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<li id="toc-Origins_and_ancient_archery" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Origins_and_ancient_archery"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Origins and ancient archery</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Origins_and_ancient_archery-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Medieval_archery" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Medieval_archery"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Medieval archery</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Medieval_archery-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mounted_archery" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mounted_archery"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Mounted archery</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mounted_archery-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Decline_of_archery" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Decline_of_archery"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span>Decline of archery</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Decline_of_archery-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-18th_century_revival_as_a_sport" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#18th_century_revival_as_a_sport"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.5</span> <span>18th century revival as a sport</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-18th_century_revival_as_a_sport-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-A_modern_sport" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#A_modern_sport"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.6</span> <span>A modern sport</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-A_modern_sport-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mythology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mythology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.7</span> <span>Mythology</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mythology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Equipment" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Equipment"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Equipment</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Equipment-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Equipment subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Equipment-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Types_of_bows" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Types_of_bows"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Types of bows</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Types_of_bows-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Types_of_arrows_and_fletchings" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Types_of_arrows_and_fletchings"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Types of arrows and fletchings</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Types_of_arrows_and_fletchings-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bowstring" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bowstring"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Bowstring</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bowstring-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Protective_equipment" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Protective_equipment"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Protective equipment</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Protective_equipment-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Release_aids" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Release_aids"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5</span> <span>Release aids</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Release_aids-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Stabilizers" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Stabilizers"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.6</span> <span>Stabilizers</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Stabilizers-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Shooting_technique_and_form" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Shooting_technique_and_form"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Shooting technique and form</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Shooting_technique_and_form-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Shooting technique and form subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Shooting_technique_and_form-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Modern_form" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Modern_form"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Modern form</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Modern_form-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Aiming_methods" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Aiming_methods"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Aiming methods</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Aiming_methods-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Aiming methods subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Aiming_methods-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Instinctive_shooting" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Instinctive_shooting"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Instinctive shooting</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Instinctive_shooting-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Gap_shooting" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gap_shooting"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Gap shooting</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Gap_shooting-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Physics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Physics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Physics</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Physics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Hunting" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hunting"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Hunting</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hunting-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Modern_competitive_archery" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Modern_competitive_archery"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Modern competitive archery</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Modern_competitive_archery-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Archery</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 95 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-95" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">95 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boogskiet" title="Boogskiet – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Boogskiet" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A9" title="نبالة – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="نبالة" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tiru_con_arcu" title="Tiru con arcu – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Tiru con arcu" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxatma" title="Oxatma – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Oxatma" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%88%D8%AE_%D8%A2%D8%AA%D9%85%D8%A7" title="اوخ آتما – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="اوخ آتما" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%A7%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BE" title="ধনুর্বিদ্যা – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="ধনুর্বিদ্যা" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bjn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bjn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panahan" title="Panahan – Banjar" lang="bjn" hreflang="bjn" data-title="Panahan" data-language-autonym="Banjar" data-language-local-name="Banjar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Banjar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Si%C4%81-ch%C3%AC%E2%81%BF" title="Siā-chìⁿ – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Siā-chìⁿ" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%99%D3%99%D0%B9%D3%99%D0%BD%D3%99%D0%BD_%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%8B%D1%83" title="Йәйәнән атыу – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Йәйәнән атыу" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%B1%D0%B0_%D0%B7_%D0%BB%D1%83%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Стральба з лука – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Стральба з лука" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%B1%D0%B0_%D0%B7_%D0%BB%D1%83%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Стральба з лука – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Стральба з лука" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B1%D0%B0_%D1%81_%D0%BB%D1%8A%D0%BA" title="Стрелба с лък – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Стрелба с лък" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gwaregata" title="Gwaregata – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Gwaregata" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tir_amb_arc" title="Tir amb arc – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Tir amb arc" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lukost%C5%99elba" title="Lukostřelba – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Lukostřelba" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saethyddiaeth" title="Saethyddiaeth – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Saethyddiaeth" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bueskydning" title="Bueskydning – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Bueskydning" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bogenschie%C3%9Fen" title="Bogenschießen – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Bogenschießen" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vibusport" title="Vibusport – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Vibusport" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A4%CE%BF%CE%BE%CE%BF%CE%B2%CE%BF%CE%BB%CE%AF%CE%B1" title="Τοξοβολία – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Τοξοβολία" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tiro_con_arco" title="Tiro con arco – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Tiro con arco" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arkpafado" title="Arkpafado – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Arkpafado" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arkularitza" title="Arkularitza – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Arkularitza" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%DB%8C%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%B2%DB%8C_%D8%A8%D8%A7_%DA%A9%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86" title="تیراندازی با کمان – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="تیراندازی با کمان" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tir_%C3%A0_l%27arc" title="Tir à l'arc – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Tir à l'arc" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boghd%C3%B3ireacht" title="Boghdóireacht – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Boghdóireacht" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tiro_con_arco" title="Tiro con arco – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Tiro con arco" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%B6%81%EC%88%A0" title="궁술 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="궁술" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE" title="धनुर्विद्या – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="धनुर्विद्या" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Streli%C4%8Darstvo" title="Streličarstvo – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Streličarstvo" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arkpafado" title="Arkpafado – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Arkpafado" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ig mw-list-item"><a href="https://ig.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%BB%8Agba_%E1%BB%A5ta" title="Ịgba ụta – Igbo" lang="ig" hreflang="ig" data-title="Ịgba ụta" data-language-autonym="Igbo" data-language-local-name="Igbo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Igbo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panahan" title="Panahan – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Panahan" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tiro_ad_arco" title="Tiro ad arco – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Tiro ad arco" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bogfimi" title="Bogfimi – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Bogfimi" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tiro_con_l%27arco" title="Tiro con l'arco – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Tiro con l'arco" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A7%D7%A9%D7%AA%D7%95%D7%AA" title="קשתות – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="קשתות" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbp mw-list-item"><a href="https://kbp.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C9%94%CA%8B" title="Tɔʋ – Kabiye" lang="kbp" hreflang="kbp" data-title="Tɔʋ" data-language-autonym="Kabɩyɛ" data-language-local-name="Kabiye" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kabɩyɛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%96%D0%B0%D0%B0_%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%83%D1%83" title="Жаа атуу – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Жаа атуу" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loka_%C5%A1au%C5%A1ana" title="Loka šaušana – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Loka šaušana" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bousch%C3%A9issen" title="Bouschéissen – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Bouschéissen" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%A0audymas_i%C5%A1_lanko" title="Šaudymas iš lanko – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Šaudymas iš lanko" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%8Dj%C3%A1szat" title="Íjászat – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Íjászat" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE" title="Стреличарство – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Стреличарство" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%85%E0%B4%AE%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%86%E0%B4%AF%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%8D" title="അമ്പെയ്ത്ത് – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="അമ്പെയ്ത്ത്" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mt mw-list-item"><a href="https://mt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ar%C4%8Berija" title="Arċerija – Maltese" lang="mt" hreflang="mt" data-title="Arċerija" data-language-autonym="Malti" data-language-local-name="Maltese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%80" title="तिरंदाजी – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="तिरंदाजी" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%82%D9%88%D8%B3_%D9%88_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D9%87%D9%85" title="القوس و السهم – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="القوس و السهم" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Memanah" title="Memanah – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Memanah" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D0%B9%D1%82_%D1%85%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%B0" title="Байт харваа – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Байт харваа" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%99%E1%80%BC%E1%80%AC%E1%80%B8%E1%80%95%E1%80%85%E1%80%BA%E1%80%A1%E1%80%AC%E1%80%B8%E1%80%80%E1%80%85%E1%80%AC%E1%80%B8" title="မြားပစ်အားကစား – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="မြားပစ်အားကစား" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boogschieten" title="Boogschieten – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Boogschieten" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%A2%E3%83%BC%E3%83%81%E3%82%A7%E3%83%AA%E3%83%BC_(%E5%BC%93%E8%A1%93)" title="アーチェリー (弓術) – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="アーチェリー (弓術)" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bueskyting" title="Bueskyting – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Bueskyting" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bogeskyting" title="Bogeskyting – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Bogeskyting" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tir_amb_arc" title="Tir amb arc – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Tir amb arc" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%A4%E0%A9%80%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%85%E0%A9%B0%E0%A8%A6%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%9C%E0%A8%BC%E0%A9%80" title="ਤੀਰਅੰਦਾਜ਼ੀ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਤੀਰਅੰਦਾਜ਼ੀ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%DB%8C%D8%B1_%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%B2%DB%8C" title="تیر اندازی – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="تیر اندازی" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pcd mw-list-item"><a href="https://pcd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tir_%C3%A0_chl%27_arc" title="Tir à chl' arc – Picard" lang="pcd" hreflang="pcd" data-title="Tir à chl' arc" data-language-autonym="Picard" data-language-local-name="Picard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Picard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%81ucznictwo" title="Łucznictwo – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Łucznictwo" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arqueria" title="Arqueria – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Arqueria" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tir_cu_arcul" title="Tir cu arcul – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Tir cu arcul" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wach%27iq" title="Wach'iq – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Wach'iq" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%B1%D0%B0_%D0%B8%D0%B7_%D0%BB%D1%83%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Стрельба из лука – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Стрельба из лука" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sa mw-list-item"><a href="https://sa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%BE" title="लक्ष्यसाधनक्रीडा – Sanskrit" lang="sa" hreflang="sa" data-title="लक्ष्यसाधनक्रीडा" data-language-autonym="संस्कृतम्" data-language-local-name="Sanskrit" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>संस्कृतम्</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sat mw-list-item"><a href="https://sat.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%B1%9F%E1%B1%B9%E1%B1%A0%E1%B1%BC%E1%B1%9F%E1%B1%B8%E1%B1%AF%E1%B1%9F%E1%B1%B8%E1%B1%B2%E1%B1%A4%E1%B1%BC%E1%B1%B4%E1%B1%A9%E1%B1%B4%E1%B1%A4" title="ᱟᱹᱠᱼᱟᱸᱯᱟᱸᱲᱤᱼᱴᱩᱴᱤ – Santali" lang="sat" hreflang="sat" data-title="ᱟᱹᱠᱼᱟᱸᱯᱟᱸᱲᱤᱼᱴᱩᱴᱤ" data-language-autonym="ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ" data-language-local-name="Santali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gjuajtja_me_hark" title="Gjuajtja me hark – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Gjuajtja me hark" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tiru_cu_l%27arcu" title="Tiru cu l'arcu – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Tiru cu l'arcu" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%AF%E0%B7%94%E0%B6%B1%E0%B7%94_%E0%B7%80%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%AF%E0%B7%93%E0%B6%B8" title="දුනු විදීම – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="දුනු විදීම" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archery" title="Archery – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Archery" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D9%8A%D8%B1_%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%B2%D9%8A" title="تير اندازي – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="تير اندازي" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سنڌي</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lukostre%C4%BEba" title="Lukostreľba – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Lukostreľba" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lokostrelstvo" title="Lokostrelstvo – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Lokostrelstvo" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE" title="Стреличарство – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Стреличарство" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Streli%C4%8Darstvo" title="Streličarstvo – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Streličarstvo" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papanahan" title="Papanahan – Sundanese" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Papanahan" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="Sundanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sunda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jousiammunta" title="Jousiammunta – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Jousiammunta" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C3%A5gskytte" title="Bågskytte – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Bågskytte" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pamamana" title="Pamamana – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Pamamana" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B1%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%88" title="விற்கலை – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" 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href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%80%D3%A3" title="Камонварӣ – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Камонварӣ" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ok%C3%A7uluk" title="Okçuluk – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Okçuluk" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%82%D1%80%D1%96%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%B1%D0%B0_%D0%B7_%D0%BB%D1%83%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Стрільба з лука – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Стрільба з лука" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" 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.hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Archery_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Archery (disambiguation)">Archery (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Archer" redirects here. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Archer_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Archer (disambiguation)">Archer (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:ArcheryGermanyEarly1980s-2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/ArcheryGermanyEarly1980s-2.jpg/220px-ArcheryGermanyEarly1980s-2.