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id="toc-Surface_oriented_diving" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Surface_oriented_diving"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Surface oriented diving</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Surface_oriented_diving-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Scuba_replacement" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Scuba_replacement"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1.1</span> <span>Scuba replacement</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Scuba_replacement-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Standard_diving_dress" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Standard_diving_dress"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1.2</span> <span>Standard diving dress</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Standard_diving_dress-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Air-line_diving" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Air-line_diving"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1.3</span> <span>Air-line diving</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Air-line_diving-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bell_bounce_diving" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bell_bounce_diving"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1.4</span> <span>Bell bounce diving</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bell_bounce_diving-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Saturation_diving" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Saturation_diving"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Saturation diving</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Saturation_diving-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Alternatives" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Alternatives"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Alternatives</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Alternatives-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Application" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Application"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Application</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Application-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>History</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Equipment" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Equipment"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Equipment</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Equipment-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Equipment subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Equipment-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Breathing_apparatus" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Breathing_apparatus"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Breathing apparatus</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Breathing_apparatus-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Helmets" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Helmets"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1.1</span> <span>Helmets</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Helmets-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Band_mask" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Band_mask"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1.2</span> <span>Band mask</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Band_mask-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Full-face_mask" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Full-face_mask"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1.3</span> <span>Full-face mask</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Full-face_mask-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Breathing_gas_supply" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Breathing_gas_supply"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Breathing gas supply</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Breathing_gas_supply-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Diver's_umbilical" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Diver's_umbilical"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2.1</span> <span>Diver's umbilical</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Diver's_umbilical-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Air-line" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Air-line"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2.2</span> <span>Air-line</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Air-line-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Gas_panel" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gas_panel"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2.3</span> <span>Gas panel</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Gas_panel-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Pneumofathometer" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pneumofathometer"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2.3.1</span> <span>Pneumofathometer</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pneumofathometer-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Low-pressure_breathing_air_compressor" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Low-pressure_breathing_air_compressor"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2.4</span> <span>Low-pressure breathing air compressor</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Low-pressure_breathing_air_compressor-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-High_pressure_main_gas_supply" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#High_pressure_main_gas_supply"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2.5</span> <span>High pressure main gas supply</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-High_pressure_main_gas_supply-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Decompression_gas" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Decompression_gas"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2.6</span> <span>Decompression gas</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Decompression_gas-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-High-pressure_reserve_gas" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#High-pressure_reserve_gas"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2.7</span> <span>High-pressure reserve gas</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-High-pressure_reserve_gas-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bailout_gas_supply" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bailout_gas_supply"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2.8</span> <span>Bailout gas supply</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bailout_gas_supply-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Diver's_harness" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Diver's_harness"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3</span> <span>Diver's harness</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Diver's_harness-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Jacket_harness" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Jacket_harness"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3.1</span> <span>Jacket harness</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Jacket_harness-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bell_harness" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bell_harness"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3.2</span> <span>Bell harness</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bell_harness-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Harness_with_buoyancy_compensation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Harness_with_buoyancy_compensation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3.3</span> <span>Harness with buoyancy compensation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Harness_with_buoyancy_compensation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Buoyancy_control" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Buoyancy_control"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3.4</span> <span>Buoyancy control</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Buoyancy_control-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Weight_systems" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Weight_systems"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.4</span> <span>Weight systems</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Weight_systems-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Weight_belts" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Weight_belts"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.4.1</span> <span>Weight belts</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Weight_belts-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Weight_harnesses" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Weight_harnesses"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.4.2</span> <span>Weight harnesses</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Weight_harnesses-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Trim_weights" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Trim_weights"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.4.3</span> <span>Trim weights</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Trim_weights-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Weighted_boots" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Weighted_boots"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.4.4</span> <span>Weighted boots</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Weighted_boots-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Environmental_protection" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Environmental_protection"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.5</span> <span>Environmental protection</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Environmental_protection-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Communications_system" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Communications_system"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.6</span> <span>Communications system</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Communications_system-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Diver's_telephone" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Diver's_telephone"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.6.1</span> <span>Diver's telephone</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Diver's_telephone-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Video" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Video"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.6.2</span> <span>Video</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Video-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Wireless_systems" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Wireless_systems"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.6.3</span> <span>Wireless systems</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Wireless_systems-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Equipment_maintenance_and_testing" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Equipment_maintenance_and_testing"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Equipment maintenance and testing</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Equipment_maintenance_and_testing-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Diving_spread" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Diving_spread"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Diving spread</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Diving_spread-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Diving spread subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Diving_spread-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Air_spread" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Air_spread"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span>Air spread</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Air_spread-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Saturation_spread" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Saturation_spread"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.2</span> <span>Saturation spread</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Saturation_spread-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Diving_procedures" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Diving_procedures"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Diving procedures</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Diving_procedures-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Diving procedures subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Diving_procedures-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-The_working_diver" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_working_diver"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.1</span> <span>The working diver</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_working_diver-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Preparation_for_diving" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Preparation_for_diving"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.1.1</span> <span>Preparation for diving</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Preparation_for_diving-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Diving_heavy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Diving_heavy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.1.2</span> <span>Diving heavy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Diving_heavy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Emergency_procedures" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Emergency_procedures"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.1.3</span> <span>Emergency procedures</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Emergency_procedures-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Wet_bell_and_stage_emergency_procedures" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Wet_bell_and_stage_emergency_procedures"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.1.4</span> <span>Wet bell and stage emergency procedures</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Wet_bell_and_stage_emergency_procedures-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Standby_diver" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Standby_diver"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.2</span> <span>Standby diver</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Standby_diver-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bellman" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bellman"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.3</span> <span>Bellman</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bellman-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Underwater_tending_point" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Underwater_tending_point"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.4</span> <span>Underwater tending point</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Underwater_tending_point-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Occupational_health_and_safety_issues" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Occupational_health_and_safety_issues"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Occupational health and safety issues</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Occupational_health_and_safety_issues-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Compressor_diving" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Compressor_diving"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Compressor diving</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Compressor_diving-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Training_and_registration" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Training_and_registration"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Training and registration</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Training_and_registration-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">15</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul 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<div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"><span class="mw-redirectedfrom">(Redirected from <a href="/w/index.php?title=Air_spread&redirect=no" class="mw-redirect" title="Air spread">Air spread</a>)</span></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Underwater diving breathing gas supplied from the surface</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:AquariumDiver.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/AquariumDiver.jpg/220px-AquariumDiver.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/AquariumDiver.jpg/330px-AquariumDiver.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/AquariumDiver.jpg/440px-AquariumDiver.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1536" /></a><figcaption>Surface-supplied diver at the <a href="/wiki/Monterey_Bay_Aquarium" title="Monterey Bay Aquarium">Monterey Bay Aquarium</a>, Monterey, California</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:US_Navy_051026-N-0000X-001_Electronics_Technician_1st_Class_Matthew_Ammons,_a_diver_assigned_to_Mobile_Diving_and_Salvage_Unit_Two_(MDSU-2),_is_fitted_with_a_Kirby_Morgan_37_Dive_Helmet.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/US_Navy_051026-N-0000X-001_Electronics_Technician_1st_Class_Matthew_Ammons%2C_a_diver_assigned_to_Mobile_Diving_and_Salvage_Unit_Two_%28MDSU-2%29%2C_is_fitted_with_a_Kirby_Morgan_37_Dive_Helmet.jpg/220px-thumbnail.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="191" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/US_Navy_051026-N-0000X-001_Electronics_Technician_1st_Class_Matthew_Ammons%2C_a_diver_assigned_to_Mobile_Diving_and_Salvage_Unit_Two_%28MDSU-2%29%2C_is_fitted_with_a_Kirby_Morgan_37_Dive_Helmet.jpg/330px-thumbnail.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/US_Navy_051026-N-0000X-001_Electronics_Technician_1st_Class_Matthew_Ammons%2C_a_diver_assigned_to_Mobile_Diving_and_Salvage_Unit_Two_%28MDSU-2%29%2C_is_fitted_with_a_Kirby_Morgan_37_Dive_Helmet.jpg/440px-thumbnail.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2100" data-file-height="1826" /></a><figcaption>US Navy Diver using Kirby Morgan Superlight 37 diving helmet<sup id="cite_ref-ADA166891_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ADA166891-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p><b>Surface-supplied diving</b> is a <a href="/wiki/Mode_of_diving" class="mw-redirect" title="Mode of diving">mode</a> of <a href="/wiki/Underwater_diving" title="Underwater diving">underwater diving</a> using equipment supplied with <a href="/wiki/Breathing_gas" title="Breathing gas">breathing gas</a> through a <a href="/wiki/Umbilical_cable#Diver" title="Umbilical cable">diver's umbilical</a> from the surface, either from the shore or from a <a href="/wiki/Diving_support_vessel" title="Diving support vessel">diving support vessel</a>, sometimes indirectly via a <a href="/wiki/Diving_bell" title="Diving bell">diving bell</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-gernhardt_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gernhardt-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This is different from <a href="/wiki/Scuba_diving" title="Scuba diving">scuba diving</a>, where the diver's breathing equipment is completely self-contained and there is no essential link to the surface. The primary advantages of conventional surface supplied diving are lower risk of drowning and considerably larger breathing gas supply than scuba, allowing longer working periods and safer decompression. Disadvantages are the absolute limitation on diver mobility imposed by the length of the umbilical, encumbrance by the umbilical, and high logistical and equipment costs compared with scuba. The disadvantages restrict use of this mode of diving to applications where the diver operates within a small area, which is common in commercial diving work. </p><p>The copper helmeted free-flow <a href="/wiki/Standard_diving_dress" title="Standard diving dress">standard diving dress</a> is the version which made <a href="/wiki/Commercial_diving" title="Commercial diving">commercial diving</a> a viable occupation, and although still used in some regions, this heavy equipment has been superseded by lighter <a href="/wiki/Diving_helmet#Free-flow_helmets" title="Diving helmet">free-flow helmets</a>, and to a large extent, <a href="/wiki/Diving_helmet#Lightweight_demand_helmets" title="Diving helmet">lightweight demand helmets</a>, <a href="/wiki/Full_face_diving_mask#Band_masks" class="mw-redirect" title="Full face diving mask">band masks</a> and <a href="/wiki/Full-face_diving_mask" title="Full-face diving mask">full-face diving masks</a>. <a href="/wiki/Breathing_gas" title="Breathing gas">Breathing gases</a> used include <a href="/wiki/Air" class="mw-redirect" title="Air">air</a>, <a href="/wiki/Heliox" title="Heliox">heliox</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nitrox" title="Nitrox">nitrox</a> and <a href="/wiki/Trimix_(breathing_gas)" title="Trimix (breathing gas)">trimix</a>. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Saturation_diving" title="Saturation diving">Saturation diving</a> is a mode of surface supplied diving in which the divers live under pressure in a <a href="/wiki/Saturation_diving#Architecture_of_a_surface_saturation_facility" title="Saturation diving">saturation system</a> or <a href="/wiki/Underwater_habitat" title="Underwater habitat">underwater habitat</a> and are <a href="/wiki/Decompression_(diving)" title="Decompression (diving)">decompressed</a> only at the end of a tour of duty. </p><p>Airline, or hookah diving, and "<a href="/wiki/Compressor_diving" class="mw-redirect" title="Compressor diving">compressor diving</a>" are lower technology variants also using a breathing air supply from the surface. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Variations">Variations</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Surface-supplied_diving&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Variations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>There are two basic modes of surface-supplied diving, and several variations for supplying breathing gas to divers from the surface. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Surface_oriented_diving">Surface oriented diving</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Surface-supplied_diving&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Surface oriented diving"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Surface oriented diving, with or without a stage or open bell, is where the diver starts and ends the dive at surface pressure. The diver is decompressed during the ascent or by <a href="/wiki/Surface_decompression" class="mw-redirect" title="Surface decompression">surface decompression</a> in a decompression chamber.<sup id="cite_ref-Beyerstein_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Beyerstein-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In addition to the standard system of surface-supplied diving using a diver's umbilical and diving helmet or full-face diving mask to provide the diver with compressed atmospheric air from a low-pressure diving compressor, there are other configurations in use for surface oriented diving: </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Scuba_replacement">Scuba replacement</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Surface-supplied_diving&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Scuba replacement"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Scuba replacement is a surface-supplied diving mode where both the primary and reserve breathing gas supplies are from high-pressure storage cylinders. The rest of the system is identical to the standard surface supply configuration, and the full umbilical system, bailout cylinder, communications and surface gas panel are used. This is more portable than most compressors and is used by commercial diving contractors as a substitute for scuba with most of the advantages and disadvantages of a regular compressor fed surface air supply.<sup id="cite_ref-IMCAD022_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IMCAD022-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 149">: 149 </span></sup> It is also used where the ambient air is contaminated and unsuitable for use as a breathing gas when compressed, such as some situations in <a href="/wiki/Hazmat_diving" title="Hazmat diving">hazmat diving</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Standard_diving_dress">Standard diving dress</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Surface-supplied_diving&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Standard diving dress"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Standard_diving_dress" title="Standard diving dress">Standard diving dress</a></div> <p>Standard, or heavy gear is the historical copper helmet, waterproofed canvas suit, and weighted boots. The original system used a manually powered <a href="/wiki/Diver%27s_pump" title="Diver's pump">diver's pump</a> to supply air, and no reserve gas or bailout cylinder was provided. As the technology became available, voice communication was added, and mechanically driven compressors were used.<sup id="cite_ref-USNDM_R1_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-USNDM_R1-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Air-line_diving">Air-line diving</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Surface-supplied_diving&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Air-line diving"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Air-line diving uses an <a href="/wiki/Air_line" title="Air line">air line</a> hose in place of a full <a href="/wiki/Diver%27s_umbilical" class="mw-redirect" title="Diver's umbilical">diver's umbilical</a> to supply breathing air from the surface. If any of the required components of a diver's umbilical are absent this term applies. There are subcatgories of air-line diving: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hookah_diving" class="mw-redirect" title="Hookah diving">Hookah diving</a> – A basic form of surface-supplied diving in which the air supply is via a single hose is often referred to as air line or Hookah (occasionally Hooka) diving. This often uses a standard scuba second stage as the delivery unit, but is also used with light full-face masks.<sup id="cite_ref-Barsky_and_Neuman_2003_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Barsky_and_Neuman_2003-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 29">: 29 </span></sup> Bailout gas may be carried, but this is not always the case. Commercial diamond divers working in the shallow zone off the west coast of South Africa under the codes of practice of the <a href="/wiki/Department_of_Minerals_and_Energy" class="mw-redirect" title="Department of Minerals and Energy">Department of Minerals and Energy</a> use half mask and demand valve hookah. Their safety record is relatively poor, as a <a href="/wiki/Bailout_cylinder" class="mw-redirect" title="Bailout cylinder">bailout cylinder</a> is seldom carried. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2011)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> When done using a diving compressor with suitable breathing air quality and an appropriate emergency gas supply, there is no obvious reason why hookah diving should be more dangerous than scuba diving in the same conditions. A concern is that if the diver is supplied from a compressor in a boat, the intake must be clear of any exhaust fumes, which is also the case for surface supplied diving using a full umbilical.<sup id="cite_ref-scubadoc_hookah_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-scubadoc_hookah-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Snuba" title="Snuba">Snuba</a> and <a href="/w/index.php?title=SASUBA&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="SASUBA (page does not exist)">SASUBA</a> – A system used to supply air from a cylinder mounted on a float to a recreational diver tethered by a short (approximately 6 m) hose through a scuba regulator.<sup id="cite_ref-seattle1995_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-seattle1995-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="#Compressor_diving">Compressor diving</a> – An even more basic system is the "Compressor diving" arrangement used in the Philippines and Caribbean for fishing. This rudimentary and highly hazardous system uses a large number of small bore plastic tubes connected to a single compressor to supply a large number of divers simultaneously. The delivery end of the hose is unencumbered by any mechanism or mouthpiece, and is simply held by the diver's teeth. Air supply is free flow and often unfiltered, and varies with depth and number of divers drawing off the system, with greater flow going to divers with a shorter hose and at shallower depth. A kink or restriction in a hose can cut off a diver's air supply without warning.<sup id="cite_ref-Into_the_blue_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Into_the_blue-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Bell_bounce_diving">Bell bounce diving</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Surface-supplied_diving&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Bell bounce diving"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Surface-supplied_diving_skills#Bell_bounce_diving" title="Surface-supplied diving skills">Surface-supplied diving skills § Bell bounce diving</a></div> <p>Bell bounce diving, also known as transfer under pressure diving, is where the divers are transported vertically through the water in a <a href="/wiki/Closed_bell" class="mw-redirect" title="Closed bell">closed bell</a> and <a href="/wiki/Transfer_under_pressure" class="mw-redirect" title="Transfer under pressure">transferred under pressure</a> into a surface <a href="/wiki/Deck_decompression_chamber" class="mw-redirect" title="Deck decompression chamber">decompression chamber</a> for decompression, or decompressed in the bell. This mode of diving is most likely to be used when the dive is relatively deep, and the decompression is likely to be long, but neither deep enough nor long enough to justify the costs of setting up for saturation diving. The mode was often used with mixed breathing gases.<sup id="cite_ref-Beyerstein_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Beyerstein-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but is also used for long air dives shallower than 50 m.<sup id="cite_ref-TUP_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TUP-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A development of this system uses a set of decompression chambers mounted in a lifeboat for the routine surface decompression of the divers. The lifeboat is positioned between the transfer chamber and the side of the deck, and can be launched by the davits included in the package. This avoids the necessity for an additional <a href="/wiki/Hyperbaric_evacuation_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Hyperbaric evacuation system">hyperbaric evacuation system</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-SPAS_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SPAS-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Saturation_diving">Saturation diving</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Surface-supplied_diving&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Saturation diving"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Saturation_diving" title="Saturation diving">Saturation diving</a></div> <p>In saturation diving, the diver is transferred under pressure from the pressurised accommodation to the underwater worksite, which is at a similar pressure, and back in a closed bell, only decompressing once at the end of the contract.<sup id="cite_ref-Beyerstein_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Beyerstein-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Alternatives">Alternatives</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Surface-supplied_diving&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Alternatives"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Scuba_diving" title="Scuba diving">Scuba diving</a>, which is commonly used for <a href="/wiki/Recreational_diving" title="Recreational diving">recreational diving</a>, is the main alternative to surface-supplied diving. Scuba is available in open circuit and <a href="/wiki/Rebreather" title="Rebreather">rebreather</a> configurations.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atmospheric_diving_suit" title="Atmospheric diving suit">Atmospheric diving suits</a> such as the <a href="/wiki/JIM_suit" title="JIM suit">JIM suit</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Newtsuit" title="Newtsuit">Newtsuit</a>, and manned submersibles with manipulator arms, isolate the occupant from the ambient pressure, but are bulky, expensive, and allow limited dexterity and agility.</li> <li>Unmanned <a href="/wiki/Submersible" title="Submersible">submersibles</a> (<a href="/wiki/Remotely_operated_underwater_vehicle" title="Remotely operated underwater vehicle">ROVs</a> and <a href="/wiki/Autonomous_underwater_vehicle" title="Autonomous underwater vehicle">AUVs</a>) which can operate deeper and avoid exposing a diver to underwater hazards, have their applications, but lack the dexterity of a diver at present (2011).</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freediving" title="Freediving">Freediving</a>, or breathhold diving, is extremely limited in duration and exposes the diver to relatively high risk.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Application">Application</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Surface-supplied_diving&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Application"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Scaphandrier_en_milieu_pollu%C3%A9_-_casque_aquadyne_ah3.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Scaphandrier_en_milieu_pollu%C3%A9_-_casque_aquadyne_ah3.JPG/220px-Scaphandrier_en_milieu_pollu%C3%A9_-_casque_aquadyne_ah3.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Scaphandrier_en_milieu_pollu%C3%A9_-_casque_aquadyne_ah3.JPG/330px-Scaphandrier_en_milieu_pollu%C3%A9_-_casque_aquadyne_ah3.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Scaphandrier_en_milieu_pollu%C3%A9_-_casque_aquadyne_ah3.JPG/440px-Scaphandrier_en_milieu_pollu%C3%A9_-_casque_aquadyne_ah3.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="1600" /></a><figcaption>Free flow helmets are commonly used for diving in contaminated water</figcaption></figure> <p>Surface-supplied diving equipment and techniques are mainly used in <a href="/wiki/Professional_diving" title="Professional diving">professional diving</a> due to the greater cost and complexity of owning and operating the equipment.<sup id="cite_ref-Beyerstein_3-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Beyerstein-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Wilkins_2006_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wilkins_2006-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This type of equipment is used in <a href="/wiki/Saturation_diving" title="Saturation diving">saturation diving</a>, as the gas supply is relatively secure, and the diver can not bail out to the surface,<sup id="cite_ref-Beyerstein_3-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Beyerstein-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and for diving in contaminated water, where the diver must be protected from the environment, and helmets are generally used for environmental isolation.<sup id="cite_ref-Barsky_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Barsky-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>There has been development of low-cost airline systems for shallow recreational diving, where limited training is offset by physically limiting the depth accessible. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Surface-supplied_diving&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Standard_diving_dress#History" title="Standard diving dress">Standard diving dress § History</a>, and <a href="/wiki/History_of_underwater_diving" title="History of underwater diving">history of underwater diving</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Deane_helmet_1842.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Deane_helmet_1842.jpg/220px-Deane_helmet_1842.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="237" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Deane_helmet_1842.jpg/330px-Deane_helmet_1842.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f1/Deane_helmet_1842.jpg 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="430" /></a><figcaption>1842 sketch of the Deane brothers' diving helmet, the first surface-supplied diving dress equipment in the world.</figcaption></figure> <p>The first successful surface-supplied diving equipment was produced by the brothers <a href="/wiki/Charles_Anthony_Deane" title="Charles Anthony Deane">Charles</a> and <a href="/wiki/John_Deane_(inventor)" title="John Deane (inventor)">John Deane</a> in the 1820s.<sup id="cite_ref-Bevan_1966_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bevan_1966-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Inspired by a fire accident he witnessed in a stable in England,<sup id="cite_ref-Scuba_Ed's_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Scuba_Ed's-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> he<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="The text near this tag may need clarification or removal of jargon. (January 2024)">clarification needed</span></a></i>]</sup> designed and patented a "Smoke Helmet" to be used by firemen in smoke-filled areas in 1823. The apparatus comprised a copper helmet with an attached flexible collar and jacket. A long leather hose attached to the rear of the helmet was to be used to supply air - the original concept being that it would be pumped using a double bellows. A continuous airflow passed through the helmet, and the user breathed from it and exhaled back into it. A short pipe allowed excess air to escape. The garment was constructed from leather or airtight cloth, secured by straps.<sup id="cite_ref-Deane_helmet_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Deane_helmet-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The brothers had insufficient funds to build the equipment themselves, so they sold the patent to their employer, Edward Barnard. It was not until 1827 that the first smoke helmets were built, by German-born British engineer <a href="/wiki/Augustus_Siebe" title="Augustus Siebe">Augustus Siebe</a>. In 1828 they decided to find another application for their device and converted it into a <a href="/wiki/Diving_helmet" title="Diving helmet">diving helmet</a>. They marketed the helmet with a loosely attached "diving suit" so that a diver could perform salvage work but only in a vertical position, otherwise water entered the suit.<sup id="cite_ref-Deane_helmet_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Deane_helmet-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Divers_-_Illustrated_London_News_Feb_6_1873-2.PNG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Divers_-_Illustrated_London_News_Feb_6_1873-2.PNG/170px-Divers_-_Illustrated_London_News_Feb_6_1873-2.PNG" decoding="async" width="170" height="212" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Divers_-_Illustrated_London_News_Feb_6_1873-2.PNG/255px-Divers_-_Illustrated_London_News_Feb_6_1873-2.PNG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Divers_-_Illustrated_London_News_Feb_6_1873-2.PNG/340px-Divers_-_Illustrated_London_News_Feb_6_1873-2.PNG 2x" data-file-width="2939" data-file-height="3666" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Augustus_Siebe" title="Augustus Siebe">Siebe's</a> improved design in 1873.</figcaption></figure> <p>In 1829 the Deane brothers sailed from <a href="/wiki/Whitstable" title="Whitstable">Whitstable</a> for trials of their new underwater apparatus, establishing the diving industry in the town. In 1834 Charles used his diving helmet and suit in a successful attempt on the wreck of <a href="/wiki/HMS_Royal_George_(1756)" title="HMS Royal George (1756)">HMS <i>Royal George</i></a> at <a href="/wiki/Spithead" title="Spithead">Spithead</a>, during which he recovered 28 of the ship's cannon.<sup id="cite_ref-Divingheritage_Deane_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Divingheritage_Deane-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1836, John Deane recovered timbers, guns, longbows, and other items from the rediscovered <i><a href="/wiki/Mary_Rose" title="Mary Rose">Mary Rose</a></i> shipwreck.<sup id="cite_ref-Clabby_2014_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Clabby_2014-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By 1836 the Deane brothers had produced the world's first diving manual, <i>Method of Using Deane's Patent Diving Apparatus</i> which explained in detail the workings of the apparatus and pump, plus safety precautions.<sup id="cite_ref-Historical_diver_1995_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Historical_diver_1995-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the 1830s the Deane brothers asked Siebe to apply his skill to improve their underwater helmet design.<sup id="cite_ref-acott_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-acott-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Expanding on improvements already made by another engineer, George Edwards, Siebe produced his own design; a <a href="/wiki/Diving_helmet" title="Diving helmet">helmet</a> fitted to a full-length watertight <a href="/wiki/Canvas" title="Canvas">canvas</a> <a href="/wiki/Diving_suit" title="Diving suit">diving suit</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Dekker_Siebe_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dekker_Siebe-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The real success of the equipment was a exhaust <a href="/wiki/Non-return_valve" class="mw-redirect" title="Non-return valve">non-return valve</a> in the helmet, which prevented flooding through the exhaust port.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2016)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="was this the introduction of the non-return valve in the supply hose? (May 2017)">clarification needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Siebe introduced various modifications on his diving dress design to accommodate the requirements of the salvage team on the wreck of HMS <i>Royal George</i>, including making the helmet be detachable from the <a href="/wiki/Corselet" title="Corselet">corselet</a>; his improved design gave rise to the typical <a href="/wiki/Standard_diving_dress" title="Standard diving dress">standard diving dress</a> which revolutionised <a href="/wiki/Underwater" class="mw-redirect" title="Underwater">underwater</a> <a href="/wiki/Civil_engineering" title="Civil engineering">civil engineering</a>, underwater <a href="/wiki/Marine_salvage" title="Marine salvage">salvage</a>, <a href="/wiki/Commercial_diving" title="Commercial diving">commercial diving</a> and <a href="/wiki/Naval_diving" class="mw-redirect" title="Naval diving">naval diving</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-acott_20-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-acott-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Equipment">Equipment</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Surface-supplied_diving&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Equipment"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Surface-supplied_diving_equipment" title="Surface-supplied diving equipment">Surface-supplied diving equipment</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Diving_equipment" title="Diving equipment">Diving equipment</a> and <a href="/wiki/Diving_support_equipment" title="Diving support equipment">Diving support equipment</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Commercial_diving_equipment_at_Eudi_Show_2006_adventurediving.it.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Commercial_diving_equipment_at_Eudi_Show_2006_adventurediving.it.jpg/220px-Commercial_diving_equipment_at_Eudi_Show_2006_adventurediving.it.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Commercial_diving_equipment_at_Eudi_Show_2006_adventurediving.it.jpg/330px-Commercial_diving_equipment_at_Eudi_Show_2006_adventurediving.it.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Commercial_diving_equipment_at_Eudi_Show_2006_adventurediving.it.jpg/440px-Commercial_diving_equipment_at_Eudi_Show_2006_adventurediving.it.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption>Surface-supplied commercial diving equipment on display at a trade show</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%D0%92%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B5_%D1%81%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%8F%D0%B6%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5_%D0%A1%D0%92%D0%A3-5.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/%D0%92%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B5_%D1%81%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%8F%D0%B6%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5_%D0%A1%D0%92%D0%A3-5.jpg/220px-%D0%92%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B5_%D1%81%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%8F%D0%B6%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5_%D0%A1%D0%92%D0%A3-5.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="156" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/%D0%92%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B5_%D1%81%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%8F%D0%B6%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5_%D0%A1%D0%92%D0%A3-5.jpg/330px-%D0%92%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B5_%D1%81%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%8F%D0%B6%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5_%D0%A1%D0%92%D0%A3-5.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/%D0%92%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B5_%D1%81%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%8F%D0%B6%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5_%D0%A1%D0%92%D0%A3-5.jpg/440px-%D0%92%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B5_%D1%81%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%8F%D0%B6%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5_%D0%A1%D0%92%D0%A3-5.jpg 2x" data-file-width="550" data-file-height="390" /></a><figcaption>Diver of the Black Sea Fleet in diving equipment SVU-5</figcaption></figure> <p>The essential aspect of surface-supplied diving is that breathing gas is supplied from the surface, either from a specialized <a href="/wiki/Diving_compressor" class="mw-redirect" title="Diving compressor">diving compressor</a>, high-pressure cylinders, or both. In commercial and military surface-supplied diving, a backup source of surface-supplied breathing gas should always be present in case the primary supply fails. The diver may also wear a <a href="/wiki/Bailout_cylinder" class="mw-redirect" title="Bailout cylinder">bailout cylinder</a> which can provide self-contained breathing gas in an emergency. Thus, the surface-supplied diver is less likely to have an "out-of-air" emergency than a scuba diver using a single gas supply, as there are normally two alternative breathing gas sources available. Surface-supplied diving equipment usually includes communication capability with the surface, which adds to the safety and efficiency of the working diver.<sup id="cite_ref-Ward2006_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ward2006-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The equipment needed for surface supplied diving can be broadly grouped as diving and support equipment, but the distinction is not always clear. Diving support equipment is the equipment used to facilitate a diving operation. It is either not taken into the water during the dive, such as the gas panel and compressor, or is not integral to the actual diving, being there to make the dive easier or safer, such as a surface decompression chamber. Some equipment, like a <a href="/wiki/Diving_stage" class="mw-redirect" title="Diving stage">diving stage</a>, is not easily categorised as diving or support equipment, and may be considered as either. </p><p>Surface-supplied diving equipment is required for a large proportion of the commercial diving operations conducted in many countries, either by direct legislation, or by authorised codes of practice, as in the case of IMCA operations.<sup id="cite_ref-IMCACoP_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IMCACoP-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Surface-supplied equipment is also required under the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Navy" title="United States Navy">US Navy</a> operational guidance for diving in harsh <a href="/wiki/Water_pollution" title="Water pollution">contaminated environments</a> which was drawn up by the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Navy_Experimental_Diving_Unit" title="United States Navy Experimental Diving Unit">Navy Experimental Diving Unit</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-USNcontam_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-USNcontam-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Breathing_apparatus">Breathing apparatus</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Surface-supplied_diving&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Breathing apparatus"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The definitive equipment for surface-supplied diving is the breathing apparatus which is supplied with primary breathing gas from the surface via a hose, which is usually part of a diver's umbilical connecting the surface supply systems with the diver, sometimes directly, otherwise via a bell umbilical and bell panel. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Helmets">Helmets</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Surface-supplied_diving&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Helmets"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Diving_helmet" title="Diving helmet">diving helmet</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Diver_Rose_Bay_1938_SLNSW_FL19114501.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Diver_Rose_Bay_1938_SLNSW_FL19114501.jpg/220px-Diver_Rose_Bay_1938_SLNSW_FL19114501.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="224" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Diver_Rose_Bay_1938_SLNSW_FL19114501.jpg/330px-Diver_Rose_Bay_1938_SLNSW_FL19114501.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Diver_Rose_Bay_1938_SLNSW_FL19114501.jpg/440px-Diver_Rose_Bay_1938_SLNSW_FL19114501.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2941" data-file-height="3000" /></a><figcaption>Diver at Rose Bay, Sydney Harbour, 1938</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Lightweight_demand_helmet" class="mw-redirect" title="Lightweight demand helmet">Lightweight demand helmets</a> are rigid structures which fully enclose the head of the diver and supply breathing gas "on demand". The flow of gas from the supply line is activated by inhalation reducing the pressure in the helmet to slightly below ambient, and a diaphragm in the demand valve uses this pressure difference to open the valve allowing breathing gas to flow into the helmet until the pressure inside the helmet again balances the ambient pressure and the lever returns to the shut position. This is exactly the same principle as used for scuba demand valves, and in some cases the same components are used. Sensitivity of the lever can often be adjusted by the diver by turning a knob on the side of the demand valve. </p><p>Lightweight demand helmets are available in open circuit systems which exhaust to the surrounding water, used when breathing standard air or nitrox,<sup id="cite_ref-NOAA_4th_Ed_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NOAA_4th_Ed-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: Ch4">: Ch4 </span></sup> and closed circuit (reclaim) systems used to reduce costs when breathing mixed gas with a large helium fraction. the exhaled gas is returned to the surface through a reclaim valve, a type of <a href="/wiki/Back-pressure_regulator" class="mw-redirect" title="Back-pressure regulator">back-pressure regulator</a> in the helmet, via the umbilical, scrubbed of <a href="/wiki/Carbon_dioxide" title="Carbon dioxide">carbon dioxide</a>, filtered of odour and micro-organisms, re-oxygenated, and recompressed to storage.<sup id="cite_ref-CDM_9_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CDM_9-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Ahlen_1995_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ahlen_1995-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Gasmizer_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gasmizer-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Crawford_2016_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Crawford_2016-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The helmet shell may be of metal<sup id="cite_ref-KM77_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-KM77-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or reinforced plastic composite (GRP), and is either connected to a neck dam or clamped directly to a drysuit. The neck dam is on the lower part of the helmet, which seals around the neck of the diver in the same way as the neck seal of a dry suit. Attachment to the neck dam is critical to diver safety and a reliable locking mechanism is needed to ensure that it is not inadvertently released during a dive.