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id="toc-Youth" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Youth"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Youth</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Youth-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Merchant_career" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Merchant_career"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Merchant career</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Merchant_career-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Slavery" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Slavery"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2.1</span> <span>Slavery</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Slavery-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Personal_and_family_life" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" 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class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Rising tensions with Britain</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Rising_tensions_with_Britain-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Continental_Congress" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Continental_Congress"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Continental Congress</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Continental_Congress-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Early_war,_1775–August_1776" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Early_war,_1775–August_1776"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2.1</span> <span>Early war, 1775–August 1776</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Early_war,_1775–August_1776-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Continued_war,_August_1776–1778" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Continued_war,_August_1776–1778"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2.2</span> <span>Continued war, August 1776–1778</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Continued_war,_August_1776–1778-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Out_of_Congress,_1779–1781" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Out_of_Congress,_1779–1781"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Out of Congress, 1779–1781</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Out_of_Congress,_1779–1781-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Superintendent_of_Finance" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Superintendent_of_Finance"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>Superintendent of Finance</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Superintendent_of_Finance-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-First_months" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#First_months"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4.1</span> <span>First months</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-First_months-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-After_Yorktown" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#After_Yorktown"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.5</span> <span>After Yorktown</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-After_Yorktown-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Newburgh_Conspiracy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Newburgh_Conspiracy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.6</span> <span>Newburgh Conspiracy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Newburgh_Conspiracy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-National_debt" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#National_debt"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.7</span> <span>National debt</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-National_debt-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Later_political_career" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Later_political_career"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Later political career</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Later_political_career-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Later political career subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Later_political_career-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Constitutional_Convention" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Constitutional_Convention"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Constitutional Convention</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Constitutional_Convention-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-U.S._Senator" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#U.S._Senator"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>U.S. Senator</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-U.S._Senator-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Later_business_career" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Later_business_career"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Later business career</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Later_business_career-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Later business career subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Later_business_career-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-1796_lack_of_capital_and_Panic_of_1797_and_bankruptcy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1796_lack_of_capital_and_Panic_of_1797_and_bankruptcy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>1796 lack of capital and Panic of 1797 and bankruptcy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1796_lack_of_capital_and_Panic_of_1797_and_bankruptcy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Final_years" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Final_years"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Final years</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Final_years-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Legacy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Legacy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Legacy</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Legacy-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Legacy subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Legacy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Historical_reputation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Historical_reputation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span>Historical reputation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Historical_reputation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Memorials" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Memorials"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.2</span> <span>Memorials</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Memorials-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Bibliography</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Bibliography subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Primary_sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Primary_sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11.1</span> <span>Primary sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Primary_sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Robert Morris (financier)</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 23 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-23" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">23 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%AA_%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%B3" title="روبرت موريس – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="روبرت موريس" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%AA_%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%B3" title="رابرت موریس – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="رابرت موریس" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%BE%D0%B1%D1%8A%D1%80%D1%82_%D0%9C%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%81_(%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%87)" title="Робърт Морис (предприемач) – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Робърт Морис (предприемач)" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Morris_(politik)" title="Robert Morris (politik) – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Robert Morris (politik)" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Morris_(Unternehmer)" title="Robert Morris (Unternehmer) – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Robert Morris (Unternehmer)" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Morris_(financiero)" title="Robert Morris (financiero) – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Robert Morris (financiero)" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%AA_%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%B3" title="رابرت موریس – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="رابرت موریس" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Morris_(financier)" title="Robert Morris (financier) – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Robert Morris (financier)" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%A1%9C%EB%B2%84%ED%8A%B8_%EB%AA%A8%EB%A6%AC%EC%8A%A4" title="로버트 모리스 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="로버트 모리스" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Morris_(politico)" title="Robert Morris (politico) – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Robert Morris (politico)" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%91%D7%A8%D7%98_%D7%9E%D7%95%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%A1" title="רוברט מוריס – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="רוברט מוריס" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robertus_Morris" title="Robertus Morris – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Robertus Morris" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%AA_%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%B3" title="روبرت موريس – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="روبرت موريس" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Morris_(ondernemer)" title="Robert Morris (ondernemer) – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Robert Morris (ondernemer)" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%AD%E3%83%90%E3%83%BC%E3%83%88%E3%83%BB%E3%83%A2%E3%83%AA%E3%82%B9_(%E7%8B%AC%E7%AB%8B%E5%AE%A3%E8%A8%80%E7%BD%B2%E5%90%8D%E8%80%85)" title="ロバート・モリス (独立宣言署名者) – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ロバート・モリス (独立宣言署名者)" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%BC_%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%B3_(%D9%BE%D8%A7%D9%86%DA%AB%D9%88%D9%86%DA%A9%DB%8C)" title="رابرټ موريس (پانګونکی) – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="رابرټ موريس (پانګونکی)" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Morris_(1734%E2%80%931806)" title="Robert Morris (1734–1806) – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Robert Morris (1734–1806)" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Morris_(financeiro)" title="Robert Morris (financeiro) – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Robert Morris (financeiro)" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%81,_%D0%A0%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%82_(%D1%84%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82)" title="Моррис, Роберт (финансист) – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Моррис, Роберт (финансист)" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Morris_(merchant)" title="Robert Morris (merchant) – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Robert Morris (merchant)" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Morris_(poliitikko)" title="Robert Morris (poliitikko) – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Robert Morris (poliitikko)" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Morris_(politiker)" title="Robert Morris (politiker) – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Robert Morris (politiker)" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%82_%D0%9C%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%80%D1%96%D1%81" title="Роберт Морріс – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Роберт Морріс" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q464876#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav 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(merchant)</a>)</span></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Anglo-American merchant and politician (1734–1806)</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other people named Robert Morris, see <a href="/wiki/Robert_Morris_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Robert Morris (disambiguation)">Robert Morris (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size: 100%;"><div class="fn" style="font-size:125%;">Robert Morris</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Robert_Morris.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Robert_Morris.jpg/220px-Robert_Morris.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="263" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Robert_Morris.jpg/330px-Robert_Morris.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Robert_Morris.jpg/440px-Robert_Morris.jpg 2x" data-file-width="969" data-file-height="1158" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption" style="line-height:normal;padding-top:0.2em;">Robert Morris portrait by <a href="/wiki/Robert_Edge_Pine" title="Robert Edge Pine">Robert Edge Pine</a></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate" title="United States Senate">United States Senator</a><br />from <a href="/wiki/Pennsylvania" title="Pennsylvania">Pennsylvania</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />March 4, 1789 – March 4, 1795</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data">Seat established</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/William_Bingham" title="William Bingham">William Bingham</a></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_the_Navy" title="United States Secretary of the Navy">United States Agent of Marine</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />August 12, 1781 – November 1, 1784</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Alexander_McDougall" title="Alexander McDougall">Alexander McDougall</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(Secretary of Marine)</span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Stoddert" title="Benjamin Stoddert">Benjamin Stoddert</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(Secretary of the Navy)</span></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Superintendent_of_Finance_of_the_United_States" title="Superintendent of Finance of the United States">United States Superintendent of Finance</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />June 27, 1781 – November 1, 1784</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data">Position established</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Hamilton" title="Alexander Hamilton">Alexander Hamilton</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(<a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_the_Treasury" title="United States Secretary of the Treasury">Secretary of the Treasury</a>)</span></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;">Delegate to the<br /><a href="/wiki/Second_Continental_Congress" title="Second Continental Congress">Second Continental Congress</a><br />from <a href="/wiki/Pennsylvania" title="Pennsylvania">Pennsylvania</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />1775–1778</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender">Personal details</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data"><span style="display:none">(<span class="bday">1734-01-20</span>)</span>January 20, 1734<br /><a href="/wiki/Liverpool" title="Liverpool">Liverpool</a>, Lancashire,England</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">May 8, 1806<span style="display:none">(1806-05-08)</span> (aged 72)<br /><a href="/wiki/Forked_River,_New_Jersey" title="Forked River, New Jersey">Forked River, New Jersey</a>, United States</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Political party</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Federalist_Party" title="Federalist Party">Federalist</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Spouse</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1151524712">.mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin2px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-2px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin3px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-3px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-display-ws{display:inline;white-space:nowrap}</style> <div class="marriage-display-ws"><div style="display:inline-block;line-height:normal;margin-top:1px;white-space:normal;">Mary White (1749–1827)</div> <div class="marriage-line-margin2px"></div> <div style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:1px;"></div>(<abbr title="married">m.</abbr> 1769)<wbr /></div><sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Children</th><td class="infobox-data">7, including <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Morris_(New_York_politician)" title="Thomas Morris (New York politician)">Thomas</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Signature</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="skin-invert" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Robert_Morris_signature.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Robert Morris (financier)'s signature"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Robert_Morris_signature.png/128px-Robert_Morris_signature.png" decoding="async" width="128" height="30" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Robert_Morris_signature.png/192px-Robert_Morris_signature.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Robert_Morris_signature.png/256px-Robert_Morris_signature.png 2x" data-file-width="330" data-file-height="77" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below" style="border-top: 1px solid right;"><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Robert Morris Jr.</b> (January 20, 1734 – May 8, 1806) was an English-born American merchant, investor<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and politician who was one of the <a href="/wiki/Founding_Fathers_of_the_United_States" title="Founding Fathers of the United States">Founding Fathers of the United States</a>. He served as a member of the <a href="/wiki/Pennsylvania" title="Pennsylvania">Pennsylvania</a> legislature, the <a href="/wiki/Second_Continental_Congress" title="Second Continental Congress">Second Continental Congress</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate" title="United States Senate">United States Senate</a>, and was one of only two people who signed the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Declaration_of_Independence" title="United States Declaration of Independence">Declaration of Independence</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Articles_of_Confederation" title="Articles of Confederation">Articles of Confederation</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_the_United_States" title="Constitution of the United States">United States Constitution</a> (The other being <a href="/wiki/Roger_Sherman" title="Roger Sherman">Roger Sherman</a>). From 1781 to 1784, he served as the <a href="/wiki/Superintendent_of_Finance_of_the_United_States" title="Superintendent of Finance of the United States">Superintendent of Finance of the United States</a>, becoming known as the "Financier of the Revolution." Along with <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Hamilton" title="Alexander Hamilton">Alexander Hamilton</a> and <a href="/wiki/Albert_Gallatin" title="Albert Gallatin">Albert Gallatin</a>, he is widely regarded as one of the founders of the financial system of the United States. </p><p>Born in <a href="/wiki/Liverpool" title="Liverpool">Liverpool</a>, Morris was brought to <a href="/wiki/North_America" title="North America">North America</a> by his father when he was 13 years old, quickly becoming a partner in a successful shipping firm based in <a href="/wiki/Philadelphia" title="Philadelphia">Philadelphia</a>. In the aftermath of the <a href="/wiki/French_and_Indian_War" title="French and Indian War">French and Indian War</a>, Morris joined with other merchants in opposing British tax policies such as the 1765 <a href="/wiki/Stamp_Act_1765" title="Stamp Act 1765">Stamp Act</a>. By 1775 he was the richest man in America.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After the outbreak of the <a href="/wiki/American_Revolutionary_War" title="American Revolutionary War">American Revolutionary War</a>, he helped procure arms and ammunition for the revolutionary cause, and in late 1775 he was chosen as a delegate to the Second Continental Congress. As a member of Congress, he served on the Secret Committee of Trade, which handled the procurement of supplies, the <a href="/wiki/Committees_of_correspondence" title="Committees of correspondence">Committee of Correspondence</a>, which handled foreign affairs, and the Marine Committee, which oversaw the <a href="/wiki/Continental_Navy" title="Continental Navy">Continental Navy</a>. Morris was a leading member of Congress until he resigned in 1778. Out of office, Morris refocused on his merchant career and won election to the <a href="/wiki/Pennsylvania_General_Assembly" title="Pennsylvania General Assembly">Pennsylvania Assembly</a>, where he became a leader of the "Republican" faction that sought alterations to the <a href="/wiki/Pennsylvania_Constitution_of_1776" title="Pennsylvania Constitution of 1776">Pennsylvania Constitution</a>. </p><p>Facing a difficult financial situation in the ongoing <a href="/wiki/American_Revolutionary_War" title="American Revolutionary War">Revolutionary War</a>, in 1781 Congress established the position of Superintendent of Finance to oversee financial matters. Morris accepted appointment as Superintendent of Finance and also served as Agent of Marine, from which he controlled the Continental Navy. He helped provide supplies to the <a href="/wiki/Continental_Army" title="Continental Army">Continental Army</a> under General <a href="/wiki/George_Washington" title="George Washington">George Washington</a>, enabling, with the help of frequent collaborator <a href="/wiki/Haym_Salomon" title="Haym Salomon">Haym Salomon</a>, the decisive victory in the <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Yorktown" title="Siege of Yorktown">Battle of Yorktown</a>. Morris also reformed government contracting and established the <a href="/wiki/Bank_of_North_America" title="Bank of North America">Bank of North America</a>, the first congressionally chartered <a href="/wiki/Central_bank" title="Central bank">national bank</a> to operate in the United States. Morris believed that the national government would be unable to achieve financial stability without the power to levy taxes and <a href="/wiki/Tariffs_in_United_States_history" class="mw-redirect" title="Tariffs in United States history">tariffs</a>, but he was unable to convince all thirteen states to agree to an amendment to the Articles of Confederation. Frustrated by the weakness of the national government, Morris resigned as Superintendent of Finance in 1784.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Morris was elected to the <a href="/wiki/American_Philosophical_Society" title="American Philosophical Society">American Philosophical Society</a> in 1786.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1787, Morris was selected as a delegate to the <a href="/wiki/Constitutional_Convention_(United_States)" title="Constitutional Convention (United States)">Philadelphia Convention</a>, which wrote and proposed a new constitution for the United States. Morris rarely spoke during the convention, but the constitution produced by the convention reflected many of his ideas. Morris and his allies helped ensure that Pennsylvania ratified the new constitution, and the document was ratified by the requisite number of states by the end of 1788. The Pennsylvania legislature subsequently elected Morris as one of its two inaugural representatives in the United States Senate. Morris declined Washington's offer to serve as the nation's first <a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_the_Treasury" title="United States Secretary of the Treasury">Treasury Secretary</a>, instead suggesting Alexander Hamilton for the position. In the Senate, Morris supported Hamilton's economic program and aligned with the <a href="/wiki/Federalist_Party_(United_States)" class="mw-redirect" title="Federalist Party (United States)">Federalist Party</a>. During and after his service in the Senate, Morris went deeply into debt through speculating on land, leading into the <a href="/wiki/Panic_of_1796%E2%80%931797" title="Panic of 1796–1797">Panic of 1796–1797</a>. Unable to pay his creditors, he was confined in the Prune Street <a href="/wiki/Debtors%27_prison" title="Debtors' prison">debtors' apartment</a> adjacent to <a href="/wiki/Walnut_Street_Prison" title="Walnut Street Prison">Walnut Street Prison</a> from 1798 to 1801. After being released from prison, he lived a quiet, private life in a modest home in Philadelphia until his death in 1806.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_life">Early life</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Robert_Morris_(financier)&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Early life"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Youth">Youth</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Robert_Morris_(financier)&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Youth"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Morris was born in Liverpool, England, on January 20, 1734.<sup id="cite_ref-congbio_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-congbio-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His parents were Robert Morris Sr., an <a href="/wiki/Factor_(agent)" title="Factor (agent)">agent</a> for a shipping firm, and Elizabeth Murphet; biographer Charles Rappleye concludes that Morris was probably born <a href="/wiki/Legitimacy_(family_law)" title="Legitimacy (family law)">out of wedlock</a>. Until he reached the age of thirteen, Morris was raised by his maternal grandmother in England. In 1747, Morris immigrated to <a href="/wiki/Oxford,_Maryland" title="Oxford, Maryland">Oxford, Maryland</a>, where his father had prospered in the <a href="/wiki/Tobacco" title="Tobacco">tobacco</a> trade. Two years later, Morris's father sent him to Philadelphia, then the most populous city in <a href="/wiki/British_North_America" title="British North America">British North America</a>, where Morris lived under the care of his father's friend, Charles Greenway.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERappleye20107–8_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERappleye20107–8-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Merchant_career">Merchant career</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Robert_Morris_(financier)&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Merchant career"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Robert_Morris_circa_1876.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Robert_Morris_circa_1876.jpg/220px-Robert_Morris_circa_1876.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="291" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/72/Robert_Morris_circa_1876.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="397" /></a><figcaption>An engraving by Ole Erekson, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1876</span>, of Robert Morris</figcaption></figure> <p>Greenway arranged for Morris to become an apprentice at the shipping and banking firm of Philadelphia merchant <a href="/wiki/Charles_Willing" title="Charles Willing">Charles Willing</a>. In 1750, Robert Morris Sr. died from an infected wound,<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> leaving much of his substantial estate to his son.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERappleye20109–11_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERappleye20109–11-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Morris impressed Willing and rose from a teenage trainee to become a key agent in Willing's firm. Morris traveled to <a href="/wiki/Caribbean_Sea" title="Caribbean Sea">Caribbean</a> ports to expand the firm's business, and he gained a knowledge of trading and the various currencies used to exchange goods. He also befriended <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Willing" title="Thomas Willing">Thomas Willing</a>, the oldest son of Charles Willing who was two years older than Morris and who, like Morris, had split his life between England and British North America. Charles Willing died in 1754, and in 1757 Thomas made Morris a full partner in the newly renamed firm of Willing Morris & Company.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERappleye201010–13_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERappleye201010–13-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Morris's shipping firm was just one of many such firms operating in Philadelphia, but Willing, Morris & Co. pursued several innovative strategies. The firm pooled with other shipping firms to <a href="/wiki/Marine_insurance" title="Marine insurance">insure</a> vessels, aggressively expanded trade with India, and underwrote government projects through bonds and promissory notes.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERappleye201015–16_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERappleye201015–16-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ships of the firm traded with India, the <a href="/wiki/Levant" title="Levant">Levant</a>, the <a href="/wiki/West_Indies" title="West Indies">West Indies</a>, Spanish <a href="/wiki/Cuba" title="Cuba">Cuba</a>, Spain, and Italy. The firm's business of import, export, and general agency made it one of the most prosperous in Pennsylvania. In 1784, Morris, with other investors, underwrote the voyage of the ship <i><a href="/wiki/Empress_of_China_(1783)" title="Empress of China (1783)">Empress of China</a></i>, the first American vessel to visit the Chinese mainland.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Slavery">Slavery</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Robert_Morris_(financier)&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Slavery"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Morris's partnership with Willing was established just after the outbreak of the <a href="/wiki/French_and_Indian_War" title="French and Indian War">French and Indian War</a>, which hindered the usual supply of <a href="/wiki/Indentured_servitude_in_Pennsylvania" title="Indentured servitude in Pennsylvania">indentured servants</a> from the <a href="/wiki/British_Isles" title="British Isles">British Isles</a> to Pennsylvania.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (December 2018)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Many potential servants had been conscripted by the <a href="/wiki/British_Army" title="British Army">British Army</a> to fight in <a href="/wiki/Continental_Europe" title="Continental Europe">Continental Europe</a>, and a significant portion of the servants already in Pennsylvania were nearing the ends of their contracts.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (December 2018)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup> As such, there was a rapidly increasing demand in Pennsylvania for a supply of new slaves to compensate for the ongoing labor shortage. While Morris was a junior partner in the firm and Willing was pursuing a political career, Willing, Morris & Co. co-signed a petition calling for the repeal of Pennsylvania's tariff on imported slaves. In 1762, approximately 200 slaves were imported into Philadelphia, at the height of Pennsylvania's involvement in the <a href="/wiki/Atlantic_slave_trade" title="Atlantic slave trade">Atlantic slave trade</a>; most were brought in by <a href="/wiki/Colony_of_Rhode_Island_and_Providence_Plantations" title="Colony of Rhode Island and Providence Plantations">Rhode Island</a> merchants <a href="/wiki/Mark_Anthony_DeWolf" title="Mark Anthony DeWolf">Mark Anthony DeWolf</a>, <a href="/wiki/Aaron_Lopez" title="Aaron Lopez">Aaron Lopez</a>, and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Jacob_Rivera&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jacob Rivera (page does not exist)">Jacob Rivera</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As part of their commercial operations, Willing, Morris & Co. engaged in the slave trade.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The firm advertised slave sales and directed company ships to purchase slaves from Africa to sell in <a href="/wiki/British_North_America" title="British North America">British North America</a>. One of the first ships the firm purchased, <i>Nancy</i>, was used to make two voyages to Africa to purchase slaves; the first voyage occurred in 1762, and resulted in the sale of approximately 170 slaves purchased from the <a href="/wiki/Gold_Coast_(region)" title="Gold Coast (region)">Gold Coast</a> in <a href="/wiki/Wilmington,_North_Carolina" title="Wilmington, North Carolina">Wilmington, North Carolina</a>. Though it was profitable, this voyage did not make a large profit, and a second slave-trading voyage by <i>Nancy</i> resulted in her capture by French <a href="/wiki/Privateer" title="Privateer">privateers</a>. Willing, Morris & Co. also handled two slave auctions for other importers of slaves, offering 23 slaves for sale.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Three years later, the firm advertised 17 slaves for sale who were brought from Africa onboard the <a href="/wiki/Slave_ship" title="Slave ship">slave ship</a> <i>Marquis de Granby</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The slaves were not sold in Philadelphia, as the owner took the ship and all the slaves to <a href="/wiki/Colony_of_Jamaica" title="Colony of Jamaica">Jamaica</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (December 2018)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup> This was the last time Willing, Morris & Co. was involved in slave trade, though Morris continued to own slaves until 1797.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Personal_and_family_life">Personal and family life</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Robert_Morris_(financier)&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Personal and family life"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:368px;max-width:368px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:182px;max-width:182px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Morris,_Mrs._Robert_(3-4_length)_-_NARA_-_532937.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Morris%2C_Mrs._Robert_%283-4_length%29_-_NARA_-_532937.jpg/180px-Morris%2C_Mrs._Robert_%283-4_length%29_-_NARA_-_532937.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="241" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Morris%2C_Mrs._Robert_%283-4_length%29_-_NARA_-_532937.jpg/270px-Morris%2C_Mrs._Robert_%283-4_length%29_-_NARA_-_532937.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Morris%2C_Mrs._Robert_%283-4_length%29_-_NARA_-_532937.jpg/360px-Morris%2C_Mrs._Robert_%283-4_length%29_-_NARA_-_532937.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2240" data-file-height="3000" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">Mary Morris, Robert Morris's wife portrait by <a href="/wiki/Charles_Wilson_Peale" class="mw-redirect" title="Charles Wilson Peale">Charles Wilson Peale</a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:182px;max-width:182px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Robert_Morris_by_Charles_Willson_Peale,_c._1782_(New_Orleans_Mus_of_Art_78.2)_-_wide_crop.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Robert_Morris_by_Charles_Willson_Peale%2C_c._1782_%28New_Orleans_Mus_of_Art_78.2%29_-_wide_crop.jpg/180px-Robert_Morris_by_Charles_Willson_Peale%2C_c._1782_%28New_Orleans_Mus_of_Art_78.2%29_-_wide_crop.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="219" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Robert_Morris_by_Charles_Willson_Peale%2C_c._1782_%28New_Orleans_Mus_of_Art_78.2%29_-_wide_crop.jpg/270px-Robert_Morris_by_Charles_Willson_Peale%2C_c._1782_%28New_Orleans_Mus_of_Art_78.2%29_-_wide_crop.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Robert_Morris_by_Charles_Willson_Peale%2C_c._1782_%28New_Orleans_Mus_of_Art_78.2%29_-_wide_crop.jpg/360px-Robert_Morris_by_Charles_Willson_Peale%2C_c._1782_%28New_Orleans_Mus_of_Art_78.2%29_-_wide_crop.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3040" data-file-height="3702" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">Portrait of Robert Morris, c. 1782, by <a href="/wiki/Charles_Willson_Peale" title="Charles Willson Peale">Charles Willson Peale</a></div></div></div></div></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:368px;max-width:368px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:182px;max-width:182px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Robert_Morris_Jr._1769-1805.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Robert_Morris_Jr._1769-1805.jpg/180px-Robert_Morris_Jr._1769-1805.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="192" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Robert_Morris_Jr._1769-1805.jpg/270px-Robert_Morris_Jr._1769-1805.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Robert_Morris_Jr._1769-1805.jpg/360px-Robert_Morris_Jr._1769-1805.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1438" data-file-height="1536" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">Robert Morris Jr. 1769–1805</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:182px;max-width:182px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:A_portrait_of_Miss_Hetty_and_Miss_Maria_Morris.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/A_portrait_of_Miss_Hetty_and_Miss_Maria_Morris.jpg/180px-A_portrait_of_Miss_Hetty_and_Miss_Maria_Morris.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="135" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/A_portrait_of_Miss_Hetty_and_Miss_Maria_Morris.jpg/270px-A_portrait_of_Miss_Hetty_and_Miss_Maria_Morris.