turned over <a href="/wiki/Clark_Air_Base" title="Clark Air Base">Clark Air Base</a> in <a href="/wiki/Pampanga" title="Pampanga">Pampanga</a> to the government in November,<a href="#cite_note-Clark-6">[6]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Subic_Bay_Naval_Base" class="mw-redirect" title="Subic Bay Naval Base">Subic Bay Naval Base</a> in <a href="/wiki/Zambales" title="Zambales">Zambales</a> in December 1992, ending almost a century of U.S. military presence in the Philippines.<a href="#cite_note-Subic-5">[5]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Fidel_Ramos_administration_(1992–1998)">Fidel Ramos administration (1992–1998)</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_the_Philippines_(1986%E2%80%93present)&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Fidel Ramos administration (1992–1998)">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Fidel_Ramos" class="mw-redirect" title="Presidency of Fidel Ramos">Presidency of Fidel Ramos</a></div> In the 1992 elections, Defense Secretary <a href="/wiki/Fidel_V._Ramos" title="Fidel V. Ramos">Fidel V. Ramos</a> (Lakas-NUCD), endorsed by Aquino, won by just 23.6% of the vote, over <a href="/wiki/Miriam_Defensor_Santiago" title="Miriam Defensor Santiago">Miriam Defensor Santiago</a> (PRP), <a href="/wiki/Eduardo_Cojuangco,_Jr." class="mw-redirect" title="Eduardo Cojuangco, Jr.">Eduardo Cojuangco, Jr.</a> (NPC), House Speaker <a href="/wiki/Ramon_Mitra" class="mw-redirect" title="Ramon Mitra">Ramon Mitra</a> (LDP), former First Lady <a href="/wiki/Imelda_Marcos" title="Imelda Marcos">Imelda Marcos</a> (KBL), Senate President <a href="/wiki/Jovito_Salonga" title="Jovito Salonga">Jovito Salonga</a> (LP) and Vice President <a href="/wiki/Salvador_Laurel" title="Salvador Laurel">Salvador Laurel</a> (NP). Early in his administration, Ramos declared "national reconciliation" his highest priority. He legalized the Communist Party and created the National Unification Commission (NUC), chaired by lawyer <a href="/wiki/Manuel_C._Herrera" title="Manuel C. Herrera">Manuel C. Herrera</a>, to lay the groundwork for talks with communist insurgents, Muslim separatists, and military rebels. In June 1994, Ramos signed into law a general conditional amnesty covering all rebel groups, and Philippine military and police personnel accused of crimes committed while fighting the insurgents. In October 1995, the government signed an agreement bringing the military insurgency to an end. A standoff with China occurred in 1995, when the Chinese military built structures on Mischief Reef in the disputed <a href="/wiki/Spratly_Islands" title="Spratly Islands">Spratly Islands</a> claimed by the Philippines as <a href="/wiki/Kalayaan_Islands" class="mw-redirect" title="Kalayaan Islands">Kalayaan Islands</a>. <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Fidel_V_Ramos_official_2011.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Fidel_V_Ramos_official_2011.jpg/150px-Fidel_V_Ramos_official_2011.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="218" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4a/Fidel_V_Ramos_official_2011.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="224" data-file-height="326" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Fidel_Ramos" class="mw-redirect" title="Fidel Ramos">Fidel Ramos</a>, president from 1992 to 1998</figcaption></figure> Ramos was heavily criticized for his liberal economic policies,<a href="#cite_note-58">[58]</a> such as passing an oil-deregulation law, thus inflating prices of gasoline products.<a href="#cite_note-59">[59]</a> Ramos was also criticized for alleged corruption in his handling of the Philippine Centennial Exposition and the PEA-AMARI land deal, in which Ramos allegedly received kickbacks amounting to millions of pesos.<a href="#cite_note-60">[60]</a> A peace agreement with the <a href="/wiki/Moro_National_Liberation_Front" title="Moro National Liberation Front">Moro National Liberation Front</a> (MNLF) under Nur Misuari, a major Muslim separatist group fighting for an independent Bangsamoro homeland in <a href="/wiki/Mindanao" title="Mindanao">Mindanao</a>, was signed in 1996, ending the 24-year-old struggle. However an MNLF splinter group, the <a href="/wiki/Moro_Islamic_Liberation_Front" title="Moro Islamic Liberation Front">Moro Islamic Liberation Front</a> (MILF) under Salamat Hashim continued the armed Muslim struggle for an Islamic state. The 1998 elections were won by former movie actor and Vice President <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Ejercito_Estrada" class="mw-redirect" title="Joseph Ejercito Estrada">Joseph Ejercito Estrada</a> (PMP-LAMMP) with overwhelming mass support, with close to 11 million votes. The other ten candidates included his closest rival and administration candidate, House Speaker <a href="/wiki/Jose_De_Venecia" class="mw-redirect" title="Jose De Venecia">Jose De Venecia</a> (Lakas-NUCD-UMDP) with 4.4 million votes, Senator <a href="/wiki/Raul_Roco" title="Raul Roco">Raul Roco</a> (Aksyon Demokratiko), former <a href="/wiki/Cebu_Province" class="mw-redirect" title="Cebu Province">Cebu</a> governor <a href="/wiki/Emilio_Osme%C3%B1a" class="mw-redirect" title="Emilio Osmeña">Emilio Osmeña</a> (PROMDI) and <a href="/wiki/Manila" title="Manila">Manila</a> mayor <a href="/wiki/Alfredo_Lim" title="Alfredo Lim">Alfredo Lim</a> (LP). <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Joseph_Estrada_administration_(1998–2001)">Joseph Estrada administration (1998–2001)</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_the_Philippines_(1986%E2%80%93present)&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Joseph Estrada administration (1998–2001)">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:PhilippinePresidentJosephEstrada.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/PhilippinePresidentJosephEstrada.jpg/150px-PhilippinePresidentJosephEstrada.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="228" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/PhilippinePresidentJosephEstrada.jpg/225px-PhilippinePresidentJosephEstrada.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/PhilippinePresidentJosephEstrada.jpg/300px-PhilippinePresidentJosephEstrada.jpg 2x" data-file-width="351" data-file-height="534" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Estrada" title="Joseph Estrada">Joseph Estrada</a>, president from 1998 to 2001</figcaption></figure><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Joseph_Estrada" title="Presidency of Joseph Estrada">Presidency of Joseph Estrada</a></div> Estrada assumed office amid the <a href="/wiki/Asian_Financial_Crisis" class="mw-redirect" title="Asian Financial Crisis">Asian Financial Crisis</a>. The economy did, however, recover from it. From a low −0.6% growth in 1998 to a moderate growth of 3.4% by 1999.<a href="#cite_note-61">[61]</a><a href="#cite_note-62">[62]</a><a href="#cite_note-63">[63]</a><a href="#cite_note-64">[64]</a><a href="#cite_note-65">[65]</a><a href="#cite_note-66">[66]</a> Like his predecessor there was a similar attempt to change the 1987 Constitution under a process termed as CONCORD or Constitutional Correction for Development. Unlike the proposed changes under Ramos and Arroyo, the CONCORD proposal, according to its proponents, would only amend the 'restrictive' economic provisions of the constitution that are considered as impediments to the entry of more foreign investments in the Philippines. However, Estrada was not successful in amending the constitution. On March 21, 2000, President Estrada declared an "all-out-war" against the <a href="/wiki/Moro_Islamic_Liberation_Front" title="Moro Islamic Liberation Front">Moro Islamic Liberation Front</a> (MILF) after the worsening secessionist movement in Mindanao.<a href="#cite_note-67">[67]</a><a href="#cite_note-68">[68]</a> The government later captured 46 MILF camps including the MILF's headquarters: Camp Abubakar.