<sup id="cite_ref-Barsky_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Barsky-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Demand breathing systems reduce the amount of gas required to adequately ventilate the diver, as gas is only supplied when the diver inhales, but the slightly increased work of breathing caused by this system is a disadvantage at extreme levels of exertion, where free-flow systems may be better. The demand system is also quieter than free-flow, particularly during the non-inhalation phase of breathing. This can make voice communication more effective. The breathing of the diver is also audible to the surface team over the communications system, and this helps to monitor the condition of the diver and is a valuable safety feature.<sup id="cite_ref-CDM_9_26-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CDM_9-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:AH3_free_flow_helmet_front_viewDSC01101.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/AH3_free_flow_helmet_front_viewDSC01101.jpg/220px-AH3_free_flow_helmet_front_viewDSC01101.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/AH3_free_flow_helmet_front_viewDSC01101.jpg/330px-AH3_free_flow_helmet_front_viewDSC01101.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/AH3_free_flow_helmet_front_viewDSC01101.jpg/440px-AH3_free_flow_helmet_front_viewDSC01101.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1536" /></a><figcaption>Front view of an AH3 free flow diving helmet</figcaption></figure> <p>A <a href="/w/index.php?title=Free_flow_diving_helmet&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Free flow diving helmet (page does not exist)">free flow diving helmet</a> supplies a continuous flow of air to the diver, who breathes it as it flows past. Mechanical work of breathing is minimal, but flow rate must be high if the diver works hard, and this is noisy, affecting communications and requiring hearing protection to avoid damage to the ears. This type of helmet is popular where divers have to work hard in relatively shallow water for long periods. It is also useful when diving in contaminated environments, where the helmet is sealed onto a dry suit, and the entire system is kept at a slight positive pressure by adjusting the back-pressure of the exhaust valve, to ensure that there is no leakage into the helmet. This type of helmet is often large in volume, and if it is attached to the suit, it does not move with the head. The diver must move their body to face anything they want to see. For this reason the faceplate is large and there is often an upper window or side windows to improve the field of vision.<sup id="cite_ref-Barsky_and_Christensen_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Barsky_and_Christensen-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Escafandra01.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Escafandra01.JPG/220px-Escafandra01.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Escafandra01.JPG/330px-Escafandra01.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Escafandra01.JPG/440px-Escafandra01.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2816" data-file-height="2112" /></a><figcaption>Copper diving helmet with threaded connection between bonnet and corselet</figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Standard_diving_helmet" class="mw-redirect" title="Standard diving helmet">standard diving helmet</a> (Copper hat) is made of two main parts: the bonnet, which covers the diver's head, and the corselet which supports the weight of the helmet on the diver's shoulders, and is clamped to the suit to create a watertight seal. The bonnet is attached and sealed to the corselet at the neck, either by bolts or an interrupted screw-thread, with some form of locking mechanism.<sup id="cite_ref-USN_1963_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-USN_1963-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Standard_diving_dress_1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Standard_diving_dress_1.jpg/220px-Standard_diving_dress_1.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="218" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Standard_diving_dress_1.jpg/330px-Standard_diving_dress_1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Standard_diving_dress_1.jpg/440px-Standard_diving_dress_1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="495" /></a><figcaption>Diver in standard dress entering the water</figcaption></figure> <p>The bonnet is usually a copper shell with soldered <a href="/wiki/Brass" title="Brass">brass</a> fittings. It covers the diver's head and provides sufficient space to turn the head to look out of the glazed faceplate and other viewports (windows). The front port can usually be opened for ventilation and communication when the diver is on deck, by being screwed out or swung to the side on a hinge. The other viewports are generally fixed.<sup id="cite_ref-USN_1963_32-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-USN_1963-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Denayrouze_2_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Denayrouze_2-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-USN_1943_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-USN_1943-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Gradbi%C5%A1%C4%8De_hidroelektrarne_O%C5%BEbalt_1958,_potaplja%C4%8Da.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Gradbi%C5%A1%C4%8De_hidroelektrarne_O%C5%BEbalt_1958%2C_potaplja%C4%8Da.jpg/220px-Gradbi%C5%A1%C4%8De_hidroelektrarne_O%C5%BEbalt_1958%2C_potaplja%C4%8Da.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="157" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Gradbi%C5%A1%C4%8De_hidroelektrarne_O%C5%BEbalt_1958%2C_potaplja%C4%8Da.jpg/330px-Gradbi%C5%A1%C4%8De_hidroelektrarne_O%C5%BEbalt_1958%2C_potaplja%C4%8Da.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Gradbi%C5%A1%C4%8De_hidroelektrarne_O%C5%BEbalt_1958%2C_potaplja%C4%8Da.jpg/440px-Gradbi%C5%A1%C4%8De_hidroelektrarne_O%C5%BEbalt_1958%2C_potaplja%C4%8Da.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1386" data-file-height="989" /></a><figcaption>Corselet showing interrupted thread for helmet connection and brailes clamping it to the suit. 12-bolt in background, 6-bolt in foreground.</figcaption></figure> <p>The corselet, also known as a breastplate or <a href="/wiki/Gorget" title="Gorget">gorget</a>, is an oval or rectangular collar-piece resting on the shoulders, chest and back, to support the helmet and seal it to the suit.<sup id="cite_ref-Draegerwerk_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Draegerwerk-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The helmet is usually connected to the suit by clamping the rubberised collar of the suit to the rim of the corselet to make a water-tight seal. Most six and twelve bolt bonnets are joined to the corselet by 1/8th turn interrupted thread with a safety lock.<sup id="cite_ref-USN_1963_32-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-USN_1963-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-USN_1943_34-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-USN_1943-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>An alternative method is to bolt the bonnet to the corselet over a rubber collar seal bonded to the neck opening of the suit.<sup id="cite_ref-Draegerwerk_35-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Draegerwerk-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Band_mask">Band mask</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Surface-supplied_diving&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Band mask"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Full_face_diving_mask#Band_masks" class="mw-redirect" title="Full face diving mask">Full face diving mask § Band masks</a></div> <p>A band mask is a heavy duty full-face mask with many of the characteristics of a lightweight demand helmet. In structure it is the front section of a lightweight helmet from above the faceplate to below the demand valve and exhaust ports, including the bailout block and communications connections on the sides. This rigid frame is attached to a neoprene hood by a metal clamping band, hence the name. It is provided with a padded sealing surface around the frame edge which is held firmly against the diver's face by a rubber "spider", a multiple strap arrangement with a pad behind the diver's head, and usually five straps which hook onto pins on the band. The straps have several holes so the tension can be adjusted to get a comfortable seal. A band mask is heavier than other full face masks, but lighter than a helmet, and can be donned more quickly than a helmet. They are often used by the standby diver for this reason.<sup id="cite_ref-UWC_2014_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-UWC_2014-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Full-face_mask">Full-face mask</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Surface-supplied_diving&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Full-face mask"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Full-face_mask" class="mw-redirect" title="Full-face mask">Full-face mask</a></div><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Full_face_diving_mask_-_ocean_reef.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Full_face_diving_mask_-_ocean_reef.JPG/220px-Full_face_diving_mask_-_ocean_reef.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="190" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Full_face_diving_mask_-_ocean_reef.JPG/330px-Full_face_diving_mask_-_ocean_reef.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Full_face_diving_mask_-_ocean_reef.JPG/440px-Full_face_diving_mask_-_ocean_reef.JPG 2x" data-file-width="543" data-file-height="468" /></a><figcaption>A diver wearing an Ocean Reef full face mask</figcaption></figure> <p>A full-face mask encloses both mouth and nose, which reduces the risk of the diver losing the air supply compared to a half mask and demand valve. Some models require a bailout block to provide alternative breathing gas supply from the umbilical and bailout cylinder, but are not suitable for accepting an alternative air supply from a rescue diver, while a few models accept a secondary demand valve which can be plugged into an accessory port (Draeger, Apeks and Ocean Reef).<sup id="cite_ref-Draeger_2016_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Draeger_2016-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Neptune_II_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Neptune_II-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The unique Kirby Morgan 48 SuperMask has a removable DV pod which can be unclipped to allow the diver to breathe from a standard scuba demand valve with mouthpiece.<sup id="cite_ref-M-48_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-M-48-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Despite the improvement in diver safety provided by the more secure attachment of the breathing apparatus to the diver's face, some models of full face mask can fail catastrophically if the faceplate is broken or detached from the skirt, as there is then no way to breathe from the mask. This can be mitigated by carrying a standard secondary second stage, and preferably also a spare half mask.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2016)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>A full face mask is lighter and more comfortable for swimming than a helmet or band mask, and usually provides an improved field of vision, but it is not as secure, and does not provide the same level of protection as the heavier and more sturdily constructed equipment. The two types of equipment have different ranges of application. Most full face masks are adaptable for use with scuba or surface supply. The full face mask does not usually have a bailout block fitted, and this is usually attached to the diver's harness, with a single hose to supply the mask from main or bailout gas which is selected at the block. The strap arrangement for full face masks is usually quite secure, but not as secure as a bandmask or helmet, and it is possible for it to be dislodged in the water. However it is also quite practicable for a trained diver to replace and clear a full face mask under water without assistance, so this is more an inconvenience than a disaster unless the diver is rendered unconscious at the same time.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2016)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Breathing_gas_supply">Breathing gas supply</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Surface-supplied_diving&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Breathing gas supply"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Diver's_umbilical"><span id="Diver.27s_umbilical"></span>Diver's umbilical</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Surface-supplied_diving&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Diver's umbilical"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Umbilical_cable#Divers" title="Umbilical cable">Umbilical cable § Divers</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bell_umbilical_section_20151203_132411.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Bell_umbilical_section_20151203_132411.jpg/220px-Bell_umbilical_section_20151203_132411.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Bell_umbilical_section_20151203_132411.jpg/330px-Bell_umbilical_section_20151203_132411.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Bell_umbilical_section_20151203_132411.jpg/440px-Bell_umbilical_section_20151203_132411.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1920" data-file-height="2560" /></a><figcaption>Bell umbilical section, containing among other components, hot water supply hoses.</figcaption></figure> <p>The umbilical contains a hose to supply the breathing gas and usually several other components. These usually include a communications cable (comms wire), a <a href="/wiki/Pneumofathometer" class="mw-redirect" title="Pneumofathometer">pneumofathometer</a>, and a strength member, which may be the breathing gas hose, communications cable, or a rope. When needed, a hot water supply line, helium reclaim line, video camera and lighting cables may be included. These components are neatly twisted into a multistrand cable, or taped together, and are deployed as a single unit. The diver's end has underwater connectors for the electrical cables, and the hoses are usually connected to the helmet, band mask, or bailout block by <a href="/wiki/JIC_fitting" title="JIC fitting">JIC fittings</a>. A <a href="/wiki/Carabiner#Locking" title="Carabiner">screw-gate carabiner</a> or similar connector is provided on the strength member for attachment to the diver's harness, and may be used to lift the diver in an emergency. Similar connections are provided for attachment to the diving bell, if used, or to the surface gas panel and communications equipment. A diver's umbilical supplied from a bell gas panel is called an excursion umbilical, and the supply from the surface to the bell panel is the bell umbilical.<sup id="cite_ref-CDM_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CDM-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-IMCA_D022_2016_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IMCA_D022_2016-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Air-line">Air-line</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Surface-supplied_diving&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Air-line"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Low_pressure_breathing_air_compressor_P8160075.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Low_pressure_breathing_air_compressor_P8160075.jpg/220px-Low_pressure_breathing_air_compressor_P8160075.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Low_pressure_breathing_air_compressor_P8160075.jpg/330px-Low_pressure_breathing_air_compressor_P8160075.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Low_pressure_breathing_air_compressor_P8160075.jpg/440px-Low_pressure_breathing_air_compressor_P8160075.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4608" data-file-height="3456" /></a><figcaption>Low pressure breathing air compressor intended for air-line diving</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hookah_mask_PA268055.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Hookah_mask_PA268055.jpg/220px-Hookah_mask_PA268055.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Hookah_mask_PA268055.jpg/330px-Hookah_mask_PA268055.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Hookah_mask_PA268055.jpg/440px-Hookah_mask_PA268055.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3648" data-file-height="2736" /></a><figcaption>A lightweight full face mask used with a free-flow air-line system (obsolescent)</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hookah_mask_PA268064.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Hookah_mask_PA268064.jpg/220px-Hookah_mask_PA268064.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Hookah_mask_PA268064.jpg/330px-Hookah_mask_PA268064.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Hookah_mask_PA268064.jpg/440px-Hookah_mask_PA268064.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3648" data-file-height="2736" /></a><figcaption>Inside view of a lightweight free-flow air-line mask (obsolescent)</figcaption></figure> <p>Hookah, <span title="See entry on this page at § Sasuba" class="glossary-link-internal" style="border-bottom: 1px dashed #86a1ff; color:initial;"><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_underwater_diving_terminology:_P%E2%80%93S#Sasuba" title="Glossary of underwater diving terminology: P–S">Sasuba</a></span> and <a href="/wiki/Snuba" title="Snuba">Snuba</a> systems are categorised as "air-line" equipment, as they do not include the communication, lifeline and pneumofathometer hose characteristic of a full diver's umbilical. Most hookah diving uses a demand system based on a standard scuba second stage, but there have been special purpose free-flow full-face masks specifically intended for hookah diving (see photos). A <a href="/wiki/Bailout_cylinder" class="mw-redirect" title="Bailout cylinder">bailout system</a>, or emergency gas supply (EGS) is not an inherent part of an air-line diving system, though it may be required in some applications.<sup id="cite_ref-FAO_Hookah_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FAO_Hookah-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-scubadoc_hookah_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-scubadoc_hookah-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Their field of application is very different from full surface-supplied diving. Hookah is generally used for shallow water work in low-hazard applications, such as archaeology, aquaculture, and aquarium maintenance work, but is also sometimes used for open water hunting and gathering of seafood,<sup id="cite_ref-FAO_Hookah_42-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FAO_Hookah-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> shallow water mining of gold and diamonds in rivers and streams, and bottom cleaning and other underwater maintenance of boats.<sup id="cite_ref-Barsky_and_Neuman_2003_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Barsky_and_Neuman_2003-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 29">: 29 </span></sup> Sasuba and Snuba are mainly a shallow water recreational application for low-hazard sites. Sasuba and hookah diving equipment is also used for yacht or boat maintenance and hull cleaning, swimming pool maintenance, shallow underwater inspections.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2014)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>The systems used to supply air through the hose to a demand valve mouthpiece, are either 12-volt electrical air pumps, gasoline engine powered low-pressure compressors, or floating scuba cylinders with high pressure regulators. These hookah diving systems usually limit the hose length to allow less than 7 metres depth.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2014)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> The exception is the gasoline engine powered unit, which requires a much higher level of training and topside supervision for safe use.<sup id="cite_ref-FAO_Hookah_42-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FAO_Hookah-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A notable exception to this trend are the inshore diamond diving operations on the west coast of South Africa, where hookah is still the standard equipment for diamondiferous gravel extraction in the hostile conditions of the surf zone, where the water temperature is usually around 8 to 10 °C, visibility is usually low, and <span title="See entry on this page at § surge" class="glossary-link-internal" style="border-bottom: 1px dashed #86a1ff; color:initial;"><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_underwater_diving_terminology:_P%E2%80%93S#surge" title="Glossary of underwater diving terminology: P–S">surge</a></span> is often strong. Divers work shifts of about two hours with a crowbar and a suction hose, are heavily weighted to stay in place while working, and the standard method of ascent is to ditch the weighted harness and regulator and make a free swimming ascent. The next diver will free dive down the air line, fit the regulator and wriggle into the harness before continuing with the job.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2016)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Until the South African abalone fishery was closed, hookah was the only mode of diving permitted for harvesting wild abalone, and several aspects of this practice were in direct contravention of the diving regulations at the time. Abalone divers were not allowed to have a standby diver on the boat.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2016)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Gas_panel">Gas panel</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Surface-supplied_diving&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Gas panel"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Surface_supply_air_panel_for_4_divers_P3053737.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Surface_supply_air_panel_for_4_divers_P3053737.jpg/220px-Surface_supply_air_panel_for_4_divers_P3053737.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Surface_supply_air_panel_for_4_divers_P3053737.jpg/330px-Surface_supply_air_panel_for_4_divers_P3053737.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Surface_supply_air_panel_for_4_divers_P3053737.jpg/440px-Surface_supply_air_panel_for_4_divers_P3053737.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3648" data-file-height="2736" /></a><figcaption>A surface supply panel for four divers. This panel can use an independent gas supply for each side of the panel</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Air_panels_and_comms_box_at_a_surface_supplied_diver_training_operation_P3118538.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Air_panels_and_comms_box_at_a_surface_supplied_diver_training_operation_P3118538.jpg/220px-Air_panels_and_comms_box_at_a_surface_supplied_diver_training_operation_P3118538.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Air_panels_and_comms_box_at_a_surface_supplied_diver_training_operation_P3118538.jpg/330px-Air_panels_and_comms_box_at_a_surface_supplied_diver_training_operation_P3118538.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Air_panels_and_comms_box_at_a_surface_supplied_diver_training_operation_P3118538.jpg/440px-Air_panels_and_comms_box_at_a_surface_supplied_diver_training_operation_P3118538.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3648" data-file-height="2736" /></a><figcaption>Surface supply air panels. On the left for two divers, on the right for three divers</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Gas_panel_1.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Gas_panel_1.png/220px-Gas_panel_1.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="308" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Gas_panel_1.png/330px-Gas_panel_1.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Gas_panel_1.png/440px-Gas_panel_1.png 2x" data-file-width="2355" data-file-height="3299" /></a><figcaption>Surface supplied diving gas panel for one diver: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li>PG: pneumofathometer gauge</li><li>OPV: overpressure valve</li><li>PS: pneumo snubber</li><li>PSV: pneumo supply valve</li><li>DSV: diver supply valve</li><li>MP: manifold pressure</li><li>RSV: reserve supply valve</li><li>RP: reserve pressure</li><li>MSV: main supply valve</li><li>SP: supply pressure</li><li>RGS: reserve gas supply</li><li>MGS: main gas supply</li><li>UP: umbilical pneumo hose</li><li>UB: umbilical breathing gas hose</li><li>DP: depth measured by pneumofathometer</li></ul></div></figcaption></figure> <p>A gas panel or gas manifold is the control equipment for supplying the breathing gas to the divers.<sup id="cite_ref-Barsky_and_Christensen_31-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Barsky_and_Christensen-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Primary and reserve gas is supplied to the panel through shutoff valves from a low-pressure compressor or high-pressure storage cylinders ("bombs", "bundles", "quads", or "kellys"). The gas pressure may be controlled at the panel by an industrial <a href="/wiki/Pressure_regulator" title="Pressure regulator">pressure regulator</a>, or it may already be regulated closer to the source (at the compressor, or at the storage cylinder outlet). The supply gas pressure is monitored on a gauge at the panel, and an over-pressure valve is fitted in case the supply pressure is too high. The gas panel may be operated by the diving supervisor if the breathing gas is air or a fixed ratio premix, but if the composition must be controlled or monitored during the dive it is usual for a dedicated gas panel operator, or "gas man" to do this work.<sup id="cite_ref-CDM_40-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CDM-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>There is a set of valves and gauges for each diver to be supplied from the panel. These include:<sup id="cite_ref-CDM_40-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CDM-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>A main supply valve with non-return valve, which supplies gas to the main gas supply hose of the umbilical. This is usually a quarter-turn valve, as it must be quick to operate and obvious whether it is open or closed.<sup id="cite_ref-CDM_40-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CDM-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>A pneumofathometer supply valve, which supplies gas to the pneumofathometer for the diver. This valve is usually near the main supply valve but with a different handle. It is usually a needle type valve as it must be finely adjustable, but it must also be large enough to allow a fairly high flow rate, as the air may be used as an alternative breathing air source, or to fill small lift bags.<sup id="cite_ref-CDM_40-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CDM-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>A pneumofathometer gauge is connected to the pneumo line. This is a high resolution pressure gauge calibrated in feet sea water (fsw) and/or metres sea water (msw). and is used to measure the depth of the diver by allowing air to flow through the pneumo hose and out the end attached to the diver. When the air supply is shut off, and the flow stops, the gauge indicates the pressure at the open end at the diver.<sup id="cite_ref-CDM_40-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CDM-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Each pneumofathometer gauge has an overpressure valve to protect it against gas supply at higher pressure than it is designed to take. This is essential as the main supply pressure is significantly higher than the maximum depth pressure on the pneumo gauge. There is also often a snubbing valve or orifice between the pneumo line and the gauge to restrict flow into the gauge and ensure that the overpressure valve can adequately relieve the pressure.<sup id="cite_ref-CDM_40-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CDM-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Some gas panels have a separate supply gauge for each diver downstream of the supply valve, but this is not standard practice.<sup id="cite_ref-CDM_40-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CDM-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <p>The gas panel may be fairly large and mounted on a board for convenience of use, or may be compact and mounted inside a portable box, for ease of transport. Gas panels are usually for one, two or three divers. In some countries, or under some codes of practice, the surface standby diver must be supplied from a separate panel to the working diver/s.<sup id="cite_ref-OSO_2011_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-OSO_2011-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A wet or closed bell will be fitted with a bell gas panel to supply gas to the divers' excursion umbilicals. The bell gas panel is supplied with primary gas from the surface via a bell umbilical, and on-board emergency gas from high-pressure storage cylinders mounted on the frame of the bell.<sup id="cite_ref-IMCAD022_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IMCAD022-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-IMCA_D014_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IMCA_D014-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Pneumofathometer">Pneumofathometer</h5><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Surface-supplied_diving&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Pneumofathometer"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A <i><a href="/wiki/Pneumofathometer" class="mw-redirect" title="Pneumofathometer">pneumofathometer</a></i> is a device used to measure the depth of a diver by displaying the back-pressure on a gas supply hose with an open end at the diver, and a flow rate with negligible resistance in the hose. The pressure indicated is the hydrostic pressure at the depth of the open end, and is usually displayed in units of <a href="/wiki/Metre_sea_water" title="Metre sea water">metres or feet of seawater</a>, the same units used for decompression calculations.<sup id="cite_ref-CDM_40-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CDM-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The pneumo line is usually a 0.25 inches (6.4 mm) bore hose in the diver's umbilical, supplied with breathing gas from the gas panel via a supply valve. Downstream from the valve there is a branch to a high resolution pressure gauge, a restriction to flow to the gauge, and an overpressure relief valve to protect the gauge from full panel supply pressure in case the pneumo line is used for emergency breathing gas supply. Each diver has an independent pneumofathometer, and if there is a bell, it will also have an independent pneumofathometer.<sup id="cite_ref-CDM_40-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CDM-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Low-pressure_breathing_air_compressor">Low-pressure breathing air compressor</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Surface-supplied_diving&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Low-pressure breathing air compressor"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Low_pressure_breathing_air_compressor_P3118541.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Low_pressure_breathing_air_compressor_P3118541.jpg/220px-Low_pressure_breathing_air_compressor_P3118541.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Low_pressure_breathing_air_compressor_P3118541.jpg/330px-Low_pressure_breathing_air_compressor_P3118541.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Low_pressure_breathing_air_compressor_P3118541.jpg/440px-Low_pressure_breathing_air_compressor_P3118541.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3648" data-file-height="2736" /></a><figcaption>A low-pressure compressor on site providing breathing air for surface-supplied divers</figcaption></figure> <p>A low-pressure compressor is often the air supply of choice for surface-supplied diving, as it is virtually unlimited in the amount of air it can supply, provided the delivery volume and pressure are adequate for the application. A low-pressure compressor can run for tens of hours, needing only refueling, periodical filter drainage and occasional running checks, and is therefore more convenient than high-pressure storage cylinders for primary air supply.<sup id="cite_ref-CDM_40-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CDM-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>It is however, critical to diver safety that the compressor is suitable for breathing air delivery, uses a suitable oil, is adequately filtered, and takes in clean and uncontaminated air. Positioning of the intake opening is important, and may have to be changed if the relative wind direction changes, to ensure that no engine exhaust gas enters the intake. Various national standards for breathing air quality may apply. </p><p>Power for portable compressors is usually a 4-stroke petrol (gasoline) engine. Larger, trailer mounted compressors, may be diesel powered. Permanently installed compressors on dive support boats are likely to be powered by 3-phase electric motors. </p><p>The compressor should be provided with an accumulator and a relief valve. The accumulator functions as an additional water trap, but the main purpose is to provide a reserve volume of pressurised air. The relief valve allows any excess air to be released back to the atmosphere while retaining the appropriate supply pressure in the accumulator.<sup id="cite_ref-CDM_40-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CDM-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="High_pressure_main_gas_supply">High pressure main gas supply</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Surface-supplied_diving&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: High pressure main gas supply"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Saturation_diving#Bulk_gas_supplies" title="Saturation diving">Saturation diving § Bulk gas supplies</a></div> <p>The main gas supply for surface-supplied diving can be from high pressure bulk storage cylinders. When the storage cylinders are relatively portable this is known as a <i>scuba replacement</i> system in the commercial diving industry. The application is versatile and can ensure high quality breathing gas in places where atmospheric air is too contaminated to use through a normal low pressure compressor filter system, and is easily adaptable to a mixed gas supply and oxygen decompression provided that the breathing apparatus and gas supply system are compatible with the mixtures to be used. Scuba replacement is often used from smaller diving support vessels, for emergency work, and for <a href="/wiki/Hazmat_diving" title="Hazmat diving">hazmat diving</a>. </p><p>Mixed breathing gases are provided from high pressure bulk storage systems for saturation diving, but these are less portable, and generally involve manifolded racks of cylinders of approximately 50 litres water capacity arranged as <i>quads</i> and even larger racks of high pressure <i>tubes</i>. If <a href="/wiki/Saturation_diving#Gas_reclaim_systems" title="Saturation diving">gas reclaim systems</a> are used, the reclaimed gas is <a href="/wiki/Carbon_dioxide_scrubber" title="Carbon dioxide scrubber">scrubbed of carbon dioxide</a>, filtered of other contaminants, and recompressed into high pressure cylinders for interim storage, ans is generally blended with oxygen or helium to make up the required mix for the next dive before re-use. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Decompression_gas">Decompression gas</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Surface-supplied_diving&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Decompression gas"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Decompression_equipment#Providing_gases_to_accelerate_decompression" title="Decompression equipment">Decompression equipment § Providing gases to accelerate decompression</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Decompression_practice#Accelerated_decompression" title="Decompression practice">Decompression practice § Accelerated decompression</a></div> <p>Reducing the partial pressure of the inert gas component of the breathing mixture will accelerate decompression as the concentration gradient will be greater for a given depth. This is achieved by increasing the fraction of oxygen in the breathing gas used, whereas substitution of a different inert gas will not produce the desired effect. Any substitution may introduce counter-diffusion complications, owing to differing rates of diffusion of the inert gases, which can lead to a net gain in total dissolved gas tension in a tissue. This can lead to bubble formation and growth, with decompression sickness as a consequence. Partial pressure of oxygen is usually limited to 1.6 bar during in-water decompression for scuba divers, but can be up to 1.9 bar in-water and 2.2 bar in the chamber when using the US Navy tables for surface decompression,<sup id="cite_ref-US_Navy_Diving_Manual_Revision_6_Ch9_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-US_Navy_Diving_Manual_Revision_6_Ch9-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="High-pressure_reserve_gas">High-pressure reserve gas</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Surface-supplied_diving&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: High-pressure reserve gas"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>An alternative to a low-pressure compressor for gas supply is high-pressure storage cylinders feeding through a pressure regulator which will be set to the required supply pressure for the depth and equipment in use. In practice HP storage may be used for either reserve gas supply or both main and reserve gas supplies to a gas panel. High-pressure bulk cylinders are quiet in operation and provide gas of known quality (if it has been tested). This allows the relatively simple and reliable use of nitrox mixtures in surface-supplied diving. Bulk cylinders are also quiet in operation compared to a low-pressure compressor, but have the obvious limitation of amount of gas available. The usual configurations for surface-supplied bulk gas storage are large single cylinders of around 50 litres water capacity, often referred to as "J"s or "bombs", "<a href="/wiki/Gas_storage_quad" class="mw-redirect" title="Gas storage quad">quads</a>", which are a group (sometimes, but not necessarily four in number) of similar cylinders mounted on a frame and connected together to a common supply fitting, and "kellys" which are a group of "tubes" (long large volume pressure vessels) usually mounted in a <a href="/wiki/Intermodal_container" title="Intermodal container">container frame</a>, and usually connected together to a common connection fitting.<sup id="cite_ref-IMCAD043_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IMCAD043-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Bailout_gas_supply">Bailout gas supply</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Surface-supplied_diving&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Bailout gas supply"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Bailout_cylinder" class="mw-redirect" title="Bailout cylinder">Bailout cylinder</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bailout_block_on_a_KM18_band_mask_PA268043.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Bailout_block_on_a_KM18_band_mask_PA268043.jpg/220px-Bailout_block_on_a_KM18_band_mask_PA268043.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Bailout_block_on_a_KM18_band_mask_PA268043.jpg/330px-Bailout_block_on_a_KM18_band_mask_PA268043.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Bailout_block_on_a_KM18_band_mask_PA268043.jpg/440px-Bailout_block_on_a_KM18_band_mask_PA268043.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3648" data-file-height="2736" /></a><figcaption>The bailout block on a KM18 band mask, showing the bailout valve (upper left), the non-return valve for main air supply (lower left), and the free-flow valve (right)</figcaption></figure> <p>Bailout gas is usually carried by the diver in a scuba cylinder, mounted on the back of the harness in the same position as is used with recreational scuba. The size of the cylinder will depend on operational variables. There should be sufficient gas to enable the diver to reach a place of safety on the bailout gas in an emergency. For surface oriented dives, this may require gas for decompression, and bailout sets generally start at about 7 litres internal capacity and can be larger.<sup id="cite_ref-inshore_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-inshore-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Bell diving bailout options: For bell dives there is no requirement for decompression gas, as the bell itself carries bailout gas. However at extreme depths the diver will use gas fast, and there have been cases where twin 10 litre 300 bar sets were required to supply sufficient gas. Another option which has been used for extreme depth is a rebreather bailout set. A limitation for this service is that the diver must be able to get in and out of the bell while wearing the bailout equipment.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2016)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Mounting options: The bailout cylinder may be mounted with the valve at the top or at the bottom, depending on local codes of practice. A generally used arrangement is to mount the cylinder with the valve up, as this is better protected while kitting up, and the cylinder valve is left fully open while the diver is in the water. This means that the regulator and supply hose to the bailout block will be pressurised during the dive, and ready for immediate use by opening the bailout valve on the harness or helmet.<sup id="cite_ref-inshore_47-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-inshore-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The bailout block is a small manifold fitted either to the harness where it is in a convenient but protected position, commonly on the right side on the waist strap, or on the helmet, also usually on the right side of the temple, with the valve knob to the side to distinguish it from the free-flow or defogging valve which is commonly to the front. The bailout block has a connection for the main gas supply from the umbilical through a non-return valve. This route can not be closed and supplies the helmet demand valve and free flow valve under normal circumstances. The bailout gas from the back mounted cylinder passes through a conventional scuba first stage at the cylinder valve, to the bailout block, where it is normally isolated by the bailout valve. When the diver needs to switch over to bailout gas he simply opens the bailout valve and the gas is supplied to the helmet or mask. As the valve is normally closed, a leak in the first stage regulator seat will cause the interstage pressure to rise, and unless an overpressure relief valve is fitted to the first stage the hose may burst. Aftermarket overpressure valves are available which can be fitted into a standard low-pressure port of most first stages.<sup id="cite_ref-KM_OPRV_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-KM_OPRV-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Bailout supply pressure options: If the interstage pressure for the bailout regulator is lower than the main supply pressure, the main supply will override the bailout gas, and continue to flow. This can be a problem if the diver switches to bailout because main supply is contaminated. If on the other hand, bailout pressure is higher than main supply pressure, the bailout gas will override the main gas supply if the valve is opened. This will result in the bailout gas being used up if the valve leaks. The diver should periodically check that bailout pressure is still sufficient for the rest of the dive, and abort the dive if it is not. For this reason the bailout regulator must be fitted with a submersible pressure gauge to which the diver can refer to check the pressure. This is usually clipped off or tucked into the harness on the left side, where it can be easily reached to read, but is unlikely to snag on anything.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2016)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Diver's_harness"><span id="Diver.27s_harness"></span>Diver's harness</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Surface-supplied_diving&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Diver's harness"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The diver's harness is an item of strong webbing, and sometimes cloth, which is fastened around a diver over the exposure suit, and allows the diver to be lifted without risk of falling out of the harness.<sup id="cite_ref-Barsky_and_Christensen_31-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Barsky_and_Christensen-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: ch6">: ch6 </span></sup> Several types are in use. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Jacket_harness">Jacket harness</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Surface-supplied_diving&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Jacket harness"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Diver_harness_with_weight_pocketsPA268054.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Diver_harness_with_weight_pocketsPA268054.jpg/220px-Diver_harness_with_weight_pocketsPA268054.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Diver_harness_with_weight_pocketsPA268054.jpg/330px-Diver_harness_with_weight_pocketsPA268054.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Diver_harness_with_weight_pocketsPA268054.jpg/440px-Diver_harness_with_weight_pocketsPA268054.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2736" data-file-height="3648" /></a><figcaption>Front view of jacket style diver harness with removable weight pockets</figcaption></figure> <p>The jacket harness is a waistcoat (vest) style garment with strong adjustable webbing straps which are adjustable and securely buckled over the shoulders, across the chest and waist, and through the crotch or around each thigh, so that the diver can not slide out under any predictable circumstance. The harness is fitted with several heavy duty D-rings, fixed to the webbing in such a way that the full weight of the diver and all his equipment can be safely supported. A minimum strength of 500kgf is recommended or required by some codes of practice. A jacket harness is usually provided with webbing straps or a cloth pocket on the back to support the bailout cylinder, and may have a variety of pockets to carry tools, and may also carry ditchable or fixed main weights. There are usually several strong D-rings to secure the umbilical and other equipment.<sup id="cite_ref-CDM_9_26-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CDM_9-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Bell_harness">Bell harness</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Surface-supplied_diving&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Bell harness"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A bell harness has the same function as a jacket harness, but lacks the cloth jacket component, and is made entirely of webbing, with a similar configuration of straps. It too may have a means of carrying a bailout cylinder, or the bailout cylinder may be carried on a separate backpack.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2016)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Harness_with_buoyancy_compensation">Harness with buoyancy compensation</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Surface-supplied_diving&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Harness with buoyancy compensation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The AP Valves Mk4 Jump Jacket is a harness with integral buoyancy jacket specifically designed for commercial diving work with helmets and bells. There is a direct feed to the jacket from the main air supply, from the pneumo line and from bailout, and a system which allows the diver's pneumo to be directly connected to another diver's helmet as an emergency air supply.<sup id="cite_ref-Jones_2008_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jones_2008-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Buoyancy_control">Buoyancy control</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Surface-supplied_diving&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Buoyancy control"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Surface-supplied divers may be required to work in mid-water or on the bottom. They must be able to stay down without effort, and this usually requires weighting. When working in mid-water the diver may wish to be neutrally buoyant or negative, and when working on the bottom he will usually want to be several kilos negative. The only time the diver may want to be positively buoyant is when on the surface or during a limited range of emergencies where uncontrolled ascent is less life-threatening than remaining under water. Surface-supplied divers generally have a secure supply of breathing gas, and there are very few occasions where weights should be jettisoned, so in most cases the surface-supplied diver weighting arrangement does not provide for quick release.<sup id="cite_ref-Barsky_and_Christensen_31-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Barsky_and_Christensen-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: ch6">: ch6 </span></sup> </p><p>On those occasions when surface supplied divers need variable buoyancy, it may be provided by inflation of the <a href="/wiki/Dry_suit" title="Dry suit">dry suit</a>, if used, or by a <a href="/wiki/Buoyancy_control_device" class="mw-redirect" title="Buoyancy control device">buoyancy control device</a> similar in principle to those used by <a href="/wiki/Scuba_diving" title="Scuba diving">scuba divers</a>, or both.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2016)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Weight_systems">Weight systems</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Surface-supplied_diving&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Weight systems"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Diver_weighting_systems" class="mw-redirect" title="Diver weighting systems">Diver weighting systems</a></div> <p>The diver needs to stay on the bottom to work some of the time, and may need to have neutral buoyancy some of the time. The diving suit is usually buoyant, so added weight is usually necessary. This can be provided in several ways. Unwanted positive buoyancy is dangerous to a diver who may need to spend significant time decompressing during the ascent, so the weights are usually attached securely to prevent accidental loss.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2016)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Weight_belts">Weight belts</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Surface-supplied_diving&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Weight belts"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Weight belts for surface supplied diving are usually provided with buckles which can not accidentally be released, and the weight belt is often worn under the jacket harness. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2016)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Weight_harnesses">Weight harnesses</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Surface-supplied_diving&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: Weight harnesses"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>When large amounts of weight are needed, a harness may be used to carry the load on the diver's shoulders, rather than around the waist, where it may tend to slip down into an uncomfortable position if the diver is working in a vertical posture, which is often the case. Sometimes this is a separate harness, worn under the safety harness, with pockets at the sides to carry the weights, and sometimes it is an integrated system, which carries the weight in pockets built into or externally attached to the safety harness.<sup id="cite_ref-Barsky_and_Christensen_31-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Barsky_and_Christensen-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: ch6">: ch6 </span></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Trim_weights">Trim weights</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Surface-supplied_diving&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: Trim weights"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>If the diver needs to adjust trim for greater comfort and efficiency while working, trim weights of various types may be added to the harness. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Weighted_boots">Weighted boots</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Surface-supplied_diving&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: Weighted boots"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Weighted boots of several styles may be used if the diver will be working heavy. Some are in the form of clogs which strap on over the boots, and others use lead inner soles. Ankle weights are also an option, but less comfortable. These weights give the diver better stability when working upright on the bottom, which can significantly improve productivity for some kinds of work. </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Diver_Boot-_Maritime_Museum_-_Aberdeen-2.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Diver's boot on display at the Aberdeen Maritime Museum"><img alt="Diver's boot on display at the Aberdeen Maritime Museum" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Diver_Boot-_Maritime_Museum_-_Aberdeen-2.jpg/89px-Diver_Boot-_Maritime_Museum_-_Aberdeen-2.jpg" decoding="async" width="89" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Diver_Boot-_Maritime_Museum_-_Aberdeen-2.jpg/134px-Diver_Boot-_Maritime_Museum_-_Aberdeen-2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Diver_Boot-_Maritime_Museum_-_Aberdeen-2.jpg/179px-Diver_Boot-_Maritime_Museum_-_Aberdeen-2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1560" data-file-height="2090" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Diver's boot on display at the Aberdeen Maritime Museum</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Diving_safety_harness_with_weight_pocketsPA268045.