Effect and Regulation of Obesity-Associated Low-Grade Chronic Inflammation in Major Rheumatic Diseases

<!DOCTYPE html> <html lang="en" xmlns:og="http://ogp.me/ns#" xmlns:fb="https://www.facebook.com/2008/fbml"> <head> <meta charset="utf-8"> <meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="IE=edge,chrome=1"> <meta content="mdpi" name="sso-service" /> <meta content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0" name="viewport" /> <title>Effect and Regulation of Obesity-Associated Low-Grade Chronic Inflammation in Major Rheumatic Diseases</title><link rel="stylesheet" href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/assets/css/font-awesome.min.css?eb190a3a77e5e1ee?1732615622"> <link rel="stylesheet" href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/assets/css/jquery.multiselect.css?f56c135cbf4d1483?1732615622"> <link rel="stylesheet" href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/assets/css/chosen.min.css?d7ca5ca9441ef9e1?1732615622"> <link rel="stylesheet" href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/assets/css/main2.css?69b39374e6b554b7?1732615622"> <link rel="mask-icon" href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/img/mask-icon-128.svg?c1c7eca266cd7013?1732615622" color="#4f5671"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" sizes="180x180" href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/icon/apple-touch-icon-180x180.png?1732615622"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" sizes="152x152" href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/icon/apple-touch-icon-152x152.png?1732615622"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" sizes="144x144" href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/icon/apple-touch-icon-144x144.png?1732615622"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" sizes="120x120" href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/icon/apple-touch-icon-120x120.png?1732615622"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" sizes="114x114" href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/icon/apple-touch-icon-114x114.png?1732615622"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" sizes="76x76" href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/icon/apple-touch-icon-76x76.png?1732615622"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" sizes="72x72" href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/icon/apple-touch-icon-72x72.png?1732615622"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" sizes="57x57" href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/icon/apple-touch-icon-57x57.png?1732615622"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/icon/apple-touch-icon-57x57.png?1732615622"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon-precomposed" href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/icon/apple-touch-icon-57x57.png?1732615622"> <link rel="manifest" href="/manifest.json"> <meta name="theme-color" content="#ffffff"> <meta name="application-name" content=" "/> <link rel="apple-touch-startup-image" href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/img/journals/rheumato-logo-sq.png?fc246099e5001501"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/img/journals/rheumato-logo-sq.png?fc246099e5001501"> <meta name="msapplication-TileImage" content="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/img/journals/rheumato-logo-sq.png?fc246099e5001501"> <link rel="stylesheet" href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/assets/css/jquery-ui-1.10.4.custom.min.css?80647d88647bf347?1732615622"> <link rel="stylesheet" href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/assets/css/magnific-popup.min.css?04d343e036f8eecd?1732615622"> <link rel="stylesheet" href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/assets/css/xml2html/article-html.css?230b005b39af4260?1732615622"> <style> h2, #abstract .related_suggestion_title { } .batch_articles a { color: #000; } a, .batch_articles .authors a, a:focus, a:hover, a:active, .batch_articles a:focus, .batch_articles a:hover, li.side-menu-li a { } span.label a { color: #fff; } #main-content a.title-link:hover, #main-content a.title-link:focus, #main-content div.generic-item a.title-link:hover, #main-content div.generic-item a.title-link:focus { } #main-content #middle-column .generic-item.article-item a.title-link:hover, #main-content #middle-column .generic-item.article-item a.title-link:focus { } .art-authors a.toEncode { color: #333; font-weight: 700; } #main-content #middle-column ul li::before { } .accordion-navigation.active a.accordion__title, .accordion-navigation.active a.accordion__title::after { } .accordion-navigation li:hover::before, .accordion-navigation li:hover a, .accordion-navigation li:focus a { } .relative-size-container .relative-size-image .relative-size { } .middle-column__help__fixed a:hover i, } input[type="checkbox"]:checked:after { } input[type="checkbox"]:not(:disabled):hover:before { } #main-content .bolded-text { } #main-content .hypothesis-count-container { } #main-content .hypothesis-count-container:before { } .full-size-menu ul li.menu-item .dropdown-wrapper { } .full-size-menu ul li.menu-item > a.open::after { } #title-story .title-story-orbit .orbit-caption { #background: url('/img/design/000000_background.png') !important; background: url('/img/design/ffffff_background.png') !important; color: rgb(51, 51, 51) !important; } #main-content .content__container__orbit { background-color: #000 !important; } #main-content .content__container__journal { color: #fff; } .html-article-menu .row span { } .html-article-menu .row span.active { } .accordion-navigation__journal .side-menu-li.active::before, .accordion-navigation__journal .side-menu-li.active a { color: rgba(104,18,30,0.75) !important; font-weight: 700; } .accordion-navigation__journal .side-menu-li:hover::before , .accordion-navigation__journal .side-menu-li:hover a { color: rgba(104,18,30,0.75) !important; } .side-menu-ul li.active a, .side-menu-ul li.active, .side-menu-ul li.active::before { color: rgba(104,18,30,0.75) !important; } .side-menu-ul li.active a { } .result-selected, .active-result.highlighted, .active-result:hover, .result-selected, .active-result.highlighted, .active-result:focus { } .search-container.search-container__default-scheme { } nav.tab-bar .open-small-search.active:after { } .search-container.search-container__default-scheme .custom-accordion-for-small-screen-link::after { color: #fff; } @media only screen and (max-width: 50em) { #main-content .content__container.journal-info { color: #fff; } #main-content .content__container.journal-info a { color: #fff; } } .button.button--color { } .button.button--color:hover, .button.button--color:focus { } .button.button--color-journal { position: relative; background-color: rgba(104,18,30,0.75); border-color: #fff; color: #fff !important; } .button.button--color-journal:hover::before { content: ''; position: absolute; top: 0; left: 0; height: 100%; width: 100%; background-color: #ffffff; opacity: 0.2; } .button.button--color-journal:visited, .button.button--color-journal:hover, .button.button--color-journal:focus { background-color: rgba(104,18,30,0.75); border-color: #fff; color: #fff !important; } .button.button--color path { } .button.button--color:hover path { fill: #fff; } #main-content #search-refinements .ui-slider-horizontal .ui-slider-range { } .breadcrumb__element:last-of-type a { } #main-header { } #full-size-menu .top-bar, #full-size-menu li.menu-item span.user-email { } .top-bar-section li:not(.has-form) a:not(.button) { } #full-size-menu li.menu-item .dropdown-wrapper li a:hover { } #full-size-menu li.menu-item a:hover, #full-size-menu li.menu.item a:focus, nav.tab-bar a:hover { } #full-size-menu li.menu.item a:active, #full-size-menu li.menu.item a.active { } #full-size-menu li.menu-item a.open-mega-menu.active, #full-size-menu li.menu-item div.mega-menu, a.open-mega-menu.active { } #full-size-menu li.menu-item div.mega-menu li, #full-size-menu li.menu-item div.mega-menu a { border-color: #9a9a9a; } div.type-section h2 { font-size: 20px; line-height: 26px; font-weight: 300; } div.type-section h3 { margin-left: 15px; margin-bottom: 0px; font-weight: 300; } .journal-tabs .tab-title.active a { } </style> <link rel="stylesheet" href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/assets/css/slick.css?f38b2db10e01b157?1732615622"> <meta name="title" content="Effect and Regulation of Obesity-Associated Low-Grade Chronic Inflammation in Major Rheumatic Diseases"> <meta name="description" content="Current lifestyle and environmental factors contribute to obesity development, leading to low-grade chronic inflammation (LGCI). Apart from obesity, LGCI is also related to rheumatic diseases such as osteoporosis (OP) and osteoarthritis (OA). In these, an excessive accumulation of adipose tissue has been linked to an excessive production of proinflammatory factors, such as adipokines. This work’s aim is to stablish the effect of obesity-associated LGCI in major rheumatic diseases and to determine optimal strategies to reduce it. Obesity is a risk factor for developing OA, where a systemic LGCI state has been found. Concretely, obesity-associated LGCI has been described as an OA instauration and progression promoter. To avoid this, several therapeutical approaches (diet control, physical exercise, or nutraceuticals) have been tested. OP is another major rheumatic disease where a basal LGCI has been described, being worsened by obesity. As in OA, diet management and supplementation with vitamin D or probiotics have been proposed as approaches to treat obesity-associated LGCI in this pathology. Currently, the increase in the prevalence of rheumatic diseases is unstoppable. Nonetheless, obesity is a risk factor that can be controlled. Thus, the study of new interventions to control the impact of obesity-associated LGCI is a challenge for the management of patients with rheumatic diseases." > <link rel="image_src" href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/img/journals/rheumato-logo.png?fc246099e5001501" > <meta name="dc.title" content="Effect and Regulation of Obesity-Associated Low-Grade Chronic Inflammation in Major Rheumatic Diseases"> <meta name="dc.creator" content="Ana Alonso-Pérez"> <meta name="dc.creator" content="María Guillán-Fresco"> <meta name="dc.creator" content="Miriam López-Fagúndez"> <meta name="dc.creator" content="Andrés Pazos-Pérez"> <meta name="dc.creator" content="Antía Crespo-Golmar"> <meta name="dc.creator" content="María Piñeiro-Ramil"> <meta name="dc.creator" content="Verónica López"> <meta name="dc.creator" content="Alberto Jorge-Mora"> <meta name="dc.creator" content="Rodolfo Gómez"> <meta name="dc.type" content="Review"> <meta name="dc.source" content="Rheumato 2022, Vol. 2, Pages 114-125"> <meta name="dc.date" content="2022-11-30"> <meta name ="dc.identifier" content="10.3390/rheumato2040016"> <meta name="dc.publisher" content="Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"> <meta name="dc.rights" content="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/"> <meta name="dc.format" content="application/pdf" > <meta name="dc.language" content="en" > <meta name="dc.description" content="Current lifestyle and environmental factors contribute to obesity development, leading to low-grade chronic inflammation (LGCI). Apart from obesity, LGCI is also related to rheumatic diseases such as osteoporosis (OP) and osteoarthritis (OA). In these, an excessive accumulation of adipose tissue has been linked to an excessive production of proinflammatory factors, such as adipokines. This work’s aim is to stablish the effect of obesity-associated LGCI in major rheumatic diseases and to determine optimal strategies to reduce it. Obesity is a risk factor for developing OA, where a systemic LGCI state has been found. Concretely, obesity-associated LGCI has been described as an OA instauration and progression promoter. To avoid this, several therapeutical approaches (diet control, physical exercise, or nutraceuticals) have been tested. OP is another major rheumatic disease where a basal LGCI has been described, being worsened by obesity. As in OA, diet management and supplementation with vitamin D or probiotics have been proposed as approaches to treat obesity-associated LGCI in this pathology. Currently, the increase in the prevalence of rheumatic diseases is unstoppable. Nonetheless, obesity is a risk factor that can be controlled. Thus, the study of new interventions to control the impact of obesity-associated LGCI is a challenge for the management of patients with rheumatic diseases." > <meta name="dc.subject" content="obesity" > <meta name="dc.subject" content="chronic inflammation" > <meta name="dc.subject" content="osteoarthritis" > <meta name="dc.subject" content="osteoporosis" > <meta name ="prism.issn" content="2674-0621"> <meta name ="prism.publicationName" content="Rheumato"> <meta name ="prism.publicationDate" content="2022-11-30"> <meta name ="prism.volume" content="2"> <meta name ="prism.number" content="4"> <meta name ="prism.section" content="Review" > <meta name ="prism.startingPage" content="114" > <meta name ="prism.endingPage" content="125" > <meta name="citation_issn" content="2674-0621"> <meta name="citation_journal_title" content="Rheumato"> <meta name="citation_publisher" content="Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"> <meta name="citation_title" content="Effect and Regulation of Obesity-Associated Low-Grade Chronic Inflammation in Major Rheumatic Diseases"> <meta name="citation_publication_date" content="2022/12"> <meta name="citation_online_date" content="2022/11/30"> <meta name="citation_volume" content="2"> <meta name="citation_issue" content="4"> <meta name="citation_firstpage" content="114"> <meta name="citation_author" content="Alonso-Pérez, Ana"> <meta name="citation_author" content="Guillán-Fresco, María"> <meta name="citation_author" content="López-Fagúndez, Miriam"> <meta name="citation_author" content="Pazos-Pérez, Andrés"> <meta name="citation_author" content="Crespo-Golmar, Antía"> <meta name="citation_author" content="Piñeiro-Ramil, María"> <meta name="citation_author" content="López, Verónica"> <meta name="citation_author" content="Jorge-Mora, Alberto"> <meta name="citation_author" content="Gómez, Rodolfo"> <meta name ="citation_lastpage" content="125" > <meta name="citation_doi" content="10.3390/rheumato2040016"> <meta name="citation_id" content="mdpi-rheumato2040016"> <meta name="citation_abstract_html_url" content="https://www.mdpi.com/2674-0621/2/4/16"> <meta name="citation_pdf_url" content="https://www.mdpi.com/2674-0621/2/4/16/pdf?version=1669815299"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/pdf" title="PDF Full-Text" href="https://www.mdpi.com/2674-0621/2/4/16/pdf?version=1669815299"> <meta name="fulltext_pdf" content="https://www.mdpi.com/2674-0621/2/4/16/pdf?version=1669815299"> <meta name="citation_fulltext_html_url" content="https://www.mdpi.com/2674-0621/2/4/16/htm"> <link rel="alternate" type="text/html" title="HTML Full-Text" href="https://www.mdpi.com/2674-0621/2/4/16/htm"> <meta name="fulltext_html" content="https://www.mdpi.com/2674-0621/2/4/16/htm"> <link rel="alternate" type="text/xml" title="XML Full-Text" href="https://www.mdpi.com/2674-0621/2/4/16/xml"> <meta name="fulltext_xml" content="https://www.mdpi.com/2674-0621/2/4/16/xml"> <meta name="citation_xml_url" content="https://www.mdpi.com/2674-0621/2/4/16/xml"> <meta name="twitter:card" content="summary" /> <meta name="twitter:site" content="@MDPIOpenAccess" /> <meta name="twitter:image" content="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/img/journals/rheumato-logo-social.png?fc246099e5001501" /> <meta property="fb:app_id" content="131189377574"/> <meta property="og:site_name" content="MDPI"/> <meta property="og:type" content="article"/> <meta property="og:url" content="https://www.mdpi.com/2674-0621/2/4/16" /> <meta property="og:title" content="Effect and Regulation of Obesity-Associated Low-Grade Chronic Inflammation in Major Rheumatic Diseases" /> <meta property="og:description" content="Current lifestyle and environmental factors contribute to obesity development, leading to low-grade chronic inflammation (LGCI). Apart from obesity, LGCI is also related to rheumatic diseases such as osteoporosis (OP) and osteoarthritis (OA). In these, an excessive accumulation of adipose tissue has been linked to an excessive production of proinflammatory factors, such as adipokines. This work’s aim is to stablish the effect of obesity-associated LGCI in major rheumatic diseases and to determine optimal strategies to reduce it. Obesity is a risk factor for developing OA, where a systemic LGCI state has been found. Concretely, obesity-associated LGCI has been described as an OA instauration and progression promoter. To avoid this, several therapeutical approaches (diet control, physical exercise, or nutraceuticals) have been tested. OP is another major rheumatic disease where a basal LGCI has been described, being worsened by obesity. As in OA, diet management and supplementation with vitamin D or probiotics have been proposed as approaches to treat obesity-associated LGCI in this pathology. Currently, the increase in the prevalence of rheumatic diseases is unstoppable. Nonetheless, obesity is a risk factor that can be controlled. Thus, the study of new interventions to control the impact of obesity-associated LGCI is a challenge for the management of patients with rheumatic diseases." /> <meta property="og:image" content="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/rheumato/rheumato-02-00016/article_deploy/html/images/rheumato-02-00016-g001-550.jpg?1669815365" /> <link rel="alternate" type="application/rss+xml" title="MDPI Publishing - Latest articles" href="https://www.mdpi.com/rss"> <meta name="google-site-verification" content="PxTlsg7z2S00aHroktQd57fxygEjMiNHydKn3txhvwY"> <meta name="facebook-domain-verification" content="mcoq8dtq6sb2hf7z29j8w515jjoof7" /> <script id="Cookiebot" data-cfasync="false" src="https://consent.cookiebot.com/uc.js" data-cbid="51491ddd-fe7a-4425-ab39-69c78c55829f" type="text/javascript" async></script>  <script type="text/plain" data-cookieconsent="statistics"> (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start': new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0], j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src= 'https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f); })(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-WPK7SW5'); </script> <script type="text/plain" data-cookieconsent="statistics"> _linkedin_partner_id = "2846186"; window._linkedin_data_partner_ids = window._linkedin_data_partner_ids || []; window._linkedin_data_partner_ids.push(_linkedin_partner_id); </script><script type="text/javascript"> (function(){var s = document.getElementsByTagName("script")[0]; var b = document.createElement("script"); b.type = "text/javascript";b.async = true; b.src = "https://snap.licdn.com/li.lms-analytics/insight.min.js"; s.parentNode.insertBefore(b, s);})(); </script> <script type="text/plain" data-cookieconsent="statistics" data-cfasync="false" src="//script.crazyegg.com/pages/scripts/0116/4951.js" async="async" ></script> </head> <body> <div class="direction direction_right" id="small_right" style="border-right-width: 0px; padding:0;"> <i class="fa fa-caret-right fa-2x"></i> </div> <div class="big_direction direction_right" id="big_right" style="border-right-width: 0px;"> <div style="text-align: right;"> Next Article in Journal<br> <div><a href="/2674-0621/3/1/1">Short-Term Functional Outcomes of Unicompartmental versus Total Knee Arthroplasty in an Asian Population</a></div> </div> </div> <div class="direction" id="small_left" style="border-left-width: 0px"> <i class="fa fa-caret-left fa-2x"></i> </div> <div class="big_direction" id="big_left" style="border-left-width: 0px;"> <div> Previous Article in Journal<br> <div><a href="/2674-0621/2/4/15"><i>Rheumato</i> at Day 1</a></div> </div> </div> <div style="clear: both;"></div> <div id="menuModal" class="reveal-modal reveal-modal-new reveal-modal-menu" aria-hidden="true" data-reveal role="dialog"> <div class="menu-container"> <div class="UI_NavMenu"> <div class="content__container " > <div class="custom-accordion-for-small-screen-link " > <h2>Journals</h2> </div> <div class="target-item custom-accordion-for-small-screen-content show-for-medium-up"> <div class="menu-container__links"> <div style="width: 100%; float: left;"> <a href="/about/journals">Active Journals</a> <a href="/about/journalfinder">Find a Journal</a> <a href="/about/journals/proposal">Journal Proposal</a> <a href="/about/proceedings">Proceedings Series</a> </div> </div> </div> </div> <a href="/topics"> <h2>Topics</h2> </a> <div class="content__container " > <div class="custom-accordion-for-small-screen-link " > <h2>Information</h2> </div> <div class="target-item custom-accordion-for-small-screen-content show-for-medium-up"> <div class="menu-container__links"> <div style="width: 100%; max-width: 200px; float: left;"> <a href="/authors">For Authors</a> <a href="/reviewers">For Reviewers</a> <a href="/editors">For Editors</a> <a href="/librarians">For Librarians</a> <a href="/publishing_services">For Publishers</a> <a href="/societies">For Societies</a> <a href="/conference_organizers">For Conference Organizers</a> </div> <div style="width: 100%; max-width: 250px; float: left;"> <a href="/openaccess">Open Access Policy</a> <a href="/ioap">Institutional Open Access Program</a> <a href="/special_issues_guidelines">Special Issues Guidelines</a> <a href="/editorial_process">Editorial Process</a> <a href="/ethics">Research and Publication Ethics</a> <a href="/apc">Article Processing Charges</a> <a href="/awards">Awards</a> <a href="/testimonials">Testimonials</a> </div> </div> </div> </div> <a href="/authors/english"> <h2>Editing Services</h2> </a> <div class="content__container " > <div class="custom-accordion-for-small-screen-link " > <h2>Initiatives</h2> </div> <div class="target-item custom-accordion-for-small-screen-content show-for-medium-up"> <div class="menu-container__links"> <div style="width: 100%; float: left;"> <a href="https://sciforum.net" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">Sciforum</a> <a href="https://www.mdpi.com/books" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">MDPI Books</a> <a href="https://www.preprints.org" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">Preprints.org</a> <a href="https://www.scilit.net" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">Scilit</a> <a href="https://sciprofiles.com" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">SciProfiles</a> <a href="https://encyclopedia.pub" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">Encyclopedia</a> <a href="https://jams.pub" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">JAMS</a> <a href="/about/proceedings">Proceedings Series</a> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="content__container " > <div class="custom-accordion-for-small-screen-link " > <h2>About</h2> </div> <div class="target-item custom-accordion-for-small-screen-content show-for-medium-up"> <div class="menu-container__links"> <div style="width: 100%; float: left;"> <a href="/about">Overview</a> <a href="/about/contact">Contact</a> <a href="https://careers.mdpi.com" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">Careers</a> <a href="/about/announcements">News</a> <a href="/about/press">Press</a> <a href="http://blog.mdpi.com/" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">Blog</a> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="menu-container__buttons"> <a class="button UA_SignInUpButton" href="/user/login">Sign In / Sign Up</a> </div> </div> </div> <div id="captchaModal" class="reveal-modal reveal-modal-new reveal-modal-new--small" data-reveal aria-label="Captcha" aria-hidden="true" role="dialog"></div> <div id="actionDisabledModal" class="reveal-modal" data-reveal aria-labelledby="actionDisableModalTitle" aria-hidden="true" role="dialog" style="width: 300px;"> <h2 id="actionDisableModalTitle">Notice</h2> <form action="/email/captcha" method="post" id="emailCaptchaForm"> <div class="row"> <div id="js-action-disabled-modal-text" class="small-12 columns"> </div> <div id="js-action-disabled-modal-submit" class="small-12 columns" style="margin-top: 10px; display: none;"> You can make submissions to other journals <a href="https://susy.mdpi.com/user/manuscripts/upload">here</a>. </div> </div> </form> <a class="close-reveal-modal" aria-label="Close"> <i class="material-icons">clear</i> </a> </div> <div id="rssNotificationModal" class="reveal-modal reveal-modal-new" data-reveal aria-labelledby="rssNotificationModalTitle" aria-hidden="true" role="dialog"> <div class="row"> <div class="small-12 columns"> <h2 id="rssNotificationModalTitle">Notice</h2> <p> You are accessing a machine-readable page. In order to be human-readable, please install an RSS reader. </p> </div> </div> <div class="row"> <div class="small-12 columns"> <a class="button button--color js-rss-notification-confirm">Continue</a> <a class="button button--grey" onclick="$(this).closest('.reveal-modal').find('.close-reveal-modal').click(); return false;">Cancel</a> </div> </div> <a class="close-reveal-modal" aria-label="Close"> <i class="material-icons">clear</i> </a> </div> <div id="drop-article-label-openaccess" class="f-dropdown medium" data-dropdown-content aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"> <p> All articles published by MDPI are made immediately available worldwide under an open access license. No special permission is required to reuse all or part of the article published by MDPI, including figures and tables. For articles published under an open access Creative Common CC BY license, any part of the article may be reused without permission provided that the original article is clearly cited. For more information, please refer to <a href="https://www.mdpi.com/openaccess">https://www.mdpi.com/openaccess</a>. </p> </div> <div id="drop-article-label-feature" class="f-dropdown medium" data-dropdown-content aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"> <p> Feature papers represent the most advanced research with significant potential for high impact in the field. A Feature Paper should be a substantial original Article that involves several techniques or approaches, provides an outlook for future research directions and describes possible research applications. </p> <p> Feature papers are submitted upon individual invitation or recommendation by the scientific editors and must receive positive feedback from the reviewers. </p> </div> <div id="drop-article-label-choice" class="f-dropdown medium" data-dropdown-content aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"> <p> Editor’s Choice articles are based on recommendations by the scientific editors of MDPI journals from around the world. Editors select a small number of articles recently published in the journal that they believe will be particularly interesting to readers, or important in the respective research area. The aim is to provide a snapshot of some of the most exciting work published in the various research areas of the journal. <div style="margin-top: -10px;"> <div id="drop-article-label-choice-journal-link" style="display: none; margin-top: -10px; padding-top: 10px;"> </div> </div> </p> </div> <div id="drop-article-label-resubmission" class="f-dropdown medium" data-dropdown-content aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"> <p> Original Submission Date Received: <span id="drop-article-label-resubmission-date"></span>. </p> </div> <div id="container"> <noscript> <div id="no-javascript"> You seem to have javascript disabled. Please note that many of the page functionalities won't work as expected without javascript enabled. </div> </noscript> <div class="fixed"> <nav class="tab-bar show-for-medium-down"> <div class="row full-width collapse"> <div class="medium-3 small-4 columns"> <a href="/"> <img class="full-size-menu__mdpi-logo" src="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/img/design/mdpi-pub-logo-black-small1.svg?da3a8dcae975a41c?1732615622" style="width: 64px;" title="MDPI Open Access Journals"> </a> </div> <div class="medium-3 small-4 columns right-aligned"> <div class="show-for-medium-down"> <a href="#" style="display: none;"> <i class="material-icons" onclick="$('#menuModal').foundation('reveal', 'close'); return false;">clear</i> </a> <a class="js-toggle-desktop-layout-link" title="Toggle desktop layout" style="display: none;" href="/toggle_desktop_layout_cookie"> <i class="material-icons">zoom_out_map</i> </a> <a href="#" class="js-open-small-search open-small-search"> <i class="material-icons show-for-small only">search</i> </a> <a title="MDPI main page" class="js-open-menu" data-reveal-id="menuModal" href="#"> <i class="material-icons">menu</i> </a> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <section class="main-section"> <header> <div class="full-size-menu show-for-large-up"> <div class="row full-width"> <div class="large-1 columns"> <a href="/"> <img class="full-size-menu__mdpi-logo" src="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/img/design/mdpi-pub-logo-black-small1.svg?da3a8dcae975a41c?1732615622" title="MDPI Open Access Journals"> </a> </div> <div class="large-8 columns text-right UI_NavMenu"> <ul> <li class="menu-item"> <a href="/about/journals" data-dropdown="journals-dropdown" aria-controls="journals-dropdown" aria-expanded="false" data-options="is_hover: true; hover_timeout: 200">Journals</a> <ul id="journals-dropdown" class="f-dropdown dropdown-wrapper dropdown-wrapper__small" data-dropdown-content aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"> <li> <div class="row"> <div class="small-12 columns"> <ul> <li> <a href="/about/journals"> Active Journals </a> </li> <li> <a href="/about/journalfinder"> Find a Journal </a> </li> <li> <a href="/about/journals/proposal"> Journal Proposal </a> </li> <li> <a href="/about/proceedings"> Proceedings Series </a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="menu-item"> <a href="/topics">Topics</a> </li> <li class="menu-item"> <a href="/authors" data-dropdown="information-dropdown" aria-controls="information-dropdown" aria-expanded="false" data-options="is_hover:true; hover_timeout:200">Information</a> <ul id="information-dropdown" class="f-dropdown dropdown-wrapper" data-dropdown-content aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"> <li> <div class="row"> <div class="small-5 columns right-border"> <ul> <li> <a href="/authors">For Authors</a> </li> <li> <a href="/reviewers">For Reviewers</a> </li> <li> <a href="/editors">For Editors</a> </li> <li> <a href="/librarians">For Librarians</a> </li> <li> <a href="/publishing_services">For Publishers</a> </li> <li> <a href="/societies">For Societies</a> </li> <li> <a href="/conference_organizers">For Conference Organizers</a> </li> </ul> </div> <div class="small-7 columns"> <ul> <li> <a href="/openaccess">Open Access Policy</a> </li> <li> <a href="/ioap">Institutional Open Access Program</a> </li> <li> <a href="/special_issues_guidelines">Special Issues Guidelines</a> </li> <li> <a href="/editorial_process">Editorial Process</a> </li> <li> <a href="/ethics">Research and Publication Ethics</a> </li> <li> <a href="/apc">Article Processing Charges</a> </li> <li> <a href="/awards">Awards</a> </li> <li> <a href="/testimonials">Testimonials</a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="menu-item"> <a href="/authors/english">Editing Services</a> </li> <li class="menu-item"> <a href="/about/initiatives" data-dropdown="initiatives-dropdown" aria-controls="initiatives-dropdown" aria-expanded="false" data-options="is_hover: true; hover_timeout: 200">Initiatives</a> <ul id="initiatives-dropdown" class="f-dropdown dropdown-wrapper dropdown-wrapper__small" data-dropdown-content aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"> <li> <div class="row"> <div class="small-12 columns"> <ul> <li> <a href="https://sciforum.net" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"> Sciforum </a> </li> <li> <a href="https://www.mdpi.com/books" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"> MDPI Books </a> </li> <li> <a href="https://www.preprints.org" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"> Preprints.org </a> </li> <li> <a href="https://www.scilit.net" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"> Scilit </a> </li> <li> <a href="https://sciprofiles.com" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"> SciProfiles </a> </li> <li> <a href="https://encyclopedia.pub" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"> Encyclopedia </a> </li> <li> <a href="https://jams.pub" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"> JAMS </a> </li> <li> <a href="/about/proceedings"> Proceedings Series </a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="menu-item"> <a href="/about" data-dropdown="about-dropdown" aria-controls="about-dropdown" aria-expanded="false" data-options="is_hover: true; hover_timeout: 200">About</a> <ul id="about-dropdown" class="f-dropdown dropdown-wrapper dropdown-wrapper__small" data-dropdown-content aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"> <li> <div class="row"> <div class="small-12 columns"> <ul> <li> <a href="/about"> Overview </a> </li> <li> <a href="/about/contact"> Contact </a> </li> <li> <a href="https://careers.mdpi.com" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"> Careers </a> </li> <li> <a href="/about/announcements"> News </a> </li> <li> <a href="/about/press"> Press </a> </li> <li> <a href="http://blog.mdpi.com/" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"> Blog </a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> <div class="large-3 columns text-right full-size-menu__buttons"> <div> <a class="button button--default-inversed UA_SignInUpButton" href="/user/login">Sign In / Sign Up</a> <a class="button button--default js-journal-active-only-link js-journal-active-only-submit-link UC_NavSubmitButton" href=" https://susy.mdpi.com/user/manuscripts/upload?journal=rheumato " data-disabledmessage="new submissions are not possible.">Submit</a> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="header-divider"> </div> <div class="search-container hide-for-small-down row search-container__homepage-scheme"> <form id="basic_search" style="background-color: inherit !important;" class="large-12 medium-12 columns " action="/search" method="get"> <div class="row search-container__main-elements"> <div class="large-2 medium-2 small-12 columns text-right1 small-only-text-left"> <div class="show-for-medium-up"> <div class="search-input-label"> </div> </div> <span class="search-container__title">Search<span class="hide-for-medium"> for Articles</span><span class="hide-for-small">:</span></span> </div> <div class="custom-accordion-for-small-screen-content"> <div class="large-2 medium-2 small-6 columns "> <div class=""> <div class="search-input-label">Title / Keyword</div> </div> <input type="text" placeholder="Title / Keyword" id="q" tabindex="1" name="q" value="" /> </div> <div class="large-2 medium-2 small-6 columns "> <div class=""> <div class="search-input-label">Author / Affiliation / Email</div> </div> <input type="text" id="authors" placeholder="Author / Affiliation / Email" tabindex="2" name="authors" value="" /> </div> <div class="large-2 medium-2 small-6 columns "> <div class=""> <div class="search-input-label">Journal</div> </div> <select id="journal" tabindex="3" name="journal" class="chosen-select"> <option value="">All Journals</option> <option value="acoustics" > Acoustics </option> <option value="amh" > Acta Microbiologica Hellenica (AMH) </option> <option value="actuators" > Actuators </option> <option value="admsci" > Administrative Sciences </option> <option value="adolescents" > Adolescents </option> <option value="arm" > Advances in Respiratory Medicine (ARM) </option> <option value="aerobiology" > Aerobiology </option> <option value="aerospace" > Aerospace </option> <option value="agriculture" > Agriculture </option> <option value="agriengineering" > AgriEngineering </option> <option value="agrochemicals" > Agrochemicals </option> <option value="agronomy" > Agronomy </option> <option value="ai" > AI </option> <option value="air" > Air </option> <option value="algorithms" > Algorithms </option> <option value="allergies" > Allergies </option> <option value="alloys" > Alloys </option> <option value="analytica" > Analytica </option> <option value="analytics" > Analytics </option> <option value="anatomia" > Anatomia </option> <option value="anesthres" > Anesthesia Research </option> <option value="animals" > Animals </option> <option value="antibiotics" > Antibiotics </option> <option value="antibodies" > Antibodies </option> <option value="antioxidants" > Antioxidants </option> <option value="applbiosci" > Applied Biosciences </option> <option value="applmech" > Applied Mechanics </option> <option value="applmicrobiol" > Applied Microbiology </option> <option value="applnano" > Applied Nano </option> <option value="applsci" > Applied Sciences </option> <option value="asi" > Applied System Innovation (ASI) </option> <option value="appliedchem" > AppliedChem </option> <option value="appliedmath" > AppliedMath </option> <option value="aquacj" > Aquaculture Journal </option> <option