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="143" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/ArcheryGermanyEarly1980s-2.jpg/330px-ArcheryGermanyEarly1980s-2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/ArcheryGermanyEarly1980s-2.jpg/440px-ArcheryGermanyEarly1980s-2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2394" data-file-height="1554" /></a><figcaption>Archery competition in June 1983 at <a href="/wiki/M%C3%B6nchengladbach" title="Mönchengladbach">Mönchengladbach</a>, <a href="/wiki/West_Germany" title="West Germany">West Germany</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Brazilarcher.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Brazilarcher.jpg/220px-Brazilarcher.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="138" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Brazilarcher.jpg/330px-Brazilarcher.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Brazilarcher.jpg/440px-Brazilarcher.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2480" data-file-height="1550" /></a><figcaption>A <a href="/wiki/Rikbaktsa" title="Rikbaktsa">Rikbaktsa</a> archer competes at Brazil's Indigenous Games</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bundesarchiv_Bild_135-S-18-07-16,_Tibetexpedition,_Volksfest,_Bogensch%C3%BCtze.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Bundesarchiv_Bild_135-S-18-07-16%2C_Tibetexpedition%2C_Volksfest%2C_Bogensch%C3%BCtze.jpg/170px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_135-S-18-07-16%2C_Tibetexpedition%2C_Volksfest%2C_Bogensch%C3%BCtze.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="237" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Bundesarchiv_Bild_135-S-18-07-16%2C_Tibetexpedition%2C_Volksfest%2C_Bogensch%C3%BCtze.jpg/255px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_135-S-18-07-16%2C_Tibetexpedition%2C_Volksfest%2C_Bogensch%C3%BCtze.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Bundesarchiv_Bild_135-S-18-07-16%2C_Tibetexpedition%2C_Volksfest%2C_Bogensch%C3%BCtze.jpg/340px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_135-S-18-07-16%2C_Tibetexpedition%2C_Volksfest%2C_Bogensch%C3%BCtze.jpg 2x" data-file-width="574" data-file-height="800" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Tibet" title="Tibet">Tibetan</a> archer, 1938</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Master_Heon_Kim.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Master_Heon_Kim.jpg/220px-Master_Heon_Kim.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Master_Heon_Kim.jpg/330px-Master_Heon_Kim.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Master_Heon_Kim.jpg/440px-Master_Heon_Kim.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1199" /></a><figcaption>Master Heon Kim demonstrating <a href="/wiki/Gungdo" class="mw-redirect" title="Gungdo">Gungdo</a>, traditional Korean archery (Kuk Kung), 2009</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bogensch%C3%BCtzen_in_Ili-Mano_2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Bogensch%C3%BCtzen_in_Ili-Mano_2.jpg/220px-Bogensch%C3%BCtzen_in_Ili-Mano_2.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Bogensch%C3%BCtzen_in_Ili-Mano_2.jpg/330px-Bogensch%C3%BCtzen_in_Ili-Mano_2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Bogensch%C3%BCtzen_in_Ili-Mano_2.jpg/440px-Bogensch%C3%BCtzen_in_Ili-Mano_2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3872" data-file-height="2592" /></a><figcaption>Archers in East Timor</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Toshi-ya.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Toshi-ya.JPG/220px-Toshi-ya.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Toshi-ya.JPG/330px-Toshi-ya.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Toshi-ya.JPG/440px-Toshi-ya.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1536" /></a><figcaption>Japanese archers</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Archery_in_Bhutan.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Archery_in_Bhutan.jpg/220px-Archery_in_Bhutan.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Archery_in_Bhutan.jpg/330px-Archery_in_Bhutan.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Archery_in_Bhutan.jpg/440px-Archery_in_Bhutan.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4288" data-file-height="2848" /></a><figcaption>Archery in Bhutan</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:DEGAN_Gabin_(_archery).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/DEGAN_Gabin_%28_archery%29.jpg/220px-DEGAN_Gabin_%28_archery%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/DEGAN_Gabin_%28_archery%29.jpg/330px-DEGAN_Gabin_%28_archery%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/DEGAN_Gabin_%28_archery%29.jpg/440px-DEGAN_Gabin_%28_archery%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="7000" data-file-height="4649" /></a><figcaption>Archer in Benin</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Archery</b> is the sport, practice, or skill of using a <a href="/wiki/Bow_and_arrow" title="Bow and arrow">bow</a> to <a href="/wiki/Shooting" title="Shooting">shoot</a> <a href="/wiki/Arrow" title="Arrow">arrows</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Paterson17_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Paterson17-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The word comes from the <a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a> <i>arcus</i>, meaning bow.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Historically, archery has been used for hunting and combat. In modern times, it is mainly a competitive sport and recreational activity. A person who practices archery is typically called an <b>archer</b>, <b>bowman</b>, or <b>toxophilite</b>.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Archery&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/History_of_archery" title="History of archery">History of archery</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Origins_and_ancient_archery">Origins and ancient archery</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Archery&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Origins and ancient archery"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The oldest known evidence of the bow and arrow comes from South African sites such as <a href="/wiki/Sibudu_Cave" title="Sibudu Cave">Sibudu Cave</a>, where the remains of bone and stone arrowheads have been found dating approximately 72,000 to 60,000 years ago.<sup id="cite_ref-Lombard2020_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lombard2020-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Backwell_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Backwell-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Lombard_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lombard-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Lombard_M_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lombard_M-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Backwell2018_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Backwell2018-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Based on indirect evidence, the bow also seems to have appeared or reappeared later in Eurasia, near the transition from the <a href="/wiki/Upper_Paleolithic" title="Upper Paleolithic">Upper Paleolithic</a> to the <a href="/wiki/Mesolithic" title="Mesolithic">Mesolithic</a>. The earliest definite remains of bow and arrow from Europe are possible fragments from Germany found at Mannheim-Vogelstang dated 17,500 to 18,000 years ago, and at Stellmoor dated 11,000 years ago. <a href="/wiki/Azilian" title="Azilian">Azilian</a> points found in <a href="/wiki/Grotte_du_Bichon" title="Grotte du Bichon">Grotte du Bichon</a>, Switzerland, alongside the remains of both a bear and a hunter, with flint fragments found in the bear's third vertebra, suggest the use of arrows at 13,500 years ago.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other signs of its use in Europe come from the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Stellmoor&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Stellmoor (page does not exist)">Stellmoor</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stellmoor" class="extiw" title="de:Stellmoor">de</a>]</span> in the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ahrensburg_valley&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ahrensburg valley (page does not exist)">Ahrensburg valley</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stellmoor%E2%80%93Ahrensburger_Tunneltal" class="extiw" title="de:Stellmoor–Ahrensburger Tunneltal">de</a>]</span> north of <a href="/wiki/Hamburg" title="Hamburg">Hamburg</a>, Germany and dates from the late <a href="/wiki/Paleolithic" title="Paleolithic">Paleolithic</a>, about 10,000–9000 BC. The arrows were made of <a href="/wiki/Pine" title="Pine">pine</a> and consisted of a main shaft and a 15–20 cm (5.9–7.9 in) fore shaft with a <a href="/wiki/Flint" title="Flint">flint</a> point. There are no definite earlier bows; previous pointed shafts are known, but may have been launched by <a href="/wiki/Spear-thrower" title="Spear-thrower">spear-throwers</a> rather than bows. The <a href="/wiki/Holmegaard_bow" title="Holmegaard bow">oldest bows</a> known so far comes from the <a href="/wiki/Holmegaard" title="Holmegaard">Holmegård</a> swamp in Denmark. At the site of <a href="/wiki/Nataruk" title="Nataruk">Nataruk</a> in <a href="/wiki/Turkana_County" title="Turkana County">Turkana County</a>, Kenya, <a href="/wiki/Obsidian" title="Obsidian">obsidian</a> bladelets found embedded in a skull and within the thoracic cavity of another skeleton, suggest the use of stone-tipped arrows as weapons about 10,000 years ago.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Bows eventually replaced the <a href="/wiki/Spear-thrower" title="Spear-thrower">spear-thrower</a> as the predominant means for launching shafted <a href="/wiki/Projectiles" class="mw-redirect" title="Projectiles">projectiles</a>, on every continent except <a href="/wiki/Australasia" title="Australasia">Australasia</a>, though spear-throwers persisted alongside the bow in parts of the Americas, notably Mexico and among the <a href="/wiki/Inuit" title="Inuit">Inuit</a>. </p><p>Bows and arrows have been present in <a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egyptian</a> and neighbouring <a href="/wiki/Nubia" title="Nubia">Nubian</a> culture since its respective <a href="/wiki/Predynastic_Egypt" class="mw-redirect" title="Predynastic Egypt">predynastic</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pre-Kerma" class="mw-redirect" title="Pre-Kerma">Pre-Kerma</a> origins. In the <a href="/wiki/Levant" title="Levant">Levant</a>, artifacts that could be arrow-shaft straighteners are known from the <a href="/wiki/Natufian_culture" title="Natufian culture">Natufian culture</a>, (c. 10,800–8,300 BC) onwards. The <a href="/wiki/Khiamian" class="mw-redirect" title="Khiamian">Khiamian</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pre-Pottery_Neolithic_A" title="Pre-Pottery Neolithic A">PPN A</a> shouldered Khiam-points may well be arrowheads. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Classical_antiquity" title="Classical antiquity">Classical</a> civilizations, notably the <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Assyrians" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient Assyrians">Assyrians</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greece" title="Ancient Greece">Greeks</a>, <a href="/wiki/History_of_Armenia" title="History of Armenia">Armenians</a>, <a href="/wiki/Achaemenid_Empire" title="Achaemenid Empire">Persians</a>, <a href="/wiki/Parthia" title="Parthia">Parthians</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Rome" title="Ancient Rome">Romans</a>, <a href="/wiki/History_of_India" title="History of India">Indians</a>, <a href="/wiki/History_of_Korea" title="History of Korea">Koreans</a>, <a href="/wiki/History_of_China" title="History of China">Chinese</a>, and <a href="/wiki/History_of_Japan" title="History of Japan">Japanese</a> fielded large numbers of archers in their armies. <a href="/wiki/Akkadian_Empire" title="Akkadian Empire">Akkadians</a> were the first to use <a href="/wiki/Composite_bows" class="mw-redirect" title="Composite bows">composite bows</a> in war according to the victory stele of <a href="/wiki/Naram-Sin_of_Akkad" title="Naram-Sin of Akkad">Naram-Sin of Akkad</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Egyptians referred to <a href="/wiki/Nubia" title="Nubia">Nubia</a> as "Ta-Seti," or "The Land of the Bow," since the Nubians were known to be expert archers, and by the 16th Century BC Egyptians were using the composite bow in warfare.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Bronze Age Aegean Cultures were able to deploy a number of state-owned specialized bow makers for warfare and hunting purposes already from the 15th century BC.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Welsh_longbow" class="mw-redirect" title="Welsh longbow">Welsh longbow</a> proved its worth for the first time in Continental warfare at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Cr%C3%A9cy" title="Battle of Crécy">Battle of Crécy</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the Americas archery was widespread at European contact.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Archery was highly developed in Asia. The <a href="/wiki/Sanskrit" title="Sanskrit">Sanskrit</a> term for archery, <a href="/wiki/Dhanurveda" title="Dhanurveda">dhanurvidya</a>, came to refer to martial arts in general. In East Asia, <a href="/wiki/Goguryeo" title="Goguryeo">Goguryeo</a>, one of the Three Kingdoms of Korea was well known for its regiments of exceptionally skilled archers.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-koreantrad_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-koreantrad-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Medieval_archery">Medieval archery</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Archery&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Medieval archery"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The medieval shortbow was technically identical with the classical era bows, having a range of approximately 91 m (299 ft). It was the primary ranged weapon of the battlefield through the early medieval period. Around the tenth century the <a href="/wiki/Crossbow" title="Crossbow">crossbow</a> was introduced in Europe. Crossbows generally had a longer range, greater accuracy and more penetration than the shortbow, but suffered from a much slower rate of fire. Crossbows were used in the early <a href="/wiki/Crusades" title="Crusades">Crusades</a>, with models having a range of 274 m (899 ft) and being able to penetrate armour or kill a horse.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During the late medieval period the English army famously relied on massed archers armed with the <a href="/wiki/Longbow" title="Longbow">longbow</a>. The French army relied more on the crossbow.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Like their predecessors archers were more likely to be peasants or yeomen than men-at-arms. The longbow had a range of up to 270 m (890 ft). However its lack of accuracy at long ranges made it a mass weapon rather than an individual one. Significant victories attributable to the longbow, such as the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Crecy" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Crecy">Battle of Crecy</a><sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Agincourt" title="Battle of Agincourt">Battle of Agincourt</a> resulted in the <a href="/wiki/English_longbow" title="English longbow">English longbow</a> becoming part of military lore. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mounted_archery">Mounted archery</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Archery&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Mounted archery"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Mounted_archery" title="Mounted archery">Mounted archery</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Maximilian_1470.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Maximilian_1470.png/170px-Maximilian_1470.png" decoding="async" width="170" height="191" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Maximilian_1470.png/255px-Maximilian_1470.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Maximilian_1470.png/340px-Maximilian_1470.png 2x" data-file-width="605" data-file-height="678" /></a><figcaption>Hunting for flying birds from the back of a galloping horse was considered the top category of archery. The favourite hobby of Prince <a href="/wiki/Maximilian_I,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Maximilian I, Holy Roman Emperor">Maximilian</a>, engraved by <a href="/wiki/D%C3%BCrer" class="mw-redirect" title="Dürer">Dürer</a> </figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Tribesmen" class="mw-redirect" title="Tribesmen">Tribesmen</a> of Central Asia (after the <a href="/wiki/Domestication_of_the_horse" title="Domestication of the horse">domestication of the horse</a>) and American <a href="/wiki/Plains_Indians" title="Plains Indians">Plains Indians</a> (after gaining access to horses by Europeans)<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> became extremely adept at <a href="/wiki/Mounted_archery" title="Mounted archery">archery on horseback</a>. Lightly armoured, but highly mobile archers were excellently suited to warfare in the Central Asian steppes, and they formed a large part of armies that repeatedly conquered large areas of Eurasia. Shorter bows are more suited to use on horseback, and the <a href="/wiki/Composite_bow" title="Composite bow">composite bow</a> enabled mounted archers to use powerful weapons.<sup id="cite_ref-HorseArchery_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HorseArchery-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Seljuk_Turks" class="mw-redirect" title="Seljuk Turks">Seljuk Turks</a> used mounted archers against the European <a href="/wiki/First_Crusade" title="First Crusade">First Crusade</a>, especially at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Dorylaeum_(1097)" title="Battle of Dorylaeum (1097)">Battle of Dorylaeum (1097)</a>. Their tactic was to shoot at the enemy infantry, and use their superior mobility to prevent the enemy from closing with them. Empires throughout the Eurasian landmass often strongly associated their respective "barbarian" counterparts with the usage of the bow and arrow, to the point where powerful states like the <a href="/wiki/Han_dynasty" title="Han dynasty">Han dynasty</a> referred to their neighbours, the <a href="/wiki/Xiong-nu" class="mw-redirect" title="Xiong-nu">Xiong-nu</a>, as "Those Who Draw the Bow".<sup id="cite_ref-ChinaEnemies_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ChinaEnemies-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For example, Xiong-nu mounted bowmen made them more than a match for the Han military, and their threat was at least partially responsible for Chinese expansion into the Ordos region, to create a stronger, more powerful buffer zone against them.<sup id="cite_ref-ChinaEnemies_24-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ChinaEnemies-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is possible that "barbarian" peoples were responsible for introducing archery or certain types of bows to their "civilized" counterparts – the Xiong-nu and the Han being one example. Similarly, short bows seem to have been introduced to Japan by northeast Asian groups.<sup id="cite_ref-JapanBows_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-JapanBows-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Decline_of_archery">Decline of archery</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Archery&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Decline of archery"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The development of <a href="/wiki/Gunpowder_warfare" class="mw-redirect" title="Gunpowder warfare">firearms</a> rendered the <a href="/wiki/Bow_and_arrow" title="Bow and arrow">bow and arrow</a> obsolete in warfare, although efforts were sometimes made to preserve archery practice. In England and Wales, for example, the government tried to enforce practice with the longbow until the end of the 16th century.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This was because it was recognized that the bow had been instrumental to military success during the <a href="/wiki/Hundred_Years%27_War" title="Hundred Years' War">Hundred Years' War</a>. Despite the high social status, ongoing utility, and widespread pleasure of archery in Armenia, China, Egypt, England and Wales, <a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas" title="Indigenous peoples of the Americas">the Americas</a>, India, Japan, Korea, Turkey and elsewhere, almost every culture that gained access to even early firearms used them widely, to the neglect of archery. Early firearms were inferior in rate-of-fire, and were very sensitive to wet weather. However, they had longer effective range<sup id="cite_ref-koreantrad_18-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-koreantrad-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and were tactically superior in the common situation of soldiers shooting at each other from behind obstructions. They also required significantly less training to use properly, in particular penetrating steel armor without any need to develop special musculature. Armies equipped with guns could thus provide superior firepower, and highly trained archers became obsolete on the battlefield. However, the bow and arrow is still an effective weapon, and archers have seen military action in the 21st century.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Traditional archery remains in use for sport, and for hunting in many areas. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="18th_century_revival_as_a_sport">18th century revival as a sport</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Archery&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: 18th century revival as a sport"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_meeting_of_the_Royal_British_Bowmen_in_the_grounds_of_Erthig,_Denbighshire.jpeg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/The_meeting_of_the_Royal_British_Bowmen_in_the_grounds_of_Erthig%2C_Denbighshire.jpeg/220px-The_meeting_of_the_Royal_British_Bowmen_in_the_grounds_of_Erthig%2C_Denbighshire.jpeg" decoding="async" width="220" height="153" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/The_meeting_of_the_Royal_British_Bowmen_in_the_grounds_of_Erthig%2C_Denbighshire.jpeg/330px-The_meeting_of_the_Royal_British_Bowmen_in_the_grounds_of_Erthig%2C_Denbighshire.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/The_meeting_of_the_Royal_British_Bowmen_in_the_grounds_of_Erthig%2C_Denbighshire.jpeg/440px-The_meeting_of_the_Royal_British_Bowmen_in_the_grounds_of_Erthig%2C_Denbighshire.jpeg 2x" data-file-width="1257" data-file-height="873" /></a><figcaption>A print of the 1822 meeting of the "Royal British Bowmen" archery club.</figcaption></figure> <p>Early recreational archery societies included the Finsbury Archers and the Ancient Society of Kilwinning Archers. The latter's annual <a href="/wiki/Popinjay_(sport)" title="Popinjay (sport)">Papingo</a> event was first recorded in 1483. (In this event, archers shoot vertically from the base of an abbey tower to dislodge a wood pigeon placed approximately 30 m (98 ft) above.)