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="A diver's safety harness of the jacket type with removable weight pockets, showing the bailout cylinder straps and the webbing strength members with heavy duty D-rings"><img alt="A diver's safety harness of the jacket type with removable weight pockets, showing the bailout cylinder straps and the webbing strength members with heavy duty D-rings" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Diving_safety_harness_with_weight_pocketsPA268045.jpg/120px-Diving_safety_harness_with_weight_pocketsPA268045.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Diving_safety_harness_with_weight_pocketsPA268045.jpg/180px-Diving_safety_harness_with_weight_pocketsPA268045.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Diving_safety_harness_with_weight_pocketsPA268045.jpg/240px-Diving_safety_harness_with_weight_pocketsPA268045.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1536" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">A diver's safety harness of the jacket type with removable weight pockets, showing the bailout cylinder straps and the webbing strength members with heavy duty D-rings</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Jacket_style_diving_harness_with_ditchable_weight_system_DSC01100.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="A jacket style diving safety harness with a different ditchable weight system on the side"><img alt="A jacket style diving safety harness with a different ditchable weight system on the side" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Jacket_style_diving_harness_with_ditchable_weight_system_DSC01100.jpg/120px-Jacket_style_diving_harness_with_ditchable_weight_system_DSC01100.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Jacket_style_diving_harness_with_ditchable_weight_system_DSC01100.jpg/180px-Jacket_style_diving_harness_with_ditchable_weight_system_DSC01100.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Jacket_style_diving_harness_with_ditchable_weight_system_DSC01100.jpg/240px-Jacket_style_diving_harness_with_ditchable_weight_system_DSC01100.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1536" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">A jacket style diving safety harness with a different ditchable weight system on the side</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Clip-on_diving_weight_front_view_DSC04180small.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Clip on trim weights may be attached to the harness webbing to adjust the position of centre of gravity to improve trim"><img alt="Clip on trim weights may be attached to the harness webbing to adjust the position of centre of gravity to improve trim" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Clip-on_diving_weight_front_view_DSC04180small.jpg/92px-Clip-on_diving_weight_front_view_DSC04180small.jpg" decoding="async" width="92" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Clip-on_diving_weight_front_view_DSC04180small.jpg/138px-Clip-on_diving_weight_front_view_DSC04180small.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Clip-on_diving_weight_front_view_DSC04180small.jpg/184px-Clip-on_diving_weight_front_view_DSC04180small.jpg 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="390" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Clip on trim weights may be attached to the harness webbing to adjust the position of centre of gravity to improve trim</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Environmental_protection">Environmental protection</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Surface-supplied_diving&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: Environmental protection"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Diving_suit" title="Diving suit">Diving suit</a></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Wetsuit" title="Wetsuit">Wetsuits</a> are economical and used where the water temperature is not too low - more than about 65 °F (18 °C), the diver will not be spending too long in the water, and the water is reasonably clean.<sup id="cite_ref-Barsky_and_Christensen_31-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Barsky_and_Christensen-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: ch6">: ch6 </span></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Dry_suit" title="Dry suit">Dry suits</a> are better thermal protection than most wetsuits, and isolate the diver from the environment more effectively than other exposure suits. When diving in contaminated water, a drysuit with integral boots, sealed dry gloves and a helmet sealed directly to the suit provides the best environmental isolation. The suit material must be selected to be compatible with the expected contaminants. Thermal undersuits can be matched to the expected water temperature.<sup id="cite_ref-Barsky_and_Christensen_31-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Barsky_and_Christensen-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: ch6">: ch6 </span></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Hot_water_suit" class="mw-redirect" title="Hot water suit">Hot water suits</a> provide active warming which is particularly suitable for use with helium based breathing gases. Heated water is provided from the surface through a hose in the umbilical, and water flow can be adjusted to suit the diver's needs. Heated water continuously flows into the suit and is distributed by perforated internal tubes down the front and back of the torso and along the limbs. <sup id="cite_ref-Barsky_and_Christensen_31-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Barsky_and_Christensen-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: ch6">: ch6 </span></sup> </p><p>The hot water supply hose of the umbilical is commonly <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1154941027">.mw-parser-output .frac{white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output .frac .num,.mw-parser-output .frac .den{font-size:80%;line-height:0;vertical-align:super}.mw-parser-output .frac .den{vertical-align:sub}.mw-parser-output .sr-only{border:0;clip:rect(0,0,0,0);clip-path:polygon(0px 0px,0px 0px,0px 0px);height:1px;margin:-1px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;position:absolute;width:1px}</style><span class="frac"><span class="num">1</span>⁄<span class="den">2</span></span> inch (13 mm) bore, and is connected to a supply manifold at the right hip of the suit with a set of valves which allow the diver to control flow to the front and back of the torso, and to the arms and legs, and to dump the supply to the environment if the water is too hot or too cold. The manifold distributes the water through the suit through perforated tubes. The hot-water suit is normally a one-piece neoprene wetsuit, fairly loose fitting, to fit over a neoprene undersuit, which can protect the diver from scalding if the temperature control system fails, with a zipper on the front of the torso and on the lower part of each leg. Gloves and boots are worn which receive hot water from the ends of the arm and leg hoses. If a full-face mask is worn, the hood may be supplied by a tube at the neck of the suit. Helmets do not require heating. The heating water flows out at the neck and cuffs of the suit through the overlap with gloves, boots, or hood.<sup id="cite_ref-PDC_manual_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PDC_manual-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: ch18">: ch18 </span></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Communications_system">Communications system</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Surface-supplied_diving&action=edit&section=37" title="Edit section: Communications system"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Diver_communications" title="Diver communications">Diver communications</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Surface_supply_diving_communications_box_P3103773.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Surface_supply_diving_communications_box_P3103773.jpg/220px-Surface_supply_diving_communications_box_P3103773.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Surface_supply_diving_communications_box_P3103773.jpg/330px-Surface_supply_diving_communications_box_P3103773.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Surface_supply_diving_communications_box_P3103773.jpg/440px-Surface_supply_diving_communications_box_P3103773.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3648" data-file-height="2736" /></a><figcaption>A hard-wired diver communications unit mounted in a waterproof box for convenience of transport and protection. The loose speaker has been added to increase output volume. there is a built in speaker behind the perforations on the panel</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Inside_a_KM37_diving_helmet_PA268016.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Inside_a_KM37_diving_helmet_PA268016.jpg/220px-Inside_a_KM37_diving_helmet_PA268016.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Inside_a_KM37_diving_helmet_PA268016.jpg/330px-Inside_a_KM37_diving_helmet_PA268016.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Inside_a_KM37_diving_helmet_PA268016.jpg/440px-Inside_a_KM37_diving_helmet_PA268016.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2736" data-file-height="3648" /></a><figcaption>Inside a Kirby Morgan 37 helmet showing the microphone in the oro-nasal mask, and one of the speakers at the top of the photo</figcaption></figure> <p>Both hard-wired (cable) and through-water electronic voice communications systems may be used with surface-supplied diving. Wired systems are more popular as there is a physical connection to the diver for gas supply in any case, and adding a cable does not change the handling characteristics of the system. Wired communications systems are still more reliable and simpler to maintain than through-water systems.<sup id="cite_ref-Hardwire_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hardwire-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Diver's_telephone"><span id="Diver.27s_telephone"></span>Diver's telephone</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Surface-supplied_diving&action=edit&section=38" title="Edit section: Diver's telephone"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The communications equipment is relatively straightforward and may be of the two-wire or four-wire type. Two wire systems use the same wires for surface to diver and diver to surface messages, whereas four wire systems allow the diver's messages and the surface operator's messages to use separate wire pairs.<sup id="cite_ref-Hardwire_51-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hardwire-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In a two wire system the standard arrangement for diver communications is to have the diver's side normally on, so that the surface team can hear anything from the diver at all times except when the surface is sending a message. In a four-wire system the diver's side is always on, even when the surface operator is talking. This is considered an important safety feature, as the surface team can monitor the diver's breathing sounds, which can give early warning of problems developing, and confirms that the diver is alive.<sup id="cite_ref-Hardwire_51-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hardwire-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Helium divers may need a decoder system (unscrambler) which reduces the frequency of the sound to make it more intelligible.<sup id="cite_ref-Barsky_and_Christensen_31-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Barsky_and_Christensen-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: Ch4">: Ch4 </span></sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Expand_section plainlinks metadata ambox mbox-small-left ambox-content" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="[icon]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/20px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/30px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/40px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="44" data-file-height="31" /></a></span></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs expansion</b> with: more information on diver communications panels. You can help by <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Surface-supplied_diving&action=edit&section=">adding to it</a>. <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">September 2024</span>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Video">Video</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Surface-supplied_diving&action=edit&section=39" title="Edit section: Video"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Closed circuit video has also become popular, as this allows the surface personnel to see what the diver is doing, which is particularly useful for inspection work, as a non-diving specialist can see the underwater equipment in real time and direct the diver to look at particular features of interest.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2016)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Wireless_systems">Wireless systems</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Surface-supplied_diving&action=edit&section=40" title="Edit section: Wireless systems"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Dry bells may have a <a href="/wiki/Wireless_diver_communications" class="mw-redirect" title="Wireless diver communications">through-water</a> (wireless) communication system fitted as a backup. This is intended to provide communications in the event that the cable is damaged, or even if the bell is completely severed from the umbilical and deployment cables.<sup id="cite_ref-DSM_1st_ed_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DSM_1st_ed-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Equipment_maintenance_and_testing">Equipment maintenance and testing</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Surface-supplied_diving&action=edit&section=41" title="Edit section: Equipment maintenance and testing"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>All components of a surface supplied diving system are required to be maintained in good working condition for diver safety, and may be required to be tested or calibrated at specified intervals.<sup id="cite_ref-Barsky_and_Christensen_31-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Barsky_and_Christensen-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: ch4">: ch4 </span></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Diving_spread">Diving spread</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Surface-supplied_diving&action=edit&section=42" title="Edit section: Diving spread"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The diving spread is a commercial diving term for the topside dive site infrastructure supporting the diving operations for a diving project. The diving contractor provides the diving and support equipment and sets it up on site, usually at a place provided for the purpose by the client, or on a diving support vessel. Two types of diving spread are in common use: Air spreads for surface oriented diving operations, where the divers are deployed from normal atmospheric pressure, and decompressed back to atmospheric pressure at the end of the dive, either in-water, or in a chamber for surface decompression, using compressed air as the primary breathing gas, and saturation spreads, where divers are deployed under pressure from the saturation accommodation via a closed diving bell to the underwater worksite, and returned under pressure in the bell to the saturation accommodation system, usually breathing a helium based gas mixture. At the end of their contract the divers are decompressed to surface pressure. The process of selecting, transporting, setting up and testing the equipment is the mobilisation stage of the project, and the demobilisation involves dismantling, transportation and return to storage of the spread components.<sup id="cite_ref-Bluestream_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bluestream-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Surface oriented mixed gas diving spreads may also be used, but are less common, and are likely to be associated with projects which are too deep for air but require only a short working time at depth. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Air_spread">Air spread</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Surface-supplied_diving&action=edit&section=43" title="Edit section: Air spread"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>An air spread will include the breathing air supply equipment, and often a deck decompression chamber. Where a chamber is present, facilities for hyperbaric oxygen treatment are usually required. If the planned decompression is to be long, a diving stage or bell and the associated handling equipment is likely to be included to allow better control of ascent rate and decompression depth. Equipment for in-water or surface decompression on oxygen (SurDO<sub>2</sub>) may be available.<sup id="cite_ref-inshore_47-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-inshore-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Equipment may be necessary to facilitate safe entry to and exit from the water, and may include extrication equipment in case the diver is injured. A basic offshore air diving spread will typically include a dive control unit with compressor and high pressure storage banks, a launch and recovery system with a wet bell, a deck decompression chamber and a hot water unit.<sup id="cite_ref-Bluestream_53-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bluestream-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Saturation_spread">Saturation spread</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Surface-supplied_diving&action=edit&section=44" title="Edit section: Saturation spread"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Saturation_diving#Architecture_of_a_surface_saturation_facility" title="Saturation diving">Saturation diving § Architecture of a surface saturation facility</a></div> <p>A saturation spread will include the closed bell and launch and recovery system, saturation habitat, breathing gas supplies and services, all the life support and control equipment, dive equipment stores and workshops, and may also include power supplies and other equipment not directly involved in the diving. It does not include the diving platform as such, for example a DP vessel, or offshore drilling rig, on which the spread is established, or other services such as catering and accommodation for the topside personnel, which would usually be provided to the dive team. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Diving_procedures">Diving procedures</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Surface-supplied_diving&action=edit&section=45" title="Edit section: Diving procedures"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Surface-supplied_diving_skills" title="Surface-supplied diving skills">Surface-supplied diving skills</a></div> <p>There are a large number of standard procedures associated with surface-supplied diving. Some of these have their equivalents in scuba, and others are very different. Many procedures are common to all surface-supplied diving, others are specific to stage and bell operations or to saturation diving. Details will vary depending on the equipment used, as manufacturers will specify some checks and procedures in detail, and the order may vary to some extent. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_working_diver">The working diver</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Surface-supplied_diving&action=edit&section=46" title="Edit section: The working diver"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Preparation of the working diver for the dive is very much a routine, but details depend on the diving equipment and the task, and to some extent on the site, particularly aspects of accessibility. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Preparation_for_diving">Preparation for diving</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Surface-supplied_diving&action=edit&section=47" title="Edit section: Preparation for diving"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Before a diving operation it is usually necessary to set up the surface supply equipment. There are a number of components which must be connected in the correct order, with checks at various stages to ensure that there are no leaks and everything functions correctly. Most diving contractors will have comprehensive checklists that are used to ensure that the equipment is connected in the appropriate sequence and all checks are done. Some checks are critical to the safety of the diver. The compressor must be set up so that it gets uncontaminated air to the intake. Filters should be checked in case they need to be changed. Air supply hoses will be connected to the air panel and checked for leaks, umbilicals connected to the panels and helmets, and the communications equipment connected and tested. Before the umbilical is connected to the helmet or full face mask, the umbilical should be blown through to ensure there is no dirt inside, and the non return valve on the bailout block must be given a function test. This is important, as it is there to prevent backflow of air up the umbilical if the line is cut, and if it fails the diver may suffer a helmet squeeze, or a neck dam flood.<sup id="cite_ref-CDM_9_26-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CDM_9-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Compared to scuba diving, dressing the diver in<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> is a relatively laborious process, as the equipment is bulky and fairly heavy, and several components are connected together by hoses. This is more so with helmets, and less so with light full-face masks. It is not usual for the diver to do all the dressing in without the assistance of a diver's tender, who will also manage the umbilical during the dive.<sup id="cite_ref-CDM_9_26-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CDM_9-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>Exposure suit – The diver will wear an exposure suit appropriate for the planned dive time, breathing gas and water temperature, and also influenced by the level of exertion expected during the dive.</li> <li>Harness – After putting on the exposure suit and checking any seals and zips, the diver will put on the harness. The topside crew will usually help as the bailout cylinder will be already mounted, and usually also attached to the helmet, making this a cumbersome procedure, easiest if the diver is seated.</li> <li>Weights – The weights will be put onto the diver at some time during the dressing procedure, but the stage where this is done depends on what weighting system is used.</li> <li>Bailout – The bailout cylinder is usually strapped to the harness and connected to the helmet before the diver is dressed in.</li> <li>Helmet – The helmet is usually put on last, as it is heavy and uncomfortable out of the water. Some divers can put on their own helmet, but it is usual for the topside crew to do most of the locking on to the neck dam, and check that there are no obvious faults with the seal.</li></ul> <p>There are a series of pre-dive checks which are done after the diver is locked into the helmet, and before he is committed to the water. These should be done every time a diver is prepared for a dive.<sup id="cite_ref-CDM_9_26-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CDM_9-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>Comms check – The diver and comms operator check that the voice communications system is working both ways and they can hear each other clearly. This also ensures that the operator is sure which comms channel connects to the specific diver.</li> <li>Breathing checks – The diver breathes on main air supply to ensure that the demand valve is delivering gas at low work of breathing, without free flow, and that the umbilical is connected to the correct valve on the panel.</li> <li>Bailout checks – The diver operates the bailout system to ensure that he can reach and operate the valve and it turns smoothly, the pressure in the cylinder is adequate for the planned dive profile and is ready for immediate use, and reports bailout readiness to the supervisor by "On at the tap, off at the hat, Pressure...bar" or equivalent.</li></ul> <p>Surface checks are done after the diver enters the water, but before he is allowed to descend. They are checks which can not be done as effectively, or at all, in air.<sup id="cite_ref-CDM_9_26-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CDM_9-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>Wet comms check – Once in the water, the comms should be checked again to make sure it is still working adequately. It is possible that water will cause the comms to fail or deteriorate when the contacts get wet.</li> <li>Helmet seal – The helmet seals and neckdam should not allow water to enter the helmet. This can only be checked when in the water.</li> <li>Pneumo bubbles – The diver calls for the air panel operator to open the pneumofathometer valve to check that the line is not blocked, and that it is connected to the correct place on the panel.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Diving_heavy">Diving heavy</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Surface-supplied_diving&action=edit&section=48" title="Edit section: Diving heavy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The traditional buoyancy condition of the working surface-supplied diver is "heavy", or negatively buoyant, with sufficient apparent weight to move around on the bottom by walking. This was more important with the standard diving dress, where inadvertent positive buoyancy could have fatal consequences if poorly managed and degraded to an uncontrolled buoyant ascent. Diving heavy has advantages for working when there is good footing, as the diver has more natural resistance to the reaction forces on tools used and to light currents, due to friction and ground reaction, so the technique remains popular for many tasks. </p><p>The technique virtually eliminates the risk of uncontrolled buoyant ascent, and reduces task loading, but makes the diver dependent on umbilical management or a <a href="/wiki/Jackstay_(diving)" class="mw-redirect" title="Jackstay (diving)">jackstay</a> for depth control in midwater and introduces a risk of accidental descent to unplanned depths by falling off the substrate and sinking until the slack in the umbilical is taken up, but with an adequate gas supply the risk of serious <a href="/wiki/Squeeze_(diving)" class="mw-redirect" title="Squeeze (diving)">squeeze</a> injury is low. </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Expand_section plainlinks metadata ambox mbox-small-left ambox-content" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="[icon]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/20px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/30px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/40px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="44" data-file-height="31" /></a></span></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs expansion</b>. You can help by <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Surface-supplied_diving&action=edit&section=">adding to it</a>. <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">September 2023</span>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Emergency_procedures">Emergency procedures</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Surface-supplied_diving&action=edit&section=49" title="Edit section: Emergency procedures"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Surface-supplied_diving_skills#Emergency_procedures" title="Surface-supplied diving skills">Surface-supplied diving skills § Emergency procedures</a></div> <p>The diver must be able to deal with the following emergencies. Some are life-threatening, whereas others are more inconveniences.<sup id="cite_ref-CDM_9_26-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CDM_9-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-CDM_10_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CDM_10-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-C2DTS_56-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-C2DTS-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>Bailout to back gas, in the case of a failure of gas supply from the umbilical, or if the main air supply is contaminated.</li> <li>Pneumo breathing, if the main air supply is cut, but the pneumo hose is intact. Pneumo gas can also be supplied by the standby diver</li> <li>Voice communications failure is not usually an emergency, but can adversely affect work effectiveness and expose the diver to higher risk if anything else goes wrong. Ability to communicate with line signals can help here, particularly to assist in the decision whether the dive should be aborted, and if there are other more urgent problems.</li> <li>Helmet flood. Depending on the severity of the flood, this can range from an annoyance to an emergency. A slow leak can be controlled by opening the free flow valve, which will drive a moderate flow of water out of the exhaust valve. A neck dam failure usually has this effect.</li> <li>Broken faceplate. This is a real emergency, but very unlikely as the faceplate is usually a highly impact-resistant polymer and should not shatter. It can be mitigated by opening the free flow valve and holding the opening level, facing down, and breathing very carefully. a small hole or crack can be covered with a hand to slow the leak.</li> <li>Demand valve failure. This is a minor problem if there is a free flow valve, but the dive will normally be terminated, as the bailout will not last long if needed.</li> <li>Exhaust valve failure, like demand valve failure, can be dealt with by opening the free flow valve and ensuring a constant outflow of air.</li> <li>Vomiting in the helmet. This can be a real emergency and life-threatening in a demand helmet with an orinasal mask if not handled effectively, as the diver can aspirate the vomit and asphyxiate. Once again, the action is to open the free flow valve, preferably before vomiting, and to inhale as carefully as possible. If there is no free flow valve, as on a full face mask, the purge button should clear the demand valve and orinasal mask, and the mask can be rinsed by lifting the bottom edge away from the face to let in some water, before purging again. With a free-flow helmet it is more a nuisance than an emergency.</li> <li>Hot water supply failure. This can be life-threatening for deep heliox diving, and there is not much the diver can do but head back to the bell immediately.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Wet_bell_and_stage_emergency_procedures">Wet bell and stage emergency procedures</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Surface-supplied_diving&action=edit&section=50" title="Edit section: Wet bell and stage emergency procedures"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Surface-supplied_diving_skills#Emergency_wet_bell_procedures" title="Surface-supplied diving skills">Surface-supplied diving skills § Emergency wet bell procedures</a></div> <p>Emergency procedures for wet bell and diving stages include:<sup id="cite_ref-C2DTS_56-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-C2DTS-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-CDM_11_57-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CDM_11-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-IMCACoP_23-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IMCACoP-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Surface-supplied_diving_skills#Surface_gas_supply_failure" title="Surface-supplied diving skills">Loss of main gas supply</a> to the bell</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surface-supplied_diving_skills#Rescue_of_the_working_diver" title="Surface-supplied diving skills">Recovery of a distressed diver</a> to the bell</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surface-supplied_diving_skills#Bell_abandonment" title="Surface-supplied diving skills">Abandonment of the bell or stage</a></li> <li>Deployment of a surface standby diver</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surface-supplied_diving_skills#Hot_water_supply_failure" title="Surface-supplied diving skills">Loss of heated water supply</a> for <a href="/wiki/Diving_suit#Hot_water_suits" title="Diving suit">hot water suits</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diver_communications#Voice_communications" title="Diver communications">Voice communications</a> failures</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dynamic_positioning#Dynamic_positioning_alarm_and_runout_response_for_bell_divers" title="Dynamic positioning">Dynamic positioning alarm and runout response for bell divers</a>: Yellow and Red alerts.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Standby_diver">Standby diver</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Surface-supplied_diving&action=edit&section=51" title="Edit section: Standby diver"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Diving_team#Stand-by_diver" title="Diving team">Diving team § Stand-by diver</a></div> <p>The standby diver will be prepared in the same way as the working diver, but will not enter the water until needed. He will usually be prepared to the stage of readiness to enter the water, and then will remove his mask, or have his helmet removed and will then sit in as comfortable a place as can be found, so that in case of an emergency he can be readied for action in as short a time as possible.<sup id="cite_ref-BuRec_dive_manual_58-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BuRec_dive_manual-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This often means setting up some form of shelter from the weather, and heat and sunshine are usually more of a problem than cold and wet. It is frequently necessary to cool the standby diver to avoid overheating, and dehydration can also be a problem.<sup id="cite_ref-CADC_2015_59-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CADC_2015-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When the working diver is using a helmet, the stand-by diver may use a full face mask or bandmask, as this makes it quicker to get into the water in an emergency. The stand-by diver's job is to wait until something goes wrong, and then be sent in to sort it out. For this reason a stand by diver should be one of the best divers on the team regarding diving skills and strength, but does not have to be expert at the work skills for the specific job. When deployed, the standby diver will normally follow the umbilical of the diver who is in trouble, as unless it has been severed, it will reliably lead to the correct diver. The standby diver must maintain communications with the supervisor throughout the dive and is expected to give a running commentary of progress so that the supervisor and surface crew know as much as possible what is happening and can plan accordingly, and must take the necessary steps to resolve incidents, which may involve supply of emergency air or locating and rescuing an injured or unconscious diver. In bell diving, the bellman is the primary standby diver, and may have to recover a distressed diver to the bell and give first aid if necessary and possible. There will generally also be a surface standby diver in a bell operation, as some types of assistance are provided from the surface.<sup id="cite_ref-Standby_diver_60-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Standby_diver-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-IMCACoP_23-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IMCACoP-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-SSBA_Standby_61-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SSBA_Standby-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A rescue tether or rescue strop is a short length of rope or webbing with a clip at one or both ends, which the stand-by diver uses to clip the unresponsive diver to his harness to free up both hands during a recovery. This can be useful if he needs to climb a structure, shotline or topographical feature, and the umbilicals can not be safely used to lift the divers due to snags or sharp edges.<sup id="cite_ref-SSBA_Standby_61-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SSBA_Standby-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bellman">Bellman</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Surface-supplied_diving&action=edit&section=52" title="Edit section: Bellman"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Diving_team#Bellman" title="Diving team">Diving team § Bellman</a></div> <p>A bellman is a stand-by diver who tends the working diver's umbilical from a wet or closed bell, and is ready to go to the diver's assistance at all times. The bellman must be in effective voice communication with the supervisor.<sup id="cite_ref-IMCA_D022_2016_41-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IMCA_D022_2016-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Underwater_tending_point">Underwater tending point</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Surface-supplied_diving&action=edit&section=53" title="Edit section: Underwater tending point"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>For some operations it is necessary to control the umbilical at a point underwater. This is known as an underwater tending point, and it may be done by another diver or by the diver passing through a closed <a href="/wiki/Fairlead" title="Fairlead">fairlead</a> placed in the required position. This is usually done to prevent inadvertent access to a known hazard by making the length of the umbilical extending beyond the tending point too short to let the diver get to the hazard. The fairlead must constrain the umbilical laterally and vertically, while allowing free passage away from and back to the bell or stage, and should not interfere with the bellman's ability to pay out or take up slack when the diver travels to the workplace and back. It may be held in position by suspending a weighted hoop from a crane, resting a frame on the bottom, or other methods as may suit the job. Underwater tending may also be used for penetrations of enclosed spaces, such as wrecks, caves, penstocks, sewers, culverts and the like. A diving stage or basket is a by default an underwater tending point, as the umbilical passes through it from the surface to the diver, which also serves as a guide line for the diver to get back to the stage. A diving bell is also an underwater tending point, as the excursion umbilical is tended from the bell by the bellman.<sup id="cite_ref-IMCA_D022_2016_41-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IMCA_D022_2016-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Occupational_health_and_safety_issues">Occupational health and safety issues</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Surface-supplied_diving&action=edit&section=54" title="Edit section: Occupational health and safety issues"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_diving_hazards_and_precautions" title="List of diving hazards and precautions">List of diving hazards and precautions</a>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_signs_and_symptoms_of_diving_disorders" title="List of signs and symptoms of diving disorders">List of signs and symptoms of diving disorders</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Human_factors_in_diving_safety" title="Human factors in diving safety">Human factors in diving safety</a></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Underwater_diving" title="Underwater diving">Divers</a> face specific physical and <a href="/wiki/Health" title="Health">health</a> risks when they go <a href="/wiki/Underwater" class="mw-redirect" title="Underwater">underwater</a> with <a href="/wiki/Diving_equipment" title="Diving equipment">diving equipment</a>, or use high pressure <a href="/wiki/Breathing_gas" title="Breathing gas">breathing gas</a>. </p><p>A <a href="/wiki/Hazard" title="Hazard">hazard</a> is any agent or situation that poses a level of threat to life, health, property, or environment. Most hazards remain dormant or potential, with only a theoretical risk of harm, and when a hazard becomes active, and produces undesirable consequences, it is called an incident and may culminate in an emergency or accident.<sup id="cite_ref-CCOHS_Hazard_62-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CCOHS_Hazard-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hazard and vulnerability interact with likelihood of occurrence to create risk, which can be the probability of a specific undesirable consequence of a specific hazard, or the combined probability of undesirable consequences of all the hazards of a specific activity.<sup id="cite_ref-CCOHS_Risk_63-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CCOHS_Risk-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A hazard that is understood and acknowledged may present a lower risk if appropriate precautions are taken, and the consequences may be less severe if mitigation procedures are planned and in place.<sup id="cite_ref-Hazard_and_Risk_64-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hazard_and_Risk-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The presence of a combination of several hazards simultaneously is common in diving, and the effect is generally increased risk to the diver, particularly where the occurrence of an incident due to one hazard triggers other hazards with a resulting cascade of incidents. Many diving fatalities are the result of a cascade of incidents overwhelming the diver, who should be able to manage any single reasonably foreseeable incident.<sup id="cite_ref-Lock_2011_65-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lock_2011-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The use of surface supplied breathing gas reduces one of the most significant hazards in diving, that of loss of breathing gas supply, and mitigates that risk by the use of a suitable emergency gas supply, usually in the form of a scuba bailout set, which is intended to provide the diver with sufficient breathing gas to reach a place of relative safety with more breathing gas available.<sup id="cite_ref-IMCACoP_23-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IMCACoP-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-CoP_Inshore_66-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CoP_Inshore-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The risk of the diver getting lost or being unable to call for assistance is also drastically reduced in comparison with most scuba, as the diver is physically connected to the surface control point by the umbilical, making it relatively simple for the standby diver to get to a diver in distress, and the standard application of hard-wired voice communications allows the surface team to constantly monitor the diver's breathing sounds.<sup id="cite_ref-IMCA_D022_2016_(5)_67-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IMCA_D022_2016_(5)-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The assessed risk of a dive would generally be considered unacceptable if the diver is not expected to cope with any single reasonably foreseeable incident with a significant probability of occurrence during that dive. Precisely where the line is drawn depends on circumstances. Professional diving operations tend to be less tolerant of risk than recreational, particularly technical divers, who are less constrained by occupational health and safety legislation and codes of practice.<sup id="cite_ref-IMCACoP_23-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IMCACoP-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 35">: 35 </span></sup> This is one of the factors driving the use of surface supplied equipment where reasonably practicable for professional work. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Diving_disorders" title="Diving disorders">Diving disorders</a> are <a href="/wiki/Medical_conditions" class="mw-redirect" title="Medical conditions">medical conditions</a> specifically arising from <a href="/wiki/Underwater_diving" title="Underwater diving">underwater diving</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Medical_sign" class="mw-redirect" title="Medical sign">signs</a> and <a href="/wiki/Symptoms" class="mw-redirect" title="Symptoms">symptoms</a> of these may present during a dive, on surfacing, or up to several hours after a dive. Surface supplied divers have to breathe a gas which is at the same pressure as their surroundings (<a href="/wiki/Ambient_pressure" title="Ambient pressure">ambient pressure</a>), which can be much greater than on the surface. The ambient pressure underwater increases by 1 <a href="/wiki/Atmosphere_(unit)" class="mw-redirect" title="Atmosphere (unit)">standard atmosphere</a> (100 kPa) for every 10 metres (33 ft) of depth.<sup id="cite_ref-BE9_68-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BE9-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The principal disorders are: <a href="/wiki/Decompression_illness" title="Decompression illness">decompression illness</a> (which covers <a href="/wiki/Decompression_sickness" title="Decompression sickness">decompression sickness</a> and <a href="/wiki/Arterial_gas_embolism" class="mw-redirect" title="Arterial gas embolism">arterial gas embolism</a>); <a href="/wiki/Nitrogen_narcosis" title="Nitrogen narcosis">nitrogen narcosis</a>; <a href="/wiki/High_pressure_nervous_syndrome" class="mw-redirect" title="High pressure nervous syndrome">high pressure nervous syndrome</a>; <a href="/wiki/Oxygen_toxicity" title="Oxygen toxicity">oxygen toxicity</a>; and <a href="/wiki/Pulmonary_barotrauma" class="mw-redirect" title="Pulmonary barotrauma">pulmonary barotrauma</a> (burst lung). Although some of these may occur in other settings, they are of particular concern during diving activities.<sup id="cite_ref-BE9_68-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BE9-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Long term diving disorders include <a href="/wiki/Dysbaric_osteonecrosis" title="Dysbaric osteonecrosis">dysbaric osteonecrosis</a>, which is associated with decompression sickness. These disorders are caused by <a href="/wiki/Breathing_gas" title="Breathing gas">breathing gas</a> at the high pressures encountered at depth, and divers may breathe a gas mixture different from air to mitigate these effects. <a href="/wiki/Nitrox" title="Nitrox">Nitrox</a>, which contains more <a href="/wiki/Oxygen" title="Oxygen">oxygen</a> and less <a href="/wiki/Nitrogen" title="Nitrogen">nitrogen</a>, is commonly used as a breathing gas to reduce the risk of decompression sickness at depths to about 40 metres (130 ft). <a href="/wiki/Helium" title="Helium">Helium</a> may be added to reduce the amount of nitrogen and oxygen in the gas mixture when diving deeper, to reduce the effects of narcosis and to avoid the risk of oxygen toxicity. This is complicated at depths beyond about 150 metres (500 ft), because a helium–oxygen mixture (<a href="/wiki/Heliox" title="Heliox">heliox</a>) then causes high pressure nervous syndrome.<sup id="cite_ref-BE9_68-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BE9-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> More exotic mixtures such as <a href="/wiki/Hydreliox" title="Hydreliox">hydreliox</a>, a hydrogen–helium–oxygen mixture, are used at extreme depths to counteract this.<sup id="cite_ref-Abraini1994_69-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Abraini1994-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Compressor_diving">Compressor diving</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Surface-supplied_diving&action=edit&section=55" title="Edit section: Compressor diving"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>"Compressor diving" is a method of surface-supplied diving used in some tropical sea areas including the <a href="/wiki/Philippines" title="Philippines">Philippines</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Caribbean" title="Caribbean">Caribbean</a>. The divers swim with a <a href="/wiki/Diving_mask" title="Diving mask">half mask</a> covering the eyes and nose and (often home-made) fins and are supplied air from the boat by plastic hoses from an industrial low-pressure <a href="/wiki/Air_compressor" title="Air compressor">air compressor</a> of the type commonly used to supply <a href="/wiki/Jackhammer" title="Jackhammer">jackhammers</a>. There is no reduction valve; the diver holds the hose end in his mouth with no demand valve or <a href="/wiki/Mouthpiece_(scuba)" class="mw-redirect" title="Mouthpiece (scuba)">mouthpiece</a>. Excess air spills out through the nose or lips. If several people are compressor diving from the same boat, several line tenders are needed in the boat to stop the airlines from getting tangled and blocked by kinks.<sup id="cite_ref-Into_the_blue_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Into_the_blue-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Compressor diving is the most common method used to fish for Caribbean spiny lobster (<i><a href="/wiki/Panulirus_argus" title="Panulirus argus">Panulirus argus</a></i>) in the Caribbean.<sup id="cite_ref-Herrera-Moreno_and_Betancourt_2003a_70-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Herrera-Moreno_and_Betancourt_2003a-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, it is illegal because it contributes to overfishing, is environmentally destructive, and is harmful to the health of the fishers.<sup id="cite_ref-Herrera-Moreno_and_Betancourt_2003b_71-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Herrera-Moreno_and_Betancourt_2003b-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When fishing with compressors, fishers either use gaffs or harpoons to spear lobsters immediately upon sight, killing or injuring the lobsters before they can be checked for eggs or assessed as legally sized. Compressors allow fishers to fish in deeper waters for longer periods of time, facilitating reef damage as fishers search for lobsters hidden underneath corals and other living refuges. The misuse of compressors has also resulted in health problems for many fishers, such as respiratory problems, limb paralysis, and death due to <a href="/wiki/Decompression_illness" title="Decompression illness">decompression illness</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-WWF_2006_72-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WWF_2006-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>This method of diving is commonly used in <a href="/wiki/Philippines" title="Philippines">Philippines</a> waters for <i><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238216509">.mw-parser-output .vanchor>:target~.vanchor-text{background-color:#b1d2ff}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .vanchor>:target~.vanchor-text{background-color:#0f4dc9}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .vanchor>:target~.vanchor-text{background-color:#0f4dc9}}</style><span class="vanchor"><span id="pa-aling"></span><span class="vanchor-text">pa-aling</span></span></i> fishing, which is fishing with big nets on coral reef areas where a surface-dragged net would snag on coral; the compressor air hoses are also used to make a curtain of bubbles to corral and herd the fish into the nets, since <i><a href="/wiki/Muro-ami" class="mw-redirect" title="Muro-ami">muro-ami</a></i> fishing was stopped in the area. At least one <i>pa-aling</i> fishing fleet has been found and arrested in a protected fishery area. Compressor diving was shown, and so called, used for <i>pa-aling</i> fishing, in episode 1 (Oceans: Into the Blue) of the <a href="/wiki/BBC_television" class="mw-redirect" title="BBC television">BBC television</a> series <i><a href="/wiki/Human_Planet" title="Human Planet">Human Planet</a></i>. The cameramen used ordinary <a href="/wiki/Scuba_gear" class="mw-redirect" title="Scuba gear">scuba gear</a>, but one of them had a trial-dive with the crew's compressor-diving gear.<sup id="cite_ref-Into_the_blue_9-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Into_the_blue-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Training_and_registration">Training and registration</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Surface-supplied_diving&action=edit&section=56" title="Edit section: Training and registration"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Surface-supplied_diving_skills#Training_and_registration" title="Surface-supplied diving skills">Surface-supplied diving skills § Training and registration</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Diver_training#Professional_divers" title="Diver training">Diver training § Professional divers</a></div> <p>Almost all surface-supplied diving is done by professional divers, and consequently the training is done by schools which specialise in the training of professional divers. Registration of professional divers is generally subject to national or state legislation, though international recognition is available for some qualifications.