value="architecture" > Architecture </option> <option value="arthropoda" > Arthropoda </option> <option value="arts" > Arts </option> <option value="astronomy" > Astronomy </option> <option value="atmosphere" > Atmosphere </option> <option value="atoms" > Atoms </option> <option value="audiolres" > Audiology Research </option> <option value="automation" > Automation </option> <option value="axioms" > Axioms </option> <option value="bacteria" > Bacteria </option> <option value="batteries" > Batteries </option> <option value="behavsci" > Behavioral Sciences </option> <option value="beverages" > Beverages </option> <option value="BDCC" > Big Data and Cognitive Computing (BDCC) </option> <option value="biochem" > BioChem </option> <option value="bioengineering" > Bioengineering </option> <option value="biologics" > Biologics </option> <option value="biology" > Biology </option> <option value="blsf" > Biology and Life Sciences Forum </option> <option value="biomass" > Biomass </option> <option value="biomechanics" > Biomechanics </option> <option value="biomed" > BioMed </option> <option value="biomedicines" > Biomedicines </option> <option value="biomedinformatics" > BioMedInformatics </option> <option value="biomimetics" > Biomimetics </option> <option value="biomolecules" > Biomolecules </option> <option value="biophysica" > Biophysica </option> <option value="biosensors" > Biosensors </option> <option value="biotech" > BioTech </option> <option value="birds" > Birds </option> <option value="blockchains" > Blockchains </option> <option value="brainsci" > Brain Sciences </option> <option value="buildings" > Buildings </option> <option value="businesses" > Businesses </option> <option value="carbon" > C </option> <option value="cancers" > Cancers </option> <option value="cardiogenetics" > Cardiogenetics </option> <option value="catalysts" > Catalysts </option> <option value="cells" > Cells </option> <option value="ceramics" > Ceramics </option> <option value="challenges" > Challenges </option> <option value="ChemEngineering" > ChemEngineering </option> <option value="chemistry" > Chemistry </option> <option value="chemproc" > Chemistry Proceedings </option> <option value="chemosensors" > Chemosensors </option> <option value="children" > Children </option> <option value="chips" > Chips </option> <option value="civileng" > CivilEng </option> <option value="cleantechnol" > Clean Technologies (Clean Technol.) </option> <option value="climate" > Climate </option> <option value="ctn" > Clinical and Translational Neuroscience (CTN) </option> <option value="clinbioenerg" > Clinical Bioenergetics </option> <option value="clinpract" > Clinics and Practice </option> <option value="clockssleep" > Clocks & Sleep </option> <option value="coasts" > Coasts </option> <option value="coatings" > Coatings </option> <option value="colloids" > Colloids and Interfaces </option> <option value="colorants" > Colorants </option> <option value="commodities" > Commodities </option> <option value="complications" > Complications </option> <option value="compounds" > Compounds </option> <option value="computation" > Computation </option> <option value="csmf" > Computer Sciences & Mathematics Forum </option> <option value="computers" > Computers </option> <option value="condensedmatter" > Condensed Matter </option> <option value="conservation" > Conservation </option> <option value="constrmater" > Construction Materials </option> <option value="cmd" > Corrosion and Materials Degradation (CMD) </option> <option value="cosmetics" > Cosmetics </option> <option value="covid" > COVID </option> <option value="crops" > Crops </option> <option value="cryo" > Cryo </option> <option value="cryptography" > Cryptography </option> <option value="crystals" > Crystals </option> <option value="cimb" > Current Issues in Molecular Biology (CIMB) </option> <option value="curroncol" > Current Oncology </option> <option value="dairy" > Dairy </option> <option value="data" > Data </option> <option value="dentistry" > Dentistry Journal </option> <option value="dermato" > Dermato </option> <option value="dermatopathology" > Dermatopathology </option> <option value="designs" > Designs </option> <option value="diabetology" > Diabetology </option> <option value="diagnostics" > Diagnostics </option> <option value="dietetics" > Dietetics </option> <option value="digital" > Digital </option> <option value="disabilities" > Disabilities </option> <option value="diseases" > Diseases </option> <option value="diversity" > Diversity </option> <option value="dna" > DNA </option> <option value="drones" > Drones </option> <option value="ddc" > Drugs and Drug Candidates (DDC) </option> <option value="dynamics" > Dynamics </option> <option value="earth" > Earth </option> <option value="ecologies" > Ecologies </option> <option value="econometrics" > Econometrics </option> <option value="economies" > Economies </option> <option value="education" > Education Sciences </option> <option value="electricity" > Electricity </option> <option value="electrochem" > Electrochem </option> <option value="electronicmat" > Electronic Materials </option> <option value="electronics" > Electronics </option> <option value="ecm" > Emergency Care and Medicine </option> <option value="encyclopedia" > Encyclopedia </option> <option value="endocrines" > Endocrines </option> <option value="energies" > Energies </option> <option value="esa" > Energy Storage and Applications (ESA) </option> <option value="eng" > Eng </option> <option value="engproc" > Engineering Proceedings </option> <option value="entropy" > Entropy </option> <option value="environsciproc" > Environmental Sciences Proceedings </option> <option value="environments" > Environments </option> <option value="epidemiologia" > Epidemiologia </option> <option value="epigenomes" > Epigenomes </option> <option value="ebj" > European Burn Journal (EBJ) </option> <option value="ejihpe" > European Journal of Investigation in Health, Psychology and Education (EJIHPE) </option> <option value="fermentation" > Fermentation </option> <option value="fibers" > Fibers </option> <option value="fintech" > FinTech </option> <option value="fire" > Fire </option> <option value="fishes" > Fishes </option> <option value="fluids" > Fluids </option> <option value="foods" > Foods </option> <option value="forecasting" > Forecasting </option> <option value="forensicsci" > Forensic Sciences </option> <option value="forests" > Forests </option> <option value="fossstud" > Fossil Studies </option> <option value="foundations" > Foundations </option> <option value="fractalfract" > Fractal and Fractional (Fractal Fract) </option> <option value="fuels" > Fuels </option> <option value="future" > Future </option> <option value="futureinternet" > Future Internet </option> <option value="futurepharmacol" > Future Pharmacology </option> <option value="futuretransp" > Future Transportation </option> <option value="galaxies" > Galaxies </option> <option value="games" > Games </option> <option value="gases" > Gases </option> <option value="gastroent" > Gastroenterology Insights </option> <option value="gastrointestdisord" > Gastrointestinal Disorders </option> <option value="gastronomy" > Gastronomy </option> <option value="gels" > Gels </option> <option value="genealogy" > Genealogy </option> <option value="genes" > Genes </option> <option value="geographies" > Geographies </option> <option value="geohazards" > GeoHazards </option> <option value="geomatics" > Geomatics </option> <option value="geometry" > Geometry </option> <option value="geosciences" > Geosciences </option> <option value="geotechnics" > Geotechnics </option> <option value="geriatrics" > Geriatrics </option> <option value="glacies" > Glacies </option> <option value="gucdd" > Gout, Urate, and Crystal Deposition Disease (GUCDD) </option> <option value="grasses" > Grasses </option> <option value="hardware" > Hardware </option> <option value="healthcare" > Healthcare </option> <option value="hearts" > Hearts </option> <option value="hemato" > Hemato </option> <option value="hematolrep" > Hematology Reports </option> <option value="heritage" > Heritage </option> <option value="histories" > Histories </option> <option value="horticulturae" > Horticulturae </option> <option value="hospitals" > Hospitals </option> <option value="humanities" > Humanities </option> <option value="humans" > Humans </option> <option value="hydrobiology" > Hydrobiology </option> <option value="hydrogen" > Hydrogen </option> <option value="hydrology" > Hydrology </option> <option value="hygiene" > Hygiene </option> <option value="immuno" > Immuno </option> <option value="idr" > Infectious Disease Reports </option> <option value="informatics" > Informatics </option> <option value="information" > Information </option> <option value="infrastructures" > Infrastructures </option> <option value="inorganics" > Inorganics </option> <option value="insects" > Insects </option> <option value="instruments" > Instruments </option> <option value="iic" > Intelligent Infrastructure and Construction </option> <option value="ijerph" > International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health (IJERPH) </option> <option value="ijfs" > International Journal of Financial Studies (IJFS) </option> <option value="ijms" > International Journal of Molecular Sciences (IJMS) </option> <option value="IJNS" > International Journal of Neonatal Screening (IJNS) </option> <option value="ijpb" > International Journal of Plant Biology (IJPB) </option> <option value="ijt" > International Journal of Topology </option> <option value="ijtm" > International Journal of Translational Medicine (IJTM) </option> <option value="ijtpp" > International Journal of Turbomachinery, Propulsion and Power (IJTPP) </option> <option value="ime" > International Medical Education (IME) </option> <option value="inventions" > Inventions </option> <option value="IoT" > IoT </option> <option value="ijgi" > ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information (IJGI) </option> <option value="J" > J </option> <option value="jal" > Journal of Ageing and Longevity (JAL) </option> <option value="jcdd" > Journal of Cardiovascular Development and Disease (JCDD) </option> <option value="jcto" > Journal of Clinical & Translational Ophthalmology (JCTO) </option> <option value="jcm" > Journal of Clinical Medicine (JCM) </option> <option value="jcs" > Journal of Composites Science (J. Compos. Sci.) </option> <option value="jcp" > Journal of Cybersecurity and Privacy (JCP) </option> <option value="jdad" > Journal of Dementia and Alzheimer's Disease (JDAD) </option> <option value="jdb" > Journal of Developmental Biology (JDB) </option> <option value="jeta" > Journal of Experimental and Theoretical Analyses (JETA) </option> <option value="jfb" > Journal of Functional Biomaterials (JFB) </option> <option value="jfmk" > Journal of Functional Morphology and Kinesiology (JFMK) </option> <option value="jof" > Journal of Fungi (JoF) </option> <option value="jimaging" > Journal of Imaging (J. Imaging) </option> <option value="jintelligence" > Journal of Intelligence (J. Intell.) </option> <option value="jlpea" > Journal of Low Power Electronics and Applications (JLPEA) </option> <option value="jmmp" > Journal of Manufacturing and Materials Processing (JMMP) </option> <option value="jmse" > Journal of Marine Science and Engineering (JMSE) </option> <option value="jmahp" > Journal of Market Access & Health Policy (JMAHP) </option> <option value="jmp" > Journal of Molecular Pathology (JMP) </option> <option value="jnt" > Journal of Nanotheranostics (JNT) </option> <option value="jne" > Journal of Nuclear Engineering (JNE) </option> <option value="ohbm" > Journal of Otorhinolaryngology, Hearing and Balance Medicine (JOHBM) </option> <option value="jop" > Journal of Parks </option> <option value="jpm" > Journal of Personalized Medicine (JPM) </option> <option value="jpbi" > Journal of Pharmaceutical and BioTech Industry (JPBI) </option> <option value="jor" > Journal of Respiration (JoR) </option> <option value="jrfm" > Journal of Risk and Financial Management (JRFM) </option> <option value="jsan" > Journal of Sensor and Actuator Networks (JSAN) </option> <option value="joma" > Journal of the Oman Medical Association (JOMA) </option> <option value="jtaer" > Journal of Theoretical and Applied Electronic Commerce Research (JTAER) </option> <option value="jvd" > Journal of Vascular Diseases (JVD) </option> <option value="jox" > Journal of Xenobiotics (JoX) </option> <option value="jzbg" > Journal of Zoological and Botanical Gardens (JZBG) </option> <option value="journalmedia" > Journalism and Media </option> <option value="kidneydial" > Kidney and Dialysis </option> <option value="kinasesphosphatases" > Kinases and Phosphatases </option> <option value="knowledge" > Knowledge </option> <option value="labmed" > LabMed </option> <option value="laboratories" > Laboratories </option> <option value="land" > Land </option> <option value="languages" > Languages </option> <option value="laws" > Laws </option> <option value="life" > Life </option> <option value="limnolrev" > Limnological Review </option> <option value="lipidology" > Lipidology </option> <option value="liquids" > Liquids </option> <option value="literature" > Literature </option> <option value="livers" > Livers </option> <option value="logics" > Logics </option> <option value="logistics" > Logistics </option> <option value="lubricants" > Lubricants </option> <option value="lymphatics" > Lymphatics </option> <option value="make" > Machine Learning and Knowledge Extraction (MAKE) </option> <option value="machines" > Machines </option> <option value="macromol" > Macromol </option> <option value="magnetism" > Magnetism </option> <option value="magnetochemistry" > Magnetochemistry </option> <option value="marinedrugs" > Marine Drugs </option> <option value="materials" > Materials </option> <option value="materproc" > Materials Proceedings </option> <option value="mca" > Mathematical and Computational Applications (MCA) </option> <option value="mathematics" > Mathematics </option> <option value="medsci" > Medical Sciences </option> <option value="msf" > Medical Sciences Forum </option> <option value="medicina" > Medicina </option> <option value="medicines" > Medicines </option> <option value="membranes" > Membranes </option> <option value="merits" > Merits </option> <option value="metabolites" > Metabolites </option> <option value="metals" > Metals </option> <option value="meteorology" > Meteorology </option> <option value="methane" > Methane </option> <option value="mps" > Methods and Protocols (MPs) </option> <option value="metrics" > Metrics </option> <option value="metrology" > Metrology </option> <option value="micro" > Micro </option> <option value="microbiolres" > Microbiology Research </option> <option value="micromachines" > Micromachines </option> <option value="microorganisms" > Microorganisms </option> <option value="microplastics" > Microplastics </option> <option value="minerals" > Minerals </option> <option value="mining" > Mining </option> <option value="modelling" > Modelling </option> <option value="mmphys" > Modern Mathematical Physics </option> <option value="molbank" > Molbank </option> <option value="molecules" > Molecules </option> <option value="mti" > Multimodal Technologies and Interaction (MTI) </option> <option value="muscles" > Muscles </option> <option value="nanoenergyadv" > Nanoenergy Advances </option> <option value="nanomanufacturing" > Nanomanufacturing </option> <option value="nanomaterials" > Nanomaterials </option> <option value="ndt" > NDT </option> <option value="network" > Network </option> <option value="neuroglia" > Neuroglia </option> <option value="neurolint" > Neurology International </option> <option value="neurosci" > NeuroSci </option> <option value="nitrogen" > Nitrogen </option> <option value="ncrna" > Non-Coding RNA (ncRNA) </option> <option value="nursrep" > Nursing Reports </option> <option value="nutraceuticals" > Nutraceuticals </option> <option value="nutrients" > Nutrients </option> <option value="obesities" > Obesities </option> <option value="oceans" > Oceans </option> <option value="onco" > Onco </option> <option value="optics" > Optics </option> <option value="oral" > Oral </option> <option value="organics" > Organics </option> <option value="organoids" > Organoids </option> <option value="osteology" > Osteology </option> <option value="oxygen" > Oxygen </option> <option value="parasitologia" > Parasitologia </option> <option value="particles" > Particles </option> <option value="pathogens" > Pathogens </option> <option value="pathophysiology" > Pathophysiology </option> <option value="pediatrrep" > Pediatric Reports </option> <option value="pets" > Pets </option> <option value="pharmaceuticals" > Pharmaceuticals </option> <option value="pharmaceutics" > Pharmaceutics </option> <option value="pharmacoepidemiology" > Pharmacoepidemiology </option> <option value="pharmacy" > Pharmacy </option> <option value="philosophies" > Philosophies </option> <option value="photochem" > Photochem </option> <option value="photonics" > Photonics </option> <option value="phycology" > Phycology </option> <option value="physchem" > Physchem </option> <option value="psf" > Physical Sciences Forum </option> <option value="physics" > Physics </option> <option value="physiologia" > Physiologia </option> <option value="plants" > Plants </option> <option value="plasma" > Plasma </option> <option value="platforms" > Platforms </option> <option value="pollutants" > Pollutants </option> <option value="polymers" > Polymers </option> <option value="polysaccharides" > Polysaccharides </option> <option value="populations" > Populations </option> <option value="poultry" > Poultry </option> <option value="powders" > Powders </option> <option value="proceedings" > Proceedings </option> <option value="processes" > Processes </option> <option value="prosthesis" > Prosthesis </option> <option value="proteomes" > Proteomes </option> <option value="psychiatryint" > Psychiatry International </option> <option value="psychoactives" > Psychoactives </option> <option value="psycholint" > Psychology International </option> <option value="publications" > Publications </option> <option value="qubs" > Quantum Beam Science (QuBS) </option> <option value="quantumrep" > Quantum Reports </option> <option value="quaternary" > Quaternary </option> <option value="radiation" > Radiation </option> <option value="reactions" > Reactions </option> <option value="realestate" > Real Estate </option> <option value="receptors" > Receptors </option> <option value="recycling" > Recycling </option> <option value="rsee" > Regional Science and Environmental Economics (RSEE) </option> <option value="religions" > Religions </option> <option value="remotesensing" > Remote Sensing </option> <option value="reports" > Reports </option> <option value="reprodmed" > Reproductive Medicine (Reprod. Med.) </option> <option value="resources" > Resources </option> <option value="rheumato" selected='selected'> Rheumato </option> <option value="risks" > Risks </option> <option value="robotics" > Robotics </option> <option value="ruminants" > Ruminants </option> <option value="safety" > Safety </option> <option value="sci" > Sci </option> <option value="scipharm" > Scientia Pharmaceutica (Sci. Pharm.) </option> <option value="sclerosis" > Sclerosis </option> <option value="seeds" > Seeds </option> <option value="sensors" > Sensors </option> <option value="separations" > Separations </option> <option value="sexes" > Sexes </option> <option value="signals" > Signals </option> <option value="sinusitis" > Sinusitis </option> <option value="smartcities" > Smart Cities </option> <option value="socsci" > Social Sciences </option> <option value="siuj" > Société Internationale d’Urologie Journal (SIUJ) </option> <option value="societies" > Societies </option> <option value="software" > Software </option> <option value="soilsystems" > Soil Systems </option> <option value="solar" > Solar </option> <option value="solids" > Solids </option> <option value="spectroscj" > Spectroscopy Journal </option> <option value="sports" > Sports </option> <option value="standards" > Standards </option> <option value="stats" > Stats </option> <option value="stresses" > Stresses </option> <option value="surfaces" > Surfaces </option> <option value="surgeries" > Surgeries </option> <option value="std" > Surgical Techniques Development </option> <option value="sustainability" > Sustainability </option> <option value="suschem" > Sustainable Chemistry </option> <option value="symmetry" > Symmetry </option> <option value="synbio" > SynBio </option> <option value="systems" > Systems </option> <option value="targets" > Targets </option> <option value="taxonomy" > Taxonomy </option> <option value="technologies" > Technologies </option> <option value="telecom" > Telecom </option> <option value="textiles" > Textiles </option> <option value="thalassrep" > Thalassemia Reports </option> <option value="therapeutics" > Therapeutics </option> <option value="thermo" > Thermo </option> <option value="timespace" > Time and Space </option> <option value="tomography" > Tomography </option> <option value="tourismhosp" > Tourism and Hospitality </option> <option value="toxics" > Toxics </option> <option value="toxins" > Toxins </option> <option value="transplantology" > Transplantology </option> <option value="traumacare" > Trauma Care </option> <option value="higheredu" > Trends in Higher Education </option> <option value="tropicalmed" > Tropical Medicine and Infectious Disease (TropicalMed) </option> <option value="universe" > Universe </option> <option value="urbansci" > Urban Science </option> <option value="uro" > Uro </option> <option value="vaccines" > Vaccines </option> <option value="vehicles" > Vehicles </option> <option value="venereology" > Venereology </option> <option value="vetsci" > Veterinary Sciences </option> <option value="vibration" > Vibration </option> <option value="virtualworlds" > Virtual Worlds </option> <option value="viruses" > Viruses </option> <option value="vision" > Vision </option> <option value="waste" > Waste </option> <option value="water" > Water </option> <option value="wild" > Wild </option> <option value="wind" > Wind </option> <option value="women" > Women </option> <option value="world" > World </option> <option value="wevj" > World Electric Vehicle Journal (WEVJ) </option> <option value="youth" > Youth </option> <option value="zoonoticdis" > Zoonotic Diseases </option> </select> </div> <div class="large-2 medium-2 small-6 columns "> <div class=""> <div class="search-input-label">Article Type</div> </div> <select id="article_type" tabindex="4" name="article_type" class="chosen-select"> <option value="">All Article Types</option> <option value="research-article">Article</option> <option value="review-article">Review</option> <option value="rapid-communication">Communication</option> <option value="editorial">Editorial</option> <option value="abstract">Abstract</option> <option value="book-review">Book Review</option> <option value="brief-communication">Brief Communication</option> <option value="brief-report">Brief Report</option> <option value="case-report">Case Report</option> <option value="clinicopathological-challenge">Clinicopathological Challenge</option> <option value="article-commentary">Comment</option> <option value="commentary">Commentary</option> <option value="concept-paper">Concept Paper</option> <option value="conference-report">Conference Report</option> <option value="correction">Correction</option> <option value="creative">Creative</option> <option value="data-descriptor">Data Descriptor</option> <option value="discussion">Discussion</option> <option value="Entry">Entry</option> <option value="essay">Essay</option> <option value="expression-of-concern">Expression of Concern</option> <option value="extended-abstract">Extended Abstract</option> <option value="field-guide">Field Guide</option> <option value="guidelines">Guidelines</option> <option value="hypothesis">Hypothesis</option> <option value="interesting-image">Interesting Images</option> <option value="letter">Letter</option> <option value="books-received">New Book Received</option> <option value="obituary">Obituary</option> <option value="opinion">Opinion</option> <option value="perspective">Perspective</option> <option value="proceedings">Proceeding Paper</option> <option value="project-report">Project Report</option> <option value="protocol">Protocol</option> <option value="registered-report">Registered Report</option> <option value="reply">Reply</option> <option value="retraction">Retraction</option> <option value="note">Short Note</option> <option value="study-protocol">Study Protocol</option> <option value="systematic_review">Systematic Review</option> <option value="technical-note">Technical Note</option> <option value="tutorial">Tutorial</option> <option value="viewpoint">Viewpoint</option> </select> </div> <div class="large-1 medium-1 small-6 end columns small-push-6 medium-reset-order large-reset-order js-search-collapsed-button-container"> <div class="search-input-label"> </div> <input type="submit" id="search" value="Search" class="button button--dark button--full-width searchButton1 US_SearchButton" tabindex="12"> </div> <div class="large-1 medium-1 small-6 end columns large-text-left small-only-text-center small-pull-6 medium-reset-order large-reset-order js-search-collapsed-link-container"> <div class="search-input-label"> </div> <a class="main-search-clear search-container__link" href="#" onclick="openAdvanced(''); return false;">Advanced<span class="show-for-small-only"> Search</span></a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="search-container__advanced" style="margin-top: 0; padding-top: 0px; background-color: inherit; color: inherit;"> <div class="row"> <div class="large-2 medium-2 columns show-for-medium-up"> </div> <div class="large-2 medium-2 small-6 columns "> <div class=""> <div class="search-input-label">Section</div> </div> <select id="section" tabindex="5" name="section" class="chosen-select"> <option value=""></option> </select> </div> <div class="large-2 medium-2 small-6 columns "> <div class=""> <div class="search-input-label">Special Issue</div> </div> <select id="special_issue" tabindex="6" name="special_issue" class="chosen-select"> <option value=""></option> </select> </div> <div class="large-1 medium-1 small-6 end columns "> <div class="search-input-label">Volume</div> <input type="text" id="volume" tabindex="7" name="volume" placeholder="..." value="2" /> </div> <div class="large-1 medium-1 small-6 end columns "> <div class="search-input-label">Issue</div> <input type="text" id="issue" tabindex="8" name="issue" placeholder="..." value="4" /> </div> <div class="large-1 medium-1 small-6 end columns "> <div class="search-input-label">Number</div> <input type="text" id="number" tabindex="9" name="number" placeholder="..." value="" /> </div> <div class="large-1 medium-1 small-6 end columns "> <div class="search-input-label">Page</div> <input type="text" id="page" tabindex="10" name="page" placeholder="..." value="" /> </div> <div class="large-1 medium-1 small-6 columns small-push-6 medium-reset order large-reset-order medium-reset-order js-search-expanded-button-container"></div> <div class="large-1 medium-1 small-6 columns large-text-left small-only-text-center small-pull-6 medium-reset-order large-reset-order js-search-expanded-link-container"></div> </div> </div> </form> <form id="advanced-search" class="large-12 medium-12 columns"> <div class="search-container__advanced"> <div id="advanced-search-template" class="row advanced-search-row"> <div class="large-2 medium-2 small-12 columns show-for-medium-up"> </div> <div class="large-2 medium-2 small-3 columns connector-div"> <div class="search-input-label"><span class="show-for-medium-up">Logical Operator</span><span class="show-for-small">Operator</span></div> <select class="connector"> <option value="and">AND</option> <option value="or">OR</option> </select> </div> <div class="large-3 medium-3 small-6 columns search-text-div"> <div class="search-input-label">Search Text</div> <input type="text" class="search-text" placeholder="Search text"> </div> <div class="large-2 medium-2 small-6 large-offset-0 medium-offset-0 small-offset-3 columns search-field-div"> <div class="search-input-label">Search Type</div> <select class="search-field"> <option value="all">All fields</option> <option value="title">Title</option> <option value="abstract">Abstract</option> <option value="keywords">Keywords</option> <option value="authors">Authors</option> <option value="affiliations">Affiliations</option> <option value="doi">Doi</option> <option value="full_text">Full Text</option> <option value="references">References</option> </select> </div> <div class="large-1 medium-1 small-3 columns"> <div class="search-input-label"> </div> <div class="search-action-div"> <div class="search-plus"> <i class="material-icons">add_circle_outline</i> </div> </div> <div class="search-action-div"> <div class="search-minus"> <i class="material-icons">remove_circle_outline</i> </div> </div> </div> <div class="large-1 medium-1 small-6 large-offset-0 medium-offset-0 small-offset-3 end columns"> <div class="search-input-label"> </div> <input class="advanced-search-button button button--dark search-submit" type="submit" value="Search"> </div> <div class="large-1 medium-1 small-6 end columns show-for-medium-up"></div> </div> </div> </form> </div> <div class="header-divider"> </div> <div class="breadcrumb row full-row"> <div class="breadcrumb__element"> <a href="/about/journals">Journals</a> </div> <div class="breadcrumb__element"> <a href="/journal/rheumato">Rheumato</a> </div> <div class="breadcrumb__element"> <a href="/2674-0621/2">Volume 2</a> </div> <div class="breadcrumb__element"> <a href="/2674-0621/2/4">Issue 4</a> </div> <div class="breadcrumb__element"> <a href="#">10.3390/rheumato2040016</a> </div> </div> </header> <div id="main-content" class=""> <div class="row full-width row-fixed-left-column"> <div id="left-column" class="content__column large-3 medium-3 small-12 columns"> <div class="content__container"> <a href="/journal/rheumato"> <img src="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/img/journals/rheumato-logo.png?fc246099e5001501" alt="rheumato-logo" title="Rheumato" style="max-height: 60px; margin: 0 0 0 0;"> </a> <div class="generic-item no-border"> <a class="button button--color button--full-width js-journal-active-only-link js-journal-active-only-submit-link UC_ArticleSubmitButton" href="https://susy.mdpi.com/user/manuscripts/upload?form%5Bjournal_id%5D%3D506" data-disabledmessage="creating new submissions is not possible."> Submit to this Journal </a> <a class="button button--color button--full-width js-journal-active-only-link UC_ArticleReviewButton" href="https://susy.mdpi.com/volunteer/journals/review" data-disabledmessage="volunteering as journal reviewer is not possible."> Review for this Journal </a> <a class="button button--color-inversed button--color-journal button--full-width js-journal-active-only-link UC_ArticleEditIssueButton" href="/journalproposal/sendproposalspecialissue/rheumato" data-path="/2674-0621/2/4/16" data-disabledmessage="proposing new special issue is not possible."> Propose a Special Issue </a> </div> <div class="generic-item link-article-menu show-for-small"> <a href="#" class="link-article-menu show-for-small"> <span class="closed">►</span> <span class="open" style="display: none;">▼</span> Article Menu </a> </div> <div class="hide-small-down-initially UI_ArticleMenu"> <div class="generic-item"> <h2>Article Menu</h2> </div> <ul class="accordion accordion__menu" data-accordion data-options="multi_expand:true;toggleable: true"> <li class="accordion-navigation"> <a href="#academic_editors" class="accordion__title">Academic Editor</a> <div id="academic_editors" class="content active"> <div class="academic-editor-container " title="Department of Medicine, Indiana University Ball, Memorial Hospital, Muncie, IN, USA"> <div class="sciprofiles-link" style="display: inline-block"><a class="sciprofiles-link__link" href="https://sciprofiles.com/profile/1639338?utm_source=mdpi.com&utm_medium=website&utm_campaign=avatar_name" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"><img class="sciprofiles-link__image" src="/profiles/1639338/thumb/Bruce_Rothschild.png" style="width: auto; height: 16px; border-radius: 50%;"><span class="sciprofiles-link__name">Bruce M. Rothschild</span></a></div> </div> </div> </li> <li class="accordion-direct-link"> <a href="/2674-0621/2/4/16/scifeed_display" data-reveal-id="scifeed-modal" data-reveal-ajax="true">Subscribe SciFeed</a> </li> <li class="accordion-direct-link js-article-similarity-container" style="display: none"> <a href="#" class="js-similarity-related-articles">Recommended Articles</a> </li> <li class="accordion-navigation"> <a href="#related" class="accordion__title">Related Info Link</a> <div id="related" class="content UI_ArticleMenu_RelatedLinks"> <ul> <li class="li-link"> <a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=Effect%20and%20Regulation%20of%20Obesity-Associated%20Low-Grade%20Chronic%20Inflammation%20in%20Major%20Rheumatic%20Diseases" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">Google Scholar</a> </li> </ul> </div> </li> <li class="accordion-navigation"> <a href="#authors" class="accordion__title">More by Authors Links</a> <div id="authors" class="content UI_ArticleMenu_AuthorsLinks"> <ul class="side-menu-ul"> <li> <a class="expand" onclick='$(this).closest("li").next("div").toggle(); return false;'>on DOAJ</a> </li> <div id="AuthorDOAJExpand" style="display:none;"> <ul class="submenu"> <li class="li-link"> <a href='http://doaj.org/search/articles?source=%7B%22query%22%3A%7B%22query_string%22%3A%7B%22query%22%3A%22%5C%22Ana%20Alonso-P%C3%A9rez%5C%22%22%2C%22default_operator%22%3A%22AND%22%2C%22default_field%22%3A%22bibjson.author.name%22%7D%7D%7D' target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">Alonso-Pérez, A.</a> <li> </li> <li class="li-link"> <a href='http://doaj.org/search/articles?source=%7B%22query%22%3A%7B%22query_string%22%3A%7B%22query%22%3A%22%5C%22Mar%C3%ADa%20Guill%C3%A1n-Fresco%5C%22%22%2C%22default_operator%22%3A%22AND%22%2C%22default_field%22%3A%22bibjson.author.name%22%7D%7D%7D' target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">Guillán-Fresco, M.</a> <li> </li> <li class="li-link"> <a href='http://doaj.org/search/articles?source=%7B%22query%22%3A%7B%22query_string%22%3A%7B%22query%22%3A%22%5C%22Miriam%20L%C3%B3pez-Fag%C3%BAndez%5C%22%22%2C%22default_operator%22%3A%22AND%22%2C%22default_field%22%3A%22bibjson.author.name%22%7D%7D%7D' target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">López-Fagúndez, M.</a> <li> </li> <li class="li-link"> <a href='http://doaj.org/search/articles?source=%7B%22query%22%3A%7B%22query_string%22%3A%7B%22query%22%3A%22%5C%22Andr%C3%A9s%20Pazos-P%C3%A9rez%5C%22%22%2C%22default_operator%22%3A%22AND%22%2C%22default_field%22%3A%22bibjson.author.name%22%7D%7D%7D' target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">Pazos-Pérez, A.</a> <li> </li> <li class="li-link"> <a href='http://doaj.org/search/articles?source=%7B%22query%22%3A%7B%22query_string%22%3A%7B%22query%22%3A%22%5C%22Ant%C3%ADa%20Crespo-Golmar%5C%22%22%2C%22default_operator%22%3A%22AND%22%2C%22default_field%22%3A%22bibjson.author.name%22%7D%7D%7D' target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">Crespo-Golmar, A.</a> <li> </li> <li class="li-link"> <a href='http://doaj.org/search/articles?source=%7B%22query%22%3A%7B%22query_string%22%3A%7B%22query%22%3A%22%5C%22Mar%C3%ADa%20Pi%C3%B1eiro-Ramil%5C%22%22%2C%22default_operator%22%3A%22AND%22%2C%22default_field%22%3A%22bibjson.author.name%22%7D%7D%7D' target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">Piñeiro-Ramil, M.</a> <li> </li> <li class="li-link"> <a href='http://doaj.org/search/articles?source=%7B%22query%22%3A%7B%22query_string%22%3A%7B%22query%22%3A%22%5C%22Ver%C3%B3nica%20L%C3%B3pez%5C%22%22%2C%22default_operator%22%3A%22AND%22%2C%22default_field%22%3A%22bibjson.author.name%22%7D%7D%7D' target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">López, V.</a> <li> </li> <li class="li-link"> <a href='http://doaj.org/search/articles?source=%7B%22query%22%3A%7B%22query_string%22%3A%7B%22query%22%3A%22%5C%22Alberto%20Jorge-Mora%5C%22%22%2C%22default_operator%22%3A%22AND%22%2C%22default_field%22%3A%22bibjson.author.name%22%7D%7D%7D' target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">Jorge-Mora, A.</a> <li> </li> <li class="li-link"> <a href='http://doaj.org/search/articles?source=%7B%22query%22%3A%7B%22query_string%22%3A%7B%22query%22%3A%22%5C%22Rodolfo%20G%C3%B3mez%5C%22%22%2C%22default_operator%22%3A%22AND%22%2C%22default_field%22%3A%22bibjson.author.name%22%7D%7D%7D' target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">Gómez, R.</a> <li> </li> </ul> </div> <li> <a class="expand" onclick='$(this).closest("li").next("div").toggle(); return false;'>on Google Scholar</a> </li> <div id="AuthorGoogleExpand" style="display:none;"> <ul class="submenu"> <li class="li-link"> <a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=Ana%20Alonso-P%C3%A9rez" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">Alonso-Pérez, A.