<a href="#cite_note-69">[69]</a><a href="#cite_note-70">[70]</a><a href="#cite_note-71">[71]</a> In October 2000, <a href="/wiki/Ilocos_Sur" title="Ilocos Sur">Ilocos Sur</a> governor <a href="/wiki/Chavit_Singson" title="Chavit Singson">Luis "Chavit" Singson</a>, a close friend of Estrada, accused the President of receiving collections from jueteng, an illegal numbers game. On November 13, 2000, the House of Representatives impeached Estrada on grounds of bribery, graft and corruption, betrayal of public trust and culpable violation of the constitution. His impeachment trial in the Senate began on December 7, but broke down on January 17, 2001, after 11 senators allied with Estrada successfully blocked the opening of confidential bank records that would have been used by the prosecution to incriminate the President. In response, millions of people massed up at the EDSA Shrine, where in 1986 the <a href="/wiki/People_Power_Revolution" title="People Power Revolution">People Power Revolution</a> had ousted <a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_Marcos" title="Ferdinand Marcos">Marcos</a>, demanding Estrada's immediate resignation in what became known as "<a href="/wiki/Second_EDSA_Revolution" title="Second EDSA Revolution">EDSA II</a>". Estrada's cabinet resigned en masse and the military and police withdrew their support. On January 20, the <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_the_Philippines" title="Supreme Court of the Philippines">Supreme Court of the Philippines</a> declared the presidency vacant and swore in Vice President <a href="/wiki/Gloria_Macapagal_Arroyo" title="Gloria Macapagal Arroyo">Gloria Macapagal Arroyo</a> as the country's 14th President. Estrada and his family evacuated the <a href="/wiki/Malaca%C3%B1an_Palace" class="mw-redirect" title="Malacañan Palace">Malacañan Palace</a> soon after. Nevertheless, Estrada himself stood before the Supreme Court on grounds that he did not resign, but just went on an indefinite leave. The Supreme Court upheld the legitimacy of Arroyo with finality on March 2, 2001. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Gloria_Macapagal_Arroyo_administration_(2001–2010)">Gloria Macapagal Arroyo administration (2001–2010)</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_the_Philippines_(1986%E2%80%93present)&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Gloria Macapagal Arroyo administration (2001–2010)">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:President_Gloria_Macapagal-Arroyo_gestures_to_emphasize_a_point.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/President_Gloria_Macapagal-Arroyo_gestures_to_emphasize_a_point.jpg/150px-President_Gloria_Macapagal-Arroyo_gestures_to_emphasize_a_point.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="210" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/President_Gloria_Macapagal-Arroyo_gestures_to_emphasize_a_point.jpg/225px-President_Gloria_Macapagal-Arroyo_gestures_to_emphasize_a_point.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/President_Gloria_Macapagal-Arroyo_gestures_to_emphasize_a_point.jpg/300px-President_Gloria_Macapagal-Arroyo_gestures_to_emphasize_a_point.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="1400" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Gloria_Macapagal_Arroyo" title="Gloria Macapagal Arroyo">Gloria Macapagal Arroyo</a>, president from 2001 to 2010</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Gloria_Macapagal_Arroyo" title="Presidency of Gloria Macapagal Arroyo">Presidency of Gloria Macapagal Arroyo</a></div> Vice President <a href="/wiki/Gloria_Macapagal_Arroyo" title="Gloria Macapagal Arroyo">Gloria Macapagal Arroyo</a> (the daughter of the late President <a href="/wiki/Diosdado_Macapagal" title="Diosdado Macapagal">Diosdado Macapagal</a>) was sworn in as Estrada's successor on the day of his departure. Estrada and his allies later challenged the legitimacy of Arroyo's government, arguing that the transfer of power to Arroyo was unconstitutional because he did not resign from office, but the Supreme Court twice upheld Arroyo's legitimacy. After Estrada was arrested on plunder charges in April 2001, thousands of his supporters staged an "<a href="/wiki/EDSA_III" title="EDSA III">EDSA III</a>" to demand his reinstatement through rallies, but by the early morning of May 1, the protesters marched to Malacañang Palace and attempted to storm the premises. The attempt failed when authorities arrived to quell the uprising outside Malacañang's gates. Arroyo's accession to power was further legitimated by the mid-term congressional and local elections held in May 2001, when her coalition won an overwhelming victory.<a href="#cite_note-uslc-pro-72">[72]</a> Arroyo's initial term in office was marked by fractious coalition politics as well as <a href="/wiki/Oakwood_Mutiny" class="mw-redirect" title="Oakwood Mutiny">a military mutiny</a> in Manila in July 2003 that led her to declare a month-long nationwide state of rebellion.<a href="#cite_note-uslc-pro-72">[72]</a> Although she had declared in December 2002 that she would not contest the May 2004 presidential election, citing a need to heal divisiveness, she reversed herself in October 2003 and decided to run.<a href="#cite_note-uslc-pro-72">[72]</a> She was re-elected and sworn in for her own six-year term as president on June 30, 2004. In 2005, a tape of a wiretapped conversation surfaced bearing the voice of Arroyo apparently asking an election official if her margin of victory can be maintained.<a href="#cite_note-cnn-trans-73">[73]</a> The tape sparked protests calling for Arroyo's resignation.<a href="#cite_note-cnn-trans-73">[73]</a> Arroyo admitted to inappropriately speaking to an election official, but denied allegations of fraud and refused to step down.<a href="#cite_note-cnn-trans-73">[73]</a> Attempts to impeach the president failed later that year. Toward the end of her term, Arroyo spearheaded a controversial plan for an overhaul of the constitution to transform the present <a href="/wiki/Unitary_state" title="Unitary state">unitary</a> and <a href="/wiki/Presidential_system" title="Presidential system">presidential</a> <a href="/wiki/Republic" title="Republic">republic</a> with a <a href="/wiki/Bicameral_legislature" class="mw-redirect" title="Bicameral legislature">bicameral legislature</a> into a <a href="/wiki/Federation" title="Federation">federal</a> <a href="/wiki/Parliamentary_system" title="Parliamentary system">parliamentary</a> government with a <a href="/wiki/Unicameral_legislature" class="mw-redirect" title="Unicameral legislature">unicameral legislature</a>.<a href="#cite_note-74">[74]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Benigno_Aquino_III_administration_(2010–2016)">Benigno Aquino III administration (2010–2016)</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_the_Philippines_(1986%E2%80%93present)&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Benigno Aquino III administration (2010–2016)">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Benigno_Aquino_III" title="Presidency of Benigno Aquino III">Presidency of Benigno Aquino III</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:President_Benigno_S._Aquino_III%27s_6th_SONA_(02)_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/President_Benigno_S._Aquino_III%27s_6th_SONA_%2802%29_%28cropped%29.jpg/220px-President_Benigno_S._Aquino_III%27s_6th_SONA_%2802%29_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="256" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/President_Benigno_S._Aquino_III%27s_6th_SONA_%2802%29_%28cropped%29.jpg/330px-President_Benigno_S._Aquino_III%27s_6th_SONA_%2802%29_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/President_Benigno_S._Aquino_III%27s_6th_SONA_%2802%29_%28cropped%29.jpg/440px-President_Benigno_S._Aquino_III%27s_6th_SONA_%2802%29_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="670" data-file-height="779" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Benigno_Aquino_III" title="Benigno Aquino III">Benigno Aquino III</a>, president from 2010 to 2016</figcaption></figure> On June 9, 2010, at the <a href="/wiki/Batasang_Pambansa_Complex" title="Batasang Pambansa Complex">Batasang Pambansa Complex</a>, in <a href="/wiki/Quezon_City" title="Quezon City">Quezon City</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Congress_of_the_Philippines" title="Congress