<sup id="cite_ref-Diving_at_Work_Regulations_1997_73-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Diving_at_Work_Regulations_1997-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-SA_Diving_Regulations_2009_74-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SA_Diving_Regulations_2009-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-IDSA_75-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IDSA-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Surface-supplied_diving&action=edit&section=57" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Diver%27s_pump" title="Diver's pump">Diver's pump</a> – Manually powered surface air supply for divers</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diver%27s_umbilical" class="mw-redirect" title="Diver's umbilical">Diver's umbilical</a> – Hose supplying breathing gas to a diver from the support platform</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diving_bell" title="Diving bell">Diving bell</a> – Chamber for transporting divers vertically through the water</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diving_chamber" title="Diving chamber">Diving chamber</a> – Hyperbaric pressure vessel for human occupation used in diving operations</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hookah_diving" class="mw-redirect" title="Hookah diving">Hookah diving</a> – Underwater diving using a basic air hose from the surface</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saturation_diving" title="Saturation diving">Saturation diving</a> – Diving decompression technique</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scuba_replacement" class="mw-redirect" title="Scuba replacement">Scuba replacement</a> – Surface-supplied diving mode using only gas supplied from high pressure cylinders</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Snuba" title="Snuba">Snuba</a> – Limited depth airline breathing apparatus towed by the diver</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Standard_diving_dress" title="Standard diving dress">Standard diving dress</a> – Copper helmet with rubberised canvas diving suit and weighted boots</li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Surface-supplied_diving&action=edit&section=58" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Dressing the diver in</i> is surface-supplied diving terminology.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Surface-supplied_diving&action=edit&section=59" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-ADA166891-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ADA166891_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFCurley1986" class="citation report cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol">Curley, M.D. (1986). Human Factors Evaluation of the Superlite 17B Helmet in the Surface-Supplied, Open-Circuit Mode (Report). Vol. NEDU-11-85. US Navy Experimental Diving Unit Technical Report.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=report&rft.btitle=Human+Factors+Evaluation+of+the+Superlite+17B+Helmet+in+the+Surface-Supplied%2C+Open-Circuit+Mode&rft.pub=US+Navy+Experimental+Diving+Unit+Technical+Report&rft.date=1986&rft.aulast=Curley&rft.aufirst=M.D.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASurface-supplied+diving" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-gernhardt-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-gernhardt_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGernhardt2006" class="citation conference cs1">Gernhardt, M.L. (2006). Lang, M.A.; Smith, N.E. (eds.). <i>Biomedical and Operational Considerations for Surface-Supplied Mixed-Gas Diving to 300 fsw</i>. <i>Proceedings of Advanced Scientific Diving Workshop</i>. Washington, DC: Smithsonian Institution.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=conference&rft.jtitle=Proceedings+of+Advanced+Scientific+Diving+Workshop&rft.atitle=Biomedical+and+Operational+Considerations+for+Surface-Supplied+Mixed-Gas+Diving+to+300+fsw.&rft.date=2006&rft.aulast=Gernhardt&rft.aufirst=M.L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASurface-supplied+diving" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Beyerstein-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Beyerstein_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Beyerstein_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Beyerstein_3-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Beyerstein_3-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Beyerstein_3-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBeyerstein2006" class="citation report cs1">Beyerstein, G. (2006). Lang, M.A.; Smith, N.E. (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100921033547/http://archive.rubicon-foundation.org:80/dspace/bitstream/123456789/4661/1/">Commercial Diving: Surface-Mixed Gas, Sur-D-O2, Bell Bounce, Saturation</a>. <i>Proceedings of Advanced Scientific Diving Workshop</i> (Report). Smithsonian Institution, Washington, DC. Archived from the original on 2010-09-21.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=report&rft.btitle=Commercial+Diving%3A+Surface-Mixed+Gas%2C+Sur-D-O2%2C+Bell+Bounce%2C+Saturation.&rft.place=Smithsonian+Institution%2C+Washington%2C+DC.&rft.date=2006&rft.aulast=Beyerstein&rft.aufirst=G.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Farchive.rubicon-foundation.org%3A80%2Fdspace%2Fbitstream%2F123456789%2F4661%2F1%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASurface-supplied+diving" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_report" title="Template:Cite report">cite report</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: unfit URL (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_unfit_URL" title="Category:CS1 maint: unfit URL">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-IMCAD022-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-IMCAD022_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-IMCAD022_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPaul_Williams2002" class="citation book cs1">Paul Williams, ed. (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.imca-int.com/diving"><i>The Diving Supervisor's Manual</i></a> (IMCA D 022 May 2000, incorporating the May 2002 erratum ed.). London: International Marine Contractors' Association. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-903513-00-6" title="Special:BookSources/1-903513-00-6"><bdi>1-903513-00-6</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20010812220108/http://www.imca-int.com/diving/">Archived</a> from the original on 12 August 2001<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 October</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Diving+Supervisor%27s+Manual&rft.place=London&rft.edition=IMCA+D+022+May+2000%2C+incorporating+the+May+2002+erratum&rft.pub=International+Marine+Contractors%27+Association&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=1-903513-00-6&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.imca-int.com%2Fdiving&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASurface-supplied+diving" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-USNDM_R1-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-USNDM_R1_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">"12". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://apps.dtic.mil/dtic/tr/fulltext/u2/a112710.pdf"><i>US Navy Diving Manual Revision 1 Navsea-0994-LP001-9020</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Vol. 2. Washington DC: Navy Department. July 1981. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190702185411/https://apps.dtic.mil/dtic/tr/fulltext/u2/a112710.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on July 2, 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=12&rft.btitle=US+Navy+Diving+Manual+Revision+1+Navsea-0994-LP001-9020&rft.place=Washington+DC&rft.pub=Navy+Department&rft.date=1981-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapps.dtic.mil%2Fdtic%2Ftr%2Ffulltext%2Fu2%2Fa112710.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASurface-supplied+diving" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Barsky_and_Neuman_2003-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Barsky_and_Neuman_2003_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Barsky_and_Neuman_2003_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBarskyNeuman2003" class="citation book cs1">Barsky, Steven; Neuman, Tom (2003). <i>Investigating Recreational and Commercial Diving Accidents</i>. Santa Barbara, California: Hammerhead Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-9674305-3-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-9674305-3-4"><bdi>0-9674305-3-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Investigating+Recreational+and+Commercial+Diving+Accidents&rft.place=Santa+Barbara%2C+California&rft.pub=Hammerhead+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=0-9674305-3-4&rft.aulast=Barsky&rft.aufirst=Steven&rft.au=Neuman%2C+Tom&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASurface-supplied+diving" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-scubadoc_hookah-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-scubadoc_hookah_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-scubadoc_hookah_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.scubadoctor.com.au/intro-to-hookah-diving.htm">"Hookah Diving"</a>. <i>The Scuba Doctor</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231113200231/https://www.scubadoctor.com.au/intro-to-hookah-diving.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 13 November 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 January</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Scuba+Doctor&rft.atitle=Hookah+Diving&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.scubadoctor.com.au%2Fintro-to-hookah-diving.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASurface-supplied+diving" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-seattle1995-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-seattle1995_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJackson1995" class="citation news cs1">Jackson, Kristin (1995-01-22). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.seattletimes.com/archive/19950122/2100660/snuba-diving-offers-a-chance-to-experience-rapture-of-the-shallows">"Snuba Diving Offers A Chance To Experience Rapture Of The Shallows"</a>. <i>Seattle Times</i>. Seattle Times Company. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120922085608/http://community.seattletimes.nwsource.com/archive/?date=19950122&slug=2100660">Archived</a> from the original on 2012-09-22<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2016-09-27</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Seattle+Times&rft.atitle=Snuba+Diving+Offers+A+Chance+To+Experience+Rapture+Of+The+Shallows&rft.date=1995-01-22&rft.aulast=Jackson&rft.aufirst=Kristin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.seattletimes.com%2Farchive%2F19950122%2F2100660%2Fsnuba-diving-offers-a-chance-to-experience-rapture-of-the-shallows&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASurface-supplied+diving" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Into_the_blue-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Into_the_blue_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Into_the_blue_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Into_the_blue_9-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b00rrd81">"Oceans: Into the blue"</a>. <i>Human Planet: Episode 1</i>. BBC. 13 January 2011. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160731130722/http://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b00rrd81">Archived</a> from the original on 31 July 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 September</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Human+Planet%3A+Episode+1&rft.atitle=Oceans%3A+Into+the+blue&rft.date=2011-01-13&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fprogrammes%2Fb00rrd81&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASurface-supplied+diving" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-TUP-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-TUP_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bgsmission.gr/wp-content/uploads/2018/07/Transfer-Under-Pressure-TUP-VA-min.pdf">"Transfer Under Pressure (TUP) dive system"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>bgsmission.gr</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230324144759/https://bgsmission.gr/wp-content/uploads/2018/07/Transfer-Under-Pressure-TUP-VA-min.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 24 March 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 March</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=bgsmission.gr&rft.atitle=Transfer+Under+Pressure+%28TUP%29+dive+system&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbgsmission.gr%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2F2018%2F07%2FTransfer-Under-Pressure-TUP-VA-min.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASurface-supplied+diving" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-SPAS-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-SPAS_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=eMQydsVOsLE&ab_channel=SubseaPartnerAS">"SPAS TUP - Transfer under pressure"</a>. <i>www.youtube.com</i>. 5 November 2020. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240309125757/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=eMQydsVOsLE&ab_channel=SubseaPartnerAS">Archived</a> from the original on 9 March 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 March</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.youtube.com&rft.atitle=SPAS+TUP+-+Transfer+under+pressure&rft.date=2020-11-05&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.youtube.com%2Fwatch%3Fv%3DeMQydsVOsLE%26ab_channel%3DSubseaPartnerAS&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASurface-supplied+diving" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Wilkins_2006-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Wilkins_2006_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilkins2006" class="citation conference cs1">Wilkins, J.R. (23–24 February 2006). Lang, M.A.; Smith, N.E. (eds.). <i>US Navy Diving Program: Diving to 300 Ft Depths Using Surface-Supplied and Saturation Fly-Away Diving Systems</i>. <i>Proceedings of Advanced Scientific Diving Workshop</i>. Washington, DC: Smithsonian Institution.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=conference&rft.jtitle=Proceedings+of+Advanced+Scientific+Diving+Workshop&rft.atitle=US+Navy+Diving+Program%3A+Diving+to+300+Ft+Depths+Using+Surface-Supplied+and+Saturation+Fly-Away+Diving+Systems&rft.date=2006-02-23%2F2006-02-24&rft.aulast=Wilkins&rft.aufirst=J.R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASurface-supplied+diving" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Barsky-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Barsky_13-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Barsky_13-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBarsky2007" class="citation book cs1">Barsky, Steven M. (2007). <i>Diving in High-Risk Environments</i>. Santa Barbara, CA: Hammerhead Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-9674305-7-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-9674305-7-7"><bdi>978-0-9674305-7-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Diving+in+High-Risk+Environments&rft.place=Santa+Barbara%2C+CA&rft.pub=Hammerhead+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-9674305-7-7&rft.aulast=Barsky&rft.aufirst=Steven+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASurface-supplied+diving" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bevan_1966-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Bevan_1966_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBevan1996" class="citation book cs1">Bevan, John (27 May 1996). <i>The Infernal Diver</i>. London: Submex Ltd. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-9508242-1-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-9508242-1-6"><bdi>0-9508242-1-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Infernal+Diver&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Submex+Ltd&rft.date=1996-05-27&rft.isbn=0-9508242-1-6&rft.aulast=Bevan&rft.aufirst=John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASurface-supplied+diving" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Scuba_Ed's-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Scuba_Ed's_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://scubaeds.com/10.html">"Scuba Ed's - History of scuba diving"</a>. <i>scubaeds.com</i>. 27 November 2018. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131027105226/http://scubaeds.com/10.html">Archived</a> from the original on 27 October 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 January</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=scubaeds.com&rft.atitle=Scuba+Ed%27s+-+History+of+scuba+diving&rft.date=2018-11-27&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fscubaeds.com%2F10.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASurface-supplied+diving" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Deane_helmet-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Deane_helmet_16-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Deane_helmet_16-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDekker" class="citation web cs1">Dekker, David L. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.divinghelmet.nl/divinghelmet/1836_Deane.html">"1836. Charles Deane"</a>. <i>Chronology of Diving in Holland</i>. www.divinghelmet.nl. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161213162940/http://www.divinghelmet.nl/divinghelmet/1836_Deane.html">Archived</a> from the original on 13 December 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 September</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Chronology+of+Diving+in+Holland&rft.atitle=1836.+Charles+Deane&rft.aulast=Dekker&rft.aufirst=David+L.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.divinghelmet.nl%2Fdivinghelmet%2F1836_Deane.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASurface-supplied+diving" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Divingheritage_Deane-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Divingheritage_Deane_17-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.divingheritage.com/deanekern.htm">"Charles and John Deane. The first diving helmet"</a>. <i>Diving Heritage</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140701081119/http://www.divingheritage.com/deanekern.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 1 July 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 September</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Diving+Heritage&rft.atitle=Charles+and+John+Deane.+The+first+diving+helmet.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.divingheritage.com%2Fdeanekern.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASurface-supplied+diving" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Clabby_2014-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Clabby_2014_18-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFClabby2014" class="citation web cs1">Clabby, Simon (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.maryrose.org/salvage-1836/">"Salvaging the Mary Rose – 1836–1843"</a>. <i>The Mary Rose Museum</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160918160031/http://www.maryrose.org/salvage-1836/">Archived</a> from the original on 18 September 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 September</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Mary+Rose+Museum&rft.atitle=Salvaging+the+Mary+Rose+%E2%80%93+1836%E2%80%931843&rft.date=2014&rft.aulast=Clabby&rft.aufirst=Simon&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.maryrose.org%2Fsalvage-1836%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASurface-supplied+diving" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Historical_diver_1995-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Historical_diver_1995_19-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://aquaticcommons.org/14992/1/Historical_Diver_5_1995.pdf">"The world's first diving manual"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Historical Diver</i>. Historical diving society USA. 1995. pp. 9–12. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160917164132/http://aquaticcommons.org/14992/1/Historical_Diver_5_1995.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 17 September 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 September</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Historical+Diver&rft.atitle=The+world%27s+first+diving+manual&rft.pages=9-12&rft.date=1995&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Faquaticcommons.org%2F14992%2F1%2FHistorical_Diver_5_1995.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASurface-supplied+diving" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-acott-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-acott_20-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-acott_20-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAcott1999" class="citation journal cs1">Acott, C. (1999). "JS Haldane, JBS Haldane, L Hill, and A Siebe: A brief resume of their lives". <i>South Pacific Underwater Medicine Society Journal</i>. <b>29</b> (3). <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0813-1988">0813-1988</a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/16986801">16986801</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=South+Pacific+Underwater+Medicine+Society+Journal&rft.atitle=JS+Haldane%2C+JBS+Haldane%2C+L+Hill%2C+and+A+Siebe%3A+A+brief+resume+of+their+lives.&rft.volume=29&rft.issue=3&rft.date=1999&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F16986801&rft.issn=0813-1988&rft.aulast=Acott&rft.aufirst=C.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASurface-supplied+diving" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Dekker_Siebe-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Dekker_Siebe_21-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDekker" class="citation web cs1">Dekker, David L. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.divinghelmet.nl/divinghelmet/1839_Augustus_Siebe.html">"1839. Augustus Siebe"</a>. <i>www.divinghelmet.nl</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160310195045/http://www.divinghelmet.nl/divinghelmet/1839_Augustus_Siebe.html">Archived</a> from the original on 10 March 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 September</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.divinghelmet.nl&rft.atitle=1839.+Augustus+Siebe&rft.aulast=Dekker&rft.aufirst=David+L.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.divinghelmet.nl%2Fdivinghelmet%2F1839_Augustus_Siebe.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASurface-supplied+diving" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ward2006-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Ward2006_22-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWard2006" class="citation conference cs1">Ward, M.F. (23–24 February 2006). Lang, M.A.; Smith, N.E. (eds.). <i>A Comparison of Surface-Supplied Diving Systems for Scientific Divers</i>. <i>Proceedings of Advanced Scientific Diving Workshop</i>. Washington, DC: Smithsonian Institution.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=conference&rft.jtitle=Proceedings+of+Advanced+Scientific+Diving+Workshop&rft.atitle=A+Comparison+of+Surface-Supplied+Diving+Systems+for+Scientific+Divers&rft.date=2006-02-23%2F2006-02-24&rft.aulast=Ward&rft.aufirst=M.F.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASurface-supplied+diving" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-IMCACoP-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-IMCACoP_23-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-IMCACoP_23-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-IMCACoP_23-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-IMCACoP_23-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-IMCACoP_23-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIMCA2007" class="citation book cs1">IMCA (October 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110815121128/http://www.imca-int.com/documents/divisions/diving/docs/IMCAD014.pdf"><i>IMCA International Code of Practice for Offshore Diving</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.imca-int.com/documents/divisions/diving/docs/IMCAD014.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 15 August 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2011-07-24</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=IMCA+International+Code+of+Practice+for+Offshore+Diving&rft.date=2007-10&rft.au=IMCA&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.imca-int.com%2Fdocuments%2Fdivisions%2Fdiving%2Fdocs%2FIMCAD014.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASurface-supplied+diving" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-USNcontam-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-USNcontam_24-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFUS_Naval_Sea_Systems_Command2004" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol">US Naval Sea Systems Command (2004). <i>US Navy Contaminated Water Manual: Guidance for diving in contaminated waters</i>. Vol. SS521-AJ-PRO-010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=US+Navy+Contaminated+Water+Manual%3A+Guidance+for+diving+in+contaminated+waters.&rft.date=2004&rft.au=US+Naval+Sea+Systems+Command&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASurface-supplied+diving" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-NOAA_4th_Ed-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-NOAA_4th_Ed_25-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNOAA_Diving_Manual2001" class="citation book cs1">NOAA Diving Program (U.S.) (28 Feb 2001). Joiner, James T. (ed.). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/noaadivingmanual00noaa"><i>NOAA Diving Manual, Diving for Science and Technology</i></a></span> (4th ed.). Silver Spring, Maryland: National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Office of Oceanic and Atmospheric Research, National Undersea Research Program. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-941332-70-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-941332-70-5"><bdi>978-0-941332-70-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=NOAA+Diving+Manual%2C+Diving+for+Science+and+Technology&rft.place=Silver+Spring%2C+Maryland&rft.edition=4th&rft.pub=National+Oceanic+and+Atmospheric+Administration%2C+Office+of+Oceanic+and+Atmospheric+Research%2C+National+Undersea+Research+Program&rft.date=2001-02-28&rft.isbn=978-0-941332-70-5&rft.au=NOAA+Diving+Program+%28U.S.%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fnoaadivingmanual00noaa&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASurface-supplied+diving" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-CDM_9-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-CDM_9_26-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-CDM_9_26-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-CDM_9_26-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-CDM_9_26-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-CDM_9_26-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-CDM_9_26-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-CDM_9_26-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-CDM_9_26-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLarnWhistler1993" class="citation book cs1">Larn, Richard; Whistler, Rex (1993). "Chapter 9: Surface supplied diving procedures". <i>Commercial Diving Manual</i> (3rd ed.). Newton Abbott: David and Charles. pp. 168–189. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7153-0100-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-7153-0100-4"><bdi>0-7153-0100-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Chapter+9%3A+Surface+supplied+diving+procedures&rft.btitle=Commercial+Diving+Manual&rft.place=Newton+Abbott&rft.pages=168-189&rft.edition=3rd&rft.pub=David+and+Charles&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=0-7153-0100-4&rft.aulast=Larn&rft.aufirst=Richard&rft.au=Whistler%2C+Rex&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASurface-supplied+diving" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ahlen_1995-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Ahlen_1995_27-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAhlén1995" class="citation book cs1">Ahlén, Catrine (31 January 1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161020223159/http://www.nui.no/media/24639/STF23A95006-Gas-reclaim-environmental-factors.pdf"><i>Gas Reclaim in Saturation Diving - Environmental factors: What do we know - what do we not know?</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Trondheim, Norway: Sintef Unimed. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/82-595-9237-1" title="Special:BookSources/82-595-9237-1"><bdi>82-595-9237-1</bdi></a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nui.no/media/24639/STF23A95006-Gas-reclaim-environmental-factors.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 20 October 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 September</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Gas+Reclaim+in+Saturation+Diving+-+Environmental+factors%3A+What+do+we+know+-+what+do+we+not+know%3F&rft.place=Trondheim%2C+Norway&rft.pub=Sintef+Unimed&rft.date=1995-01-31&rft.isbn=82-595-9237-1&rft.aulast=Ahl%C3%A9n&rft.aufirst=Catrine&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nui.no%2Fmedia%2F24639%2FSTF23A95006-Gas-reclaim-environmental-factors.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASurface-supplied+diving" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Gasmizer-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Gasmizer_28-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jfdglobal.com/products/gas-and-fluid-systems/diver-gas-reclaim/electric-gasmizer/">"Electric Gasmizer"</a>. <i>Divex Products</i>. Scotland: James Fisher and Sons plc. 2016. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170823165519/https://www.jfdglobal.com/products/gas-and-fluid-systems/diver-gas-reclaim/electric-gasmizer/">Archived</a> from the original on 23 August 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 September</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Divex+Products&rft.atitle=Electric+Gasmizer&rft.date=2016&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jfdglobal.com%2Fproducts%2Fgas-and-fluid-systems%2Fdiver-gas-reclaim%2Felectric-gasmizer%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASurface-supplied+diving" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Crawford_2016-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Crawford_2016_29-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCrawford2016" class="citation book cs1">Crawford, J (2016). "8.5.1 Helium recovery systems". <i>Offshore Installation Practice</i> (revised ed.). Butterworth-Heinemann. pp. 150–155. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781483163192" title="Special:BookSources/9781483163192"><bdi>9781483163192</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=8.5.1+Helium+recovery+systems&rft.btitle=Offshore+Installation+Practice&rft.pages=150-155&rft.edition=revised&rft.pub=Butterworth-Heinemann&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=9781483163192&rft.aulast=Crawford&rft.aufirst=J&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASurface-supplied+diving" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-KM77-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-KM77_30-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://kmdsi.com/PDF/Manuals/77_Manual/KM77_Complete.pdf">"Kirby Morgan 77 Diver's Helmet Operations and Maintenance Manual"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>KMDSI Part #100-085</i>. Santa Maria, CA.: Kirby Morgan Dive Systems, Inc.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=KMDSI+Part+%23100-085&rft.atitle=Kirby+Morgan+77+Diver%27s+Helmet+Operations+and+Maintenance+Manual&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fkmdsi.com%2FPDF%2FManuals%2F77_Manual%2FKM77_Complete.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASurface-supplied+diving" class="Z3988"></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged January 2024">permanent dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Barsky_and_Christensen-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Barsky_and_Christensen_31-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Barsky_and_Christensen_31-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Barsky_and_Christensen_31-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Barsky_and_Christensen_31-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Barsky_and_Christensen_31-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Barsky_and_Christensen_31-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Barsky_and_Christensen_31-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Barsky_and_Christensen_31-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Barsky_and_Christensen_31-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Barsky_and_Christensen_31-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBarskyChristensen2004" class="citation book cs1">Barsky, Steven M.; Christensen, Robert W. (2004). <i>The Simple Guide to Commercial Diving</i> (illustrated ed.). Hammerhead Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780967430546" title="Special:BookSources/9780967430546"><bdi>9780967430546</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Simple+Guide+to+Commercial+Diving&rft.edition=illustrated&rft.pub=Hammerhead+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=9780967430546&rft.aulast=Barsky&rft.aufirst=Steven+M.&rft.au=Christensen%2C+Robert+W.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASurface-supplied+diving" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-USN_1963-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-USN_1963_32-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-USN_1963_32-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-USN_1963_32-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0Iy0F9MI8p8"><span class="plainlinks"> "Deep Sea Diving: Assembling the Deep Sea Outfit – 1963 – US Navy Training"</span></a> on <a href="/wiki/YouTube_video_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="YouTube video (identifier)">YouTube</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Denayrouze_2-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Denayrouze_2_33-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDekker" class="citation web cs1">Dekker, David L. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.divinghelmet.nl/divinghelmet/1860_Rouquayrol_Denayrouze_2.html">"1860. Benoit Rouquayrol – Auguste Denayrouze: Part 2"</a>. <i>www.divinghelmet.nl</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160310134921/http://www.divinghelmet.nl/divinghelmet/1860_Rouquayrol_Denayrouze_2.html">Archived</a> from the original on 10 March 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 September</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.divinghelmet.nl&rft.atitle=1860.+Benoit+Rouquayrol+%E2%80%93+Auguste+Denayrouze%3A+Part+2&rft.aulast=Dekker&rft.aufirst=David+L.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.divinghelmet.nl%2Fdivinghelmet%2F1860_Rouquayrol_Denayrouze_2.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASurface-supplied+diving" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-USN_1943-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-USN_1943_34-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-USN_1943_34-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_jxeUl2KQaU"><span class="plainlinks"> "Deep Sea Diving Suit: The Diving Dress 1943 US Navy Training Film"</span></a> on <a href="/wiki/YouTube_video_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="YouTube video (identifier)">YouTube</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Draegerwerk-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Draegerwerk_35-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Draegerwerk_35-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDekker" class="citation web cs1">Dekker, David L. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.divinghelmet.nl/divinghelmet/1899_Draegerwerk.html">"1889. Draegerwerk Lübeck"</a>. <i>Chronology of Diving in Holland</i>. www.divinghelmet.nl. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160920034736/http://www.divinghelmet.nl/divinghelmet/1899_Draegerwerk.html">Archived</a> from the original on 20 September 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 September</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Chronology+of+Diving+in+Holland&rft.atitle=1889.+Draegerwerk+L%C3%BCbeck&rft.aulast=Dekker&rft.aufirst=David+L.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.divinghelmet.nl%2Fdivinghelmet%2F1899_Draegerwerk.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASurface-supplied+diving" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-UWC_2014-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-UWC_2014_36-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://blog.theunderwatercentre.com/2014/11/band-mask-or-hard-hat-an-explanation-of-commercial-diver-helmets/">"Band Mask or Hard Hat – An Explanation of Commercial Diver Helmets"</a>. The Underwater Centre. 15 November 2014. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170517175227/http://blog.theunderwatercentre.com/2014/11/band-mask-or-hard-hat-an-explanation-of-commercial-diver-helmets/">Archived</a> from the original on 17 May 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 May</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Band+Mask+or+Hard+Hat+%E2%80%93+An+Explanation+of+Commercial+Diver+Helmets&rft.pub=The+Underwater+Centre&rft.date=2014-11-15&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fblog.theunderwatercentre.com%2F2014%2F11%2Fband-mask-or-hard-hat-an-explanation-of-commercial-diver-helmets%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASurface-supplied+diving" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Draeger_2016-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Draeger_2016_37-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.draeger.com/sites/en_me/Pages/Chemical-Industry/Draeger-Panorama-Nova-Dive.aspx">"Dräger Panorama Nova Dive"</a>. <i>Diving equipment and systems</i>. Drägerwerk AG & Co. KGaA. 2016. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160120070541/http://www.draeger.com/sites/en_me/Pages/Chemical-Industry/Draeger-Panorama-Nova-Dive.aspx">Archived</a> from the original on 20 January 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 September</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Diving+equipment+and+systems&rft.atitle=Dr%C3%A4ger+Panorama+Nova+Dive&rft.date=2016&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.draeger.com%2Fsites%2Fen_me%2FPages%2FChemical-Industry%2FDraeger-Panorama-Nova-Dive.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASurface-supplied+diving" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Neptune_II-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Neptune_II_38-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://diving.oceanreefgroup.com/product/neptune-ii/">"Neptune II"</a>. <i>Products</i>. San Marcos, California: OCEAN REEF Inc. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160927210342/http://diving.oceanreefgroup.com/product/neptune-ii/">Archived</a> from the original on 27 September 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 September</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Products&rft.atitle=Neptune+II&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdiving.oceanreefgroup.com%2Fproduct%2Fneptune-ii%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASurface-supplied+diving" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-M-48-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-M-48_39-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.kirbymorgan.com/products/full-face-masks/m-48-supermask">"M-48 SuperMask"</a>. <i>Products: Full-face masks</i>. Kirby Morgan Dive Systems, Inc. 2016. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161204145547/http://www.kirbymorgan.com/products/full-face-masks/m-48-supermask">Archived</a> from the original on 4 December 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 September</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Products%3A+Full-face+masks&rft.atitle=M-48+SuperMask&rft.date=2016&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.kirbymorgan.com%2Fproducts%2Ffull-face-masks%2Fm-48-supermask&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASurface-supplied+diving" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-CDM-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-CDM_40-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-CDM_40-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-CDM_40-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-CDM_40-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-CDM_40-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-CDM_40-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-CDM_40-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-CDM_40-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-CDM_40-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-CDM_40-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-CDM_40-10"><sup><i><b>k</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-CDM_40-11"><sup><i><b>l</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLarnWhistler1993" class="citation book cs1">Larn, Richard; Whistler, Rex (1993). <i>Commercial Diving Manual</i> (3rd ed.). Newton Abbott, UK: David and Charles. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7153-0100-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-7153-0100-4"><bdi>0-7153-0100-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Commercial+Diving+Manual&rft.place=Newton+Abbott%2C+UK&rft.edition=3rd&rft.pub=David+and+Charles&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=0-7153-0100-4&rft.aulast=Larn&rft.aufirst=Richard&rft.au=Whistler%2C+Rex&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASurface-supplied+diving" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-IMCA_D022_2016-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-IMCA_D022_2016_41-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-IMCA_D022_2016_41-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-IMCA_D022_2016_41-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">"10 - General diving procedures. 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August 2016. pp. 10–6.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=10+-+General+diving+procedures.+Section+10.3+-+Divers+umbilicals&rft.btitle=Guidance+for+diving+supervisors+IMCA+D+022&rft.place=London%2C+UK&rft.pages=10-6&rft.edition=Revision+1&rft.pub=International+Marine+Contractors+Association&rft.date=2016-08&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASurface-supplied+diving" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FAO_Hookah-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FAO_Hookah_42-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FAO_Hookah_42-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FAO_Hookah_42-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBuonfiglioLovatelli2023" class="citation book cs1">Buonfiglio, Giampaolo; Lovatelli, Alessandro (2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.fao.org/documents/card/en?details=cc3789en"><i>A practical guide on safe hookah diving</i></a>. Rome: Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-92-5-137476-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-92-5-137476-4"><bdi>978-92-5-137476-4</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230929202852/https://www.fao.org/documents/card/en?details=cc3789en">Archived</a> from the original on 2023-09-29<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-09-20</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+practical+guide+on+safe+hookah+diving&rft.place=Rome&rft.pub=Food+and+Agriculture+Organization+of+the+United+Nations&rft.date=2023&rft.isbn=978-92-5-137476-4&rft.aulast=Buonfiglio&rft.aufirst=Giampaolo&rft.au=Lovatelli%2C+Alessandro&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.fao.org%2Fdocuments%2Fcard%2Fen%3Fdetails%3Dcc3789en&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASurface-supplied+diving" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-OSO_2011-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-OSO_2011_43-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.oilpubs.com/oso/article.asp?v1=10926">"IMCA publishes info note on divers' gas supply"</a>. <i>Offshore Shipping Online (website)</i>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 March</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Offshore+Shipping+Online+%28website%29&rft.atitle=IMCA+publishes+info+note+on+divers%27+gas+supply&rft.date=2011-06-29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.oilpubs.com%2Foso%2Farticle.asp%3Fv1%3D10926&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASurface-supplied+diving" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-IMCA_D014-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-IMCA_D014_44-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.imca-int.com/(F(j70H1MPWJUEd5ZLLliou69laSOu_Vf5cJb-X6cXE01yT_UtIzy96iOzCsRu65U9YkeW7Lq6Gm8g1Cvt-ipseHW_DAaaSDS-AQ5AYIXIAFOzW2yB0GO8frgISnDAWTTEFN6DqnwilT79LcpK_jFtKYGrhn97gPAZ0XT4TbqycNpY1))/media/70842/imcad014.pdf">"IMCA International Code of Practice for Offshore Diving"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>IMCA D 014 Rev. 2</i>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 July</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=IMCA+D+014+Rev.+2&rft.atitle=IMCA+International+Code+of+Practice+for+Offshore+Diving&rft.date=2014-02&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.imca-int.com%2F%28F%28j70H1MPWJUEd5ZLLliou69laSOu_Vf5cJb-X6cXE01yT_UtIzy96iOzCsRu65U9YkeW7Lq6Gm8g1Cvt-ipseHW_DAaaSDS-AQ5AYIXIAFOzW2yB0GO8frgISnDAWTTEFN6DqnwilT79LcpK_jFtKYGrhn97gPAZ0XT4TbqycNpY1%29%29%2Fmedia%2F70842%2Fimcad014.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASurface-supplied+diving" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-US_Navy_Diving_Manual_Revision_6_Ch9-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-US_Navy_Diving_Manual_Revision_6_Ch9_45-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFUS_Navy2008" class="citation book cs1">US Navy (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080502023541/http://www.supsalv.org/00c3_publications.asp?destPage=00c3&pageId=3.9"><i>US Navy Diving Manual, 6th revision</i></a>. United States: US Naval Sea Systems Command. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.supsalv.org/00c3_publications.asp?destPage=00c3&pageID=3.9">the original</a> on 2008-05-02<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2008-06-15</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=US+Navy+Diving+Manual%2C+6th+revision&rft.place=United+States&rft.pub=US+Naval+Sea+Systems+Command&rft.date=2008&rft.au=US+Navy&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.supsalv.org%2F00c3_publications.asp%3FdestPage%3D00c3%26pageID%3D3.9&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASurface-supplied+diving" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-IMCAD043-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-IMCAD043_46-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.imca-int.com/%28F%28HgoxzyeluluOK_Nh2f6_zim-2B84gkOvCTu_AmwHNcKDtdlHYtGfqT-wmnIrcBoQE0ipE1nbMQerGIKG2VBUAyxvfXjbagbYuWkWR7ajBSMlpv65vptXhWARBOd7Y7opa-v9UX7emzJTcA9qeePkvrwLsv_G1ymrPxbJKe_w__w1%29%29/media/71123/imcad043.pdf"><i>Marking and Colour Coding of Gas Cylinders, Quads and Banks for Diving Applications IMCA D043</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. London, UK: International Marine Contractors Association. 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 February</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Marking+and+Colour+Coding+of+Gas+Cylinders%2C+Quads+and+Banks+for+Diving+Applications+IMCA+D043&rft.place=London%2C+UK&rft.pub=International+Marine+Contractors+Association&rft.date=2007&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.imca-int.com%2F%2528F%2528HgoxzyeluluOK_Nh2f6_zim-2B84gkOvCTu_AmwHNcKDtdlHYtGfqT-wmnIrcBoQE0ipE1nbMQerGIKG2VBUAyxvfXjbagbYuWkWR7ajBSMlpv65vptXhWARBOd7Y7opa-v9UX7emzJTcA9qeePkvrwLsv_G1ymrPxbJKe_w__w1%2529%2529%2Fmedia%2F71123%2Fimcad043.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASurface-supplied+diving" class="Z3988"></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged December 2017">permanent dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-inshore-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-inshore_47-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-inshore_47-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-inshore_47-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><i>Code of Practice: Inshore Diving</i> (4.0 ed.). The South African Department of Labour.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Code+of+Practice%3A+Inshore+Diving&rft.edition=4.0&rft.pub=The+South+African+Department+of+Labour&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASurface-supplied+diving" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-KM_OPRV-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-KM_OPRV_48-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.kirbymorgan.com/sites/default/files/pdf/modular_manuals/overpressure_relief_valve.pdf">"Overpressure Relief Valve - Document # 140130019"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Kirby Morgan Dive Systems, Inc. 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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London, UK: International Marine Contractors' Association. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-903513-00-6" title="Special:BookSources/1-903513-00-6"><bdi>1-903513-00-6</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20010812220108/http://www.imca-int.com/diving/">Archived</a> from the original on 12 August 2001<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 October</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Diving+Supervisor%27s+Manual&rft.place=London%2C+UK&rft.edition=IMCA+D+022+May+2000%2C+incorporating+the+May+2002+erratum&rft.pub=International+Marine+Contractors%27+Association&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=1-903513-00-6&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.imca-int.com%2Fdiving&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASurface-supplied+diving" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bluestream-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Bluestream_53-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bluestream_53-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bluestreamoffshore.com/assets/files/bso-modulair-dive-spread-brochure-2021.pdf">"Modular dive spread: Technical data sheet"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>www.bluestreamoffshore.com</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230714190430/https://www.bluestreamoffshore.com/assets/files/bso-modulair-dive-spread-brochure-2021.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 14 July 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 September</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.bluestreamoffshore.com&rft.atitle=Modular+dive+spread%3A+Technical+data+sheet&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bluestreamoffshore.com%2Fassets%2Ffiles%2Fbso-modulair-dive-spread-brochure-2021.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASurface-supplied+diving" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-CDM_10-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-CDM_10_55-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLarnWhistler1993" class="citation book cs1">Larn, Richard; Whistler, Rex (1993). "Chapter 10: Diving Emergencies". <i>Commercial Diving Manual</i> (3rd ed.). Newton Abbott: David and Charles. pp. 190–199. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7153-0100-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-7153-0100-4"><bdi>0-7153-0100-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Chapter+10%3A+Diving+Emergencies&rft.btitle=Commercial+Diving+Manual&rft.place=Newton+Abbott&rft.pages=190-199&rft.edition=3rd&rft.pub=David+and+Charles&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=0-7153-0100-4&rft.aulast=Larn&rft.aufirst=Richard&rft.au=Whistler%2C+Rex&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASurface-supplied+diving" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-C2DTS-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-C2DTS_56-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-C2DTS_56-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><i>Class 2 Diver Training Standard</i> (Revision 5 ed.). Pretoria: South African Department of Labour. 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Class+2+Diver+Training+Standard&rft.place=Pretoria&rft.edition=Revision+5&rft.pub=South+African+Department+of+Labour&rft.date=2007&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASurface-supplied+diving" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-CDM_11-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-CDM_11_57-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLarnWhistler1993" class="citation book cs1">Larn, Richard; Whistler, Rex (1993). "Chapter 11: Wet diving bells and Dynamic Positioning". <i>Commercial Diving Manual</i> (3rd ed.). Newton Abbott: David and Charles. pp. 200–203. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7153-0100-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-7153-0100-4"><bdi>0-7153-0100-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Chapter+11%3A+Wet+diving+bells+and+Dynamic+Positioning&rft.btitle=Commercial+Diving+Manual&rft.place=Newton+Abbott&rft.pages=200-203&rft.edition=3rd&rft.pub=David+and+Charles&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=0-7153-0100-4&rft.aulast=Larn&rft.aufirst=Richard&rft.au=Whistler%2C+Rex&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASurface-supplied+diving" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-BuRec_dive_manual-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-BuRec_dive_manual_58-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.usbr.gov/ssle/safety/DivingManual.pdf">"6-7 Standby (Safety) Diver Requirements"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>U.S. Department of the Interior Bureau of Reclamation November 2006 Diving Safe Practices Manual Underwater Inspection Program</i>. 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Canadian Centre for Occupational Health & Safety. 17 May 2017. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170507230818/http://www.ccohs.ca/oshanswers/hsprograms/hazard_risk.html">Archived</a> from the original on 7 May 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 May</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=OSH+Answers+Fact+Sheets&rft.atitle=Hazard+and+Risk+-+What+is+a+hazard%3F&rft.date=2017-05-17&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ccohs.ca%2Foshanswers%2Fhsprograms%2Fhazard_risk.