</a> <li> </li> <li class="li-link"> <a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=Mar%C3%ADa%20Guill%C3%A1n-Fresco" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">Guillán-Fresco, M.</a> <li> </li> <li class="li-link"> <a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=Miriam%20L%C3%B3pez-Fag%C3%BAndez" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">López-Fagúndez, M.</a> <li> </li> <li class="li-link"> <a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=Andr%C3%A9s%20Pazos-P%C3%A9rez" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">Pazos-Pérez, A.</a> <li> </li> <li class="li-link"> <a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=Ant%C3%ADa%20Crespo-Golmar" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">Crespo-Golmar, A.</a> <li> </li> <li class="li-link"> <a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=Mar%C3%ADa%20Pi%C3%B1eiro-Ramil" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">Piñeiro-Ramil, M.</a> <li> </li> <li class="li-link"> <a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=Ver%C3%B3nica%20L%C3%B3pez" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">López, V.</a> <li> </li> <li class="li-link"> <a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=Alberto%20Jorge-Mora" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">Jorge-Mora, A.</a> <li> </li> <li class="li-link"> <a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=Rodolfo%20G%C3%B3mez" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">Gómez, R.</a> <li> </li> </ul> </div> <li> <a class="expand" onclick='$(this).closest("li").next("div").toggle(); return false;'>on PubMed</a> </li> <div id="AuthorPubMedExpand" style="display:none;"> <ul class="submenu"> <li class="li-link"> <a href="http://www.pubmed.gov/?cmd=Search&term=Ana%20Alonso-P%C3%A9rez" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">Alonso-Pérez, A.</a> <li> </li> <li class="li-link"> <a href="http://www.pubmed.gov/?cmd=Search&term=Mar%C3%ADa%20Guill%C3%A1n-Fresco" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">Guillán-Fresco, M.</a> <li> </li> <li class="li-link"> <a href="http://www.pubmed.gov/?cmd=Search&term=Miriam%20L%C3%B3pez-Fag%C3%BAndez" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">López-Fagúndez, M.</a> <li> </li> <li class="li-link"> <a href="http://www.pubmed.gov/?cmd=Search&term=Andr%C3%A9s%20Pazos-P%C3%A9rez" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">Pazos-Pérez, A.</a> <li> </li> <li class="li-link"> <a href="http://www.pubmed.gov/?cmd=Search&term=Ant%C3%ADa%20Crespo-Golmar" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">Crespo-Golmar, A.</a> <li> </li> <li class="li-link"> <a href="http://www.pubmed.gov/?cmd=Search&term=Mar%C3%ADa%20Pi%C3%B1eiro-Ramil" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">Piñeiro-Ramil, M.</a> <li> </li> <li class="li-link"> <a href="http://www.pubmed.gov/?cmd=Search&term=Ver%C3%B3nica%20L%C3%B3pez" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">López, V.</a> <li> </li> <li class="li-link"> <a href="http://www.pubmed.gov/?cmd=Search&term=Alberto%20Jorge-Mora" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">Jorge-Mora, A.</a> <li> </li> <li class="li-link"> <a href="http://www.pubmed.gov/?cmd=Search&term=Rodolfo%20G%C3%B3mez" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">Gómez, R.</a> <li> </li> </ul> </div> </ul> </div> </li> </ul> <span style="display:none" id="scifeed_hidden_flag"></span> <span style="display:none" id="scifeed_subscribe_url">/ajax/scifeed/subscribe</span> </div> </div> <div class="content__container responsive-moving-container large medium active hidden" data-id="article-counters"> <div id="counts-wrapper" class="row generic-item no-border" data-equalizer> <div id="js-counts-wrapper__views" class="small-12 hide columns count-div-container"> <a href="#metrics" > <div class="count-div" data-equalizer-watch> <span class="name">Article Views</span> <span class="count view-number"></span> </div> </a> </div> <div id="js-counts-wrapper__citations" class="small-12 columns hide count-div-container"> <a href="#metrics" > <div class="count-div" data-equalizer-watch> <span class="name">Citations</span> <span class="count citations-number Var_ArticleMaxCitations">-</span> </div> </a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="content__container"> <div class="hide-small-down-initially"> <ul class="accordion accordion__menu" data-accordion data-options="multi_expand:true;toggleable: true"> <li class="accordion-navigation"> <a href="#table_of_contents" class="accordion__title">Table of Contents</a> <div id="table_of_contents" class="content active"> <div class="menu-caption" id="html-quick-links-title"></div> </div> </li> </ul> </div> </div>  <div id="pbgrd-sky"></div> <script src="https://cdn.pbgrd.com/core-mdpi.js"></script> <style>.content__container { min-width: 300px; }</style>  </div> <div id="middle-column" class="content__column large-9 medium-9 small-12 columns end middle-bordered"> <div class="middle-column__help"> <div class="middle-column__help__fixed show-for-medium-up"> <span id="js-altmetrics-donut" href="#" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" style="display: none;"> <span data-badge-type='donut' class='altmetric-embed' data-doi='10.3390/rheumato2040016'></span> <span>Altmetric</span> </span> <a href="#" class="UA_ShareButton" data-reveal-id="main-share-modal" title="Share"> <i class="material-icons">share</i> <span>Share</span> </a> <a href="#" data-reveal-id="main-help-modal" title="Help"> <i class="material-icons">announcement</i> <span>Help</span> </a> <a href="javascript:void(0);" data-reveal-id="cite-modal" data-counterslink = "https://www.mdpi.com/2674-0621/2/4/16/cite" > <i class="material-icons">format_quote</i> <span>Cite</span> </a> <a href="https://sciprofiles.com/discussion-groups/public/10.3390/rheumato2040016?utm_source=mpdi.com&utm_medium=publication&utm_campaign=discuss_in_sciprofiles" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" title="Discuss in Sciprofiles"> <i class="material-icons">question_answer</i> <span>Discuss in SciProfiles</span> </a> <a href="#" class="" data-hypothesis-trigger-endorses-tab title="Endorse"> <i data-hypothesis-endorse-trigger class="material-icons" >thumb_up</i> <div data-hypothesis-endorsement-count data-hypothesis-trigger-endorses-tab class="hypothesis-count-container"> ... </div> <span>Endorse</span> </a> <a href="#" data-hypothesis-trigger class="js-hypothesis-open UI_ArticleAnnotationsButton" title="Comment"> <i class="material-icons">textsms</i> <div data-hypothesis-annotation-count class="hypothesis-count-container"> ... </div> <span>Comment</span> </a> </div> <div id="main-help-modal" class="reveal-modal reveal-modal-new" data-reveal aria-labelledby="modalTitle" aria-hidden="true" role="dialog"> <div class="row"> <div class="small-12 columns"> <h2 style="margin: 0;">Need Help?</h2> </div> <div class="small-6 columns"> <h3>Support</h3> <p> Find support for a specific problem in the support section of our website. </p> <a target="_blank" href="/about/contactform" class="button button--color button--full-width"> Get Support </a> </div> <div class="small-6 columns"> <h3>Feedback</h3> <p> Please let us know what you think of our products and services. </p> <a target="_blank" href="/feedback/send" class="button button--color button--full-width"> Give Feedback </a> </div> <div class="small-6 columns end"> <h3>Information</h3> <p> Visit our dedicated information section to learn more about MDPI. </p> <a target="_blank" href="/authors" class="button button--color button--full-width"> Get Information </a> </div> </div> <a class="close-reveal-modal" aria-label="Close"> <i class="material-icons">clear</i> </a> </div> </div> <div class="middle-column__main "> <div class="page-highlight"> <style type="text/css"> img.review-status { width: 30px; } </style> <div id="jmolModal" class="reveal-modal" data-reveal aria-labelledby="Captcha" aria-hidden="true" role="dialog"> <h2>JSmol Viewer</h2> <div class="row"> <div class="small-12 columns text-center"> <iframe style="width: 520px; height: 520px;" frameborder="0" id="jsmol-content"></iframe> <div class="content"></div> </div> </div> <a class="close-reveal-modal" aria-label="Close"> <i class="material-icons">clear</i> </a> </div> <div itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle" id="abstract" class="abstract_div"> <div class="js-check-update-container"></div> <div class="html-content__container content__container content__container__combined-for-large__first" style="overflow: auto; position: inherit;"> <div class='html-profile-nav'> <div class='top-bar'> <div class='nav-sidebar-btn show-for-large-up' data-status='opened' > <i class='material-icons'>first_page</i> </div> <a id="js-button-download" class="button button--color-inversed" style="display: none;" href="/2674-0621/2/4/16/pdf?version=1669815299" data-name="Effect and Regulation of Obesity-Associated Low-Grade Chronic Inflammation in Major Rheumatic Diseases" data-journal="rheumato"> <i class="material-icons custom-download"></i> Download PDF </a> <div class='nav-btn'> <i class='material-icons'>settings</i> </div> <a href="/2674-0621/2/4/16/reprints" id="js-button-reprints" class="button button--color-inversed"> Order Article Reprints </a> </div> <div class='html-article-menu'> <div class='html-first-step row'> <div class='html-font-family large-6 medium-6 small-12 columns'> <div class='row'> <div class='html-font-label large-4 medium-4 small-12 columns'> Font Type: </div> <div class='large-8 medium-8 small-12 columns'> <span class="html-article-menu-option"><i style='font-family:Arial, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;' data-fontfamily='Arial, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif'>Arial</i></span> <span class="html-article-menu-option"><i style='font-family:Georgia1, Georgia, serif;' data-fontfamily='Georgia1, Georgia, serif'>Georgia</i></span> <span class="html-article-menu-option"><i style='font-family:Verdana, Verdana, Geneva, sans-serif;' data-fontfamily='Verdana, Verdana, Geneva, sans-serif' >Verdana</i></span> </div> </div> </div> <div class='html-font-resize large-6 medium-6 small-12 columns'> <div class='row'> <div class='html-font-label large-4 medium-4 small-12 columns'>Font Size:</div> <div class='large-8 medium-8 small-12 columns'> <span class="html-article-menu-option a1" data-percent="100">Aa</span> <span class="html-article-menu-option a2" data-percent="120">Aa</span> <span class="html-article-menu-option a3" data-percent="160">Aa</span> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class='row'> <div class='html-line-space large-6 medium-6 small-12 columns'> <div class='row'> <div class='html-font-label large-4 medium-4 small-12 columns' >Line Spacing:</div> <div class='large-8 medium-8 small-12 columns'> <span class="html-article-menu-option a1" data-line-height="1.5em"> <i class="fa"></i> </span> <span class="html-article-menu-option a2" data-line-height="1.8em"> <i class="fa"></i> </span> <span class="html-article-menu-option a3" data-line-height="2.1em"> <i class="fa"></i> </span> </div> </div> </div> <div class='html-column-width large-6 medium-6 small-12 columns'> <div class='row'> <div class='html-font-label large-4 medium-4 small-12 columns' >Column Width:</div> <div class='large-8 medium-8 small-12 columns'> <span class="html-article-menu-option a1" data-column-width="20%"> <i class="fa"></i> </span> <span class="html-article-menu-option a2" data-column-width="10%"> <i class="fa"></i> </span> <span class="html-article-menu-option a3" data-column-width="0%"> <i class="fa"></i> </span> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class='row'> <div class='html-font-bg large-6 medium-6 small-12 columns end'> <div class='row'> <div class='html-font-label large-4 medium-4 small-12 columns'>Background:</div> <div class='large-8 medium-8 small-12 columns'> <div class="html-article-menu-option html-nav-bg html-nav-bright" data-bg="bright"> <i class="fa fa-file-text"></i> </div> <div class="html-article-menu-option html-nav-bg html-nav-dark" data-bg="dark"> <i class="fa fa-file-text-o"></i> </div> <div class="html-article-menu-option html-nav-bg html-nav-creme" data-bg="creme"> <i class="fa fa-file-text"></i> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <article ><div class='html-article-content'> <span itemprop="publisher" content="Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"></span><span itemprop="url" content="https://www.mdpi.com/2674-0621/2/4/16"></span> <div class="article-icons"><span class="label openaccess" data-dropdown="drop-article-label-openaccess" aria-expanded="false">Open Access</span><span class="label articletype">Review</span></div> <h1 class="title hypothesis_container" itemprop="name"> Effect and Regulation of Obesity-Associated Low-Grade Chronic Inflammation in Major Rheumatic Diseases </h1> <div class="art-authors hypothesis_container"> by <span class="inlineblock "><div class='profile-card-drop' data-dropdown='profile-card-drop9570167' data-options='is_hover:true, hover_timeout:5000'> Ana Alonso-Pérez</div><div id="profile-card-drop9570167" data-dropdown-content class="f-dropdown content profile-card-content" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"><div class="profile-card__title"><div class="sciprofiles-link" style="display: inline-block"><div class="sciprofiles-link__link"><img class="sciprofiles-link__image" src="/bundles/mdpisciprofileslink/img/unknown-user.png" style="width: auto; height: 16px; border-radius: 50%;"><span class="sciprofiles-link__name">Ana Alonso-Pérez</span></div></div></div><div class="profile-card__buttons" style="margin-bottom: 10px;"><a href="https://sciprofiles.com/profile/1028756?utm_source=mdpi.com&utm_medium=website&utm_campaign=avatar_name" class="button button--color-inversed" target="_blank"> SciProfiles </a><a href="https://scilit.net/scholars?q=Ana%20Alonso-P%C3%A9rez" class="button button--color-inversed" target="_blank"> Scilit </a><a href="https://www.preprints.org/search?search1=Ana%20Alonso-P%C3%A9rez&field1=authors" class="button button--color-inversed" target="_blank"> Preprints.org </a><a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=Ana%20Alonso-P%C3%A9rez" class="button button--color-inversed" target="_blank" rels="noopener noreferrer"> Google Scholar </a></div></div><sup> †</sup><a href="https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5830-0960" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"><img src="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/img/design/orcid.png?0465bc3812adeb52?1732615622" title="ORCID" style="position: relative; width: 13px; margin-left: 3px; max-width: 13px !important; height: auto; top: -5px;"></a>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><div class='profile-card-drop' data-dropdown='profile-card-drop9570168' data-options='is_hover:true, hover_timeout:5000'> María Guillán-Fresco</div><div id="profile-card-drop9570168" data-dropdown-content class="f-dropdown content profile-card-content" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"><div class="profile-card__title"><div class="sciprofiles-link" style="display: inline-block"><div class="sciprofiles-link__link"><img class="sciprofiles-link__image" src="/bundles/mdpisciprofileslink/img/unknown-user.png" style="width: auto; height: 16px; border-radius: 50%;"><span class="sciprofiles-link__name">María Guillán-Fresco</span></div></div></div><div class="profile-card__buttons" style="margin-bottom: 10px;"><a href="https://sciprofiles.com/profile/1011643?utm_source=mdpi.com&utm_medium=website&utm_campaign=avatar_name" class="button button--color-inversed" target="_blank"> SciProfiles </a><a href="https://scilit.net/scholars?q=Mar%C3%ADa%20Guill%C3%A1n-Fresco" class="button button--color-inversed" target="_blank"> Scilit </a><a href="https://www.preprints.org/search?search1=Mar%C3%ADa%20Guill%C3%A1n-Fresco&field1=authors" class="button button--color-inversed" target="_blank"> Preprints.org </a><a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=Mar%C3%ADa%20Guill%C3%A1n-Fresco" class="button button--color-inversed" target="_blank" rels="noopener noreferrer"> Google Scholar </a></div></div><sup> †</sup><a href="https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6269-5130" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"><img src="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/img/design/orcid.png?0465bc3812adeb52?1732615622" title="ORCID" style="position: relative; width: 13px; margin-left: 3px; max-width: 13px !important; height: auto; top: -5px;"></a>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><div class='profile-card-drop' data-dropdown='profile-card-drop9570169' data-options='is_hover:true, hover_timeout:5000'> Miriam López-Fagúndez</div><div id="profile-card-drop9570169" data-dropdown-content class="f-dropdown content profile-card-content" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"><div class="profile-card__title"><div class="sciprofiles-link" style="display: inline-block"><div class="sciprofiles-link__link"><img class="sciprofiles-link__image" src="/bundles/mdpisciprofileslink/img/unknown-user.png" style="width: auto; height: 16px; border-radius: 50%;"><span class="sciprofiles-link__name">Miriam López-Fagúndez</span></div></div></div><div class="profile-card__buttons" style="margin-bottom: 10px;"><a href="https://sciprofiles.com/profile/1057130?utm_source=mdpi.com&utm_medium=website&utm_campaign=avatar_name" class="button button--color-inversed" target="_blank"> SciProfiles </a><a href="https://scilit.net/scholars?q=Miriam%20L%C3%B3pez-Fag%C3%BAndez" class="button button--color-inversed" target="_blank"> Scilit </a><a href="https://www.preprints.org/search?search1=Miriam%20L%C3%B3pez-Fag%C3%BAndez&field1=authors" class="button button--color-inversed" target="_blank"> Preprints.org </a><a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=Miriam%20L%C3%B3pez-Fag%C3%BAndez" class="button button--color-inversed" target="_blank" rels="noopener noreferrer"> Google Scholar </a></div></div><sup></sup><a href="https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4577-737X" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"><img src="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/img/design/orcid.png?0465bc3812adeb52?1732615622" title="ORCID" style="position: relative; width: 13px; margin-left: 3px; max-width: 13px !important; height: auto; top: -5px;"></a>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><div class='profile-card-drop' data-dropdown='profile-card-drop9570170' data-options='is_hover:true, hover_timeout:5000'> Andrés Pazos-Pérez</div><div id="profile-card-drop9570170" data-dropdown-content class="f-dropdown content profile-card-content" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"><div