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meskipun, hal itu tidak diwajibkan" class=""><span>Buat akun baru</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Istimewa:Masuk_log&returnto=Kerak+benua&returntoquery=section%3D1%26veaction%3Dedit%26redirect%3Dno" title="Anda disarankan untuk masuk log, meskipun hal itu tidak diwajibkan. 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[o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>Masuk log</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Halaman penyunting yang telah keluar log <a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Pengantar" aria-label="Pelajari lebih lanjut tentang menyunting"><span>pelajari lebih lanjut</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Kontribusi_saya" title="Daftar suntingan yang dibuat dari alamat IP ini [y]" accesskey="y"><span>Kontribusi</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Pembicaraan_saya" title="Pembicaraan tentang suntingan dari alamat IP ini [n]" accesskey="n"><span>Pembicaraan</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Situs"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Daftar isi" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Daftar isi</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">pindah ke bilah sisi</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">sembunyikan</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">Awal</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Referensi" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Referensi"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Referensi</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Referensi-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Daftar isi" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Gulingkan daftar isi" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Gulingkan daftar isi</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Kerak benua</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Pergi ke artikel dalam bahasa lain. Terdapat 40 bahasa" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-40" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">40 bahasa</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crosta_continental" title="Crosta continental – Aragon" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Crosta continental" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragon" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%82%D8%B4%D8%B1%D8%A9_%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="قشرة قارية – Arab" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="قشرة قارية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arab" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Materik_yer_qab%C4%B1%C4%9F%C4%B1" title="Materik yer qabığı – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Materik yer qabığı" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%BA%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Континентална кора – Bulgaria" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Континентална кора" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgaria" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F" title="महादीपी क्रस्ट – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="महादीपी क्रस्ट" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>भोजपुरी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kontinent%C3%A1ln%C3%AD_k%C5%AFra" title="Kontinentální kůra – Cheska" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Kontinentální kůra" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Cheska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kontinentalplade" title="Kontinentalplade – Dansk" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Kontinentalplade" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Dansk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kontinentale_Erdkruste" title="Kontinentale Erdkruste – Jerman" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Kontinentale Erdkruste" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="Jerman" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Continental_crust" title="Continental crust – Inggris" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Continental crust" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="Inggris" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kontinenta_terkrusto" title="Kontinenta terkrusto – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Kontinenta terkrusto" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corteza_continental" title="Corteza continental – Spanyol" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Corteza continental" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanyol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mandriline_maakoor" title="Mandriline maakoor – Esti" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Mandriline maakoor" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Esti" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lurrazal_kontinental" title="Lurrazal kontinental – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Lurrazal kontinental" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D9%88%D8%B3%D8%AA%D9%87_%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%87%E2%80%8C%D8%A7%DB%8C" title="پوسته قاره‌ای – Persia" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="پوسته قاره‌ای" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cro%C3%BBte_continentale" title="Croûte continentale – Prancis" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Croûte continentale" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="Prancis" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Codia_continental" title="Codia continental – Galisia" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Codia continental" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galisia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%AF_%E0%A4%AD%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%80" title="महाद्वीपीय भूपर्पटी – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="महाद्वीपीय भूपर्पटी" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kontinentala_ter-krusto" title="Kontinentala ter-krusto – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Kontinentala ter-krusto" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meginlandsskorpa" title="Meginlandsskorpa – Islandia" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Meginlandsskorpa" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Islandia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crosta_continentale" title="Crosta continentale – Italia" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Crosta continentale" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja badge-Q70894304 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E9%99%B8%E5%9C%B0%E6%AE%BB" title="大陸地殻 – Jepang" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="大陸地殻" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Jepang" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kge mw-list-item"><a href="https://kge.wikipedia.org/wiki/Korak_Benua" title="Korak Benua – Komering" lang="kge" hreflang="kge" data-title="Korak