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASurface-supplied+diving" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-CCOHS_Risk-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-CCOHS_Risk_63-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ccohs.ca/oshanswers/hsprograms/hazard_risk.html">"Hazard and Risk - What is risk?"</a>. <i>OSH Answers Fact Sheets</i>. Canadian Centre for Occupational Health & Safety. 17 May 2017. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170507230818/http://www.ccohs.ca/oshanswers/hsprograms/hazard_risk.html">Archived</a> from the original on 7 May 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 May</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=OSH+Answers+Fact+Sheets&rft.atitle=Hazard+and+Risk+-+What+is+risk%3F&rft.date=2017-05-17&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ccohs.ca%2Foshanswers%2Fhsprograms%2Fhazard_risk.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASurface-supplied+diving" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hazard_and_Risk-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Hazard_and_Risk_64-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hsa.ie/eng/Topics/Hazards/">"Hazard and Risk"</a>. Health & Safety Authority (Ireland). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170518205103/http://hsa.ie/eng/Topics/Hazards/">Archived</a> from the original on 18 May 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 May</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Hazard+and+Risk&rft.pub=Health+%26+Safety+Authority+%28Ireland%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hsa.ie%2Feng%2FTopics%2FHazards%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASurface-supplied+diving" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Lock_2011-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Lock_2011_65-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLock2011" class="citation book cs1">Lock, Gareth (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cognitasresearch.wordpress.com/"><i>Human factors within sport diving incidents and accidents: An Application of the Human Factors Analysis and Classification System (HFACS)</i></a>. Cognitas Incident Research & Management. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210308063256/https://cognitasresearch.wordpress.com/">Archived</a> from the original on 2021-03-08<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2017-05-17</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Human+factors+within+sport+diving+incidents+and+accidents%3A+An+Application+of+the+Human+Factors+Analysis+and+Classification+System+%28HFACS%29&rft.pub=Cognitas+Incident+Research+%26+Management&rft.date=2011&rft.aulast=Lock&rft.aufirst=Gareth&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcognitasresearch.wordpress.com%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASurface-supplied+diving" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-CoP_Inshore-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-CoP_Inshore_66-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDiving_Advisory_Board" class="citation book cs1">Diving Advisory Board. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161109161003/http://www.labour.gov.za/DOL/downloads/documents/useful-documents/occupational-health-and-safety/inshorediving2014.pdf"><i>Code Of Practice Inshore Diving</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Pretoria: The South African Department of Labour. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.labour.gov.za/DOL/downloads/documents/useful-documents/occupational-health-and-safety/inshorediving2014.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 9 November 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 September</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Code+Of+Practice+Inshore+Diving&rft.place=Pretoria&rft.pub=The+South+African+Department+of+Labour&rft.au=Diving+Advisory+Board&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.labour.gov.za%2FDOL%2Fdownloads%2Fdocuments%2Fuseful-documents%2Foccupational-health-and-safety%2Finshorediving2014.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASurface-supplied+diving" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-IMCA_D022_2016_(5)-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-IMCA_D022_2016_(5)_67-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">"5 - Communications". <i>Guidance for diving supervisors IMCA D 022</i> (Revision 1 ed.). London, UK: International Marine Contractors Association. August 2016. pp. 5–3.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=5+-+Communications&rft.btitle=Guidance+for+diving+supervisors+IMCA+D+022&rft.place=London%2C+UK&rft.pages=5-3&rft.edition=Revision+1&rft.pub=International+Marine+Contractors+Association&rft.date=2016-08&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASurface-supplied+diving" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-BE9-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-BE9_68-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-BE9_68-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-BE9_68-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrubakkNeuman2003" class="citation book cs1">Brubakk, Alf O.; Neuman, Tom S., eds. (2003). 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United States: Saunders Ltd. pp. 265–418. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7020-2571-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-7020-2571-2"><bdi>0-7020-2571-2</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/51607923">51607923</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=9%3A+Pressure+Effects&rft.btitle=Bennett+and+Elliott%27s+physiology+and+medicine+of+diving&rft.place=United+States&rft.pages=265-418&rft.edition=5th+Revised&rft.pub=Saunders+Ltd&rft.date=2003&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F51607923&rft.isbn=0-7020-2571-2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASurface-supplied+diving" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Abraini1994-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Abraini1994_69-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAbrainiGardette-ChauffourMartinezRostain1994" class="citation journal cs1">Abraini, J. H.; Gardette-Chauffour, M. C.; Martinez, E.; Rostain, J. C.; Lemaire, C. (1994). "Psychophysiological reactions in humans during an open sea dive to 500 m with a hydrogen-helium-oxygen mixture". <i>Journal of Applied Physiology</i>. <b>76</b> (3). American Physiological Society: 1113–8. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1152%2Fjappl.1994.76.3.1113">10.1152/jappl.1994.76.3.1113</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/8750-7587">8750-7587</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8005852">8005852</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Applied+Physiology&rft.atitle=Psychophysiological+reactions+in+humans+during+an+open+sea+dive+to+500+m+with+a+hydrogen-helium-oxygen+mixture&rft.volume=76&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=1113-8&rft.date=1994&rft.issn=8750-7587&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F8005852&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1152%2Fjappl.1994.76.3.1113&rft.aulast=Abraini&rft.aufirst=J.+H.&rft.au=Gardette-Chauffour%2C+M.+C.&rft.au=Martinez%2C+E.&rft.au=Rostain%2C+J.+C.&rft.au=Lemaire%2C+C.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASurface-supplied+diving" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Herrera-Moreno_and_Betancourt_2003a-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Herrera-Moreno_and_Betancourt_2003a_70-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHerrera-MorenoBetancourt2003" class="citation report cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Herrera-Moreno, A.; Betancourt, L. (2003). Buho (ed.). Datos de la Pesca de la Langosta <i>Panulirus argus</i> en la Republica Dominicana. <i>Investigaciones ecologico pesqueras de la langosta Panulirus argus en la Plataforma Dominicana</i> (Report) (in Spanish). Santo Domingo, Republica Dominicana: Servicio de Publicaciones, Universidad de Cadiz. pp. 24–44.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=report&rft.btitle=Datos+de+la+Pesca+de+la+Langosta+Panulirus+argus+en+la+Republica+Dominicana&rft.place=Santo+Domingo%2C+Republica+Dominicana&rft.pages=24-44&rft.pub=Servicio+de+Publicaciones%2C+Universidad+de+Cadiz&rft.date=2003&rft.aulast=Herrera-Moreno&rft.aufirst=A.&rft.au=Betancourt%2C+L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASurface-supplied+diving" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Herrera-Moreno_and_Betancourt_2003b-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Herrera-Moreno_and_Betancourt_2003b_71-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHerrera-MorenoBetancourt2003" class="citation report cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Herrera-Moreno, A.; Betancourt, L. (2003). Buho (ed.). Pautas para el Ordenamiento de la Pesca de la Langosta Panulirus argus en la Republica Dominicana. <i>Investigaciones Ecologico Pesqueras de la Langosta Panulirus argus en la Plataforma Dominicana</i> (Report) (in Spanish). Santo Domingo, Republica Dominicana: Servicio de Publicaciones, Universidad de Cadiz. pp. 94–117.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=report&rft.btitle=Pautas+para+el+Ordenamiento+de+la+Pesca+de+la+Langosta+Panulirus+argus+en+la+Republica+Dominicana&rft.place=Santo+Domingo%2C+Republica+Dominicana&rft.pages=94-117&rft.pub=Servicio+de+Publicaciones%2C+Universidad+de+Cadiz.&rft.date=2003&rft.aulast=Herrera-Moreno&rft.aufirst=A.&rft.au=Betancourt%2C+L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASurface-supplied+diving" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-WWF_2006-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-WWF_2006_72-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWWF2006" class="citation report cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">WWF (2006). Como Lograr Mayores Ingresos Pescando de Manera Sustentable. <i>Manual Practicas Pesqueras de Langosta en el Arrecife Mesoamericano.</i> (Report) (in Spanish). WWF-Mexico/Centroamerica. p. 97.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=report&rft.btitle=Como+Lograr+Mayores+Ingresos+Pescando+de+Manera+Sustentable&rft.pages=97&rft.pub=WWF-Mexico%2FCentroamerica&rft.date=2006&rft.au=WWF&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASurface-supplied+diving" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Diving_at_Work_Regulations_1997-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Diving_at_Work_Regulations_1997_73-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.legislation.gov.uk/uksi/1997/2776/made">"The Diving at Work Regulations 1997"</a>. <i>Statutory Instruments 1997 No. 2776 Health and Safety</i>. Kew, Richmond, Surrey: Her Majesty's Stationery Office (HMSO). 1977. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191031191337/http://www.legislation.gov.uk/uksi/1997/2776/made">Archived</a> from the original on 31 October 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 November</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Statutory+Instruments+1997+No.+2776+Health+and+Safety&rft.atitle=The+Diving+at+Work+Regulations+1997&rft.date=1977&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.legislation.gov.uk%2Fuksi%2F1997%2F2776%2Fmade&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASurface-supplied+diving" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-SA_Diving_Regulations_2009-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-SA_Diving_Regulations_2009_74-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161104080007/http://www.saflii.org/za/legis/consol_reg/ohasa85o1993rangnr41716/">"Diving Regulations 2009"</a>. <i>Occupational Health and Safety Act 85 of 1993 – Regulations and Notices – Government Notice R41</i>. Pretoria: Government Printer. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.saflii.org/za/legis/consol_reg/ohasa85o1993rangnr41716/">the original</a> on 4 November 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 November</span> 2016</span> – via Southern African Legal Information Institute.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Occupational+Health+and+Safety+Act+85+of+1993+%E2%80%93+Regulations+and+Notices+%E2%80%93+Government+Notice+R41&rft.atitle=Diving+Regulations+2009&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.saflii.org%2Fza%2Flegis%2Fconsol_reg%2Fohasa85o1993rangnr41716%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASurface-supplied+diving" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-IDSA-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-IDSA_75-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160303215439/http://www.idsaworldwide.org/docs/diverts0909.pdf">"International Diver Training Certification: Diver Training Standards, Revision 4"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Diver Training Standards</i>. Malestroit, Brittany: International Diving Schools Association. 29 October 2009. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.idsaworldwide.org/docs/diverts0909.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 3 March 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 November</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Diver+Training+Standards&rft.atitle=International+Diver+Training+Certification%3A+Diver+Training+Standards%2C+Revision+4&rft.date=2009-10-29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.idsaworldwide.org%2Fdocs%2Fdiverts0909.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASurface-supplied+diving" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Surface-supplied_diving&action=edit&section=60" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><b>Hookah</b>: </p> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.keeneeng.com/pamphlets/introHooka.html">Introduction to hooka diving</a></li></ul> <p><b>Compressor diving</b> </p> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://humanplanet.com/timothyallen/2011/01/pa-aling-fishing/">Photographs of Pa-aling compressor diving in the Philippines</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gmanews.tv/story/210487/bbc-docu-features-dangerous-fishing-method-in-phl">BBC documentary features ‘dangerous’ fishing method in the Philippines</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130330084351/http://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/p00d53z5">BBC One - Human Planet, Oceans - Into the blue. Pa-aling divers</a> (with link to video)</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist 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colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Diving_activities" title="Diving activities">Diving activities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diving_mode" class="mw-redirect" title="Diving mode">Diving modes</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Atmospheric_pressure_diving" class="mw-redirect" title="Atmospheric pressure diving">Atmospheric pressure diving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freediving" title="Freediving">Freediving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saturation_diving" title="Saturation diving">Saturation diving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scuba_diving" title="Scuba diving">Scuba diving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Snorkeling" title="Snorkeling">Snorkeling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surface_oriented_diving" class="mw-redirect" title="Surface oriented diving">Surface oriented diving</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Surface-supplied diving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unmanned_diving" class="mw-redirect" title="Unmanned diving">Unmanned diving</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible uncollapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Diving_equipment" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Diving_equipment" title="Diving equipment">Diving equipment</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cleaning_and_disinfection_of_personal_diving_equipment" title="Cleaning and disinfection of personal diving equipment">Cleaning and disinfection of personal diving equipment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_factors_in_diving_equipment_design" title="Human factors in diving equipment design">Human factors in diving equipment design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_diving_equipment_manufacturers" title="List of diving equipment manufacturers">List of diving equipment manufacturers</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Basic equipment</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Diving_mask" title="Diving mask">Diving mask</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Snorkel_(swimming)" title="Snorkel (swimming)">Snorkel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swimfin" title="Swimfin">Swimfin</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Breathing_gas" title="Breathing gas">Breathing gas</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bailout_gas" class="mw-redirect" title="Bailout gas">Bailout gas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bottom_gas" class="mw-redirect" title="Bottom gas">Bottom gas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Breathing_air" class="mw-redirect" title="Breathing air">Breathing air</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Decompression_gas" class="mw-redirect" title="Decompression gas">Decompression gas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emergency_gas_supply" class="mw-redirect" title="Emergency gas supply">Emergency gas supply</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heliox" title="Heliox">Heliox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydreliox" title="Hydreliox">Hydreliox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydrox_(breathing_gas)" title="Hydrox (breathing gas)">Hydrox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nitrox" title="Nitrox">Nitrox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oxygen" title="Oxygen">Oxygen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Travel_gas" class="mw-redirect" title="Travel gas">Travel gas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trimix_(breathing_gas)" title="Trimix (breathing gas)">Trimix</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Buoyancy and<br />trim equipment</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Avelo_diving_system" title="Avelo diving system">Avelo diving system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buoyancy_compensator_(diving)" title="Buoyancy compensator (diving)">Buoyancy compensator</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Power_inflator" class="mw-redirect" title="Power inflator">Power inflator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dump_valve_(diving)" class="mw-redirect" title="Dump valve (diving)">Dump valve</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Variable_buoyancy_pressure_vessel" class="mw-redirect" title="Variable buoyancy pressure vessel">Variable buoyancy pressure vessel</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diving_weighting_system" title="Diving weighting system">Diving weighting system</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ankle_weights_(diving)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ankle weights (diving)">Ankle weights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Integrated_weights" class="mw-redirect" title="Integrated weights">Integrated weights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trim_weights_(diving)" class="mw-redirect" title="Trim weights (diving)">Trim weights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weight_belt" class="mw-redirect" title="Weight belt">Weight belt</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Decompression_equipment" title="Decompression equipment">Decompression<br />equipment</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Decompression_buoy" class="mw-redirect" title="Decompression buoy">Decompression buoy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Decompression_chamber" class="mw-redirect" title="Decompression chamber">Decompression chamber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Decompression_cylinder" class="mw-redirect" title="Decompression cylinder">Decompression cylinder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Decompression_trapeze" class="mw-redirect" title="Decompression trapeze">Decompression trapeze</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dive_computer" title="Dive computer">Dive computer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diving_bell" title="Diving bell">Diving bell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diving_shot" title="Diving shot">Diving shot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diving_stage" class="mw-redirect" title="Diving stage">Diving stage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jersey_upline" class="mw-redirect" title="Jersey upline">Jersey upline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jonline" class="mw-redirect" title="Jonline">Jonline</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Diving_suit" title="Diving suit">Diving suit</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Atmospheric_diving_suit" title="Atmospheric diving suit">Atmospheric diving suit</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/JIM_suit" title="JIM suit">JIM suit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Newtsuit" title="Newtsuit">Newtsuit</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dry_suit" title="Dry suit">Dry suit</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sladen_suit" class="mw-redirect" title="Sladen suit">Sladen suit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Standard_diving_suit" class="mw-redirect" title="Standard diving suit">Standard diving suit</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rash_vest" class="mw-redirect" title="Rash vest">Rash vest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wetsuit" title="Wetsuit">Wetsuit</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dive_skins" class="mw-redirect" title="Dive skins">Dive skins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hot-water_suit" class="mw-redirect" title="Hot-water suit">Hot-water suit</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Helmets<br />and masks</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-fog" title="Anti-fog">Anti-fog</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diving_helmet" title="Diving helmet">Diving helmet</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Free-flow_helmet" class="mw-redirect" title="Free-flow helmet">Free-flow helmet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lightweight_demand_helmet" class="mw-redirect" title="Lightweight demand helmet">Lightweight demand helmet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orinasal_mask" title="Orinasal mask">Orinasal mask</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reclaim_helmet" class="mw-redirect" title="Reclaim helmet">Reclaim helmet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shallow_water_helmet" class="mw-redirect" title="Shallow water helmet">Shallow water helmet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Standard_diving_helmet" class="mw-redirect" title="Standard diving helmet">Standard diving helmet</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diving_mask" title="Diving mask">Diving mask</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Band_mask" class="mw-redirect" title="Band mask">Band mask</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Full-face_mask" class="mw-redirect" title="Full-face mask">Full-face mask</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Half_mask" class="mw-redirect" title="Half mask">Half mask</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Instrumentation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bottom_timer" class="mw-redirect" title="Bottom timer">Bottom timer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Depth_gauge" title="Depth gauge">Depth gauge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dive_computer" title="Dive computer">Dive computer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dive_timer" class="mw-redirect" title="Dive timer">Dive timer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diving_watch" title="Diving watch">Diving watch</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Helium_release_valve" title="Helium release valve">Helium release valve</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electro-galvanic_oxygen_sensor" title="Electro-galvanic oxygen sensor">Electro-galvanic oxygen sensor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pneumofathometer" class="mw-redirect" title="Pneumofathometer">Pneumofathometer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Submersible_pressure_gauge" class="mw-redirect" title="Submersible pressure gauge">Submersible pressure gauge</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Mobility<br />equipment</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Diver_propulsion_vehicle" title="Diver propulsion vehicle">Diver propulsion vehicle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diving_bell" title="Diving bell">Diving bell</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Closed_bell" class="mw-redirect" title="Closed bell">Closed bell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wet_bell" class="mw-redirect" title="Wet bell">Wet bell</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diving_stage" class="mw-redirect" title="Diving stage">Diving stage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swimfin" title="Swimfin">Swimfin</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Monofin" title="Monofin">Monofin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PowerSwim" title="PowerSwim">PowerSwim</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Towboard" title="Towboard">Towboard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wet_sub" title="Wet sub">Wet sub</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Safety<br />equipment</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alternative_air_source" title="Alternative air source">Alternative air source</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Octopus_regulator" class="mw-redirect" title="Octopus regulator">Octopus regulator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pony_bottle" title="Pony bottle">Pony bottle</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bolt_snap" title="Bolt snap">Bolt snap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddy_line" class="mw-redirect" title="Buddy line">Buddy line</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dive_light" title="Dive light">Dive light</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diver%27s_cutting_tool" class="mw-redirect" title="Diver's cutting tool">Diver's cutting tool</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Diver%27s_knife" class="mw-redirect" title="Diver's knife">Diver's knife</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diver%27s_telephone" class="mw-redirect" title="Diver's telephone">Diver's telephone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Through-water_communications" class="mw-redirect" title="Through-water communications">Through-water communications</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Underwater_acoustic_communication" title="Underwater acoustic communication">Underwater acoustic communication</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diving_bell" title="Diving bell">Diving bell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diving_safety_harness" class="mw-redirect" title="Diving safety harness">Diving safety harness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emergency_gas_supply" class="mw-redirect" title="Emergency gas supply">Emergency gas supply</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bailout_block" class="mw-redirect" title="Bailout block">Bailout block</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bailout_bottle" title="Bailout bottle">Bailout bottle</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lifeline_(diving)" class="mw-redirect" title="Lifeline (diving)">Lifeline</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Screw_gate_carabiner" class="mw-redirect" title="Screw gate carabiner">Screw gate carabiner</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emergency_locator_beacon" title="Emergency locator beacon">Emergency locator beacon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rescue_tether" class="mw-redirect" title="Rescue tether">Rescue tether</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Safety_helmet" class="mw-redirect" title="Safety helmet">Safety helmet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shark-proof_cage" class="mw-redirect" title="Shark-proof cage">Shark-proof cage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Snoopy_loop" class="mw-redirect" title="Snoopy loop">Snoopy loop</a></li> <li>Navigation equipment <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Distance_line" title="Distance line">Distance line</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diving_compass" class="mw-redirect" title="Diving compass">Diving compass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dive_reel" class="mw-redirect" title="Dive reel">Dive reel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Line_marker" title="Line marker">Line marker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surface_marker_buoy" title="Surface marker buoy">Surface marker buoy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silt_screw" class="mw-redirect" title="Silt screw">Silt screw</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Underwater_breathing_apparatus" title="Underwater breathing apparatus">Underwater<br />breathing<br />apparatus</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Atmospheric_diving_suit" title="Atmospheric diving suit">Atmospheric diving suit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diving_cylinder" title="Diving cylinder">Diving cylinder</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Burst_disc" class="mw-redirect" title="Burst disc">Burst disc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scuba_cylinder_valve" title="Scuba cylinder valve">Scuba cylinder valve</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diving_helmet" title="Diving helmet">Diving helmet</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Reclaim_helmet" class="mw-redirect" title="Reclaim helmet">Reclaim helmet</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diving_regulator" title="Diving regulator">Diving regulator</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mechanism_of_diving_regulators" title="Mechanism of diving regulators">Mechanism of diving regulators</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regulator_malfunction" class="mw-redirect" title="Regulator malfunction">Regulator malfunction</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Regulator_freeze" class="mw-redirect" title="Regulator freeze">Regulator freeze</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Single-hose_regulator" class="mw-redirect" title="Single-hose regulator">Single-hose regulator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Twin-hose_regulator" class="mw-redirect" title="Twin-hose regulator">Twin-hose regulator</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Full-face_diving_mask" title="Full-face diving mask">Full-face diving mask</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Open-circuit_scuba" class="mw-redirect" title="Open-circuit scuba">Open-circuit<br />scuba</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Scuba_set" title="Scuba set">Scuba set</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bailout_bottle" title="Bailout bottle">Bailout bottle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Decompression_cylinder" class="mw-redirect" title="Decompression cylinder">Decompression cylinder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Independent_doubles" class="mw-redirect" title="Independent doubles">Independent doubles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manifolded_twin_set" class="mw-redirect" title="Manifolded twin set">Manifolded twin set</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Scuba_manifold" title="Scuba manifold">Scuba manifold</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pony_bottle" title="Pony bottle">Pony bottle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scuba_configuration" class="mw-redirect" title="Scuba configuration">Scuba configuration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sidemount" class="mw-redirect" title="Sidemount">Sidemount</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sling_cylinder" class="mw-redirect" title="Sling cylinder">Sling cylinder</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Diving_rebreather" title="Diving rebreather">Diving rebreathers</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Carbon_dioxide_scrubber" title="Carbon dioxide scrubber">Carbon dioxide scrubber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carleton_CDBA" class="mw-redirect" title="Carleton CDBA">Carleton CDBA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clearance_Divers_Life_Support_Equipment" title="Clearance Divers Life Support Equipment">Clearance Divers Life Support Equipment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cryogenic_rebreather" class="mw-redirect" title="Cryogenic rebreather">Cryogenic rebreather</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CUMA" title="CUMA">CUMA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DSEA" class="mw-redirect" title="DSEA">DSEA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dr%C3%A4ger_Dolphin" class="mw-redirect" title="Dräger Dolphin">Dolphin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Halcyon_PVR-BASC" title="Halcyon PVR-BASC">Halcyon PVR-BASC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Halcyon_RB80" title="Halcyon RB80">Halcyon RB80</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IDA71" title="IDA71">IDA71</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interspiro_DCSC" title="Interspiro DCSC">Interspiro DCSC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LAR-5" class="mw-redirect" title="LAR-5">LAR-5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LAR-6" class="mw-redirect" title="LAR-6">LAR-6</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LAR-V" class="mw-redirect" title="LAR-V">LAR-V</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lambertsen_Amphibious_Respiratory_Unit" title="Lambertsen Amphibious Respiratory Unit">LARU</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mark_IV_Amphibian" title="Mark IV Amphibian">Mark IV Amphibian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Porpoise_(scuba_gear)" title="Porpoise (scuba gear)">Porpoise</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dr%C3%A4ger_Ray" class="mw-redirect" title="Dräger Ray">Ray</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siebe_Gorman_CDBA" title="Siebe Gorman CDBA">Siebe Gorman CDBA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siebe_Gorman_Salvus" title="Siebe Gorman Salvus">Salvus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siva_(rebreather)" class="mw-redirect" title="Siva (rebreather)">Siva</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Surface-supplied_diving_equipment" title="Surface-supplied diving equipment">Surface-supplied<br />diving equipment</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Air_line" title="Air line">Air line</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diver%27s_umbilical" class="mw-redirect" title="Diver's umbilical">Diver's umbilical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diving_air_compressor" title="Diving air compressor">Diving air compressor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gas_panel" class="mw-redirect" title="Gas panel">Gas panel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hookah_(diving)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hookah (diving)">Hookah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scuba_replacement" class="mw-redirect" title="Scuba replacement">Scuba replacement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Snuba" title="Snuba">Snuba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Standard_diving_dress" title="Standard diving dress">Standard diving dress</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_diving_equipment_manufacturers" title="List of diving equipment manufacturers"> Diving<br />equipment<br />manufacturers</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/AP_Diving" title="AP Diving">AP Diving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apeks" title="Apeks">Apeks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aqua_Lung_America" title="Aqua Lung America">Aqua Lung America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aqua_Lung/La_Spirotechnique" title="Aqua Lung/La Spirotechnique">Aqua Lung/La Spirotechnique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beuchat" title="Beuchat">Beuchat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Cavalero" title="René Cavalero">René Cavalero</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cis-Lunar" title="Cis-Lunar">Cis-Lunar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cressi-Sub" title="Cressi-Sub">Cressi-Sub</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dacor_(scuba_diving)" title="Dacor (scuba diving)">Dacor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DESCO" title="DESCO">DESCO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dive_Xtras" title="Dive Xtras">Dive Xtras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Divex" title="Divex">Divex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diving_Unlimited_International" title="Diving Unlimited International">Diving Unlimited International</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dr%C3%A4gerwerk" class="mw-redirect" title="Drägerwerk">Drägerwerk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Faber_Industrie_S.p.A." title="Faber Industrie S.p.A.">Faber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fenzy" title="Fenzy">Fenzy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maurice_Fernez" title="Maurice Fernez">Maurice Fernez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luigi_Ferraro_(naval_officer)" class="mw-redirect" title="Luigi Ferraro (naval officer)">Technisub</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oscar_Gugen" title="Oscar Gugen">Oscar Gugen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heinke_(diving_equipment_manufacturer)" title="Heinke (diving equipment manufacturer)">Heinke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HeinrichsWeikamp" title="HeinrichsWeikamp">HeinrichsWeikamp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johnson_Outdoors" title="Johnson Outdoors">Johnson Outdoors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mares_(scuba_equipment)" title="Mares (scuba equipment)">Mares</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morse_Diving" title="Morse Diving">Morse Diving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nemrod" title="Nemrod">Nemrod</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oceanic_Worldwide" title="Oceanic Worldwide">Oceanic Worldwide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Porpoise_(scuba_gear)" title="Porpoise (scuba gear)">Porpoise</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shearwater_Research" title="Shearwater Research">Shearwater Research</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siebe_Gorman" title="Siebe Gorman">Siebe Gorman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Submarine_Products" title="Submarine Products">Submarine Products</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suunto" title="Suunto">Suunto</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Diving_support_equipment" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Diving_support_equipment" title="Diving support equipment">Diving support equipment</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Access equipment</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Boarding_stirrup" class="mw-redirect" title="Boarding stirrup">Boarding stirrup</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diver_lift" class="mw-redirect" title="Diver lift">Diver lift</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diving_bell" title="Diving bell">Diving bell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diving_ladder" class="mw-redirect" title="Diving ladder">Diving ladder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diving_platform_(scuba)" class="mw-redirect" title="Diving platform (scuba)">Diving platform (scuba)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diving_stage" class="mw-redirect" title="Diving stage">Diving stage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Downline_(diving)" title="Downline (diving)">Downline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jackstay" title="Jackstay">Jackstay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Launch_and_recovery_system_(diving)" class="mw-redirect" title="Launch and recovery system (diving)">Launch and recovery system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Messenger_line" title="Messenger line">Messenger line</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moon_pool" title="Moon pool">Moon pool</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Breathing gas<br />handling</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Diving_air_compressor#Filtration" title="Diving air compressor">Air filtration</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Activated_carbon" title="Activated carbon">Activated carbon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hopcalite" title="Hopcalite">Hopcalite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Molecular_sieve" title="Molecular sieve">Molecular sieve</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silica_gel" title="Silica gel">Silica gel</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Booster_pump" title="Booster pump">Booster pump</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carbon_dioxide_scrubber" title="Carbon dioxide scrubber">Carbon dioxide scrubber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cascade_filling_system" title="Cascade filling system">Cascade filling system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diver%27s_pump" title="Diver's pump">Diver's pump</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diving_air_compressor" title="Diving air compressor">Diving air compressor</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Diving_air_filter" class="mw-redirect" title="Diving air filter">Diving air filter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_separator" class="mw-redirect" title="Water separator">Water separator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High_pressure_breathing_air_compressor" class="mw-redirect" title="High pressure breathing air compressor">High pressure breathing air compressor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Low_pressure_breathing_air_compressor" class="mw-redirect" title="Low pressure breathing air compressor">Low pressure breathing air compressor</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gas_blending" title="Gas blending">Gas blending</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gas_blending_for_scuba_diving" title="Gas blending for scuba diving">Gas blending for scuba diving</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gas_panel" class="mw-redirect" title="Gas panel">Gas panel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gas_reclaim_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Gas reclaim system">Gas reclaim system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gas_storage_bank" class="mw-redirect" title="Gas storage bank">Gas storage bank</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gas_storage_quad" class="mw-redirect" title="Gas storage quad">Gas storage quad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gas_storage_tube" class="mw-redirect" title="Gas storage tube">Gas storage tube</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helium_analyzer" title="Helium analyzer">Helium analyzer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nitrox_production" class="mw-redirect" title="Nitrox production">Nitrox production</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Membrane_gas_separation" title="Membrane gas separation">Membrane gas separation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pressure_swing_adsorption" title="Pressure swing adsorption">Pressure swing adsorption</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oxygen_analyser" class="mw-redirect" title="Oxygen analyser">Oxygen analyser</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Electro-galvanic_oxygen_sensor" title="Electro-galvanic oxygen sensor">Electro-galvanic oxygen sensor</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oxygen_compatibility" title="Oxygen compatibility">Oxygen compatibility</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Decompression_equipment" title="Decompression equipment">Decompression<br />equipment</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Air-lock" class="mw-redirect" title="Air-lock">Air-lock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Built-in_breathing_system" title="Built-in breathing system">Built-in breathing system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Decompression_tables" class="mw-redirect" title="Decompression tables">Decompression tables</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diving_bell" title="Diving bell">Diving bell</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bell_cursor" class="mw-redirect" title="Bell cursor">Bell cursor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Closed_bell" class="mw-redirect" title="Closed bell">Closed bell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clump_weight" class="mw-redirect" title="Clump weight">Clump weight</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Launch_and_recovery_system_(diving)" class="mw-redirect" title="Launch and recovery system (diving)">Launch and recovery system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wet_bell" class="mw-redirect" title="Wet bell">Wet bell</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diving_chamber" title="Diving chamber">Diving chamber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diving_stage" class="mw-redirect" title="Diving stage">Diving stage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Recreational_Dive_Planner" title="Recreational Dive Planner">Recreational Dive Planner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saturation_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Saturation system">Saturation system</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Platforms</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dive_boat" title="Dive boat">Dive boat</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Canoe_and_kayak_diving" title="Canoe and kayak diving">Canoe and kayak diving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Combat_rubber_raiding_craft" title="Combat rubber raiding craft">Combat rubber raiding craft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liveaboard" title="Liveaboard">Liveaboard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subskimmer" title="Subskimmer">Subskimmer</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diving_support_vessel" title="Diving support vessel">Diving support vessel</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/HMS_Challenger_(K07)" title="HMS Challenger (K07)">HMS Challenger (K07)</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Underwaterhabitat" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Underwater_habitat" title="Underwater habitat">Underwater<br />habitat</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aquarius_Reef_Base" title="Aquarius Reef Base">Aquarius Reef Base</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Continental_Shelf_Station_Two" title="Continental Shelf Station Two">Continental Shelf Station Two</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helgoland_Habitat" title="Helgoland Habitat">Helgoland Habitat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scott_Carpenter_Space_Analog_Station" title="Scott Carpenter Space Analog Station">Scott Carpenter Space Analog Station</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SEALAB" title="SEALAB">SEALAB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tektite_habitat" title="Tektite habitat">Tektite habitat</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Remotely_operated_underwater_vehicle" title="Remotely operated underwater vehicle">Remotely operated<br />underwater vehicles</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/8A4-class_ROUV" title="8A4-class ROUV">8A4-class ROUV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ABISMO" title="ABISMO">ABISMO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atlantis_ROV_Team" title="Atlantis ROV Team">Atlantis ROV Team</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COTSBot" title="COTSBot">COTSBot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CURV" title="CURV">CURV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deep_Drone" title="Deep Drone">Deep Drone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89paulard" title="Épaulard">Épaulard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Global_Explorer_ROV" title="Global Explorer ROV">Global Explorer ROV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goldfish-class_ROUV" title="Goldfish-class ROUV">Goldfish-class ROUV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaik%C5%8D_ROV" title="Kaikō ROV">Kaikō ROV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ka%C5%9Fif_ROUV" title="Kaşif ROUV">Kaşif ROUV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Long-Term_Mine_Reconnaissance_System" title="Long-Term Mine Reconnaissance System">Long-Term Mine Reconnaissance System</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mini_Rover_ROV" title="Mini Rover ROV">Mini Rover ROV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OpenROV" title="OpenROV">OpenROV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ROV_KIEL_6000" title="ROV KIEL 6000">ROV KIEL 6000</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ROV_PHOCA" title="ROV PHOCA">ROV PHOCA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scorpio_ROV" title="Scorpio ROV">Scorpio ROV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sea_Dragon-class_ROV" title="Sea Dragon-class ROV">Sea Dragon-class ROV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seabed_tractor" title="Seabed tractor">Seabed tractor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seafox_drone" title="Seafox drone">Seafox drone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SeaPerch" title="SeaPerch">SeaPerch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SJT-class_ROUV" title="SJT-class ROUV">SJT-class ROUV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T1200_Trenching_Unit" title="T1200 Trenching Unit">T1200 Trenching Unit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/VideoRay_UROVs" title="VideoRay UROVs">VideoRay UROVs</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Safety equipment</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Diver_down_flag" title="Diver down flag">Diver down flag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diving_shot" title="Diving shot">Diving shot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ENOS_Rescue-System" title="ENOS Rescue-System">ENOS Rescue-System</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hyperbaric_lifeboat" class="mw-redirect" title="Hyperbaric lifeboat">Hyperbaric lifeboat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hyperbaric_stretcher" title="Hyperbaric stretcher">Hyperbaric stretcher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jackstay_(diving)" class="mw-redirect" title="Jackstay (diving)">Jackstay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jonline" class="mw-redirect" title="Jonline">Jonline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reserve_gas_supply_(diving)" class="mw-redirect" title="Reserve gas supply (diving)">Reserve gas supply</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">General</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Diving_spread" class="mw-redirect" title="Diving spread">Diving spread</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Air_spread" class="mw-redirect" title="Air spread">Air spread</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saturation_spread" class="mw-redirect" title="Saturation spread">Saturation spread</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hot_water_system_(diving)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hot water system (diving)">Hot water system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sonar" title="Sonar">Sonar</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Underwater_acoustic_positioning_system" title="Underwater acoustic positioning system">Underwater acoustic positioning system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Underwater_acoustic_communication" title="Underwater acoustic communication">Underwater acoustic communication</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Freediving" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Freediving" title="Freediving">Freediving</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Activities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aquathlon_(underwater_wrestling)" title="Aquathlon (underwater wrestling)">Aquathlon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apnoea_finswimming" class="mw-redirect" title="Apnoea finswimming">Apnoea finswimming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freediving" title="Freediving">Freediving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haenyeo" title="Haenyeo">Haenyeo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pearl_hunting" title="Pearl hunting">Pearl hunting</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ama_(diving)" title="Ama (diving)">Ama</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Snorkeling" title="Snorkeling">Snorkeling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spearfishing" title="Spearfishing">Spearfishing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Underwater_football" title="Underwater football">Underwater football</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Underwater_hockey" title="Underwater hockey">Underwater hockey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Underwater_rugby" title="Underwater rugby">Underwater rugby</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Underwater_target_shooting" title="Underwater target shooting">Underwater target shooting</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Competitions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nordic_Deep" title="Nordic Deep">Nordic Deep</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vertical_Blue" title="Vertical Blue">Vertical Blue</a></li> <li>Disciplines <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Constant_weight" class="mw-redirect" title="Constant weight">Constant weight</a> (CWT)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constant_weight_bi-fins" title="Constant weight bi-fins">Constant weight bi-fins</a> (CWTB)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constant_weight_without_fins" title="Constant weight without fins">Constant weight without fins</a> (CNF)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dynamic_apnea" title="Dynamic apnea">Dynamic apnea</a> (DYN)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dynamic_apnea_without_fins" class="mw-redirect" title="Dynamic apnea without fins">Dynamic apnea without fins</a> (DNF)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_immersion" class="mw-redirect" title="Free immersion">Free immersion</a> (FIM)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/No-limits_apnea" title="No-limits apnea">No-limits apnea</a> (NLT)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Static_apnea" title="Static apnea">Static apnea</a> (STA)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skandalopetra_diving" title="Skandalopetra diving">Skandalopetra diving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Variable_weight_apnea" class="mw-redirect" title="Variable weight apnea">Variable weight apnea</a> (VWT)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Variable_weight_apnea_without_fins" class="mw-redirect" title="Variable weight apnea without fins">Variable weight apnea without fins</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Equipment</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Diving_mask" title="Diving mask">Diving mask</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diving_suit" title="Diving suit">Diving suit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hawaiian_sling" title="Hawaiian sling">Hawaiian sling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polespear" title="Polespear">Polespear</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Snorkel_(swimming)" title="Snorkel (swimming)">Snorkel (swimming)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Speargun" title="Speargun">Speargun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swimfin" title="Swimfin">Swimfins</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Monofin" title="Monofin">Monofin</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_polo_cap" title="Water polo cap">Water polo cap</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Freedivers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Deborah_Andollo" title="Deborah Andollo">Deborah Andollo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simone_Arrigoni" title="Simone Arrigoni">Simone Arrigoni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peppo_Biscarini" title="Peppo Biscarini">Peppo Biscarini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Board" title="Michael Board">Michael Board</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sara_Campbell" title="Sara Campbell">Sara Campbell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Derya_Can_G%C3%B6%C3%A7en" class="mw-redirect" title="Derya Can Göçen">Derya Can Göçen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goran_%C4%8Colak" title="Goran Čolak">Goran Čolak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carlos_Coste" title="Carlos Coste">Carlos Coste</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Croft_(diver)" title="Robert Croft (diver)">Robert Croft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mandy-Rae_Cruickshank" title="Mandy-Rae Cruickshank">Mandy-Rae Cruickshank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yasemin_Dalk%C4%B1l%C4%B1%C3%A7" title="Yasemin Dalkılıç">Yasemin Dalkılıç</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leonardo_D%27Imporzano" title="Leonardo D'Imporzano">Leonardo D'Imporzano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flavia_Eberhard" title="Flavia Eberhard">Flavia Eberhard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%9Eahika_Erc%C3%BCmen" title="Şahika Ercümen">Şahika Ercümen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emma_Farrell_(freediver)" title="Emma Farrell (freediver)">Emma Farrell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francisco_Ferreras" title="Francisco Ferreras">Francisco Ferreras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Frolla" title="Pierre Frolla">Pierre Frolla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flavia_Eberhard" title="Flavia Eberhard">Flavia Eberhard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mehgan_Heaney-Grier" title="Mehgan Heaney-Grier">Mehgan Heaney-Grier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elisabeth_Kristoffersen" title="Elisabeth Kristoffersen">Elisabeth Kristoffersen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andriy_Yevhenovych_Khvetkevych" class="mw-redirect" title="Andriy Yevhenovych Khvetkevych">Andriy Yevhenovych Khvetkevych</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lo%C3%AFc_Leferme" title="Loïc Leferme">Loïc Leferme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enzo_Maiorca" title="Enzo Maiorca">Enzo Maiorca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacques_Mayol" title="Jacques Mayol">Jacques Mayol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Audrey_Mestre" title="Audrey Mestre">Audrey Mestre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karol_Meyer" title="Karol Meyer">Karol Meyer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kate_Middleton_(free-diver)" title="Kate Middleton (free-diver)">Kate Middleton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St%C3%A9phane_Mifsud" title="Stéphane Mifsud">Stéphane Mifsud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexey_Molchanov" title="Alexey Molchanov">Alexey Molchanov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natalia_Molchanova" title="Natalia Molchanova">Natalia Molchanova</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dave_Mullins_(freediver)" title="Dave Mullins (freediver)">Dave Mullins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patrick_Musimu" title="Patrick Musimu">Patrick Musimu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guillaume_N%C3%A9ry" title="Guillaume Néry">Guillaume Néry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herbert_Nitsch" title="Herbert Nitsch">Herbert Nitsch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Umberto_Pelizzari" title="Umberto Pelizzari">Umberto Pelizzari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liv_Philip" title="Liv Philip">Liv Philip</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Annelie_Pompe" title="Annelie Pompe">Annelie Pompe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stig_Severinsen" title="Stig Severinsen">Stig Severinsen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tom_Sietas" title="Tom Sietas">Tom Sietas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aharon_Solomons" title="Aharon Solomons">Aharon Solomons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_%C5%A0t%C4%9Bp%C3%A1nek_(free-diver)" class="mw-redirect" title="Martin Štěpánek (free-diver)">Martin Štěpánek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Steyn" title="Walter Steyn">Walter Steyn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tanya_Streeter" title="Tanya Streeter">Tanya Streeter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Trubridge" title="William Trubridge">William Trubridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Devrim_Cenk_Ulusoy" title="Devrim Cenk Ulusoy">Devrim Cenk Ulusoy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fatma_Uruk" title="Fatma Uruk">Fatma Uruk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Danai_Varveri" title="Danai Varveri">Danai Varveri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alessia_Zecchini" title="Alessia Zecchini">Alessia Zecchini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nataliia_Zharkova" title="Nataliia Zharkova">Nataliia Zharkova</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Hazards</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Barotrauma" title="Barotrauma">Barotrauma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drowning" title="Drowning">Drowning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freediving_blackout" title="Freediving blackout">Freediving blackout</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Deep-water_blackout" class="mw-redirect" title="Deep-water blackout">Deep-water blackout</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freediving_blackout#Terminology" title="Freediving blackout">Shallow-water blackout</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hypercapnia" title="Hypercapnia">Hypercapnia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hypothermia" title="Hypothermia">Hypothermia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Historical</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ama_(diving)" title="Ama (diving)">Ama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Octopus_wrestling" title="Octopus wrestling">Octopus wrestling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swimming_at_the_1900_Summer_Olympics_%E2%80%93_Men%27s_underwater_swimming" title="Swimming at the 1900 Summer Olympics – Men's underwater swimming">Swimming at the 1900 Summer Olympics – Men's underwater swimming</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Organisations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/AIDA_International" title="AIDA International">AIDA International</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scuba_Schools_International" title="Scuba Schools International">Scuba Schools International</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australian_Underwater_Federation" title="Australian Underwater Federation">Australian Underwater Federation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Freediving_Association" title="British Freediving Association">British Freediving Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conf%C3%A9d%C3%A9ration_Mondiale_des_Activit%C3%A9s_Subaquatiques" title="Confédération Mondiale des Activités Subaquatiques">Confédération Mondiale des Activités Subaquatiques</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/F%C3%A9d%C3%A9ration_Fran%C3%A7aise_d%27%C3%89tudes_et_de_Sports_Sous-Marins" title="Fédération Française d'Études et de Sports Sous-Marins">Fédération Française d'Études et de Sports Sous-Marins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Performance_Freediving_International" title="Performance Freediving International">Performance Freediving International</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Professional_diving" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Professional_diving" title="Professional diving">Professional diving</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Occupations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ama_(diving)" title="Ama (diving)">Ama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commercial_diver" class="mw-redirect" title="Commercial diver">Commercial diver</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Commercial_offshore_diver" class="mw-redirect" title="Commercial offshore diver">Commercial offshore diver</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hazmat_diver" class="mw-redirect" title="Hazmat diver">Hazmat diver</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Divemaster" title="Divemaster">Divemaster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diving_instructor" title="Diving instructor">Diving instructor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diving_safety_officer" title="Diving safety officer">Diving safety officer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diving_superintendent" class="mw-redirect" title="Diving superintendent">Diving superintendent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diving_supervisor" title="Diving supervisor">Diving supervisor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haenyeo" title="Haenyeo">Haenyeo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_diver" class="mw-redirect" title="Media diver">Media diver</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Police_diver" class="mw-redirect" title="Police diver">Police diver</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_safety_diver" class="mw-redirect" title="Public safety diver">Public safety diver</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scientific_diver" class="mw-redirect" title="Scientific diver">Scientific diver</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Underwater_archaeologist" class="mw-redirect" title="Underwater archaeologist">Underwater archaeologist</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Militarydiving" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Military_diving" title="Military diving">Military<br />diving</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Army_engineer_diver" title="Army engineer diver">Army engineer diver</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_Armed_Forces_Divers" title="Canadian Armed Forces Divers">Canadian Armed Forces Divers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clearance_diver" title="Clearance diver">Clearance diver</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frogman" title="Frogman">Frogman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minentaucher" title="Minentaucher">Minentaucher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Navy_ships_diver" title="Royal Navy ships diver">Royal Navy ships diver</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_military_divers" title="United States military divers">United States military divers</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Navy_diver_(United_States_Navy)" title="Navy diver (United States Navy)">U.S. Navy diver</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Master_diver_(United_States_Navy)" title="Master diver (United States Navy)">U.S.Navy master diver</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Militarydivingunits" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_military_diving_units" title="List of military diving units">Military<br />diving<br />units</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Clearance_Diving_Branch_(RAN)" title="Clearance Diving Branch (RAN)">Clearance Diving Branch (RAN)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commando_Hubert" class="mw-redirect" title="Commando Hubert">Commando Hubert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lithuanian_Special_Operations_Force" title="Lithuanian Special Operations Force">Combat Divers Service (Lithuania)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comando_Raggruppamento_Subacquei_e_Incursori_Teseo_Tesei" title="Comando Raggruppamento Subacquei e Incursori Teseo Tesei">Comando Raggruppamento Subacquei e Incursori Teseo Tesei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Decima_Flottiglia_MAS" title="Decima Flottiglia MAS">Decima Flottiglia MAS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frogman_Corps_(Denmark)" title="Frogman Corps (Denmark)">Frogman Corps (Denmark)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fuerzas_Especiales" title="Fuerzas Especiales">Fuerzas Especiales</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fukuryu" title="Fukuryu">Fukuryu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GRUMEC" title="GRUMEC">GRUMEC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grup_Gerak_Khas" class="mw-redirect" title="Grup Gerak Khas">Grup Gerak Khas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jagdkommando" title="Jagdkommando">Jagdkommando</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/JW_Formoza" class="mw-redirect" title="JW Formoza">JW Formoza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/JW_GROM" class="mw-redirect" title="JW GROM">JW GROM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/JW_Komandos%C3%B3w" class="mw-redirect" title="JW Komandosów">JW Komandosów</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kommando_Spezialkr%C3%A4fte_Marine" title="Kommando Spezialkräfte Marine">Kommando Spezialkräfte Marine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/KOPASKA" title="KOPASKA">KOPASKA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MARCOS" title="MARCOS">MARCOS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marine_Commandos" title="Marine Commandos">Marine Commandos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marinejegerkommandoen" title="Marinejegerkommandoen">Marinejegerkommandoen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marine_Raider_Regiment" title="Marine Raider Regiment">Marine Raider Regiment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minedykkerkommandoen" title="Minedykkerkommandoen">Minedykkerkommandoen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Namibian_Marine_Corps#Operational_Diving_Unit" title="Namibian Marine Corps">Namibian Marine Corps Operational Diving Unit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naval_Diving_Unit_(Singapore)" title="Naval Diving Unit (Singapore)">Naval Diving Unit (Singapore)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naval_Service_Diving_Section" title="Naval Service Diving Section">Naval Service Diving Section</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naval_Special_Operations_Command" title="Naval Special Operations Command">Naval Special Operations Command</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operational_Diving_Division_(SA_Navy)" title="Operational Diving Division (SA Navy)">Operational Diving Division (SA Navy)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Engineers" title="Royal Engineers">Royal Engineers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_commando_frogmen" title="Russian commando frogmen">Russian commando frogmen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sappers_Divers_Group" title="Sappers Divers Group">Sappers Divers Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shayetet_13" title="Shayetet 13">Shayetet 13</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Special_Air_Service" title="Special Air Service">Special Air Service</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Special_Air_Service_Regiment" title="Special Air Service Regiment">Special Air Service Regiment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Special_Actions_Detachment" title="Special Actions Detachment">Special Actions Detachment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Special_Boat_Service" title="Special Boat Service">Special Boat Service</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Special_Boat_Squadron_(Sri_Lanka)" title="Special Boat Squadron (Sri Lanka)">Special Boat Squadron (Sri Lanka)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Special_Forces_Command_(Turkey)" title="Special Forces Command (Turkey)">Special Forces Command (Turkey)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Special_Forces_Group_(Belgium)" title="Special Forces Group (Belgium)">Special Forces Group (Belgium)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Special_Operations_Battalion_(Croatia)" title="Special Operations Battalion (Croatia)">Special Operations Battalion (Croatia)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Special_Service_Group_(Navy)" title="Special Service Group (Navy)">Special Service Group (Navy)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Special_Warfare_Diving_and_Salvage" title="Special Warfare Diving and Salvage">Special Warfare Diving and Salvage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tactical_Divers_Group" title="Tactical Divers Group">Tactical Divers Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Marine_Corps_Force_Reconnaissance" title="United States Marine Corps Force Reconnaissance">US Marine Corps Force Reconnaissance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Marine_Corps_Reconnaissance_Battalions" title="United States Marine Corps Reconnaissance Battalions">US Marine Corps Reconnaissance Battalions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Navy_SEALs" title="United States Navy SEALs">US Navy SEALs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Underwater_Construction_Teams" title="Underwater Construction Teams">Underwater Construction Teams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Underwater_Demolition_Command" title="Underwater Demolition Command">Underwater Demolition Command</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Underwater_Demolition_Team" title="Underwater Demolition Team">Underwater Demolition Team</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Underwater_Offence_(Turkish_Armed_Forces)" title="Underwater Offence (Turkish Armed Forces)">Underwater Offence (Turkish Armed Forces)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UNGERIN" title="UNGERIN">UNGERIN</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Underwater_work" title="Underwater work">Underwater<br />work</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Commercial_offshore_diving" title="Commercial offshore diving">Commercial offshore diving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dive_leader" title="Dive leader">Dive leader</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diver_training" title="Diver training">Diver training</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Recreational_diver_training" title="Recreational diver training">Recreational diver training</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hazmat_diving" title="Hazmat diving">Hazmat diving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hyperbaric_welding" title="Hyperbaric welding">Hyperbaric welding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marine_construction" title="Marine construction">Marine construction</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Offshore_construction" title="Offshore construction">Offshore construction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Underwater_construction" title="Underwater construction">Underwater construction</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_diving" title="Media diving">Media diving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pearl_hunting" title="Pearl hunting">Pearl hunting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Police_diving" title="Police diving">Police diving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Potable_water_diving" title="Potable water diving">Potable water diving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_safety_diving" title="Public safety diving">Public safety diving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scientific_diving" title="Scientific diving">Scientific diving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ships_husbandry" title="Ships husbandry">Ships husbandry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sponge_diving" title="Sponge diving">Sponge diving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Submarine_pipeline" title="Submarine pipeline">Submarine pipeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Underwater_archaeology" title="Underwater archaeology">Underwater archaeology</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Archaeology_of_shipwrecks" title="Archaeology of shipwrecks">Archaeology of shipwrecks</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Underwater_cutting_and_welding" title="Underwater cutting and welding">Underwater cutting and welding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Underwater_demolition" title="Underwater demolition">Underwater demolition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Underwater_inspection" class="mw-redirect" title="Underwater inspection">Underwater inspection</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nondestructive_testing" title="Nondestructive testing">Nondestructive testing</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Underwater_logging" title="Underwater logging">Underwater logging</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Underwater_photography" title="Underwater photography">Underwater photography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Underwater_search_and_recovery" title="Underwater search and recovery">Underwater search and recovery</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Underwater_searches" title="Underwater searches">Underwater searches</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Underwater_videography" title="Underwater videography">Underwater videography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Underwater_survey" title="Underwater survey">Underwater survey</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Salvage_diving" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Salvage_diving" title="Salvage diving">Salvage diving</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/SS_Egypt" title="SS Egypt">SS <i>Egypt</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kronan_(ship)" title="Kronan (ship)"><i>Kronan</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/La_Belle_(ship)" title="La Belle (ship)"><i>La Belle</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SS_Laurentic_(1908)" title="SS Laurentic (1908)">SS <i>Laurentic</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RMS_Lusitania" title="RMS Lusitania">RMS <i>Lusitania</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swedish_warship_Mars" title="Swedish warship Mars"><i>Mars</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Rose" title="Mary Rose"><i>Mary Rose</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/USS_Monitor" title="USS Monitor">USS <i>Monitor</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HMS_Royal_George_(1756)" title="HMS Royal George (1756)">HMS <i>Royal George</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vasa_(ship)" title="Vasa (ship)"><i>Vasa</i></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Diving_contractor" class="mw-redirect" title="Diving contractor">Diving<br />contractors</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Compagnie_maritime_d%27expertises" title="Compagnie maritime d'expertises">COMEX</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helix_Energy_Solutions_Group" title="Helix Energy Solutions Group">Helix Energy Solutions Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Marine_Contractors_Association" title="International Marine Contractors Association">International Marine Contractors Association</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Tools and<br />equipment</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abrasive_waterjet" class="mw-redirect" title="Abrasive waterjet">Abrasive waterjet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Airlift_(dredging_device)" title="Airlift (dredging device)">Airlift</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baited_remote_underwater_video" title="Baited remote underwater video">Baited remote underwater video</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/In-water_surface_cleaning" title="In-water surface cleaning">In-water surface cleaning</a> <ul><li>Brush cart</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cavitation_cleaning&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cavitation cleaning (page does not exist)">Cavitation cleaning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pressure_washing" title="Pressure washing">Pressure washing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pigging" title="Pigging">Pigging</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hot_stab" title="Hot stab">Hot stab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lifting_bag" title="Lifting bag">Lifting bag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Remotely_operated_underwater_vehicle" title="Remotely operated underwater vehicle">Remotely operated underwater vehicle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thermal_lance" title="Thermal lance">Thermal lance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tremie" title="Tremie">Tremie</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Water_jetting&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Water jetting (page does not exist)">Water jetting</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Underwater<br />weapons</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Limpet_mine" title="Limpet mine">Limpet mine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Speargun" title="Speargun">Speargun</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hawaiian_sling" title="Hawaiian sling">Hawaiian sling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polespear" title="Polespear">Polespear</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Underwaterfirearm" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Underwater_firearm" title="Underwater firearm">Underwater<br />firearm</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gyrojet" title="Gyrojet">Gyrojet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mk_1_Underwater_Defense_Gun" title="Mk 1 Underwater Defense Gun">Mk 1 Underwater Defense Gun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Powerhead_(firearm)" title="Powerhead (firearm)">Powerhead</a></li> <li>Underwater pistols <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Heckler_%26_Koch_P11" title="Heckler & Koch P11">Heckler & Koch P11</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SPP-1_underwater_pistol" title="SPP-1 underwater pistol">SPP-1 underwater pistol</a></li></ul></li> <li>Underwater revolvers <ul><li><a href="/wiki/AAI_underwater_revolver" title="AAI underwater revolver">AAI underwater revolver</a></li></ul></li> <li>Underwater rifles <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ADS_amphibious_rifle" title="ADS amphibious rifle">ADS amphibious rifle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/APS_underwater_rifle" title="APS underwater rifle">APS underwater rifle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ASM-DT_amphibious_rifle" title="ASM-DT amphibious rifle">ASM-DT amphibious rifle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/QBS-06" title="QBS-06">QBS-06</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Recreational_diving" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Recreational_diving" title="Recreational diving">Recreational diving</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Recreational_dive_sites" title="Recreational dive sites">Recreational dive sites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Index_of_recreational_dive_sites" title="Index of recreational dive sites">Index of recreational dive sites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_wreck_diving_sites" title="List of wreck diving sites">List of wreck diving sites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_recreational_dive_sites" title="Outline of recreational dive sites">Outline of recreational dive sites</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Specialties</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Altitude_diving" title="Altitude diving">Altitude diving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cave_diving" title="Cave diving">Cave diving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deep_diving" title="Deep diving">Deep diving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ice_diving" title="Ice diving">Ice diving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muck_diving" title="Muck diving">Muck diving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open-water_diving" title="Open-water diving">Open-water diving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rebreather_diving" title="Rebreather diving">Rebreather diving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sidemount_diving" title="Sidemount diving">Sidemount diving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solo_diving" title="Solo diving">Solo diving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Technical_diving" title="Technical diving">Technical diving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Underwater_photography" title="Underwater photography">Underwater photography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wreck_diving" title="Wreck diving">Wreck diving</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Diver_organisations" title="Diver organisations">Diver<br />organisations</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/British_Sub-Aqua_Club" title="British Sub-Aqua Club">British Sub-Aqua Club</a> (BSAC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cave_Divers_Association_of_Australia" title="Cave Divers Association of Australia">Cave Divers Association of Australia</a> (CDAA)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cave_Diving_Group" title="Cave Diving Group">Cave Diving Group</a> (CDG)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comhairle_Fo-Thuinn" title="Comhairle Fo-Thuinn">Comhairle Fo-Thuinn</a> (CFT)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conf%C3%A9d%C3%A9ration_Mondiale_des_Activit%C3%A9s_Subaquatiques" title="Confédération Mondiale des Activités Subaquatiques">Confédération Mondiale des Activités Subaquatiques</a> (CMAS)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federaci%C3%B3n_Espa%C3%B1ola_de_Actividades_Subacu%C3%A1ticas" title="Federación Española de Actividades Subacuáticas">Federación Española de Actividades Subacuáticas</a> (FEDAS)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/F%C3%A9d%C3%A9ration_Fran%C3%A7aise_d%27%C3%89tudes_et_de_Sports_Sous-Marins" title="Fédération Française d'Études et de Sports Sous-Marins">Fédération Française d'Études et de Sports Sous-Marins</a> (FFESSM)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Association_for_Handicapped_Divers" title="International Association for Handicapped Divers">International Association for Handicapped Divers</a> (IAHD)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quintana_Roo_Speleological_Survey" title="Quintana Roo Speleological Survey">Quintana Roo Speleological Survey</a> (QRSS)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Woodville_Karst_Plain_Project" title="Woodville Karst Plain Project">Woodville Karst Plain Project</a> (WKPP)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Diving tourism<br />industry</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dive_center" title="Dive center">Dive center</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diving_in_East_Timor" title="Diving in East Timor">Diving in East Timor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diving_in_the_Maldives" title="Diving in the Maldives">Diving in the Maldives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_impact_of_recreational_diving" title="Environmental impact of recreational diving">Environmental impact of recreational diving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scuba_diving_tourism" title="Scuba diving tourism">Scuba diving tourism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scuba_diving_in_the_Cayman_Islands" title="Scuba diving in the Cayman Islands">Scuba diving in the Cayman Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shark_tourism" title="Shark tourism">Shark tourism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sinking_ships_for_wreck_diving_sites" title="Sinking ships for wreck diving sites">Sinking ships for wreck diving sites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Underwater_diving_on_Guam" class="mw-redirect" title="Underwater diving on Guam">Underwater diving on Guam</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Diving events<br />and festivals</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Diversnight" title="Diversnight">Diversnight</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Underwater_Bike_Race" title="Underwater Bike Race">Underwater Bike Race</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Diving_safety" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Diving_safety" title="Diving safety">Diving safety</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Human_factors_in_diving_equipment_design" title="Human factors in diving equipment design">Human factors in diving equipment design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_factors_in_diving_safety" title="Human factors in diving safety">Human factors in diving safety</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Life-support_system" title="Life-support system">Life-support system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Safety-critical_system" title="Safety-critical system">Safety-critical system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scuba_diving_fatalities" title="Scuba diving fatalities">Scuba diving fatalities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Underwater_diving_emergency" title="Underwater diving emergency">Underwater diving emergency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_safety" title="Water safety">Water safety</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_surface_searches" title="Water surface searches">Water surface searches</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Diving_hazards" title="Diving hazards">Diving<br />hazards</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_diving_hazards_and_precautions" title="List of diving hazards and precautions">List of diving hazards and precautions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hazards_of_the_diving_environment" class="mw-redirect" title="Hazards of the diving environment">Environmental</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ocean_current" title="Ocean current">Current</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delta-P_(hazard)" class="mw-redirect" title="Delta-P (hazard)">Delta-P</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Entanglement_(hazard)" class="mw-redirect" title="Entanglement (hazard)">Entanglement hazard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Penetration_diving" title="Penetration diving">Overhead</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silt_out" title="Silt out">Silt out</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wave_action" class="mw-redirect" title="Wave action">Wave action</a></li></ul></li> <li>Equipment <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Freeflow" title="Freeflow">Freeflow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_diving_hazards_and_precautions#Use_of_breathing_equipment_in_an_underwater_environment" title="List of diving hazards and precautions">Use of breathing equipment in an underwater environment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_diving_hazards_and_precautions#Failure_of_diving_equipment_other_than_breathing_apparatus" title="List of diving hazards and precautions">Failure of diving equipment other than breathing apparatus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Single_point_of_failure" title="Single point of failure">Single point of failure</a></li></ul></li> <li>Physiological <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cold_shock_response" title="Cold shock response">Cold shock response</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Decompression_(diving)" title="Decompression (diving)">Decompression</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nitrogen_narcosis" title="Nitrogen narcosis">Nitrogen narcosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oxygen_toxicity" title="Oxygen toxicity">Oxygen toxicity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seasickness" class="mw-redirect" title="Seasickness">Seasickness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uncontrolled_decompression" title="Uncontrolled decompression">Uncontrolled decompression</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_diving_hazards_and_precautions#Diver_behaviour_and_competence" title="List of diving hazards and precautions">Diver behaviour and competence</a> <ul><li>Lack of <a href="/wiki/Competence_(human_resources)" title="Competence (human resources)">competence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Overconfidence_effect" title="Overconfidence effect">Overconfidence effect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panic" title="Panic">Panic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Task_loading" title="Task loading">Task loading</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anxiety#Trait" title="Anxiety">Trait anxiety</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Willful_violation" title="Willful violation">Willful violation</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Consequences" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Consequences</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Barotrauma" title="Barotrauma">Barotrauma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Decompression_sickness" title="Decompression sickness">Decompression sickness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drowning" title="Drowning">Drowning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hypothermia" title="Hypothermia">Hypothermia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hypoxia_(medical)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hypoxia (medical)">Hypoxia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hypercapnia" title="Hypercapnia">Hypercapnia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hyperthermia" title="Hyperthermia">Hyperthermia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-freezing_cold_injury" title="Non-freezing cold injury">Non-freezing cold injury</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Diving_procedures" title="Diving procedures">Diving<br />procedures</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ascending_and_descending_(diving)" title="Ascending and descending (diving)">Ascending and descending</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Emergency_ascent" title="Emergency ascent">Emergency ascent</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boat_diving" class="mw-redirect" title="Boat diving">Boat diving</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Canoe_and_kayak_diving" title="Canoe and kayak diving">Canoe and kayak diving</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddy_diving" title="Buddy diving">Buddy diving</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buddy_check" title="Buddy check">buddy check</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Decompression_(diving)" title="Decompression (diving)">Decompression</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Decompression_practice" title="Decompression practice">Decompression practice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pyle_stop" title="Pyle stop">Pyle stop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ratio_decompression" title="Ratio decompression">Ratio decompression</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dive_briefing" title="Dive briefing">Dive briefing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dive_log" title="Dive log">Dive log</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dive_planning" title="Dive planning">Dive planning</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rule_of_thirds_(diving)" title="Rule of thirds (diving)">Rule of thirds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scuba_gas_planning" title="Scuba gas planning">Scuba gas planning</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diver_communications" title="Diver communications">Diver communications</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diver_rescue" title="Diver rescue">Diver rescue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diver_training" title="Diver training">Diver training</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doing_It_Right_(scuba_diving)" title="Doing It Right (scuba diving)">Doing It Right</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drift_diving" title="Drift diving">Drift diving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gas_blending_for_scuba_diving" title="Gas blending for scuba diving">Gas blending for scuba diving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Night_diving" title="Night diving">Night diving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rebreather_diving" title="Rebreather diving">Rebreather diving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scuba_gas_management" title="Scuba gas management">Scuba gas management</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solo_diving" title="Solo diving">Solo diving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wall_diving" title="Wall diving">Wall diving</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Risk_management" title="Risk management">Risk<br />management</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Checklist" title="Checklist">Checklist</a></li> <li>Hazard identification and risk assessment <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hazard_analysis" title="Hazard analysis">Hazard analysis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Job_safety_analysis" title="Job safety analysis">Job safety analysis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Risk_assessment" title="Risk assessment">Risk assessment</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hyperbaric_evacuation_and_rescue" title="Hyperbaric evacuation and rescue">Hyperbaric evacuation and rescue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Risk_control" title="Risk control">Risk control</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hierarchy_of_hazard_controls" title="Hierarchy of hazard controls">Hierarchy of hazard controls</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Incident_pit" title="Incident pit">Incident pit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lockout%E2%80%93tagout" title="Lockout–tagout">Lockout–tagout</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Permit_To_Work" class="mw-redirect" title="Permit To Work">Permit To Work</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Redundancy_(engineering)" title="Redundancy (engineering)">Redundancy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Safety_data_sheet" title="Safety data sheet">Safety data sheet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Situation_awareness" title="Situation awareness">Situation awareness</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Diving_team" title="Diving team">Diving team</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bellman_(diving)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bellman (diving)">Bellman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chamber_operator" class="mw-redirect" title="Chamber operator">Chamber operator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diver_medical_technician" class="mw-redirect" title="Diver medical technician">Diver medical technician</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diver%27s_attendant" class="mw-redirect" title="Diver's attendant">Diver's attendant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diving_supervisor" title="Diving supervisor">Diving supervisor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diving_systems_technician" class="mw-redirect" title="Diving systems technician">Diving systems technician</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gas_man" class="mw-redirect" title="Gas man">Gas man</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Life_support_technician" class="mw-redirect" title="Life support technician">Life support technician</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stand-by_diver" class="mw-redirect" title="Stand-by diver">Stand-by diver</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Equipment<br />safety</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Breathing_gas_quality" class="mw-redirect" title="Breathing gas quality">Breathing gas quality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Testing_and_inspection_of_diving_cylinders" title="Testing and inspection of diving cylinders">Testing and inspection of diving cylinders</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hydrostatic_test" title="Hydrostatic test">Hydrostatic test</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustained_load_cracking" title="Sustained load cracking">Sustained load cracking</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diving_regulator" title="Diving regulator">Diving regulator</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Breathing_performance_of_regulators" title="Breathing performance of regulators">Breathing performance of regulators</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Occupational_safety_and_health" title="Occupational safety and health">Occupational<br />safety and<br />health</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Association_of_Diving_Contractors_International" title="Association of Diving Contractors International">Association of Diving Contractors International</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Marine_Contractors_Association" title="International Marine Contractors Association">International Marine Contractors Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Code_of_practice" title="Code of practice">Code of practice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contingency_plan" title="Contingency plan">Contingency plan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diving_regulations" title="Diving regulations">Diving regulations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emergency_response_plan" class="mw-redirect" title="Emergency response plan">Emergency response plan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diving_safety_officer" title="Diving safety officer">Diving safety officer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diving_superintendent" class="mw-redirect" title="Diving superintendent">Diving superintendent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diving_supervisor" title="Diving supervisor">Diving supervisor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operations_manual" title="Operations manual">Operations manual</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Standard_operating_procedure" title="Standard operating procedure">Standard operating procedure</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Diving_medicine" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Diving_medicine" title="Diving medicine">Diving medicine</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Diving_disorders" title="Diving disorders">Diving<br />disorders</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_signs_and_symptoms_of_diving_disorders" title="List of signs and symptoms of diving disorders">List of signs and symptoms of diving disorders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cramp" title="Cramp">Cramp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Motion_sickness" title="Motion sickness">Motion sickness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surfer%27s_ear" title="Surfer's ear">Surfer's ear</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Pressure<br />related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alternobaric_vertigo" title="Alternobaric vertigo">Alternobaric vertigo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barostriction" class="mw-redirect" title="Barostriction">Barostriction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barotrauma" title="Barotrauma">Barotrauma</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Air_embolism" title="Air embolism">Air embolism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aerosinusitis" title="Aerosinusitis">Aerosinusitis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barodontalgia" title="Barodontalgia">Barodontalgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dental_barotrauma" class="mw-redirect" title="Dental barotrauma">Dental barotrauma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middle_ear_barotrauma" title="Middle ear barotrauma">Middle ear barotrauma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pulmonary_barotrauma" class="mw-redirect" title="Pulmonary barotrauma">Pulmonary barotrauma</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Compression_arthralgia" title="Compression arthralgia">Compression arthralgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Decompression_illness" title="Decompression illness">Decompression illness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dysbarism" title="Dysbarism">Dysbarism</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Oxygen</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Freediving_blackout" title="Freediving blackout">Freediving blackout</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hyperoxia" title="Hyperoxia">Hyperoxia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hypoxia_(medical)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hypoxia (medical)">Hypoxia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oxygen_toxicity" title="Oxygen toxicity">Oxygen toxicity</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Inert gases</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Avascular_necrosis" title="Avascular necrosis">Avascular necrosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Decompression_sickness" title="Decompression sickness">Decompression sickness</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dysbaric_osteonecrosis" title="Dysbaric osteonecrosis">Dysbaric osteonecrosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inner_ear_decompression_sickness" title="Inner ear decompression sickness">Inner ear decompression sickness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isobaric_counterdiffusion" title="Isobaric counterdiffusion">Isobaric counterdiffusion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taravana" title="Taravana">Taravana</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High-pressure_nervous_syndrome" title="High-pressure nervous syndrome">High-pressure nervous syndrome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydrogen_narcosis" title="Hydrogen narcosis">Hydrogen narcosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nitrogen_narcosis" title="Nitrogen narcosis">Nitrogen narcosis</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Carbon dioxide</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hypercapnia" title="Hypercapnia">Hypercapnia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hypocapnia" title="Hypocapnia">Hypocapnia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Breathing gas<br />contaminants</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Carbon_monoxide_poisoning" title="Carbon monoxide poisoning">Carbon monoxide poisoning</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Immersion<br />related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Asphyxia" title="Asphyxia">Asphyxia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drowning" title="Drowning">Drowning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hypothermia" title="Hypothermia">Hypothermia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immersion_diuresis" class="mw-redirect" title="Immersion diuresis">Immersion diuresis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Instinctive_drowning_response" title="Instinctive drowning response">Instinctive drowning response</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laryngospasm" title="Laryngospasm">Laryngospasm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salt_water_aspiration_syndrome" title="Salt water aspiration syndrome">Salt water aspiration syndrome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swimming-induced_pulmonary_edema" title="Swimming-induced pulmonary edema">Swimming-induced pulmonary edema</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Treatment</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Demand_valve_oxygen_therapy" title="Demand valve oxygen therapy">Demand valve oxygen therapy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_aid" title="First aid">First aid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hyperbaric_medicine" title="Hyperbaric medicine">Hyperbaric medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hyperbaric_treatment_schedules" title="Hyperbaric treatment schedules">Hyperbaric treatment schedules</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/In-water_recompression" title="In-water recompression">In-water recompression</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oxygen_therapy" title="Oxygen therapy">Oxygen therapy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Therapeutic_recompression" class="mw-redirect" title="Therapeutic recompression">Therapeutic recompression</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Personnel</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Diving_Medical_Examiner" class="mw-redirect" title="Diving Medical Examiner">Diving Medical Examiner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diving_Medical_Practitioner" class="mw-redirect" title="Diving Medical Practitioner">Diving Medical Practitioner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diving_Medical_Technician" class="mw-redirect" title="Diving Medical Technician">Diving Medical Technician</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hyperbaric_nursing" title="Hyperbaric nursing">Hyperbaric nursing</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Screening</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Atrial_septal_defect" title="Atrial septal defect">Atrial septal defect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Effects_of_drugs_on_fitness_to_dive" class="mw-redirect" title="Effects of drugs on fitness to dive">Effects of drugs on fitness to dive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fitness_to_dive" title="Fitness to dive">Fitness to dive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychological_fitness_to_dive" class="mw-redirect" title="Psychological fitness to dive">Psychological fitness to dive</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Research</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_researchers_in_diving_physiology_and_medicine" class="mw-redirect" title="List of researchers in diving physiology and medicine">Researchers in<br />diving physiology<br />and medicine</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_J._Bachrach" title="Arthur J. Bachrach">Arthur J. Bachrach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albert_R._Behnke" title="Albert R. Behnke">Albert R. Behnke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_B._Bennett" title="Peter B. Bennett">Peter B. Bennett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Bert" title="Paul Bert">Paul Bert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_F._Bond" title="George F. Bond">George F. Bond</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Boyle" title="Robert Boyle">Robert Boyle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alf_O._Brubakk" title="Alf O. Brubakk">Alf O. Brubakk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albert_A._B%C3%BChlmann" title="Albert A. Bühlmann">Albert A. Bühlmann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_R._Clarke_(scientist)" title="John R. Clarke (scientist)">John R. Clarke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guybon_Chesney_Castell_Damant" title="Guybon Chesney Castell Damant">Guybon Chesney Castell Damant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kenneth_William_Donald" title="Kenneth William Donald">Kenneth William Donald</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Paul_Fife" title="William Paul Fife">William Paul Fife</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Scott_Haldane" title="John Scott Haldane">John Scott Haldane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_William_Hamilton_Jr." title="Robert William Hamilton Jr.">Robert William Hamilton Jr.