of the Philippines">Congress of the Philippines</a> proclaimed Aquino as the <a href="/wiki/President_of_the_Philippines" title="President of the Philippines">President-elect of the Philippines</a>,<a href="#cite_note-75">[75]</a> following the <a href="/wiki/2010_Philippine_presidential_election" title="2010 Philippine presidential election">2010 election</a> with 15,208,678 votes,<a href="#cite_note-congressfinaltallies-76">[76]</a> while <a href="/wiki/Jejomar_Binay" title="Jejomar Binay">Jejomar Binay</a>, the former mayor of <a href="/wiki/Makati" title="Makati">Makati</a>, was proclaimed as the <a href="/wiki/Vice_President_of_the_Philippines" title="Vice President of the Philippines">Vice President-elect of the Philippines</a> with 14,645,574 votes,<a href="#cite_note-finaltallybinayleadsroxasby700000votes-77">[77]</a> defeating <a href="/wiki/Runner-up" title="Runner-up">runner-up</a> for the vice presidency Mar Roxas, the standard-bearer of the <a href="/wiki/Liberal_Party_(Philippines)" title="Liberal Party (Philippines)">Liberal Party</a> for vice president. The <a href="/wiki/Presidential_transition_of_Benigno_Aquino_III" title="Presidential transition of Benigno Aquino III">presidential transition</a> began when Aquino won the <a href="/wiki/2010_Philippine_presidential_election" title="2010 Philippine presidential election">2010 Philippine presidential election</a>.<a href="#cite_note-congressfinaltallies-76">[76]</a> The transition was in charge of the new presidential residence, cabinet appointments and cordial meetings between them and the <a href="/wiki/Gloria_Macapagal_Arroyo" title="Gloria Macapagal Arroyo">outgoing administration</a>. On May 11, 2010, outgoing <a href="/wiki/President_of_the_Philippines" title="President of the Philippines">President</a> <a href="/wiki/Gloria_Macapagal_Arroyo" title="Gloria Macapagal Arroyo">Gloria Macapagal Arroyo</a> signed an administrative order, creating the Presidential Transition Cooperation Team.<a href="#cite_note-arroyoassuressmoothtransition-78">[78]</a> Arroyo instructed outgoing <a href="/wiki/Executive_Secretary_(Philippines)" title="Executive Secretary (Philippines)">Executive Secretary</a> <a href="/wiki/Leandro_Mendoza" title="Leandro Mendoza">Leandro Mendoza</a> to lead the transition team.<a href="#cite_note-arroyoassuressmoothtransition-78">[78]</a> The transition team was created "to ensure peaceful, orderly and [efficient] transition on the 30th of June".<a href="#cite_note-arroyoassuressmoothtransition-78">[78]</a> On June 9, 2010, the transition team started informal meetings with the Aquino transition team.<a href="#cite_note-malacanangstartstransitionprocesswithnoynoycamp-79">[79]</a> On June 16, 2010, Aquino organized his transition team in a letter to outgoing <a href="/wiki/Presidential_Management_Staff" class="mw-redirect" title="Presidential Management Staff">Presidential Management Staff</a> Secretary Elena Bautista-Horn.<a href="#cite_note-aquinotapsroxasfortransitionteam-80">[80]</a> Aquino appointed the members of his transition team; defeated runner-up for the vice presidency <a href="/wiki/Mar_Roxas" title="Mar Roxas">Mar Roxas</a>, incoming <a href="/wiki/Executive_Secretary_(Philippines)" title="Executive Secretary (Philippines)">Executive Secretary</a> <a href="/wiki/Paquito_Ochoa,_Jr." class="mw-redirect" title="Paquito Ochoa, Jr.">Paquito Ochoa, Jr.</a>, former <a href="/wiki/Department_of_Education_(Philippines)" title="Department of Education (Philippines)">Secretary of Education</a> <a href="/wiki/Florencio_Abad" title="Florencio Abad">Florencio Abad</a>, former <a href="/wiki/Department_of_Finance_(Philippines)" title="Department of Finance (Philippines)">Secretary of Finance</a> <a href="/wiki/Cesar_Purisima" title="Cesar Purisima">Cesar Purisima</a>, and Julia Abad, daughter of Florencio Abad and Aquino's chief of staff.<a href="#cite_note-aquinotapsroxasfortransitionteam-80">[80]</a> The presidential residence of Aquino is the Bahay Pangarap (English: House of Dreams),<a href="#cite_note-bahaypangarapaquinosfuturehome-81">[81]</a> located inside of Malacañang Park,<a href="#cite_note-howwaspnoysfirstnightatbahaypangarap-82">[82]</a> at the headquarters of the <a href="/wiki/Presidential_Security_Group" class="mw-redirect" title="Presidential Security Group">Presidential Security Group</a> across the <a href="/wiki/Pasig_River" title="Pasig River">Pasig River</a> from <a href="/wiki/Malaca%C3%B1an_Palace" class="mw-redirect" title="Malacañan Palace">Malacañan Palace</a>.<a href="#cite_note-bahaypangarapaquinosfuturehome-81">[81]</a><a href="#cite_note-noynoysnewhomeisbahaypangarap-83">[83]</a> Aquino is the first president to make Bahay Pangarap his official residence.<a href="#cite_note-bahaypangarapforpnoyready-84">[84]</a><a href="#cite_note-brieferonbahaypangarapandmalacanangpark-85">[85]</a> Aquino refused to live in <a href="/wiki/Malaca%C3%B1an_Palace" class="mw-redirect" title="Malacañan Palace">Malacañan Palace</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Official_residence" title="Official residence">official residence</a> of the <a href="/wiki/President_of_the_Philippines" title="President of the Philippines">President of the Philippines</a>, or in Arlegui Mansion, the residence of former presidents <a href="/wiki/Corazon_Aquino" title="Corazon Aquino">Corazon Aquino</a> and <a href="/wiki/Fidel_V._Ramos" title="Fidel V. Ramos">Fidel V. Ramos</a>, stating that the two residences are too big,<a href="#cite_note-bahaypangarapaquinosfuturehome-81">[81]</a> and also stated that his small family residence at Times Street in Quezon City would be impractical, since it would be a security concern for his neighbors.<a href="#cite_note-noynoysnewhomeisbahaypangarap-83">[83]</a> Aquino named long-time friend, <a href="/wiki/Paquito_Ochoa,_Jr." class="mw-redirect" title="Paquito Ochoa, Jr.">Paquito Ochoa, Jr.</a>, as <a href="/wiki/Executive_Secretary_(Philippines)" title="Executive Secretary (Philippines)">Executive Secretary</a>.<a href="#cite_note-aquinonamescabinettakesdilghelm-86">[86]</a><a href="#cite_note-aquinonameslongtimefriendasexecutivesecretary-87">[87]</a> Aquino appointed <a href="/wiki/Corazon_Soliman" class="mw-redirect" title="Corazon Soliman">Corazon Soliman</a> as <a href="/wiki/Department_of_Social_Welfare_and_Development" title="Department of Social Welfare and Development">Secretary of Social Welfare & Development</a>, a position she once held under the Arroyo administration but later resigned in 2005.<a href="#cite_note-aquinonameslongtimefriendasexecutivesecretary-87">[87]</a> On June 22, 2010, <a href="/wiki/Leila_de_Lima" title="Leila de Lima">Leila de Lima</a> accepted the offer to join the cabinet and later took over the helm of the <a href="/wiki/Department_of_Justice_(Philippines)" title="Department of Justice (Philippines)">Department of Justice</a> on July 2, 2010.<a href="#cite_note-delimaacceptsoffertojoinaquinocabinet-88">[88]</a> On July 15, 2010, <a href="/wiki/Vice_President_of_the_Philippines" title="Vice President of the Philippines">Vice President</a> <a href="/wiki/Jejomar_Binay" title="Jejomar Binay">Jejomar Binay</a> was appointed as chairman of HUDCC.<a href="#cite_note-vpbinayisnewhousingczar-89">[89]</a> On June 24, 2010, Br. <a href="/wiki/Armin_Luistro" title="Armin Luistro">Armin Luistro</a> <a href="/wiki/Institute_of_the_Brothers_of_the_Christian_Schools" class="mw-redirect" title="Institute of the Brothers of the Christian Schools">FSC</a>, president of <a href="/wiki/De_La_Salle_University" title="De La Salle University">De La Salle University</a>, accepted the post of <a href="/wiki/Department_of_Education_(Philippines)" title="Department of Education (Philippines)">Secretary of Education</a> after meeting with the school's stakeholders.<a href="#cite_note-90">[90]</a> On June 27, 2010, Aquino reappointed incumbent <a href="/wiki/Department_of_Foreign_Affairs_(Philippines)" title="Department of Foreign Affairs (Philippines)">Secretary of Foreign Affairs</a> <a href="/wiki/Alberto_Romulo" title="Alberto Romulo">Alberto Romulo</a>.