<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Royal Company of Archers was formed in 1676 and is one of the oldest sporting bodies in the world.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Archery remained a small and scattered pastime, however, until the late 18th century when it experienced a fashionable revival among the <a href="/wiki/Aristocracy" title="Aristocracy">aristocracy</a>. Sir <a href="/wiki/Ashton_Lever" title="Ashton Lever">Ashton Lever</a>, an antiquarian and collector, formed the Toxophilite Society in London in 1781, with the patronage of <a href="/wiki/George_IV" title="George IV">George, the Prince of Wales</a>. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Archers_by_Adam_Buck.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Archers_by_Adam_Buck.jpg/170px-Archers_by_Adam_Buck.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="227" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Archers_by_Adam_Buck.jpg/255px-Archers_by_Adam_Buck.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Archers_by_Adam_Buck.jpg/340px-Archers_by_Adam_Buck.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1875" data-file-height="2500" /></a><figcaption>Fashionable female archers, 1799</figcaption></figure> <p>Archery societies were set up across the country, each with its own strict entry criteria and outlandish costumes. Recreational archery soon became extravagant social and ceremonial events for the nobility, complete with flags, music and <a href="/wiki/21-gun_salute" title="21-gun salute">21-gun salutes</a> for the competitors. The clubs were "the drawing rooms of the great country houses placed outside" and thus came to play an important role in the social networks of the local upper class. As well as its emphasis on display and status, the sport was notable for its popularity with females. Young women could not only compete in the contests but retain and show off their sexuality while doing so. Thus, archery came to act as a forum for introductions, flirtation and romance.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was often consciously styled in the manner of a <a href="/wiki/Medieval" class="mw-redirect" title="Medieval">Medieval</a> <a href="/wiki/Tournament" title="Tournament">tournament</a> with titles and <a href="/wiki/Laurel_wreath" title="Laurel wreath">laurel wreaths</a> being presented as a reward to the victor. General meetings were held from 1789, in which local lodges convened together to standardise the rules and ceremonies. Archery was also co-opted as a distinctively British tradition, dating back to the lore of <a href="/wiki/Robin_Hood" title="Robin Hood">Robin Hood</a> and it served as a patriotic form of entertainment at a time of political tension in Europe. The societies were also elitist, and the new <a href="/wiki/Middle_class" title="Middle class">middle class</a> <a href="/wiki/Bourgeoisie" title="Bourgeoisie">bourgeoisie</a> were excluded from the clubs due to their lack of social status. </p><p>After the <a href="/wiki/Napoleonic_Wars" title="Napoleonic Wars">Napoleonic Wars</a>, the sport became increasingly popular among all classes, and it was framed as a nostalgic reimagining of the <a href="/wiki/Industrialisation" title="Industrialisation">preindustrial</a> rural Britain. Particularly influential was Sir <a href="/wiki/Walter_Scott" title="Walter Scott">Walter Scott</a>'s 1819 novel, <i><a href="/wiki/Ivanhoe" title="Ivanhoe">Ivanhoe</a></i> that depicted the heroic character Lockseley winning an archery tournament.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Lieksa.vaakuna.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Lieksa.vaakuna.svg/130px-Lieksa.vaakuna.svg.png" decoding="async" width="130" height="140" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Lieksa.vaakuna.svg/195px-Lieksa.vaakuna.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Lieksa.vaakuna.svg/260px-Lieksa.vaakuna.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="540" /></a><figcaption>An archery in the coat of arms of <a href="/wiki/Lieksa" title="Lieksa">Lieksa</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> based on the 1669 seal of the old town of Brahea.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="A_modern_sport">A modern sport</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Archery&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: A modern sport"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The 1840s saw the second attempts at turning the recreation into a modern sport. The first <a href="/wiki/Grand_National_Archery_Society" class="mw-redirect" title="Grand National Archery Society">Grand National Archery Society</a> meeting was held in <a href="/wiki/York" title="York">York</a> in 1844 and over the next decade the extravagant and festive practices of the past were gradually whittled away and the rules were standardized as the 'York Round' - a series of shoots at 55 m (180 ft), 73 m (240 ft), and 91 m (299 ft). <a href="/wiki/Horace_A._Ford" title="Horace A. Ford">Horace A. Ford</a> helped to improve archery standards and pioneered new archery techniques. He won the Grand National 11 times in a row and published a highly influential guide to the sport in 1856. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Saxton_Pope_and_grizzly.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Saxton_Pope_and_grizzly.jpg/170px-Saxton_Pope_and_grizzly.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="249" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/29/Saxton_Pope_and_grizzly.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="226" data-file-height="331" /></a><figcaption>Picture of <a href="/wiki/Saxton_Pope" title="Saxton Pope">Saxton Pope</a> taken while grizzly hunting at Yellowstone</figcaption></figure> <p>Towards the end of the 19th century, the sport experienced declining participation as alternative sports such as <a href="/wiki/Croquet" title="Croquet">croquet</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tennis" title="Tennis">tennis</a> became more popular among the middle class. By 1889, just 50 archery clubs were left in Britain, but it was still included as a sport at the <a href="/wiki/1900_Paris_Olympics" class="mw-redirect" title="1900 Paris Olympics">1900 Paris Olympics</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The National Archery Association of the United States was organized in 1879, in part by <a href="/wiki/Maurice_Thompson" title="Maurice Thompson">Maurice Thompson</a><sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (the author of the seminal text “<a href="/wiki/The_Witchery_of_Archery" title="The Witchery of Archery">The Witchery of Archery</a>”) and his brother <a href="/wiki/William_Thompson_(archer)" title="William Thompson (archer)">Will Thompson</a>. Maurice was president in its inaugural year and Will was president in 1882, 1903, and 1904.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The 1910 President was Frank E Canfield.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Today it is known as USA Archery and is recognized by <a href="/wiki/United_States_Olympic_%26_Paralympic_Committee" title="United States Olympic & Paralympic Committee">United States Olympic & Paralympic Committee</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the United States, primitive archery was revived in the early 20th century. The last of the <a href="/wiki/Yahi#Yahi" class="mw-redirect" title="Yahi">Yahi Indian</a> tribe, a native known as <a href="/wiki/Ishi" title="Ishi">Ishi</a>, came out of hiding in California in 1911.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His doctor, <a href="/wiki/Saxton_Pope" title="Saxton Pope">Saxton Pope</a>, learned many of Ishi's traditional archery skills, and popularized them.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template noprint Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:No_original_research#Primary,_secondary_and_tertiary_sources" title="Wikipedia:No original research"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable secondary sources. (May 2016)">non-primary source needed</span></a></i>]</sup> <span class="citation-needed-content" style="padding-left:0.1em; padding-right:0.1em; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d); border:1px solid var(--border-color-subtle, #c8ccd1);">The <a href="/wiki/Pope_and_Young_Club" class="mw-redirect" title="Pope and Young Club">Pope and Young Club</a>, founded in 1961 and named in honor of Pope and his friend, Arthur Young, became one of North America's leading bowhunting and conservation organizations. Founded as a nonprofit scientific organization, the Club was patterned after the prestigious <a href="/wiki/Boone_and_Crockett_Club" title="Boone and Crockett Club">Boone and Crockett Club</a> and advocated responsible bowhunting by promoting quality, fair chase hunting, and sound conservation practices.</span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2016)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Archery_contest_at_CNE,_1931.tif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Archery_contest_at_CNE%2C_1931.tif/lossy-page1-220px-Archery_contest_at_CNE%2C_1931.tif.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="134" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Archery_contest_at_CNE%2C_1931.tif/lossy-page1-330px-Archery_contest_at_CNE%2C_1931.tif.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Archery_contest_at_CNE%2C_1931.tif/lossy-page1-440px-Archery_contest_at_CNE%2C_1931.tif.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4344" data-file-height="2648" /></a><figcaption>Five women taking part in an archery contest in 1931</figcaption></figure> <p>From the 1920s, professional engineers took an interest in archery, previously the exclusive field of traditional craft experts.<sup id="cite_ref-technical_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-technical-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They led the commercial development of new forms of bow including the modern <a href="/wiki/Recurve_bow" title="Recurve bow">recurve</a> and <a href="/wiki/Compound_bow" title="Compound bow">compound bow</a>. These modern forms are now dominant in modern Western archery; traditional bows are in a minority. Archery returned to the Olympics in 1972. In the 1980s, the skills of traditional archery were revived by American enthusiasts, and combined with the new scientific understanding. Much of this expertise is available in the <i>Traditional Bowyer's Bibles</i> (see Further reading). Modern game archery owes much of its success to <a href="/wiki/Fred_Bear" title="Fred Bear">Fred Bear</a>, an American bow hunter and bow manufacturer.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2021, five people were killed and three injured by an archer in Norway in the <a href="/wiki/Kongsberg_attack" title="Kongsberg attack">Kongsberg attack</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-kongsberg_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kongsberg-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mythology">Mythology</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Archery&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Mythology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Vishwamitra_archery_training-1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Vishwamitra_archery_training-1.jpg/170px-Vishwamitra_archery_training-1.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="230" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Vishwamitra_archery_training-1.jpg/255px-Vishwamitra_archery_training-1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Vishwamitra_archery_training-1.jpg/340px-Vishwamitra_archery_training-1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="466" data-file-height="630" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Vishwamitra" class="mw-redirect" title="Vishwamitra">Vishwamitra</a> archery training from <a href="/wiki/Ramayana" title="Ramayana">Ramayana</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Herakles_the_Archer_-_%C3%89mile_Antoine_Bourdelle_-_ABDAG004586.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Herakles_the_Archer_-_%C3%89mile_Antoine_Bourdelle_-_ABDAG004586.jpg/220px-Herakles_the_Archer_-_%C3%89mile_Antoine_Bourdelle_-_ABDAG004586.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Herakles_the_Archer_-_%C3%89mile_Antoine_Bourdelle_-_ABDAG004586.jpg/330px-Herakles_the_Archer_-_%C3%89mile_Antoine_Bourdelle_-_ABDAG004586.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Herakles_the_Archer_-_%C3%89mile_Antoine_Bourdelle_-_ABDAG004586.jpg/440px-Herakles_the_Archer_-_%C3%89mile_Antoine_Bourdelle_-_ABDAG004586.jpg 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="333" /></a><figcaption><i>Herakles the Archer</i> by <a href="/wiki/%C3%89mile_Antoine_Bourdelle" class="mw-redirect" title="Émile Antoine Bourdelle">Émile Antoine Bourdelle</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Deities and heroes in several mythologies are described as archers, including the Greek <a href="/wiki/Artemis" title="Artemis">Artemis</a> and <a href="/wiki/Apollo" title="Apollo">Apollo</a>, the Roman <a href="/wiki/Diana_(mythology)" title="Diana (mythology)">Diana</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cupid" title="Cupid">Cupid</a>, the Germanic <a href="/wiki/Agilaz" class="mw-redirect" title="Agilaz">Agilaz</a>, continuing in legends like those of <a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Tell" class="mw-redirect" title="Wilhelm Tell">Wilhelm Tell</a>, <a href="/wiki/Palnetoke" class="mw-redirect" title="Palnetoke">Palnetoke</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Robin_Hood" title="Robin Hood">Robin Hood</a>. Armenian <a href="/wiki/Hayk" title="Hayk">Hayk</a> and Babylonian <a href="/wiki/Marduk" title="Marduk">Marduk</a>, Indian <a href="/wiki/Karna" title="Karna">Karna</a> (also known as Radheya/son of Radha), <a href="/wiki/Abhimanyu" title="Abhimanyu">Abhimanyu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Eklavya" class="mw-redirect" title="Eklavya">Eklavya</a>, <a href="/wiki/Arjuna" title="Arjuna">Arjuna</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bhishma" title="Bhishma">Bhishma</a>, <a href="/wiki/Drona" title="Drona">Drona</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rama" title="Rama">Rama</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Shiva" title="Shiva">Shiva</a> were known for their shooting skills. The famous archery competition of hitting the eye of a rotating fish while watching its reflection in the water bowl was one of the many archery skills depicted in the <i><a href="/wiki/Mahabharata" title="Mahabharata">Mahabharata</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Persian <a href="/wiki/Arash_(mythology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Arash (mythology)">Arash</a> was a famous archer. Earlier Greek representations of <a href="/wiki/Heracles" title="Heracles">Heracles</a> normally depict him as an archer. Archery, and the bow, play an important part in the epic poem the <i>Odyssey,</i> when Odysseus returns home in disguise and then bests the suitors in an archery competition after hinting at his identity by stringing and drawing his great bow that only he can draw, a similar motif is present in the Turkic Iranian heroic archeheroic poem <i>Alpamysh</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language romanization"><i lang="grc-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Nymphai_Hyperboreioi" title="Nymphai Hyperboreioi">Nymphai Hyperboreioi</a></i></span> (<span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">Νύμφαι Ὑπερβόρειοι</span></span>) were worshipped on the Greek island of Delos as attendants of <a href="/wiki/Artemis" title="Artemis">Artemis</a>, presiding over aspects of archery; <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language romanization"><i lang="grc-Latn">Hekaerge</i></span> (<span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">Ἑκαέργη</span></span>), represented distancing, <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language romanization"><i lang="grc-Latn">Loxo</i></span> (<span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">Λοξώ</span></span>), trajectory, and <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language romanization"><i lang="grc-Latn">Oupis</i></span> (<span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">Οὖπις</span></span>), aim.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Hou_Yi" title="Hou Yi">Yi the archer</a> and his apprentice <a href="/wiki/Feng_Meng" title="Feng Meng">Feng Meng</a> appear in several early Chinese myths,<sup id="cite_ref-selby_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-selby-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the historical character of <a href="/wiki/Zhou_Tong_(archer)" title="Zhou Tong (archer)">Zhou Tong</a> features in many fictional forms. <a href="/wiki/Jumong" class="mw-redirect" title="Jumong">Jumong</a>, the first <a href="/wiki/Taewang" class="mw-redirect" title="Taewang">Taewang</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Goguryeo" title="Goguryeo">Goguryeo</a> kingdom of the <a href="/wiki/Three_Kingdoms_of_Korea" title="Three Kingdoms of Korea">Three Kingdoms of Korea</a>, is claimed by legend to have been a near-godlike archer. Archery features in the story of Oguz Khagan. Similarly, archery and the bow feature heavily into historical Korean identity.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/West_Africa" title="West Africa">West African</a> <a href="/wiki/Yoruba_religion" title="Yoruba religion">Yoruba</a> belief, <a href="/wiki/Ochosi" class="mw-redirect" title="Ochosi">Osoosi</a> is one of several deities of the hunt who are identified with bow and arrow iconography and other insignia associated with archery. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Equipment">Equipment</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Archery&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Equipment"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Types_of_bows">Types of bows</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Archery&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Types of bows"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Bow_and_arrow" title="Bow and arrow">Bow and arrow</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pacific_Yew_Selfbow.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Pacific_Yew_Selfbow.jpg/170px-Pacific_Yew_Selfbow.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="227" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Pacific_Yew_Selfbow.jpg/255px-Pacific_Yew_Selfbow.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Pacific_Yew_Selfbow.jpg/340px-Pacific_Yew_Selfbow.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2448" data-file-height="3264" /></a><figcaption>A Pacific yew selfbow drawn by the <i>split finger</i> method. Selfbows are made from a single piece of wood.</figcaption></figure> <p>While there is great variety in the construction details of bows (both historical and modern), all bows consist of a string attached to elastic limbs that store mechanical energy imparted by the user drawing the string. Bows may be broadly split into two categories: those drawn by pulling the string directly and those that use a mechanism to pull the string. </p><p>Directly drawn bows may be further divided based upon differences in the method of limb construction, notable examples being <a href="/wiki/Self_bow" title="Self bow">self bows</a>, <a href="/wiki/Laminated_bow" title="Laminated bow">laminated bows</a> and <a href="/wiki/Composite_bow" title="Composite bow">composite bows</a>. Bows can also be classified by the <a href="/wiki/Shape" title="Shape">bow shape</a> of the limbs when unstrung; in contrast to traditional European straight bows, a <a href="/wiki/Recurve_bow#Recurve_bow" title="Recurve bow">recurve bow</a> and some types of longbow have tips that curve away from the archer when the bow is unstrung. The cross-section of the limb also varies; the classic <a href="/wiki/Longbow" title="Longbow">longbow</a> is a tall bow with narrow limbs that are D-shaped in cross section, and the <a href="/wiki/Flatbow" title="Flatbow">flatbow</a> has flat wide limbs that are approximately rectangular in cross-section. <a href="/wiki/Cable-backed_bow" title="Cable-backed bow">Cable-backed bows</a> use cords as the back of the bow; the draw weight of the bow can be adjusted by changing the tension of the cable. They were widespread among <a href="/wiki/Inuit" title="Inuit">Inuit</a> who lacked easy access to good bow wood. One variety of cable-backed bow is the Penobscot bow or <a href="/wiki/Wabenaki" class="mw-redirect" title="Wabenaki">Wabenaki</a> bow, invented by Frank Loring (Chief Big Thunder) about 1900.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It consists of a small bow attached by cables on the back of a larger main bow. </p><p>In different cultures, the arrows are released from either the left or right side of the bow, and this affects the hand grip and position of the bow. In <a href="/wiki/Arab_archery" title="Arab archery">Arab archery</a>, <a href="/wiki/Turkish_archery" title="Turkish archery">Turkish archery</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Ky%C5%ABd%C5%8D" title="Kyūdō">Japanese archery</a>. The arrows are released from the right hand side of the bow, and this affects construction of the bow. In western archery, the arrow is usually released from the left hand side of the bow for a right-handed archer. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Recurve_bow.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Recurve_bow.jpg/170px-Recurve_bow.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="227" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Recurve_bow.jpg/255px-Recurve_bow.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Recurve_bow.jpg/340px-Recurve_bow.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1920" data-file-height="2560" /></a><figcaption>Modern (takedown) recurve bow</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Compound_bow" title="Compound bow">Compound bows</a> are designed to reduce the force required to hold the string at full draw, hence allowing the archer more time to aim with less muscular stress. Most compound designs use cams or elliptical wheels on the ends of the limbs to achieve this. A typical let-off is anywhere from 65% to 80%. For example, a 27 kg (60 lb) bow with 80% let-off only requires 53 N (12 lb<sub>f</sub>) to hold at full draw. Up to 99% let-off is possible.