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/A_portrait_of_Miss_Hetty_and_Miss_Maria_Morris.jpg/360px-A_portrait_of_Miss_Hetty_and_Miss_Maria_Morris.jpg 2x" data-file-width="626" data-file-height="470" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">Hester Morris (Mrs <a href="/wiki/James_Markham_Marshall" title="James Markham Marshall">James Markham Marshall</a>), and her sister Maria Morris (Mrs. Henry Nixon) portrait by <a href="/wiki/Gilbert_Stuart" title="Gilbert Stuart">Gilbert Stuart</a></div></div></div></div></div> <p>In early 1769, at age 35, Morris married 20-year-old Mary White, the daughter of a wealthy and prestigious lawyer and landholder. Mary gave birth to the couple's first of seven children in December 1769. (One son was Congressman <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Morris_(New_York_politician)" title="Thomas Morris (New York politician)">Thomas Morris</a>, whose wife was related to the <a href="/wiki/Livingston_family" title="Livingston family">Livingston</a> and <a href="/wiki/Van_Rensselaer_family" title="Van Rensselaer family">Van Rensselaer</a> New York political families). Morris and his family lived on <a href="/wiki/Front_Street_(Philadelphia)" title="Front Street (Philadelphia)">Front Street</a> in Philadelphia and maintained a second home, known as "The Hills," on the <a href="/wiki/Schuylkill_River" title="Schuylkill River">Schuylkill River</a> to the northwest of the city. He later purchased another rural manor, which he named <a href="/wiki/Morrisville,_Bucks_County,_Pennsylvania" title="Morrisville, Bucks County, Pennsylvania">Morrisville</a>, that was located across the <a href="/wiki/Delaware_River" title="Delaware River">Delaware River</a> from <a href="/wiki/Trenton,_New_Jersey" title="Trenton, New Jersey">Trenton, New Jersey</a>. The Morrises worshiped at the <a href="/wiki/Anglican_Communion" title="Anglican Communion">Anglican</a> <a href="/wiki/Christ_Church,_Philadelphia" title="Christ Church, Philadelphia">Christ Church</a>, which was also attended by <a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Franklin" title="Benjamin Franklin">Benjamin Franklin</a>, Thomas Willing, and other leading citizens of Philadelphia.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERappleye201021–23_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERappleye201021–23-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Morris household employed several domestic workers and retained several slaves.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERappleye201026,_140,_415_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERappleye201026,_140,_415-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In addition to the children he had with Mary White, Morris fathered a daughter, Polly, out of wedlock around 1763. Morris supported Polly financially and remained in contact with her throughout her adult life. Morris also supported a younger half-brother, Thomas, whom Morris's father had sired out of wedlock shortly before his own death. Thomas eventually became a partner in Morris's shipping firm.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERappleye201011,_14,_23_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERappleye201011,_14,_23-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Mary's brother, <a href="/wiki/William_White_(bishop_of_Pennsylvania)" title="William White (bishop of Pennsylvania)">William White</a>, was ordained as an <a href="/wiki/Episcopal_Church_(United_States)" title="Episcopal Church (United States)">Episcopal</a> priest and served as the <a href="/wiki/Chaplain_of_the_United_States_Senate" title="Chaplain of the United States Senate">Senate chaplain</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERappleye201022,_140_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERappleye201022,_140-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:PhiladelphiaPresidentsHouse.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/PhiladelphiaPresidentsHouse.jpg/220px-PhiladelphiaPresidentsHouse.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="149" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/PhiladelphiaPresidentsHouse.jpg/330px-PhiladelphiaPresidentsHouse.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/PhiladelphiaPresidentsHouse.jpg/440px-PhiladelphiaPresidentsHouse.jpg 2x" data-file-width="674" data-file-height="455" /></a><figcaption>Morris owned what became known as the <a href="/wiki/President%27s_House_(Philadelphia,_Pennsylvania)" class="mw-redirect" title="President's House (Philadelphia, Pennsylvania)">President's House</a> in Philadelphia</figcaption></figure> <p>In 1781, Morris purchased a home on <a href="/wiki/Market_Street_(Philadelphia)" title="Market Street (Philadelphia)">Market Street</a> that was two blocks north of <a href="/wiki/Independence_Hall" title="Independence Hall">Independence Hall</a>, the seat of the Second Continental Congress. He gained clear title to the estate in 1785 and made it his primary residence.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERappleye2010412–413_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERappleye2010412–413-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1790, President <a href="/wiki/George_Washington" title="George Washington">George Washington</a> accepted Morris's offer to make the house his primary residence; Morris and his family subsequently moved to a smaller, neighboring property.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERappleye2010485–486_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERappleye2010485–486-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By the 1790s, Morris had become close friends with Washington, and he and his wife were regular fixtures at state events thrown by the president.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERappleye2010490–491_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERappleye2010490–491-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/President%27s_House_(Philadelphia)" title="President's House (Philadelphia)">President's House</a>, as it became known, served as the residence of the president until 1800, when President <a href="/wiki/John_Adams" title="John Adams">John Adams</a> moved to the <a href="/wiki/White_House" title="White House">White House</a> in <a href="/wiki/Washington,_D.C." title="Washington, D.C.">Washington, D.C.</a><sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="American_Revolution">American Revolution</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Robert_Morris_(financier)&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: American Revolution"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Rising_tensions_with_Britain">Rising tensions with Britain</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Robert_Morris_(financier)&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Rising tensions with Britain"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1765, the <a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_Great_Britain" title="Parliament of Great Britain">Parliament of Great Britain</a> imposed the <a href="/wiki/Stamp_Act_1765" title="Stamp Act 1765">Stamp Act</a>, a tax on transactions involving paper that proved widely unpopular in British North America. In one of his first major political acts, Morris joined with several other merchants in pressuring British agent <a href="/wiki/John_Hughes_(Pennsylvania_politician)" title="John Hughes (Pennsylvania politician)">John Hughes</a> to refrain from collecting the new tax.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERappleye201017–19_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERappleye201017–19-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Facing colonial resistance, Parliament repealed the tax, but it later implemented other policies designed to generate tax revenue from the colonies. During the decade after the imposition of the Stamp Act, Morris would frequently join with other merchants in protesting many of Parliament's taxation policies.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERappleye201020–21_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERappleye201020–21-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Writing to a friend about his objections to British tax policies, Morris stated that "I am a native of England but from principle am American in this dispute."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERappleye201027–28_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERappleye201027–28-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While his partner, Thomas Willing, served in various governmental positions, Morris declined to serve in any public office other than that of port warden (a position he shared with six other individuals), and he generally let Willing act as the public face of the firm.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERappleye201013,_22_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERappleye201013,_22-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In early 1774, in response to the <a href="/wiki/Intolerable_Acts" title="Intolerable Acts">Intolerable Acts</a>, many colonists in British North America began calling for a boycott of British goods. In Philadelphia, Willing, <a href="/wiki/Charles_Thomson" title="Charles Thomson">Charles Thomson</a>, and <a href="/wiki/John_Dickinson" title="John Dickinson">John Dickinson</a> took the lead in calling for a congress of all the colonies to coordinate a response to British tax policies.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERappleye201027–28_32-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERappleye201027–28-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Morris was not elected to the <a href="/wiki/First_Continental_Congress" title="First Continental Congress">First Continental Congress</a>, which convened in Philadelphia in August 1774, but he frequently met with the congressional delegates and befriended colonial leaders such as George Washington and <a href="/wiki/John_Jay" title="John Jay">John Jay</a>. Morris generally sympathized with the position of the delegates who favored the reform of British policies but were unwilling to fully break with Britain. In September 1774, the First Continental Congress voted to create the <a href="/wiki/Continental_Association" title="Continental Association">Continental Association</a>, an agreement to enforce a boycott against British goods beginning in December; it also advised each colony to establish committees to enforce the boycott. Morris was elected to the Philadelphia committee charged with enforcing the boycott.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERappleye201030–32_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERappleye201030–32-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Continental_Congress">Continental Congress</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Robert_Morris_(financier)&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Continental Congress"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Early_war,_1775–August_1776"><span id="Early_war.2C_1775.E2.80.93August_1776"></span>Early war, 1775–August 1776</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Robert_Morris_(financier)&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Early war, 1775–August 1776"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In April 1775, the <a href="/wiki/American_Revolutionary_War" title="American Revolutionary War">American Revolutionary War</a> broke out following the <a href="/wiki/Battles_of_Lexington_and_Concord" title="Battles of Lexington and Concord">Battles of Lexington and Concord</a>. Shortly thereafter, the <a href="/wiki/Second_Continental_Congress" title="Second Continental Congress">Second Continental Congress</a> began meeting in <a href="/wiki/Philadelphia" title="Philadelphia">Philadelphia</a>, and Congress appointed <a href="/wiki/George_Washington" title="George Washington">George Washington</a> to command the <a href="/wiki/Continental_Army" title="Continental Army">Continental Army</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Pennsylvania_Provincial_Assembly" class="mw-redirect" title="Pennsylvania Provincial Assembly">Pennsylvania Provincial Assembly</a> established the twenty-five member <a href="/wiki/Committees_of_safety_(American_Revolution)" class="mw-redirect" title="Committees of safety (American Revolution)">Committee of Safety</a> to supervise defenses, and Morris was appointed to the committee. Morris became part of the core group of members that directed the committee and served as the committee's chairman when <a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Franklin" title="Benjamin Franklin">Benjamin Franklin</a> was absent. Charged with obtaining <a href="/wiki/Gunpowder" title="Gunpowder">gunpowder</a>, Morris arranged a large-scale smuggling operation to avoid British laws designed to prevent arms and ammunition from being imported into the colonies. Due to his success at smuggling gunpowder for Pennsylvania, Morris also became the chief supplier of gunpowder to the Continental Army.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERappleye201033–38_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERappleye201033–38-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Morris became increasingly focused on political affairs rather than business, and in October 1775 he won election to the Pennsylvania Provincial Assembly. Later in the year, the Provincial Assembly elected Morris as a delegate to Congress.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERappleye201041–42_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERappleye201041–42-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In Congress, Morris aligned with the less radical faction of delegates that protested British policies but continued to favor reconciliation with Britain. He was appointed to the Secret Committee of Trade, which supervised the procurement of arms and ammunition.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERappleye201044_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERappleye201044-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As the revolutionary government lacked an executive branch or a civil service, the committees of Congress handled all government business.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERappleye2010106–107_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERappleye2010106–107-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Biographer Charles Rappleye writes that the committee "handled its contracts in a clubby, often incestuous manner" that may have unfairly benefited politically connected merchants, including Morris. However, Rappleye also notes that the dangerous and secretive nature of a committee charged with obtaining contraband goods made it difficult for the committee to establish competitive <a href="/wiki/Bidding" title="Bidding">bidding</a> procedures for procurement contracts.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERappleye201044–46_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERappleye201044–46-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In addition to his service on the Secret Committee of Trade, Morris was also appointed to the Marine Committee, which oversaw the <a href="/wiki/Continental_Navy" title="Continental Navy">Continental Navy</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>b<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the <a href="/wiki/Committee_of_Secret_Correspondence" title="Committee of Secret Correspondence">Committee of Secret Correspondence</a>, which oversaw efforts to establish relations with foreign powers.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERappleye201047–50_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERappleye201047–50-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> From his position on the latter committee, Morris helped arrange for the appointment of <a href="/wiki/Silas_Deane" title="Silas Deane">Silas Deane</a> as Congress's representative to France; Deane was charged with procuring supplies and securing a formal alliance with France.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERappleye201056–57_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERappleye201056–57-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Throughout 1776, Morris would emerge as a key figure on the Marine Committee; Rappleye describes him as the "de facto commander" of the Continental Navy. Morris favored a naval strategy of attacking Britain's "defenseless places" in an effort to divide Britain's numerically superior fleet.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERappleye201049–51_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERappleye201049–51-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Along with Franklin, Dickinson, and <a href="/wiki/John_Adams" title="John Adams">John Adams</a>, Morris helped draft the <a href="/wiki/Model_Treaty" title="Model Treaty">Model Treaty</a>, which was designed to serve as a template for relations with foreign countries. Unlike Britain's <a href="/wiki/Mercantilism" title="Mercantilism">mercantile</a> trade policies, the Model Treaty emphasized the importance of <a href="/wiki/Free_trade" title="Free trade">free trade</a>. In March 1776, after the death of <a href="/wiki/Samuel_Ward_(American_statesman)" class="mw-redirect" title="Samuel Ward (American statesman)">Samuel Ward</a>, Morris was named as the chairman of the Secret Committee of Trade.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERappleye201051–52_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERappleye201051–52-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He established a network of agents, based in both the colonies and various foreign ports, charged with procuring supplies for the Continental war effort.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERappleye201055–56_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERappleye201055–56-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In late February 1776, Americans learned that the British Parliament had passed the <a href="/wiki/Prohibitory_Act" title="Prohibitory Act">Prohibitory Act</a>, which declared that all American shipping was subject to seizure by British ships. Unlike many other congressional leaders, Morris continued to hope for reconciliation with Britain, since he believed that all-out war still lacked the strong support of a majority of Americans and would prove financially ruinous.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERappleye201059–61_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERappleye201059–61-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In June 1776, due largely to frustration with the moderate faction of Pennsylvania leaders that included Morris, a convention of delegates from across Pennsylvania began meeting to draft a <a href="/wiki/Pennsylvania_Constitution_of_1776" title="Pennsylvania Constitution of 1776">new constitution</a> and establish a new state government. At the same time, Congress was debating whether to formally declare independence from Britain. By early July 1776, Pennsylvania's delegation was the lone congressional delegation opposed to declaring independence. Morris refused to vote for independence, but he and another Pennsylvania delegate agreed to excuse themselves from the vote on independence, thereby giving the pro-independence movement a majority in the Pennsylvania delegation. With Morris absent, all congressional delegations voted to pass a <a href="/wiki/Lee_Resolution" title="Lee Resolution">resolution</a> declaring independence on July 2, and the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a> formally declared independence on July 4, 1776.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERappleye201070–72_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERappleye201070–72-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Despite his opposition to independence, and much to Morris's surprise, the Pennsylvania constitutional convention voted to keep Morris in Congress; he was the lone anti-independence delegate from Pennsylvania to retain his position. In August, Morris signed the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Declaration_of_Independence" title="United States Declaration of Independence">Declaration of Independence</a> despite having abstained.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERappleye201074_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERappleye201074-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In explaining his decision, he stated, "I am not one of those politicians that run testy when my own plans are not adopted. I think it is the duty of a good citizen to follow when he cannot lead." He also stated, "while I do not wish to see my countrymen die on the field of battle nor do I wish to see them live in tyranny".<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Continued_war,_August_1776–1778"><span id="Continued_war.2C_August_1776.E2.80.931778"></span>Continued war, August 1776–1778</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Robert_Morris_(financier)&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Continued war, August 1776–1778"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Commerce_in_The_Apotheosis_of_Washington.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commerce_in_The_Apotheosis_of_Washington.jpg/300px-Commerce_in_The_Apotheosis_of_Washington.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="218" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commerce_in_The_Apotheosis_of_Washington.jpg/450px-Commerce_in_The_Apotheosis_of_Washington.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4a/Commerce_in_The_Apotheosis_of_Washington.jpg 2x" data-file-width="481" data-file-height="350" /></a><figcaption>A scene from <i><a href="/wiki/The_Apotheosis_of_Washington" title="The Apotheosis of Washington">The Apotheosis of Washington</a></i> shows Morris receiving a bag of gold from <a href="/wiki/Mercury_(mythology)" title="Mercury (mythology)">Mercury</a>, commemorating his financial services during the Revolutionary War</figcaption></figure> <p>After the Declaration of Independence was issued, Morris continued to supervise and coordinate efforts to secure arms and ammunition and export American goods. His strategy focused on using ships from New England to export tobacco and other goods from the Southern states to Europe and the islands of the Caribbean, then using the capital obtained from those exports to purchase military supplies from Europe. British spies and warships often frustrated his plans, and many American ships were captured in the midst of trading operations.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERappleye201078–83_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERappleye201078–83-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In response, Morris authorized American envoys in Europe to commission <a href="/wiki/Privateers" class="mw-redirect" title="Privateers">privateers</a> to attack British shipping, and he arranged for an agent, <a href="/wiki/William_Bingham" title="William Bingham">William Bingham</a>, to pay for repairs to American privateers on the French island of <a href="/wiki/Martinique" title="Martinique">Martinique</a>. Due to the lucrative nature of privateering, Morris also started outfitting his own privateers.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERappleye2010104–105_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERappleye2010104–105-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Another agent of Morris's, his half-brother Thomas Morris, proved a disastrous choice for managing American privateers in Europe, as Thomas engaged in binge drinking and mismanaged funds.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERappleye2010121–122,_134_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERappleye2010121–122,_134-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In October 1776, at the urging of Morris and Benjamin Franklin, Congress authorized the appointment of two envoys charged with seeking a formal treaty of alliance with France; ultimately, Benjamin Franklin and <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Lee_(diplomat)" title="Arthur Lee (diplomat)">Arthur Lee</a> were appointed as those envoys.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERappleye201083–85_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERappleye201083–85-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Along with Silas Deane, Franklin would help to greatly expand arms shipments from France and <a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain">Spain</a>, but Lee proved to be completely incompetent in his efforts to gain support from <a href="/wiki/Prussia" title="Prussia">Prussia</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Habsburg_monarchy" title="Habsburg monarchy">Habsburg monarchy</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERappleye2010100–103_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERappleye2010100–103-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In early December 1776, Washington's army was forced to retreat across the <a href="/wiki/Delaware_River" title="Delaware River">Delaware River</a> and into Pennsylvania, and most members of Congress temporarily left Philadelphia. Morris was one of few delegates to remain in the city, and Congress appointed Morris and two other delegates to "execute Continental business" in its absence.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERappleye201090–91,_114_56-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERappleye201090–91,_114-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Morris frequently corresponded with Washington, and he provided supplies that helped enable the Continental victory at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Trenton" title="Battle of Trenton">Battle of Trenton</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERappleye201093–94_57-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERappleye201093–94-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After the Continental Army was defeated in the September 1777 <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Brandywine" title="Battle of Brandywine">Battle of Brandywine</a>, Congress fled west from Philadelphia; Morris and his family went to live at the estate they had recently purchased in <a href="/wiki/Manheim,_Pennsylvania" title="Manheim, Pennsylvania">Manheim, Pennsylvania</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERappleye2010118–120_58-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERappleye2010118–120-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Morris obtained a leave of absence in late 1777, but he spent much of his time defending himself against attacks regarding alleged mismanagement and financial improprieties levied by the pro-slavery allies of <a href="/wiki/Henry_Laurens" title="Henry Laurens">Henry Laurens</a>, the <a href="/wiki/President_of_the_Continental_Congress" title="President of the Continental Congress">president of the Continental Congress</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERappleye2010140–143_59-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERappleye2010140–143-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Due to his leave of absence, Morris did not play a large role in drafting the <a href="/wiki/Articles_of_Confederation" title="Articles of Confederation">Articles of Confederation</a>, which would be the first constitution of the United States, but he signed the document in March 1778. As some states objected to the Articles, it would not enter into force until 1781.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERappleye2010144–145_60-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERappleye2010144–145-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Morris returned to Congress in May 1778 to vote for a measure to provide pensions to Continental Army officers. He formed a close working relationship with <a href="/wiki/Gouverneur_Morris" title="Gouverneur Morris">Gouverneur Morris</a> (no relation), a young New York congressman who shared many of Robert Morris's views.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERappleye2010144–145_60-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERappleye2010144–145-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The following month, Morris returned with Congress to Philadelphia, which had been evacuated by the British.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERappleye2010148–150_61-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERappleye2010148–150-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Morris did not resume his wide array of duties in Congress, seeking instead to wind down his projects so that he could focus on business.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERappleye2010159–161_62-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERappleye2010159–161-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In late 1778, Morris won election to the state assembly as part of a slate of candidates that favored reforming the Pennsylvania constitution; he resigned from Congress to take up his seat.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERappleye2010163–164_63-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERappleye2010163–164-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After Morris left Congress, <a href="/wiki/Henry_Laurens" title="Henry Laurens">Henry Laurens</a>, <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Paine" title="Thomas Paine">Thomas Paine</a>, and some other members of Congress continued their false attacks on him for allegedly using his position in Congress for his own financial benefit, but in early 1779 a congressional committee cleared Morris of all charges.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERappleye2010172–177_64-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERappleye2010172–177-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Out_of_Congress,_1779–1781"><span id="Out_of_Congress.2C_1779.E2.80.931781"></span>Out of Congress, 1779–1781</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Robert_Morris_(financier)&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Out of Congress, 1779–1781"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:NH_85212-KN.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/NH_85212-KN.jpg/330px-NH_85212-KN.jpg" decoding="async" width="330" height="199" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/NH_85212-KN.jpg/495px-NH_85212-KN.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/NH_85212-KN.jpg/660px-NH_85212-KN.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5050" data-file-height="3050" /></a><figcaption>USS <i>Alfred</i>, a ship of the <a href="/wiki/Continental_Navy" title="Continental Navy">Continental Navy</a> that had previously been owned by Morris</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:368px;max-width:368px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:182px;max-width:182px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Bank_of_North_America.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Bank_of_North_America.jpg/180px-Bank_of_North_America.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="283" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Bank_of_North_America.jpg/270px-Bank_of_North_America.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Bank_of_North_America.jpg/360px-Bank_of_North_America.jpg 2x" data-file-width="532" data-file-height="837" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">Bank of North America's original location at 307 Chestnut Street in Philadelphia</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:182px;max-width:182px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Demolition_scene_-_Bank_of_North_America,_305-307_Chestnut_Street,_Philadelphia,_Philadelphia_County,_PA_-_3.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Demolition_scene_-_Bank_of_North_America%2C_305-307_Chestnut_Street%2C_Philadelphia%2C_Philadelphia_County%2C_PA_-_3.jpg/180px-Demolition_scene_-_Bank_of_North_America%2C_305-307_Chestnut_Street%2C_Philadelphia%2C_Philadelphia_County%2C_PA_-_3.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="250" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Demolition_scene_-_Bank_of_North_America%2C_305-307_Chestnut_Street%2C_Philadelphia%2C_Philadelphia_County%2C_PA_-_3.jpg/270px-Demolition_scene_-_Bank_of_North_America%2C_305-307_Chestnut_Street%2C_Philadelphia%2C_Philadelphia_County%2C_PA_-_3.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Demolition_scene_-_Bank_of_North_America%2C_305-307_Chestnut_Street%2C_Philadelphia%2C_Philadelphia_County%2C_PA_-_3.jpg/360px-Demolition_scene_-_Bank_of_North_America%2C_305-307_Chestnut_Street%2C_Philadelphia%2C_Philadelphia_County%2C_PA_-_3.jpg 2x" data-file-width="736" data-file-height="1024" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">Demolishing the Bank of North America's building at 305–307 Chestnut Street in Philadelphia, c. 1959</div></div></div></div></div> <p>With their plans to call a new state constitutional convention frustrated by <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Reed_(politician)" title="Joseph Reed (politician)">Joseph Reed</a> and others, Morris and <a href="/wiki/James_Wilson_(Founding_Father)" title="James Wilson (Founding Father)">James Wilson</a> founded the Republican Society, a political club devoted to implementing a new state constitution. The Republican Society favored a bicameral legislature, a state executive with <a href="/wiki/Veto" title="Veto">veto</a> power, an independent judiciary, and an end to loyalty oaths to the state government. Other prominent Pennsylvanians, including Wilson, <a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Rush" title="Benjamin Rush">Benjamin Rush</a>, <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Mifflin" title="Thomas Mifflin">Thomas Mifflin</a>, and Charles Thomson, supported the Republican Society's goals, but Morris became the de facto leader of the faction that became known as the Republicans. Meanwhile, those who favored maintaining the state constitution became known as the Constitutionalists.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERappleye2010178–180_65-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERappleye2010178–180-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Due to rising <a href="/wiki/Inflation" title="Inflation">inflation</a>, in mid-1779 the Constitutionalists established a committee to implement <a href="/wiki/Price_controls" title="Price controls">price controls</a>; numerous Philadelphia merchants were arrested for allegedly violating the committee's orders, but Morris avoided imprisonment and emerged as a leading opponent of the committee.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERappleye2010180–186_66-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERappleye2010180–186-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The price control committee proved ineffective and disbanded in September, but the following month a mob rioted and seized several Republican leaders. Morris and other Republicans sheltered at James Wilson's house, where they were rescued by Reed and a detachment of the Continental Army.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERappleye2010189–193_67-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERappleye2010189–193-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Wilson fled the city after the riot, and popular anger at merchants resulted in Morris's defeat in his campaign for re-election to the state legislature.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERappleye2010195–196_68-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERappleye2010195–196-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Out of public office for the first time since the start of the American Revolution, Morris focused on expanding his shipping business. He partnered with several out-of-state businessmen, including Jonathan Hudson of Maryland and <a href="/wiki/Carter_Braxton" title="Carter Braxton">Carter Braxton</a> and <a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Harrison_V" title="Benjamin Harrison V">Benjamin Harrison</a> of Virginia, to form what biographer Charles Rappleye calls "the first national <a href="/wiki/Conglomerate_(company)" title="Conglomerate (company)">conglomerate</a>." In these trading ventures, Morris often provided financing and oversight but left the details to his partners.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERappleye2010204–205_69-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERappleye2010204–205-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> With national finances in tatters, Morris led a group of merchants in creating the <a href="/wiki/Bank_of_Pennsylvania" title="Bank of Pennsylvania">Bank of Pennsylvania</a>, which provided funding for the purchase of supplies by the Continental Army. The bank did not engage in the full range of modern banking activities, but it did accept deposits and provide a potential model for monetary reforms at the national level.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERappleye2010215–217_70-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERappleye2010215–217-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The success of the bank provided a boost to Morris's popularity, and in October 1780, he won election to the state legislature.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERappleye2010220–221_71-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERappleye2010220–221-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><a href="/wiki/William_Bingham" title="William Bingham">William Bingham</a>, rumored to be the richest man in America after the <a href="/wiki/American_Revolutionary_War" title="American Revolutionary War">Revolutionary War</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> purchased 9.5% of the available shares of the Bank of North America. The greatest share, however, 63.3%, was purchased on behalf of the United States government by Robert Morris, using a gift in the form of a loan from <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_France" title="Kingdom of France">France</a> and a loan from <a href="/wiki/Netherlands" title="Netherlands">Netherlands</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This had the effect of capitalizing the bank with large deposits of gold and silver coin and <a href="/wiki/Bills_of_exchange" class="mw-redirect" title="Bills of exchange">bills of exchange</a>. He then issued new paper currency backed by this supply.<sup id="cite_ref-Dowgin_74-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dowgin-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Superintendent_of_Finance">Superintendent of Finance</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Robert_Morris_(financier)&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Superintendent of Finance"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Confederation_Period" class="mw-redirect" title="Confederation Period">Confederation Period</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="First_months">First months</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Robert_Morris_(financier)&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: First months"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:RobertAndGouverneurMorris.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/RobertAndGouverneurMorris.jpg/290px-RobertAndGouverneurMorris.jpg" decoding="async" width="290" height="242" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/RobertAndGouverneurMorris.jpg/435px-RobertAndGouverneurMorris.