class="profile-card__title"><div class="sciprofiles-link" style="display: inline-block"><div class="sciprofiles-link__link"><img class="sciprofiles-link__image" src="/bundles/mdpisciprofileslink/img/unknown-user.png" style="width: auto; height: 16px; border-radius: 50%;"><span class="sciprofiles-link__name">Andrés Pazos-Pérez</span></div></div></div><div class="profile-card__buttons" style="margin-bottom: 10px;"><a href="https://sciprofiles.com/profile/author/aHJyaFQxVThyNWxsNlo4Y2NUL0M1YkxhczducjRNMVVaOUo5em9JRkoxQT0=?utm_source=mdpi.com&utm_medium=website&utm_campaign=avatar_name" class="button button--color-inversed" target="_blank"> SciProfiles </a><a href="https://scilit.net/scholars?q=Andr%C3%A9s%20Pazos-P%C3%A9rez" class="button button--color-inversed" target="_blank"> Scilit </a><a href="https://www.preprints.org/search?search1=Andr%C3%A9s%20Pazos-P%C3%A9rez&field1=authors" class="button button--color-inversed" target="_blank"> Preprints.org </a><a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=Andr%C3%A9s%20Pazos-P%C3%A9rez" class="button button--color-inversed" target="_blank" rels="noopener noreferrer"> Google Scholar </a></div></div><sup></sup>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><div class='profile-card-drop' data-dropdown='profile-card-drop9570171' data-options='is_hover:true, hover_timeout:5000'> Antía Crespo-Golmar</div><div id="profile-card-drop9570171" data-dropdown-content class="f-dropdown content profile-card-content" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"><div class="profile-card__title"><div class="sciprofiles-link" style="display: inline-block"><div class="sciprofiles-link__link"><img class="sciprofiles-link__image" src="/bundles/mdpisciprofileslink/img/unknown-user.png" style="width: auto; height: 16px; border-radius: 50%;"><span class="sciprofiles-link__name">Antía Crespo-Golmar</span></div></div></div><div class="profile-card__buttons" style="margin-bottom: 10px;"><a href="https://sciprofiles.com/profile/author/aEhZcUx3TGg0aEJ2a3VIa2NmK0xVL0dRdkN6MmdZaWI1b3VPMFB0OUVTUT0=?utm_source=mdpi.com&utm_medium=website&utm_campaign=avatar_name" class="button button--color-inversed" target="_blank"> SciProfiles </a><a href="https://scilit.net/scholars?q=Ant%C3%ADa%20Crespo-Golmar" class="button button--color-inversed" target="_blank"> Scilit </a><a href="https://www.preprints.org/search?search1=Ant%C3%ADa%20Crespo-Golmar&field1=authors" class="button button--color-inversed" target="_blank"> Preprints.org </a><a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=Ant%C3%ADa%20Crespo-Golmar" class="button button--color-inversed" target="_blank" rels="noopener noreferrer"> Google Scholar </a></div></div><sup></sup>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><div class='profile-card-drop' data-dropdown='profile-card-drop9570172' data-options='is_hover:true, hover_timeout:5000'> María Piñeiro-Ramil</div><div id="profile-card-drop9570172" data-dropdown-content class="f-dropdown content profile-card-content" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"><div class="profile-card__title"><div class="sciprofiles-link" style="display: inline-block"><div class="sciprofiles-link__link"><img class="sciprofiles-link__image" src="/bundles/mdpisciprofileslink/img/unknown-user.png" style="width: auto; height: 16px; border-radius: 50%;"><span class="sciprofiles-link__name">María Piñeiro-Ramil</span></div></div></div><div class="profile-card__buttons" style="margin-bottom: 10px;"><a href="https://sciprofiles.com/profile/861230?utm_source=mdpi.com&utm_medium=website&utm_campaign=avatar_name" class="button button--color-inversed" target="_blank"> SciProfiles </a><a href="https://scilit.net/scholars?q=Mar%C3%ADa%20Pi%C3%B1eiro-Ramil" class="button button--color-inversed" target="_blank"> Scilit </a><a href="https://www.preprints.org/search?search1=Mar%C3%ADa%20Pi%C3%B1eiro-Ramil&field1=authors" class="button button--color-inversed" target="_blank"> Preprints.org </a><a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=Mar%C3%ADa%20Pi%C3%B1eiro-Ramil" class="button button--color-inversed" target="_blank" rels="noopener noreferrer"> Google Scholar </a></div></div><sup></sup><a href="https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6202-1865" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"><img src="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/img/design/orcid.png?0465bc3812adeb52?1732615622" title="ORCID" style="position: relative; width: 13px; margin-left: 3px; max-width: 13px !important; height: auto; top: -5px;"></a>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><div class='profile-card-drop' data-dropdown='profile-card-drop9570173' data-options='is_hover:true, hover_timeout:5000'> Verónica López</div><div id="profile-card-drop9570173" data-dropdown-content class="f-dropdown content profile-card-content" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"><div class="profile-card__title"><div class="sciprofiles-link" style="display: inline-block"><div class="sciprofiles-link__link"><img class="sciprofiles-link__image" src="/bundles/mdpisciprofileslink/img/unknown-user.png" style="width: auto; height: 16px; border-radius: 50%;"><span class="sciprofiles-link__name">Verónica López</span></div></div></div><div class="profile-card__buttons" style="margin-bottom: 10px;"><a href="https://sciprofiles.com/profile/author/eDU3ckxMMlo4TU5veVhIL3hBbFlKb3FHeUtMckdyb0ZEekt2YWQ0NlltOD0=?utm_source=mdpi.com&utm_medium=website&utm_campaign=avatar_name" class="button button--color-inversed" target="_blank"> SciProfiles </a><a href="https://scilit.net/scholars?q=Ver%C3%B3nica%20L%C3%B3pez" class="button button--color-inversed" target="_blank"> Scilit </a><a href="https://www.preprints.org/search?search1=Ver%C3%B3nica%20L%C3%B3pez&field1=authors" class="button button--color-inversed" target="_blank"> Preprints.org </a><a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=Ver%C3%B3nica%20L%C3%B3pez" class="button button--color-inversed" target="_blank" rels="noopener noreferrer"> Google Scholar </a></div></div><sup></sup>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><div class='profile-card-drop' data-dropdown='profile-card-drop9570174' data-options='is_hover:true, hover_timeout:5000'> Alberto Jorge-Mora</div><div id="profile-card-drop9570174" data-dropdown-content class="f-dropdown content profile-card-content" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"><div class="profile-card__title"><div class="sciprofiles-link" style="display: inline-block"><div class="sciprofiles-link__link"><img class="sciprofiles-link__image" src="/bundles/mdpisciprofileslink/img/unknown-user.png" style="width: auto; height: 16px; border-radius: 50%;"><span class="sciprofiles-link__name">Alberto Jorge-Mora</span></div></div></div><div class="profile-card__buttons" style="margin-bottom: 10px;"><a href="https://sciprofiles.com/profile/author/UUpQckx6R1BsMDBqc3hNdlc2Vk9laEE2R00wTUdjTTQzb1BJNm5NRFhPRUZrdlFlOEs2b2Frc3o4Tit6SUk1cg==?utm_source=mdpi.com&utm_medium=website&utm_campaign=avatar_name" class="button button--color-inversed" target="_blank"> SciProfiles </a><a href="https://scilit.net/scholars?q=Alberto%20Jorge-Mora" class="button button--color-inversed" target="_blank"> Scilit </a><a href="https://www.preprints.org/search?search1=Alberto%20Jorge-Mora&field1=authors" class="button button--color-inversed" target="_blank"> Preprints.org </a><a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=Alberto%20Jorge-Mora" class="button button--color-inversed" target="_blank" rels="noopener noreferrer"> Google Scholar </a></div></div><sup></sup> and </span><span class="inlineblock "><div class='profile-card-drop' data-dropdown='profile-card-drop9570175' data-options='is_hover:true, hover_timeout:5000'> Rodolfo Gómez</div><div id="profile-card-drop9570175" data-dropdown-content class="f-dropdown content profile-card-content" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"><div class="profile-card__title"><div class="sciprofiles-link" style="display: inline-block"><div class="sciprofiles-link__link"><img class="sciprofiles-link__image" src="/profiles/1012456/thumb/Rodolfo_Gómez.png" style="width: auto; height: 16px; border-radius: 50%;"><span class="sciprofiles-link__name">Rodolfo Gómez</span></div></div></div><div class="profile-card__buttons" style="margin-bottom: 10px;"><a href="https://sciprofiles.com/profile/1012456?utm_source=mdpi.com&utm_medium=website&utm_campaign=avatar_name" class="button button--color-inversed" target="_blank"> SciProfiles </a><a href="https://scilit.net/scholars?q=Rodolfo%20G%C3%B3mez" class="button button--color-inversed" target="_blank"> Scilit </a><a href="https://www.preprints.org/search?search1=Rodolfo%20G%C3%B3mez&field1=authors" class="button button--color-inversed" target="_blank"> Preprints.org </a><a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=Rodolfo%20G%C3%B3mez" class="button button--color-inversed" target="_blank" rels="noopener noreferrer"> Google Scholar </a></div></div><sup> *</sup><span style="display: inline; margin-left: 5px;"></span><a class="toEncode emailCaptcha visibility-hidden" data-author-id="9570175" href="/cdn-cgi/l/email-protection#93bcf0fdf7bef0f4fabcffbcf6fef2faffbee3e1fce7f6f0e7fafcfdb0a3a3a2f7a4a1a2a5a2f7a2f6a2a7a2f7a2a3a2a0a2f2a2a0a2f5a2f7a2f0a2a5a2a4a0a1a2a6a2f5a2a0a2f1a2f6a6f0a2a2a2f7a2f5"><sup><i class="fa fa-envelope-o"></i></sup></a><a href="https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1309-1023" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"><img src="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/img/design/orcid.png?0465bc3812adeb52?1732615622" title="ORCID" style="position: relative; width: 13px; margin-left: 3px; max-width: 13px !important; height: auto; top: -5px;"></a></span> </div> <div class="nrm"></div> <span style="display:block; height:6px;"></span> <div></div> <div style="margin: 5px 0 15px 0;" class="hypothesis_container"> <div class="art-affiliations"> <div class="affiliation "> <div class="affiliation-name ">Musculoskeletal Pathology Group, Laboratory 18, Institute IDIS, Santiago University Clinical Hospital, 15706 Santiago de Compostela, Spain</div> </div> <div class="affiliation"> <div class="affiliation-item"><sup>*</sup></div> <div class="affiliation-name ">Author to whom correspondence should be addressed. </div> </div> <div class="affiliation"> <div class="affiliation-item"><sup>†</sup></div> <div class="affiliation-name ">These authors equally contributed to this work.</div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="bib-identity" style="margin-bottom: 10px;"> <em>Rheumato</em> <b>2022</b>, <em>2</em>(4), 114-125; <a href="https://doi.org/10.3390/rheumato2040016">https://doi.org/10.3390/rheumato2040016</a> </div> <div class="pubhistory" style="font-weight: bold; padding-bottom: 10px;"> <span style="display: inline-block">Submission received: 16 September 2022</span> / <span style="display: inline-block">Revised: 25 November 2022</span> / <span style="display: inline-block">Accepted: 25 November 2022</span> / <span style="display: inline-block">Published: 30 November 2022</span> </div> <div class="highlight-box1"> <div class="download"> <a class="button button--color-inversed button--drop-down" data-dropdown="drop-download-989474" aria-controls="drop-supplementary-989474" aria-expanded="false"> Download <i class="material-icons">keyboard_arrow_down</i> </a> <div id="drop-download-989474" class="f-dropdown label__btn__dropdown label__btn__dropdown--button" data-dropdown-content aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"> <a class="UD_ArticlePDF" href="/2674-0621/2/4/16/pdf?version=1669815299" data-name="Effect and Regulation of Obesity-Associated Low-Grade Chronic Inflammation in Major Rheumatic Diseases" data-journal="rheumato">Download PDF</a> <br/> <a id="js-pdf-with-cover-access-captcha" href="#" data-target="/2674-0621/2/4/16/pdf-with-cover" class="accessCaptcha">Download PDF with Cover</a> <br/> <a id="js-xml-access-captcha" href="#" data-target="/2674-0621/2/4/16/xml" class="accessCaptcha">Download XML</a> <br/> <a href="/2674-0621/2/4/16/epub" id="epub_link">Download Epub</a> <br/> </div> <div class="js-browse-figures" style="display: inline-block;"> <a href="#" class="button button--color-inversed margin-bottom-10 openpopupgallery UI_BrowseArticleFigures" data-target='article-popup' data-counterslink = "https://www.mdpi.com/2674-0621/2/4/16/browse" >Browse Figure</a> </div> <div id="article-popup" class="popupgallery" style="display: inline; line-height: 200%"> <a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/rheumato/rheumato-02-00016/article_deploy/html/images/rheumato-02-00016-g001.png?1669815365" title=" <strong>Figure 1</strong><br/> <p>Relation between obesity-associated low-grade chronic inflammation and osteoarthritis. The proinflammatory molecules secreted systemically and locally by adipose tissue promote osteoarthritis instauration and progression. This effect could be modulated by pharmacological and non-pharmacological approaches.</p> "> </a> </div> <a class="button button--color-inversed" href="/2674-0621/2/4/16/notes">Versions Notes</a> </div> </div> <div class="responsive-moving-container small hidden" data-id="article-counters" style="margin-top: 15px;"></div> <div class="html-dynamic"> <section> <div class="art-abstract art-abstract-new in-tab hypothesis_container"> <p> <div><section class="html-abstract" id="html-abstract"> <h2 id="html-abstract-title">Abstract</h2><b>:</b> <div class="html-p">Current lifestyle and environmental factors contribute to obesity development, leading to low-grade chronic inflammation (LGCI). Apart from obesity, LGCI is also related to rheumatic diseases such as osteoporosis (OP) and osteoarthritis (OA). In these, an excessive accumulation of adipose tissue has been linked to an excessive production of proinflammatory factors, such as adipokines. This work’s aim is to stablish the effect of obesity-associated LGCI in major rheumatic diseases and to determine optimal strategies to reduce it. Obesity is a risk factor for developing OA, where a systemic LGCI state has been found. Concretely, obesity-associated LGCI has been described as an OA instauration and progression promoter. To avoid this, several therapeutical approaches (diet control, physical exercise, or nutraceuticals) have been tested. OP is another major rheumatic disease where a basal LGCI has been described, being worsened by obesity. As in OA, diet management and supplementation with vitamin D or probiotics have been proposed as approaches to treat obesity-associated LGCI in this pathology. Currently, the increase in the prevalence of rheumatic diseases is unstoppable. Nonetheless, obesity is a risk factor that can be controlled. Thus, the study of new interventions to control the impact of obesity-associated LGCI is a challenge for the management of patients with rheumatic diseases.</div> </section> <div id="html-keywords"> <div class="html-gwd-group"><div id="html-keywords-title">Keywords: </div><a href="/search?q=obesity">obesity</a>; <a href="/search?q=chronic+inflammation">chronic inflammation</a>; <a href="/search?q=osteoarthritis">osteoarthritis</a>; <a href="/search?q=osteoporosis">osteoporosis</a></div> <div> </div> </div> </div> </p> </div> </section> </div> <div class="hypothesis_container"> <ul class="menu html-nav" data-prev-node="#html-quick-links-title"> </ul> <div class="html-body"> <section id='sec1-rheumato-02-00016' type='intro'><h2 data-nested='1'> 1. Introduction</h2><div class='html-p'>Lifestyle and environmental factors play a crucial role in health. It is well known that the diet changes recently adopted in our society have had negative effects on our wellbeing [<a href="#B1-rheumato-02-00016" class="html-bibr">1</a>]. Among these changes, an excess of caloric intake, the poor quality of micro- and macronutrients, such as an increase in saturated fatty acids, trans fats, and simple sugars, as well as a decrease in calcium, magnesium, and B vitamin intake should be highlighted [<a href="#B1-rheumato-02-00016" class="html-bibr">1</a>]. These alterations contribute to chronic stress and low-grade chronic inflammation (LGCI) [<a href="#B1-rheumato-02-00016" class="html-bibr">1</a>]. Obesity-related LGCI is also known as metainflammation [<a href="#B2-rheumato-02-00016" class="html-bibr">2</a>]. Moreover, all these modifications of diet intake have also led to an increase in adiposity, which is related to inflammatory status and contributes to LGCI [<a href="#B1-rheumato-02-00016" class="html-bibr">1</a>]. LGCI is defined as a persistent and unresolved inflammation, accompanied by a subclinical elevation (2- to 4-fold) of inflammatory cytokines or the presence of specific immune cells in peripheral blood [<a href="#B1-rheumato-02-00016" class="html-bibr">1</a>]. LGCI is related to many chronic diseases including obesity, osteoporosis (OP), osteoarthritis (OA) [<a href="#B3-rheumato-02-00016" class="html-bibr">3</a>], and sarcopenia [<a href="#B1-rheumato-02-00016" class="html-bibr">1</a>]. An excessive local or systemic amount of proinflammatory cytokines, such as interleukin-1 (IL1), interleukin-6 (IL6), or tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNFα), alters bone remodeling by promoting osteoclastogenesis [<a href="#B4-rheumato-02-00016" class="html-bibr">4</a>,<a href="#B5-rheumato-02-00016" class="html-bibr">5</a>]. Indeed, the deleterious effects of excessive inflammation on bone metabolism have been previously described [<a href="#B6-rheumato-02-00016" class="html-bibr">6</a>]. However, the inflammatory environment not only affects bone but also other skeletal tissues including cartilage. In cartilage, proinflammatory cytokines condition the expression of cartilage degradation molecules, such as matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) or aggrecanases [<a href="#B7-rheumato-02-00016" class="html-bibr">7</a>,<a href="#B8-rheumato-02-00016" class="html-bibr">8</a>,<a href="#B9-rheumato-02-00016" class="html-bibr">9</a>,<a href="#B10-rheumato-02-00016" class="html-bibr">10</a>], among others.