<a href="#cite_note-91">[91]</a> On June 29, 2010, Aquino officially named the members of his Cabinet, with Aquino himself as <a href="/wiki/Secretary_of_the_Interior_and_Local_Government" title="Secretary of the Interior and Local Government">Secretary of the Interior and Local Government</a>.<a href="#cite_note-aquinonamescabinettakesdilghelm-86">[86]</a> Aquino also announced the formation of a <a href="/wiki/Truth_commission" title="Truth commission">truth commission</a> that will investigate various issues including corruption allegations against outgoing President <a href="/wiki/Gloria_Macapagal_Arroyo" title="Gloria Macapagal Arroyo">Gloria Macapagal Arroyo</a>. Aquino named former <a href="/wiki/Chief_Justice_of_the_Supreme_Court_of_the_Philippines" class="mw-redirect" title="Chief Justice of the Supreme Court of the Philippines">Chief Justice</a> <a href="/wiki/Hilario_Davide,_Jr." class="mw-redirect" title="Hilario Davide, Jr.">Hilario Davide, Jr.</a> to head the <a href="/wiki/Truth_commission" title="Truth commission">truth commission</a>.<a href="#cite_note-92">[92]</a> The inauguration of President <a href="/wiki/Benigno_Aquino_III" title="Benigno Aquino III">Benigno Aquino III</a> and Vice President <a href="/wiki/Jejomar_Binay" title="Jejomar Binay">Jejomar Binay</a> was held at the <a href="/wiki/Quirino_Grandstand" title="Quirino Grandstand">Quirino Grandstand</a> in <a href="/wiki/Luneta_Park" class="mw-redirect" title="Luneta Park">Luneta Park</a>, <a href="/wiki/Manila" title="Manila">Manila</a> on June 30, 2010.<a href="#cite_note-93">[93]</a> The oath of office was administered by <a href="/wiki/Associate_Justice_of_the_Supreme_Court_of_the_Philippines" title="Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the Philippines">Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the Philippines</a> <a href="/wiki/Conchita_Carpio-Morales" title="Conchita Carpio-Morales">Conchita Carpio-Morales</a>, who officially accepted Aquino's request to swear him into office,<a href="#cite_note-94">[94]</a> reminiscent of the decision of his mother, who in 1986, was sworn into the presidency by Associate Justice <a href="/wiki/Claudio_Teehankee" title="Claudio Teehankee">Claudio Teehankee</a>.<a href="#cite_note-triviaonaquinoandbinay-95">[95]</a> Aquino refused to allow <a href="/wiki/Chief_Justice_of_the_Supreme_Court_of_the_Philippines" class="mw-redirect" title="Chief Justice of the Supreme Court of the Philippines">Chief Justice of the Supreme Court of the Philippines</a> <a href="/wiki/Renato_Corona" title="Renato Corona">Renato Corona</a> to swear him into office, due to Aquino's opposition to the appointment of Corona by outgoing President Gloria Macapagal Arroyo.<a href="#cite_note-96">[96]</a> Aquino was congratulated by the President <a href="/wiki/Barack_Obama" title="Barack Obama">Barack Obama</a> of the United States, <a href="/wiki/Queen_Elizabeth_II" class="mw-redirect" title="Queen Elizabeth II">Elizabeth II</a> of the United Kingdom, and the government of Australia.<a href="#cite_note-mb.com.ph-97">[97]</a> In 2013, the government announced it was drawing up a new framework for potential peace talks with the <a href="/wiki/New_People%27s_Army" title="New People's Army">New People's Army</a>.<a href="#cite_note-98">[98]</a> In 2015, a <a href="/wiki/Mamasapano_clash" title="Mamasapano clash">clash</a> which took place in Mamasapano, Maguindanao killed 44 members of the <a href="/wiki/Philippine_National_Police" title="Philippine National Police">Philippine National Police</a>-<a href="/wiki/Special_Action_Force" title="Special Action Force">Special Action Force</a>, resulting in efforts to pass the <a href="/wiki/Bangsamoro_Basic_Law" class="mw-redirect" title="Bangsamoro Basic Law">Bangsamoro Basic Law</a> reaching an impasse.<a href="#cite_note-99">[99]</a><a href="#cite_note-100">[100]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Rodrigo_Duterte_administration_(2016–2022)">Rodrigo Duterte administration (2016–2022)</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_the_Philippines_(1986%E2%80%93present)&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Rodrigo Duterte administration (2016–2022)">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Rodrigo_Duterte" title="Presidency of Rodrigo Duterte">Presidency of Rodrigo Duterte</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:President_Rodrigo_Duterte_speech_070116.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/President_Rodrigo_Duterte_speech_070116.jpg/220px-President_Rodrigo_Duterte_speech_070116.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="172" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/President_Rodrigo_Duterte_speech_070116.jpg/330px-President_Rodrigo_Duterte_speech_070116.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/President_Rodrigo_Duterte_speech_070116.jpg/440px-President_Rodrigo_Duterte_speech_070116.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1603" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Rodrigo_Duterte" title="Rodrigo Duterte">Rodrigo Duterte</a>, president from 2016 to 2022</figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Mayor_of_Davao_City" title="Mayor of Davao City">Davao City mayor</a> <a href="/wiki/Rodrigo_Duterte" title="Rodrigo Duterte">Rodrigo Duterte</a> of <a href="/wiki/PDP%E2%80%93Laban" class="mw-redirect" title="PDP–Laban">PDP–Laban</a> won the <a href="/wiki/2016_Philippine_presidential_election" title="2016 Philippine presidential election">2016 presidential election</a> by a landslide, garnering 39.01% or 16,601,997 of the total votes, becoming the first <a href="/wiki/Mindanao" title="Mindanao">Mindanaoan</a> to become president. On the other hand, <a href="/wiki/Camarines_Sur" title="Camarines Sur">Camarines Sur</a> <a href="/wiki/Camarines_Sur%27s_3rd_congressional_district" title="Camarines Sur's 3rd congressional district">3rd District</a> representative <a href="/wiki/Leni_Robredo" title="Leni Robredo">Leni Robredo</a> won with the second-narrowest margin in history, against Senator <a href="/wiki/Bongbong_Marcos" title="Bongbong Marcos">Bongbong Marcos</a>.<a href="#cite_note-101">[101]</a> On May 30, the <a href="/wiki/Congress_of_the_Philippines" title="Congress of the Philippines">Congress</a> had proclaimed Rodrigo Duterte, despite his absence, as president-elect and Leni Robredo as vice president-elect.<a href="#cite_note-102">[102]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Presidential_transition_of_Rodrigo_Duterte" title="Presidential transition of Rodrigo Duterte">presidential transition of Rodrigo Duterte</a> began when Duterte won the <a href="/wiki/2016_Philippine_presidential_election" title="2016 Philippine presidential election">2016 Philippine presidential election</a>. The transition was in charge of the new presidential residence, cabinet appointments and cordial meetings between them and the <a href="/wiki/Benigno_Aquino_III" title="Benigno Aquino III">outgoing administration</a>. Duterte's presidency began following <a href="/wiki/Inauguration_of_Rodrigo_Duterte" title="Inauguration of Rodrigo Duterte">his inauguration</a> on June 30, 2016, at the <a href="/wiki/Malaca%C3%B1ang_Palace#Rizal_Ceremonial_Hall" title="Malacañang Palace">Rizal Ceremonial Hall</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Malaca%C3%B1ang_Palace" title="Malacañang Palace">Malacañang Palace</a> in Manila, which was attended by more than 627 guests.<a href="#cite_note-103">[103]</a> On July 12, 2016, the <a href="/wiki/Permanent_Court_of_Arbitration" title="Permanent Court of Arbitration">Permanent Court of Arbitration</a> ruled in favor of the Philippines in its <a href="/wiki/Philippines_v._China" class="mw-redirect" title="Philippines v. China">case against China's claims</a> in the South China Sea.<a href="#cite_note-theguardian2016-41">[41]</a> On August 1, 2016, the Duterte administration launched a 24-hour complaint office accessible to the public through a nationwide hotline, 8888, and change the nationwide <a href="/wiki/Emergency_telephone_number" title="Emergency telephone number">emergency telephone number</a> from 117 to <a href="/wiki/9-1-1_(Philippines)" class="mw-redirect" title="9-1-1 (Philippines)">911</a>.