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/RobertAndGouverneurMorris.jpg/580px-RobertAndGouverneurMorris.jpg 2x" data-file-width="718" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption>Painting of Gouverneur Morris and Robert Morris</figcaption></figure> <p>In the midst of the American Revolutionary War, U.S. government finances fell into a poor state as Congress lacked the power to raise revenue and the states largely refused to furnish funding. Without a mechanism for raising revenue, Congress repeatedly issued <a href="/wiki/Early_American_currency" title="Early American currency">paper money</a>, leading to rampant inflation.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERappleye2010210–213_75-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERappleye2010210–213-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By 1781, the U.S. faced an unremitting financial crisis, which was underscored by the January 1781 <a href="/wiki/Pennsylvania_Line_Mutiny" title="Pennsylvania Line Mutiny">Pennsylvania Line Mutiny</a>, in which ten poorly fed, unpaid Continental Army regiments demanded better conditions from Congress. Though the mutiny was put down, it convinced Congress to implement reforms that created the departments of war, marine, finance, and foreign affairs, each of which would be led by a departmental executive. By a unanimous vote, Congress selected Morris as the <a href="/wiki/Superintendent_of_Finance_of_the_United_States" title="Superintendent of Finance of the United States">Superintendent of Finance</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERappleye2010225–226_76-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERappleye2010225–226-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Morris accepted appointment as the Superintendent of Finance in May 1781, and he appointed Gouverneur Morris as his deputy.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERappleye2010234–235,_285_77-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERappleye2010234–235,_285-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Morris soon emerged as the key economic official in the country and became a leader of the Nationalist faction, an informal group of American leaders who favored a stronger national government.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERappleye2010227–229_78-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERappleye2010227–229-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He also had effective control over foreign affairs until <a href="/wiki/Robert_R._Livingston_(chancellor)" class="mw-redirect" title="Robert R. Livingston (chancellor)">Robert R. Livingston</a> was appointed as <a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_Foreign_Affairs" class="mw-redirect" title="United States Secretary of Foreign Affairs">Secretary of Foreign Affairs</a> later in the year.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERappleye2010240,_284_79-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERappleye2010240,_284-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In September 1781, Morris reluctantly agreed to serve as the <a href="/wiki/Agent_of_Marine" class="mw-redirect" title="Agent of Marine">Agent of Marine</a>, giving him civilian leadership of the Continental Navy.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERappleye2010263–264_80-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERappleye2010263–264-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Congress filled the last of the executive positions in November, when <a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Lincoln" title="Benjamin Lincoln">Benjamin Lincoln</a> accepted appointment as <a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_War" title="United States Secretary of War">Secretary of War</a>. Along with General Washington and Continental Congress secretary Charles Thomson, the three executives served as the leaders of the de facto first national executive branch in U.S. history; Morris assumed an unofficial role as the leading department secretary.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERappleye2010284–285_81-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERappleye2010284–285-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> All three executives, as well as Washington, aligned with the Nationalist faction, and they all cooperated to enhance the power of the national government.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERappleye2010285,_292–293_82-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERappleye2010285,_292–293-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In mid-1782, Congress established standing committees to provide oversight to the executive departments; Morris supported the congressional reorganization, but to his dismay, his longtime foe Arthur Lee became the chairman of the committee overseeing the finance department.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERappleye2010315–316_83-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERappleye2010315–316-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Morris pursued an array of reforms designed to boost the economy; many of the reforms were inspired by the <a href="/wiki/Laissez-faire" title="Laissez-faire">laissez-faire</a> economic ideas of <a href="/wiki/Adam_Smith" title="Adam Smith">Adam Smith</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERappleye2010247_84-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERappleye2010247-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Shortly after taking office, he convinced Congress to establish the <a href="/wiki/Bank_of_North_America" title="Bank of North America">Bank of North America</a>, the first bank to operate in the United States. Such a bank had been discussed in the months prior to Morris's appointment, but the bank itself was organized along lines laid out by Robert Morris and Gouverneur Morris. It was established as a private institution governed by its investors but was subject to inspection by the Superintendent of Finance. The bank would take the national government's deposits, provide loans to Congress, and issue <a href="/wiki/Banknotes" class="mw-redirect" title="Banknotes">banknotes</a>. Morris hoped that the bank would help finance the war, stabilize the nation's currency, and bring the country together under one unified monetary policy.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERappleye2010236–239_85-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERappleye2010236–239-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As the bank would take some time to begin functioning, in 1781 Morris presided over the issuing of a new currency, referred to as "Morris notes," backed by Morris's own funds.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERappleye2010258–259_86-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERappleye2010258–259-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Morris also convinced Congress to allow him to purchase all supplies for the Continental Army, and Congress required states to furnish funding rather than supplying goods like flour or meat.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERappleye2010246–247_87-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERappleye2010246–247-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>By 1781, the Revolutionary War had become a stalemate between Britain and the United States. The British had concentrated their military operations in the <a href="/wiki/Southern_theater_of_the_American_Revolutionary_War" title="Southern theater of the American Revolutionary War">Southern theater</a> of the war, while leaving a large force garrisoned at <a href="/wiki/New_York_City" title="New York City">New York City</a>. In August 1781, Morris met with General Washington and the <a href="/wiki/Jean-Baptiste_Donatien_de_Vimeur,_comte_de_Rochambeau" title="Jean-Baptiste Donatien de Vimeur, comte de Rochambeau">comte de Rochambeau</a>, who were planning a joint Franco-American operation against the British forces.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERappleye2010253–255_88-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERappleye2010253–255-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Morris redirected government funds to purchase supplies for Washington's march against British forces in Virginia, and he pleaded with state governments and the French government for further funding,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERappleye2010255–262_89-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERappleye2010255–262-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> with the final $20,000 needed coming from Morris's longtime collaborator, <a href="/wiki/Haym_Salomon" title="Haym Salomon">Haym Salomon</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-90" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At the October 1781 <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Yorktown" title="Siege of Yorktown">Battle of Yorktown</a>, Washington forced the surrender of the British army under the command of General <a href="/wiki/Charles_Cornwallis,_1st_Marquess_Cornwallis" title="Charles Cornwallis, 1st Marquess Cornwallis">Cornwallis</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERappleye2010275–277_91-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERappleye2010275–277-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After the Battle of Yorktown, Britain essentially abandoned its campaign on land, but the naval war continued as Britain sought to cut the United States off from its sources of trade.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERappleye2010300–301_92-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERappleye2010300–301-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="After_Yorktown">After Yorktown</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Robert_Morris_(financier)&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: After Yorktown"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Months after the Battle of Yorktown, Morris issued the "Report on Public Credit," an ambitious economic plan calling for the full payment of the country's war debt through new revenue measures.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERappleye2010303–306_93-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERappleye2010303–306-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It included a head tax on slaves in the various states, but above all, he pushed for a federal <a href="/wiki/Tariffs_in_United_States_history" class="mw-redirect" title="Tariffs in United States history">tariff</a> of five percent on all imported goods, which would require an amendment to the recently approved Articles of Confederation. Such an amendment would greatly strengthen the power of the national government, but the amendment process required the consent of each state, and many states were reluctant to alter the balance of power between the states and the national government.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERappleye2010248–251_94-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERappleye2010248–251-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Articles gave Congress the sole power to conduct foreign policy, but the states retained all power over funding; Congress had no independent power to raise funds, and lacked any mechanism to force states provide the funds that they owed to Congress.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERappleye2010257–258_95-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERappleye2010257–258-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Writing to the state governors, Morris argued that it was "high time to reliever ourselves from the infamy we have already sustained, and to rescue and restore the national credit. This can only be done by solid revenue."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERappleye2010279–280_96-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERappleye2010279–280-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By late 1782, all of the states but Rhode Island had agreed to back an amendment allowing the tariff, but that was enough to block the amendment.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERappleye2010325–329_97-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERappleye2010325–329-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Though he was frustrated in the tariff battle, Morris continued to implement and propose other economic reforms. In January 1782, after receiving its charter from Congress, the Bank of North America commenced operations, and the bank's currency soon achieved wide circulation. Morris sought the establishment of a national <a href="/wiki/Mint_(facility)" title="Mint (facility)">mint</a> to provide for a single coinage throughout the United States and proposed the <a href="/wiki/Nova_Constellatio" title="Nova Constellatio">first decimal currency</a>, but Congress was unwilling to back this project.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERappleye2010289–291_98-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERappleye2010289–291-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He appointed several receivers, including <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Hamilton" title="Alexander Hamilton">Alexander Hamilton</a>, to help circulate banknotes, report on the prices of goods, and perform other functions in places throughout the United States.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERappleye2010298–299_99-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERappleye2010298–299-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He also reformed government procurement of supplies, saving money by placing the onus for the storage and transport of supplies on government contractors.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERappleye2010247,_286–288_100-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERappleye2010247,_286–288-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Newburgh_Conspiracy">Newburgh Conspiracy</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Robert_Morris_(financier)&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Newburgh Conspiracy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Newburgh_Conspiracy" title="Newburgh Conspiracy">Newburgh Conspiracy</a></div> <p>Even after implementing several financial reforms, Morris was unable to pay the soldiers of the Continental Army.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERappleye2010288_101-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERappleye2010288-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The chief issue, aside from the unwillingness of the states to amend the Articles of Confederation, was the unwillingness of the states to supply adequate funding; many states refused to furnish any funds at all. The Bank of North America provided some loans, but eventually refused to furnish more funds until previous loans were paid off. Morris's efforts were further complicated by France's reluctance to extend more loans, as well as a drop-off in American trade, caused in part by British naval operations.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERappleye2010308–313_102-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERappleye2010308–313-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In December 1782, shortly after the apparent defeat of the proposed amendment to allow the national government to levy a tariff, General <a href="/wiki/Alexander_McDougall" title="Alexander McDougall">Alexander McDougall</a> led a delegation that presented a petition for immediate payment on behalf of the Continental Army.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERappleye2010330–333_103-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERappleye2010330–333-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While Morris helped temporarily defuse the crisis by offering the soldiers one month's pay, the petition reflected widespread unhappiness in the Continental Army at the continued lack of pay.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERappleye2010336–337_104-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERappleye2010336–337-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some Nationalists, including Gouverneur Morris, believed that only the discontent of the army could force the adoption of the amendment authorizing Congress to impose a tariff.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERappleye2010341–343_105-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERappleye2010341–343-105"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In March, Colonel <a href="/wiki/Walter_Stewart_(general)" title="Walter Stewart (general)">Walter Stewart</a> delivered the "Newburgh Address," in which he urged members of the Continental Army to rise up against Congress and demand payment. Washington prevented a mutiny by assuring the soldiers that they would eventually be paid. In the aftermath of the near-mutiny, Morris denied that he had played any role in fomenting insurrection.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERappleye2010347–351_106-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERappleye2010347–351-106"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Nonetheless, most historians believe that Morris was one of three leaders of the "<a href="/wiki/Newburgh_Conspiracy" title="Newburgh Conspiracy">Newburgh Conspiracy</a>, along with <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Hamilton" title="Alexander Hamilton">Alexander Hamilton</a> and Gouverneur Morris.<sup id="cite_ref-107" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-107"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>105<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Jack_N._Rakove" title="Jack N. Rakove">Jack N. Rakove</a> emphasizes the leadership of Robert Morris.<sup id="cite_ref-108" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-108"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>106<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, this conclusion overlooks several exculpatory facts: 1) Morris supplied $800,000 in his own notes to pay the soldiers in an effort to avoid discontent in the Army, 2) The address was written by Major Armstrong, General Gate's aide-de-camp, both of whom were anti-Morris partisans, 3) Armstrong went on to become a favorite of the Constitutionalists of Pennsylvania, who later made him their Clerk of the Assembly, 4) Morris's most bitter enemy, Arthur Lee, promoted articles published by anonymous partisans (probably Lee himself) in the Freeman’s Journal, attacking Morris.<sup id="cite_ref-109" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-109"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>107<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Blaming Morris had all the ear-marks of an early misinformation campaign designed to shift the blame for a failed and unpopular mutiny. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="National_debt">National debt</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Robert_Morris_(financier)&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: National debt"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Frustrated by his defeat in the tariff battle and the failure of states to provide adequate funding, Morris thought he was being forced to run up debts that the states were unwilling to pay. Writing that he would not be the "Minister of Injustice", he submitted his resignation in early 1783, but Hamilton and other Nationalists convinced him to stay in office.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERappleye2010356–357_110-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERappleye2010356–357-110"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>108<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br /> As of January 1, 1783, the public debt was $42 million of which 18.77 percent was foreign debt and 81.23 percent was owned at home.<sup id="cite_ref-books.google.com_111-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-books.google.com-111"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>109<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br />In a report to the President of Congress Morris wrote: </p> <ul><li>Domestic Debt...$35,327,769</li></ul> <p>of which </p> <ul><li>Loan Certificates...$11,463,802 [with two years interest loan due $877,828]</li> <li>Army Debt...$635,618.00<sup id="cite_ref-112" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-112"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>110<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <p>The rest being unliquidated debts, etc., interest.<sup id="cite_ref-books.google.com_111-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-books.google.com-111"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>109<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At roughly the same time, Morris and others in Philadelphia learned that the United States and Britain had signed a preliminary peace agreement, bringing an unofficial end to the Revolutionary War. Congress approved a furlough of the Continental Army soldiers, subject to recall in case hostilities broke out once again. Morris distributed "Morris notes" to the remaining soldiers, but many soldiers departed for their homes rather than waiting for the notes.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERappleye2010358–360,_374_113-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERappleye2010358–360,_374-113"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>111<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After a <a href="/wiki/Pennsylvania_Mutiny_of_1783" title="Pennsylvania Mutiny of 1783">mutiny over pay broke out</a> in Pennsylvania, Congress voted to leave Philadelphia and establish a provincial capital in <a href="/wiki/Princeton,_New_Jersey" title="Princeton, New Jersey">Princeton, New Jersey</a>; the mutiny dissipated shortly thereafter. Nationalists were devastated by this turn of events, and Hamilton resigned from Congress in mid-1783 after his proposal for convention to revise the Articles of Confederation was ignored.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERappleye2010361–36_114-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERappleye2010361–36-114"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>112<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:United_States_Central_map_1784-03-01_to_1784-05-12.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/United_States_Central_map_1784-03-01_to_1784-05-12.png/350px-United_States_Central_map_1784-03-01_to_1784-05-12.png" decoding="async" width="350" height="231" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/United_States_Central_map_1784-03-01_to_1784-05-12.png/525px-United_States_Central_map_1784-03-01_to_1784-05-12.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/United_States_Central_map_1784-03-01_to_1784-05-12.png/700px-United_States_Central_map_1784-03-01_to_1784-05-12.png 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="1320" /></a><figcaption>The United States following the signing of the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Paris_(1783)" title="Treaty of Paris (1783)">Treaty of Paris</a></figcaption></figure> <p>In November 1784, Morris resigned from his government positions. Rather than finding a successor for Morris, Congress established the three-member Board of Treasury, consisting of Arthur Lee, <a href="/wiki/William_Livingston" title="William Livingston">William Livingston</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Samuel_Osgood" title="Samuel Osgood">Samuel Osgood</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERappleye2010378–381,_425_115-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERappleye2010378–381,_425-115"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>113<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1778–1779 Morris had attempted to strengthen out the accounts of the old Commercial Committee but had to give it up; he stated in answer to Paine "the accounts of Willing and Morris with the committee had been partially settled, but were still partially open, because the transactions could not be closed up."<sup id="cite_ref-116" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-116"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>114<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Treasury Board elected in 1794-1795 those old accounts were brought to a settlement—a June 1796 entry in the Treasury debt against Morris for $93,312.63. Morris would explain in 1800 in debtors' prison that in fact the debt was due not just to himself but also his partners John Ross and <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Willing" title="Thomas Willing">Thomas Willing</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-117" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-117"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>115<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Later_political_career">Later political career</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Robert_Morris_(financier)&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Later political career"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Constitutional_Convention">Constitutional Convention</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Robert_Morris_(financier)&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Constitutional Convention"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Foundation_of_the_American_Government_by_Henry_Hintermeister.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Foundation_of_the_American_Government_by_Henry_Hintermeister.jpg/220px-Foundation_of_the_American_Government_by_Henry_Hintermeister.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="144" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Foundation_of_the_American_Government_by_Henry_Hintermeister.jpg/330px-Foundation_of_the_American_Government_by_Henry_Hintermeister.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Foundation_of_the_American_Government_by_Henry_Hintermeister.jpg/440px-Foundation_of_the_American_Government_by_Henry_Hintermeister.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="1312" /></a><figcaption><i>Foundation of American Government</i>, by <a href="/wiki/John_Henry_Hintermeister" title="John Henry Hintermeister">John Henry Hintermeister</a> (1925).<sup id="cite_ref-118" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-118"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>116<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Robert Morris is far left, before Franklin. <a href="/wiki/Gouverneur_Morris" title="Gouverneur Morris">Gouverneur Morris</a> signs the Constitution before George Washington.</figcaption></figure> <p>After leaving office, Morris once again devoted himself to business, but state and federal politics remained a factor in his life.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERappleye2010392–396_119-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERappleye2010392–396-119"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>117<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After the Pennsylvania legislature stripped the Bank of North America of its charter, Morris won election to the state legislature and helped restore the bank's charter.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERappleye2010397–399,_409–411_120-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERappleye2010397–399,_409–411-120"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>118<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Meanwhile, the United States suffered a sustained recession after the end of the Revolutionary War, caused by the lingering debt burden and new restrictions on trade imposed by the European powers. Some members of Congress, including those on the Board of Treasury, continued to favor amendments to the Articles of Confederation, but the states still refused to authorize major changes to the Articles.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERappleye2010424–426_121-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERappleye2010424–426-121"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>119<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1786, Morris was one of five Pennsylvania delegates selected to attend the <a href="/wiki/Annapolis_Convention_(1786)" title="Annapolis Convention (1786)">Annapolis Convention</a>, where delegates discussed ways to reform the Articles of Confederation. Though Morris ultimately declined to attend the convention, the delegates convinced Congress to authorize a convention in Philadelphia in May 1787 to amend the Articles. The Pennsylvania state legislature sent a delegation consisting of Morris, James Wilson, Gouverneur Morris, <a href="/wiki/George_Clymer" title="George Clymer">George Clymer</a>, <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Mifflin" title="Thomas Mifflin">Thomas Mifflin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jared_Ingersoll" title="Jared Ingersoll">Jared Ingersoll</a>, and Ben Franklin to the <a href="/wiki/Constitutional_Convention_(United_States)" title="Constitutional Convention (United States)">Philadelphia Convention</a>. With the exception of Franklin (who avoided aligning with either political faction in Pennsylvania), all of the Pennsylvania delegates were closely aligned with Morris's Republican faction, a reflection of Republican strength in the state legislature. Many of Morris's Nationalist allies from other states, including Hamilton, <a href="/wiki/James_Madison" title="James Madison">James Madison</a>, John Dickinson, and Washington, would also attend the convention.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERappleye2010428–433_122-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERappleye2010428–433-122"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>120<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>With Franklin ill, Morris opened the proceedings of the Philadelphia Convention on May 25. His motion to nominate Washington as chairman of the convention was backed by a unanimous vote. Morris consistently attended the meeting of the convention, but rarely spoke after the first day, instead allowing lawyers and others more experienced with the law to debate various issues. His primary goals, including a provision ensuring the federal government had the power to lay tariffs and taxes, were shared by the vast majority of delegates at the convention.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERappleye2010432–433_123-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERappleye2010432–433-123"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>121<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On September 17, Morris signed the final document produced by the convention which, rather than amending the Articles, was intended to supplant the Articles as the new <a href="/wiki/United_States_Constitution" class="mw-redirect" title="United States Constitution">Constitution of the United States</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERappleye2010437_124-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERappleye2010437-124"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>122<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Morris was one of just six individuals to sign both the Declaration of Independence and the United States Constitution.<sup id="cite_ref-127" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-127"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>c<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Rather than seeking to block the new constitution, Congress simply forwarded it to each state to debate ratification. Morris's Republican faction, along with Federalist groups in other states, sought the ratification of the new federal Constitution. The Constitutionalists, who saw the new federal constitution as a threat to state sovereignty, joined with <a href="/wiki/Anti-Federalism" title="Anti-Federalism">Anti-Federalists</a> in other states in seeking to prevent the ratification of the Constitution. In elections held in October and November 1787, Morris's Federalist allies retained control of the state legislature and won a majority of the elections held to select delegates for the <a href="/wiki/State_ratifying_conventions" title="State ratifying conventions">convention</a> held to debate ratification of the Constitution.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERappleye2010438–440_128-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERappleye2010438–440-128"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>125<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Due to a dispute with a business partner, Morris did not attend the ratification convention, which voted to ratify the Constitution in December 1787.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERappleye2010440,_446_129-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERappleye2010440,_446-129"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>126<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By the end of 1788, the Constitution had been ratified by enough states to take effect. In September 1788, the Pennsylvania legislature <a href="/wiki/1788_and_1789_United_States_Senate_elections#Pennsylvania" class="mw-redirect" title="1788 and 1789 United States Senate elections">elected</a> Robert Morris and <a href="/wiki/William_Maclay_(Pennsylvania_senator)" class="mw-redirect" title="William Maclay (Pennsylvania senator)">William Maclay</a>, both of whom were aligned with the Federalists, as the state's first representatives in the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate" title="United States Senate">United States Senate</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERappleye2010449–450_130-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERappleye2010449–450-130"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>127<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-132" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-132"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>d<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="U.S._Senator">U.S. Senator</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Robert_Morris_(financier)&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: U.S. Senator"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Alexander_Hamilton_portrait_by_John_Trumbull_1806.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Alexander_Hamilton_portrait_by_John_Trumbull_1806.jpg/220px-Alexander_Hamilton_portrait_by_John_Trumbull_1806.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="261" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Alexander_Hamilton_portrait_by_John_Trumbull_1806.jpg/330px-Alexander_Hamilton_portrait_by_John_Trumbull_1806.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Alexander_Hamilton_portrait_by_John_Trumbull_1806.jpg/440px-Alexander_Hamilton_portrait_by_John_Trumbull_1806.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2532" data-file-height="3000" /></a><figcaption>Morris recommended <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Hamilton" title="Alexander Hamilton">Alexander Hamilton</a> for the position of <a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_the_Treasury" title="United States Secretary of the Treasury">Secretary of the Treasury</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>In the country's <a href="/wiki/1788%E2%80%9389_United_States_presidential_election" title="1788–89 United States presidential election">first presidential election</a>, Washington was elected as the <a href="/wiki/President_of_the_United_States" title="President of the United States">President of the United States</a>. Washington offered the position of <a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_the_Treasury" title="United States Secretary of the Treasury">Secretary of the Treasury</a> to Morris, but Morris declined the offer, instead suggesting Alexander Hamilton for the position.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERappleye2010454–455_133-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERappleye2010454–455-133"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>129<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the Senate, Morris pressed for many of the same policies he had sought as Superintendent of Finance: a federal tariff, a national bank, a federal mint, and the funding of the national debt.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERappleye2010457–458_134-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERappleye2010457–458-134"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>130<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Congress agreed to implement the <a href="/wiki/Tariff_of_1789" title="Tariff of 1789">Tariff of 1789</a>, which created a uniform impost on goods carried by foreign ships into American ports,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBordewich2016100–102_135-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBordewich2016100–102-135"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>131<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but many other issues lingered into 1790. Among those issues were the site of the national capital and the fate of state debts. Morris sought the return of the nation's capital to Philadelphia<sup id="cite_ref-137" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-137"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>e<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the federal assumption of state debts.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERappleye2010460–461_138-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERappleye2010460–461-138"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>133<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Morris defeated Maclay's proposal to establish the capital in Pennsylvania at a site on the <a href="/wiki/Susquehanna_River" title="Susquehanna River">Susquehanna River</a> west of Philadelphia, but James Madison defeated Morris's attempt to establish the capital just outside of Philadelphia.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERappleye2010464–467_139-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERappleye2010464–467-139"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>134<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Morris's 1781 "Report On Public Credit" supplied the basis for Hamilton's <i><a href="/wiki/First_Report_on_the_Public_Credit" title="First Report on the Public Credit">First Report on the Public Credit</a></i>, which Hamilton submitted in 1790.<sup id="cite_ref-140" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-140"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>135<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hamilton proposed to fully fund all federal debts and assume all state debts, and to pay for those debts by issuing new federal bonds. Hamilton argued that these measures would restore confidence in public credit and help to revitalize the economy, but opponents attacked his proposals as unfairly beneficial to the speculators who had purchased many of the government's debt certificates.