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The compound bow was invented by <a href="/wiki/Holless_Wilbur_Allen" title="Holless Wilbur Allen">Holless Wilbur Allen</a> in the 1960s (a US patent was filed in 1966 and granted in 1969) and it has become the most widely used type of bow for all forms of archery in North America. </p><p>Mechanically drawn bows typically have a stock or other mounting, such as the <a href="/wiki/Crossbow" title="Crossbow">crossbow</a>. Crossbows typically have shorter draw lengths compared to compound bows. Because of this, heavier draw weights are required to achieve the same energy transfer to the arrow. These mechanically drawn bows also have devices to hold the tension when the bow is fully drawn. They are not limited by the strength of a single archer and larger varieties have been used as <a href="/wiki/Siege_engine" title="Siege engine">siege engines</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Types_of_arrows_and_fletchings">Types of arrows and fletchings</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Archery&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Types of arrows and fletchings"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Arrow" title="Arrow">Arrow</a></div> <p>The most common form of arrow consists of a <a href="/wiki/Arrow_straightener" class="mw-redirect" title="Arrow straightener">shaft</a>, with an <a href="/wiki/Arrowhead" title="Arrowhead">arrowhead</a> at the front end, and <a href="/wiki/Fletching" title="Fletching">fletchings</a> and a <a href="/wiki/Arrow#Nocks" title="Arrow">nock</a> at the other end. Arrows across time and history have normally been carried in a container known as a <a href="/wiki/Quiver" title="Quiver">quiver</a>, which can take many different forms. Shafts of arrows are typically composed of solid <a href="/wiki/Wood" title="Wood">wood</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bamboo" title="Bamboo">bamboo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Glass-reinforced_plastic" class="mw-redirect" title="Glass-reinforced plastic">fiberglass</a>, <a href="/wiki/Aluminium_alloy" title="Aluminium alloy">aluminium alloy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Carbon_fiber" class="mw-redirect" title="Carbon fiber">carbon fiber</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Composite_material" title="Composite material">composite materials</a>. Wooden arrows are prone to warping. Fiberglass arrows are brittle, but can be produced to uniform specifications easily. Aluminium shafts were a very popular high-performance choice in the latter half of the 20th century, due to their straightness, lighter weight, and subsequently higher speed and flatter trajectories. Carbon fiber arrows became popular in the 1990s because they are very light, flying even faster and flatter than aluminium arrows. Today, the most popular arrows at tournaments and Olympic events are made of composite materials. </p><p>The arrowhead is the primary functional component of the arrow. Some arrows may simply use a sharpened tip of the solid shaft, but separate arrowheads are far more common, usually made from metal, stone, or other hard materials. The most commonly used forms are target points, field points, and broadheads, although there are also other types, such as bodkin, judo, and blunt heads. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Spliced_feather_0002.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Spliced_feather_0002.jpg/220px-Spliced_feather_0002.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Spliced_feather_0002.jpg/330px-Spliced_feather_0002.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Spliced_feather_0002.jpg/440px-Spliced_feather_0002.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1536" data-file-height="1024" /></a><figcaption>Shield cut straight fletching – here the hen <a href="/wiki/Feather" title="Feather">feathers</a> are barred red</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Fletching" title="Fletching">Fletching</a> is traditionally made from bird feathers, but solid plastic vanes and thin sheet-like spin vanes are used. They are attached near the nock (rear) end of the arrow with thin double sided tape, glue, or, traditionally, sinew. The most common configuration in all cultures is three fletches, though as many as six have been used. Two makes the arrow unstable in flight. When the arrow is <i>three-fletched</i>, the fletches are equally spaced around the shaft, with one placed such that it is perpendicular to the bow when nocked on the string, though variations are seen with modern equipment, especially when using the modern spin vanes. This fletch is called the "index fletch" or "cock feather" (also known as "the odd vane out" or "the nocking vane"), and the others are sometimes called the "hen feathers". Commonly, the cock feather is of a different color. However, if archers are using fletching made of feather or similar material, they may use same color vanes, as different dyes can give varying stiffness to vanes, resulting in less precision. When an arrow is <i>four-fletched</i>, two opposing fletches are often cock feathers, and occasionally the fletches are not evenly spaced. </p><p>The fletching may be either <i>parabolic</i> cut (short feathers in a smooth parabolic curve) or <i>shield</i> cut (generally shaped like half of a narrow shield), and is often attached at an angle, known as <i>helical</i> fletching, to introduce a stabilizing spin to the arrow while in flight. Whether helical or straight fletched, when natural fletching (bird feathers) is used it is critical that all feathers come from the same side of the bird. Oversized fletchings can be used to accentuate drag and thus limit the range of the arrow significantly; these arrows are called <i><a href="/wiki/Flu-flu_arrow" title="Flu-flu arrow">flu-flus</a></i>. Misplacement of fletchings can change the arrow's flight path dramatically. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bowstring">Bowstring</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Archery&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Bowstring"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Bowstring" title="Bowstring">Bowstring</a></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Dacron" class="mw-redirect" title="Dacron">Dacron</a> and other modern materials offer high strength for their weight and are used on most modern bows. Linen and other traditional materials are still used on traditional bows. Several modern methods of making a bowstring exist, such as the 'endless loop' and 'Flemish twist'. Almost any fiber can be made into a bowstring. The author of <i>Arab Archery</i> suggests the hide of a young, emaciated camel.<sup id="cite_ref-arabarchery_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-arabarchery-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Nj%C3%A1l%27s_saga" class="mw-redirect" title="Njál's saga">Njál's saga</a> describes the refusal of a wife, Hallgerður, to cut her hair to make an emergency bowstring for her husband, <a href="/wiki/Gunnar_H%C3%A1mundarson" title="Gunnar Hámundarson">Gunnar Hámundarson</a>, who is then killed. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Protective_equipment">Protective equipment</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Archery&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Protective equipment"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Bracer" title="Bracer">Bracer</a>, <a href="/wiki/Finger_tab" title="Finger tab">Finger tab</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Thumb_ring" title="Thumb ring">Thumb ring</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Finger-tab_hg.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Finger-tab_hg.jpg/220px-Finger-tab_hg.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Finger-tab_hg.jpg/330px-Finger-tab_hg.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Finger-tab_hg.jpg/440px-Finger-tab_hg.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1142" data-file-height="1142" /></a><figcaption>A right-hand finger tab to protect the hand while the string is drawn</figcaption></figure> <p>Most modern archers wear a <a href="/wiki/Bracer_(archery)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bracer (archery)">bracer</a> (also known as an arm-guard) to protect the inside of the bow arm from being hit by the string and prevent clothing from catching the bowstring. The bracer does not brace the arm; the word comes from the armoury term "<a href="/wiki/Brassard" title="Brassard">brassard</a>", meaning an armoured sleeve or badge. The <a href="/wiki/Navajo_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Navajo people">Navajo people</a> have developed highly ornamented bracers as non-functional items of adornment.<sup id="cite_ref-ketoh_56-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ketoh-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some archers (nearly all female archers) wear protection on their chests, called chestguards or plastrons. The myth of the <a href="/wiki/Amazons" title="Amazons">Amazons</a> was that they had one breast removed to solve this problem.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Roger_Ascham" title="Roger Ascham">Roger Ascham</a> mentions one archer, presumably with an unusual shooting style, who wore a leather guard for his face.<sup id="cite_ref-ascham_58-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ascham-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The drawing digits are normally protected by a leather <a href="/wiki/Finger_tab" title="Finger tab">tab</a>, glove, or <a href="/wiki/Thumb_ring" title="Thumb ring">thumb ring</a>. A simple tab of leather is commonly used, as is a skeleton glove. Medieval Europeans probably used a complete leather glove.<sup id="cite_ref-warbow_59-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-warbow-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Eurasiatic archers who used the thumb or Mongolian draw protected their thumbs, usually with leather according to the author of <i>Arab Archery</i>,<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but also with <a href="/wiki/Thumb_ring" title="Thumb ring">special rings</a> of various hard materials. Many surviving Turkish and Chinese examples are works of considerable art. Some are so highly ornamented that the users could not have used them to loose an arrow. Possibly these were items of personal adornment, and hence value, remaining extant whilst leather had virtually no intrinsic value and would also deteriorate with time. In traditional <a href="/wiki/Ky%C5%ABd%C5%8D" title="Kyūdō">Japanese archery</a> a special <a href="/wiki/Yugake" class="mw-redirect" title="Yugake">glove</a> is used that has a ridge to assist in drawing the string.<sup id="cite_ref-Elmer_R.P._pages_345-349_61-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Elmer_R.P._pages_345-349-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Release_aids">Release aids</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Archery&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Release aids"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Release_aid" title="Release aid">Release aid</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Release-aid.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Release-aid.jpg/220px-Release-aid.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Release-aid.jpg/330px-Release-aid.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Release-aid.jpg/440px-Release-aid.jpg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="338" /></a><figcaption>Release aid</figcaption></figure> <p>A release aid is a mechanical device designed to give a crisp and precise loose of arrows from a compound bow. In the most commonly used, the string is released by a finger-operated trigger mechanism, held in the archer's hand or attached to their wrist. In another type, known as a back-tension release, the string is automatically released when drawn to a pre-determined tension. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Stabilizers">Stabilizers</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Archery&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Stabilizers"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Stabiliser_(archery)" title="Stabiliser (archery)">Stabiliser (archery)</a></div> <p>Stabilizers are mounted at various points on the bow. Common with competitive archery equipment are special brackets that allow multiple stabilizers to be mounted at various angles to fine tune the bow's balance. </p><p>Stabilizers aid in aiming by improving the balance of the bow. Sights, quivers, rests, and design of the riser (the central, non-bending part of the bow) make one side of the bow heavier. One purpose of stabilizers are to offset these forces. A reflex riser design will cause the top limb to lean towards the shooter. In this case a heavier front stabilizer is desired to offset this action. A deflex riser design has the opposite effect and a lighter front stabilizer may be used. </p><p>Stabilizers can reduce noise and vibration. These energies are absorbed by viscoelastic polymers, gels, powders, and other materials used to build stabilizers. </p><p>Stabilizers improve the forgiveness and accuracy by increasing the moment of inertia of the bow to resist movement during the shooting process. Lightweight carbon stabilizers with weighted ends are desirable because they improve the moment of inertia while minimizing the weight added. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Shooting_technique_and_form">Shooting technique and form</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Archery&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Shooting technique and form"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mediaeval_archery_reenactment.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Mediaeval_archery_reenactment.jpg/170px-Mediaeval_archery_reenactment.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="227" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Mediaeval_archery_reenactment.jpg/255px-Mediaeval_archery_reenactment.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Mediaeval_archery_reenactment.jpg/340px-Mediaeval_archery_reenactment.jpg 2x" data-file-width="480" data-file-height="640" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Historical_reenactment" title="Historical reenactment">Historical reenactment</a> of medieval archery</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Thrill_of_the_hunt.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Thrill_of_the_hunt.jpg/220px-Thrill_of_the_hunt.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="136" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Thrill_of_the_hunt.jpg/330px-Thrill_of_the_hunt.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Thrill_of_the_hunt.jpg/440px-Thrill_of_the_hunt.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2100" data-file-height="1301" /></a><figcaption>Chief Master Sgt. Kevin Peterson demonstrates safe archery techniques while aiming an arrow at a target on the 28th Force Support Squadron trap and skeet range at <a href="/wiki/Ellsworth_Air_Force_Base" title="Ellsworth Air Force Base">Ellsworth Air Force Base</a>, S.D., 11 October 2012.</figcaption></figure> <p>The standard convention on teaching archery is to hold the bow depending upon eye dominance.<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (One exception is in modern <a href="/wiki/Ky%C5%ABd%C5%8D" title="Kyūdō">kyūdō</a> where all archers are trained to hold the bow in the left hand.)<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Therefore, if one is right-eye dominant, they would hold the bow in the left hand and draw the string with the right hand. However, not everyone agrees with this line of thought. A smoother, and more fluid release of the string will produce the most consistently repeatable shots, and therefore may provide greater accuracy of the arrow flight. Some believe that the hand with the greatest dexterity should therefore be the hand that draws and releases the string. Either eye can be used for aiming, and the less dominant eye can be trained over time to become more effective for use. To assist with this, an eye patch can be temporarily worn over the dominant eye. </p><p>The hand that holds the bow is referred to as the <i>bow hand</i> and its arm the <i>bow arm</i>. The opposite hand is called the <i>drawing hand</i> or <i>string hand</i>. Terms such as <i>bow shoulder</i> or <i>string elbow</i> follow the same convention. </p><p>If shooting according to eye dominance, right-eye-dominant archers shooting conventionally hold the bow with their left hand. If shooting according to hand dexterity, the archer draws the string with the hand that possesses the greatest dexterity, regardless of eye dominance. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Modern_form">Modern form</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Archery&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Modern form"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>To shoot an arrow, an archer first assumes the correct stance. The body should be at or nearly perpendicular to the target and the shooting line, with the feet placed shoulder-width apart. As an archer progresses from beginner to a more advanced level other stances such as the "open stance" or the "closed stance" may be used, although many choose to stick with a "neutral stance". Each archer has a particular preference, but mostly this term indicates that the leg furthest from the shooting line is a half to a whole foot-length from the other foot, on the ground. </p><p>To load, the bow is pointed toward the ground, tipped slightly clockwise of vertical (for a right handed shooter) and the shaft of the arrow is placed on the arrow rest or shelf. The back of the arrow is attached to the bowstring with the <b>nock</b> (a small locking groove located at the proximal end of the arrow). This step is called "nocking the arrow". Typical arrows with three vanes should be oriented such that a single vane, the "cock feather", is pointing away from the bow, to improve the clearance of the arrow as it passes the arrow rest. </p><p>A compound bow is fitted with a special type of arrow rest, known as a launcher, and the arrow is usually loaded with the cock feather/vane pointed either up, or down, depending upon the type of launcher being used. </p><p>The bowstring and arrow are held with three fingers, or with a mechanical arrow release. Most commonly, for finger shooters, the index finger is placed above the arrow and the next two fingers below, although several other techniques have their adherents around the world, involving three fingers below the arrow, or an arrow pinching technique. <i>Instinctive</i> shooting is a technique eschewing sights and is often preferred by traditional archers (shooters of longbows and recurves). In either the split finger or three finger under case, the string is usually placed in the first or second joint, or else on the pads of the fingers. When using a mechanical release aid, the release is hooked onto the D-loop.<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Another type of string hold, used on traditional bows, is the type favoured by the Mongol warriors, known as the "thumb release", style. This involves using the thumb to draw the string, with the fingers curling around the thumb to add some support. To release the string, the fingers are opened out and the thumb relaxes to allow the string to slide off the thumb. When using this type of release, the arrow should rest on the same side of the bow as the drawing hand i.e. Left hand draw = arrow on left side of bow. </p><p>The archer then raises the bow and draws the string, with varying alignments for vertical versus slightly canted bow positions. This is often one fluid motion for shooters of recurves and longbows, which tend to vary from archer to archer. Compound shooters often experience a slight jerk during the drawback, at around the last 4 cm (1.6 in), where the draw weight is at its maximum—before relaxing into a comfortable stable full draw position. The archer draws the string hand towards the face, where it should rest lightly at a fixed <i>anchor point</i>. This point is consistent from shot to shot, and is usually at the corner of the mouth, on the chin, to the cheek, or to the ear, depending on preferred shooting style. The archer holds the bow arm outwards, toward the target. The elbow of this arm should be rotated so that the inner elbow is perpendicular to the ground, though archers with hyper extendable elbows tend to angle the inner elbow toward the ground, as exemplified by the Korean archer <a href="/wiki/Jang_Yong-Ho" class="mw-redirect" title="Jang Yong-Ho">Jang Yong-Ho</a>. This keeps the forearm out of the way of the bowstring. </p><p>In modern form, the archer stands erect, forming a "T". The archer's lower <a href="/wiki/Trapezius_muscle" class="mw-redirect" title="Trapezius muscle">trapezius muscles</a> are used to pull the arrow to the anchor point. Some modern recurve bows are equipped with a mechanical device, called a clicker, which produces a clicking sound when the archer reaches the correct draw length. , traditional English Longbow shooters step "into the bow", exerting force with both the bow arm and the string hand arm simultaneously, especially when using bows having draw weights from 45 kg (99 lb) to over 80 kg (180 lb). Heavily stacked traditional bows (recurves, long bows, and the like) are released immediately upon reaching full draw at maximum weight, whereas compound bows reach their maximum weight around the last 4 cm (1.6 in), dropping holding weight significantly at full draw. Compound bows are often held at full draw for a short time to achieve maximum accuracy. </p><p>The arrow is typically released by relaxing the fingers of the drawing hand (see <a href="/wiki/Bow_draw" title="Bow draw">bow draw</a>), or triggering the mechanical release aid. Usually the release aims to keep the drawing arm rigid, the bow hand relaxed, and the arrow is moved back using the back muscles, as opposed to using just arm motions. An archer should also pay attention to the recoil or <i>follow through</i> of his or her body, as it may indicate problems with form (technique) that affect accuracy. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Aiming_methods">Aiming methods</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Archery&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Aiming methods"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-More_citations_needed_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Archery" title="Special:EditPage/Archery">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a> in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">March 2011</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Archers_(Kyujutsu)_Page_7_by_Katsushika_Hokusai_1817.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Archers_%28Kyujutsu%29_Page_7_by_Katsushika_Hokusai_1817.png/170px-Archers_%28Kyujutsu%29_Page_7_by_Katsushika_Hokusai_1817.png" decoding="async" width="170" height="233" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Archers_%28Kyujutsu%29_Page_7_by_Katsushika_Hokusai_1817.png/255px-Archers_%28Kyujutsu%29_Page_7_by_Katsushika_Hokusai_1817.