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Valence_Hempleman" title="Henry Valence Hempleman">Henry Valence Hempleman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leonard_Erskine_Hill" class="mw-redirect" title="Leonard Erskine Hill">Leonard Erskine Hill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brian_Andrew_Hills" title="Brian Andrew Hills">Brian Andrew Hills</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Felix_Hoppe-Seyler" title="Felix Hoppe-Seyler">Felix Hoppe-Seyler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_J._Lambertsen" title="Christian J. Lambertsen">Christian J. Lambertsen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simon_Mitchell" title="Simon Mitchell">Simon Mitchell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Momsen" title="Charles Momsen">Charles Momsen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neal_W._Pollock" title="Neal W. Pollock">Neal W. Pollock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Rawlins_(Royal_Navy_officer)" title="John Rawlins (Royal Navy officer)">John Rawlins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Wesley_Shilling" title="Charles Wesley Shilling">Charles Wesley Shilling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_D._Thalmann" title="Edward D. Thalmann">Edward D. Thalmann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacques_Triger" title="Jacques Triger">Jacques Triger</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Diving medical<br />research<br />organisations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aerospace_Medical_Association" title="Aerospace Medical Association">Aerospace Medical Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Divers_Alert_Network" title="Divers Alert Network">Divers Alert Network</a> (DAN)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diving_Diseases_Research_Centre" class="mw-redirect" title="Diving Diseases Research Centre">Diving Diseases Research Centre</a> (DDRC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diving_Medical_Advisory_Council" title="Diving Medical Advisory Council">Diving Medical Advisory Council</a> (DMAC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Diving_Technology_Committee" title="European Diving Technology Committee">European Diving Technology Committee</a> (EDTC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Underwater_and_Baromedical_Society" title="European Underwater and Baromedical Society">European Underwater and Baromedical Society</a> (EUBS)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Board_of_Diving_and_Hyperbaric_Medical_Technology" title="National Board of Diving and Hyperbaric Medical Technology">National Board of Diving and Hyperbaric Medical Technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naval_Submarine_Medical_Research_Laboratory" title="Naval Submarine Medical Research Laboratory">Naval Submarine Medical Research Laboratory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Australian_Navy_School_of_Underwater_Medicine" title="Royal Australian Navy School of Underwater Medicine">Royal Australian Navy School of Underwater Medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rubicon_Foundation" title="Rubicon Foundation">Rubicon Foundation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Pacific_Underwater_Medicine_Society" title="South Pacific Underwater Medicine Society">South Pacific Underwater Medicine Society</a> (SPUMS)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_African_Underwater_and_Hyperbaric_Medical_Association" title="Southern African Underwater and Hyperbaric Medical Association">Southern African Underwater and Hyperbaric Medical Association</a> (SAUHMA)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Undersea_and_Hyperbaric_Medical_Society" title="Undersea and Hyperbaric Medical Society">Undersea and Hyperbaric Medical Society</a> (UHMS)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Navy_Experimental_Diving_Unit" title="United States Navy Experimental Diving Unit">United States Navy Experimental Diving Unit</a> (NEDU)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Law" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Law</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Civil_liability_in_recreational_diving" title="Civil liability in recreational diving">Civil liability in recreational diving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diving_regulations" title="Diving regulations">Diving regulations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duty_of_care" title="Duty of care">Duty of care</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_legislation_regulating_underwater_diving" title="List of legislation regulating underwater diving">List of legislation regulating underwater diving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Investigation_of_diving_accidents" title="Investigation of diving accidents">Investigation of diving accidents</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Convention_on_the_Protection_of_the_Underwater_Cultural_Heritage" title="Convention on the Protection of the Underwater Cultural Heritage">Convention on the Protection of the Underwater Cultural Heritage</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="History_of_underwater_diving" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/History_of_underwater_diving" title="History of underwater diving">History of underwater diving</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_decompression_research_and_development" title="History of decompression research and development">History of decompression research and development</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Diving_Museum" title="History of Diving Museum">History of Diving Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_scuba_diving" title="History of scuba diving">History of scuba diving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_researchers_in_underwater_diving" title="List of researchers in underwater diving">List of researchers in underwater diving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lyons_Maritime_Museum" title="Lyons Maritime Museum">Lyons Maritime Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Man_in_the_Sea_Museum" title="Man in the Sea Museum">Man in the Sea Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_diving_technology" title="Timeline of diving technology">Timeline of diving technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pearling_in_Western_Australia" title="Pearling in Western Australia">Pearling in Western Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/US_Navy_decompression_models_and_tables" title="US Navy decompression models and tables">US Navy decompression models and tables</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Archeological<br />sites</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/SS_Commodore" title="SS Commodore">SS <i>Commodore</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/USS_Monitor" title="USS Monitor">USS <i>Monitor</i></a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Queen_Anne%27s_Revenge" title="Queen Anne's Revenge">Queen Anne's Revenge</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Whydah_Gally" title="Whydah Gally">Whydah Gally</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Underwater art<br />and artists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Diver" title="The Diver">The Diver</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jason_deCaires_Taylor" title="Jason deCaires Taylor">Jason deCaires Taylor</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Engineers<br />and inventors</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jer%C3%B3nimo_de_Ayanz_y_Beaumont" title="Jerónimo de Ayanz y Beaumont">Jerónimo de Ayanz y Beaumont</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Beebe" title="William Beebe">William Beebe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georges_Beuchat" title="Georges Beuchat">Georges Beuchat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giovanni_Alfonso_Borelli" title="Giovanni Alfonso Borelli">Giovanni Alfonso Borelli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph-Martin_Cabirol" title="Joseph-Martin Cabirol">Joseph-Martin Cabirol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_R._Clarke_(scientist)" title="John R. Clarke (scientist)">John R. Clarke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacques_Cousteau" title="Jacques Cousteau">Jacques Cousteau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Anthony_Deane" title="Charles Anthony Deane">Charles Anthony Deane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Deane_(inventor)" title="John Deane (inventor)">John Deane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_de_Corlieu" title="Louis de Corlieu">Louis de Corlieu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Auguste_Denayrouze" title="Auguste Denayrouze">Auguste Denayrouze</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ted_Eldred" title="Ted Eldred">Ted Eldred</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Fleuss" title="Henry Fleuss">Henry Fleuss</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89mile_Gagnan" title="Émile Gagnan">Émile Gagnan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Heinrich_Klingert" title="Karl Heinrich Klingert">Karl Heinrich Klingert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Kreeft_(diver)" title="Peter Kreeft (diver)">Peter Kreeft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_J._Lambertsen" title="Christian J. Lambertsen">Christian J. Lambertsen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yves_Le_Prieur" title="Yves Le Prieur">Yves Le Prieur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Lethbridge" title="John Lethbridge">John Lethbridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernest_William_Moir" title="Ernest William Moir">Ernest William Moir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Salim_Peress" title="Joseph Salim Peress">Joseph Salim Peress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Auguste_Piccard" title="Auguste Piccard">Auguste Piccard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joe_Savoie" title="Joe Savoie">Joe Savoie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Willard_Franklyn_Searle" title="Willard Franklyn Searle">Willard Franklyn Searle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gordon_Smith_(inventor)" title="Gordon Smith (inventor)">Gordon Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Augustus_Siebe" title="Augustus Siebe">Augustus Siebe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre-Marie_Touboulic" title="Pierre-Marie Touboulic">Pierre-Marie Touboulic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacques_Triger" title="Jacques Triger">Jacques Triger</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Historical<br />equipment</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aqua-Lung" title="Aqua-Lung">Aqua-Lung</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RV_Calypso" title="RV Calypso">RV <i>Calypso</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SP-350_Denise" title="SP-350 Denise">SP-350 <i>Denise</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magnesium_torch" title="Magnesium torch">Magnesium torch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikonos" title="Nikonos">Nikonos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Porpoise_(scuba_gear)" title="Porpoise (scuba gear)">Porpoise regulator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Standard_diving_dress" title="Standard diving dress">Standard diving dress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sub_Marine_Explorer" title="Sub Marine Explorer">Sub Marine Explorer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vintage_scuba" title="Vintage scuba">Vintage scuba</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Diverpropulsionvehicles" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Diver_propulsion_vehicle" title="Diver propulsion vehicle">Diver<br />propulsion<br />vehicles</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Advanced_SEAL_Delivery_System" title="Advanced SEAL Delivery System">Advanced SEAL Delivery System</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cosmos_CE2F_series" title="Cosmos CE2F series">Cosmos CE2F series</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dry_Combat_Submersible" title="Dry Combat Submersible">Dry Combat Submersible</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_torpedo" title="Human torpedo">Human torpedo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Motorised_Submersible_Canoe" title="Motorised Submersible Canoe">Motorised Submersible Canoe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Necker_Nymph" title="Necker Nymph">Necker Nymph</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R-2_Mala-class_swimmer_delivery_vehicle" title="R-2 Mala-class swimmer delivery vehicle">R-2 Mala-class swimmer delivery vehicle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SEAL_Delivery_Vehicle" title="SEAL Delivery Vehicle">SEAL Delivery Vehicle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shallow_Water_Combat_Submersible" title="Shallow Water Combat Submersible">Shallow Water Combat Submersible</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siluro_San_Bartolomeo" title="Siluro San Bartolomeo">Siluro San Bartolomeo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welfreighter" title="Welfreighter">Welfreighter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wet_Nellie" title="Wet Nellie">Wet Nellie</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Military and<br />covert operations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Raid_on_Alexandria_(1941)" title="Raid on Alexandria (1941)">Raid on Alexandria (1941)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sinking_of_the_Rainbow_Warrior" title="Sinking of the Rainbow Warrior">Sinking of the <i>Rainbow Warrior</i></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Scientific projects</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1992_cageless_shark-diving_expedition" title="1992 cageless shark-diving expedition">1992 cageless shark-diving expedition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mission_31" title="Mission 31">Mission 31</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Awards and events</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hans_Hass_Award" title="Hans Hass Award">Hans Hass Award</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Scuba_Diving_Hall_of_Fame" title="International Scuba Diving Hall of Fame">International Scuba Diving Hall of Fame</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/London_Diving_Chamber_Dive_Lectures" title="London Diving Chamber Dive Lectures">London Diving Chamber Dive Lectures</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NOGI_Awards" title="NOGI Awards">NOGI Awards</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_Divers_Hall_of_Fame" title="Women Divers Hall of Fame">Women Divers Hall of Fame</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Incidents</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Dive_boat" title="Dive boat">Dive boat</a> incidents</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sinking_of_MV_Conception" title="Sinking of MV Conception">Sinking of MV <i>Conception</i></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Diver rescues</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alpazat_cave_rescue" title="Alpazat cave rescue">Alpazat cave rescue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tham_Luang_cave_rescue" title="Tham Luang cave rescue">Tham Luang cave rescue</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Early diving</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/John_Day_(carpenter)" title="John Day (carpenter)">John Day (carpenter)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Spalding" title="Charles Spalding">Charles Spalding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ebenezer_Watson" class="mw-redirect" title="Ebenezer Watson">Ebenezer Watson</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Freediving" title="Freediving">Freediving</a> fatalities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Stephen_Keenan" title="Stephen Keenan">Stephen Keenan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lo%C3%AFc_Leferme" title="Loïc Leferme">Loïc Leferme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Audrey_Mestre" title="Audrey Mestre">Audrey Mestre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicholas_Mevoli" title="Nicholas Mevoli">Nicholas Mevoli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natalia_Molchanova" title="Natalia Molchanova">Natalia Molchanova</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Offshore_diving" class="mw-redirect" title="Offshore diving">Offshore<br />diving</a> incidents</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Byford_Dolphin#Diving_bell_accident" title="Byford Dolphin"><i>Byford Dolphin</i> diving bell accident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drill_Master_diving_accident" title="Drill Master diving accident"><i>Drill Master</i> diving accident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Star_Canopus_diving_accident" title="Star Canopus diving accident"><i>Star Canopus</i> diving accident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stena_Seaspread_diving_accident" title="Stena Seaspread diving accident"><i>Stena Seaspread</i> diving accident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venture_One_diving_accident" class="mw-redirect" title="Venture One diving accident"><i>Venture One</i> diving accident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waage_Drill_II_diving_accident" title="Waage Drill II diving accident"><i>Waage Drill II</i> diving accident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wildrake_diving_accident" title="Wildrake diving accident"><i>Wildrake</i> diving accident</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Professional_diving" title="Professional diving">Professional<br />diving</a> fatalities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Roger_Baldwin_(diver)" class="mw-redirect" title="Roger Baldwin (diver)">Roger Baldwin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Bennett_(diver)" title="John Bennett (diver)">John Bennett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victor_F._Guiel_Jr." class="mw-redirect" title="Victor F. Guiel Jr.">Victor F. Guiel Jr.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_P._Hammerberg" title="Francis P. Hammerberg">Francis P. Hammerberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Craig_M._Hoffman" class="mw-redirect" title="Craig M. Hoffman">Craig M. Hoffman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Henry_Michael_Holmes" class="mw-redirect" title="Peter Henry Michael Holmes">Peter Henry Michael Holmes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johnson_Sea_Link_accident" title="Johnson Sea Link accident">Johnson Sea Link accident</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Edwin_Clayton_Link" class="mw-redirect" title="Edwin Clayton Link">Edwin Clayton Link</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gerard_Anthony_Prangley" class="mw-redirect" title="Gerard Anthony Prangley">Gerard Anthony Prangley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Per_Skipnes" class="mw-redirect" title="Per Skipnes">Per Skipnes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_John_Smyth" class="mw-redirect" title="Robert John Smyth">Robert John Smyth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albert_D._Stover" class="mw-redirect" title="Albert D. Stover">Albert D. Stover</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_A._Walker" class="mw-redirect" title="Richard A. Walker">Richard A. Walker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lothar_Michael_Ward" class="mw-redirect" title="Lothar Michael Ward">Lothar Michael Ward</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joachim_Wendler" title="Joachim Wendler">Joachim Wendler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Death_of_Bradley_Westell" title="Death of Bradley Westell">Bradley Westell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arne_Zetterstr%C3%B6m" title="Arne Zetterström">Arne Zetterström</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Scuba_diving_fatalities" title="Scuba diving fatalities">Scuba diving<br />fatalities</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1973_Mount_Gambier_cave_diving_accident" title="1973 Mount Gambier cave diving accident">1973 Mount Gambier cave diving accident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ricardo_Armbruster" title="Ricardo Armbruster">Ricardo Armbruster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allan_Bridge" title="Allan Bridge">Allan Bridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Bright_(diver)" title="David Bright (diver)">David Bright</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berry_L._Cannon" title="Berry L. Cannon">Berry L. Cannon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cotton_Coulson" title="Cotton Coulson">Cotton Coulson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cl%C3%A1udio_Coutinho" title="Cláudio Coutinho">Cláudio Coutinho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/E._Yale_Dawson" title="E. Yale Dawson">E. Yale Dawson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deon_Dreyer" title="Deon Dreyer">Deon Dreyer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milan_Dufek" title="Milan Dufek">Milan Dufek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sheck_Exley" title="Sheck Exley">Sheck Exley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maurice_Fargues" title="Maurice Fargues">Maurice Fargues</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fernando_Garfella_Palmer" title="Fernando Garfella Palmer">Fernando Garfella Palmer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guy_Garman" title="Guy Garman">Guy Garman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steve_Irwin" title="Steve Irwin">Steve Irwin</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Death_of_Steve_Irwin" title="Death of Steve Irwin">death</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jim_Jones_(American_football,_born_1935)" title="Jim Jones (American football, born 1935)">Jim Jones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Way_Kendall" title="Henry Way Kendall">Henry Way Kendall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Artur_Koz%C5%82owski_(speleologist)" title="Artur Kozłowski (speleologist)">Artur Kozłowski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yuri_Lipski" class="mw-redirect" title="Yuri Lipski">Yuri Lipski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kirsty_MacColl" title="Kirsty MacColl">Kirsty MacColl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Death_of_Linnea_Mills" title="Death of Linnea Mills">Linnea Mills</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agnes_Milowka" title="Agnes Milowka">Agnes Milowka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_de_Roubaix" title="François de Roubaix">François de Roubaix</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Last_Dive" title="The Last Dive">Chris and Chrissy Rouse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dave_Shaw" title="Dave Shaw">Dave Shaw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wesley_C._Skiles" title="Wesley C. Skiles">Wesley C. Skiles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dewey_Smith" title="Dewey Smith">Dewey Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rob_Stewart_(filmmaker)" title="Rob Stewart (filmmaker)">Rob Stewart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Esbj%C3%B6rn_Svensson" title="Esbjörn Svensson">Esbjörn Svensson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Josef_Velek" title="Josef Velek">Josef Velek</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Publications" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Publications</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Manuals</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/NOAA_Diving_Manual" title="NOAA Diving Manual">NOAA Diving Manual</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/U.S._Navy_Diving_Manual" title="U.S. Navy Diving Manual">U.S. Navy Diving Manual</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Basic_Cave_Diving:_A_Blueprint_for_Survival" title="Basic Cave Diving: A Blueprint for Survival">Basic Cave Diving: A Blueprint for Survival</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Underwater_Handbook&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Underwater Handbook (page does not exist)">Underwater Handbook</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bennett_and_Elliott%27s_physiology_and_medicine_of_diving&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bennett and Elliott's physiology and medicine of diving (page does not exist)">Bennett and Elliott's physiology and medicine of diving</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Encyclopedia_of_Recreational_Diving&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Encyclopedia of Recreational Diving (page does not exist)">Encyclopedia of Recreational Diving</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=The_new_science_of_skin_and_scuba_diving&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="The new science of skin and scuba diving (page does not exist)">The new science of skin and scuba diving</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Professional_Diver%27s_Handbook&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Professional Diver's Handbook (page does not exist)">Professional Diver's Handbook</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Basic_Scuba&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Basic Scuba (page does not exist)">Basic Scuba</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Standards and<br />Codes of Practice</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Code_of_Practice_for_Scientific_Diving_(UNESCO)" class="mw-redirect" title="Code of Practice for Scientific Diving (UNESCO)">Code of Practice for Scientific Diving (UNESCO)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DIN_7876" title="DIN 7876">DIN 7876</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IMCA_Code_of_Practice_for_Offshore_Diving" class="mw-redirect" title="IMCA Code of Practice for Offshore Diving">IMCA Code of Practice for Offshore Diving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_24801_Recreational_diving_services_%E2%80%94_Requirements_for_the_training_of_recreational_scuba_divers" class="mw-redirect" title="ISO 24801 Recreational diving services — Requirements for the training of recreational scuba divers">ISO 24801 Recreational diving services — Requirements for the training of recreational scuba divers</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">General non-fiction</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Darkness_Beckons" title="The Darkness Beckons">The Darkness Beckons</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Goldfinder" title="Goldfinder">Goldfinder</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Last_Dive" title="The Last Dive">The Last Dive</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Shadow_Divers" title="Shadow Divers">Shadow Divers</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Silent_World:_A_Story_of_Undersea_Discovery_and_Adventure" title="The Silent World: A Story of Undersea Discovery and Adventure">The Silent World: A Story of Undersea Discovery and Adventure</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Research</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Divers_Alert_Network_publications" title="List of Divers Alert Network publications">List of Divers Alert Network publications</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Dive_guide_(publication)" class="mw-redirect" title="Dive guide (publication)">Dive guides</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li class="mw-empty-elt"></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Training_and_registration" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Training and registration</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Diver_training" title="Diver training">Diver<br />training</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Competence and assessment <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Competency-based_learning" title="Competency-based learning">Competency-based learning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Refresher_training_(diving)" class="mw-redirect" title="Refresher training (diving)">Refresher training</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skill_assessment" title="Skill assessment">Skill assessment</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diver_training_standard" title="Diver training standard">Diver training standard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diving_instructor" title="Diving instructor">Diving instructor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diving_school" class="mw-redirect" title="Diving school">Diving school</a></li> <li>Occupational diver training <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Commercial_diver_training" class="mw-redirect" title="Commercial diver training">Commercial diver training</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_diver_training" class="mw-redirect" title="Military diver training">Military diver training</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_safety_diver_training" class="mw-redirect" title="Public safety diver training">Public safety diver training</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scientific_diver_training" class="mw-redirect" title="Scientific diver training">Scientific diver training</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Recreational_diver_training" title="Recreational diver training">Recreational diver training</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Introductory_diving" title="Introductory diving">Introductory diving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_recreational_diving_training_standards" class="mw-redirect" title="ISO recreational diving training standards">ISO training standards</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teaching_method" title="Teaching method">Teaching method</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Muscle_memory" title="Muscle memory">Muscle memory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Overlearning" title="Overlearning">Overlearning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stress_exposure_training" title="Stress exposure training">Stress exposure training</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Skills" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Skills</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Combat_sidestroke" title="Combat sidestroke">Combat sidestroke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diver_navigation" title="Diver navigation">Diver navigation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diver_trim" title="Diver trim">Diver trim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ear_clearing" title="Ear clearing">Ear clearing</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Frenzel_maneuver" title="Frenzel maneuver">Frenzel maneuver</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valsalva_maneuver" title="Valsalva maneuver">Valsalva maneuver</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finning_techniques" title="Finning techniques">Finning techniques</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scuba_skills" title="Scuba skills">Scuba skills</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buddy_breathing" title="Buddy breathing">Buddy breathing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Low_impact_diving" title="Low impact diving">Low impact diving</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Diamond_Reef_System" title="Diamond Reef System">Diamond Reef System</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surface-supplied_diving_skills" title="Surface-supplied diving skills">Surface-supplied diving skills</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Underwater_searches" title="Underwater searches">Underwater searches</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Recreational_scuba_certification_levels" title="Recreational scuba certification levels">Recreational<br />scuba<br />certification<br />levels</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Core diving skills</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Advanced_Open_Water_Diver" title="Advanced Open Water Diver">Advanced Open Water Diver</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Autonomous_diver" title="Autonomous diver">Autonomous diver</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CMAS*_scuba_diver" title="CMAS* scuba diver">CMAS* scuba diver</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CMAS**_scuba_diver" title="CMAS** scuba diver">CMAS** scuba diver</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Introductory_diving" title="Introductory diving">Introductory diving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Low_Impact_Diver" class="mw-redirect" title="Low Impact Diver">Low Impact Diver</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Master_Scuba_Diver" title="Master Scuba Diver">Master Scuba Diver</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_Water_Diver" title="Open Water Diver">Open Water Diver</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supervised_diver" title="Supervised diver">Supervised diver</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Leadership skills</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dive_leader" title="Dive leader">Dive leader</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Divemaster" title="Divemaster">Divemaster</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diving_instructor" title="Diving instructor">Diving instructor</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Master_Instructor" class="mw-redirect" title="Master Instructor">Master Instructor</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Specialist skills</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rescue_Diver" title="Rescue Diver">Rescue Diver</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solo_diver" class="mw-redirect" title="Solo diver">Solo diver</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Diver_training_organization" title="Diver training organization">Diver training<br />certification<br />and registration<br />organisations</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/European_Underwater_Federation" title="European Underwater Federation">European Underwater Federation</a> (EUF)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Diving_Regulators_and_Certifiers_Forum" title="International Diving Regulators and Certifiers Forum">International Diving Regulators and Certifiers Forum</a> (IDRCF)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Diving_Schools_Association" title="International Diving Schools Association">International Diving Schools Association</a> (IDSA)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Marine_Contractors_Association" title="International Marine Contractors Association">International Marine Contractors Association</a> (IMCA)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_diver_certification_organizations" title="List of diver certification organizations">List of diver certification organizations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Oceanic_and_Atmospheric_Administration" title="National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration">National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration</a> (NOAA)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nautical_Archaeology_Society" title="Nautical Archaeology Society">Nautical Archaeology Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Recreational_diver_course_referral" title="Recreational diver course referral">Recreational diver course referral</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Recreational_Scuba_Training_Council" title="World Recreational Scuba Training Council">World Recreational Scuba Training Council</a> (WRSTC)</li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Commercial diver<br />certification<br />authorities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Australian_Diver_Accreditation_Scheme" title="Australian Diver Accreditation Scheme">Australian Diver Accreditation Scheme</a> (ADAS)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commercial_diver_registration_in_South_Africa" title="Commercial diver registration in South Africa">Commercial diver registration in South Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Divers_Institute_of_Technology" title="Divers Institute of Technology">Divers Institute of Technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_and_Safety_Executive" title="Health and Safety Executive">Health and Safety Executive</a> (HSE)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Department_of_Employment_and_Labour" title="Department of Employment and Labour">Department of Employment and Labour</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Commercial diving<br />schools</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Divers_Academy_International" title="Divers Academy International">Divers Academy International</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Norway_University_of_Applied_Sciences#Norwegian_diver_school" title="Western Norway University of Applied Sciences">Norwegian diver school</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Free-diving<br />certification<br />agencies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/AIDA_International" title="AIDA International">AIDA International</a> (AIDA)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conf%C3%A9d%C3%A9ration_Mondiale_des_Activit%C3%A9s_Subaquatiques" title="Confédération Mondiale des Activités Subaquatiques">Confédération Mondiale des Activités Subaquatiques</a> (CMAS)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Performance_Freediving_International" title="Performance Freediving International">Performance Freediving International</a> (PI)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scuba_Schools_International" title="Scuba Schools International">Scuba Schools International</a> (SSI)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Recreational<br />scuba<br />certification<br />agencies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_Canadian_Underwater_Certifications" title="American Canadian Underwater Certifications">American Canadian Underwater Certifications</a> (ACUC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Nitrox_Divers_International" title="American Nitrox Divers International">American Nitrox Divers International</a> (ANDI)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Association_nationale_des_moniteurs_de_plong%C3%A9e" title="Association nationale des moniteurs de plongée">Association nationale des moniteurs de plongée</a> (ANMP)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Sub-Aqua_Club" title="British Sub-Aqua Club">British Sub-Aqua Club</a> (BSAC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comhairle_Fo-Thuinn" title="Comhairle Fo-Thuinn">Comhairle Fo-Thuinn</a> (CFT)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conf%C3%A9d%C3%A9ration_Mondiale_des_Activit%C3%A9s_Subaquatiques" title="Confédération Mondiale des Activités Subaquatiques">Confédération Mondiale des Activités Subaquatiques</a> (CMAS)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federaci%C3%B3n_Espa%C3%B1ola_de_Actividades_Subacu%C3%A1ticas" title="Federación Española de Actividades Subacuáticas">Federación Española de Actividades Subacuáticas</a> (FEDAS)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/F%C3%A9d%C3%A9ration_Fran%C3%A7aise_d%27%C3%89tudes_et_de_Sports_Sous-Marins" title="Fédération Française d'Études et de Sports Sous-Marins">Fédération Française d'Études et de Sports Sous-Marins</a> (FFESSM)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federazione_Italiana_Attivit%C3%A0_Subacquee" title="Federazione Italiana Attività Subacquee">Federazione Italiana Attività Subacquee</a> (FIAS)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Global_Underwater_Explorers" title="Global Underwater Explorers">Global Underwater Explorers</a> (GUE)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Association_for_Handicapped_Divers" title="International Association for Handicapped Divers">International Association for Handicapped Divers</a> (IAHD)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Association_of_Nitrox_and_Technical_Divers" title="International Association of Nitrox and Technical Divers">International Association of Nitrox and Technical Divers</a> (IANTD)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Life_Saving_Federation" title="International Life Saving Federation">International Life Saving Federation</a> (ILS)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Israeli_Diving_Federation" title="Israeli Diving Federation">Israeli Diving Federation</a> (TIDF)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Academy_of_Scuba_Educators" title="National Academy of Scuba Educators">National Academy of Scuba Educators</a> (NASE)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Association_of_Underwater_Instructors" title="National Association of Underwater Instructors">National Association of Underwater Instructors</a> (NAUI)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nederlandse_Onderwatersport_Bond" title="Nederlandse Onderwatersport Bond">Nederlandse Onderwatersport Bond</a> (NOB)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Professional_Association_of_Diving_Instructors" title="Professional Association of Diving Instructors">Professional Association of Diving Instructors</a> (PADI)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Professional_Diving_Instructors_Corporation" title="Professional Diving Instructors Corporation">Professional Diving Instructors Corporation</a> (PDIC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Professional_Technical_and_Recreational_Diving" title="Professional Technical and Recreational Diving">Professional Technical and Recreational Diving</a> (ProTec)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rebreather_Association_of_International_Divers" title="Rebreather Association of International Divers">Rebreather Association of International Divers</a> (RAID)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sub-Aqua_Association" title="Sub-Aqua Association">Sub-Aqua Association</a> (SAA)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scuba_Diving_International" title="Scuba Diving International">Scuba Diving International</a> (SDI)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scuba_Educators_International" title="Scuba Educators International">Scuba Educators International</a> (SEI)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_Sub_Aqua_Club" title="Scottish Sub Aqua Club">Scottish Sub Aqua Club</a> (ScotSAC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scuba_Schools_International" title="Scuba Schools International">Scuba Schools International</a> (SSI)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_Underwater_Sports_Federation" title="Turkish Underwater Sports Federation">Türkiye Sualtı Sporları Federasyonu</a> (TSSF)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Diving_Instructors" title="United Diving Instructors">United Diving Instructors</a> (UDI)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/YMCA_SCUBA_Program" title="YMCA SCUBA Program">YMCA SCUBA Program</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Scientific diver<br />certification<br />authorities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_Academy_of_Underwater_Sciences" title="American Academy of Underwater Sciences">American Academy of Underwater Sciences</a> (AAUS)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conf%C3%A9d%C3%A9ration_Mondiale_des_Activit%C3%A9s_Subaquatiques#Scientific_committee" title="Confédération Mondiale des Activités Subaquatiques">CMAS Scientific Committee</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Technical diver<br />certification<br />agencies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_Nitrox_Divers_International" title="American Nitrox Divers International">American Nitrox Divers International</a> (ANDI)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Sub-Aqua_Club" title="British Sub-Aqua Club">British Sub-Aqua Club</a> (BSAC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conf%C3%A9d%C3%A9ration_Mondiale_des_Activit%C3%A9s_Subaquatiques" title="Confédération Mondiale des Activités Subaquatiques">Confédération Mondiale des Activités Subaquatiques</a> (CMAS)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diving_Science_and_Technology" title="Diving Science and Technology">Diving Science and Technology</a> (DSAT)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federazione_Italiana_Attivit%C3%A0_Subacquee" title="Federazione Italiana Attività Subacquee">Federazione Italiana Attività Subacquee</a> (FIAS)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Association_of_Nitrox_and_Technical_Divers" title="International Association of Nitrox and Technical Divers">International Association of Nitrox and Technical Divers</a> (IANTD)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Professional_Association_of_Diving_Instructors" title="Professional Association of Diving Instructors">Professional Association of Diving Instructors</a> (PADI)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Professional_Diving_Instructors_Corporation" title="Professional Diving Instructors Corporation">Professional Diving Instructors Corporation</a> (PDIC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Professional_Technical_and_Recreational_Diving" title="Professional Technical and Recreational Diving">Professional Technical and Recreational Diving</a> (ProTec)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rebreather_Association_of_International_Divers" title="Rebreather Association of International Divers">Rebreather Association of International Divers</a> (RAID)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trimix_Scuba_Association" title="Trimix Scuba Association">Trimix Scuba Association</a> (TSA)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scuba_Schools_International" title="Scuba Schools International">Technical Extended Range</a> (TXR)</li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Cavediving" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Cave<br />diving</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cave_Divers_Association_of_Australia" title="Cave Divers Association of Australia">Cave Divers Association of Australia</a> (CDAA)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cave_Diving_Group" title="Cave Diving Group">Cave Diving Group</a> (CDG)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Global_Underwater_Explorers" title="Global Underwater Explorers">Global Underwater Explorers</a> (GUE)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Speleological_Society#Cave_Diving_Group" title="National Speleological Society">National Speleological Society#Cave Diving Group</a> (CDG)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Association_of_Underwater_Instructors" title="National Association of Underwater Instructors">National Association of Underwater Instructors</a> (NAUI)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Technical_Diving_International" title="Technical Diving International">Technical Diving International</a> (TDI)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Military diver<br />training centres</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Defence_Diving_School" title="Defence Diving School">Defence Diving School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naval_Support_Activity_Panama_City#Tenant_commands" title="Naval Support Activity Panama City">Navy Diving Salvage and Training Center</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Underwater_Escape_Training_Unit" title="Underwater Escape