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERappleye2010472–473_141-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERappleye2010472–473-141"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>136<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Morris supported Hamilton's economic proposals, but the two differed on the site of the federal capital, as Hamilton wanted to keep it in New York. In June 1790, Secretary of State <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Jefferson" title="Thomas Jefferson">Thomas Jefferson</a> convinced Morris, Hamilton, and Madison to agree to a compromise in which the federal government assumed state debts, while a new federal capital would be established on the <a href="/wiki/Potomac_River" title="Potomac River">Potomac River</a>; until construction of that capital was completed, Philadelphia would serve as the nation's temporary capital. With the backing of all four leaders, the <a href="/wiki/Compromise_of_1790" title="Compromise of 1790">Compromise of 1790</a>, as it became known, was approved by Congress.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERappleye2010476–480_142-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERappleye2010476–480-142"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>137<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> That same year, Morris and Maclay helped secure Pennsylvania's control of the <a href="/wiki/Erie_Triangle" title="Erie Triangle">Erie Triangle</a>, which provided the state with access to the <a href="/wiki/Great_Lakes" title="Great Lakes">Great Lakes</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERappleye2010485_143-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERappleye2010485-143"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>138<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the early 1790s, the country became increasingly polarized between the <a href="/wiki/Democratic-Republican_Party" title="Democratic-Republican Party">Democratic-Republican Party</a>, led by Jefferson and Madison, and the <a href="/wiki/Federalist_Party" title="Federalist Party">Federalist Party</a>, led by Hamilton. Though Morris was less focused on politics after the Compromise of 1790, he supported most of Hamilton's policies and aligned with the Federalist Party.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERappleye2010492–493_144-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERappleye2010492–493-144"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>139<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Morris especially supported Hamilton's proposal for the establishment of a <a href="/wiki/History_of_central_banking_in_the_United_States" title="History of central banking in the United States">national bank</a>. Despite the opposition of Madison and other Southern leaders, Congress approved the establishment of the <a href="/wiki/First_Bank_of_the_United_States" title="First Bank of the United States">First Bank of the United States</a> in 1791.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERappleye2010487–488_145-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERappleye2010487–488-145"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>140<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While Morris served in Congress, a new political elite emerged in Philadelphia. These new leaders generally respected Morris, but most did not look to him for leadership. With Morris playing little active role, they called a convention that revised the state constitution that included many of the alterations that Morris had long favored, including a bicameral legislature, a state governor with the power to veto bills, and a judiciary with life tenure.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERappleye2010467–469_146-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERappleye2010467–469-146"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>141<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Later_business_career">Later business career</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Robert_Morris_(financier)&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Later business career"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:NH_1336_(17166575515).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/NH_1336_%2817166575515%29.jpg/300px-NH_1336_%2817166575515%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="235" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/NH_1336_%2817166575515%29.jpg/450px-NH_1336_%2817166575515%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/NH_1336_%2817166575515%29.jpg/600px-NH_1336_%2817166575515%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5614" data-file-height="4405" /></a><figcaption>USS Alliance</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:WNY5.PNG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/WNY5.PNG/300px-WNY5.PNG" decoding="async" width="300" height="205" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/WNY5.PNG/450px-WNY5.PNG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f4/WNY5.PNG 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="409" /></a><figcaption>Map showing the <a href="/wiki/Phelps_and_Gorham_Purchase" title="Phelps and Gorham Purchase">Phelps and Gorham Purchase</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Morris_folly.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Morris_folly.jpg/220px-Morris_folly.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="163" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Morris_folly.jpg/330px-Morris_folly.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/fb/Morris_folly.jpg 2x" data-file-width="375" data-file-height="277" /></a><figcaption>An engraving of the L'Enfant-designed mansion that became known as "Morris's folly"</figcaption></figure> <p>Morris refocused on his trading concerns after leaving office as Superintendent of Finance, seeking especially to expand his role in the tobacco trade.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERappleye2010415–420_147-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERappleye2010415–420-147"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>142<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He began suffering from financial problems in the late 1780s after a business partner mistakenly refused to honor bills issued by Morris, causing him to default on a loan.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERappleye2010436–437,_457_148-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERappleye2010436–437,_457-148"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>143<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1784 Morris was part of a syndicate that backed the sailing of the <a href="/wiki/Empress_of_China_(1783)" title="Empress of China (1783)">Empress of China (1783)</a> for the China trade.(In 1787 Morris also sent the ex-warship Alliance to Canton China as part of the China Trade). As part of the effort to repay France for loans that financed the war, Morris contracted to supply 20,000 hogsheads of tobacco annually to France beginning in 1785. Shortly after these contracts were signed, Ambassador Thomas Jefferson took it upon himself to interfere with these arrangements, bringing about the collapse of the tobacco market.<sup id="cite_ref-149" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-149"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>144<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Financier <a href="/wiki/James_Swan_(financier)" title="James Swan (financier)">James Swan</a> on July 9, 1795, managed to do something Morris had been unable to do: the entire U.S. National debt to France of <a href="/wiki/US$" class="mw-redirect" title="US$">US$</a>2,024,899 was paid in full.<sup id="cite_ref-150" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-150"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>145<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The United States no longer owed money to foreign governments, although it continued to owe money to private investors both in the United States and in Europe. This allowed the young United States to place itself on a sound financial footing.<sup id="cite_ref-151" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-151"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>146<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:North_American_Land_Company_1795.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/North_American_Land_Company_1795.JPG/220px-North_American_Land_Company_1795.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="174" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/North_American_Land_Company_1795.JPG/330px-North_American_Land_Company_1795.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/North_American_Land_Company_1795.JPG/440px-North_American_Land_Company_1795.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2600" data-file-height="2061" /></a><figcaption>Share of the North American Land Company, issued March 16, 1795, signed by Robert Morris</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:MORRIS,_Robert_(signed_check).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/MORRIS%2C_Robert_%28signed_check%29.jpg/220px-MORRIS%2C_Robert_%28signed_check%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="125" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/MORRIS%2C_Robert_%28signed_check%29.jpg/330px-MORRIS%2C_Robert_%28signed_check%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/MORRIS%2C_Robert_%28signed_check%29.jpg/440px-MORRIS%2C_Robert_%28signed_check%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4500" data-file-height="2561" /></a><figcaption>Check of August 10, 1795, by Robert Morris</figcaption></figure> <p>FromJuly 1778 to January 1780, Morris was agent, normally paid on commission for John Holker (French consul general for the four states of Delaware , Pennsylvania, New York and New Jersey . At the same time, he was appointed general agent of the Royal Navy of France and in this capacity had to manage the logistics and finances of the French expeditionary force) . In early 1780, they became partners in William Turnbull and Co. Turnbull had worked for the secret Pennsylvania Committee of Commerce and would manage operations on their behalf.In the monumental edition of the Robert Morris Papers , the list of Holker's associates (occasional or regular) is given in a note to volume 7. It is edifying: on the French side, Le Ray de Chaumont of course, Sabatier and Després, La Caze and Mallet, the bankers Le Couteulx and Ferdinand Grand; the authors have just forgotten Holker senior, Antoine Garvey and Baudard de Saint-James , associate in Sabatier's business. On the American side, three of the founding fathers , John Langdon , Thomas Fitzsimons and of course Robert Morris, Simeon and Barnabas Deane, brothers of Silas Deane, William Duer, who will be discussed again, Matthew Ridley , Mark Pringle, Jonathan Williams Sr. and Jr 40 , Stacey Hepburn, William Smith (en) , of Baltimore, Benjamin Harrison V , of Virginia 41 . Special mention for Philadelphia merchant Thomas Fitzsimons, one of the very few Catholic signatories of the Constitution , appreciated for his wisdom by both Holker and Morris and who would serve as arbitrator in their disputes.. In fact, Holker's French partners fell into a double trap: lured by their yield, they invested part of the transferred funds in Congressional loan certificates that yielded 6% 43 , 44 , without realizing that these state funds would be transformed into junk bonds , and, strengthened by the reassuring words of the authorities, they convinced themselves that the currency would rise, while Morris, for his own account, did the exact opposite: he did not keep any cash and invested it as soon as he had some in goods: he thus avoided losses linked to currency depreciation. The blow of the club is delivered in March 1780 : "Congress officially devalued "old emission" currency at a ratio of forty to one of species, thereby repudiating a significant proportion of the debt it represented 45 ". Holker's partners will therefore suffer considerable losses and they will fight for years to obtain compensation, in vain. Chaumont, on the verge of ruin, will have to request a decree preventing its French creditors from seizing its assets. After his resignation, Holker faced two challenges: settling his accounts with Robert Morris and bouncing back to absorb the losses he had suffered. In January 1784 Morris submitted accounts, but the settlement would stumble over the claim for compensation for the depreciation suffered by Holker. Relations between the two partners deteriorated rapidly and Holker wanted to appeal to the courts. This dispute was not anecdotal, because it would lead to a deterioration in Franco-American relations , the French side noting Morris's stiffening and becoming increasingly concerned about the repayment of debts contracted by the United States . The interests of a foreign government which was both ally and creditor expanded the dispute from the private realm into the public arena. Holker consulted Thomas Fitzsimons and the latter explained to him that arbitration was preferable. This arbitration would be entrusted to five Philadelphia merchants, including Fitzsimons himself; he would have to wait five years for it. The verdict ofApril 1789exonerate Morris from any liability for the depreciations suffered and finally decide that Holker owes Morris the very symbolic sum of 1500 Pennsylvania pounds. In 1787, Morris was sued in Virginia by <a href="/wiki/Carter_Braxton" title="Carter Braxton">Carter Braxton</a> for £28,257; the lawsuit continued for eight years before commissioners were appointed, then Morris appealed. Finally, Virginia's Court of Appeals led by Edmund Pendleton decided mostly in favor of Braxton before Morris was forced into bankruptcy by his own continued land speculations (although Morris as late as 1800 believed he should have won £20,000). Morris became increasingly fixated on land speculation, reaching his first major real estate deal in 1790 when he acquired much of the <a href="/wiki/Phelps_and_Gorham_Purchase" title="Phelps and Gorham Purchase">Phelps and Gorham Purchase</a> in western New York.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERappleye2010482–485_152-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERappleye2010482–485-152"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>147<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He realized a substantial profit the following year when he sold the land to <a href="/wiki/The_Pulteney_Association" title="The Pulteney Association">The Pulteney Association</a>, a group of British land speculators led by <a href="/wiki/Sir_William_Pulteney,_5th_Baronet" title="Sir William Pulteney, 5th Baronet">Sir William Johnstone Pulteney</a>. Morris used the money from this sale to purchase the remainder of the Phelps and Gorham Purchase, then turned around and sold much of that land to the <a href="/wiki/Holland_Land_Company" title="Holland Land Company">Holland Land Company</a>, a group of Dutch land speculators. These early successes encouraged Morris to pursue greater profits through increasingly large and risky land acquisitions.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERappleye2010493–494_153-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERappleye2010493–494-153"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>148<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On March 7, 1791, Morris obtained title to a lot from <a href="/wiki/John_Dickinson" title="John Dickinson">John Dickinson</a> and wife;<sup id="cite_ref-TAAAAMAAJ_p._363_154-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TAAAAMAAJ_p._363-154"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>149<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> on March 9, 1793, the site was surveyed; it wasn't until 1794 he began construction of a mansion on <a href="/wiki/Chestnut_Street_(Philadelphia)" title="Chestnut Street (Philadelphia)">Chestnut Street</a> in Philadelphia designed by architect of Washington, D.C., <a href="/wiki/Pierre_Charles_L%27Enfant" title="Pierre Charles L'Enfant">Pierre Charles L'Enfant</a>; it was to occupy an entire block between Chestnut Street and <a href="/wiki/Walnut_Street_(Philadelphia)" title="Walnut Street (Philadelphia)">Walnut Street</a> on the western edge of Philadelphia.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERappleye2010502_155-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERappleye2010502-155"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>150<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The structure was of red brick and marble lining. Besides Land Speculation, Morris founded several canal companies: [Similar to the <a href="/wiki/Potomac_Company" title="Potomac Company">Potomac Company</a>], two Pennsylvania canal companies were set up to try to link the produce of the western lands with the eastern markets; they were the <a href="/wiki/Schuylkill_and_Susquehanna_Navigation_Company" title="Schuylkill and Susquehanna Navigation Company">Schuylkill and Susquehanna Navigation Company</a> chartered September 29, 1791, and the <a href="/wiki/Schuylkill_and_Susquehanna_Navigation_Company#Schuylkill_and_Susquehanna_Navigation_Company" title="Schuylkill and Susquehanna Navigation Company">Delaware and Schuylkill Canal Company</a> chartered April 10, 1792. Morris was president of both companies;<sup id="cite_ref-KAAAAIAAJ_p._44_156-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-KAAAAIAAJ_p._44-156"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>151<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> he was also involved with a steam engine company and launched a <a href="/wiki/Hot_air_balloon" title="Hot air balloon">hot air balloon</a> from his garden on Market Street. He had the first iron rolling mill in America. His icehouse was the model for one Washington installed at Mount Vernon. He backed the new Chestnut Street Theater and had a greenhouse where his staff cultivated lemon trees. In early 1793, Morris purchased shares in a land company led by John Nicholson, the comptroller general of Pennsylvania, beginning a deep business partnership between Nicholson and Morris.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERappleye2010497–498_157-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERappleye2010497–498-157"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>152<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Later in 1793, Morris, Nicholson, and <a href="/wiki/James_Greenleaf" title="James Greenleaf">James Greenleaf</a> jointly purchased thousands of lots in the recently established <a href="/wiki/Washington,_D.C." title="Washington, D.C.">District of Columbia</a>. They subsequently purchased millions of acres in Pennsylvania, Kentucky, Virginia, Georgia, and the Carolinas; in each case, they went into debt to make the purchases, with the intent of quickly reselling the land to realize a profit.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERappleye2010499–500_158-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERappleye2010499–500-158"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>153<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Morris and his partners struggled to re-sell their lands, and Greenleaf dropped out from the partnership in 1795. Morris realized a profit by selling his lots in the District of Columbia in 1796, but he and Nicholson still owed their creditors approximately $12 million (about $215 million in 2023).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERappleye2010503–505_159-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERappleye2010503–505-159"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>154<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By Morris's own admission the beginning of his bankruptcy began with the failure of John Warder & Co. of Dublin and Donald and Burton of London in the spring of 1793.<sup id="cite_ref-160" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-160"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>155<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Morris was deeply involved in land speculation, especially after the Revolutionary War; (See <a href="/wiki/Phelps_and_Gorham_Purchase" title="Phelps and Gorham Purchase">Phelps and Gorham Purchase</a> of 1791 above); on April 22, 1794, Morris entered into an association called the Asylum Company with John Nicholson, [who had served as Comptroller-General of the state of Pennsylvania from 1782 to 1794] to purchase 1,000,000 acres of Pennsylvania land besides land they already had title to in <a href="/wiki/Luzerne_County" class="mw-redirect" title="Luzerne County">Luzerne County</a>; <a href="/wiki/Northumberland_County,_Pennsylvania" title="Northumberland County, Pennsylvania">Northumberland County</a> and <a href="/wiki/Northampton_County,_Pennsylvania" title="Northampton County, Pennsylvania">Northampton County</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-161" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-161"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>156<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> [This was not the first partnership Morris and Nicholson were involved in; in 1792, Nicholson had negotiated the purchase from the federal government of the 202,000-acre (820 km<sup>2</sup>) tract known as the <a href="/wiki/Erie_Triangle" title="Erie Triangle">Erie Triangle</a>. Along with an agent of the Holland Land Company, <a href="/wiki/Aaron_Burr" title="Aaron Burr">Aaron Burr</a>, Robert Morris, and other individual and institutional investors, he formed the Pennsylvania Population Company. This <a href="/wiki/Front_organization" title="Front organization">front organization</a> purchased all 390 parcels of land in the Erie Triangle. Nicholson was <a href="/wiki/Impeachment_in_the_United_States" title="Impeachment in the United States">impeached</a> in 1794 for his role in the company.<sup id="cite_ref-162" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-162"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>157<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-163" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-163"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>158<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, Morris severely overextended himself financially. He had borrowed to speculate in real estate in the new national capital, <a href="/wiki/Washington,_D.C." title="Washington, D.C.">District of Columbia</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-164" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-164"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>159<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but signed a contract with a syndicate of Philadelphia investors to take over his obligations there. After that, he took the options to purchase over 6,000,000 acres (24,000 km<sup>2</sup>) in the rural south. Unfortunately for Morris, that syndicate reneged on their commitment, leaving him once again liable, but this time with more exposure.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChernow1978_165-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChernow1978-165"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>160<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1795, Morris and two of his partners, Greenleaf and Nicholson, pooled their land and formed a land company called the <b>North American Land Company</b>. The purpose of this company was to raise money by selling stock secured by the real estate [i.e. to finance their land speculation business].<sup id="cite_ref-166" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-166"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>161<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-167" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-167"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>162<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to one historian of American land speculation, the NALC was "largest land trust ever known in America".<sup id="cite_ref-168" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-168"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>163<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The three partners turned over to the company land throughout the United States totaling more than 6,000,000 acres (24,000 km<sup>2</sup>), most of it valued at about 50 cents an acre.<sup id="cite_ref-Livermore165_169-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Livermore165-169"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>164<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In addition to land in the District of Columbia, there were 2,314,796 acres (9,367.65 km<sup>2</sup>) in Georgia,<sup id="cite_ref-170" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-170"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>165<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 431,043 acres (1,744.37 km<sup>2</sup>) in Kentucky, 717,249 acres (2,902.60 km<sup>2</sup>) in North Carolina, 647,076 acres (2,618.62 km<sup>2</sup>) in Pennsylvania, 957,238 acres (3,873.80 km<sup>2</sup>) in South Carolina, and 932,621 acres (3,774.18 km<sup>2</sup>) in Virginia.<sup id="cite_ref-171" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-171"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>166<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> NALC was authorized to issue 30,000 shares, each worth $100.<sup id="cite_ref-Livermore165_169-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Livermore165-169"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>164<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> To encourage investors to purchase shares, the three partners guaranteed that a 6 percent dividend would be paid every year. To ensure that there was enough money to pay this divided, each partner agreed to put 3,000 of their own NALC shares in <a href="/wiki/Escrow" title="Escrow">escrow</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Roberts407_172-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Roberts407-172"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>167<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-173" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-173"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>168<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Greenleaf, Morris, and Nicholson were entitled to receive a 2.5 percent commission on any land the company sold. Greenleaf was named secretary of the new company.<sup id="cite_ref-Roberts407_172-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Roberts407-172"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>167<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other land speculations that Morris was involved in was the <a href="/wiki/Illinois-Wabash_Company" title="Illinois-Wabash Company">Illinois-Wabash Company</a> and the Georgia <a href="/wiki/Yazoo_land_scandal" title="Yazoo land scandal">Yazoo Land Company</a><sup id="cite_ref-174" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-174"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>169<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1796_lack_of_capital_and_Panic_of_1797_and_bankruptcy">1796 lack of capital and Panic of 1797 and bankruptcy</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Robert_Morris_(financier)&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: 1796 lack of capital and Panic of 1797 and bankruptcy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Washington DC Lots were not the only land problems for Morris; he began losing everything for nonpayment on interest on loans and taxes: In May 1796, <a href="/wiki/John_Barker_Church" title="John Barker Church">John Barker Church</a> accepted a mortgage on another 100,000 acres of the Morris Reserve in present-day <a href="/wiki/Allegany_County,_New_York" title="Allegany County, New York">Allegany County</a> and <a href="/wiki/Genesee_County,_New_York" title="Genesee County, New York">Genesee County</a>, against a debt owed to him by Morris.<sup id="cite_ref-NYT-PhilipChurch_175-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NYT-PhilipChurch-175"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>170<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After Morris failed to pay the mortgage, Church foreclosed, and Church's son <a href="/wiki/Philip_Schuyler_Church" class="mw-redirect" title="Philip Schuyler Church">Philip Schuyler Church</a> acquired the land in May 1800.<sup id="cite_ref-NYT-PhilipChurch_175-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NYT-PhilipChurch-175"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>170<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Philip began the settlement of Allegany and Genesee counties by founding the village of <a href="/wiki/Angelica,_New_York" title="Angelica, New York">Angelica, New York</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Minard_176-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Minard-176"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>171<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In a letter of September 1797 to his partner Nicholson, Morris begged to be able to find $500.00 to pay two years wages to his servant Mr. Richard; in a subsequent letter October 25, 1797, to Nicholson, Morris moaned that 200,000 acres of North Carolina land which had cost him $27,000.00 had been sold for one year's taxes.<sup id="cite_ref-177" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-177"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>172<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In regard to Morris's Philadelphia mansion L'Enfant was paid $9,037.13 between December 1795 and January 1799. Despite the spent amount of £6138 5s 10d it was never completed.<sup id="cite_ref-TAAAAMAAJ_p._363_154-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TAAAAMAAJ_p._363-154"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>149<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The bank of Pennsylvania brought suit against him and a judgement made against him for $20,997.40; an execution against his unfinished Chestnut Street "Morris Folly" mansion was issued in September 1797 to Philadelphia Sherriff Baker; Sherriff Penrose on December 11, 1797, made deed-poll to William Sansom for the building and the lot sold for $25,600 subject to a £7,000 in specie mortgage payable to Messrs Willink of Amsterdam.<sup id="cite_ref-178" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-178"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>173<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The last credit for the house was July 2, 1801, and the last charge for it was made July 9, 1801. The unfinished mansion became known as "Morris's folly",<sup id="cite_ref-nps_179-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nps-179"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>174<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the land eventually became <a href="/wiki/Jewelers%27_Row,_Philadelphia" title="Jewelers' Row, Philadelphia">Sansom Street</a>. Marble from this house was purchased by <a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Henry_Latrobe" title="Benjamin Henry Latrobe">Latrobe</a>; he used it to adorn buildings and monuments from <a href="/wiki/Rhode_Island" title="Rhode Island">Rhode Island</a> to <a href="/wiki/Charleston,_South_Carolina" title="Charleston, South Carolina">Charlestown</a>, <a href="/wiki/South_Carolina" title="South Carolina">South Carolina</a>. </p><p>The two canal companies had also failed as well: for example, after its incorporation the Schuylkill and Susquehanna was subscribed for 40,000 shares—but only 1000 shares were sold; the Delaware and Schuylkill company was to have been 2000 shares at $200.00 a share. Operations were suspended because "Either on account of errors in plans adopted, failure to procure the necessary means, financial convulsions, or a combination of all these difficulties, they were compelled to suspend their operations after an outlay of $440,000, which was an immense sum in those days".<sup id="cite_ref-KAAAAIAAJ_p._44_156-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-KAAAAIAAJ_p._44-156"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>151<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-180" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-180"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>175<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When England and the Dutch declared war on Revolutionary France, an expected loan from Holland never materialized. </p><p>The subsequent <a href="/wiki/Napoleonic_Wars" title="Napoleonic Wars">Napoleonic Wars</a> ruined the market for American land and Morris's highly leveraged company collapsed. Lastly, the financial markets of England, the United States, and the Caribbean suffered from deflation related with the <a href="/wiki/Panic_of_1796%E2%80%9397" class="mw-redirect" title="Panic of 1796–97">Panic of 1797</a>. Morris was left "land rich and cash poor". He <i>owned</i> more land than any other American at any time but didn't have enough <a href="/wiki/Hard_money_(policy)" title="Hard money (policy)">liquid capital</a> to pay his creditors.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChernow1978_165-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChernow1978-165"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>160<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Among his creditors was his son-in-law James Marshall for £20,000 sterling; likewise, his brother-in-law Bishop White was also a creditor to Morris for $3,000.<sup id="cite_ref-181" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-181"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>176<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Gouvenor Morris was owned $24,000 "exclusive of what he paid in Europe on my account, the amount of which I do not know."; <a href="/wiki/Henry_Lee_III" title="Henry Lee III">Henry Lee III</a> was a creditor for protested bills for $39,446 plus damages and interest; Morris's wife Mary had a sum of credit of $15,860.16 from the sale of two farms left to her by her father;his daughter Esther Morris had a credit of a few hundred pounds left to her by her grandmother received by Morris; as Morris had given her on her marriage nothing but clothes and old wine he assigned to her two quarter chests of tea which he sent to Alexandria, Virginia for sale although he feared this would not amount to principal and interest; his son Robert Morris Jr was a debtor for sums spent in Europe without his father's knowledge; his son Charles while under age had contracted bills without his father's knowledge for $144.94 for a tailor and $24.50 for a shoemaker.<sup id="cite_ref-182" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-182"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>177<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The NALC encountered financial difficulty almost immediately. Only 4,479,317 acres (18,127.15 km<sup>2</sup>) of land was turned over to the NALC, which meant it could issue only 22,365 shares. This meant only 7,455 shares were put into escrow (instead of the required 9,000). Rather than paying creditors with cash, the NALC paid them with shares (8,477 shares in 1795 and 1796).<sup id="cite_ref-183" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-183"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>178<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On May 15, 1795, the D.C. commissioners demanded their first payment from Greenleaf, Morris, and Nicholson, for the 6,000 lots purchased in 1793. But Greenleaf had misappropriated some of the company's income to pay his own debts. Without the Dutch mortgage income and missing funds, there was no money to make the payment to the commissioners. Furthermore, Greenleaf had co-signed for loans taken out by Morris and Nicholson. When these men defaulted, creditors sought out Greenleaf to make good on the debts—which he could not.<sup id="cite_ref-184" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-184"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>179<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Moris and his partners had failed to both pay the instalments on the Washington D.C. building lots and finished building twenty houses (they had contracted ten houses annually for seven years on said lots);<sup id="cite_ref-185" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-185"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>180<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On July 10, 1795, Morris and Nicholson bought out Greenleaf's interest in the December 24, 1793, agreement.<sup id="cite_ref-186" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-186"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>181<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The commissioners began legal proceedings to regain title to the 6,000 lots owned by NALC and the 1,115.25<sup id="cite_ref-187" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-187"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>182<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> lots owned by Greenleaf personally. The worsening financial problems of Greenleaf, Morris, and Nicholson led to increasingly poor personal relations among the three men.<sup id="cite_ref-Sakolski165_188-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sakolski165-188"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>183<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Nicholson, particularly bitter, began making public accusations against Greenleaf in print.<sup id="cite_ref-Sakolski165_188-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sakolski165-188"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>183<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Morris attempted to mediate between the two men, but his efforts failed.<sup id="cite_ref-Livermore165_169-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Livermore165-169"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>164<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In an attempt to resolve his financial problems, Greenleaf sold his shares in the NALC to Nicholson and Morris on May 28, 1796, for $1.5 million.<sup id="cite_ref-189" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-189"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>184<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Unfortunately, Morris and Nicholson funded their purchase by giving Greenleaf <a href="/wiki/Security_(finance)" title="Security (finance)">personal notes</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Roberts407_172-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Roberts407-172"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>167<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Furthermore, they endorsed one another's notes.