Ketamine - Toxicology

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It is used medically for anesthesia in humans and animals. It induces trance-like states, providing pain relief, sedation, and memory loss. However, its misuse has raised concerns due to its potential for abuse and the emergence of recreational use.</div><div> <a href="https://toxicology.blog/knowledgebase/how-does-ketamine-work" title="How does Ketamine work?"><h3>How does Ketamine work?</h3></a></div><div> Ketamine primarily works as an <a href="https://toxicology.blog/about/index/nmda-receptor-antagonist" title="NMDA receptor antagonist" target="_blank">NMDA receptor antagonist</a>, blocking the neurotransmitter glutamate in the brain. This action disrupts normal communication between neurons, leading to its characteristic dissociative effects. It also interacts with other receptors, such as opioid and dopamine receptors, contributing to its analgesic and euphoric properties.</div><div> <a href="https://toxicology.blog/knowledgebase/what-are-the-medical-uses-of-ketamine" title="What are the medical uses of Ketamine?"><h3>What are the medical uses of Ketamine?</h3></a></div><div> In medical settings, ketamine is used for inducing and maintaining anesthesia, especially in situations where other anesthetics might not be suitable. It has also shown promise in treating <a href="https://toxicology.blog/about/index/treatment-resistant-depression" title="treatment-resistant depression" target="_blank">treatment-resistant depression</a> and chronic pain conditions. Its rapid onset and short duration make it a valuable tool in emergency medicine.</div><div> <a href="https://toxicology.blog/knowledgebase/what-are-the-risks-of-ketamine-misuse" title="What are the risks of Ketamine misuse?"><h3>What are the risks of Ketamine misuse?</h3></a></div><div> Ketamine's recreational use can lead to several adverse effects, including cognitive impairments, memory loss, and psychological issues like hallucinations and delusions. Chronic misuse can result in <a href="https://toxicology.blog/about/index/ketamine-bladder-syndrome" title="ketamine bladder syndrome" target="_blank">ketamine bladder syndrome</a>, which involves severe urinary tract damage. The potential for addiction and the development of tolerance are also significant concerns.</div><div> <a href="https://toxicology.blog/knowledgebase/what-are-the-symptoms-of-ketamine-overdose" title="What are the symptoms of Ketamine overdose?"><h3>What are the symptoms of Ketamine overdose?</h3></a></div><div> An overdose of ketamine can be life-threatening. Symptoms may include severe respiratory depression, unconsciousness, high blood pressure, irregular heart rhythms, and muscle rigidity. Immediate medical intervention is crucial in cases of overdose to prevent long-term damage or fatality.</div><div> <a href="https://toxicology.blog/knowledgebase/how-is-ketamine-toxicity-treated" title="How is Ketamine toxicity treated?"><h3>How is Ketamine toxicity treated?</h3></a></div><div> Treatment of ketamine toxicity primarily involves supportive care. This includes monitoring vital signs, ensuring open airways, and providing respiratory support if needed. Activated charcoal may be administered if ingestion was recent. Psychological support is also essential for managing agitation or psychotic symptoms.</div><div> <a href="https://toxicology.blog/knowledgebase/what-are-the-long-term-effects-of-ketamine-use" title="What are the long-term effects of Ketamine use?"><h3>What are the long-term effects of Ketamine use?</h3></a></div><div> Long-term ketamine use can lead to cognitive deficits, persistent urinary tract problems, and potential liver damage. Neuroimaging studies have shown structural changes in the brain associated with chronic use. These effects underscore the importance of monitoring use and potentially seeking intervention in cases of misuse.</div><div> <a href="https://toxicology.blog/knowledgebase/is-ketamine-considered-a-controlled-substance" title="Is Ketamine considered a controlled substance?"><h3>Is Ketamine considered a controlled substance?</h3></a></div><div> Yes, ketamine is classified as a <a href="https://toxicology.blog/about/index/schedule-iii-drug" title="Schedule III drug" target="_blank">Schedule III drug</a> in the United States, indicating a moderate to low potential for physical and psychological dependence. Its legal status varies globally, with strict regulations governing its use and distribution in many countries.</div><div> <a href="https://toxicology.blog/knowledgebase/how-does-ketamine-interact-with-other-substances" title="How does Ketamine interact with other substances?"><h3>How does Ketamine interact with other substances?</h3></a></div><div> When combined with other central nervous system depressants like alcohol or benzodiazepines, ketamine can exacerbate respiratory depression and sedation. It is essential to avoid such combinations to reduce the risk of severe adverse reactions or overdose.