</div><section id='sec1dot1-rheumato-02-00016' type=''><h4 class='html-italic' data-nested='2'> 1.1. Obesity and Obesity-Associated Low-Grade Chronic Inflammation </h4><div class='html-p'>Obesity has been defined as an excessive accumulation of fat mass that implies a risk to health [<a href="#B11-rheumato-02-00016" class="html-bibr">11</a>]. It is commonly measured through the Body Mass Index (BMI) that relates the height and the weight of patients, although currently, it has been displaced by waist size, which is a more accurate metric [<a href="#B12-rheumato-02-00016" class="html-bibr">12</a>]. It is considered that a BMI value higher than 25 implies the patient is overweight, and a BMI value over 30 implies the patient is obese [<a href="#B11-rheumato-02-00016" class="html-bibr">11</a>]. Regarding waist size, obesity is defined as a waist perimeter greater than 94 cm for men and 80 cm for women [<a href="#B12-rheumato-02-00016" class="html-bibr">12</a>]. This pathology is considered an uncontrolled epidemic disease, since its numbers are continuously surpassing themselves both in adults and children [<a href="#B11-rheumato-02-00016" class="html-bibr">11</a>]. Indeed, as the World Health Organization states, nowadays obesity and being overweight are deadlier than being underweight [<a href="#B11-rheumato-02-00016" class="html-bibr">11</a>]. </div><div class='html-p'>Obesity and its associated metabolic syndrome have been related to numerous rheumatic diseases [<a href="#B13-rheumato-02-00016" class="html-bibr">13</a>]. Part of this link has been underpinned by the fact that the adipose tissue acts as an endocrine organ, secreting adipokines (lipocalin 2 (LCN2), adiponectin (ADIPOQ), leptin, and visfatin among others) and proinflammatory cytokines, such as TNFα, IL6, or IL1 [<a href="#B14-rheumato-02-00016" class="html-bibr">14</a>,<a href="#B15-rheumato-02-00016" class="html-bibr">15</a>]. Therefore, an excessive accumulation of adipose tissue has been linked to an excessive production of multiple factors that can boost the inflammatory responses typically found in multiple rheumatic diseases. Consistent with this overproduction of inflammatory factors in obesity, the presence of the LGCI environment has also been found in obese patients, which is characterized by increased TNFα levels [<a href="#B16-rheumato-02-00016" class="html-bibr">16</a>]. Indeed, in this pathological context a relationship between altered bone metabolism and chronic inflammation has been observed [<a href="#B17-rheumato-02-00016" class="html-bibr">17</a>]. Concretely, in obese mice, bone fractures had a worse evolution with a lower plasma concentration of growth factors and a greater plasma concentration of proinflammatory cytokines, such as TNFα [<a href="#B18-rheumato-02-00016" class="html-bibr">18</a>].</div><div class='html-p'>Obesity has also been associated with significant changes in adipokine levels. Among the most well-known changes in adipokine levels associated with obesity are the increase in the circulating leptin concentration [<a href="#B16-rheumato-02-00016" class="html-bibr">16</a>] and the decrease in ADIPOQ concentration levels [<a href="#B19-rheumato-02-00016" class="html-bibr">19</a>]. Leptin is the most studied adipokine, and it controls appetite through the promotion of anorexia [<a href="#B20-rheumato-02-00016" class="html-bibr">20</a>]. This molecule also exerts an outstanding modulation of the immune system. Its activities include the control of the expression and production of proinflammatory cytokines, such as IL6 and TNFα, by monocytes [<a href="#B21-rheumato-02-00016" class="html-bibr">21</a>]. Accordingly, this activity has been suggested as a common link between this adipokine and inflammatory pathologies. In contrast to leptin, ADIPOQ levels have been found to be diminished in the blood of obese patients [<a href="#B19-rheumato-02-00016" class="html-bibr">19</a>]. Nonetheless, they are increased in certain inflammatory pathologies [<a href="#B22-rheumato-02-00016" class="html-bibr">22</a>] due to their implication in innate immune responses [<a href="#B23-rheumato-02-00016" class="html-bibr">23</a>]. As with leptin, LCN2 expression and its production is increased under injury or inflammatory conditions [<a href="#B24-rheumato-02-00016" class="html-bibr">24</a>], and simultaneously, LCN2 has been described to induce the expression of several proinflammatory cytokines [<a href="#B25-rheumato-02-00016" class="html-bibr">25</a>]. Moreover, it has been pointed out that LCN2 influences the inflammation related to obesity and its comorbidities (type 2 diabetes mellitus, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, and cardiovascular disorders) [<a href="#B26-rheumato-02-00016" class="html-bibr">26</a>,<a href="#B27-rheumato-02-00016" class="html-bibr">27</a>]. Another adipokine dysregulated in obese patients is visfatin, also known as NAMPT (Nicotinamide phosphoribosyltransferase). This adipokine is produced by fat and immune cells, such as β-lymphocyte precursors, among others. Thus, its augmented expression in obesity has not only been linked to the increased amount of adipose tissue in obesity but also to a greater production by immune cells [<a href="#B28-rheumato-02-00016" class="html-bibr">28</a>,<a href="#B29-rheumato-02-00016" class="html-bibr">29</a>,<a href="#B30-rheumato-02-00016" class="html-bibr">30</a>,<a href="#B31-rheumato-02-00016" class="html-bibr">31</a>]. Indeed, visfatin has been related to the inflammatory state in rheumatic diseases [<a href="#B32-rheumato-02-00016" class="html-bibr">32</a>]. </div><div class='html-p'>Aiming for the control of LGCI resulting from obesity, different therapeutical approaches have been studied, including nonpharmacological dietetic manipulation, caloric restriction as a weight loss measure, antioxidant foods, and physical exercise (PE). As a result, given the relevance of the inflammatory state in obese patients, this work’s objective is to establish the effect of obesity-associated LGCI in major rheumatic diseases, as well as to determine the optimal strategies to reduce LGCI.</div></section><section id='sec1dot2-rheumato-02-00016' type=''><h4 class='html-italic' data-nested='2'> 1.2. Obesity-Associated Low-Grade Chronic Inflammation in Osteoarthritis</h4><div class='html-p'>Currently, osteoarthritis is the most prevalent rheumatic disease, being the main cause of pain and disability. The main characteristic of this pathology is the intra-articular space narrowing, as a consequence of cartilage degradation in this area [<a href="#B33-rheumato-02-00016" class="html-bibr">33</a>]. In this pathology, systemic LGCI is observed. The inflammatory component of this pathology has been widely described, and cytokines, such as IL1β, are determinant in its ethology [<a href="#B3-rheumato-02-00016" class="html-bibr">3</a>,<a href="#B34-rheumato-02-00016" class="html-bibr">34</a>]. These molecules affect the functional unit formed by articular cartilage and subchondral bone [<a href="#B3-rheumato-02-00016" class="html-bibr">3</a>,<a href="#B35-rheumato-02-00016" class="html-bibr">35</a>] causing changes in the relationship between both tissues [<a href="#B3-rheumato-02-00016" class="html-bibr">3</a>]. IL1β expression is downstream from the biochemical and mechanical loading alterations occurring in the osteoarthritic joint. These modifications not only affect the expression of proinflammatory mediators but also induce the expression of catabolic factors [<a href="#B36-rheumato-02-00016" class="html-bibr">36</a>,<a href="#B37-rheumato-02-00016" class="html-bibr">37</a>]. </div><div class='html-p'>Osteoarthritis is a key factor for an increase in body weight, since the pain and disability caused by the disease cause a sedentary lifestyle, an obesity risk factor [<a href="#B38-rheumato-02-00016" class="html-bibr">38</a>,<a href="#B39-rheumato-02-00016" class="html-bibr">39</a>]. Interestingly, the relationship between both pathologies is circular since the increase in body weight and the associated metabolic syndrome contribute to an increase in the mechanical loading and osteoarthritic biochemical alterations [<a href="#B40-rheumato-02-00016" class="html-bibr">40</a>]. In mice, it has been widely demonstrated how high fat diet (HFD)-induced obesity causes OA, increasing proinflammatory cytokine secretion, cartilage degradation, subchondral bone loss, etc., [<a href="#B41-rheumato-02-00016" class="html-bibr">41</a>,<a href="#B42-rheumato-02-00016" class="html-bibr">42</a>,<a href="#B43-rheumato-02-00016" class="html-bibr">43</a>,<a href="#B44-rheumato-02-00016" class="html-bibr">44</a>]. Obesity not only affects the OA establishment but also influences OA severity by increasing knee degeneration and proinflammatory cytokine (IL6) production by joint tissues [<a href="#B45-rheumato-02-00016" class="html-bibr">45</a>]. Additionally, it has been demonstrated that the effects of obesity go beyond individuals, being also heritable. When breeding HFD-induced obese mice, the predisposition to weight gain was increased for up to two generations. Associated with this fact, the female mice in two generations of offspring were more prone to OA evidenced in several tissues [<a href="#B46-rheumato-02-00016" class="html-bibr">46</a>].</div><div class='html-p'>Obesity’s prejudicial effects on OA are not only due to the excessive weight. In a study with human C-reactive protein (CRP) transgenic mice, body weight and OA severity showed no correlation; however, the latter was related to CRP induction [<a href="#B47-rheumato-02-00016" class="html-bibr">47</a>]. Interestingly, the association between obesity and OA has been also described in nonbearing joints. Concretely, an increase in adipokines, such as adiponectin, resistin, and visfatin have been described with OA [<a href="#B34-rheumato-02-00016" class="html-bibr">34</a>,<a href="#B48-rheumato-02-00016" class="html-bibr">48</a>]. Therefore, the influence of obesity on OA could be potentially caused by the maintenance of the LGCI induced by the obesity-altered levels of adipokines and cytokines. Interestingly, the infrapatellar fat pad has arisen as a major adipokine and proinflammatory cytokine producer when compared to subcutaneous fat deposits [<a href="#B49-rheumato-02-00016" class="html-bibr">49</a>]. This tissue has a more direct effect on the joint than the rest of the adipose tissue and visceral and subcutaneous fat deposits. In obese individuals and HFD-fed mice, the infrapatellar fat pad showed more proinflammatory molecules and adipokine secretion [<a href="#B49-rheumato-02-00016" class="html-bibr">49</a>]. Moreover, the infrapatellar fat pad release of TNF was elevated in OA patients as compared to healthy patients [<a href="#B49-rheumato-02-00016" class="html-bibr">49</a>]. However, it is not only fat tissue that is responsible for obesity’s influence on OA. It was determined in rats that high carbohydrate–fat diet-induced obesity caused synovitis prior to degradation of the cartilage, as well as an increase in the macrophage infiltration and proinflammatory profile, evidencing again, the proinflammatory effects of obesity on OA [<a href="#B41-rheumato-02-00016" class="html-bibr">41</a>]. Moreover, in synovial fluid, obesity’s local effects (high fat and high sucrose diet-induced) caused an increase in the inflammatory molecules’ concentration, thus causing the induction of OA in the joint [<a href="#B50-rheumato-02-00016" class="html-bibr">50</a>].</div><div class='html-p'>Certain studies have related the LGCI observed in obesity with dysregulation in the gut microbiota, and a role in OA development for this situation has been proposed through the increase in proinflammatory molecules that could activate innate immune responses [<a href="#B34-rheumato-02-00016" class="html-bibr">34</a>]. </div><div class='html-p'>Regulation of obesity-associated LGCI in osteoarthritis is important. Obesity is a chronic disease, but it is also a preventable one. Considering how obesity promotes OA through both a contribution to the LGCI and the increase in joint loading, several approaches have been studied, with the most relevant being diet, PE, and the combination of both (<a href="#rheumato-02-00016-f001" class="html-fig">Figure 1</a>). Exercise as wheel running retarded HFD-induced OA progression in mice with obesity [<a href="#B44-rheumato-02-00016" class="html-bibr">44</a>]. In addition, this exercise also impaired proinflammatory cytokine production, which has been associated with an improvement in glucose tolerance [<a href="#B44-rheumato-02-00016" class="html-bibr">44</a>]. In a clinical study with obese and overweight African Americans, McLeod et al. observed how the combination of PE and diet ameliorated insulin sensitivity and fat accumulation [<a href="#B51-rheumato-02-00016" class="html-bibr">51</a>]. Interestingly, PE itself was equally successful as diet+PE when referring to changes in inflammation parameters [<a href="#B51-rheumato-02-00016" class="html-bibr">51</a>]. Diet itself has also been proposed as a non-pharmacological approach to treat obesity-associated OA. In another study with OA patients, the disease index (Western Ontario and McMaster Universities Osteoarthritis Index) correlated positively with BMI and IL6 concentrations and also correlated between them [<a href="#B52-rheumato-02-00016" class="html-bibr">52</a>]. As expected, adhesion to a healthy diet was inversely related to the BMI and the body fat percentage. Additionally, this high-quality diet was also negatively correlated with the IL6 concentration [<a href="#B52-rheumato-02-00016" class="html-bibr">52</a>]. The serum concentration of the markers of collagen I, II, and III MMP-mediated degradation were measured following an intervention with diet, PE, and diet+PE during 18 months in obese osteoarthritic patients. The data showed how diet and the combination of diet+PE diminished weight and markers of cartilage degradation, thus affecting both obesity and OA [<a href="#B53-rheumato-02-00016" class="html-bibr">53</a>]. Messier et al. also determined the beneficial effects of the combination of diet and PE on both obesity and OA [<a href="#B54-rheumato-02-00016" class="html-bibr">54</a>]. The results obtained were similar to those from Loeser et al. [<a href="#B53-rheumato-02-00016" class="html-bibr">53</a>], with diet and diet+PE as the most effective approaches to reduce inflammatory mediators, such as the IL6 concentration [<a href="#B54-rheumato-02-00016" class="html-bibr">54</a>]. These results suggest that PE, ideally combined with diet, improves the LGCI associated with obesity and thus the OA markers and symptoms.</div><div class='html-p'>In addition to the non-pharmacological approaches as diet and PE, some pharmacological treatments have been tested to reduce obesity-induced OA LGCI. Asiatic acid (AA) impeded the NFκB route in human chondrocytes, impairing the induced inflammation and degradation of the extracellular matrix [<a href="#B55-rheumato-02-00016" class="html-bibr">55</a>]. In vivo, AA administration reduced proinflammatory and adipokine levels in obese mice, and it also averted the instauration of obesity-associated OA, inhibiting the TLR4-mediated innate immune responses [<a href="#B55-rheumato-02-00016" class="html-bibr">55</a>]. Other drugs were tested, such as follistatin (FST), which diminished the joint synovial fluid concentration of obesity-induced proinflammatory cytokines and adipokines in mice [<a href="#B56-rheumato-02-00016" class="html-bibr">56</a>]. In addition, FST also exerted a protective effect against post-traumatic OA [<a href="#B56-rheumato-02-00016" class="html-bibr">56</a>]. Resveratrol was also proposed as a treatment for obesity-induced OA. Despite not affecting weight, resveratrol controlled proinflammatory cytokine and adipokine levels classically associated with obesity-induced OA, such as IL1β, and leptin in obese mice treated with two different doses [<a href="#B57-rheumato-02-00016" class="html-bibr">57</a>]. Similar to AA, resveratrol’s mechanism of action was described to involve the blockade of TLR4-mediated innate immune responses [<a href="#B57-rheumato-02-00016" class="html-bibr">57</a>]. Among the natural extracts tested, grape seed proanthocyanidin extract (GSPE) showed interesting results. In diet-induced obesity (DIO) mice, this extract administration blocked obesity development, improving the associated fat and inflammatory profiles [<a href="#B58-rheumato-02-00016" class="html-bibr">58</a>]. It also slowed arthritis progression in obese collagen-induced arthritis mice, through the regulation of immune cell responses and local inflammatory mediators’ concentrations [<a href="#B58-rheumato-02-00016" class="html-bibr">58</a>].