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Archers_%28Kyujutsu%29_Page_7_by_Katsushika_Hokusai_1817.png/340px-Archers_%28Kyujutsu%29_Page_7_by_Katsushika_Hokusai_1817.png 2x" data-file-width="2096" data-file-height="2874" /></a><figcaption>From <i><a href="/wiki/Hokusai_Manga" title="Hokusai Manga">Hokusai Manga</a></i>, 1817</figcaption></figure> <p>There are two main forms of aiming in archery: using a mechanical or fixed sight, or barebow. </p><p>Mechanical sights can be affixed to the bow to aid in aiming. They can be as simple as a pin, or may use optics with magnification. Modern compound bows usually also have a peep sight (rear sight) built into the string, which aids in a consistent anchor point, but this is not allowed for other bow types under World Archery. Modern compound<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> bows automatically limit the draw length to give a consistent arrow velocity, while traditional bows allow great variation in draw length. Some bows use mechanical methods to make the draw length consistent. Barebow archers often use a sight picture, which includes the target, the bow, the hand, the arrow shaft and the arrow tip, as seen at the same time by the archer. With a fixed "anchor point" (where the string is brought to, or close to, the face), and a fully extended bow arm, successive shots taken with the sight picture in the same position fall on the same <a href="/wiki/Predicted_impact_point" title="Predicted impact point">point</a>. This lets the archer adjust aim with successive shots to achieve accuracy. </p><p>Modern archery equipment usually includes <a href="/wiki/Sight_(device)" title="Sight (device)">sights</a>. Instinctive aiming is used by many archers who use traditional bows. The two most common forms of a non-mechanical release are split-finger and three-under. Split-finger aiming requires the archer to place the index finger above the nocked arrow, while the middle and ring fingers are both placed below. Three-under aiming places the index, middle, and ring fingers under the nocked arrow. This technique allows the archer to better look down the arrow since the back of the arrow is closer to the dominant eye, and is commonly called "gun barreling" (referring to common aiming techniques used with firearms). </p><p>When using short bows or shooting from horseback, it is difficult to use the sight picture. The archer may look at the target, but without including the weapon in the field of accurate view. Aiming then involves hand-eye coordination—which includes <a href="/wiki/Proprioception" title="Proprioception">proprioception</a> and motor-muscle memory, similar to that used when throwing a ball. With sufficient practice, such archers can normally achieve good practical accuracy for hunting or for war.<sup id="cite_ref-lehman_66-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lehman-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Aiming without a sight picture may allow more rapid shooting, not however increasing accuracy. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Instinctive_shooting">Instinctive shooting</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Archery&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Instinctive shooting"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Instinctive shooting is a style of shooting that includes the barebow aiming method that relies heavily upon the subconscious mind, proprioception, and motor/muscle memory to make aiming adjustments; the term used to refer to a general category of archers who did not use a mechanical or fixed sight.<sup id="cite_ref-bear_67-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bear-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In other words, it is shooting "by feel."<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Gap_shooting">Gap shooting</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Archery&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Gap shooting"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Gap shooting is an aiming method used by instinctive shooters.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_69-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It involves consciously focusing on the tip of the arrow while maintaining awareness of the target. The archer must adjust the arrow's trajectory by gauging the distance between the arrow tip and the target, ensuring accurate shots.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_69-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Physics">Physics</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Archery&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Physics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mongol_soldiers_by_Rashid_al-Din_1305.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Mongol_soldiers_by_Rashid_al-Din_1305.JPG/220px-Mongol_soldiers_by_Rashid_al-Din_1305.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="215" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Mongol_soldiers_by_Rashid_al-Din_1305.JPG/330px-Mongol_soldiers_by_Rashid_al-Din_1305.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Mongol_soldiers_by_Rashid_al-Din_1305.JPG/440px-Mongol_soldiers_by_Rashid_al-Din_1305.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1022" data-file-height="997" /></a><figcaption>Mongol archers during the time of the <a href="/wiki/Mongol_conquests" class="mw-redirect" title="Mongol conquests">Mongol conquests</a> used a smaller bow suitable for horse archery. BnF. MS. Supplément Persan 1113. 1430–1434 AD.</figcaption></figure> <p>When a projectile is thrown by hand, the speed of the projectile is determined by the <a href="/wiki/Kinetic_energy" title="Kinetic energy">kinetic energy</a> imparted by the thrower's muscles performing <a href="/wiki/Work_(physics)" title="Work (physics)">work</a>. However, the energy must be imparted over a limited distance (determined by arm length) and therefore (because the projectile is accelerating) over a limited time, so the limiting factor is not work but rather <a href="/wiki/Power_(physics)" title="Power (physics)">power</a>, which determines how much energy can be added in the limited time available. Power generated by muscles, however, is limited by <a href="/wiki/Muscle_contraction#Force-length_and_force-velocity_relationships" title="Muscle contraction">force–velocity relationship</a>, and even at the optimal contraction speed for power production, total work by the muscle is less than half of what it would be if the muscle contracted over the same distance at slow speeds, resulting in less than 1/4 the projectile launch velocity possible without the limitations of the force–velocity relationship. </p><p>When a bow is used, the muscles are able to perform work much more slowly, resulting in greater force and greater work done. This work is stored in the bow as <a href="/wiki/Elastic_potential_energy" class="mw-redirect" title="Elastic potential energy">elastic potential energy</a>, and when the bowstring is released, this stored energy is imparted to the arrow much more quickly than can be delivered by the muscles, resulting in much higher velocity and, hence, greater distance. This same process is employed by frogs, which use elastic tendons to increase jumping distance. In archery, some energy dissipates through <a href="/wiki/Hysteresis#Elastic_hysteresis" title="Hysteresis">elastic hysteresis</a>, reducing the overall amount released when the bow is shot. Of the remaining energy, some is dampened both by the limbs of the bow and the bowstring. Depending on the arrow's elasticity, some of the energy is also absorbed by compressing the arrow, primarily because the release of the bowstring is rarely in line with the arrow shaft, causing it to flex out to one side. This is because the bowstring accelerates faster than the archer's fingers can open, and consequently some sideways motion is imparted to the string, and hence arrow nock, as the power and speed of the bow pulls the string off the opening fingers. </p><p>Even with a release aid mechanism some of this effect is usually experienced, since the string always accelerates faster than the retaining part of the mechanism. This makes the arrow oscillate in flight—its center flexing to one side and then the other repeatedly, gradually reducing as the arrow's flight proceeds. This is clearly visible in high-speed photography of arrows at discharge. A direct effect of these energy transfers can clearly be seen when <a href="/wiki/Dry_firing" class="mw-redirect" title="Dry firing">dry firing</a>. Dry firing refers to releasing the bowstring without a nocked arrow. Because there is no arrow to receive the stored potential energy, almost all the energy stays in the bow. Some have suggested that dry firing may cause physical damage to the bow, such as cracks and fractures—and because most bows are not specifically made to handle the high amounts of energy dry firing produces, should never be done.<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Alfred_Jacob_Miller_-_Snake_Indians_-_Testing_Bows_-_Walters_37194060.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Alfred_Jacob_Miller_-_Snake_Indians_-_Testing_Bows_-_Walters_37194060.jpg/220px-Alfred_Jacob_Miller_-_Snake_Indians_-_Testing_Bows_-_Walters_37194060.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="163" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Alfred_Jacob_Miller_-_Snake_Indians_-_Testing_Bows_-_Walters_37194060.jpg/330px-Alfred_Jacob_Miller_-_Snake_Indians_-_Testing_Bows_-_Walters_37194060.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Alfred_Jacob_Miller_-_Snake_Indians_-_Testing_Bows_-_Walters_37194060.jpg/440px-Alfred_Jacob_Miller_-_Snake_Indians_-_Testing_Bows_-_Walters_37194060.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1799" data-file-height="1334" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Snake_Indians" title="Snake Indians">Snake Indians</a> - testing bows, circa 1837 by <a href="/wiki/Alfred_Jacob_Miller" title="Alfred Jacob Miller">Alfred Jacob Miller</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Walters_Art_Museum" title="Walters Art Museum">Walters Art Museum</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Modern arrows are made to a specified 'spine', or stiffness rating, to maintain matched flexing and hence accuracy of aim.<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This flexing can be a desirable feature, since, when the spine of the shaft is matched to the acceleration of the bow(string), the arrow bends or flexes around the bow and any arrow-rest, and consequently the arrow, and fletchings, have an un-impeded flight. This feature is known as the <a href="/wiki/Archer%27s_paradox" title="Archer's paradox">archer's paradox</a>. It maintains accuracy, for if part of the arrow struck a glancing blow on discharge, some inconsistency would be present, and the excellent accuracy of modern equipment would not be achieved. </p><p>The accurate flight of an arrow depends on its fletchings. The arrow's manufacturer (a "fletcher") can arrange fletching to cause the arrow to rotate along its axis. This improves accuracy by evening pressure buildups that would otherwise cause the arrow to "plane" on the air in a random direction after shooting. Even with a carefully made arrow, the slightest imperfection or air movement causes some unbalanced turbulence in air flow. Consequently, rotation creates an equalization of such turbulence, which, overall, maintains the intended direction of flight i.e. accuracy. This rotation is not to be confused with the rapid gyroscopic rotation of a rifle bullet. Fletching that is not arranged to induce rotation still improves accuracy by causing a restoring drag any time the arrow tilts from its intended direction of travel. </p><p>The innovative aspect of the invention of the bow and arrow was the amount of power delivered to an extremely small area by the arrow. The huge ratio of length vs. cross sectional area, coupled with velocity, made the arrow more powerful than any other hand held weapon until firearms were invented. Arrows can spread or concentrate force, depending on the application. Practice arrows, for instance, have a blunt tip that spreads the force over a wider area to reduce the risk of injury or limit penetration. Arrows designed to pierce armor in the Middle Ages used a very narrow and sharp tip ("bodkinhead") to concentrate the force. Arrows used for hunting used a narrow tip ("broadhead") that widens further, to facilitate both penetration and a large wound. </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Archer%27s_paradox" title="Archer's paradox">Archer's paradox</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Hunting">Hunting</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Archery&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Hunting"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Bow_hunting" class="mw-redirect" title="Bow hunting">Bow hunting</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mshale.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Mshale.jpg/220px-Mshale.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Mshale.jpg/330px-Mshale.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Mshale.jpg/440px-Mshale.jpg 2x" data-file-width="960" data-file-height="640" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Hadza_people" title="Hadza people">Hadza</a> <a href="/wiki/Hunter-gatherer" title="Hunter-gatherer">hunter-gatherer</a> in Tanzania</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bow_compound.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Bow_compound.JPG/170px-Bow_compound.JPG" decoding="async" width="170" height="227" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Bow_compound.JPG/255px-Bow_compound.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Bow_compound.JPG/340px-Bow_compound.JPG 2x" data-file-width="480" data-file-height="640" /></a><figcaption>A modern compound hunting bow</figcaption></figure> <p>Using archery to take game animals is known as "bow hunting". Bow hunting differs markedly from hunting with firearms, as distance between hunter and prey must be much shorter to ensure a humane kill. The skills and practices of bow hunting therefore emphasize very close approach to the prey, whether by still hunting, stalking, or waiting in a blind or tree stand. In many countries, including much of the United States, bow hunting for large and small game is legal. Bow hunters generally enjoy longer seasons than are allowed with other forms of hunting such as black powder, shotgun, or rifle. Usually, compound bows are used for large game hunting due to the relatively short time it takes to master them as opposed to the longbow or recurve bow. These compound bows may feature fiber optic sights, stabilizers, and other accessories designed to increase accuracy at longer distances. Using a bow and arrow to take fish is known as "<a href="/wiki/Bow_fishing" class="mw-redirect" title="Bow fishing">bow fishing</a>". </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Modern_competitive_archery">Modern competitive archery</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Archery&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Modern competitive archery"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Modern_competitive_archery" title="Modern competitive archery">Modern competitive archery</a></div> <p>Competitive archery involves shooting arrows at a target for accuracy from a set distance or distances. This is the most popular form of competitive archery worldwide and is called <a href="/wiki/Target_archery" title="Target archery">target archery</a>. A form particularly popular in Europe and <a href="/wiki/Americas" title="Americas">America</a> is <a href="/wiki/Field_archery" title="Field archery">field archery</a>, shot at targets generally set at various distances in a wooded setting. Competitive archery in the United States is governed by USA Archery and National Field Archery Association (NFAA), which also certifies instructors.<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><span class="anchor" id="Para-archery"></span>Para-archery is an adaptation of archery for athletes with a disability, governed by the <a href="/wiki/World_Archery" title="World Archery">World Archery</a> (WA) and is one of the sports in the Summer <a href="/wiki/Paralympic_Games" title="Paralympic Games">Paralympic Games</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There are also several other lesser-known and historical forms of archery, as well as <a href="/wiki/Archery_games" class="mw-redirect" title="Archery games">archery novelty games</a> and <a href="/wiki/Modern_competitive_archery#Flight_archery" title="Modern competitive archery">flight archery</a>, where the aim is to shoot the greatest distance. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Archery&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 15em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arash" title="Arash">Arash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arab_archery" title="Arab archery">Arab archery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archery_Association_of_India" title="Archery Association of India">Archery Association of India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modern_competitive_archery#3D_archery" title="Modern competitive archery">3D archery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bow_and_arrow" title="Bow and arrow">Bow and arrow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bow_draw" title="Bow draw">Bow draw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bowfishing" title="Bowfishing">Bowfishing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hunting" title="Hunting">Hunting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bowhunting" title="Bowhunting">Bowhunting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Game_(hunting)" title="Game (hunting)">Game (hunting)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Big%E2%80%93game_hunting" title="Big–game hunting">Big–game hunting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Big_five_game" title="Big five game">Big five game</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mukkha" title="Mukkha">Mukkha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clout_archery" title="Clout archery">Clout archery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Field_archery" title="Field archery">Field archery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gungdo" class="mw-redirect" title="Gungdo">Gungdo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ky%C5%ABd%C5%8D" title="Kyūdō">Kyūdō</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ky%C5%ABjutsu" title="Kyūjutsu">Kyūjutsu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modern_competitive_archery" title="Modern competitive archery">Modern competitive archery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mounted_archery" title="Mounted archery">Mounted archery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Run_archery" title="Run archery">Run archery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sagittarii" title="Sagittarii">Sagittarii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sport_of_Kings_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Sport of Kings (disambiguation)">Sport of Kings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Target_archery" title="Target archery">Target archery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_archery" title="Turkish archery">Turkish archery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_archery_terms" class="mw-redirect" title="List of archery terms">List of archery terms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_notable_archers" class="mw-redirect" title="List of notable archers">List of notable archers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crossbow" title="Crossbow">Crossbow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extreme_sport#List_of_extreme_and_adventure_sports" title="Extreme sport">List of extreme and adventure sports</a></li></ul></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Archery&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Paterson17-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Paterson17_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Paterson <i>Encyclopaedia of Archery</i> p. 17</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFCharlton_T._LewisCharles_Short1879" class="citation web cs1">Charlton T. Lewis; Charles Short (1879). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:1999.04.0059:entry=arcus">"Charlton T. Lewis, Charles Short, A Latin Dictionary, arcus"</a>. <i>Charlton T. Lewis, Charles Short, A Latin Dictionary</i>. Oxford. Clarendon Press<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 September</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Charlton+T.+Lewis%2C+Charles+Short%2C+A+Latin+Dictionary&rft.atitle=Charlton+T.+Lewis%2C+Charles+Short%2C+A+Latin+Dictionary%2C+arcus&rft.date=1879&rft.au=Charlton+T.+Lewis&rft.au=Charles+Short&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.perseus.tufts.edu%2Fhopper%2Ftext%3Fdoc%3DPerseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0059%3Aentry%3Darcus&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArchery" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The noun "toxophilite", meaning "a lover or devotee of archery, an archer" derives from <i><a href="/wiki/Toxophilus" title="Toxophilus">Toxophilus</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Roger_Ascham" title="Roger Ascham">Roger Ascham</a> —"imaginary proper name invented by Ascham, and hence title of his book (1545), intended to mean 'lover of the bow'." "toxophilite, n." <i>Oxford English Dictionary</i>. Second edition, 1989; online version November 2010. <<a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.oed.com:80/Entry/204131">http://www.oed.com:80/Entry/204131</a>>; accessed 10 March 2011. Earlier version first published in <i>New English Dictionary</i>, 1913.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Lombard2020-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Lombard2020_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLombard2020" class="citation journal cs1">Lombard M (2020). "The tip cross-sectional areas of poisoned bone arrowheads from southern Africa". <i>Journal of Archaeological Science: Reports</i>. <b>33</b>: 102477. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2020JArSR..33j2477L">2020JArSR..33j2477L</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.jasrep.2020.102477">10.1016/j.jasrep.2020.102477</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:224889105">224889105</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Archaeological+Science%3A+Reports&rft.atitle=The+tip+cross-sectional+areas+of+poisoned+bone+arrowheads+from+southern+Africa&rft.volume=33&rft.pages=102477&rft.date=2020&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A224889105%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.jasrep.2020.102477&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2020JArSR..33j2477L&rft.aulast=Lombard&rft.aufirst=M&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArchery" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Backwell-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Backwell_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Backwell L, d'Errico F, Wadley L.(2008). Middle Stone Age bone tools from the Howiesons Poort layers, Sibudu Cave, South Africa. Journal of Archaeological Science, 35:1566–1580. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.jas.2007.11.006">10.1016/j.jas.2007.11.006</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWadley2008" class="citation journal cs1">Wadley, Lyn (2008). 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(2007), <i>The Horse, The Wheel, and Language: How Bronze-Age Riders from the Eurasian Steppes Shaped the World</i>, Princeton University Press, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0691058870" title="Special:BookSources/978-0691058870"><bdi>978-0691058870</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Horse%2C+The+Wheel%2C+and+Language%3A+How+Bronze-Age+Riders+from+the+Eurasian+Steppes+Shaped+the+World&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0691058870&rft.aulast=Anthony&rft.aufirst=David+W.