</div></div> </div> <div id="recent_papers"> <br><hr /><br><h2 class="heading1">Relevant Publications</h2> <div class='publication-block'> <div style='margin-bottom: 10px;line-height: 24px;'> <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38945902" target='_blank' title="[Resolvin E1 as a potential lead for the treatment of depression].">[Resolvin E1 as a potential lead for the treatment of depression].</a> </div> <p><strong>Issue Release:</strong> 2024</p> </div> <div class='publication-block'> <div style='margin-bottom: 10px;line-height: 24px;'> <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38849859" target='_blank' title="The influence of low-dose s-ketamine on postoperative delirium and cognitive function in older adults undergoing thoracic surgery.">The influence of low-dose s-ketamine on postoperative delirium and cognitive function in older adults undergoing thoracic surgery.</a> </div> <p><strong>Issue Release:</strong> 2024</p> </div> <div class='publication-block'> <div style='margin-bottom: 10px;line-height: 24px;'> <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38839427" target='_blank' title="Effect of an opioid-free anesthetic on postoperative opioid consumption after laparoscopic bariatric surgery: a prospective, single-blinded, randomized controlled trial.">Effect of an opioid-free anesthetic on postoperative opioid consumption after laparoscopic bariatric surgery: a prospective, single-blinded, randomized controlled trial.</a> </div> <p><strong>Issue Release:</strong> 2024</p> </div> <div class='publication-block'> <div style='margin-bottom: 10px;line-height: 24px;'> <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38879067" target='_blank' title="Pharmacotherapeutic value of inflammatory and neurotrophic biomarkers in bipolar disorder: A systematic review.">Pharmacotherapeutic value of inflammatory and neurotrophic biomarkers in bipolar disorder: A systematic review.</a> 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10px;line-height: 24px;'> <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38272671" target='_blank' title="Phencyclidine-Like Abuse Liability and Psychosis-Like Neurocognitive Effects of Novel Arylcyclohexylamine Drugs of Abuse in Rodents.">Phencyclidine-Like Abuse Liability and Psychosis-Like Neurocognitive Effects of Novel Arylcyclohexylamine Drugs of Abuse in Rodents.</a> </div> <p><strong>Issue Release:</strong> 2024</p> </div> <div class='publication-block'> <div style='margin-bottom: 10px;line-height: 24px;'> <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38865906" target='_blank' title="Ketamine versus electroconvulsive therapy for major depressive episode: An updated systematic review and non-inferiority meta-analysis.">Ketamine versus electroconvulsive therapy for major depressive episode: An updated systematic review and non-inferiority meta-analysis.</a> </div> <p><strong>Issue Release:</strong> 2024</p> </div> <div class='publication-block'> <div style='margin-bottom: 10px;line-height: 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rapid correction by ketamine.">Distinct synaptic mechanisms drive the behavioral response to acute stress and rapid correction by ketamine.</a> </div> <p><strong>Issue Release:</strong> 2024</p> </div> <div class='publication-block'> <div style='margin-bottom: 10px;line-height: 24px;'> <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38966758" target='_blank' title="Immediate and long-term electrophysiological biomarkers of antidepressant-like behavioral effects after subanesthetic ketamine and medial prefrontal cortex deep brain stimulation treatment.">Immediate and long-term electrophysiological biomarkers of antidepressant-like behavioral effects after subanesthetic ketamine and medial prefrontal cortex deep brain stimulation treatment.</a> </div> <p><strong>Issue Release:</strong> 2024</p> </div> <div class='publication-block'> <div style='margin-bottom: 10px;line-height: 24px;'> <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38922004" target='_blank' title="Comparison between Carprofen and 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receptors with an antagonist is a promising therapeutic strategy for treating neurological disorders.</a> </div> <p><strong>Issue Release:</strong> 2024</p> </div> <div class='publication-block'> <div style='margin-bottom: 10px;line-height: 24px;'> <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39102153" target='_blank' title="Safety of procedural sedation in emergency department settings among the adult population: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials.">Safety of procedural sedation in emergency department settings among the adult population: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials.</a> </div> <p><strong>Issue Release:</strong> 2024</p> </div> <div class='publication-block'> <div style='margin-bottom: 10px;line-height: 24px;'> <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39116252" target='_blank' title="Brain region-specific action of ketamine as a rapid antidepressant.">Brain region-specific action of ketamine as a rapid 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