<a href="#cite_note-104">[104]</a><a href="#cite_note-105">[105]</a> By October 2016, one hundred days after Duterte took office, the death toll for the <a href="/wiki/Philippine_Drug_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Philippine Drug War">Philippine Drug War</a> passed 3,000 people.<a href="#cite_note-Casualties_B-106">[106]</a> As of February 2019, the death toll for the <a href="/wiki/Philippine_Drug_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Philippine Drug War">Philippine Drug War</a> is 5,176.<a href="#cite_note-107">[107]</a><a href="#cite_note-CayetanoWarOnDrugsUPR2-108">[108]</a><a href="#cite_note-109">[109]</a><a href="#cite_note-110">[110]</a> In middle of October to November 2016, President Duterte announced numerous times his shift to ties with China and Russia. The president also blasted the United States and <a href="/wiki/Barack_Obama" title="Barack Obama">Barack Obama</a>, as well as the United Nations and UN Secretary-General <a href="/wiki/Ban_Ki-moon" title="Ban Ki-moon">Ban Ki-moon</a>, numerous times in various live interviews and speeches while in the Philippines, Japan, Vietnam, Indonesia, Brunei, and Laos.<a href="#cite_note-111">[111]</a><a href="#cite_note-112">[112]</a><a href="#cite_note-113">[113]</a><a href="#cite_note-114">[114]</a><a href="#cite_note-115">[115]</a><a href="#cite_note-116">[116]</a> On November 8, 2016, the Supreme Court of the Philippines ruled in favor of the burial of the late president and dictator <a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_Marcos" title="Ferdinand Marcos">Ferdinand Marcos</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Libingan_ng_mga_Bayani" title="Libingan ng mga Bayani">Libingan ng mga Bayani</a>, the country's official cemetery for heroes, provoking protests from various groups.<a href="#cite_note-117">[117]</a> Duterte initiated the "<a href="/wiki/Build!_Build!_Build!_Infrastructure_Plan" class="mw-redirect" title="Build! Build! Build! Infrastructure Plan">Build, Build, Build</a>" program in 2017 that aimed to usher the Philippines into a new "golden age of infrastructure"<a href="#cite_note-118">[118]</a> and was expected to create more jobs and business opportunities, which, in turn, would sustain the country's economic growth and accelerate poverty reduction.<a href="#cite_note-119">[119]</a> The construction industry needs two million more workers to sustain the program.<a href="#cite_note-120">[120]</a><a href="#cite_note-121">[121]</a> The program is made up of numerous projects in various sectors, such as air, rail, and road transport as well as other public utilities and infrastructures.<a href="#cite_note-122">[122]</a><a href="#cite_note-ABS-CBN-List100PDF-123">[123]</a> The country is expected to spend $160 billion to $180 billion up to 2022 for the public investments in infrastructure.<a href="#cite_note-124">[124]</a> The program has been linked to supporting recovery from <a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_Philippines" title="COVID-19 pandemic in the Philippines">the COVID-19 pandemic</a>.<a href="#cite_note-125">[125]</a> In 2017, Duterte signed the <a href="/wiki/Universal_Access_to_Quality_Tertiary_Education_Act" title="Universal Access to Quality Tertiary Education Act">Universal Access to Quality Tertiary Education Act</a>, which provides for free tuition and exemption from other fees in public universities and colleges for Filipino students, as well as subsidies for those enrolled in private higher education institutions. He also signed 20 new laws, including the Universal Health Care Act, the creation of the <a href="/wiki/Department_of_Human_Settlements_and_Urban_Development" title="Department of Human Settlements and Urban Development">Department of Human Settlements and Urban Development</a>, establishing a national cancer control program, and allowing subscribers to keep their mobile numbers for life.<a href="#cite_note-126">[126]</a> Duterte signed laws creating the <a href="/wiki/Philippine_Space_Agency" title="Philippine Space Agency">Philippine Space Agency</a> and the departments of <a href="/wiki/Department_of_Human_Settlements_and_Urban_Development" title="Department of Human Settlements and Urban Development">housing and urban development</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Department_of_Migrant_Workers" title="Department of Migrant Workers">migrant workers</a>. He institutionalized a <a href="/wiki/Philippine_Identification_System_Act" title="Philippine Identification System Act">national identification system</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Pantawid_Pamilyang_Pilipino_Program" title="Pantawid Pamilyang Pilipino Program">Pantawid Pamilyang Pilipino Program</a>, raised the <a href="/wiki/Age_of_sexual_consent" class="mw-redirect" title="Age of sexual consent">age of sexual consent</a> to 16, criminalized <a href="/wiki/Child_marriage" title="Child marriage">child marriage</a>, simplified the <a href="/wiki/Adoption_in_the_Philippines" title="Adoption in the Philippines">adoption process</a>, and launched the <a href="/wiki/Public_Utility_Vehicle_Modernization_Program" title="Public Utility Vehicle Modernization Program">Public Utility Vehicle Modernization Program</a>. Duterte initiated liberal economic reforms by amending the Foreign Investment Act of 1991 and the Public Service Act to attract foreign investors, and reformed the country's tax system by signing the <a href="/wiki/Tax_Reform_for_Acceleration_and_Inclusion_Law" title="Tax Reform for Acceleration and Inclusion Law">Tax Reform for Acceleration and Inclusion Law</a> and the Corporate Recovery and Tax Incentives for Enterprises Act while raising <a href="/wiki/Sin_tax" title="Sin tax">sin taxes</a> on non-essential goods. He took measures to eliminate <a href="/wiki/Corruption_in_the_Philippines" title="Corruption in the Philippines">corruption</a>, <a href="/wiki/Red_tape" title="Red tape">red tape</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Money_laundering" title="Money laundering">money laundering</a> by establishing the <a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_Information_Order_(Philippines)" title="Freedom of Information Order (Philippines)">freedom of information</a> under the Executive branch, signing the Ease of Doing Business Act, creating the Presidential Anti-Corruption Commission, and strengthening the Anti-Money Laundering Act. In agricultural policy, he liberalized rice imports by signing the Rice Tariffication Law to stabilize rice prices, granted free irrigation to small farmers, signed the Sagip Saka Act, and created a <a href="/wiki/Trust_fund" class="mw-redirect" title="Trust fund">trust fund</a> for coconut farmers. Duterte signed the Free Internet Access in Public Places Act. He signed the automatic enrollment of all Filipinos under the government's health insurance program through the Universal Health Care Act, signed the Philippine Mental Health Law, signed a law establishing <a href="/wiki/Malasakit_Center" title="Malasakit Center">Malasakit Centers</a> in public hospitals, ordered the full implementation of the <a href="/wiki/Responsible_Parenthood_and_Reproductive_Health_Act_of_2012" title="Responsible Parenthood and Reproductive Health Act of 2012">Reproductive Health Law</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nationwide_smoking_ban_order_(Philippines)" title="Nationwide smoking ban order (Philippines)">banned smoking in public places</a> nationwide, and set a price cap on select medicines. He <a href="/wiki/Philippine_government_response_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic" title="Philippine government response to the COVID-19 pandemic">oversaw</a> the <a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_Philippines" title="COVID-19 pandemic in the Philippines">COVID-19 pandemic</a> in the country, implementing <a href="/wiki/COVID-19_community_quarantines_in_the_Philippines" title="COVID-19 community quarantines in the Philippines">strict lockdown measures</a> causing in 2020 a 9.5% contraction in the country's <a href="/wiki/Gross_domestic_product" title="Gross domestic product">GDP</a>, which eventually recovered to 5.6% in 2021 following gradual reopening of the economy and implementing a <a href="/wiki/COVID-19_vaccination_in_the_Philippines" title="COVID-19 vaccination in the Philippines">nationwide vaccination drive</a>. Duterte's domestic approval rating has been relatively high throughout his presidency. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Ferdinand_Marcos_Jr._presidency_(2022-present)">Ferdinand Marcos Jr. presidency (2022-present)</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_the_Philippines_(1986%E2%80%93present)&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Ferdinand Marcos Jr. presidency (2022-present)">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Bongbong_Marcos" title="Presidency of Bongbong Marcos">Presidency of Bongbong Marcos</a></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bongbong_Marcos_inaugural_address_6.30.22_(1).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Bongbong_Marcos_inaugural_address_6.30.22_%281%29.jpg/257px-Bongbong_Marcos_inaugural_address_6.30.22_%281%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="257" height="171" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Bongbong_Marcos_inaugural_address_6.30.22_%281%29.jpg/386px-Bongbong_Marcos_inaugural_address_6.30.22_%281%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Bongbong_Marcos_inaugural_address_6.30.22_%281%29.jpg/514px-Bongbong_Marcos_inaugural_address_6.30.22_%281%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1350" data-file-height="900" /></a><figcaption>Bongbong Marcos delivering his inaugural address on June 30, 2022.</figcaption></figure> Former Senator <a href="/wiki/Bongbong_Marcos" title="Bongbong Marcos">Ferdinand “Bongbong” Marcos Jr.</a> won the <a href="/wiki/2022_Philippine_presidential_election" title="2022 Philippine presidential election">2022 Philippine presidential elections</a> in the largest electoral victory since the <a href="/wiki/Fifth_Republic_of_the_Philippines" class="mw-redirect" title="Fifth Republic of the Philippines">fifth republic</a> began in 1987, garnering 31,629,783 votes or 58.77% of the popular vote.<a href="#cite_note-127">[127]</a> He defeated then-incumbent vice president <a href="/wiki/Leni_Robredo" title="Leni Robredo">Leni Robredo</a> who was running the <a href="/wiki/Leni_Robredo_2022_presidential_campaign" title="Leni Robredo 2022 presidential campaign">opposition's ticket for the presidency</a>.<a href="#cite_note-128">[128]</a> Marcos was proclaimed as the president-elect during the joint-session of congress on May 25, 2022, at the <a href="/wiki/Batasang_Pambansa_Complex" title="Batasang Pambansa Complex">Batasang Pambansa Complex</a>.<a href="#cite_note-129">[129]</a> He was joined by members of the Marcos family, including the former first lady <a href="/wiki/Imelda_Marcos" title="Imelda Marcos">Imelda Marcos</a>, and members of the Duterte family including then vice-president-elect <a href="/wiki/Sara_Duterte" title="Sara Duterte">Sara Duterte</a>, who was also proclaimed during the same session.<a href="#cite_note-130">[130]</a> The presidential transition began when then-outgoing president Rodrigo Duterte signed on Administrative Order No. 47 which establishes the Presidential Transition Committee (PTC) and its internal transition committees in the executive departments and agencies of the executive branch. This precedent was done “to ensure a peaceful, orderly, and smooth transfer of powers to the next duly elected president.”<a href="#cite_note-131">[131]</a> The PTC was headed by Executive Secretary <a href="/wiki/Salvador_Medialdea" title="Salvador Medialdea">Salvador Medialdea</a>. The PTC had begun official communiques to ensure the smooth transition of power by the Marcos camp. The meetings with the PTC however wouldn't occur until May 11 when then Marcos’ spokesperson <a href="/wiki/Vic_Rodriguez_(lawyer)" title="Vic Rodriguez (lawyer)">Vic Rodriguez</a> announced that the Marcos camp and the Palace began informal meetings.<a href="#cite_note-132">[132]</a> Marcos’ presidency began following <a href="/wiki/Inauguration_of_Bongbong_Marcos" title="Inauguration of Bongbong Marcos">his inauguration</a> on June 30, 2022, at the footsteps of the <a href="/wiki/National_Museum_of_Fine_Arts_(Manila)" title="National Museum of Fine Arts (Manila)">National Museum of Fine Arts</a> in <a href="/wiki/Manila" title="Manila">Manila</a>. The inauguration was broadcast live on cable television and various streaming platforms such as YouTube and Facebook. Nearly twenty-one international leaders and dignitaries attended the inauguration including <a href="/wiki/Vice_President_of_China" title="Vice President of China">Chinese vice president</a> <a href="/wiki/Wang_Qishan" title="Wang Qishan">Wang Qishan</a><a href="#cite_note-133">[133]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Second_ladies_and_gentlemen_of_the_United_States" title="Second ladies and gentlemen of the United States">Second gentleman of the United States</a> <a href="/wiki/Doug_Emhoff" title="Doug Emhoff">Douglas Emhoff</a>.<a href="#cite_note-134">[134]</a> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:President_Biden_met_with_President_Marcos_of_the_Philippines_at_the_sidelines_of_the_77th_UNGA.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/President_Biden_met_with_President_Marcos_of_the_Philippines_at_the_sidelines_of_the_77th_UNGA.jpg/298px-President_Biden_met_with_President_Marcos_of_the_Philippines_at_the_sidelines_of_the_77th_UNGA.jpg" decoding="async" width="298" height="199" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/President_Biden_met_with_President_Marcos_of_the_Philippines_at_the_sidelines_of_the_77th_UNGA.jpg/447px-President_Biden_met_with_President_Marcos_of_the_Philippines_at_the_sidelines_of_the_77th_UNGA.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/President_Biden_met_with_President_Marcos_of_the_Philippines_at_the_sidelines_of_the_77th_UNGA.jpg/596px-President_Biden_met_with_President_Marcos_of_the_Philippines_at_the_sidelines_of_the_77th_UNGA.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="2000" /></a><figcaption>Marcos and Biden during the 77th United Nations General Assembly.</figcaption></figure> In terms of domestic policy, Marcos’ presidency aimed to mitigate the insinuating damages post-<a href="/wiki/COVID-19" title="COVID-19">COVID-19</a>. As the virus subsided, his presidency was credited to returning to normalcy. One of his major policies was the signing of Republic Acts No. <a href="/wiki/New_Agrarian_Emancipation_Act" title="New Agrarian Emancipation Act">11953</a> and <a href="/wiki/Maharlika_Wealth_Fund" title="Maharlika Wealth Fund">11954</a> or the New Agrarian Emancipation Act and the Maharlika Investment Fund Act of 2023, respectively. The R.A. 11953 was signed into law that freed nearly 600,000 farmers from debt thru principal loans and financial burdens.<a href="#cite_note-135">[135]</a> Meanwhile, R.A. 11954 was signed as the first sovereign-fund in the country, primarily controlled by the state.<a href="#cite_note-136">[136]</a> R.A. 11954 was particularly provoked in controversy due to the past-dealings of the Marcos family during their first stay in Malacañang during his father's rule. His domestic policies stimulated the regrowth of the Philippine economy and subsiding the lowest inflation rate in years.<a href="#cite_note-137">[137]</a> However, his domestic policies did not answer directly the damages caused by shortages in sugar<a href="#cite_note-138">[138]</a> and the increasing prices in rice grains.<a href="#cite_note-139">[139]</a> In foreign policy, Marcos took a tougher role with China and returned to the United States, revitalizing the deteriorating partnership between Manila and <a href="/wiki/Washington,_D.C." title="Washington, D.C.">Washington D.C.</a> from his predecessor's stern remarks and words against the then-<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Barack_Obama" title="Presidency of Barack Obama">Obama</a> and <a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Donald_Trump_(2017_Q1)" class="mw-redirect" title="Presidency of Donald Trump (2017 Q1)">Trump</a> presidencies.