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArchery" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ChinaEnemies-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ChinaEnemies_24-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ChinaEnemies_24-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDi_Cosmo2001" class="citation cs2">Di Cosmo, Nicola (2001), <i>Ancient China & Its Enemies: The Rise of Nomadic Power in East Asian History</i>, Cambridge University Press, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0521770644" title="Special:BookSources/978-0521770644"><bdi>978-0521770644</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ancient+China+%26+Its+Enemies%3A+The+Rise+of+Nomadic+Power+in+East+Asian+History&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0521770644&rft.aulast=Di+Cosmo&rft.aufirst=Nicola&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArchery" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-JapanBows-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-JapanBows_25-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHurst_III1998" class="citation cs2">Hurst III, G. 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Njoro, Kenya (AFP) 2 February 2008 <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.spacewar.com/reports/Bows_and_arrows_deadly_weapons_of_rural_Kenyas_war_999.html">http://www.spacewar.com/reports/Bows_and_arrows_deadly_weapons_of_rural_Kenyas_war_999.html</a> accessed 21 July 2012</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Peace and Poison Arrows in Kenya. By Alexis Okeowo/Nairobi Friday, 29 February 2008. <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080302151221/http://www.time.com/time/world/article/0,8599,1718460,00.html">[2]</a> accessed 21at July 2012</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The National Disaster in Sad Pictures! <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.ogiek.org/election-war/election-war-4.htm">http://www.ogiek.org/election-war/election-war-4.htm</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220304130250/http://www.ogiek.org/election-war/election-war-4.htm">Archived</a> 4 March 2022 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> accessed 21 July 2012</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170202030330/http://www.kilwinningarchers.com/about_us.php">"About Us - Club History"</a>. <i>Ancient Society of Kilwinning Archers</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.kilwinningarchers.com/about_us.php">the original</a> on 2 February 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 January</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Ancient+Society+of+Kilwinning+Archers&rft.atitle=About+Us+-+Club+History&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.kilwinningarchers.com%2Fabout_us.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArchery" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNorton" class="citation web cs1">Norton, William. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170331001405/http://yeomenoftheguard.com/company_of_archers.htm">"Royal Company of Archers"</a>. <i>Yeomen of the Queen's Body Guard</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://yeomenoftheguard.com/company_of_archers.htm">the original</a> on 31 March 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 January</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Yeomen+of+the+Queen%27s+Body+Guard&rft.atitle=Royal+Company+of+Archers&rft.aulast=Norton&rft.aufirst=William&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fyeomenoftheguard.com%2Fcompany_of_archers.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArchery" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJohnes2004" class="citation journal cs1">Johnes, Martin (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://swansea.academia.edu/MartinJohnes/Papers/127610/Archery--Romance-and-Elite-Culture-in-England-and-Wales--c--1780-1840">"Archery, Romance and Elite Culture in England and Wales, c. 1780–1840"</a>. <i>History</i>. <b>89</b> (294). Swansea.academia.edu: 193–208. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1468-229X.2004.00297.x">10.1111/j.1468-229X.2004.00297.x</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 March</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=History&rft.atitle=Archery%2C+Romance+and+Elite+Culture+in+England+and+Wales%2C+c.+1780%E2%80%931840&rft.volume=89&rft.issue=294&rft.pages=193-208&rft.date=2004&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.1468-229X.2004.00297.x&rft.aulast=Johnes&rft.aufirst=Martin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fswansea.academia.edu%2FMartinJohnes%2FPapers%2F127610%2FArchery--Romance-and-Elite-Culture-in-England-and-Wales--c--1780-1840&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArchery" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121125050714/http://www.martinfrost.ws/htmlfiles/archers.html">"The Royal Company of Archers"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://martinfrost.ws/htmlfiles/archers.html">the original</a> on 25 November 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 December</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Royal+Company+of+Archers&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmartinfrost.ws%2Fhtmlfiles%2Farchers.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArchery" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><i>Suomen kunnallisvaakunat</i> (in Finnish). Suomen Kunnallisliitto. 1982. p. 123. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9517730853" title="Special:BookSources/9517730853"><bdi>9517730853</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Suomen+kunnallisvaakunat&rft.pages=123&rft.pub=Suomen+Kunnallisliitto&rft.date=1982&rft.isbn=9517730853&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArchery" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://runeberg.org/tieto/1/0660.html">Branea–Brahma - Projekt Runeberg</a> <span class="languageicon">(in Finnish)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.olympic.org/content/results-and-medalists/gamesandsportsummary/?sport=31766&games=1900%2f1&event=122225">"Archery results – Pari 1900"</a>. <i>olympic.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 June</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=olympic.org&rft.atitle=Archery+results+%E2%80%93+Pari+1900&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.olympic.org%2Fcontent%2Fresults-and-medalists%2Fgamesandsportsummary%2F%3Fsport%3D31766%26games%3D1900%252f1%26event%3D122225&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArchery" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.archeryhalloffame.com/Thamposn,%20Maurice.html">"Inductee – J. Maurice Thompson - Archery Hall of Fame and Museum"</a>. <i>www.archeryhalloffame.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 February</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.archeryhalloffame.com&rft.atitle=Inductee+%E2%80%93+J.+Maurice+Thompson+-+Archery+Hall+of+Fame+and+Museum&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.archeryhalloffame.com%2FThamposn%2C%2520Maurice.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArchery" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.archeryhalloffame.com/Thompson%20Will.html">"Inductee – Will H. Thompson- Archery Hall of Fame and Museum"</a>. <i>www.archeryhalloffame.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 February</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.archeryhalloffame.com&rft.atitle=Inductee+%E2%80%93+Will+H.+Thompson-+Archery+Hall+of+Fame+and+Museum&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.archeryhalloffame.com%2FThompson%2520Will.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArchery" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">1910 Spalding Official Archery Guide, Spalding Athletic Library & Library of Congress.<a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://nebula.wsimg.com/3e8092da33da68bda77739463098a2fd?AccessKeyId=A203C91555201A4407B4&disposition=0&alloworigin=1//">[3]</a> Retrieved Dec 11, 2020</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Geneva Archery. <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://www.genevaarchery.com/archery%20info.htm//">[4]</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200708110314/http://www.genevaarchery.com/archery%20info.htm">Archived</a> 8 July 2020 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> Retrieved Dec 11, 2020</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAllely2008" class="citation cs2">Allely, Steve; et al. (2008), <i>The Traditional Bowyer's Bible, Volume 4</i>, The Lyons Press, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0964574168" title="Special:BookSources/978-0964574168"><bdi>978-0964574168</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Traditional+Bowyer%27s+Bible%2C+Volume+4&rft.pub=The+Lyons+Press&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0964574168&rft.aulast=Allely&rft.aufirst=Steve&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArchery" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKroeber2004" class="citation cs2">Kroeber, Theodora (2004), <i>Ishi in Two Worlds: a biography of the last wild Indian in North America</i>, Berkeley: <a href="/wiki/University_of_California_Press" title="University of California Press">University of California Press</a>, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0520240377" title="Special:BookSources/978-0520240377"><bdi>978-0520240377</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ishi+in+Two+Worlds%3A+a+biography+of+the+last+wild+Indian+in+North+America&rft.place=Berkeley&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0520240377&rft.aulast=Kroeber&rft.aufirst=Theodora&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArchery" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPope1925" class="citation cs2">Pope, Saxton (1925), <i>Hunting with the Bow and Arrow</i>, New York: G. P. Putnam's Sons</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hunting+with+the+Bow+and+Arrow&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=G.+P.+Putnam%27s+Sons&rft.date=1925&rft.aulast=Pope&rft.aufirst=Saxton&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArchery" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPope1926" class="citation cs2">Pope, Saxton (1926), <i>Adventurous Bowmen: field notes on African archery</i>, New York: <a href="/wiki/G._P._Putnam%27s_Sons" title="G. P. Putnam's Sons">G. P. Putnam's Sons</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Adventurous+Bowmen%3A+field+notes+on+African+archery&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=G.+P.+Putnam%27s+Sons&rft.date=1926&rft.aulast=Pope&rft.aufirst=Saxton&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArchery" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-technical-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-technical_45-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHickmanNaglerKlopsteg1947" class="citation cs2">Hickman, C. N.; Nagler, Forrest; Klopsteg, Paul E. (1947), <i>Archery: The Technical Side. A compilation of scientific and technical articles on theory, construction, use and performance of bows and arrows, reprinted from journals of science and of archery</i>, <a href="/wiki/National_Field_Archery_Association" title="National Field Archery Association">National Field Archery Association</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Archery%3A+The+Technical+Side.+A+compilation+of+scientific+and+technical+articles+on+theory%2C+construction%2C+use+and+performance+of+bows+and+arrows%2C+reprinted+from+journals+of+science+and+of+archery&rft.pub=National+Field+Archery+Association&rft.date=1947&rft.aulast=Hickman&rft.aufirst=C.+N.&rft.au=Nagler%2C+Forrest&rft.au=Klopsteg%2C+Paul+E.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArchery" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bertalan, Dan. <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=sYBT1c2NKVoC&pg=PA73">Traditional Bowyers Encyclopedia</a></i>: <i>The Bowhunting and Bowmaking World of the Nation's Top Crafters of Longbows and Recurves</i>, 2007. p. 73.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-kongsberg-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-kongsberg_47-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFraterSmith-Spark2021" class="citation news cs1">Frater, James; Smith-Spark, Laura (14 October 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cnn.com/2021/10/14/europe/norway-kongsberg-attack-intl/index.html">"Suspect in Norway attack named as police say they're treating it as terrorism"</a>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 May</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Ketoh&rft.pub=Millicent+Rogers+Museum+of+Northern+New+Mexico&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.millicentrogers.org%2Fketoh.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArchery" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFReference-OED-Amazon" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oed.com/search/dictionary/?q=Amazon">"Amazon"</a></span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Oxford_English_Dictionary" title="Oxford English Dictionary">Oxford English Dictionary</a></i> (Online ed.). <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Amazon&rft.btitle=Oxford+English+Dictionary&rft.edition=Online&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.oed.com%2Fsearch%2Fdictionary%2F%3Fq%3DAmazon&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArchery" class="Z3988"></span> <span style="font-size:0.95em; font-size:95%; color: var( --color-subtle, #555 )">(Subscription or <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oed.com/public/login/loggingin#withyourlibrary">participating institution membership</a> required.)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ascham-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ascham_58-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAscham1545" class="citation cs2">Ascham, Roger (1545), <i>Toxophilus – the School of Shooting</i>, Read Books, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1846643699" title="Special:BookSources/978-1846643699"><bdi>978-1846643699</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Toxophilus+%E2%80%93+the+School+of+Shooting&rft.pub=Read+Books&rft.date=1545&rft.isbn=978-1846643699&rft.aulast=Ascham&rft.aufirst=Roger&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArchery" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-warbow-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-warbow_59-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStrickland,_M.Hardy,_R.2005" class="citation cs2">Strickland, M.; Hardy, R. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 January</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Discover+Archery&rft.atitle=What+is+eye+dominance%3F+Why+does+it+matter+for+my+first+bow%3F&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fesdf.org%2Fdiscover-archery%2Fequipment%2Fwhat-is-eye-dominance-why-does-it-matter-for-my-first-bow%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArchery" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDeprospero" class="citation web cs1">Deprospero, Dan and Jackie. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.kyudo.com/kyudo-l.html">"One Point Lessons: A collection of simple lessons and explanations of Kyudo technique"</a>. <i>Meishin Kyudojo</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 January</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Meishin+Kyudojo&rft.atitle=One+Point+Lessons%3A+A+collection+of+simple+lessons+and+explanations+of+Kyudo+technique&rft.aulast=Deprospero&rft.aufirst=Dan+and+Jackie&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.kyudo.com%2Fkyudo-l.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArchery" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSt._Charles1996" class="citation book cs1">St. Charles, Glenn (March 1996). <i>Billets to Bows</i>. Saint Charles Enterprises. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0965139403" title="Special:BookSources/978-0965139403"><bdi>978-0965139403</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Billets+to+Bows&rft.pub=Saint+Charles+Enterprises&rft.date=1996-03&rft.isbn=978-0965139403&rft.aulast=St.+Charles&rft.aufirst=Glenn&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArchery" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSungKeshaAvedschmidtRoot2017" class="citation journal cs1">Sung, LokMan; Kesha, Kilak; Avedschmidt, Sarah; Root, Kelly; Hlavaty, Leigh (12 June 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1111/1556-4029.13503">"The Modern Compound Bow"</a>. <i>Journal of Forensic Sciences</i>. <b>63</b> (1): 130–139. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2F1556-4029.13503">10.1111/1556-4029.13503</a>. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/2027.42%2F141095">2027.42/141095</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0022-1198">0022-1198</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28605023">28605023</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:46806116">46806116</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Forensic+Sciences&rft.atitle=The+Modern+Compound+Bow&rft.volume=63&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=130-139&rft.date=2017-06-12&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F2027.42%2F141095&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A46806116%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2F1556-4029.13503&rft.issn=0022-1198&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F28605023&rft.aulast=Sung&rft.aufirst=LokMan&rft.au=Kesha%2C+Kilak&rft.au=Avedschmidt%2C+Sarah&rft.au=Root%2C+Kelly&rft.au=Hlavaty%2C+Leigh&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fonlinelibrary.wiley.com%2Fdoi%2Fpdf%2F10.1111%2F1556-4029.13503&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArchery" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-lehman-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-lehman_66-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLehman1927" class="citation cs2">Lehman, Herman (1927), <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/nineyearsamongin00herm"><i>Nine years among the Indians, 1870–1879</i></a></span>, University of New Mexico Press, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8263-1417-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-8263-1417-1"><bdi>0-8263-1417-1</bdi></a>, <q>I amused myself by making blunt arrows... Plugging hats became one of my favorite pastimes. The boys would put their hats off about a hundred yards and bet me the drinks that I could not hit them. I would get the drinks every time...</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Nine+years+among+the+Indians%2C+1870%E2%80%931879&rft.pub=University+of+New+Mexico+Press&rft.date=1927&rft.isbn=0-8263-1417-1&rft.aulast=Lehman&rft.aufirst=Herman&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fnineyearsamongin00herm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArchery" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-bear-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-bear_67-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBear1980" class="citation cs2">Bear, Fred (1980), <i>The Archer's Bible</i>, Garden City, NJ.: Doubleday, pp. 36–43</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Archer%27s+Bible&rft.place=Garden+City%2C+NJ.&rft.pages=36-43&rft.pub=Doubleday&rft.date=1980&rft.aulast=Bear&rft.aufirst=Fred&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArchery" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFreel2019" class="citation web cs1">Freel, Tyler (9 April 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.outdoorlife.com/shooting-lessons-learned-from-master-traditional-archery/">"Breaking Trad: Archery Lessons from Tom Clum Sr"</a>. <i>Outdoor Life</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 July</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Outdoor+Life&rft.atitle=Breaking+Trad%3A+Archery+Lessons+from+Tom+Clum+Sr.&rft.date=2019-04-09&rft.aulast=Freel&rft.aufirst=Tyler&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.outdoorlife.com%2Fshooting-lessons-learned-from-master-traditional-archery%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArchery" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_69-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_69-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSorrells2004" class="citation book cs1">Sorrells, Brian J. (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=P5miJc4EbYwC"><i>Beginner's Guide to Traditional Archery</i></a>. Stackpole Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8117-3133-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8117-3133-1"><bdi>978-0-8117-3133-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Beginner%27s+Guide+to+Traditional+Archery&rft.pub=Stackpole+Books&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-8117-3133-1&rft.aulast=Sorrells&rft.aufirst=Brian+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DP5miJc4EbYwC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArchery" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.docstoc.com/docs/75758007/The-Physics-of-Archery-AstraZeneca-Science-Teaching-Trust">"The Physics of Archery AstraZeneca Science Teaching Trust"</a>. <i>Docstoc.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 March</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Docstoc.com&rft.atitle=The+Physics+of+Archery+AstraZeneca+Science+Teaching+Trust&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.docstoc.com%2Fdocs%2F75758007%2FThe-Physics-of-Archery-AstraZeneca-Science-Teaching-Trust&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArchery" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPark2013" class="citation journal cs1">Park, James L. (June 2013) [1 June 2012]. "High-speed video analysis of arrow behaviour during the power stroke of a recurve archery bow". <i><a href="/wiki/Proceedings_of_the_Institution_of_Mechanical_Engineers,_Part_P:_Journal_of_Sports_Engineering_and_Technology" class="mw-redirect" title="Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part P: Journal of Sports Engineering and Technology">Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part P: Journal of Sports Engineering and Technology</a></i>. <b>227</b> (2): 128–136. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F1754337112446406">10.1177/1754337112446406</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:108701325">108701325</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Proceedings+of+the+Institution+of+Mechanical+Engineers%2C+Part+P%3A+Journal+of+Sports+Engineering+and+Technology&rft.atitle=High-speed+video+analysis+of+arrow+behaviour+during+the+power+stroke+of+a+recurve+archery+bow&rft.volume=227&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=128-136&rft.date=2013-06&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1177%2F1754337112446406&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A108701325%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Park&rft.aufirst=James+L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArchery" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150105090748/http://www.teamusa.org/USA-Archery/Resources/About-Us">"About Us"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.teamusa.org/USA-Archery/Resources/About-Us">the original</a> on 5 January 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 February</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=About+Us&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.teamusa.org%2FUSA-Archery%2FResources%2FAbout-Us&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArchery" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160818094415/https://worldarchery.org/Para-Archery">"Para Archery"</a>. <i>World Archery</i>. World Archery Foundation. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://worldarchery.org/Para-Archery">the original</a> on 18 August 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 January</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=World+Archery&rft.atitle=Para+Archery&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fworldarchery.org%2FPara-Archery&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArchery" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Archery&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Enea Bianchi, “<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://static1.squarespace.com/static/58763ec0c534a5e7e2b65fe2/t/61cc158783a70e720e772f68/1640764808068/Popular+inquiry_Vol9_2021_2_Bianchi_corr1.pdf">Philosophies of Archery</a>”, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211231070041/https://static1.squarespace.com/static/58763ec0c534a5e7e2b65fe2/t/61cc158783a70e720e772f68/1640764808068/Popular+inquiry_Vol9_2021_2_Bianchi_corr1.pdf">Archived</a> 31 December 2021 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, in <i>Popular Inquiry</i>, vol.2, 2021, 22–37.</li> <li>Ford, Horace (1887) <a href="//archive.org/details/theorypracticeof00ford" class="extiw" title="iarchive:theorypracticeof00ford"><i>The Theory and Practice of Archery</i></a> London: Longmans, Green</li> <li>Elmer, Robert P. (Robert Potter) (1917) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/americanarcheryv00elmerich"><i>American Archery; a Vade Mecum of the Art of Shooting with the Long Bow</i></a> Columbus, OH: National Archery Association of the United States</li> <li>Hansard, George Agar (1841) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/bookofarcherybei00hansuoft"><i>The Book of Archery: being the complete history and practice of the art, ancient and modern ...</i></a> London: H. G. Bohn</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ely_Hargrove" title="Ely Hargrove">Hargrove, Ely</a> (1792) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/anecdotesofarche00harg"><i>Anecdotes of Archery; from the earliest ages to the year 1791. Including an account of the most famous archers of ancient and modern times; with some curious particulars in the life of Robert Fitz-Ooth Earl of Huntington, vulgarly called Robin Hood ...</i></a>. York: printed for E. Hargrove, bookseller, Knaresbro' (later editions: York, 1845 and facsimile reprint, London: Tabard Press, 1970)</li> <li>Heath, E. G. & Chiara, Vilma (1977) <i>Brazilian Indian Archery: a preliminary ethno-toxological study of the archery of the Brazilian Indians</i>. Manchester: Simon Archery Foundation</li> <li>Johnes, Martin. <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://swansea.academia.edu/MartinJohnes/Papers/127610/Archery--Romance-and-Elite-Culture-in-England-and-Wales--c--1780-1840">Archery, romance and elite culture in England and Wales, c.1780–1840</a></i>, 89, 193–208.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKlopsteg1943" class="citation journal cs1">Klopsteg, Paul E. (1943). "Physics of Bows and Arrows". <i>American Journal of Physics</i>. <b>11</b> (4): 175–192. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1943AmJPh..11..175K">1943AmJPh..11..175K</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1119%2F1.1990474">10.1119/1.1990474</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=American+Journal+of+Physics&rft.atitle=Physics+of+Bows+and+Arrows&rft.volume=11&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=175-192&rft.date=1943&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1119%2F1.1990474&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1943AmJPh..11..175K&rft.aulast=Klopsteg&rft.aufirst=Paul+E.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArchery" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Klopsteg, Paul (1963) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/chapterintheevol017966mbp"><i>A Chapter in the Evolution of Archery in America</i></a> Washington, DC: Smithsonian Institution</li> <li>Lake, Fred & Wright, Hal (1974) <i>A Bibliography of Archery: an indexed catalogue of 5,000 articles, books, films, manuscripts, periodicals and theses on the use of the bow for hunting, war, and recreation, from the earliest times to the present day</i>. Manchester: Simon Archery Foundation</li> <li>Morse, Edward (1922) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/arrowradditional00morsrich"><i>Additional notes on arrow release</i></a> Salem, Massachusetts: Peabody Museum</li> <li>Pope, Saxton (1925) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/huntingwiththebo08084gut"><i>Hunting with the Bow and Arrow</i></a> New York: G. P. Putnam's Sons</li> <li>Pope, Saxton (1918) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/yahiarcherysaxton00poperich"><i>Yahi Archery</i></a> Berkeley: University of California Press</li> <li>Thompson, Maurice (1878) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/witcheryofarcher00thomuoft"><i>The Witchery of Archery: a Complete Manual of Archery</i></a> New York: Scribner & Sons</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110708085701/http://www.bow-and-arrow-targets.com/FITAbowarrowtargets.html"><i>FITA-Style Archery Targets</i></a> Bow and Arrow Targets</li> <li><i>The Traditional Bowyer's Bible</i>. [Azle, TX]: Bois d'Arc Press; New York, N.Y.: Distributed by Lyons & Burford <ul><li><i>The Traditional Bowyer's Bible</i>; Volume 1. 1992. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-58574-085-3" title="Special:BookSources/1-58574-085-3">1-58574-085-3</a></li> <li><i>The Traditional Bowyer's Bible</i>; Volume 2. 1992. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-58574-086-1" title="Special:BookSources/1-58574-086-1">1-58574-086-1</a></li> <li><i>The Traditional Bowyer's Bible</i>; Volume 3. 1994. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-58574-087-X" title="Special:BookSources/1-58574-087-X">1-58574-087-X</a>; <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-55821-311-2" title="Special:BookSources/1-55821-311-2">1-55821-311-2</a></li> <li><i>The Traditional Bowyer's Bible</i>; Volume 4. The Lyons Press, 2008. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-9645741-6-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-9645741-6-8">978-0-9645741-6-8</a></li></ul></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Archery&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output 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href="/wiki/Template:Archery" title="Template:Archery"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Archery" title="Template talk:Archery"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Archery" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Archery"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Archery" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Archery</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_archery" title="History of archery">History</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_archery" title="Chinese archery">Chinese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ky%C5%ABd%C5%8D" title="Kyūdō">Japanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_archery" title="Turkish archery">Turkish</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_crossbows" title="History of crossbows">History of crossbows</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modern_competitive_archery" title="Modern competitive archery">Modern competitive archery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Archery_Federation" class="mw-redirect" title="World Archery Federation">World Archery Federation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Archery_Rankings" title="World Archery Rankings">World Archery Rankings</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Archer%27s_paradox" title="Archer's paradox">Archer's paradox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mounted_archery" title="Mounted archery">Mounted archery</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ballista_elephant" title="Ballista elephant">Ballista elephant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yabusame" title="Yabusame">Yabusame</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Run_archery" title="Run archery">Run archery</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Bow_and_arrow" title="Bow and arrow">Bows</a> (<a href="/wiki/Yumi" title="Yumi">yumi</a>)<br /><a href="/wiki/Bow_shape" title="Bow shape">Bow shape</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arbalest" title="Arbalest">Arbalest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Austroasiatic_crossbow" title="Austroasiatic crossbow">Austroasiatic crossbow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cable-backed_bow" title="Cable-backed bow">Cable-backed bow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Composite_bow" title="Composite bow">Composite bow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Compound_bow" title="Compound bow">Compound bow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crossbow" title="Crossbow">Crossbow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/English_longbow" title="English longbow">English longbow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flatbow" title="Flatbow">Flatbow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gakgung" title="Gakgung">Gakgung</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holmegaard_bow" title="Holmegaard bow">Holmegaard bow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laminated_bow" title="Laminated bow">Laminated bow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Longbow" title="Longbow">Longbow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongol_bow" title="Mongol bow">Mongol bow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Recurve_bow" title="Recurve bow">Recurve bow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Self_bow" title="Self bow">Self bow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Takedown_bow" title="Takedown bow">Takedown bow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welsh_bow" title="Welsh bow">Welsh bow</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Equipment</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arrow" title="Arrow">Arrow</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ya_(arrow)" title="Ya (arrow)">Ya</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arrowhead" title="Arrowhead">Arrowhead</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bowstring" title="Bowstring">Bowstring</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bracer" title="Bracer">Bracer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arrow_cresting" title="Arrow cresting">Cresting machine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finger_tab" title="Finger tab">Finger tab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fletching" title="Fletching">Fletching</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flu-flu_arrow" title="Flu-flu arrow">Flu-flu arrow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Release_aid" title="Release aid">Release aid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crossbow_bolt" title="Crossbow bolt">Quarrel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quiver" title="Quiver">Quiver</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shooting_target#Archery_sports" title="Shooting target">Target</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thumb_ring" title="Thumb ring">Thumb ring</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Activities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bowfishing" title="Bowfishing">Bowfishing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bowhunting" title="Bowhunting">Bowhunting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bowyer" title="Bowyer">Bowyer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clout_archery" title="Clout archery">Clout archery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Field_archery" title="Field archery">Field archery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Popinjay_(sport)" title="Popinjay (sport)">Popinjay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Target_archery" title="Target archery">Target archery</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Competitions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Archery_at_the_Summer_Olympics" title="Archery at the Summer Olympics">Olympics</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Archery_at_the_Youth_Olympic_Games" class="mw-redirect" title="Archery at the Youth Olympic Games">Youth</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Archery_Championships" title="World Archery Championships">World Championships</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/World_Archery_Youth_Championships" title="World Archery Youth Championships">Youth</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archery_World_Cup" title="Archery World Cup">World Cup</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archery_at_the_Summer_Paralympics" title="Archery at the Summer Paralympics">Paralympics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archery_at_the_Summer_Universiade" class="mw-redirect" title="Archery at the Summer Universiade">Universiade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_University_Archery_Championships" title="World University Archery Championships">World University Archery Championships</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archery_at_the_Military_World_Games" title="Archery at the Military World Games">Military World Games</a></li> <li>Continental <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African_Archery_Championships" title="African Archery Championships">Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pan_American_Archery_Championships" title="Pan American Archery Championships">Americas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asian_Archery_Championships" title="Asian Archery Championships">Asia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Archery_Championships" title="European Archery Championships">Europe</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naadam#Archery" title="Naadam">Naadam</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Archery" title="Category:Archery">Category</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="List-Class article"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/16px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/23px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/31px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_archery_terms" title="Glossary of archery terms">Glossary</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" 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href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Summer_Olympic_sports" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Summer Olympic sports"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="30px_Summer_Olympic_sports" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Olympic_rings_without_rims.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Olympic_rings_without_rims.svg/30px-Olympic_rings_without_rims.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Olympic_rings_without_rims.svg/45px-Olympic_rings_without_rims.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Olympic_rings_without_rims.svg/60px-Olympic_rings_without_rims.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="342" data-file-height="158" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Olympic_sports" title="Olympic sports">Summer Olympic sports</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Mandatory sports</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aquatic_sports" class="mw-redirect" title="Aquatic sports">Aquatics</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Synchronized_swimming" title="Synchronized swimming">Artistic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diving_(sport)" title="Diving (sport)">Diving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_water_swimming" title="Open water swimming">Marathon Swimming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swimming_(sport)" title="Swimming (sport)">Swimming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_polo" title="Water polo">Water polo</a></li></ul></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Archery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sport_of_athletics" title="Sport of athletics">Athletics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Badminton" title="Badminton">Badminton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basketball" title="Basketball">Basketball</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/3x3_basketball" title="3x3 basketball">3x3</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boxing" title="Boxing">Boxing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canoeing" title="Canoeing">Canoeing</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Canoe_slalom" title="Canoe slalom">Canoe slalom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canoe_sprint" title="Canoe sprint">Canoe sprint</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cycle_sport" title="Cycle sport">Cycling</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/BMX_racing" title="BMX racing">BMX racing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freestyle_BMX" title="Freestyle BMX">Freestyle BMX</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mountain_bike_racing" title="Mountain bike racing">Mountain biking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Road_bicycle_racing" title="Road bicycle racing">Road cycling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Track_cycling" title="Track cycling">Track cycling</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Equestrianism" title="Equestrianism">Equestrian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dressage" title="Dressage">Dressage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eventing" title="Eventing">Eventing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Show_jumping" title="Show jumping">Show jumping</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fencing" title="Fencing">Fencing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Field_hockey" title="Field hockey">Field hockey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Association_football" title="Association football">Football</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Golf" title="Golf">Golf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gymnastics" title="Gymnastics">Gymnastics</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Artistic_gymnastics" title="Artistic gymnastics">Artistic gymnastics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhythmic_gymnastics" title="Rhythmic gymnastics">Rhythmic gymnastics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trampolining" title="Trampolining">Trampolining</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Handball" title="Handball">Handball</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judo" title="Judo">Judo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modern_pentathlon" title="Modern pentathlon">Modern pentathlon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rowing_(sport)" title="Rowing (sport)">Rowing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rugby_sevens" title="Rugby sevens">Rugby sevens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sailing_(sport)" title="Sailing (sport)">Sailing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shooting_sports" title="Shooting sports">Shooting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skateboarding" title="Skateboarding">Skateboarding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Competition_climbing" title="Competition climbing">Sport climbing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surfing" title="Surfing">Surfing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Table_tennis" title="Table tennis">Table tennis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taekwondo" title="Taekwondo">Taekwondo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tennis" title="Tennis">Tennis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Triathlon" title="Triathlon">Triathlon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volleyball" title="Volleyball">Volleyball</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Beach_volleyball" title="Beach volleyball">Beach volleyball</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olympic_weightlifting" title="Olympic weightlifting">Weightlifting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wrestling" title="Wrestling">Wrestling</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Freestyle_wrestling" title="Freestyle wrestling">Freestyle wrestling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greco-Roman_wrestling" title="Greco-Roman wrestling">Greco-Roman wrestling</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Discretionary sports</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baseball" title="Baseball">Baseball</a> / <a href="/wiki/Softball" title="Softball">Softball</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Twenty20" title="Twenty20">Cricket</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_football" title="Flag football">Flag football</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lacrosse_sixes" title="Lacrosse sixes">Lacrosse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Squash_(sport)" title="Squash (sport)">Squash</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><i>See also:</i> <a href="/wiki/Paralympic_sports" title="Paralympic sports">Paralympic sports</a> and <a href="/wiki/Winter_Olympic_sports" class="mw-redirect" title="Winter Olympic sports">Winter Olympic sports</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Martial_arts" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:LightPurple"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Martial_arts" title="Template:Martial arts"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Martial_arts" title="Template talk:Martial arts"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Martial_arts" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Martial arts"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Martial_arts" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Martial_arts" title="Martial arts">Martial arts</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_martial_arts" title="List of martial arts">List of styles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_martial_arts" title="History of martial arts">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martial_arts_timeline" title="Martial arts timeline">Timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_mixed_martial_arts_records" title="List