<sup id="cite_ref-Sakolski165_188-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sakolski165-188"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>183<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Morris and Nicholson, themselves nearly bankrupt,<sup id="cite_ref-190" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-190"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>185<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> agreed to pay one-quarter of the purchase price every year for the next four years. Greenleaf's shares were not to be transferred to Morris and Nicholson until the fourth payment was received.<sup id="cite_ref-191" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-191"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>186<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On September 30, 1796, James Greenleaf put 7,455 of his NALC shares in a trust (known as the "391 trust" because it was recorded on page 391 of the firm's accounting book). The "391 trust" was created to generate income (from the 6 percent dividend) to pay a loan given to Greenleaf by Edward Fox. A trustee was assigned to hold on to the shares. The same day, Greenleaf put 2,545 shares into another trust (the "381 trust"), as a guarantee against nonpayment of the dividend by Morris and Nicholson.<sup id="cite_ref-Livermore166_192-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Livermore166-192"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>187<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Morris and Nicholson's made the first payment to Greenleaf for the one-third interest in the NALC by turning over title to several hundred lots in Washington, D.C. On March 8, 1797, Greenleaf executed the 381 trust.<sup id="cite_ref-193" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-193"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>188<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>When the NALC did not issue its 6 percent dividend, Greenleaf transferred one-third of the shares in the "391 trust" to the trustees.<sup id="cite_ref-194" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-194"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>189<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The total number of shares transferred to the "381 trust" trustees was now 6,119.<sup id="cite_ref-Livermore,_p._169_195-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Livermore,_p._169-195"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>190<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On June 24, 1797, Morris, Greenleaf and Nicholson had conveyed their Washington D.C. Lots in trust to Henry Pratt and others in payments of their debts.<sup id="cite_ref-196" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-196"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>191<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Poor business practices were now dragging down NALC. For years, Morris and Nicholson had acted as personal guarantors for one another's notes. Now many of these notes were coming due, and neither man could pay them. Creditors began selling the notes publicly, often at heavy discounts.<sup id="cite_ref-Mann201_197-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mann201-197"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>192<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By 1798, Morris and Nicholson's $10 million (~$234 million in 2023) in personal notes were trading at one-eighth their face value.<sup id="cite_ref-198" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-198"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>193<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> NALC also discovered that some of titles to the 6,000,000 acres (24,000 km<sup>2</sup>) of land it owned were not clear, and thus the land could not be used for security. In other cases, NALC found it had been swindled, and the rich land it thought it owned turned out to be barren and worthless.<sup id="cite_ref-Mann201_197-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mann201-197"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>192<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Morris and Nicholson honestly believed that, if their cash flow problems were fixed, they could make payments on the property they owned, and their shares would be returned to them. This proved incorrect. On October 23, 1807, all stock in the company was sold at 7 cents on the dollar to the accountants managing the Aggregate Fund. In 1856, the Trustees of the North American Land Company held $92,071.87 (~$2.44 million in 2023). Morris and Nicholson's heirs sued to recover the stock and gain access to the income. The North American Land Company stayed in existence until 1872.<sup id="cite_ref-Livermore,_p._169_195-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Livermore,_p._169-195"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>190<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> An 1880 auditors report called the litigation "phenomenal ... the counsel for Morris and Nickerson pursued the fund for twenty-five years, seeking to obtain it from the trustees of the North American Company and the trusts which had been created from it, and also defending the money from the State in an attempt to sequestrate it. After all counsel fees and expenses, the amount available for division to the Morris interest was $9,692.49."<sup id="cite_ref-199" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-199"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>194<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-200" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-200"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>195<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1797 Morris conveyed his household furniture to Thomas Fitzsimmons which was sold at public auction. What was left was lent to Mrs. Morris by Fitzsimmons and Morris son-in-law Marshall; all Morris had left in his house was some bedding, clothing, part of a quarter cask of wine; part of a barrel of flour, some coffee, a little sugar and some bottled wine which was the remainder from a cask he had given to his daughter Maria.<sup id="cite_ref-201" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-201"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>196<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Morris attempted to avoid creditors by staying outside the city at his country estate "The Hills", located on the <a href="/wiki/Schuylkill_River" title="Schuylkill River">Schuylkill River</a>, but his creditors literally pursued him to his gate. Morris was sued by a former partner, <a href="/wiki/James_Greenleaf" title="James Greenleaf">James Greenleaf</a>, who had been imprisoned for fraud and was serving time in <a href="/wiki/Debtors%27_prison" title="Debtors' prison">debtors' prison</a>. Unable to dodge his creditors and their lawyers, Morris was finally arrested. He was imprisoned for debt in Prune Street prison in Philadelphia from February 1798 to August 1801.<sup id="cite_ref-202" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-202"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>197<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Morris property <a href="/wiki/Summerseat_(Morrisville,_Pennsylvania)" title="Summerseat (Morrisville, Pennsylvania)">Summerseat (Morrisville, Pennsylvania)</a> would be sold in a Sherriff's sale on June 9, 1798, to <a href="/wiki/George_Clymer" title="George Clymer">George Clymer</a> and Thomas Fitzsimmons for $41,000.00.<sup id="cite_ref-203" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-203"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>198<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In January 1799 Morris lamented to Nicholson of how a London firm had refused to accept his bill of lading £389 sterling "because the money in the hands of the party upon whom the bill was drawn had been attached by the owner of a bond given for payment of some lands in Georgia".<sup id="cite_ref-204" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-204"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>199<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 43 of the 100 acres of Morris estate "The Hills" was purchased in March 1799 by <a href="/wiki/Henry_C._Pratt_(merchant)" title="Henry C. Pratt (merchant)">Henry Pratt</a> for $14,654.00 (~$343,246 in 2023) for his country house <a href="/wiki/Lemon_Hill" title="Lemon Hill">Lemon Hill</a> after the tearing down of Morris's old mansion;<sup id="cite_ref-205" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-205"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>200<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in turn the "Lemon Hill" estate became part of the foundation for <a href="/wiki/Fairmount_Park" title="Fairmount Park">Fairmount Park</a> Philadelphia; one part of Morris property which had also been purchased in 1799 by William Cannard became part of the <a href="/wiki/Sedgeley" title="Sedgeley">Sedgeley</a> mansion-which ironically also in turn became part of Fairmont Park. Of his partners Geenleaf was released after being declared bankrupt in 1798;<sup id="cite_ref-206" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-206"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>201<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Nicholson died in prison in 1800.<sup id="cite_ref-207" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-207"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>202<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Morris wrote that the deceased Nicolson owned him $60,000 specie from all the entries and transactions but "With the purest intentions, he unfortunately he had laid a train that ended as it had done. I here say that he laid the train, because there are living witness that I opposed as soon as I knew it, although from infatuation, maddness or weakness, I gave away afterward."<sup id="cite_ref-208" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-208"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>203<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Final_years">Final years</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Robert_Morris_(financier)&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Final years"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Morris was unable to pay his debts, and he remained in <a href="/wiki/Debtors%27_prison" title="Debtors' prison">debtors' prison</a> for three and a half years. Morris was released from prison in August 1801 after Congress passed its first bankruptcy legislation, the <a href="/wiki/Bankruptcy_Act_of_1800" title="Bankruptcy Act of 1800">Bankruptcy Act of 1800</a> in part to get Morris out of prison.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPurvis199729_209-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPurvis199729-209"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>204<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At the time of his release, three commissioners found that he had debts of $2,948,711.11; the proceedings were certified October 15, 1801, after 2/3 of his creditors agreed to the discharge of Morris; on December 4, 1801, a certificate of bankruptcy was confirmed.<sup id="cite_ref-210" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-210"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>205<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but he remained financially destitute. Gouverneur Morris, who served as Robert Morris's representative to the Holland Land Company, was able to attach a provision to the sale of some land that gave Mary Morris a $1,500 (equivalent to $27,000 in 2023) per year annuity; this annuity allowed Mary to rent a small house in Philadelphia far away from the city's center.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERappleye2010510–512_211-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERappleye2010510–512-211"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>206<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> One of the few assets Morris had left to him was his father's old worn out gold watch which he had inherited at the start of his career; Morris managed to leave this timepiece in his Will to his son Robert Jr.<sup id="cite_ref-212" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-212"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>207<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Morris died on May 8, 1806, in Philadelphia. No public ceremonies marked his death.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERappleye2010515_213-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERappleye2010515-213"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>208<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was buried in the churchyard of Christ Church. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Legacy">Legacy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Robert_Morris_(financier)&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Legacy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Robert_Morris_statue.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Robert_Morris_statue.jpg/220px-Robert_Morris_statue.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="330" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Robert_Morris_statue.jpg/330px-Robert_Morris_statue.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Robert_Morris_statue.jpg/440px-Robert_Morris_statue.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2001" data-file-height="3001" /></a><figcaption>Statue of <a href="/wiki/Robert_Morris_(Bartlett)" title="Robert Morris (Bartlett)">Robert Morris</a> in <a href="/wiki/Independence_National_Historical_Park" title="Independence National Historical Park">Independence National Historical Park</a> in Philadelphia</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Historical_reputation">Historical reputation</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Robert_Morris_(financier)&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Historical reputation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Biographer Charles Rappleye writes that Morris "was too rich to be a folk hero, and the ultimate failure of his personal fortune robbed him of any <a href="/wiki/King_Midas" class="mw-redirect" title="King Midas">Midas</a>-like mystique." Some historians have largely ignored Morris's role in founding the United States, while others regard him as the leader of a conservative, anti-democratic faction of the <a href="/wiki/Founding_Fathers_of_the_United_States" title="Founding Fathers of the United States">Founding Fathers</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERappleye2010527–530_214-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERappleye2010527–530-214"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>209<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Robert E. Wright and David J. Cowen describe Morris as a "fallen angel" who "almost single-handedly financed the final years" of the American Revolution before falling into "ignominy" for defaulting on his debts.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWrightCowen2006115–116_215-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWrightCowen2006115–116-215"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>210<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Historian William Hogeland writes "given his seminal performance to victory in the Revolution, as well as to forming the nation, Robert Morris isn't as well known by Americans as he ought to be."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHogeland201273–74_216-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHogeland201273–74-216"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>211<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Memorials">Memorials</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Robert_Morris_(financier)&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Memorials"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:US-$10-SC-1880-Fr-287.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/US-%2410-SC-1880-Fr-287.jpg/220px-US-%2410-SC-1880-Fr-287.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="194" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/US-%2410-SC-1880-Fr-287.jpg/330px-US-%2410-SC-1880-Fr-287.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/US-%2410-SC-1880-Fr-287.jpg/440px-US-%2410-SC-1880-Fr-287.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4500" data-file-height="3964" /></a><figcaption>Morris on the $10 <a href="/wiki/Silver_certificate_(United_States)" title="Silver certificate (United States)">silver certificate</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Morris's portrait appeared on US$1,000 <a href="/wiki/Greenback_(1860s_money)" title="Greenback (1860s money)">greenbacks</a> from 1862 to 1863 and on the $10 <a href="/wiki/Silver_certificate_(United_States)" title="Silver certificate (United States)">silver certificate</a> from 1878 to 1880.<sup id="cite_ref-217" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-217"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>212<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Institutions named in honor of Morris include <a href="/wiki/Robert_Morris_University" title="Robert Morris University">Robert Morris University</a> and the Robert Morris Experiential College at <a href="/wiki/Roosevelt_University" title="Roosevelt University">Roosevelt University</a>. <a href="/wiki/Mount_Morris,_New_York" title="Mount Morris, New York">Mount Morris, New York</a>, the location of a large flood control dam on the <a href="/wiki/Genesee_River" title="Genesee River">Genesee River</a>, is named in his honor. A number of ships in the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Navy" title="United States Navy">U.S. Navy</a> and the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Coast_Guard" title="United States Coast Guard">U.S. Coast Guard</a> have been named <a href="/wiki/USS_Morris" title="USS Morris">USS <i>Morris</i></a> or <a href="/wiki/USRC_Morris_(1831)" class="mw-redirect" title="USRC Morris (1831)">USRC <i>Morris</i></a> for him. <a href="/wiki/Morrisville,_Bucks_County,_Pennsylvania" title="Morrisville, Bucks County, Pennsylvania">Morrisville, Pennsylvania</a>, was named in his honor. The <a href="/wiki/Morris-Taney-class_cutter" title="Morris-Taney-class cutter">Morris-Taney-class cutter</a> was named for Morris and <a href="/wiki/Roger_Taney" class="mw-redirect" title="Roger Taney">Roger Taney</a>. A <a href="/wiki/Robert_Morris_(Bartlett)" title="Robert Morris (Bartlett)">statue of Morris</a> stands at <a href="/wiki/Independence_National_Historical_Park" title="Independence National Historical Park">Independence National Historical Park</a>, and a <a href="/wiki/Heald_Square_Monument" title="Heald Square Monument">monument</a> to Morris, Washington, and <a href="/wiki/Haym_Salomon" title="Haym Salomon">Haym Salomon</a> stands at <a href="/wiki/Heald_Square" title="Heald Square">Heald Square</a> in <a href="/wiki/Chicago,_Illinois" class="mw-redirect" title="Chicago, Illinois">Chicago, Illinois</a>. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Summerseat_(Morrisville,_Pennsylvania)" title="Summerseat (Morrisville, Pennsylvania)">Summerseat</a>, Morris's former estate in Morrisville, is listed as a <a href="/wiki/National_Historic_Landmark" title="National Historic Landmark">National Historic Landmark</a>. <a href="/wiki/Lemon_Hill" title="Lemon Hill">Lemon Hill</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Federal_architecture" title="Federal architecture">Federal-style</a> estate listed on the <a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places" title="National Register of Historic Places">National Register of Historic Places</a>, is located on a parcel of land formerly owned by Morris. Part of the <a href="/wiki/Liberty_Bell" title="Liberty Bell">Liberty Bell</a> Center is on land that was formerly part of the estate known as the President's House.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELawler200290_218-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELawler200290-218"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>213<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Robert Morris holds the curious distinction as the only Founding Father whose house is a national memorial, but his life is not interpreted at the site. </p><p>Morris is included in the Washington, D.C., <a href="/wiki/Memorial_to_the_56_Signers_of_the_Declaration_of_Independence" title="Memorial to the 56 Signers of the Declaration of Independence">Memorial to the 56 Signers of the Declaration of Independence</a>. </p><p>In April 2023, vandals wrote the words "Human Trafficer" on a Morris statue located at <a href="/wiki/Independence_National_Historical_Park" title="Independence National Historical Park">Independence National Historical Park</a> (INHP) in Philadelphia. The INHP said the graffiti was written using felt marker, and the aged and weathered marble absorbed the markings. A material conservator used lasers to lighten the markings but was unable to remove them.<sup id="cite_ref-219" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-219"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>214<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Robert_Morris_(financier)&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_richest_Americans_in_history" title="List of richest Americans in history">List of richest Americans in history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_senators_born_outside_the_United_States" title="List of United States senators born outside the United States">List of United States senators born outside the United States</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Robert_Morris_(financier)&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Ibid plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-style" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/40px-Edit-clear.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/60px-Edit-clear.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/80px-Edit-clear.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="48" data-file-height="48" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">Constructs such as <i><a href="/wiki/Ibid." title="Ibid.">ibid.</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Loc._cit." title="Loc. cit.">loc. cit.</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Idem" title="Idem">idem</a></i> are <b>discouraged by <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:IBID" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:IBID">Wikipedia's style guide</a> for footnotes</b>, as they are easily broken. Please <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Robert_Morris_(financier)&action=edit">improve this article</a> by replacing them with <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Footnotes#Naming_a_ref_tag_so_it_can_be_used_more_than_once" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:Footnotes">named references</a> (<i><a href="/wiki/Template:Refref/core" title="Template:Refref/core">quick guide</a></i>), or an abbreviated title. <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">November 2019</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> The wound was sustained when he was hit by a bottle that was christening a new ship and it didn't break and came back, hitting him in the head..<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Morris had earlier contributed to the navy by selling his firm's ship, <i>The Black Prince,</i> which became the <a href="/wiki/USS_Alfred_(1774)" class="mw-redirect" title="USS Alfred (1774)">USS <i>Alfred</i></a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERappleye201047_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERappleye201047-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-127"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-127">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The other five individuals are <a href="/wiki/George_Clymer" title="George Clymer">George Clymer</a>, Benjamin Franklin, <a href="/wiki/George_Read_(American_politician,_born_1733)" title="George Read (American politician, born 1733)">George Read</a>, <a href="/wiki/Roger_Sherman" title="Roger Sherman">Roger Sherman</a>, and James Wilson.<sup id="cite_ref-125" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-125"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>123<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Morris and Sherman were the lone individuals to sign the Declaration of Independence, the Articles of Confederation, and the United States Constitution.<sup id="cite_ref-126" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-126"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>124<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-132"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-132">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">In a <a href="/wiki/Drawing_straws" class="mw-redirect" title="Drawing straws">drawing of straws</a>, it was determined that Morris would be part of <a href="/wiki/Classes_of_United_States_Senators" class="mw-redirect" title="Classes of United States Senators">Senate class</a> three and thus would serve a full six-year term, while Maclay would be part of Senate class one and thus would serve a two-year term.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERappleye2010455_131-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERappleye2010455-131"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>128<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-137"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-137">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Congress had assembled at different locations after leaving Philadelphia in 1783. By 1789, the seat of the federal government was located in New York City.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERappleye2010462_136-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERappleye2010462-136"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>132<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Robert_Morris_(financier)&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Women of the Republican Court <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://www.librarycompany.org/women/republicancourt/morris_mary.htm">https://www.librarycompany.org/women/republicancourt/morris_mary.htm</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.loc.gov/resource/gdclccn.05011361/?st=pdf&pdfPage=7">"Image 1 of Robert Morris, the financier of the American revolution. A sketch"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Library_of_Congress" title="Library of Congress">Library of Congress</a></i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Library+of+Congress&rft.atitle=Image+1+of+Robert+Morris%2C+the+financier+of+the+American+revolution.+A+sketch&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.loc.gov%2Fresource%2Fgdclccn.05011361%2F%3Fst%3Dpdf%26pdfPage%3D7&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARobert+Morris+%28financier%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKennedy1894" class="citation book cs1">Kennedy, John (1894). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/robertmorrisholl00kenn"><i>Robert Morris and the Holland Purchase</i></a>. Batavia, NY: J. F. Hall. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/robertmorrisholl00kenn/page/121">121</a>. <q>richest man 1775 robert morris.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Robert+Morris+and+the+Holland+Purchase&rft.place=Batavia%2C+NY&rft.pages=121&rft.pub=J.+F.+Hall&rft.date=1894&rft.aulast=Kennedy&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Frobertmorrisholl00kenn&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARobert+Morris+%28financier%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Cazorla, Frank (2019), Governor Luis de Unzaga (1717–1793) Precursor in the birth of the United States and in liberalism. Malaga Foundation/City Council. pp. 82, 90, 105, 112,</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.amphilsoc.org/memhist/search?creator=&title=&subject=&subdiv=&mem=&year=1786&year-max=1786&dead=&keyword=&smode=advanced">"APS Member History"</a>. <i>search.amphilsoc.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 6,</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=search.amphilsoc.org&rft.atitle=APS+Member+History&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsearch.amphilsoc.org%2Fmemhist%2Fsearch%3Fcreator%3D%26title%3D%26subject%3D%26subdiv%3D%26mem%3D%26year%3D1786%26year-max%3D1786%26dead%3D%26keyword%3D%26smode%3Dadvanced&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARobert+Morris+%28financier%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ryan K. Smith. <i>Robert Morris’s Folly: The Architectural and Financial Failures of an American Founder</i>. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 2014. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (January 2024)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup> <sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="Please supply an ISBN for this book.">ISBN missing</span></a></i>]</sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-congbio-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-congbio_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://bioguide.congress.gov/scripts/biodisplay.pl?index=M000985">"Morris, Robert, (1734–1806)"</a>. <i>Biographical Directory of the United States Congress</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 7,</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Biographical+Directory+of+the+United+States+Congress&rft.atitle=Morris%2C+Robert%2C+%281734%E2%80%931806%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbioguide.congress.gov%2Fscripts%2Fbiodisplay.pl%3Findex%3DM000985&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARobert+Morris+%28financier%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERappleye20107–8-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERappleye20107–8_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRappleye2010">Rappleye 2010</a>, pp. 7–8.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tcfl.org/mdroom/worthies/morris.html">Robert Morris, the Oxford Merchant</a>", <i>The Worthies of Talbot</i>, Talbot County (Maryland) Free Library, Easton, Maryland; accessed 2021.07.13.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERappleye20109–11-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERappleye20109–11_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRappleye2010">Rappleye 2010</a>, pp. 9–11.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERappleye201010–13-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERappleye201010–13_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRappleye2010">Rappleye 2010</a>, pp. 10–13.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERappleye201015–16-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERappleye201015–16_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRappleye2010">Rappleye 2010</a>, pp. 15–16.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://history.state.gov/countries/china/summary">"A Guide to the United States' History of Recognition, Diplomatic, and Consular Relations, by Country, since 1776: China"</a>. <i>Office of the Historian, United States Department of State</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 18,</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Office+of+the+Historian%2C+United+States+Department+of+State&rft.atitle=A+Guide+to+the+United+States%27+History+of+Recognition%2C+Diplomatic%2C+and+Consular+Relations%2C+by+Country%2C+since+1776%3A+China&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhistory.state.gov%2Fcountries%2Fchina%2Fsummary&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARobert+Morris+%28financier%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Raymond A. Mohl (1997), <i>The Making of Urban America</i>,</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">David Waldstreicher (2005), <i>Runaway America: Benjamin Franklin, Slavery, and the American Revolution,</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Joe William Trotter Jr. and Eric Ledell Smith, <i>African Americans in Pennsylvania,</i> (Pennsylvania State University Press, 1997). p. 47</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Pennsylvania Gazette</i> items # 25284, 26076, 26206, 26565, 28558, 28712, 36325, in 1765</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.afrolumens.org/slavery/buying.html"><i>Pennsylvania Gazette</i></a>, May 6, 1762. Note: This arrangement made it easy for Pennsylvania slave-buyers to avoid paying the tariff.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Pennsylvania Gazette,</i> July 25, 1765</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>The Trans-Atlantic Slave Trade</i> CD-ROM, published by the Oxford University Press</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERappleye201021–23-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERappleye201021–23_22-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRappleye2010">Rappleye 2010</a>, pp. 21–23.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERappleye201026,_140,_415-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERappleye201026,_140,_415_23-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRappleye2010">Rappleye 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Rakove, <i>The beginnings of national politics: An interpretive history of the Continental Congress</i> (1979), p. 317</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-109"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-109">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Morris, Robert, <i>Morris, Inside the Revolution</i>, pp. 440–445 <sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="Please supply an ISBN for this book.">ISBN missing</span></a></i>]</sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERappleye2010356–357-110"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERappleye2010356–357_110-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRappleye2010">Rappleye 2010</a>, pp. 356–357.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-books.google.com-111"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-books.google.com_111-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-books.google.com_111-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=wWkuAAAAYAAJ&dq=January+1%2C+1783+public+debt+35%2C327%2C769&pg=PA317">Financial History of the United States. p. 317</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-112"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-112">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=wWkuAAAAYAAJ&dq=January+1%2C+1783+public+debt+35%2C327%2C769&pg=PA317">Financial History of the United States. p. 316 Morris had managed to pay the troops one months pay in specie combined with his own personal notes payable after six months; in six days Morris signed 60,000 personal notes amounting to $75 million</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERappleye2010358–360,_374-113"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERappleye2010358–360,_374_113-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRappleye2010">Rappleye 2010</a>, pp. 358–360, 374.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERappleye2010361–36-114"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERappleye2010361–36_114-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRappleye2010">Rappleye 2010</a>, pp. 361–36.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERappleye2010378–381,_425-115"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERappleye2010378–381,_425_115-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRappleye2010">Rappleye 2010</a>, pp. 378–381, 425.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-116"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-116">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/robertmorris00sumngoog/page/n120">Robert Morris. p. 117</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-117"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-117">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/robertmorris00sumngoog/page/n120">Robert Morris. pp. 119–121</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-118"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-118">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRobinson1999" class="citation book cs1">Robinson, Raymond H. 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Accessed February 7, 2018.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERappleye2010438–440-128"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERappleye2010438–440_128-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRappleye2010">Rappleye 2010</a>, pp. 438–440.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERappleye2010440,_446-129"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERappleye2010440,_446_129-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRappleye2010">Rappleye 2010</a>, pp. 440, 446.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERappleye2010449–450-130"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERappleye2010449–450_130-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRappleye2010">Rappleye 2010</a>, pp. 449–450.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERappleye2010455-131"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERappleye2010455_131-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRappleye2010">Rappleye 2010</a>, p. 455.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERappleye2010454–455-133"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERappleye2010454–455_133-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRappleye2010">Rappleye 2010</a>, pp. 454–455.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERappleye2010457–458-134"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERappleye2010457–458_134-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRappleye2010">Rappleye 2010</a>, pp. 457–458.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBordewich2016100–102-135"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBordewich2016100–102_135-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBordewich2016">Bordewich 2016</a>, pp. 100–102.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERappleye2010462-136"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERappleye2010462_136-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRappleye2010">Rappleye 2010</a>, p. 462.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERappleye2010460–461-138"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERappleye2010460–461_138-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRappleye2010">Rappleye 2010</a>, pp. 460–461.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERappleye2010464–467-139"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERappleye2010464–467_139-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRappleye2010">Rappleye 2010</a>, pp. 464–467.