Benua" data-language-autonym="Kumoring" data-language-local-name="Komering" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kumoring</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%8C%80%EB%A5%99_%EC%A7%80%EA%B0%81" title="대륙 지각 – Korea" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="대륙 지각" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korea" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kontinent%C4%81l%C4%81_Zemes_garoza" title="Kontinentālā Zemes garoza – Latvi" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Kontinentālā Zemes garoza" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%BA%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Континентална кора – Makedonia" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Континентална кора" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Makedonia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Continentale_lithosfeer" title="Continentale lithosfeer – Belanda" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Continentale lithosfeer" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Belanda" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skorupa_ziemska_kontynentalna" title="Skorupa ziemska kontynentalna – Polski" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Skorupa ziemska kontynentalna" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crusta_continental" title="Crusta continental – Portugis" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Crusta continental" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portugis" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BA%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Континентальная кора – Rusia" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Континентальная кора" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Rusia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Continental_crust" title="Continental crust – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Continental crust" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kontinent%C3%A1lna_zemsk%C3%A1_k%C3%B4ra" title="Kontinentálna zemská kôra – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Kontinentálna zemská kôra" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kontinentalna_skorja" title="Kontinentalna skorja – Sloven" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Kontinentalna skorja" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Sloven" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Korja_kontinentale" title="Korja kontinentale – Albania" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Korja kontinentale" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albania" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%BA%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Континентална кора – Serbia" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Континентална кора" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B7%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%81%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A0%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%B7%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%9B" title="เปลือกโลกภาคพื้นทวีป – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="เปลือกโลกภาคพื้นทวีป" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C4%B1tasal_kabuk" title="Kıtasal 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Wikidata</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Peralatan halaman"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Tampilan"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Tampilan</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button 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src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/World_relief_map_with_isopachs_of_crustal_thickness.jpg/350px-World_relief_map_with_isopachs_of_crustal_thickness.jpg" decoding="async" width="350" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/World_relief_map_with_isopachs_of_crustal_thickness.jpg/525px-World_relief_map_with_isopachs_of_crustal_thickness.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/eb/World_relief_map_with_isopachs_of_crustal_thickness.jpg 2x" data-file-width="636" data-file-height="532" /></a><figcaption>Ketebalan kerak bumi (km).</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Kerak benua</b> adalah lapisan <a href="/wiki/Batuan_beku" title="Batuan beku">batuan beku</a>, <a href="/wiki/Batuan_sedimen" title="Batuan sedimen">batuan sedimen</a>, dan <a href="/wiki/Batuan_metamorf" title="Batuan metamorf">batuan metamorf</a> yang membentuk <a href="/wiki/Benua" title="Benua">benua</a> dan daerah dangkal dasar laut di dekat pantai, yang dikenal sebagai paparan kontinental. </p><p>Sebagian besar terdiri dari batuan granit, kerak benua memiliki kepadatan sekitar 2,7 g/cm3 dan kurang padat dibandingkan bahan mantel <a href="/wiki/Bumi" title="Bumi">bumi</a> (kepadatan sekitar 3,3 g/cm3), yang terdiri dari batuan <a href="/wiki/Mafik" title="Mafik">mafik</a>. Kerak benua juga kurang padat dari <a href="/wiki/Kerak_samudera" class="mw-redirect" title="Kerak samudera">kerak samudera</a> (kepadatan sekitar 2,9 g/cm3), meskipun jauh lebih tebal, sebagian besar 25-70 km dibandingkan rata-rata ketebalan laut sekitar 7-10 km. Sekitar 40% dari permukaan bumi kini dilapisi dengan kerak benua,<sup id="cite_ref-Cogley-1984_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cogley-1984-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> dengan komposisi sekitar 70% dari volume <a href="/wiki/Kerak_Bumi" title="Kerak Bumi">kerak bumi</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Referensi">Referensi</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kerak_benua&veaction=edit&section=1" title="Sunting bagian: Referensi" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kerak_benua&action=edit&section=1" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Referensi"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r18833634">.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%;margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Cogley-1984-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Cogley-1984_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCogley1984">Cogley 1984</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHawkesworthDhuimePietranikCawood2010">Hawkesworth <i>et al</i>. 2010</a></span> </li> </ol></div></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Diperoleh dari "<a dir="ltr" href="https://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kerak_benua&oldid=25806997">https://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kerak_benua&oldid=25806997</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Daftar_kategori" title="Istimewa:Daftar kategori">Kategori</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kategori:Struktur_Bumi" title="Kategori:Struktur Bumi">Struktur Bumi</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> Halaman ini terakhir diubah pada 8 Juni 2024, pukul 04.24.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Teks tersedia di bawah <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en">Lisensi Atribusi-BerbagiSerupa Creative Commons</a>; ketentuan tambahan mungkin berlaku. 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