Training Unit">Underwater Escape Training Unit</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Military diver<br />training courses</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Marine_Corps_Combatant_Diver_Course" title="United States Marine Corps Combatant Diver Course">United States Marine Corps Combatant Diver Course</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Underwater_sports" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Underwater_sports" title="Underwater sports">Underwater sports</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Surface snorkeling</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Finswimming" title="Finswimming">Finswimming</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Snorkeling/breath-hold</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Spearfishing" title="Spearfishing">Spearfishing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Underwater_football" title="Underwater football">Underwater football</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Underwater_hockey" title="Underwater hockey">Underwater hockey</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Underwater_hockey_in_Australia" title="Underwater hockey in Australia">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Underwater_hockey_in_Turkey" title="Underwater hockey in Turkey">Turkey</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Underwater_rugby" title="Underwater rugby">Underwater rugby</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Underwater_rugby_in_Colombia" class="mw-redirect" title="Underwater rugby in Colombia">Colombia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Underwater_rugby_in_the_United_States" title="Underwater rugby in the United States">United States</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Underwater_target_shooting" title="Underwater target shooting">Underwater target shooting</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Breath-hold</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aquathlon_(underwater_wrestling)" title="Aquathlon (underwater wrestling)">Aquathlon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apnoea_finswimming" class="mw-redirect" title="Apnoea finswimming">Apnoea finswimming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freediving" title="Freediving">Freediving</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Open Circuit Scuba</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Immersion_finswimming" class="mw-redirect" title="Immersion finswimming">Immersion finswimming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sport_diving_(sport)" title="Sport diving (sport)">Sport diving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Underwater_cycling" title="Underwater cycling">Underwater cycling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Underwater_orienteering" title="Underwater orienteering">Underwater orienteering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Underwater_photography_(sport)" title="Underwater photography (sport)">Underwater photography</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Rebreather</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Underwater_photography_(sport)" title="Underwater photography (sport)">Underwater photography</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sports governing<br />organisations<br /> and federations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>International <ul><li><a href="/wiki/AIDA_International" title="AIDA International">AIDA International</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conf%C3%A9d%C3%A9ration_Mondiale_des_Activit%C3%A9s_Subaquatiques" title="Confédération Mondiale des Activités Subaquatiques">Confédération Mondiale des Activités Subaquatiques</a>)</li></ul></li> <li>National <ul><li><a href="/wiki/AIDA_Hellas" title="AIDA Hellas">AIDA Hellas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australian_Underwater_Federation" title="Australian Underwater Federation">Australian Underwater Federation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Freediving_Association" title="British Freediving Association">British Freediving Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Octopush_Association" title="British Octopush Association">British Octopush Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Underwater_Sports_Association" title="British Underwater Sports Association">British Underwater Sports Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comhairle_Fo-Thuinn" title="Comhairle Fo-Thuinn">Comhairle Fo-Thuinn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federaci%C3%B3n_Espa%C3%B1ola_de_Actividades_Subacu%C3%A1ticas" title="Federación Española de Actividades Subacuáticas">Federación Española de Actividades Subacuáticas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_federation_of_underwater_studies_and_sports" class="mw-redirect" title="French federation of underwater studies and sports">Fédération Française d'Études et de Sports Sous-Marins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_African_Underwater_Sports_Federation" title="South African Underwater Sports Federation">South African Underwater Sports Federation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_Underwater_Sports_Federation" title="Turkish Underwater Sports Federation">Türkiye Sualtı Sporları Federasyonu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Underwater_Society_of_America" title="Underwater Society of America">Underwater Society of America</a>)</li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Competitions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/14th_CMAS_Underwater_Photography_World_Championship" title="14th CMAS Underwater Photography World Championship">14th CMAS Underwater Photography World Championship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Underwater_Hockey_World_Championships" title="Underwater Hockey World Championships">Underwater Hockey World Championships</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Underwater_Orienteering_World_Championships" title="Underwater Orienteering World Championships">Underwater Orienteering World Championships</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Underwater_Rugby_World_Championships" title="Underwater Rugby World Championships">Underwater Rugby World Championships</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Underwater_divers" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_underwater_divers" title="Outline of underwater divers">Underwater divers</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Pioneers<br />of diving</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eduard_Admetlla_i_L%C3%A1zaro" title="Eduard Admetlla i Lázaro">Eduard Admetlla i Lázaro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aquanaut" title="Aquanaut">Aquanaut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Bonnin" title="Mary Bonnin">Mary Bonnin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amelia_Behrens-Furniss" title="Amelia Behrens-Furniss">Amelia Behrens-Furniss</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_F._Cahill" title="James F. Cahill">James F. Cahill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacques_Cousteau" title="Jacques Cousteau">Jacques Cousteau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Billy_Deans_(diver)" title="Billy Deans (diver)">Billy Deans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dottie_Frazier" title="Dottie Frazier">Dottie Frazier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trevor_Hampton" title="Trevor Hampton">Trevor Hampton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hans_Hass" title="Hans Hass">Hans Hass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dick_Rutkowski" title="Dick Rutkowski">Dick Rutkowski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teseo_Tesei" title="Teseo Tesei">Teseo Tesei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arne_Zetterstr%C3%B6m" title="Arne Zetterström">Arne Zetterström</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Underwater<br />scientists<br />archaeologists and<br />environmentalists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Arbuthnot" title="Michael Arbuthnot">Michael Arbuthnot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Ballard" title="Robert Ballard">Robert Ballard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Bass_(archaeologist)" title="George Bass (archaeologist)">George Bass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mensun_Bound" title="Mensun Bound">Mensun Bound</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_Boutan" title="Louis Boutan">Louis Boutan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeffrey_Bozanic" title="Jeffrey Bozanic">Jeffrey Bozanic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hugh_Bradner" title="Hugh Bradner">Hugh Bradner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cathy_Church" title="Cathy Church">Cathy Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eugenie_Clark" title="Eugenie Clark">Eugenie Clark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_P._Delgado" title="James P. Delgado">James P. Delgado</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sylvia_Earle" title="Sylvia Earle">Sylvia Earle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Christopher_Fine" title="John Christopher Fine">John Christopher Fine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_R._Fischer" title="George R. Fischer">George R. Fischer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anders_Franz%C3%A9n" title="Anders Franzén">Anders Franzén</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Honor_Frost" title="Honor Frost">Honor Frost</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fernando_Garfella_Palmer" title="Fernando Garfella Palmer">Fernando Garfella Palmer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Gibbins" title="David Gibbins">David Gibbins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Graham_Jessop" title="Graham Jessop">Graham Jessop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swietenia_Puspa_Lestari" title="Swietenia Puspa Lestari">Swietenia Puspa Lestari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pilar_Luna" title="Pilar Luna">Pilar Luna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_F._Marx" title="Robert F. Marx">Robert F. Marx</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anna_Marguerite_McCann" title="Anna Marguerite McCann">Anna Marguerite McCann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Innes_McCartney" title="Innes McCartney">Innes McCartney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_T._Meide" title="Charles T. Meide">Charles T. Meide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mark_M._Newell" title="Mark M. Newell">Mark M. Newell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lyuba_Ognenova-Marinova" title="Lyuba Ognenova-Marinova">Lyuba Ognenova-Marinova</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Peter_Oleson" title="John Peter Oleson">John Peter Oleson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mendel_L._Peterson" title="Mendel L. Peterson">Mendel L. Peterson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Pyle" title="Richard Pyle">Richard Pyle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andreas_Rechnitzer" title="Andreas Rechnitzer">Andreas Rechnitzer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_R._Royal" title="William R. Royal">William R. Royal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Margaret_Rule" title="Margaret Rule">Margaret Rule</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gunter_Sch%C3%B6bel" title="Gunter Schöbel">Gunter Schöbel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stephanie_Schwabe" title="Stephanie Schwabe">Stephanie Schwabe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Myriam_Seco" title="Myriam Seco">Myriam Seco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/E._Lee_Spence" title="E. Lee Spence">E. Lee Spence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_St%C3%A9nuit" title="Robert Sténuit">Robert Sténuit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Throckmorton" title="Peter Throckmorton">Peter Throckmorton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cristina_Zenato" title="Cristina Zenato">Cristina Zenato</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Scuba record<br />holders</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pascal_Bernab%C3%A9" title="Pascal Bernabé">Pascal Bernabé</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jim_Bowden_(diver)" title="Jim Bowden (diver)">Jim Bowden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mark_Ellyatt" title="Mark Ellyatt">Mark Ellyatt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sheck_Exley" title="Sheck Exley">Sheck Exley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuno_Gomes_(diver)" title="Nuno Gomes (diver)">Nuno Gomes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claudia_Serpieri" title="Claudia Serpieri">Claudia Serpieri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krzysztof_Starnawski" title="Krzysztof Starnawski">Krzysztof Starnawski</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Underwater<br />filmmakers<br />and presenters</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Samir_Alhafith" title="Samir Alhafith">Samir Alhafith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Attenborough" title="David Attenborough">David Attenborough</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ram%C3%B3n_Bravo" title="Ramón Bravo">Ramón Bravo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Michel_Cousteau" title="Jean-Michel Cousteau">Jean-Michel Cousteau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richie_Kohler" title="Richie Kohler">Richie Kohler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Rose_(TV_presenter)" title="Paul Rose (TV presenter)">Paul Rose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andy_Torbet" title="Andy Torbet">Andy Torbet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ivan_Tors" title="Ivan Tors">Ivan Tors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Wight" title="Andrew Wight">Andrew Wight</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Cameron" title="James Cameron">James Cameron</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Underwater<br />photographers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Doug_Allan" title="Doug Allan">Doug Allan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamara_Benitez" title="Tamara Benitez">Tamara Benitez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georges_Beuchat" title="Georges Beuchat">Georges Beuchat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adrian_Biddle" title="Adrian Biddle">Adrian Biddle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jonathan_Bird" title="Jonathan Bird">Jonathan Bird</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eric_Cheng" title="Eric Cheng">Eric Cheng</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neville_Coleman" title="Neville Coleman">Neville Coleman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacques_Cousteau" title="Jacques Cousteau">Jacques Cousteau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_D._Craig" title="John D. Craig">John D. Craig</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ben_Cropp" title="Ben Cropp">Ben Cropp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bernard_Delemotte" title="Bernard Delemotte">Bernard Delemotte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Doubilet" title="David Doubilet">David Doubilet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Candice_Farmer" title="Candice Farmer">Candice Farmer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Christopher_Fine" title="John Christopher Fine">John Christopher Fine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rodney_Fox" title="Rodney Fox">Rodney Fox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ric_Frazier" title="Ric Frazier">Ric Frazier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stephen_Frink" title="Stephen Frink">Stephen Frink</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Gimbel" title="Peter Gimbel">Peter Gimbel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monty_Halls" title="Monty Halls">Monty Halls</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hans_Hass" title="Hans Hass">Hans Hass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Way_Kendall" title="Henry Way Kendall">Henry Way Kendall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rudie_Kuiter" class="mw-redirect" title="Rudie Kuiter">Rudie Kuiter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_B._MacInnis" title="Joseph B. MacInnis">Joseph B. MacInnis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luis_Marden" title="Luis Marden">Luis Marden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agnes_Milowka" title="Agnes Milowka">Agnes Milowka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noel_Monkman" title="Noel Monkman">Noel Monkman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pete_Oxford" title="Pete Oxford">Pete Oxford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steve_Parish" title="Steve Parish">Steve Parish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zale_Parry" title="Zale Parry">Zale Parry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Petit_(photographer)" title="Pierre Petit (photographer)">Pierre Petit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leni_Riefenstahl" title="Leni Riefenstahl">Leni Riefenstahl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Scoones" title="Peter Scoones">Peter Scoones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brian_Skerry" title="Brian Skerry">Brian Skerry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wesley_C._Skiles" title="Wesley C. Skiles">Wesley C. Skiles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/E._Lee_Spence" title="E. Lee Spence">E. Lee Spence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippe_Tailliez" title="Philippe Tailliez">Philippe Tailliez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ron_Taylor_(diver)" title="Ron Taylor (diver)">Ron Taylor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valerie_Taylor_(diver)" title="Valerie Taylor (diver)">Valerie Taylor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albert_Tillman" title="Albert Tillman">Albert Tillman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Veltri" title="John Veltri">John Veltri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stan_Waterman" title="Stan Waterman">Stan Waterman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michele_Westmorland" title="Michele Westmorland">Michele Westmorland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Ernest_Williamson" title="John Ernest Williamson">John Ernest Williamson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J._Lamar_Worzel" title="J. Lamar Worzel">J. Lamar Worzel</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Underwater<br />explorers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Caves <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Graham_Balcombe" title="Graham Balcombe">Graham Balcombe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sheck_Exley" title="Sheck Exley">Sheck Exley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martyn_Farr" title="Martyn Farr">Martyn Farr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jochen_Hasenmayer" title="Jochen Hasenmayer">Jochen Hasenmayer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jill_Heinerth" title="Jill Heinerth">Jill Heinerth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jarrod_Jablonski" title="Jarrod Jablonski">Jarrod Jablonski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Hogarth_Main" title="William Hogarth Main">William Hogarth Main</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tom_Mount" title="Tom Mount">Tom Mount</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jack_Sheppard_(cave_diver)" title="Jack Sheppard (cave diver)">Jack Sheppard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Stone_(caver)" title="William Stone (caver)">Bill Stone</a></li></ul></li> <li>Reefs <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_C._Clarke" title="Arthur C. Clarke">Arthur C. Clarke</a></li></ul></li> <li>Wrecks <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Leigh_Bishop" title="Leigh Bishop">Leigh Bishop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Chatterton" title="John Chatterton">John Chatterton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clive_Cussler" title="Clive Cussler">Clive Cussler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bill_Nagle" title="Bill Nagle">Bill Nagle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valerie_van_Heest" title="Valerie van Heest">Valerie van Heest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aristotelis_Zervoudis" title="Aristotelis Zervoudis">Aristotelis Zervoudis</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Aquanaut" title="Aquanaut">Aquanauts</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Abercromby" title="Andrew Abercromby">Andrew Abercromby</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_M._Acaba" title="Joseph M. Acaba">Joseph M. Acaba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clayton_Anderson" title="Clayton Anderson">Clayton Anderson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_R._Arnold" title="Richard R. Arnold">Richard R. Arnold</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serena_Au%C3%B1%C3%B3n-Chancellor" title="Serena Auñón-Chancellor">Serena Auñón-Chancellor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Barratt_(astronaut)" title="Michael Barratt (astronaut)">Michael Barratt (astronaut)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_A._Barth" title="Robert A. Barth">Robert A. Barth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bob_Behnken" title="Bob Behnken">Robert L. Behnken</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Randolph_Bresnik" title="Randolph Bresnik">Randolph Bresnik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timothy_J._Broderick" title="Timothy J. Broderick">Timothy J. Broderick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Justin_Brown_(aquanaut)" title="Justin Brown (aquanaut)">Justin Brown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berry_L._Cannon" title="Berry L. Cannon">Berry L. Cannon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scott_Carpenter" title="Scott Carpenter">Scott Carpenter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gregory_Chamitoff" title="Gregory Chamitoff">Gregory Chamitoff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steve_Chappell" title="Steve Chappell">Steve Chappell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catherine_Coleman" title="Catherine Coleman">Catherine Coleman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robin_Cook_(American_novelist)" title="Robin Cook (American novelist)">Robin Cook</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Craig_B._Cooper" title="Craig B. Cooper">Craig B. Cooper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fabien_Cousteau" title="Fabien Cousteau">Fabien Cousteau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippe_Cousteau" title="Philippe Cousteau">Philippe Cousteau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timothy_Creamer" title="Timothy Creamer">Timothy Creamer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jonathan_Dory" title="Jonathan Dory">Jonathan Dory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pedro_Duque" title="Pedro Duque">Pedro Duque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sylvia_Earle" title="Sylvia Earle">Sylvia Earle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeanette_Epps" title="Jeanette Epps">Jeanette Epps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sheck_Exley" title="Sheck Exley">Sheck Exley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albert_Falco" title="Albert Falco">Albert Falco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_J._Feustel" title="Andrew J. Feustel">Andrew J. Feustel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Fincke" title="Michael Fincke">Michael Fincke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satoshi_Furukawa" title="Satoshi Furukawa">Satoshi Furukawa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ronald_J._Garan_Jr." title="Ronald J. Garan Jr.">Ronald J. Garan Jr.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_L._Gernhardt" title="Michael L. Gernhardt">Michael L. Gernhardt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christopher_E._Gerty" title="Christopher E. Gerty">Christopher E. Gerty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Gruber" title="David Gruber">David Gruber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chris_Hadfield" title="Chris Hadfield">Chris Hadfield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeremy_Hansen" title="Jeremy Hansen">Jeremy Hansen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_M._Hern%C3%A1ndez" title="José M. Hernández">José M. Hernández</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Herrington" title="John Herrington">John Herrington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Hill_(flight_director)" title="Paul Hill (flight director)">Paul Hill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akihiko_Hoshide" title="Akihiko Hoshide">Akihiko Hoshide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mark_Hulsbeck" title="Mark Hulsbeck">Mark Hulsbeck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emma_Hwang" title="Emma Hwang">Emma Hwang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norishige_Kanai" title="Norishige Kanai">Norishige Kanai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Les_Kaufman" title="Les Kaufman">Les Kaufman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scott_Kelly_(astronaut)" title="Scott Kelly (astronaut)">Scott Kelly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karen_Kohanowich" title="Karen Kohanowich">Karen Kohanowich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timothy_Kopra" title="Timothy Kopra">Timothy Kopra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dominic_Landucci" title="Dominic Landucci">Dominic Landucci</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jon_Lindbergh" title="Jon Lindbergh">Jon Lindbergh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kjell_N._Lindgren" title="Kjell N. Lindgren">Kjell N. Lindgren</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_L%C3%B3pez-Alegr%C3%ADa" title="Michael López-Alegría">Michael López-Alegría</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_B._MacInnis" title="Joseph B. MacInnis">Joseph B. MacInnis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sandra_Magnus" title="Sandra Magnus">Sandra Magnus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Marshburn" title="Thomas Marshburn">Thomas Marshburn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matthias_Maurer" title="Matthias Maurer">Matthias Maurer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K._Megan_McArthur" title="K. Megan McArthur">K. Megan McArthur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Craig_McKinley_(physician)" title="Craig McKinley (physician)">Craig McKinley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jessica_Meir" title="Jessica Meir">Jessica Meir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simone_Melchior" title="Simone Melchior">Simone Melchior</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dorothy_Metcalf-Lindenburger" title="Dorothy Metcalf-Lindenburger">Dorothy Metcalf-Lindenburger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andreas_Mogensen" title="Andreas Mogensen">Andreas Mogensen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karen_Nyberg" title="Karen Nyberg">Karen Nyberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_D._Olivas" title="John D. Olivas">John D. Olivas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Takuya_Onishi" title="Takuya Onishi">Takuya Onishi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luca_Parmitano" title="Luca Parmitano">Luca Parmitano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicholas_Patrick" title="Nicholas Patrick">Nicholas Patrick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tim_Peake" title="Tim Peake">Tim Peake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Pesquet" title="Thomas Pesquet">Thomas Pesquet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marc_Reagan" title="Marc Reagan">Marc Reagan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garrett_Reisman" title="Garrett Reisman">Garrett Reisman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kathleen_Rubins" title="Kathleen Rubins">Kathleen Rubins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dick_Rutkowski" title="Dick Rutkowski">Dick Rutkowski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tara_Ruttley" title="Tara Ruttley">Tara Ruttley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Saint-Jacques" title="David Saint-Jacques">David Saint-Jacques</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Josef_Schmid_(flight_surgeon)" title="Josef Schmid (flight surgeon)">Josef Schmid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Sheats" title="Robert Sheats">Robert Sheats</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dewey_Smith" title="Dewey Smith">Dewey Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steve_Squyres" title="Steve Squyres">Steve Squyres</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heidemarie_Stefanyshyn-Piper" title="Heidemarie Stefanyshyn-Piper">Heidemarie Stefanyshyn-Piper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_St%C3%A9nuit" title="Robert Sténuit">Robert Sténuit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herv%C3%A9_Stevenin" title="Hervé Stevenin">Hervé Stevenin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicole_Stott" title="Nicole Stott">Nicole Stott</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Talacek" title="James Talacek">James Talacek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_M._Tani" title="Daniel M. Tani">Daniel M. Tani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Thirsk" title="Robert Thirsk">Robert Thirsk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bill_Todd" title="Bill Todd">Bill Todd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mark_T._Vande_Hei" title="Mark T. Vande Hei">Mark T. Vande Hei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koichi_Wakata" title="Koichi Wakata">Koichi Wakata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rex_J._Walheim" title="Rex J. Walheim">Rex J. Walheim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shannon_Walker" title="Shannon Walker">Shannon Walker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Morgan_Wells" title="John Morgan Wells">John Morgan Wells</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joachim_Wendler" title="Joachim Wendler">Joachim Wendler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Douglas_H._Wheelock" title="Douglas H. Wheelock">Douglas H. Wheelock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peggy_Whitson" title="Peggy Whitson">Peggy Whitson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dafydd_Williams" title="Dafydd Williams">Dafydd Williams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeffrey_Williams_(astronaut)" title="Jeffrey Williams (astronaut)">Jeffrey Williams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sunita_Williams" title="Sunita Williams">Sunita Williams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reid_Wiseman" title="Reid Wiseman">Reid Wiseman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kimiya_Yui" title="Kimiya Yui">Kimiya Yui</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Writers and journalists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Michael_C._Barnette" title="Michael C. Barnette">Michael C. Barnette</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victor_Berge" title="Victor Berge">Victor Berge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippe_Diol%C3%A9" title="Philippe Diolé">Philippe Diolé</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gary_Gentile" title="Gary Gentile">Gary Gentile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bret_Gilliam" title="Bret Gilliam">Bret Gilliam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bob_Halstead" title="Bob Halstead">Bob Halstead</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hillary_Hauser" title="Hillary Hauser">Hillary Hauser</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trevor_Jackson_(diver)" title="Trevor Jackson (diver)">Trevor Jackson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steve_Lewis_(diver)" title="Steve Lewis (diver)">Steve Lewis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Mattera" title="John Mattera">John Mattera</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Rescuers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Craig_Challen" title="Craig Challen">Craig Challen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Harris_(anaesthetist)" title="Richard Harris (anaesthetist)">Richard Harris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rick_Stanton" title="Rick Stanton">Rick Stanton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Volanthen" title="John Volanthen">John Volanthen</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Frogmen</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lionel_Crabb" title="Lionel Crabb">Lionel Crabb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ian_Edward_Fraser" title="Ian Edward Fraser">Ian Edward Fraser</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sydney_Knowles" title="Sydney Knowles">Sydney Knowles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Joseph_Magennis" title="James Joseph Magennis">James Joseph Magennis</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Commercial salvors</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Keith_Jessop" title="Keith Jessop">Keith Jessop</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Science_of_underwater_diving" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Science_of_underwater_diving" title="Science of underwater diving">Science of underwater diving</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_researchers_in_underwater_diving" title="List of researchers in underwater diving">List of researchers in underwater diving</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Diving_physics" title="Diving physics">Diving<br />physics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Metre_sea_water" title="Metre sea water">Metre sea water</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neutral_buoyancy" title="Neutral buoyancy">Neutral buoyancy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Underwater_acoustics" title="Underwater acoustics">Underwater acoustics</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Modulated_ultrasound" title="Modulated ultrasound">Modulated ultrasound</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Underwater_vision" title="Underwater vision">Underwater vision</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Underwater_computer_vision" title="Underwater computer vision">Underwater computer vision</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Diving_physiology" class="mw-redirect" title="Diving physiology">Diving<br />physiology</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Diving_reflex#Blood_shift" title="Diving reflex">Blood shift</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cold_shock_response" title="Cold shock response">Cold shock response</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diving_reflex" title="Diving reflex">Diving reflex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Equivalent_narcotic_depth" title="Equivalent narcotic depth">Equivalent narcotic depth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maximum_operating_depth" title="Maximum operating depth">Maximum operating depth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Physiological_response_to_water_immersion" class="mw-redirect" title="Physiological response to water immersion">Physiological response to water immersion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thermal_balance_of_the_underwater_diver" title="Thermal balance of the underwater diver">Thermal balance of the underwater diver</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Underwater_vision" title="Underwater vision">Underwater vision</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Work_of_breathing" title="Work of breathing">Work of breathing</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Decompressiontheory" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Decompression_theory" title="Decompression theory">Decompression<br />theory</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Decompression models: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/B%C3%BChlmann_decompression_algorithm" title="Bühlmann decompression algorithm">Bühlmann decompression algorithm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haldane%27s_decompression_model" title="Haldane's decompression model">Haldane's decompression model</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reduced_gradient_bubble_model" title="Reduced gradient bubble model">Reduced gradient bubble model</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thalmann_algorithm" title="Thalmann algorithm">Thalmann algorithm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thermodynamic_model_of_decompression" title="Thermodynamic model of decompression">Thermodynamic model of decompression</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Varying_Permeability_Model" title="Varying Permeability Model">Varying Permeability Model</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Equivalent_air_depth" title="Equivalent air depth">Equivalent air depth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oxygen_window" title="Oxygen window">Oxygen window</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Physiology_of_decompression" title="Physiology of decompression">Physiology of decompression</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Underwater_diving_environment" title="Underwater diving environment">Diving<br />environments</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Underwater_exploration" title="Underwater exploration">Underwater exploration</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Deep-sea_exploration" title="Deep-sea exploration">Deep-sea exploration</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Classification</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_diving_environments_by_type" title="List of diving environments by type">List of diving environments by type</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Altitude_diving" title="Altitude diving">Altitude diving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benign_water_diving" class="mw-redirect" title="Benign water diving">Benign water diving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confined_water_diving" class="mw-redirect" title="Confined water diving">Confined water diving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deep_diving" title="Deep diving">Deep diving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inland_diving" class="mw-redirect" title="Inland diving">Inland diving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inshore_diving" class="mw-redirect" title="Inshore diving">Inshore diving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muck_diving" title="Muck diving">Muck diving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Night_diving" title="Night diving">Night diving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open-water_diving" title="Open-water diving">Open-water diving</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Black-water_diving" class="mw-redirect" title="Black-water diving">Black-water diving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blue-water_diving" class="mw-redirect" title="Blue-water diving">Blue-water diving</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Penetration_diving" title="Penetration diving">Penetration diving</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cave_diving" title="Cave diving">Cave diving</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Torricellian_chamber" title="Torricellian chamber">Torricellian chamber</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ice_diving" title="Ice diving">Ice diving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wreck_diving" title="Wreck diving">Wreck diving</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Recreational_dive_sites" title="Recreational dive sites">Recreational dive sites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Underwater_environment" title="Underwater environment">Underwater environment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Underwater_diving_environment" title="Underwater diving environment">Underwater diving environment</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Impact</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_impact_of_recreational_diving" title="Environmental impact of recreational diving">Environmental impact of recreational diving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Low_impact_diving" title="Low impact diving">Low impact diving</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Other" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Other</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bathysphere" title="Bathysphere">Bathysphere</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Defense_against_swimmer_incursions" title="Defense against swimmer incursions">Defense against swimmer incursions</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Diver_detection_sonar" title="Diver detection sonar">Diver detection sonar</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Offshore_survey" class="mw-redirect" title="Offshore survey">Offshore survey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rugged_compact_camera" class="mw-redirect" title="Rugged compact camera">Rugged compact camera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Underwater_domain_awareness" title="Underwater domain awareness">Underwater domain awareness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Underwater_vehicle" title="Underwater vehicle">Underwater vehicle</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Deep-submergence_vehicle" title="Deep-submergence vehicle">Deep-submergence<br />vehicle</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aluminaut" title="Aluminaut"><i>Aluminaut</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DSV_Alvin" title="DSV Alvin">DSV <i>Alvin</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_submarine_NR-1" title="American submarine NR-1">American submarine NR-1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bathyscaphe" title="Bathyscaphe">Bathyscaphe</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Archim%C3%A8de" title="Archimède"><i>Archimède</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FNRS-2" title="FNRS-2">FNRS-2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FNRS-3" title="FNRS-3">FNRS-3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sea_Pole-class_bathyscaphe#Harmony_class_bathyscaphe" title="Sea Pole-class bathyscaphe"><i>Harmony</i> class bathyscaphe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sea_Pole-class_bathyscaphe" title="Sea Pole-class bathyscaphe"><i>Sea Pole</i>-class bathyscaphe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bathyscaphe_Trieste_II" class="mw-redirect" title="Bathyscaphe Trieste II"><i>Trieste II</i></a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deepsea_Challenger" title="Deepsea Challenger"><i>Deepsea Challenger</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ictineu_3" title="Ictineu 3"><i>Ictineu 3</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/JAGO_(German_research_submersible)" title="JAGO (German research submersible)"><i>JAGO</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jiaolong_(submersible)" title="Jiaolong (submersible)"><i>Jiaolong</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Konsul-class_submersible" title="Konsul-class submersible"><i>Konsul</i>-class submersible</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DSV_Limiting_Factor" title="DSV Limiting Factor"><i>Limiting Factor</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_submarine_Losharik" title="Russian submarine Losharik">Russian submarine <i>Losharik</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mir_(submersible)" title="Mir (submersible)"><i>Mir</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nautile" title="Nautile"><i>Nautile</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pisces-class_deep_submergence_vehicle" title="Pisces-class deep submergence vehicle"><i>Pisces</i>-class deep submergence vehicle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DSV_Sea_Cliff" title="DSV Sea Cliff">DSV <i>Sea Cliff</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DSV_Shinkai" title="DSV Shinkai">DSV <i>Shinkai</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DSV_Shinkai_2000" title="DSV Shinkai 2000">DSV <i>Shinkai 2000</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DSV_Shinkai_6500" title="DSV Shinkai 6500">DSV <i>Shinkai 6500</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DSV_Turtle" title="DSV Turtle">DSV <i>Turtle</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DSV-5_Nemo" title="DSV-5 Nemo">DSV-5 <i>Nemo</i></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Submarine_rescue" title="Submarine rescue">Submarine rescue</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/International_Submarine_Escape_and_Rescue_Liaison_Office" title="International Submarine Escape and Rescue Liaison Office">International Submarine Escape and Rescue Liaison Office</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Submarine_Escape_and_Rescue_system_(Royal_Swedish_Navy)" title="Submarine Escape and Rescue system (Royal Swedish Navy)">Submarine Escape and Rescue system (Royal Swedish Navy)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/McCann_Rescue_Chamber" title="McCann Rescue Chamber">McCann Rescue Chamber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Submarine_rescue_ship" title="Submarine rescue ship">Submarine rescue ship</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Deep-submergencerescue_vehicle" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Deep-submergence_rescue_vehicle" title="Deep-submergence rescue vehicle">Deep-submergence<br />rescue vehicle</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/LR5" title="LR5">LR5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LR7" title="LR7">LR7</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MSM-1" title="MSM-1">MSM-1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mystic-class_deep-submergence_rescue_vehicle" title="Mystic-class deep-submergence rescue vehicle"><i>Mystic</i>-class deep-submergence rescue vehicle</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/DSRV-1_Mystic" title="DSRV-1 Mystic">DSRV-1 <i>Mystic</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DSRV-2_Avalon" title="DSRV-2 Avalon">DSRV-2 <i>Avalon</i></a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NATO_Submarine_Rescue_System" title="NATO Submarine Rescue System">NATO Submarine Rescue System</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Priz-class_deep-submergence_rescue_vehicle" title="Priz-class deep-submergence rescue vehicle"><i>Priz</i>-class deep-submergence rescue vehicle</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Russian_deep_submergence_rescue_vehicle_AS-28" title="Russian deep submergence rescue vehicle AS-28">Russian deep submergence rescue vehicle AS-28</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_submarine_AS-34" title="Russian submarine AS-34">Russian submarine AS-34</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ASRV_Remora" class="mw-redirect" title="ASRV Remora">ASRV <i>Remora</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SRV-300" title="SRV-300">SRV-300</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Submarine_Rescue_Diving_Recompression_System" title="Submarine Rescue Diving Recompression System">Submarine Rescue Diving Recompression System</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Type_7103_DSRV" class="mw-redirect" title="Type 7103 DSRV">Type 7103 DSRV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/URF_(Swedish_Navy)" title="URF (Swedish Navy)">URF (Swedish Navy)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Submarine_escape&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Submarine escape (page does not exist)">Submarine escape</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Escape_trunk" title="Escape trunk">Escape trunk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Submarine_escape_training_facility" title="Submarine escape training facility">Submarine escape training facility</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Submarine_Escape_Training_Facility_(Australia)" title="Submarine Escape Training Facility (Australia)">Submarine Escape Training Facility (Australia)</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Escape_set" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Escape_set" class="mw-redirect" title="Escape set">Escape set</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Davis_Submerged_Escape_Apparatus" title="Davis Submerged Escape Apparatus">Davis Submerged Escape Apparatus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Momsen_lung" title="Momsen lung">Momsen lung</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steinke_hood" title="Steinke hood">Steinke hood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Submarine_Escape_Immersion_Equipment" title="Submarine Escape Immersion Equipment">Submarine Escape Immersion Equipment</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Special<br />interest<br />groups</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Artificial_Reef_Society_of_British_Columbia" title="Artificial Reef Society of British Columbia">Artificial Reef Society of British Columbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CMAS_Europe" title="CMAS Europe">CMAS Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coral_Reef_Alliance" title="Coral Reef Alliance">Coral Reef Alliance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Divers_Alert_Network" title="Divers Alert Network">Divers Alert Network</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_Fins" title="Green Fins">Green Fins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finger_Lakes_Underwater_Preserve_Association" title="Finger Lakes Underwater Preserve Association">Finger Lakes Underwater Preserve Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karst_Underwater_Research" title="Karst Underwater Research">Karst Underwater Research</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nautical_Archaeology_Program" title="Nautical Archaeology Program">Nautical Archaeology Program</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nautical_Archaeology_Society" title="Nautical Archaeology Society">Nautical Archaeology Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naval_Air_Command_Sub_Aqua_Club" title="Naval Air Command Sub Aqua Club">Naval Air Command Sub Aqua Club</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PADI_AWARE" title="PADI AWARE">PADI AWARE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reef_Check" title="Reef Check">Reef Check</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reef_Life_Survey" title="Reef Life Survey">Reef Life Survey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rubicon_Foundation" title="Rubicon Foundation">Rubicon Foundation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Save_Ontario_Shipwrecks" title="Save Ontario Shipwrecks">Save Ontario Shipwrecks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SeaKeys" title="SeaKeys">SeaKeys</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sea_Research_Society" title="Sea Research Society">Sea Research Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Society_for_Underwater_Historical_Research" title="Society for Underwater Historical Research">Society for Underwater Historical Research</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Society_for_Underwater_Technology" title="Society for Underwater Technology">Society for Underwater Technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Underwater_Archaeology_Branch,_Naval_History_%26_Heritage_Command" title="Underwater Archaeology Branch, Naval History & Heritage Command">Underwater Archaeology Branch, Naval History & Heritage Command</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Neutral buoyancy<br />facilities for<br />Astronaut training</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Neutral_Buoyancy_Laboratory" title="Neutral Buoyancy Laboratory">Neutral Buoyancy Laboratory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neutral_buoyancy_pool" title="Neutral buoyancy pool">Neutral buoyancy pool</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neutral_buoyancy_simulation_as_a_training_aid" title="Neutral buoyancy simulation as a training aid">Neutral buoyancy simulation as a training aid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neutral_Buoyancy_Simulator" title="Neutral Buoyancy Simulator">Neutral Buoyancy Simulator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_Systems_Laboratory_(Maryland)" title="Space Systems Laboratory (Maryland)">Space Systems Laboratory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yuri_Gagarin_Cosmonaut_Training_Center" title="Yuri Gagarin Cosmonaut Training Center">Yuri Gagarin Cosmonaut Training Center</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nautilus_Productions" title="Nautilus Productions">Nautilus Productions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helicopter_Aircrew_Breathing_Device" title="Helicopter Aircrew Breathing Device">Helicopter Aircrew Breathing Device</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scuba_diving_therapy" title="Scuba diving therapy">Scuba diving therapy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seabed_mining" title="Seabed mining">Seabed mining</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="font-weight: bold;"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" 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