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-140"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-140">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ver Steeg (1954), p. 175</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERappleye2010472–473-141"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERappleye2010472–473_141-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRappleye2010">Rappleye 2010</a>, pp. 472–473.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERappleye2010476–480-142"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERappleye2010476–480_142-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRappleye2010">Rappleye 2010</a>, pp. 476–480.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERappleye2010485-143"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERappleye2010485_143-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRappleye2010">Rappleye 2010</a>, p. 485.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERappleye2010492–493-144"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERappleye2010492–493_144-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRappleye2010">Rappleye 2010</a>, pp. 492–493.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERappleye2010487–488-145"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERappleye2010487–488_145-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRappleye2010">Rappleye 2010</a>, pp. 487–488.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERappleye2010467–469-146"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERappleye2010467–469_146-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRappleye2010">Rappleye 2010</a>, pp. 467–469.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERappleye2010415–420-147"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERappleye2010415–420_147-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRappleye2010">Rappleye 2010</a>, pp. 415–420.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERappleye2010436–437,_457-148"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERappleye2010436–437,_457_148-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRappleye2010">Rappleye 2010</a>, pp. 436–437, 457.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-149"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-149">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Papers of Robert Morris, 9:152–156</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-150"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-150">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://gratefulamericanfoundation.org/who-paid-off-the-2024899-u-s-national-debt-today/">Gratefull American Foundation who-paid-off-the-2024899-u-s-national-debt-today</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-151"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-151">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://history.answers.com/american-government/When_did_the_US_pay_its_Revolutionary_War_debt_to_France">When_did_the_US_pay_its_Revolutionary_War_debt_to_France History.com</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERappleye2010482–485-152"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERappleye2010482–485_152-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRappleye2010">Rappleye 2010</a>, pp. 482–485.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERappleye2010493–494-153"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERappleye2010493–494_153-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRappleye2010">Rappleye 2010</a>, pp. 493–494.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-TAAAAMAAJ_p._363-154"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-TAAAAMAAJ_p._363_154-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-TAAAAMAAJ_p._363_154-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/historicmansion01westgoog/page/n537">The Historic Mansions and Buildings of Philadelphia: With Some Notice of ... p. 363</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERappleye2010502-155"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERappleye2010502_155-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRappleye2010">Rappleye 2010</a>, p. 502.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-KAAAAIAAJ_p._44-156"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-KAAAAIAAJ_p._44_156-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-KAAAAIAAJ_p._44_156-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_tkcKAAAAIAAJ_3/page/n57">Development of Transportation Systems in the United States: Comprising a ... p. 44</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERappleye2010497–498-157"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERappleye2010497–498_157-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRappleye2010">Rappleye 2010</a>, pp. 497–498.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERappleye2010499–500-158"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERappleye2010499–500_158-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRappleye2010">Rappleye 2010</a>, pp. 499–500.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERappleye2010503–505-159"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERappleye2010503–505_159-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRappleye2010">Rappleye 2010</a>, pp. 503–505.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-160"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-160">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/historicmansion01westgoog/page/n537">The Historic Mansions and Buildings of Philadelphia: With Some Notice of ... p. 364 Morris 1799 Bankrupt petition</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-161"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-161">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/historicmansion01westgoog/page/n537">The Historic Mansions and Buildings of Philadelphia: With Some Notice of ... p. 364</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-162"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-162">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Munger, p. 143.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-163"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-163">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">[An example of Morris Pennsylvania Land dealings accepting land in payment of Debts owed to him can be found in the 1846 Grant vs Levan case which came up before the Pennsylvania Supreme Court <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=oQRAAAAAYAAJ&dq=Robert+Martins+deed+polls+to+Robert+Morris&pg=PA414">Pennsylvania state Reports # 4 pp. 393–343</a>. According to the 1881 History of Schuylkill County Pennsylvania, Judge William Donaldson, an owner of rich coal lands which were concerned regarding poll deed Schuylkill County purchases by Morris, found the ten missing Poll deeds in a New York storehouse-they had been taken by one of Morris sons so as to relieve his mother the burden of keeping Morris old Business papers.<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=fycUAAAAYAAJ&dq=Judge+William+Donaldson+and+Robert+Morris+deed+polls&pg=PA292-IA33">History of Schuylkill County. p. 303</a>.]</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-164"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-164">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">On December 24, 1793, Morris and Greenleaf contracted with the Washington D.C. Commissioners for 6,000 lots; which was later modified April 28, 1794. After payment of $80,000.00 the lots would be conveyed to Morris, Greenleaf, and Nicholson, with 1,000 lots for Morris and Greenleaf;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=OSjrX6pqo5sC&dq=Robert+Morris+building+lots+in+washington+DC&pg=PA303">Journal of the ... Council of the City of Washington ..., Volume 64 1867 pp. 303–304</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEChernow1978-165"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChernow1978_165-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChernow1978_165-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFChernow1978">Chernow 1978</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-166"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-166">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Greenleaf101"</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-167"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-167">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Livermore165</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-168"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-168">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Sakolski, p. 38.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Livermore165-169"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Livermore165_169-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Livermore165_169-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Livermore165_169-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">"Livermore165"</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-170"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-170">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Sakolski, p. 143.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-171"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-171">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Oberholtzer, pp. 312–313.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Roberts407-172"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Roberts407_172-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Roberts407_172-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Roberts407_172-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">"Roberts407"</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-173"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-173">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Any inability to pay the dividend would result in the sale of these shares to make up the difference. Any income would first go into the escrow account to restore it to the agreed-upon level before any distribution could be made to the shareholders. See: Livermore, p. 167.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-174"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-174">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/yazoolandcompan00goog/page/n31">The Yazoo Land Companies .p. 25</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-NYT-PhilipChurch-175"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-NYT-PhilipChurch_175-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-NYT-PhilipChurch_175-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newspapers.com/clip/15751680/the_new_york_times/">"Philip Church's Career – One of the Most Prominent of Allegany's Early Settlers"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></i>. June 23, 1895. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171213165411/https://www.newspapers.com/clip/15751680/the_new_york_times/">Archived</a> from the original on December 13, 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Philip+Church%27s+Career+%E2%80%93+One+of+the+Most+Prominent+of+Allegany%27s+Early+Settlers&rft.date=1895-06-23&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.newspapers.com%2Fclip%2F15751680%2Fthe_new_york_times%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARobert+Morris+%28financier%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Minard-176"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Minard_176-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMinard1896" class="citation book cs1">Minard, John S. (1896). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/alleganycountyit00mina#page/404/mode/2up"><i>Allegany County and Its People</i></a>. Alfred, NY: W.A. Ferguson & Co. p. 405.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Allegany+County+and+Its+People&rft.place=Alfred%2C+NY&rft.pages=405&rft.pub=W.A.+Ferguson+%26+Co.&rft.date=1896&rft.aulast=Minard&rft.aufirst=John+S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fstream%2Falleganycountyit00mina%23page%2F404%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARobert+Morris+%28financier%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-177"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-177">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/historicmansion01westgoog/page/n537">The Historic Mansions and Buildings of Philadelphia: With Some Notice of ... pp. 369–370</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-178"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-178">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/historicmansion01westgoog/page/n537">The Historic Mansions and Buildings of Philadelphia: With Some Notice of ... p. 366</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-nps-179"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-nps_179-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cr.nps.gov/history/online_books/declaration/bio33.htm">National Park Service – Signers of the Declaration (Robert Morris)</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121018201921/http://www.cr.nps.gov/history/online_books/declaration/bio33.htm">Archived</a> October 18, 2012, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-180"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-180">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ibid. p. 44 The Two Companies in question were dissolved and reunited as "The Union Canal Company, of Philadelphia" April 2, 1811, by the Pennsylvania Legislature</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-181"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-181">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/robertmorris00sumngoog/page/n120">Robert Morris. p. 165</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-182"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-182">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">[William Graham Sumner "Robert Morris The Financier and the Finances of the American Revolution "pp. 295–297]</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-183"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-183">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Livermore, p. 168.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-184"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-184">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Mann, p. 200.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-185"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-185">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=OSjrX6pqo5sC&dq=Robert+Morris+building+lots+in+washington+DC&pg=PA303">Journal of the ... Council of the City of Washington ..., Volume 64 1867 p. 304</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-186"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-186">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/greenleafandlaw01clargoog/page/n60">Clark, <i>Greenleaf and Law in the Federal City</i>, p. 70.</a> Accessed November 24, 2012.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-187"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-187">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Clark71"</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Sakolski165-188"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Sakolski165_188-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sakolski165_188-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sakolski165_188-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">"Sakolski165"</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-189"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-189">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Livermore168"</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-190"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-190">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">When Nicholson accounts were settled with the State of Pennsylvania in 1796, he was a debtor for $58,429.00 Footnote William Graham Sumner "The Financier..." p. 295</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-191"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-191">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Livermore168"</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Livermore166-192"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Livermore166_192-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Livermore, p. 166.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-193"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-193">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Greenleaf executed another trust on October 11, 1796, transferring real estate and notes owed to him to this trust as security for payment of yet another debt. On March 23, 1797, the trustee of the third trust executed assigned certain real estate and notes under the October 11 trust to Henry Pratt and others.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-194"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-194">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Originally, there was just a single trustee for the "391 trust", George Simpson. Simpson later brought in other trustees, including Henry Pratt. The Pratt trustees purchased $4,725 in notes issued by Morris and Nicholson in order to shore up their trust—and, perhaps, to help keep Morris and Nicholson out of bankruptcy.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Livermore,_p._169-195"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Livermore,_p._169_195-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Livermore,_p._169_195-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Livermore, p. 169.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-196"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-196">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=j7OljC9Pe7IC&dq=Robert+Morris+building+lots+in+washington+DC&pg=PA5075">Congressional Record: Proceedings and Debates of the ... Congress 1896 pp. 5075–5076</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Mann201-197"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Mann201_197-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Mann201_197-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">"Mann201"</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-198"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-198">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Mann202"</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-199"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-199">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/robertmorris00sumngoog/page/n120">Robert Morris. p. 169</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-200"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-200">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Both Norris and Nicholson's estates received this exact same amount in 1880 ["Clark7475"]</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-201"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-201">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">[William Graham Sumner The Financier and the Finances of the American Revolution p. 296]</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-202"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-202">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Axelrod, Alan. <i>The Real History of the American Revolution</i>, 2007. p. 349, sidebar</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-203"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-203">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=7kgVAAAAYAAJ&dq=Robert+Morris+of+Morrisville+Pennsylvania&pg=PA165">"History of Bucks County Williams Watts et al 1905" p. 164</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-204"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-204">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/historicmansion01westgoog/page/n537">The Historic Mansions and Buildings of Philadelphia: With Some Notice of ... p. 372</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-205"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-205">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/historicmansion01westgoog/page/n537">The Historic Mansions and Buildings of Philadelphia: With Some Notice of ... pp. 376–377</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-206"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-206">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">[Besides speculation he was occupied in defending himself in 13 lawsuits from 1797 until his death in 1843]</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-207"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-207">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/historyofuniteds05chaniala/page/108">A History of the United States: Federalists and Republicans, 1789–1815 p. 112</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-208"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-208">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">William Graham Sumner "Robert Morris The Financier and the Finances of the American Revolution " p. 295</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPurvis199729-209"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPurvis199729_209-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPurvis1997">Purvis 1997</a>, p. 29.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-210"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-210">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">In January 1830, Morris's son Henry petitioned the district Court of Philadelphia that the commission should be vacated and superseded as nothing had been done by either the assignees or the creditors; the petition was granted.<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/historicmansion01westgoog/page/n537">The Historic Mansions and Buildings of Philadelphia: With Some Notice of ... pp. 374–375</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERappleye2010510–512-211"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERappleye2010510–512_211-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRappleye2010">Rappleye 2010</a>, pp. 510–512.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-212"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-212">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/robertmorris00sumngoog/page/n60">Robert Morris. p. 165 The Will was probated in 1806; however Robert Jr had died abroad in 1805</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERappleye2010515-213"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERappleye2010515_213-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRappleye2010">Rappleye 2010</a>, p. 515.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERappleye2010527–530-214"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERappleye2010527–530_214-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRappleye2010">Rappleye 2010</a>, pp. 527–530.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWrightCowen2006115–116-215"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWrightCowen2006115–116_215-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWrightCowen2006">Wright & Cowen 2006</a>, pp. 115–116.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHogeland201273–74-216"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHogeland201273–74_216-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHogeland2012">Hogeland 2012</a>, pp. 73–74.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-217"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-217">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldbanknotescoins.com/2014/10/1863-1000-one-thousand-dollar-legal-tender-note.html">"1863 One Thousand Dollar Legal Tender Note"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 6,</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=1863+One+Thousand+Dollar+Legal+Tender+Note&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldbanknotescoins.com%2F2014%2F10%2F1863-1000-one-thousand-dollar-legal-tender-note.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARobert+Morris+%28financier%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELawler200290-218"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELawler200290_218-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLawler2002">Lawler 2002</a>, p. 90.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-219"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-219">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChang2023" class="citation web cs1">Chang, David (April 17, 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nbcphiladelphia.com/news/local/vandal-writes-human-trafficer-on-robert-morris-statue/3547565/">"Vandal Writes 'Human Trafficer' on Robert Morris Statue"</a>. NBC10 Philadelphia<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 17,</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Vandal+Writes+%27Human+Trafficer%27+on+Robert+Morris+Statue&rft.pub=NBC10+Philadelphia&rft.date=2023-04-17&rft.aulast=Chang&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nbcphiladelphia.com%2Fnews%2Flocal%2Fvandal-writes-human-trafficer-on-robert-morris-statue%2F3547565%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARobert+Morris+%28financier%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Robert_Morris_(financier)&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBordewich2016" class="citation book cs1">Bordewich, Fergus M. (2016). <i>The First Congress</i>. New York: Simon & Schuster. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-45169193-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-45169193-1"><bdi>978-1-45169193-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+First+Congress&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Simon+%26+Schuster&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-1-45169193-1&rft.aulast=Bordewich&rft.aufirst=Fergus+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARobert+Morris+%28financier%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChernow1978" class="citation book cs1">Chernow, Barbara Ann (1978). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/3609086"><i>Robert Morris, land speculator, 1790–1801</i></a>. New York: Arno Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-405-11029-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-405-11029-4"><bdi>0-405-11029-4</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/3609086">3609086</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Robert+Morris%2C+land+speculator%2C+1790%E2%80%931801&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Arno+Press&rft.date=1978&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F3609086&rft.isbn=0-405-11029-4&rft.aulast=Chernow&rft.aufirst=Barbara+Ann&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldcat.org%2Foclc%2F3609086&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARobert+Morris+%28financier%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHogeland2012" class="citation book cs1">Hogeland, William (2012). <i>Founding Finance: How Debt, Speculation, Foreclosures, Protests, and Crackdowns Made Us a Nation</i>. University of Texas Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780292745759" title="Special:BookSources/9780292745759"><bdi>9780292745759</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Founding+Finance%3A+How+Debt%2C+Speculation%2C+Foreclosures%2C+Protests%2C+and+Crackdowns+Made+Us+a+Nation&rft.pub=University+of+Texas+Press&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=9780292745759&rft.aulast=Hogeland&rft.aufirst=William&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARobert+Morris+%28financier%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Ferguson, E. James. <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1916947">Business, Government, and Congressional Investigation in the Revolution</a></i>, (1959), Via <a href="/wiki/Jstor" class="mw-redirect" title="Jstor">Jstor</a></li> <li>Ferguson, E. James. <i>The Power of the Purse: A History of American Public Finance, 1776–1790</i> (1961) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/powerofpursehist0000ferg">online</a></li> <li>Herring, William Rodney. "The Rhetoric of Credit, the Rhetoric of Debt: Economic Arguments in Early America and Beyond." <i>Rhetoric and Public Affairs</i> 19.1 (2016): 45–82.</li> <li>Kohn, Richard H. "The Inside History of the Newburgh Conspiracy: America and the Coup d'Etat." <i>William and Mary Quarterly</i> (1970) 27#2 pp: 188–220. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1918650">online</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLawler2002" class="citation journal cs1">Lawler, Edward Jr. (2002). "The President's House in Philadelphia: The Rediscovery of a Lost Landmark". <i>The Pennsylvania Magazine of History and Biography</i>. <b>126</b> (1): 5–95. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/20093505">20093505</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Pennsylvania+Magazine+of+History+and+Biography&rft.atitle=The+President%27s+House+in+Philadelphia%3A+The+Rediscovery+of+a+Lost+Landmark&rft.volume=126&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=5-95&rft.date=2002&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F20093505%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Lawler&rft.aufirst=Edward+Jr.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARobert+Morris+%28financier%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcGraw2012" class="citation book cs1">McGraw, Thomas K. (2012). <i>The Founders and Finance</i>. Harvard University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780674071353" title="Special:BookSources/9780674071353"><bdi>9780674071353</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Founders+and+Finance&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=9780674071353&rft.aulast=McGraw&rft.aufirst=Thomas+K.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARobert+Morris+%28financier%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMiddlekauff2007" class="citation book cs1">Middlekauff, Robert (2007) [1982]. <i>The Glorious Cause: The American Revolution, 1763–1789</i> (2nd ed.). Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780199740925" title="Special:BookSources/9780199740925"><bdi>9780199740925</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Glorious+Cause%3A+The+American+Revolution%2C+1763%E2%80%931789&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=9780199740925&rft.aulast=Middlekauff&rft.aufirst=Robert&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARobert+Morris+%28financier%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Oberholtzer, Ellis Paxson. <i>Robert Morris, Patriot and Financier</i> (Macmillan, 1903) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/cu31924032745055">online</a>.</li> <li>Perkins, Edwin J. <i>American public finance and financial services, 1700–1815</i> (1994). pp. 85–105 on Revolution, pp. 106–36 on postwar. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=+%22war+of+1812%22+finance&btnG=&hl=en&as_sdt=1%2C27">Complete text line free</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPurvis1997" class="citation book cs1">Purvis, Thomas L. (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=556-YcjJYhkC&q=29&pg=PA29"><i>A Dictionary of American History</i></a>. Wiley. p. 29. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-57718-099-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-57718-099-9"><bdi>978-1-57718-099-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Dictionary+of+American+History&rft.pages=29&rft.pub=Wiley&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-1-57718-099-9&rft.aulast=Purvis&rft.aufirst=Thomas+L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D556-YcjJYhkC%26q%3D29%26pg%3DPA29&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARobert+Morris+%28financier%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Rakove, Jack N. <i>The beginnings of national politics: An interpretive history of the Continental Congress</i> (Knopf, 1979) pp 297–330. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/beginningsofnati00jack">online</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRappleye2010" class="citation book cs1">Rappleye, Charles (2010). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/robertm_rap_2010_00_1148"><i>Robert Morris: Financier of the American Revolution</i></a></span>. Simon & Schuster. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4165-7091-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4165-7091-2"><bdi>978-1-4165-7091-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Robert+Morris%3A+Financier+of+the+American+Revolution&rft.pub=Simon+%26+Schuster&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-1-4165-7091-2&rft.aulast=Rappleye&rft.aufirst=Charles&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Frobertm_rap_2010_00_1148&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARobert+Morris+%28financier%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Smith, Ryan K. <i>Robert Morris's Folly: The Architectural and Financial Failures of an American Founder.</i> New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 2014.</li> <li>Ver Steeg, Clarence L. <i>Robert Morris, Revolutionary Financier.</i> Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 1954. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/robertmorrisrevo0000vers">online</a></li> <li>Ver Steeg, Clarence L. "Morris, Robert" in <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.anb.org/articles/01/01-00633.html;"><i>American National Biography Online</i> 2000.</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWood2009" class="citation book cs1">Wood, Gordon S. (2009). <i>Empire of Liberty: A History of the Early Republic, 1789–1815</i>. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780199741090" title="Special:BookSources/9780199741090"><bdi>9780199741090</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Empire+of+Liberty%3A+A+History+of+the+Early+Republic%2C+1789%E2%80%931815&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=9780199741090&rft.aulast=Wood&rft.aufirst=Gordon+S.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARobert+Morris+%28financier%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWrightCowen2006" class="citation book cs1">Wright, Robert E.; Cowen, David J. (2006). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/financialfoundin00wrig"><i>Financial Founding Fathers: The Men Who Made America Rich</i></a></span>. University of Chicago Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780226910680" title="Special:BookSources/9780226910680"><bdi>9780226910680</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Financial+Founding+Fathers%3A+The+Men+Who+Made+America+Rich&rft.pub=University+of+Chicago+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=9780226910680&rft.aulast=Wright&rft.aufirst=Robert+E.&rft.au=Cowen%2C+David+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Ffinancialfoundin00wrig&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARobert+Morris+%28financier%29" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Primary_sources">Primary sources</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Robert_Morris_(financier)&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Primary sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Ferguson, E. James (editor): <i>The Papers of Robert Morris 1781–1784 (9 volumes)</i>: University of Pittsburgh Press, 1978; (1995 reprint: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8229-3886-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-8229-3886-3">0-8229-3886-3</a>).</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Robert_Morris_(financier)&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Robert_Morris" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Robert Morris">Robert Morris</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/38px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="38" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/57px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/76px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><a href="/wiki/Wikisource" title="Wikisource">Wikisource</a> has the text of a <a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">1911 <i>Encyclopædia Britannica</i></a> article about <span style="font-weight:bold;"><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Morris,_Robert" class="extiw" title="wikisource:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Morris, Robert">Robert Morris</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.colonialhall.com/morrisr/morrisr.php">Biography by Rev. Charles A. Goodrich, 1856</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200806170901/http://colonialhall.com/morrisr/morrisr.php">Archived</a> August 6, 2020, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ushistory.org/presidentshouse/">The President's House</a></li></ul> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFUnited_States_CongressM000985" class="citation web cs1">United States Congress. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://bioguide.congress.gov/scripts/biodisplay.pl?index=M000985">"Robert Morris (id: M000985)"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Biographical_Directory_of_the_United_States_Congress" title="Biographical Directory of the United States Congress">Biographical Directory of the United States Congress</a></i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Biographical+Directory+of+the+United+States+Congress&rft.atitle=Robert+Morris+%28id%3A+M000985%29&rft.au=United+States+Congress&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbioguide.congress.gov%2Fscripts%2Fbiodisplay.pl%3Findex%3DM000985&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARobert+Morris+%28financier%29" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <table class="wikitable succession-box noprint" style="margin:0.5em auto; font-size:small;clear:both;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #ccccff;">Political offices </th></tr> <tr> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b>New office</b> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/Superintendent_of_Finance_of_the_United_States" title="Superintendent of Finance of the United States">United States Superintendent of Finance</a> </b><br />1781–1784 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;"><b>Position abolished </b> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #cccccc"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate" title="United States Senate">U.S. Senate</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b>New seat</b> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Senators_from_Pennsylvania" class="mw-redirect" title="List of United States Senators from Pennsylvania">U.S. Senator (Class 3) from Pennsylvania</a> </b><br />1789–1795 <br />Served alongside: <b><a href="/wiki/William_Maclay_(Pennsylvania_senator)" class="mw-redirect" title="William Maclay (Pennsylvania senator)">William Maclay</a>, <a href="/wiki/Albert_Gallatin" title="Albert Gallatin">Albert Gallatin</a>, <a href="/wiki/James_Ross_(Pennsylvania_politician)" title="James Ross (Pennsylvania politician)">James Ross</a></b> </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/William_Bingham" title="William Bingham">William Bingham</a></div> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist 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.navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Robert_Morris" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible expanded navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Robert_Morris" title="Template:Robert Morris"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Robert_Morris" title="Template talk:Robert Morris"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Robert_Morris" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Robert Morris"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Robert_Morris" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Robert Morris</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Senator" class="mw-redirect" title="United States Senator">United States Senator, Pennsylvania, 1789–1795</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Superintendent_of_Finance_of_the_United_States" title="Superintendent of Finance of the United States">Superintendent of Finance of the United States, 1781–1784</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Second_Continental_Congress" title="Second Continental Congress">Second Continental Congress, 1775–1778</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Founding_Fathers_of_the_United_States" title="Founding Fathers of the United States">United States<br />Founding events</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Financed_the_war">Financier of the American Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Declaration_of_Independence" title="United States Declaration of Independence">Signed, Declaration of Independence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Articles_of_Confederation" title="Articles of Confederation">Signed, Articles of Confederation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitutional_Convention_(United_States)" title="Constitutional Convention (United States)">Signed, United States Constitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Model_Treaty" title="Model Treaty">1776 Model Treaty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Committee_of_Secret_Correspondence" title="Committee of Secret Correspondence">Committee of Secret Correspondence, Second Continental Congress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Committees_of_safety_(American_Revolution)" class="mw-redirect" title="Committees of safety (American Revolution)">Chairman, Pennsylvania Committee of Safety</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Superintendent_of_Finance_of_the_United_States" title="Superintendent of Finance of the United States">U.S. Superintendent of Finance</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Superintendent_of_Finance_of_the_United_States" title="Superintendent of Finance of the United States">Agent of the Marine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bank_of_North_America" title="Bank of North America">Bank of North America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nova_Constellatio" title="Nova Constellatio">Nova Constellatio</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Congress_Hall#Temporary_capitol" title="Congress Hall">Philadelphia as U.S. capital city, 1790–1800</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Residence_Act" title="Residence Act">Residence Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President%27s_House_(Philadelphia)" title="President's House (Philadelphia)">President's House</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other events</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Shipping_and_slavery">Willing, Morris & Co. (Slavery)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dollar_sign#Later_history" title="Dollar sign">Use of the dollar sign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Newburgh_Conspiracy" title="Newburgh Conspiracy">Newburgh Conspiracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Empress_of_China_(1783)" title="Empress of China (1783)"><i>Empress of China</i> merchant ship</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Old_China_Trade" title="Old China Trade">Old China Trade</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phelps_and_Gorham_Purchase" title="Phelps and Gorham Purchase">Phelps and Gorham Purchase</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Life</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Early_life">Early life</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Summerseat_(Morrisville,_Pennsylvania)" title="Summerseat (Morrisville, Pennsylvania)">Summerseat home</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate_elections_in_Pennsylvania,_1788" class="mw-redirect" title="United States Senate elections in Pennsylvania, 1788">1788 U.S. Senate election</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panic_of_1796%E2%80%9397" class="mw-redirect" title="Panic of 1796–97">Panic of 1796–97</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christ_Church,_Philadelphia" title="Christ Church, Philadelphia">Christ Church, Philadelphia, burial site</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Legacy</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Morris_University" title="Robert Morris University">Robert Morris University, Pennsylvania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Morris_University_Illinois" title="Robert Morris University Illinois">Robert Morris University, Illinois</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Morris_(Bartlett)" title="Robert Morris (Bartlett)"><i>Robert Morris</i> statue, Philadelphia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Apotheosis_of_Washington" title="The Apotheosis of Washington">Depicted in <i>The Apotheosis of Washington</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heald_Square_Monument" title="Heald Square Monument"><i>Heald Square Monument</i>, Chicago</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mount_Morris,_New_York" title="Mount Morris, New York">Mount Morris, New York</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mount_Morris_(village),_New_York" title="Mount Morris (village), New York">village</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mount_Morris_Dam" title="Mount Morris Dam">dam</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morrisville,_Bucks_County,_Pennsylvania" title="Morrisville, Bucks County, Pennsylvania">Morrisville, Pennsylvania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/USS_Morris" title="USS Morris">USS <i>Morris</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Memorial_to_the_56_Signers_of_the_Declaration_of_Independence" title="Memorial to the 56 Signers of the Declaration of Independence">Memorial to the 56 Signers of the Declaration of Independence</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Morris_(New_York_politician)" title="Thomas Morris (New York politician)">Thomas Morris (son)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Founding_Fathers_of_the_United_States" title="Founding Fathers of the United States">Founding Fathers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Willing" title="Thomas Willing">Thomas Willing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haym_Salomon" title="Haym Salomon">Haym Salomon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Betsy_Ross_flag" title="Betsy Ross flag">Betsy Ross flag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/USS_Alfred_(1774)" class="mw-redirect" title="USS Alfred (1774)">USS <i>Alfred</i></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="United_States_Declaration_of_Independence" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:United_States_Declaration_of_Independence" title="Template:United States Declaration of Independence"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:United_States_Declaration_of_Independence" title="Template talk:United States Declaration of Independence"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:United_States_Declaration_of_Independence" title="Special:EditPage/Template:United States Declaration of Independence"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="United_States_Declaration_of_Independence" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Declaration_of_Independence" title="United States Declaration of Independence">United States Declaration of Independence</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Physical_history_of_the_United_States_Declaration_of_Independence" title="Physical history of the United States Declaration of Independence">Physical history of the Declaration of Independence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Memorial_to_the_56_Signers_of_the_Declaration_of_Independence" title="Memorial to the 56 Signers of the Declaration of Independence">Memorial to the 56 Signers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Founding_Fathers_of_the_United_States" title="Founding Fathers of the United States">Founding Fathers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syng_inkstand" title="Syng inkstand">Syng inkstand</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Primary author</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Jefferson" title="Thomas Jefferson">Thomas Jefferson</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Signing_of_the_United_States_Declaration_of_Independence" title="Signing of the United States Declaration of Independence">Signatories</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/President_of_the_Continental_Congress" title="President of the Continental Congress">President of Congress</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/John_Hancock" title="John Hancock">John Hancock</a> (Massachusetts)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">New Hampshire</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Josiah_Bartlett" title="Josiah Bartlett">Josiah Bartlett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Whipple" title="William Whipple">William Whipple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matthew_Thornton" title="Matthew Thornton">Matthew Thornton</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Massachusetts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Adams" title="Samuel Adams">Samuel Adams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Adams" title="John Adams">John Adams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Treat_Paine" title="Robert Treat Paine">Robert Treat Paine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elbridge_Gerry" title="Elbridge Gerry">Elbridge Gerry</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Rhode Island</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Stephen_Hopkins_(politician)" title="Stephen Hopkins (politician)">Stephen Hopkins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Ellery" title="William Ellery">William Ellery</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Connecticut</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Roger_Sherman" title="Roger Sherman">Roger Sherman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Huntington_(Connecticut_politician)" title="Samuel Huntington (Connecticut politician)">Samuel Huntington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Williams_(Connecticut_politician)" title="William Williams (Connecticut politician)">William Williams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oliver_Wolcott" title="Oliver Wolcott">Oliver Wolcott</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">New York</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/William_Floyd" title="William Floyd">William Floyd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philip_Livingston" title="Philip Livingston">Philip Livingston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_Lewis" title="Francis Lewis">Francis Lewis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lewis_Morris" title="Lewis Morris">Lewis Morris</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">New Jersey</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Stockton_(Continental_Congressman)" title="Richard Stockton (Continental Congressman)">Richard Stockton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Witherspoon" title="John Witherspoon">John Witherspoon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_Hopkinson" title="Francis Hopkinson">Francis Hopkinson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Hart_(New_Jersey_politician)" title="John Hart (New Jersey politician)">John Hart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abraham_Clark" title="Abraham Clark">Abraham Clark</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Pennsylvania</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Robert Morris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Rush" title="Benjamin Rush">Benjamin Rush</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Franklin" title="Benjamin Franklin">Benjamin Franklin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Morton_(American_politician)" title="John Morton (American politician)">John Morton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Clymer" title="George Clymer">George Clymer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Smith_(Pennsylvania_politician)" title="James Smith (Pennsylvania politician)">James Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Taylor_(Pennsylvania_politician)" title="George Taylor (Pennsylvania politician)">George Taylor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Wilson_(Founding_Father)" title="James Wilson (Founding Father)">James Wilson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Ross_(American_politician)" title="George Ross (American politician)">George Ross</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Delaware</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/George_Read_(American_politician,_born_1733)" title="George Read (American politician, born 1733)">George Read</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caesar_Rodney" title="Caesar Rodney">Caesar Rodney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_McKean" title="Thomas McKean">Thomas McKean</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Maryland</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Chase" title="Samuel Chase">Samuel Chase</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Paca" title="William Paca">William Paca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Stone" title="Thomas Stone">Thomas Stone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Carroll_of_Carrollton" title="Charles Carroll of Carrollton">Charles Carroll of Carrollton</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Virginia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/George_Wythe" title="George Wythe">George Wythe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Henry_Lee" title="Richard Henry Lee">Richard Henry Lee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Jefferson" title="Thomas Jefferson">Thomas Jefferson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Harrison_V" title="Benjamin Harrison V">Benjamin Harrison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Nelson_Jr." title="Thomas Nelson Jr.">Thomas Nelson Jr.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_Lightfoot_Lee" title="Francis Lightfoot Lee">Francis Lightfoot Lee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carter_Braxton" title="Carter Braxton">Carter Braxton</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">North Carolina</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/William_Hooper" title="William Hooper">William Hooper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Hewes" title="Joseph Hewes">Joseph Hewes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Penn_(North_Carolina_politician)" title="John Penn (North Carolina politician)">John Penn</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">South Carolina</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Rutledge" title="Edward Rutledge">Edward Rutledge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Heyward_Jr." title="Thomas Heyward Jr.">Thomas Heyward Jr.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Lynch_Jr." title="Thomas Lynch Jr.">Thomas Lynch Jr.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Middleton" title="Arthur Middleton">Arthur Middleton</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Georgia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Button_Gwinnett" title="Button Gwinnett">Button Gwinett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lyman_Hall" title="Lyman Hall">Lyman Hall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Walton" title="George Walton">George Walton</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Delegates voting<br />for Independence<br />(did not sign)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><b>New York</b>: <a href="/wiki/Robert_R._Livingston" title="Robert R. Livingston">Robert R. Livingston</a>, <a href="/wiki/Henry_Wisner" title="Henry Wisner">Henry Wisner</a><br /> <b>Maryland</b>: <a href="/wiki/John_Rogers_(Continental_Congress)" title="John Rogers (Continental Congress)">John Rogers</a>, <a href="/wiki/Matthew_Tilghman" title="Matthew Tilghman">Matthew Tilghman</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Halifax_Resolves" title="Halifax Resolves">Halifax Resolves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virginia_Declaration_of_Rights" title="Virginia Declaration of Rights">Virginia Declaration of Rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Continental_Congress" title="Second Continental Congress">Second Continental Congress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lee_Resolution" title="Lee Resolution">Lee Resolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Committee_of_Five" title="Committee of Five">Committee of Five</a> <ul><li>"<a href="/wiki/All_men_are_created_equal" title="All men are created equal">All men are created equal</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Life,_Liberty_and_the_pursuit_of_Happiness" title="Life, Liberty and the pursuit of Happiness">Life, Liberty and the pursuit of Happiness</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Consent_of_the_governed" title="Consent of the governed">Consent of the governed</a>"</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grievances_of_the_United_States_Declaration_of_Independence" title="Grievances of the United States Declaration of Independence">27 grievances</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Physical_history_of_the_United_States_Declaration_of_Independence" title="Physical history of the United States Declaration of Independence">Document's history</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Signing_of_the_United_States_Declaration_of_Independence" title="Signing of the United States Declaration of Independence">signing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Thomson" title="Charles Thomson">Charles Thomson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timothy_Matlack" title="Timothy Matlack">Timothy Matlack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Journals_of_the_Continental_Congress" title="Journals of the Continental Congress">Journals of the Continental Congress</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Colonies" title="United Colonies">United Colonies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Independence_Hall" title="Independence Hall">Independence Hall</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Syng_inkstand" title="Syng inkstand">Syng inkstand</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Revolution" title="American Revolution">American Revolution</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Display<br />and legacy</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_Archives_Building" title="National Archives Building">National Archives</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Charters_of_Freedom" title="Charters of Freedom">Rotunda for the Charters of Freedom</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Independence_Day_(United_States)" title="Independence Day (United States)">Independence Day</a></li> <li>Anniversaries <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Centennial_Exposition" title="Centennial Exposition">Centennial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sesquicentennial_Exposition" title="Sesquicentennial Exposition">Sesquicentennial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Bicentennial" title="United States Bicentennial">Bicentennial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Semiquincentennial" title="United States Semiquincentennial">Semiquincentennial</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Memorial_to_the_56_Signers_of_the_Declaration_of_Independence" title="Memorial to the 56 Signers of the Declaration of Independence">Memorial to the 56 Signers of the Declaration of Independence</a> (Washington, D.C.)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Signers_Monument" title="Signers Monument">Signers Monument (Georgia)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Congress_Voting_Independence" title="Congress Voting Independence">Pine portrait</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Declaration_of_Independence_(painting)" title="Declaration of Independence (painting)">Trumbull portrait</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Articles_of_Confederation_and_Perpetual_Union" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Articles_of_Confederation_and_Perpetual_Union" title="Template:Articles of Confederation and Perpetual Union"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Articles_of_Confederation_and_Perpetual_Union" title="Template talk:Articles of Confederation and Perpetual Union"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Articles_of_Confederation_and_Perpetual_Union" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Articles of Confederation and Perpetual Union"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Articles_of_Confederation_and_Perpetual_Union" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Articles_of_Confederation" title="Articles of Confederation">Articles of Confederation</a> and <a href="/wiki/Perpetual_Union" title="Perpetual Union">Perpetual Union</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><a href="/wiki/Founding_Fathers_of_the_United_States" title="Founding Fathers of the United States">Founding Fathers of the United States</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Signatories</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Primary drafter</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/John_Dickinson" title="John Dickinson">John Dickinson</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">New Hampshire</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Josiah_Bartlett" title="Josiah Bartlett">Josiah Bartlett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Wentworth_Jr." title="John Wentworth Jr.">John Wentworth Jr.</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Massachusetts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/John_Hancock" title="John Hancock">John Hancock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Adams" title="Samuel Adams">Samuel Adams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elbridge_Gerry" title="Elbridge Gerry">Elbridge Gerry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_Dana" title="Francis Dana">Francis Dana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Lovell_(politician)" title="James Lovell (politician)">James Lovell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Holten" title="Samuel Holten">Samuel Holten</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Rhode Island</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/William_Ellery" title="William Ellery">William Ellery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Marchant" title="Henry Marchant">Henry Marchant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Collins_(Continental_Congress)" title="John Collins (Continental Congress)">John Collins</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Connecticut</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Roger_Sherman" title="Roger Sherman">Roger Sherman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Huntington_(Connecticut_politician)" title="Samuel Huntington (Connecticut politician)">Samuel Huntington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oliver_Wolcott" title="Oliver Wolcott">Oliver Wolcott</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Titus_Hosmer" title="Titus Hosmer">Titus Hosmer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Adams_(politician)" title="Andrew Adams (politician)">Andrew Adams</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">New York</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/James_Duane" title="James Duane">James Duane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_Lewis" title="Francis Lewis">Francis Lewis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Duer_(Continental_congressman)" title="William Duer (Continental congressman)">William Duer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gouverneur_Morris" title="Gouverneur Morris">Gouverneur Morris</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">New Jersey</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/John_Witherspoon" title="John Witherspoon">John Witherspoon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nathaniel_Scudder" title="Nathaniel Scudder">Nathaniel Scudder</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Pennsylvania</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Robert Morris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Roberdeau" title="Daniel Roberdeau">Daniel Roberdeau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jonathan_Bayard_Smith" title="Jonathan Bayard Smith">Jonathan Bayard Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Clingan" title="William Clingan">William Clingan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Reed_(politician)" title="Joseph Reed (politician)">Joseph Reed</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Delaware</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_McKean" title="Thomas McKean">Thomas McKean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Dickinson" title="John Dickinson">John Dickinson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicholas_Van_Dyke_(politician,_born_1738)" title="Nicholas Van Dyke (politician, born 1738)">Nicholas Van Dyke</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Maryland</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/John_Hanson" title="John Hanson">John Hanson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Carroll" title="Daniel Carroll">Daniel Carroll</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Virginia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Henry_Lee" title="Richard Henry Lee">Richard Henry Lee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Banister_(lawyer)" title="John Banister (lawyer)">John Banister</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Adams_(politician)" title="Thomas Adams (politician)">Thomas Adams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Harvie" title="John Harvie">John Harvie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_Lightfoot_Lee" title="Francis Lightfoot Lee">Francis Lightfoot Lee</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">North Carolina</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/John_Penn_(North_Carolina_politician)" title="John Penn (North Carolina politician)">John Penn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cornelius_Harnett" title="Cornelius Harnett">Cornelius Harnett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Williams_(Continental_Congress)" title="John Williams (Continental Congress)">John Williams</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">South Carolina</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Laurens" title="Henry Laurens">Henry Laurens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Henry_Drayton" title="William Henry Drayton">William Henry Drayton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Mathews_(lawyer)" title="John Mathews (lawyer)">John Mathews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Hutson" title="Richard Hutson">Richard Hutson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Heyward_Jr." title="Thomas Heyward Jr.">Thomas Heyward Jr.</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Georgia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/John_Walton_(Continental_Congress)" title="John Walton (Continental Congress)">John Walton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Telfair" title="Edward Telfair">Edward Telfair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Langworthy_(Founding_Father)" title="Edward Langworthy (Founding Father)">Edward Langworthy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Continental_Congress" title="Continental Congress">Continental Congress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Revolution" title="American Revolution">American Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Congress_of_the_Confederation" title="Congress of the Confederation">Congress of the Confederation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Thomson" title="Charles Thomson">Charles Thomson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Journals_of_the_Continental_Congress" title="Journals of the Continental Congress">Journals of the Continental Congress</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Display</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_Archives_Building" title="National Archives Building">National Archives</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Charters_of_Freedom" title="Charters of Freedom">Rotunda for the Charters of Freedom</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Constitution_of_the_United_States" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Constitution_of_the_United_States" title="Template:Constitution of the United States"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Constitution_of_the_United_States" title="Template talk:Constitution of the United States"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Constitution_of_the_United_States" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Constitution of the United States"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Constitution_of_the_United_States" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_the_United_States" title="Constitution of the United States">Constitution of the United States</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Articles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Preamble_to_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Preamble to the United States Constitution">Preamble</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Article_One_of_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Article One of the United States Constitution">I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Article_Two_of_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Article Two of the United States Constitution">II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Article_Three_of_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Article Three of the United States Constitution">III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Article_Four_of_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Article Four of the United States Constitution">IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Article_Five_of_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Article Five of the United States Constitution">V</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Article_Six_of_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Article Six of the United States Constitution">VI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Article_Seven_of_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Article Seven of the United States Constitution">VII</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_amendments_to_the_Constitution_of_the_United_States" title="List of amendments to the Constitution of the United States">Amendments</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Bill_of_Rights" title="United States Bill of Rights">Bill of Rights</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution" title="First Amendment to the United States Constitution">1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Second Amendment to the United States Constitution">2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Third Amendment to the United States Constitution">3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fourth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Fourth Amendment to the United States Constitution">4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fifth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Fifth Amendment to the United States Constitution">5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sixth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Sixth Amendment to the United States Constitution">6</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seventh_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Seventh Amendment to the United States Constitution">7</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eighth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Eighth Amendment to the United States Constitution">8</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ninth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Ninth Amendment to the United States Constitution">9</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tenth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Tenth Amendment to the United States Constitution">10</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1795–1804</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eleventh_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Eleventh Amendment to the United States Constitution">11</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Twelfth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Twelfth Amendment to the United States Constitution">12</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Reconstruction_Amendments" title="Reconstruction Amendments">Reconstruction</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Thirteenth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Thirteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution">13</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fourteenth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution">14</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fifteenth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Fifteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution">15</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">20th century</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sixteenth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Sixteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution">16</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seventeenth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Seventeenth Amendment to the United States Constitution">17</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eighteenth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Eighteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution">18</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nineteenth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Nineteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution">19</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Twentieth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Twentieth Amendment to the United States Constitution">20</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Twenty-first_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Twenty-first Amendment to the United States Constitution">21</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Twenty-second_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Twenty-second Amendment to the United States Constitution">22</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Twenty-third_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Twenty-third Amendment to the United States Constitution">23</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Twenty-fourth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Twenty-fourth Amendment to the United States Constitution">24</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Twenty-fifth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Twenty-fifth Amendment to the United States Constitution">25</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Twenty-sixth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Twenty-sixth Amendment to the United States Constitution">26</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Twenty-seventh_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Twenty-seventh Amendment to the United States Constitution">27</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_amendments_to_the_Constitution_of_the_United_States" title="List of amendments to the Constitution of the United States">Unratified</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Congressional_Apportionment_Amendment" title="Congressional Apportionment Amendment">Congressional Apportionment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Titles_of_Nobility_Amendment" title="Titles of Nobility Amendment">Titles of Nobility</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corwin_Amendment" title="Corwin Amendment">Corwin Amendment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Child_Labor_Amendment" title="Child Labor Amendment">Child Labor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Equal_Rights_Amendment" title="Equal Rights Amendment">Equal Rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/District_of_Columbia_Voting_Rights_Amendment" title="District of Columbia Voting Rights Amendment">District of Columbia Voting Rights</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_proposed_amendments_to_the_Constitution_of_the_United_States" title="List of proposed amendments to the Constitution of the United States">Proposed</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Balanced_budget_amendment" title="Balanced budget amendment">Balanced budget</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blaine_Amendment" title="Blaine Amendment">Blaine amendment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bricker_Amendment" title="Bricker Amendment">Bricker amendment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Campaign_finance_reform_amendment" title="Campaign finance reform amendment">Campaign finance reform</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_amendment" title="Christian amendment">Christian amendment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crittenden_Compromise" title="Crittenden Compromise">Crittenden Compromise</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electoral_College_abolition_amendment" title="Electoral College abolition amendment">Electoral College abolition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Equal_Opportunity_to_Govern_Amendment" title="Equal