of mixed martial arts records">Records</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hard_and_soft_techniques" title="Hard and soft techniques">Hard and soft</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color: LightPurple;"><div id="Classification" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Classification</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_martial_arts" title="List of martial arts">Regional origin</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_martial_arts" title="Chinese martial arts">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historical_European_martial_arts" title="Historical European martial arts">Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_martial_arts" title="Indian martial arts">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indonesian_martial_arts" title="Indonesian martial arts">Indonesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_martial_arts" title="Italian martial arts">Italian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_martial_arts" title="Irish martial arts">Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_martial_arts" title="Japanese martial arts">Japan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Okinawan_martial_arts" title="Okinawan martial arts">Okinawa</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_martial_arts" title="Korean martial arts">Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mainland_Southeast_Asia_martial_arts" title="Mainland Southeast Asia martial arts">Mainland Southeast Asia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Filipino_martial_arts" title="Filipino martial arts">Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_martial_arts" title="Russian martial arts">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_martial_arts" title="Vietnamese martial arts">Vietnam</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Hand-to-hand_combat" title="Hand-to-hand combat">Unarmed <br />techniques</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Arm strikes <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chokehold" title="Chokehold">Chokehold</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Punch_(combat)" title="Punch (combat)">Punch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elbow_(strike)" title="Elbow (strike)">Elbow strike</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clinch_fighting" title="Clinch fighting">Clinch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ground_fighting" title="Ground fighting">Ground</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Headbutt" title="Headbutt">Headbutt</a></li></ul></li> <li>Leg strikes <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Footwork_(martial_arts)" title="Footwork (martial arts)">Footwork</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kick" title="Kick">Kick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flying_kick" title="Flying kick">Flying</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Knee_(strike)" title="Knee (strike)">Knee strike</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stomp_(strike)" title="Stomp (strike)">Stomp</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grappling" title="Grappling">Grappling</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Grappling_hold" title="Grappling hold">Hold</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joint_lock" title="Joint lock">Joint lock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sweep_(martial_arts)" title="Sweep (martial arts)">Sweep</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Takedown_(grappling)" title="Takedown (grappling)">Takedown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Throw_(grappling)" title="Throw (grappling)">Throw</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stand-up_fighting" title="Stand-up fighting">Stand-up</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_martial_arts_weapons" title="List of martial arts weapons">Weapons</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Duel" title="Duel">Duel</a></li> <li>Melee weapons <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Knife_fight" title="Knife fight">Knife fighting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stick-fighting" title="Stick-fighting">Stick-fighting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swordsmanship" title="Swordsmanship">Swordsmanship</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ranged_weapon" title="Ranged weapon">Ranged weapons</a> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Archery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shooting" title="Shooting">Shooting</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Training" title="Training">Training</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kata" title="Kata">Kata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boxing_glove" title="Boxing glove">Boxing glove</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_practice_weapons" title="List of practice weapons">Practice weapon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Punching_bag" title="Punching bag">Punching bag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pushing_hands" title="Pushing hands">Pushing hands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Randori" title="Randori">Randori</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sparring" title="Sparring">Sparring</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Grappling" title="Grappling">Grappling</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Barr%C3%B3g" title="Barróg">Barróg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brazilian_jiu-jitsu" title="Brazilian jiu-jitsu">Brazilian jiu-jitsu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judo" title="Judo">Judo</a> (<a href="/wiki/Para_judo" title="Para judo">Para judo</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jujutsu" title="Jujutsu">Jujutsu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luta_Livre" title="Luta Livre">Luta Livre esportiva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malla-yuddha" title="Malla-yuddha">Malla-yuddha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pehlwani" title="Pehlwani">Pehlwani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sambo_(martial_art)" title="Sambo (martial art)">Sambo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shuai_jiao" title="Shuai jiao">Shuai jiao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sumo" title="Sumo">Sumo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wrestling" title="Wrestling">Wrestling</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Catch_wrestling" title="Catch wrestling">catch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cornish_wrestling" title="Cornish wrestling">Cornish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Folk_wrestling" title="Folk wrestling">folk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freestyle_wrestling" title="Freestyle wrestling">freestyle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greco-Roman_wrestling" title="Greco-Roman wrestling">Greco-Roman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongolian_wrestling" title="Mongolian wrestling">Mongolian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oil_wrestling" title="Oil wrestling">oil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shoot_wrestling" title="Shoot wrestling">shoot</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Strike_(attack)" title="Strike (attack)">Striking</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bando" title="Bando">Bando</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boxing" title="Boxing">Boxing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capoeira" title="Capoeira">Capoeira</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chess_boxing" title="Chess boxing">Chess boxing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Choi_Kwang_Do" title="Choi Kwang Do">Choi Kwang Do</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dambe" title="Dambe">Dambe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karate" title="Karate">Karate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kickboxing" title="Kickboxing">Kickboxing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kun_Khmer" title="Kun Khmer">Kun Khmer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lethwei" title="Lethwei">Lethwei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muay_Thai" title="Muay Thai">Muay Thai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Praying_Mantis" title="Northern Praying Mantis">Northern Praying Mantis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_boxing" title="Russian boxing">Russian boxing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanda_(sport)" title="Sanda (sport)">Sanda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shaolin_kung_fu" title="Shaolin kung fu">Shaolin kung fu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shoot_boxing" title="Shoot boxing">Shoot boxing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Savate" title="Savate">Savate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taekwondo" title="Taekwondo">Taekwondo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tang_Soo_Do" title="Tang Soo Do">Tang Soo Do</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tien_Shan_Pai" title="Tien Shan Pai">Tien Shan Pai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vovinam" title="Vovinam">Vovinam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wudangquan" title="Wudangquan">Wudangquan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yoshukai_Karate" title="Yoshukai Karate">Yoshukai Karate</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Qi" title="Qi">Internal</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aikido" title="Aikido">Aikido</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dait%C5%8D-ry%C5%AB_Aiki-j%C5%ABjutsu" title="Daitō-ryū Aiki-jūjutsu">Daitō-ryū Aiki-jūjutsu</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Baguazhang" title="Baguazhang">Baguazhang</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tai_chi" title="Tai chi">Tai chi</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Xingyiquan" title="Xingyiquan">Xingyiquan</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Contact_sport#Full-contact" title="Contact sport">Full contact</a> /<br /> <a href="/wiki/Combat_sport" title="Combat sport">combat sports</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Professional_boxing" title="Professional boxing">Professional boxing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kickboxing" title="Kickboxing">Kickboxing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Full_contact_karate" title="Full contact karate">Full contact karate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mixed_martial_arts" title="Mixed martial arts">Mixed martial arts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pankration" title="Pankration">Pankration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shootfighting" title="Shootfighting">Shootfighting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Submission_wrestling" title="Submission wrestling">Submission wrestling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vale_Tudo" title="Vale Tudo">Vale Tudo</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Self-defense" title="Self-defense">Self-defense</a> /<br /> <a href="/wiki/Combatives" title="Combatives">combatives</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arnis" title="Arnis">Arnis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bartitsu" title="Bartitsu">Bartitsu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hapkido" title="Hapkido">Hapkido</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kajukenbo" title="Kajukenbo">Kajukenbo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jieitaikakut%C5%8Djutsu" title="Jieitaikakutōjutsu">Jieitaikakutōjutsu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krav_Maga" title="Krav Maga">Krav Maga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marine_Corps_Martial_Arts_Program" title="Marine Corps Martial Arts Program">MCMAP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pencak_silat" title="Pencak silat">Pencak silat</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pencak_Silat_Harimau" title="Pencak Silat Harimau">Pencak Silat Harimau</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suffrajitsu" title="Suffrajitsu">Suffrajitsu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Systema" title="Systema">Systema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taekkyon" title="Taekkyon">Taekkyon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/To-Shin_Do" title="To-Shin Do">To-Shin Do</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wing_Chun" title="Wing Chun">Wing Chun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silat_Melayu" title="Silat Melayu">Silat Melayu</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Eclecticism#Martial_arts" title="Eclecticism">Eclectic</a> / <a href="/wiki/Hybrid_martial_arts" title="Hybrid martial arts">hybrids</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_Kenpo" title="American Kenpo">American Kenpo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angampora" title="Angampora">Angampora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chun_Kuk_Do" class="mw-redirect" title="Chun Kuk Do">Chun Kuk Do</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hokutoryu_Ju-Jutsu" title="Hokutoryu Ju-Jutsu">Hokutoryu Ju-Jutsu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeet_Kune_Do" title="Jeet Kune Do">Jeet Kune Do</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shooto" title="Shooto">Shooto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shorinji_Kempo" title="Shorinji Kempo">Shorinji Kempo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unifight" title="Unifight">Unifight</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qwan_Ki_Do" title="Qwan Ki Do">Qwan Ki Do</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Battlefield" title="Battlefield">Battlefield</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Banshay" title="Banshay">Banshay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bokator" title="Bokator">Bokator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historical_European_martial_arts" title="Historical European martial arts">Historical European martial arts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huiyen_Lallong" title="Huiyen Lallong">Huiyen Lallong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jujutsu" title="Jujutsu">Jujutsu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalaripayattu" title="Kalaripayattu">Kalaripayattu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krabi%E2%80%93krabong" title="Krabi–krabong">Krabi–krabong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krav_Maga" title="Krav Maga">Krav Maga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mardani_khel" title="Mardani khel">Mardani khel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marine_Corps_Martial_Arts_Program" title="Marine Corps Martial Arts Program">Marine Corps Martial Arts Program</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pencak_Silat_Harimau" title="Pencak Silat Harimau">Pencak Silat Harimau</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Entertainment</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fighting_game" title="Fighting game">Fighting game</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martial_arts_film" title="Martial arts film">Martial arts film</a> (<a href="/wiki/Samurai_cinema" title="Samurai cinema">Chanbara</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Professional_wrestling" title="Professional wrestling">Professional wrestling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stage_combat" title="Stage combat">Stage combat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tricking_(martial_arts)" title="Tricking (martial arts)">Tricking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wuxia" title="Wuxia">Wuxia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color: LightPurple;"><div id="International_games" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">International games</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Martial arts at the <br /><a href="/wiki/Olympic_sports" title="Olympic sports">Summer Olympics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Boxing_at_the_Summer_Olympics" title="Boxing at the Summer Olympics">Boxing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fencing_at_the_Summer_Olympics" title="Fencing at the Summer Olympics">Fencing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judo_at_the_Summer_Olympics" title="Judo at the Summer Olympics">Judo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karate_at_the_Summer_Olympics" class="mw-redirect" title="Karate at the Summer Olympics">Karate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taekwondo_at_the_Summer_Olympics" title="Taekwondo at the Summer Olympics">Taekwondo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wrestling_at_the_Summer_Olympics" title="Wrestling at the Summer Olympics">Wrestling</a> (<a href="/wiki/Freestyle_wrestling" title="Freestyle wrestling">freestyle</a>, <a href="/wiki/Greco-Roman_wrestling" title="Greco-Roman wrestling">Greco-Roman</a>)</li> <li>Demonstration sports <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Budo_at_the_1964_Summer_Olympics" title="Budo at the 1964 Summer Olympics">Budō</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olympic_dueling" class="mw-redirect" title="Olympic dueling">Pistol dueling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glima_at_the_1912_Summer_Olympics" class="mw-redirect" title="Glima at the 1912 Summer Olympics">Glima</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Savate_at_the_1924_Summer_Olympics" title="Savate at the 1924 Summer Olympics">Savate</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Martial arts at the <br /><a href="/wiki/World_Games_sports" title="World Games sports">World Games</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ju-jitsu_at_the_World_Games" title="Ju-jitsu at the World Games">Ju-jitsu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karate_at_the_World_Games" title="Karate at the World Games">Karate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kickboxing" title="Kickboxing">Kickboxing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muay_Thai" title="Muay Thai">Muay Thai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sumo_at_the_World_Games" title="Sumo at the World Games">Sumo</a></li> <li>Former official sports <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sambo_at_the_World_Games" title="Sambo at the World Games">Sambo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taekwondo" title="Taekwondo">Taekwondo</a></li></ul></li> <li>Invitational sports <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aikido" title="Aikido">Aikido</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wushu_(sport)" title="Wushu (sport)">Wushu</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Martial arts at the <br /><a href="/wiki/Pan_American_Games" title="Pan American Games">Pan American Games</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Boxing" title="Boxing">Boxing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fencing" title="Fencing">Fencing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judo" title="Judo">Judo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karate" title="Karate">Karate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taekwondo" title="Taekwondo">Taekwondo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wrestling" title="Wrestling">Wrestling</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Martial arts at the <br /><a href="/wiki/Asian_Games" title="Asian Games">Asian Games</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Boxing" title="Boxing">Boxing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judo" title="Judo">Judo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jujutsu" title="Jujutsu">Jujutsu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karate" title="Karate">Karate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taekwondo" title="Taekwondo">Taekwondo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wrestling" title="Wrestling">Wrestling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wushu_(sport)" title="Wushu (sport)">Wushu</a></li> <li>2018 Only <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kurash" title="Kurash">Kurash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pencak_silat" title="Pencak silat">Pencak silat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sambo_(martial_art)" title="Sambo (martial art)">Sambo</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Martial arts at the <br /><a href="/wiki/African_Games" title="African Games">African Games</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Boxing" title="Boxing">Boxing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fencing" title="Fencing">Fencing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judo" title="Judo">Judo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karate" title="Karate">Karate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taekwondo" title="Taekwondo">Taekwondo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wrestling" title="Wrestling">Wrestling</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Martial arts at the <br /><a href="/wiki/European_Games" title="European Games">European Games</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Boxing" title="Boxing">Boxing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fencing" title="Fencing">Fencing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judo" title="Judo">Judo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karate" title="Karate">Karate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muay_Thai" title="Muay Thai">Muaythai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sambo_(martial_art)" title="Sambo (martial art)">Sambo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taekwondo" title="Taekwondo">Taekwondo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wrestling" title="Wrestling">Wrestling</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Symbol_portal_class.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Portal"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/16px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/23px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/31px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Martial_arts" title="Portal:Martial arts">Portal</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Outline"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Global_thinking.svg/10px-Global_thinking.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Global_thinking.svg/15px-Global_thinking.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Global_thinking.svg/21px-Global_thinking.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="130" data-file-height="200" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Outline_of_martial_arts" title="Outline of martial arts">Outline</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q108429#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div 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