<a href="#cite_note-140">[140]</a> Marcos took a linear approach with the <a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Joe_Biden" title="Presidency of Joe Biden">Biden administration's</a> efforts in helping the Philippines in its ongoing <a href="/wiki/Territorial_disputes_in_the_South_China_Sea" title="Territorial disputes in the South China Sea">standoff</a> with China in the South China Sea and promoted Western Investment opportunities to the Philippines.<a href="#cite_note-141">[141]</a> This would materialize to billions of dollars in investment pledges in the country's economy and military. His administration had been provoked for its shady dealings with certain legislative agendas and the building rift between him and <a href="/wiki/Vice_President_of_the_Philippines" title="Vice President of the Philippines">Vice President</a> Sara Duterte-Carpio which began with the controversy surrounding Duterte-Carpio's office spending spree of $2.3 million in just eleven days.<a href="#cite_note-142">[142]</a> These controversies prolonged as the divide between the Marcos and Duterte families began unraveling ahead of the <a href="/wiki/2025_Philippine_general_election" title="2025 Philippine general election">2025 midterm elections</a>.<a href="#cite_note-143">[143]</a> The confidential funds issue in particular took a toll on public approval ratings for the president and vice president with double-digit declines being experienced. Marcos remains in power with his term to expire in 2028. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_the_Philippines_(1986%E2%80%93present)&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Philippine_history" title="Timeline of Philippine history">Timeline of Philippine history</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_the_Philippines_(1986%E2%80%93present)&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.philstar.com/headlines/2013/05/06/939112/govt-drafts-new-framework-guide-peace-talks-leftist-rebels">"Gov't drafts new framework to guide peace talks with leftist rebels"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Philippine_Star" title="The Philippine Star">The Philippine Star</a>. 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href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070609185330/http://www.op.gov.ph/">Archived</a> June 9, 2007, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080213020522/http://filipiniana.net/read_content.jsp?filename=T00000000004&page=1&epage=1">Visiting Forces Agreement</a> Full text document of the Visiting Forces Agreement signed by the Philippines and United States of America</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080213020529/http://filipiniana.net/read_content.jsp?filename=T00000000005&page=1&epage=1">Counterpart Agreement</a> Agreement between the Government of the United States of America and the Government of the Republic of the Philippines regarding the Treatment of Republic of the Philippines Personnel Visiting the United States of America</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" 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<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Senate_of_the_Philippines" title="Senate of the Philippines">Senate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/House_of_Representatives_of_the_Philippines" title="House of Representatives of the Philippines">House of Representatives</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judiciary_of_the_Philippines" title="Judiciary of the Philippines">Judicial</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_the_Philippines" title="Supreme Court of the Philippines">Supreme Court</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Court_of_Appeals_of_the_Philippines" title="Court of Appeals of the Philippines">Court of Appeals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regional_Trial_Court" title="Regional Trial Court">Regional Trial Court</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armed_Forces_of_the_Philippines" title="Armed Forces of the Philippines">Armed Forces</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Philippine_Air_Force" title="Philippine Air Force">Air Force</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippine_Army" title="Philippine Army">Army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippine_Navy" title="Philippine Navy">Navy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippine_Marine_Corps" title="Philippine Marine Corps">Marine Corps</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippine_Coast_Guard" title="Philippine Coast Guard">Coast Guard</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_the_Philippines" title="Economy of the Philippines">Economy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_the_Philippines" title="Agriculture in the Philippines">Agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Automotive_industry_in_the_Philippines" title="Automotive industry in the Philippines">Automotive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Business_process_outsourcing_in_the_Philippines" title="Business process outsourcing in the Philippines">Business process outsourcing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Census_in_the_Philippines" title="Census in the Philippines">Census</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bangko_Sentral_ng_Pilipinas" title="Bangko Sentral ng Pilipinas">Central bank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Child_labor_in_the_Philippines" title="Child labor in the Philippines">Child labor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_in_the_Philippines" title="Energy in the Philippines">Energy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fiscal_policy_of_the_Philippines" title="Fiscal policy of the Philippines">Fiscal policy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_debt_of_the_Philippines" title="National debt of the Philippines">National debt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labor_policy_in_the_Philippines" title="Labor policy in the Philippines">Labor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippine_peso" title="Philippine peso">Peso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_and_technology_in_the_Philippines" title="Science and technology in the Philippines">Science and technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippine_Stock_Exchange" title="Philippine Stock Exchange">Stock exchange</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taxation_in_the_Philippines" title="Taxation in the Philippines">Taxation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_in_the_Philippines" title="Telecommunications in the Philippines">Telecommunications</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Telephone_numbers_in_the_Philippines" title="Telephone numbers in the Philippines">Telephone numbers</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_the_Philippines" title="Tourism in the Philippines">Tourism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_tourist_attractions_in_the_Philippines" title="List of tourist attractions in the Philippines">Tourist attractions</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transportation_in_the_Philippines" title="Transportation in the Philippines">Transportation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_the_Philippines" title="Water supply and sanitation in the Philippines">Water and sanitation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ZIP_codes_in_the_Philippines" title="ZIP codes in the Philippines">ZIP codes</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Society_of_the_Philippines" title="Category:Society of the Philippines">Society</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_the_Philippines" title="Abortion in the Philippines">Abortion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Censorship_in_the_Philippines" title="Censorship in the Philippines">Censorship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corruption_in_the_Philippines" title="Corruption