Opportunity to Govern Amendment">Equal Opportunity to Govern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_Marriage_Amendment" title="Federal Marriage Amendment">Federal Marriage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_Desecration_Amendment" title="Flag Desecration Amendment">Flag Desecration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_Life_Amendment" title="Human Life Amendment">Human Life</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proposed_%22Liberty%22_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Proposed "Liberty" Amendment to the United States Constitution">"Liberty" amendment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ludlow_Amendment" title="Ludlow Amendment">Ludlow amendment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parental_Rights_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Parental Rights Amendment to the United States Constitution">Parental Rights amendment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/School_Prayer_Amendment" title="School Prayer Amendment">School Prayer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Single_subject_amendment" title="Single subject amendment">Single subject</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victims%27_Rights_Amendment" title="Victims' Rights Amendment">Victims' Rights</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Convention_to_propose_amendments_to_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Convention to propose amendments to the United States Constitution">Convention to propose amendments</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_ratifying_conventions" title="State ratifying conventions">State ratifying conventions</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Formation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_Constitution" title="History of the United States Constitution">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Articles_of_Confederation" title="Articles of Confederation">Articles of Confederation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mount_Vernon_Conference" title="Mount Vernon Conference">Mount Vernon Conference</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Annapolis_Convention_(1786)" title="Annapolis Convention (1786)">Annapolis Convention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitutional_Convention_(United_States)" title="Constitutional Convention (United States)">Philadelphia Convention</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Virginia_Plan" title="Virginia Plan">Virginia Plan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Jersey_Plan" title="New Jersey Plan">New Jersey Plan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Connecticut_Compromise" title="Connecticut Compromise">Connecticut Compromise</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Three-fifths_Compromise" title="Three-fifths Compromise">Three-fifths Compromise</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Committee_of_Detail" title="Committee of Detail">Committee of Detail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Framers" class="mw-redirect" title="Framers">List of Framers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Signing_of_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Signing of the United States Constitution">Signing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Printing_of_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Printing of the United States Constitution">Printing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Independence_Hall" title="Independence Hall">Independence Hall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syng_inkstand" title="Syng inkstand">Syng inkstand</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Federalist_Papers" title="The Federalist Papers">The Federalist Papers</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Federalist_Papers" title="Anti-Federalist Papers">Anti-Federalist Papers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Massachusetts_Compromise" title="Massachusetts Compromise">Massachusetts Compromise</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virginia_Ratifying_Convention" title="Virginia Ratifying Convention">Virginia Ratifying Convention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_York_Circular_Letter" title="New York Circular Letter">New York Circular Letter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hillsborough_Convention" title="Hillsborough Convention">Hillsborough Convention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fayetteville_Convention" title="Fayetteville Convention">Fayetteville Convention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ratification_of_the_United_States_Constitution_by_Rhode_Island" title="Ratification of the United States Constitution by Rhode Island">Rhode Island ratification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_drafting_and_ratification_of_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Timeline of drafting and ratification of the United States Constitution">Drafting and ratification timeline</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_clauses_of_the_United_States_Constitution" title="List of clauses of the United States Constitution">Clauses</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Admission_to_the_Union" title="Admission to the Union">Admission to the Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Appointments_Clause" title="Appointments Clause">Appointments</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Appropriations_bill_(United_States)" title="Appropriations bill (United States)">Appropriations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right_to_petition_in_the_United_States" title="Right to petition in the United States">Assemble and Petition Clause</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assistance_of_Counsel_Clause" title="Assistance of Counsel Clause">Assistance of Counsel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Case_or_Controversy_Clause" title="Case or Controversy Clause">Case or Controversy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Citizenship_Clause" title="Citizenship Clause">Citizenship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commerce_Clause" title="Commerce Clause">Commerce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interstate_compact" title="Interstate compact">Compact</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Compulsory_Process_Clause" title="Compulsory Process Clause">Compulsory Process</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confrontation_Clause" title="Confrontation Clause">Confrontation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Congressional_power_of_enforcement" title="Congressional power of enforcement">Congressional enforcement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contingent_election" title="Contingent election">Contingent Elections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contract_Clause" title="Contract Clause">Contract</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Copyright_Clause" title="Copyright Clause">Copyright and Patent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Double_Jeopardy_Clause" title="Double Jeopardy Clause">Double Jeopardy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Due_Process_Clause" title="Due Process Clause">Due Process</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_clause" class="mw-redirect" title="Elections clause">Elections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Engagements_Clause" title="Engagements Clause">Engagements</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Equal_Protection_Clause" title="Equal Protection Clause">Equal Protection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Establishment_Clause" title="Establishment Clause">Establishment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Article_Three_of_the_United_States_Constitution#Original_and_appellate_jurisdiction" title="Article Three of the United States Constitution">Exceptions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Excessive_Bail_Clause" title="Excessive Bail Clause">Excessive Bail</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ex_post_facto_law#United_States" title="Ex post facto law">Ex Post Facto</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extradition_Clause" title="Extradition Clause">Extradition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_Exercise_Clause" title="Free Exercise Clause">Free Exercise</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_the_press_in_the_United_States" title="Freedom of the press in the United States">Freedom of the Press</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_speech_in_the_United_States" title="Freedom of speech in the United States">Freedom of Speech</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fugitive_Slave_Clause" title="Fugitive Slave Clause">Fugitive Slave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Full_Faith_and_Credit_Clause" title="Full Faith and Credit Clause">Full Faith and Credit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taxing_and_Spending_Clause#General_Welfare_Clause" title="Taxing and Spending Clause">General Welfare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guarantee_Clause" title="Guarantee Clause">Guarantee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_congressional_apportionment" title="United States congressional apportionment">House Apportionment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_impeachment_in_the_United_States" title="Federal impeachment in the United States">Impeachment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Import-Export_Clause" title="Import-Export Clause">Import-Export</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ineligibility_Clause" title="Ineligibility Clause">Ineligibility</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Article_One_of_the_United_States_Constitution#Section_8" title="Article One of the United States Constitution">Militia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural-born-citizen_clause_(United_States)" title="Natural-born-citizen clause (United States)">Natural-born citizen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Necessary_and_Proper_Clause" title="Necessary and Proper Clause">Necessary and Proper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/No_Religious_Test_Clause" title="No Religious Test Clause">No Religious Test</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oath_of_office_of_the_president_of_the_United_States" title="Oath of office of the president of the United States">Oath or Affirmation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Original_jurisdiction_of_the_Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States" title="Original jurisdiction of the Supreme Court of the United States">Original Jurisdiction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Origination_Clause" title="Origination Clause">Origination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_pardons_in_the_United_States" title="Federal pardons in the United States">Pardon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postal_Clause" title="Postal Clause">Postal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presentment_Clause" title="Presentment Clause">Presentment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Electoral_College" title="United States Electoral College">Presidential Electors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_presidential_line_of_succession" title="United States presidential line of succession">Presidential succession</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Privileges_and_Immunities_Clause" title="Privileges and Immunities Clause">Privileges and Immunities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Privileges_or_Immunities_Clause" title="Privileges or Immunities Clause">Privileges or Immunities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Recess_appointment" title="Recess appointment">Recess appointment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Article_Two_of_the_United_States_Constitution#Clause_2:_Making_recommendations_to_Congress" title="Article Two of the United States Constitution">Recommendation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fifth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution#Self-incrimination" title="Fifth Amendment to the United States Constitution">Self-Incrimination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Speech_or_Debate_Clause" title="Speech or Debate Clause">Speech or Debate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Speedy_Trial_Clause" title="Speedy Trial Clause">Speedy Trial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Article_Two_of_the_United_States_Constitution#Clause_1:_State_of_the_Union" title="Article Two of the United States Constitution">State of the Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supremacy_Clause" title="Supremacy Clause">Supremacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Article_One_of_the_United_States_Constitution#Section_9" title="Article One of the United States Constitution">Suspension</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Article_Two_of_the_United_States_Constitution#Clause_5:_Caring_for_the_faithful_execution_of_the_law" title="Article Two of the United States Constitution">Take Care</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fifth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution#Eminent_domain" title="Fifth Amendment to the United States Constitution">Takings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taxing_and_Spending_Clause" title="Taxing and Spending Clause">Taxing and Spending</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Article_Four_of_the_United_States_Constitution#Federal_property_and_the_Territorial_Clause" title="Article Four of the United States Constitution">Territorial</a></li> <li>Title of Nobility (<a href="/wiki/Foreign_Emoluments_Clause" title="Foreign Emoluments Clause">Foreign Emoluments</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_Clause" title="Treaty Clause">Treaty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jury_trial#United_States" title="Jury trial">Trial by Jury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vesting_Clauses" title="Vesting Clauses">Vesting</a> (<a href="/wiki/Legislative_Vesting_Clause" title="Legislative Vesting Clause">Legislative</a> / <a href="/wiki/Executive_Vesting_Clause" title="Executive Vesting Clause">Executive</a> / <a href="/wiki/Judicial_Vesting_Clause" title="Judicial Vesting Clause">Judicial</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vicinage_Clause" title="Vicinage Clause">Vicinage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_Powers_Clause" title="War Powers Clause">War Powers</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Interpretation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Balance_of_power_(federalism)" class="mw-redirect" title="Balance of power (federalism)">Balance of powers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Concurrent_powers" title="Concurrent powers">Concurrent powers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitutional_law_of_the_United_States" title="Constitutional law of the United States">Constitutional law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_constitutional_criminal_procedure" title="United States constitutional criminal procedure">Criminal procedure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_constitutional_sentencing_law" title="United States constitutional sentencing law">Criminal sentencing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dormant_Commerce_Clause" title="Dormant Commerce Clause">Dormant Commerce Clause</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enumerated_powers_(United_States)" title="Enumerated powers (United States)">Enumerated powers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Equal_footing" title="Equal footing">Equal footing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Executive_privilege" title="Executive privilege">Executive privilege</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Implied_powers" title="Implied powers">Implied powers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Incorporation_of_the_Bill_of_Rights" title="Incorporation of the Bill of Rights">Incorporation of the Bill of Rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judicial_review_in_the_United_States" title="Judicial review in the United States">Judicial review</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nondelegation_doctrine#United_States" title="Nondelegation doctrine">Nondelegation doctrine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plenary_power" title="Plenary power">Plenary power</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_preemption" title="Federal preemption">Preemption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reserved_powers" title="Reserved powers">Reserved powers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saxbe_fix" title="Saxbe fix">Saxbe fix</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Separation_of_church_and_state_in_the_United_States" title="Separation of church and state in the United States">Separation of church and state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Separation_of_powers_under_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Separation of powers under the United States Constitution">Separation of powers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Symmetric_federalism" title="Symmetric federalism">Symmetric federalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tax_protester_constitutional_arguments" title="Tax protester constitutional arguments">Taxation power</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unitary_executive_theory" title="Unitary executive theory">Unitary executive theory</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Framers" class="mw-redirect" title="Framers">Signatories</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Convention President</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/George_Washington" title="George Washington">George Washington</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">New Hampshire</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/John_Langdon_(politician)" title="John Langdon (politician)">John Langdon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicholas_Gilman" title="Nicholas Gilman">Nicholas Gilman</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Massachusetts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nathaniel_Gorham" title="Nathaniel Gorham">Nathaniel Gorham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rufus_King" title="Rufus King">Rufus King</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Connecticut</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/William_Samuel_Johnson" title="William Samuel Johnson">William Samuel Johnson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roger_Sherman" title="Roger Sherman">Roger Sherman</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">New York</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Hamilton" title="Alexander Hamilton">Alexander Hamilton</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">New Jersey</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/William_Livingston" title="William Livingston">William Livingston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Brearley" title="David Brearley">David Brearley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Paterson_(judge)" title="William Paterson (judge)">William Paterson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jonathan_Dayton" title="Jonathan Dayton">Jonathan Dayton</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Pennsylvania</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Franklin" title="Benjamin Franklin">Benjamin Franklin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Mifflin" title="Thomas Mifflin">Thomas Mifflin</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Robert Morris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Clymer" title="George Clymer">George Clymer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Fitzsimons" title="Thomas Fitzsimons">Thomas Fitzsimons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jared_Ingersoll" title="Jared Ingersoll">Jared Ingersoll</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Wilson_(Founding_Father)" title="James Wilson (Founding Father)">James Wilson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gouverneur_Morris" title="Gouverneur Morris">Gouverneur Morris</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Delaware</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/George_Read_(American_politician,_born_1733)" title="George Read (American politician, born 1733)">George Read</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gunning_Bedford_Jr." title="Gunning Bedford Jr.">Gunning Bedford Jr.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Dickinson" title="John Dickinson">John Dickinson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Bassett_(Delaware_politician)" title="Richard Bassett (Delaware politician)">Richard Bassett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacob_Broom" title="Jacob Broom">Jacob Broom</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Maryland</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/James_McHenry" title="James McHenry">James McHenry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_of_St._Thomas_Jenifer" title="Daniel of St. Thomas Jenifer">Daniel of St. Thomas Jenifer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Carroll" title="Daniel Carroll">Daniel Carroll</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Virginia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/John_Blair_Jr." title="John Blair Jr.">John Blair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Madison" title="James Madison">James Madison</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">North Carolina</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/William_Blount" title="William Blount">William Blount</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Dobbs_Spaight" title="Richard Dobbs Spaight">Richard Dobbs Spaight</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hugh_Williamson" title="Hugh Williamson">Hugh Williamson</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">South Carolina</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/John_Rutledge" title="John Rutledge">John Rutledge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Cotesworth_Pinckney" title="Charles Cotesworth Pinckney">Charles Cotesworth Pinckney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Pinckney_(governor)" title="Charles Pinckney (governor)">Charles Pinckney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierce_Butler_(American_politician)" title="Pierce Butler (American politician)">Pierce Butler</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Georgia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/William_Few" title="William Few">William Few</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abraham_Baldwin" title="Abraham Baldwin">Abraham Baldwin</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Convention Secretary</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/William_Jackson_(secretary)" title="William Jackson (secretary)">William Jackson</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Notes_of_Debates_in_the_Federal_Convention_of_1787" title="Notes of Debates in the Federal Convention of 1787">Notes of Debates in the Federal Convention of 1787</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacob_Shallus" title="Jacob Shallus">Jacob Shallus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bibliography_of_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Bibliography of the United States Constitution">Bibliography of the United States Constitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Founding_Fathers_of_the_United_States" title="Founding Fathers of the United States">Founding Fathers of the United States</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Display<br />and legacy</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_Archives_Building" title="National Archives Building">National Archives</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Charters_of_Freedom" title="Charters of Freedom">Rotunda for the Charters of Freedom</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Independence_Mall_(Philadelphia)" class="mw-redirect" title="Independence Mall (Philadelphia)">Independence Mall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_Day_and_Citizenship_Day" title="Constitution Day and Citizenship Day">Constitution Day and Citizenship Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_Gardens" title="Constitution Gardens">Constitution Gardens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_Week" title="Constitution Week">Constitution Week</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Constitution_Center" title="National Constitution Center">National Constitution Center</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Scene_at_the_Signing_of_the_Constitution_of_the_United_States" title="Scene at the Signing of the Constitution of the United States">Scene at the Signing of the Constitution</a></i> (painting)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/A_More_Perfect_Union_(film)" title="A More Perfect Union (film)">A More Perfect Union</a></i> (film)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Worldwide_influence_of_the_Constitution_of_the_United_States" title="Worldwide influence of the Constitution of the United States">Worldwide influence</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="United_States_senators_from_Pennsylvania" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:United_States_senators_from_Pennsylvania" title="Template:United States senators from Pennsylvania"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:United_States_senators_from_Pennsylvania" title="Template talk:United States senators from Pennsylvania"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:United_States_senators_from_Pennsylvania" title="Special:EditPage/Template:United States senators from Pennsylvania"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="United_States_senators_from_Pennsylvania" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_senators_from_Pennsylvania" title="List of United States senators from Pennsylvania">United States senators from Pennsylvania</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Class 1</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/William_Maclay_(Pennsylvania_senator)" class="mw-redirect" title="William Maclay (Pennsylvania senator)">W. Maclay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albert_Gallatin" title="Albert Gallatin">Gallatin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Ross_(Pennsylvania_politician)" title="James Ross (Pennsylvania politician)">Ross</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Maclay" title="Samuel Maclay">S. Maclay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Leib" title="Michael Leib">Leib</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jonathan_Roberts_(politician)" title="Jonathan Roberts (politician)">Roberts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Findlay_(governor)" title="William Findlay (governor)">Findlay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isaac_D._Barnard" title="Isaac D. Barnard">Barnard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_M._Dallas" title="George M. Dallas">Dallas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_McKean" title="Samuel McKean">McKean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Sturgeon" title="Daniel Sturgeon">Sturgeon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Brodhead" title="Richard Brodhead">Brodhead</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simon_Cameron" title="Simon Cameron">S. Cameron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Wilmot" title="David Wilmot">Wilmot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_R._Buckalew" title="Charles R. Buckalew">Buckalew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Scott_(Pennsylvania_politician,_born_1824)" title="John Scott (Pennsylvania politician, born 1824)">J. Scott</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_A._Wallace" title="William A. Wallace">Wallace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_I._Mitchell" title="John I. Mitchell">Mitchell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matthew_Quay" title="Matthew Quay">Quay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philander_C._Knox" title="Philander C. Knox">Knox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_T._Oliver" title="George T. Oliver">Oliver</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philander_C._Knox" title="Philander C. Knox">Knox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_E._Crow" title="William E. Crow">Crow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_A._Reed" title="David A. Reed">Reed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_F._Guffey" title="Joseph F. Guffey">Guffey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Martin_(Pennsylvania_politician)" title="Edward Martin (Pennsylvania politician)">Martin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hugh_Scott" title="Hugh Scott">H. Scott</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Heinz" title="John Heinz">Heinz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harris_Wofford" title="Harris Wofford">Wofford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rick_Santorum" title="Rick Santorum">Santorum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bob_Casey_Jr." title="Bob Casey Jr.">Casey</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="3" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Seal_of_the_United_States_Senate.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="United States Senate"><img alt="United States Senate" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Seal_of_the_United_States_Senate.svg/80px-Seal_of_the_United_States_Senate.svg.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Seal_of_the_United_States_Senate.svg/120px-Seal_of_the_United_States_Senate.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Seal_of_the_United_States_Senate.svg/160px-Seal_of_the_United_States_Senate.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1030" data-file-height="1030" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Class 3</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Morris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Bingham" title="William Bingham">Bingham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Muhlenberg" title="Peter Muhlenberg">Muhlenberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Logan_(Pennsylvania_politician)" title="George Logan (Pennsylvania politician)">Logan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Gregg" title="Andrew Gregg">Gregg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abner_Lacock" title="Abner Lacock">Lacock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Lowrie_(politician)" title="Walter Lowrie (politician)">Lowrie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Marks_(politician)" title="William Marks (politician)">Marks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Wilkins_(American_politician)" title="William Wilkins (American politician)">Wilkins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Buchanan" title="James Buchanan">Buchanan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simon_Cameron" title="Simon Cameron">S. Cameron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Cooper_(Pennsylvania_politician)" title="James Cooper (Pennsylvania politician)">Cooper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Bigler" title="William Bigler">Bigler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edgar_Cowan" title="Edgar Cowan">Cowan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simon_Cameron" title="Simon Cameron">S. Cameron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J._Donald_Cameron" title="J. Donald Cameron">J. Cameron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boies_Penrose" title="Boies Penrose">Penrose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_W._Pepper" title="George W. Pepper">Pepper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Scott_Vare" title="William Scott Vare">Vare</a><sup><a href="#Notes">†</a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_R._Grundy" title="Joseph R. Grundy">Grundy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_J._Davis" title="James J. Davis">Davis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_J._Myers" title="Francis J. Myers">Myers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_H._Duff" title="James H. Duff">Duff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_S._Clark_Jr." title="Joseph S. Clark Jr.">Clark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Schweiker" title="Richard Schweiker">Schweiker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arlen_Specter" title="Arlen Specter">Specter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pat_Toomey" title="Pat Toomey">Toomey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Fetterman" title="John Fetterman">Fetterman</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Notes</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><sup>†</sup> Never officially seated</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q464876#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q464876#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q464876#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000081481619">ISNI</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/68945505">VIAF</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/1412/">FAST</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJk8XjRV8DVT8Hh9PW4rMP">WorldCat</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/119499789">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n50005673">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12033679q">France</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12033679q">BnF data</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=xx0054622&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p07064893X">Netherlands</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007299945705171">Israel</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://opac.kbr.be/LIBRARY/doc/AUTHORITY/14181906">Belgium</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://bioguide.congress.gov/scripts/biodisplay.pl?index=M000985">US Congress</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://trove.nla.gov.au/people/926340">Trove</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-biographie.de/pnd119499789.html?language=en">Deutsche Biographie</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/028516516">IdRef</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalog.archives.gov/id/10581415">NARA</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://snaccooperative.org/ark:/99166/w67q9qh2">SNAC</a></span><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://snaccooperative.org/ark:/99166/w6ht2pb8">2</a></span></li></ul></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1&useformat=desktop" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Robert_Morris_(financier)&oldid=1255538266">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Robert_Morris_(financier)&oldid=1255538266</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1734_births" title="Category:1734 births">1734 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Template:Infobox_officeholder/office"," 5.92% 108.791 9 Template:Cite_web"," 5.58% 102.528 6 Template:Fix"," 4.75% 87.314 1 Template:Robert_Morris"," 4.50% 82.579 1 Template:Short_description"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"0.995","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":14920364,"limit":52428800},"limitreport-logs":"table#1 {\n}\n\"\"\nanchor_id_list = table#1 {\n [\"CITEREFAlberts1969\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBordewich2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFChang2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFChernow1978\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDowgin2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHogeland2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKennedy1894\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLawler2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMcGraw2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMiddlekauff2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMinard1896\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPhelps,_Greg2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPurvis1997\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRappleye2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRobinson1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWood2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWrightCowen2006\"] = 1,\n}\ntemplate_list = table#1 {\n [\"Authority control\"] = 1,\n [\"Birth date\"] = 1,\n [\"Circa\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite book\"] = 14,\n [\"Cite journal\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite news\"] = 2,\n [\"Cite web\"] = 8,\n [\"Commons category\"] = 1,\n [\"CongBio\"] = 1,\n [\"Convert\"] = 11,\n [\"DEFAULTSORT:Morris, Robert\"] = 1,\n [\"Death date and age\"] = 1,\n [\"EB1911 poster\"] = 1,\n [\"Efn\"] = 5,\n [\"Fact\"] = 1,\n [\"Format price\"] = 3,\n [\"Formatprice\"] = 1,\n [\"Harvnb\"] = 1,\n [\"ISBN\"] = 1,\n [\"ISBN?\"] = 2,\n [\"Ibid\"] = 1,\n [\"Inflation\"] = 5,\n [\"Inflation/year\"] = 4,\n [\"Infobox officeholder\"] = 1,\n [\"Main\"] = 1,\n [\"Marriage\"] = 1,\n [\"Multiple image\"] = 3,\n [\"Notelist\"] = 1,\n [\"Other people\"] = 1,\n [\"Page needed\"] = 3,\n [\"Page?\"] = 1,\n [\"Reflist\"] = 1,\n [\"Robert Morris\"] = 1,\n [\"S-aft\"] = 1,\n [\"S-end\"] = 1,\n [\"S-new\"] = 2,\n [\"S-non\"] = 1,\n [\"S-off\"] = 1,\n [\"S-par\"] = 1,\n [\"S-start\"] = 1,\n [\"S-ttl\"] = 2,\n [\"See also\"] = 1,\n [\"Sfn\"] = 127,\n [\"Short description\"] = 1,\n [\"Small\"] = 3,\n [\"Spaced ndash\"] = 1,\n [\"USArticlesOfConfederationSig\"] = 1,\n [\"USDecOfIndSig\"] = 1,\n [\"USSenPA\"] = 1,\n [\"United States Constitution signatories\"] = 1,\n [\"Use mdy dates\"] = 1,\n [\"Webarchive\"] = 2,\n}\narticle_whitelist = table#1 {\n}\n"},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-web.codfw.main-6b7f745dd4-92gjl","timestamp":"20241125133849","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"Robert Morris (financier)","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Robert_Morris_(financier)","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q464876","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q464876","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2003-05-20T05:23:06Z","dateModified":"2024-11-05T12:50:08Z","image":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/9\/90\/Robert_Morris.jpg","headline":"American financier and Founding Father of the United States (1734-1806)"}</script> </body> </html>