in the Philippines">Corruption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crime_in_the_Philippines" title="Crime in the Philippines">Crime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_the_Philippines" title="Demographics of the Philippines">Demographics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Divorce_in_the_Philippines" title="Divorce in the Philippines">Divorce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_the_Philippines" title="Education in the Philippines">Education</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Higher_education_in_the_Philippines" title="Higher education in the Philippines">Higher education</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_issues_in_the_Philippines" title="Environmental issues in the Philippines">Environmental issues</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_in_the_Philippines" title="Climate change in the Philippines">Climate change</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deforestation_in_the_Philippines" title="Deforestation in the Philippines">Deforestation</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_groups_in_the_Philippines" title="Ethnic groups in the Philippines">Ethnic groups</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Philippines" title="Indigenous peoples of the Philippines">Indigenous peoples</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genetic_studies_on_Filipinos" title="Genetic studies on Filipinos">Genetics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_in_the_Philippines" title="Health in the Philippines">Health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_trafficking_in_the_Philippines" title="Human trafficking in the Philippines">Human trafficking</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sex_trafficking_in_the_Philippines" title="Sex trafficking in the Philippines">Sex trafficking</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immigration_to_the_Philippines" title="Immigration to the Philippines">Immigration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Income_inequality_in_the_Philippines" title="Income inequality in the Philippines">Income inequality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippine_kinship" title="Philippine kinship">Kinship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_the_Philippines" title="Languages of the Philippines">Languages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Overseas_Filipino_Worker" title="Overseas Filipino Worker">Overseas workers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poverty_in_the_Philippines" title="Poverty in the Philippines">Poverty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prostitution_in_the_Philippines" title="Prostitution in the Philippines">Prostitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Refugees_of_the_Philippines" title="Refugees of the Philippines">Refugees</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_the_Philippines" title="Religion in the Philippines">Religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexuality_in_the_Philippines" title="Sexuality in the Philippines">Sexuality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Squatting_in_the_Philippines" title="Squatting in the Philippines">Squatting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_the_Philippines" title="Women in the Philippines">Women</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pinoy" title="Pinoy">Pinoy</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_the_Philippines" title="Culture of the Philippines">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_the_Philippines" title="Architecture of the Philippines">Architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arts_in_the_Philippines" title="Arts in the Philippines">Arts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_the_Philippines" title="Cinema of the Philippines">Cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Filipino_cuisine" title="Filipino cuisine">Cuisine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_Cultural_Properties_of_the_Philippines" title="Lists of Cultural Properties of the Philippines">Cultural properties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dance_in_the_Philippines" title="Dance in the Philippines">Dance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fashion_and_clothing_in_the_Philippines" title="Fashion and clothing in the Philippines">Fashion and clothing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historical_markers_of_the_Philippines" title="Historical markers of the Philippines">Historical markers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Filipino_inventions_and_discoveries" title="List of Filipino inventions and discoveries">Inventions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippine_literature" title="Philippine literature">Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mass_media_in_the_Philippines" title="Mass media in the Philippines">Media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_the_Philippines" title="Music of the Philippines">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippine_mythology" title="Philippine mythology">Mythology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Names_of_the_Philippines" title="Names of the Philippines">Name</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_holidays_in_the_Philippines" title="Public holidays in the Philippines">Public holidays</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_festivals_in_the_Philippines" title="List of festivals in the Philippines">Festivals</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Filipino_psychology" title="Filipino psychology">Psychology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sports_in_the_Philippines" title="Sports in the Philippines">Sports</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traditional_games_in_the_Philippines" title="Traditional games in the Philippines">Traditional games</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Filipino_values" title="Filipino values">Value system</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/National_symbols_of_the_Philippines" title="National symbols of the Philippines">Symbols</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lupang_Hinirang" title="Lupang Hinirang">Anthem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippine_eagle" title="Philippine eagle">Bird</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_the_Philippines" title="Coat of arms of the Philippines">Coat of arms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_the_Philippines" title="Flag of the Philippines">Flag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jasminum_sambac" title="Jasminum sambac">Flower</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pinctada_maxima" title="Pinctada maxima">Gem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Seal_of_the_Philippines" title="Great Seal of the Philippines">Great Seal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Filipino_language" title="Filipino language">Language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maka-Diyos,_Maka-tao,_Makakalikasan_at_Makabansa" title="Maka-Diyos, Maka-tao, Makakalikasan at Makabansa">Motto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Filipino_Sign_Language" title="Filipino Sign Language">Sign language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arnis" title="Arnis">Sport and martial art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pterocarpus_indicus" title="Pterocarpus indicus">Tree</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="font-weight:bold;"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_the_Philippines" title="Outline of the Philippines">Outline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bibliography_of_the_Philippines" title="Bibliography of the Philippines">Bibliography</a></li></ul> <ul><li><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Flag_of_the_Philippines.svg/16px-Flag_of_the_Philippines.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="8" class="mw-file-element" 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