</div><div class='html-p'>Interestingly, some drugs associated with therapeutic weight loss have showed anti-inflammatory and anticatabolic effects on OA [<a href="#B59-rheumato-02-00016" class="html-bibr">59</a>,<a href="#B60-rheumato-02-00016" class="html-bibr">60</a>]. Metformin decreased proinflammatory cytokine expression, such as IL4 and IL1β, in primary chondrocytes [<a href="#B61-rheumato-02-00016" class="html-bibr">61</a>,<a href="#B62-rheumato-02-00016" class="html-bibr">62</a>]. This antidiabetic drug also showed chondroprotective effects through the increase in the main components of the extracellular matrix [<a href="#B62-rheumato-02-00016" class="html-bibr">62</a>,<a href="#B63-rheumato-02-00016" class="html-bibr">63</a>,<a href="#B64-rheumato-02-00016" class="html-bibr">64</a>,<a href="#B65-rheumato-02-00016" class="html-bibr">65</a>] and the decrease in the expression of disintegrin and metalloproteinases (ADAMs) [<a href="#B61-rheumato-02-00016" class="html-bibr">61</a>,<a href="#B64-rheumato-02-00016" class="html-bibr">64</a>]. Liraglutide, a glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1) receptor agonist, also evidenced anti-inflammatory effects by reducing the IL6 and NFκB pathway expression in chondrocytes [<a href="#B66-rheumato-02-00016" class="html-bibr">66</a>,<a href="#B67-rheumato-02-00016" class="html-bibr">67</a>,<a href="#B68-rheumato-02-00016" class="html-bibr">68</a>]. It has been suggested as a potential drug to target OA due to its effects in decreasing the catabolic activity of MMPs and aggrecanases [<a href="#B66-rheumato-02-00016" class="html-bibr">66</a>,<a href="#B67-rheumato-02-00016" class="html-bibr">67</a>,<a href="#B68-rheumato-02-00016" class="html-bibr">68</a>]. </div></section><section id='sec1dot3-rheumato-02-00016' type=''><h4 class='html-italic' data-nested='2'> 1.3. Obesity-Associated Low-Grade Chronic Inflammation in Osteoporosis</h4><div class='html-p'>OP is the most prevalent bone pathology. It is characterized by a loss of bone mineral density and the bony architecture, caused primarily by bone remodeling alterations. This mainly leads to bone fragility and fracture proneness. As with most rheumatic diseases, OP is highly related to age and sex, with a higher prevalence in older women [<a href="#B69-rheumato-02-00016" class="html-bibr">69</a>,<a href="#B70-rheumato-02-00016" class="html-bibr">70</a>]. In primary OP, caused either by menopause or aging, the regulation exerted by estrogens on IL1, TNFα, and IL6 [<a href="#B71-rheumato-02-00016" class="html-bibr">71</a>,<a href="#B72-rheumato-02-00016" class="html-bibr">72</a>] is lost [<a href="#B73-rheumato-02-00016" class="html-bibr">73</a>]. Thus, the increase in the concentration of proinflammatory cytokines has been associated with osteoclastogenesis promotion [<a href="#B4-rheumato-02-00016" class="html-bibr">4</a>]. These molecules stimulate osteoblast receptor activator of nuclear kappa-B ligand (RANKL) secretion [<a href="#B4-rheumato-02-00016" class="html-bibr">4</a>,<a href="#B5-rheumato-02-00016" class="html-bibr">5</a>]. Specifically, it was reported that TNFα and IL1β worked synergically to promote bone resorption through the promotion of osteoclastogenesis in a direct and indirect manner [<a href="#B4-rheumato-02-00016" class="html-bibr">4</a>,<a href="#B5-rheumato-02-00016" class="html-bibr">5</a>]. Indeed, in several OP animal models, deletion of key cytokines receptors, such as the IL1 receptor or the TNFα receptor, drastically diminished bone loss [<a href="#B6-rheumato-02-00016" class="html-bibr">6</a>]. TNFα specifically affects bone growth directly affecting the growth plate, with this effect being reverted by its inhibitor [<a href="#B74-rheumato-02-00016" class="html-bibr">74</a>]. Prolonged exposure to this cytokine in mice caused bone alterations similar to those presented in rheumatoid arthritis (RA) [<a href="#B75-rheumato-02-00016" class="html-bibr">75</a>]. </div><div class='html-p'>It has been suggested that obesity is a protective factor towards OP [<a href="#B76-rheumato-02-00016" class="html-bibr">76</a>,<a href="#B77-rheumato-02-00016" class="html-bibr">77</a>,<a href="#B78-rheumato-02-00016" class="html-bibr">78</a>]. This mistaken interpretation is led by the fact that the mechanical loading increase, caused by the increase in weight in these patients, promotes bone mineral density through the activation of the Wnt-wingless (WNT) pathway, among other mechanisms [<a href="#B79-rheumato-02-00016" class="html-bibr">79</a>,<a href="#B80-rheumato-02-00016" class="html-bibr">80</a>,<a href="#B81-rheumato-02-00016" class="html-bibr">81</a>]. However, it has been described that the presence of obesity in childhood diminishes the bone mass peak critical in this stage [<a href="#B82-rheumato-02-00016" class="html-bibr">82</a>]. Moreover, in obese mice and humans the increased amount of fat mass is related to a lower bone quality [<a href="#B83-rheumato-02-00016" class="html-bibr">83</a>,<a href="#B84-rheumato-02-00016" class="html-bibr">84</a>,<a href="#B85-rheumato-02-00016" class="html-bibr">85</a>,<a href="#B86-rheumato-02-00016" class="html-bibr">86</a>]. Thus, the LGCI present in obesity has been suggested as a contributing factor to the reduction in bone mineral density and thus OP development [<a href="#B4-rheumato-02-00016" class="html-bibr">4</a>,<a href="#B87-rheumato-02-00016" class="html-bibr">87</a>]. </div><div class='html-p'>Due to the impact of diet and inflammation on bone health, studies have pointed to diet management as a key factor in the prevention of bone-related diseases such as OP [<a href="#B88-rheumato-02-00016" class="html-bibr">88</a>,<a href="#B89-rheumato-02-00016" class="html-bibr">89</a>]. Thus, n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids’ (PUFAs) consumption has been described as a bone health promoter due to their capacity to decrease LGCI [<a href="#B88-rheumato-02-00016" class="html-bibr">88</a>,<a href="#B89-rheumato-02-00016" class="html-bibr">89</a>]. In contrast, n-6 PUFAs intake exhibited deleterious effects on bones, since its consumption contributed to LGCI and an increase in reactive oxygen species. Moreover, these factors impacted mesenchymal stem cells’ (MSC) differentiation towards adipogenesis [<a href="#B88-rheumato-02-00016" class="html-bibr">88</a>,<a href="#B89-rheumato-02-00016" class="html-bibr">89</a>]. Hence, the n-6/n-3 PUFAs ratio has been suggested as an interesting tool to manage LGCI in the context of bone health [<a href="#B88-rheumato-02-00016" class="html-bibr">88</a>,<a href="#B89-rheumato-02-00016" class="html-bibr">89</a>]. </div><div class='html-p'>Other studies have proposed vitamin D supplementation during pregnancy as a promoter of bone mineral content [<a href="#B90-rheumato-02-00016" class="html-bibr">90</a>]. However, its impact on bone structure has not been elucidated yet [<a href="#B90-rheumato-02-00016" class="html-bibr">90</a>]. Finally, probiotics could be a potential tool to prevent OP due to their capacity to increase calcium absorption and thus improve bone density [<a href="#B91-rheumato-02-00016" class="html-bibr">91</a>]. Nonetheless, the influence of these treatments in LGCI has not been described so far. Notwithstanding, it is important to notice that a decrease in vitamin D levels has been described in obese patients [<a href="#B92-rheumato-02-00016" class="html-bibr">92</a>] and recently related to chronic inflammation [<a href="#B93-rheumato-02-00016" class="html-bibr">93</a>]. Thus, it could be a potential obesity-LGCI treatment in rheumatic diseases.</div><div class='html-p'>OP pharmacological tools are scarce. Among them, selective estrogen receptor modulators (SERMs) have demonstrated a positive effect on decreasing body weight and thus obesity [<a href="#B94-rheumato-02-00016" class="html-bibr">94</a>]. Concretely, Raloxifene and its association with shock waves showed beneficial effects controlling OP in ovariectomized rats by decreasing the obesity-associated LGCI [<a href="#B95-rheumato-02-00016" class="html-bibr">95</a>]. Surprisingly, the bisphosphonate clodronate liposome also had an antiobesity effect by limiting energy intake. Nonetheless, this process was associated with deleterious side effects that impair its use in this disease [<a href="#B96-rheumato-02-00016" class="html-bibr">96</a>,<a href="#B97-rheumato-02-00016" class="html-bibr">97</a>].</div></section><section id='sec1dot4-rheumato-02-00016' type=''><h4 class='html-italic' data-nested='2'> 1.4. Obesity-Associated Low-Grade Chronic Inflammation in Other Rheumatic Diseases</h4><div class='html-p'>A good example of inflammatory rheumatic disease is RA. Nonetheless, the inflammatory profile in this pathology significantly differs from the LGCI present in diseases including obesity, OA, and OP. The levels of serum proinflammatory cytokine concentrations are lower in OA patients than in RA patients, as well as in synovial fluid [<a href="#B98-rheumato-02-00016" class="html-bibr">98</a>,<a href="#B99-rheumato-02-00016" class="html-bibr">99</a>]. Moreover, the inflammatory environment and the mechanisms involved in it also vary [<a href="#B100-rheumato-02-00016" class="html-bibr">100</a>]. Nonetheless, RA has also been related to obesity, with the activity of this pathology being higher in obese patients [<a href="#B101-rheumato-02-00016" class="html-bibr">101</a>]. CRP, a major rheumatic proinflammatory indicator, positively correlated with BMI, waist circumference, and pathology activity [<a href="#B101-rheumato-02-00016" class="html-bibr">101</a>]. Differing from OA, hygienic approaches, such as diet and PE, to control RA inflammatory levels were not successful [<a href="#B102-rheumato-02-00016" class="html-bibr">102</a>], probably due to the differences between LGCI and acute inflammation in both pathologies. </div><div class='html-p'>Gout is another rheumatic pathology with an outstanding inflammatory component. Similarly, it has also been related to obesity, since obesity is one of the major risk factors for this pathology [<a href="#B103-rheumato-02-00016" class="html-bibr">103</a>]. Surprisingly, in vivo administration of monosodium urate (MSU) crystals to induce gout reduced IL6 and MCP1 macrophage basal and elevated production in obese mice [<a href="#B104-rheumato-02-00016" class="html-bibr">104</a>]. Nonetheless, in the same subjects, MSU treatment increased the IL1β production similar to that in the control mice [<a href="#B104-rheumato-02-00016" class="html-bibr">104</a>].</div></section></section><section id='sec2-rheumato-02-00016' type='methods'><h2 data-nested='1'> 2. Methods</h2><div class='html-p'>To analyze the impact of diet and its relationship with the inflammatory state, we performed a search in Pubmed using the words “diet”, “inflammation”, “obesity”, and “arthritis” or “osteoporosis” according to Mesh terminology (<a href="#rheumato-02-00016-t001" class="html-table">Table 1</a> and <a href="#rheumato-02-00016-t002" class="html-table">Table 2</a>). </div></section><section id='sec3-rheumato-02-00016' type='conclusions'><h2 data-nested='1'> 3. Conclusions</h2><div class='html-p'>LGCI is a common denominator in numerous rheumatic diseases [<a href="#B1-rheumato-02-00016" class="html-bibr">1</a>,<a href="#B2-rheumato-02-00016" class="html-bibr">2</a>]. The sustained and slightly increased level of proinflammatory cytokines in these conditions provoke alterations along the musculoskeletal system, affecting cartilage integrity [<a href="#B6-rheumato-02-00016" class="html-bibr">6</a>,<a href="#B7-rheumato-02-00016" class="html-bibr">7</a>,<a href="#B8-rheumato-02-00016" class="html-bibr">8</a>,<a href="#B9-rheumato-02-00016" class="html-bibr">9</a>], bone remodeling and architecture [<a href="#B3-rheumato-02-00016" class="html-bibr">3</a>,<a href="#B4-rheumato-02-00016" class="html-bibr">4</a>], and synovia integrity [<a href="#B40-rheumato-02-00016" class="html-bibr">40</a>]. However, LGCI is not only present in rheumatic diseases. It is a characteristic of metabolic pathologies such as type 2 diabetes mellitus and obesity [<a href="#B25-rheumato-02-00016" class="html-bibr">25</a>,<a href="#B26-rheumato-02-00016" class="html-bibr">26</a>]. Obesity and being overweight are major risk factors for rheumatic diseases [<a href="#B12-rheumato-02-00016" class="html-bibr">12</a>]. Traditionally, their deleterious effects were attributed to the increase in the mechanical loading due to the excess weight present in this pathology [<a href="#B39-rheumato-02-00016" class="html-bibr">39</a>]. Nonetheless, the higher prevalence of pathologies as OA in nonbearing joints in obese individuals versus healthy ones suggested another mechanism for the predisposition to rheumatic diseases in obese patients [<a href="#B45-rheumato-02-00016" class="html-bibr">45</a>]. LGCI has been understood as the alteration through which obesity affects the musculoskeletal system, with the mechanism of this damage being the excessive production of proinflammatory cytokines and adipokines by adipose tissue [<a href="#B13-rheumato-02-00016" class="html-bibr">13</a>,<a href="#B14-rheumato-02-00016" class="html-bibr">14</a>,<a href="#B15-rheumato-02-00016" class="html-bibr">15</a>,<a href="#B18-rheumato-02-00016" class="html-bibr">18</a>,<a href="#B19-rheumato-02-00016" class="html-bibr">19</a>]. In order to control obesity and the LGCI associated with the most frequent rheumatic diseases, both hygienic and pharmacologic approaches were tested. When comparing the reduction in weight obtained through diet control, PE, or the combination of both, diet and diet+PE emerged as the most effective treatments for weight and fat loss, as well as for the control of the excessive production of proinflammatory cytokines and adipokines in OA patients [<a href="#B43-rheumato-02-00016" class="html-bibr">43</a>,<a href="#B50-rheumato-02-00016" class="html-bibr">50</a>,<a href="#B51-rheumato-02-00016" class="html-bibr">51</a>,<a href="#B52-rheumato-02-00016" class="html-bibr">52</a>,<a href="#B53-rheumato-02-00016" class="html-bibr">53</a>] It has been also shown that in aiming to reduce obesity-associated LGCI, weight loss is not crucial; yet, it is beneficial for the patients’ health. Regarding pharmacological approaches, several extracts and fatty acids showed effective results in reducing the LGCI secondary to obesity either in osteoarthritic or in osteoporotic patients [<a href="#B54-rheumato-02-00016" class="html-bibr">54</a>,<a href="#B55-rheumato-02-00016" class="html-bibr">55</a>,<a href="#B56-rheumato-02-00016" class="html-bibr">56</a>,<a href="#B57-rheumato-02-00016" class="html-bibr">57</a>]. Further studies need to be conducted to evaluate these drugs effect in vivo, even though the obtained results were promising.</div><div class='html-p'>As society is aging, all the age-related diseases are increasing in prevalence. Therefore, the increase in rheumatic diseases is, for the moment, unstoppable. Nonetheless, obesity is a risk factor that can be controlled. Thus, the study of new interventions and approaches to control the impact of this disease and its associated LGCI is a challenge for the management of patients with rheumatic diseases.</div></section> </div> <div class="html-back"> <section class='html-notes'><h2 >Author Contributions</h2><div class='html-p'>Conceptualization, A.A.-P., M.G.-F., M.L.-F., A.P.-P., A.C.-G., M.P.-R., V.L., A.J.-M. and R.G.; methodology, A.A.-P., M.G.-F., M.L.-F., A.P.-P., A.C.-G., M.P.-R., V.L., A.J.-M. and R.G.; validation, A.A.-P., M.G.-F., M.L.-F., A.P.-P., A.C.-G., M.P.-R., V.L., A.J.-M. and R.G.; investigation, A.A.-P., M.G.-F., M.L.-F., A.P.-P., A.C.-G., M.P.-R., V.L., A.J.-M. and R.G.; data curation, A.A.-P., M.G.-F., M.L.-F., A.P.-P., A.C.-G., M.P.-R., V.L., A.J.-M. and R.G.; writing—original draft preparation, A.A.-P., M.G.-F., M.L.-F., A.P.-P. and A.C.-G.; writing—review and editing: A.A.-P., M.G.-F., M.P.-R., V.L., A.J.-M. and R.G.; visualization, A.A.-P., M.G.-F.; supervision, M.P.-R., V.L., A.J.-M. and R.G.; project administration, A.A.-P., M.G.-F., M.L.-F., A.P.-P., A.C.-G., M.P.-R., V.L., A.J.-M. and R.G.; funding acquisition, A.A.-P., M.G.-F., M.L.-F., A.P.-P., A.C.-G., M.P.-R., V.L., A.J.-M. and R.G. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.</div></section><section class='html-notes'><h2>Funding</h2><div class='html-p'>This work was funded by the Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII) (grant numbers PI19/01446 and FI20/00210) and co-funded by the European Union via ”Fondo de Investigación Sanitaria” from Fondo Europeo de Desarrollo Regional (FEDER); Fundación IDIS; Mutua Madrileña Foundation (grant numbers MMA 2018 and MMA 2020) and the Ministry of Science, Innovation, and Education (grant numbers FPU17/01706 and UDC Margarita Salas RS1.UDC.MS06). The support was associated with the following personnel: A.A.-P. (IDIS 2019), M.G.-F. (FPU17/01706), M.L.-F. (FI20/00210). A.P.-P. (MMA 2020), A.C.-G. (Rio Hortega CM20/00186), A.J.-M. (SERGAS no grant number), V.L. (PT20/00009), M.P.-R. (UDC Margarita Salas RSU.UDC.MS06), and R.G. (ISCIII and SERGAS via Miguel Servet II program CPII20/00026).</div></section><section class='html-notes'><h2 >Institutional Review Board Statement</h2><div class='html-p'>Not applicable.</div></section><section class='html-notes'><h2 >Informed Consent Statement</h2><div class='html-p'>Not applicable.</div></section><section class='html-notes'><h2 >Data Availability Statement</h2><div class='html-p'>Not applicable.</div></section><section class='html-notes'><h2 >Conflicts of Interest</h2><div class='html-p'>The authors declare no conflict of interest.</div></section><section id='html-references_list'><h2>References</h2><ol class='html-xxx'><li id='B1-rheumato-02-00016' class='html-x' data-content='1.'>Ilich, J.Z.; Gilman, J.C.; Cvijetic, S.; Boschiero, D. Chronic Stress Contributes to Osteosarcopenic Adiposity via Inflammation and Immune Modulation: The Case for More Precise Nutritional Investigation. <span class='html-italic'>Nutrients</span> <b>2020</b>, <span class='html-italic'>12</span>, 989. [<a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=Chronic+Stress+Contributes+to+Osteosarcopenic+Adiposity+via+Inflammation+and+Immune+Modulation:+The+Case+for+More+Precise+Nutritional+Investigation&author=Ilich,+J.Z.&author=Gilman,+J.C.&author=Cvijetic,+S.&author=Boschiero,+D.&publication_year=2020&journal=Nutrients&volume=12&pages=989&doi=10.3390/nu12040989&pmid=32252359" class='google-scholar' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>Google Scholar</a>] [<a href="https://doi.org/10.3390/nu12040989" class='cross-ref' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>CrossRef</a>] [<a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32252359" class='cross-ref' data-typ='pmid' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>PubMed</a>] [<a href="https://www.mdpi.com/2072-6643/12/4/989/pdf" target='_blank' rel="noopener noreferrer">Green Version</a>]</li><li id='B2-rheumato-02-00016' class='html-x' data-content='2.'>Chuan, L.; Xu, M.J.; Kepeng, W.; Adler, A.J.; Vella, A.T.; Zhou, B. Macrophage polarization and Metainflammation. <span class='html-italic'>Traslational Res.</span> <b>2018</b>, <span class='html-italic'>191</span>, 29–44. [<a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=Macrophage+polarization+and+Metainflammation&author=Chuan,+L.&author=Xu,+M.J.&author=Kepeng,+W.&author=Adler,+A.J.&author=Vella,+A.T.&author=Zhou,+B.&publication_year=2018&journal=Traslational+Res.&volume=191&pages=29%E2%80%9344&doi=10.1016/j.trsl.2017.10.004.Macrophage" class='google-scholar' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>Google Scholar</a>] [<a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trsl.2017.10.004.Macrophage" class='cross-ref' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>CrossRef</a>]</li><li id='B3-rheumato-02-00016' class='html-x' data-content='3.'>Gómez, R.; Villalvilla, A.; Largo, R.; Gualillo, O.; Herrero-Beaumont, G. TLR4 signalling in osteoarthritis-finding targets for candidate DMOADs. <span class='html-italic'>Nat. Rev. Rheumatol.</span> <b>2014</b>, <span class='html-italic'>11</span>, 159–170. [<a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=TLR4+signalling+in+osteoarthritis-finding+targets+for+candidate+DMOADs&author=G%C3%B3mez,+R.&author=Villalvilla,+A.&author=Largo,+R.&author=Gualillo,+O.&author=Herrero-Beaumont,+G.&publication_year=2014&journal=Nat.+Rev.+Rheumatol.&volume=11&pages=159%E2%80%93170&doi=10.1038/nrrheum.2014.209&pmid=25512010" class='google-scholar' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>Google Scholar</a>] [<a href="https://doi.org/10.1038/nrrheum.2014.209" class='cross-ref' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>CrossRef</a>] [<a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25512010" class='cross-ref' data-typ='pmid' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>PubMed</a>]</li><li id='B4-rheumato-02-00016' class='html-x' data-content='4.'>Hardy, R.; Cooper, M.S. Bone loss in inflammatory disorders. <span class='html-italic'>J. Endocrinol.</span> <b>2009</b>, <span class='html-italic'>201</span>, 309–320. [<a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=Bone+loss+in+inflammatory+disorders&author=Hardy,+R.&author=Cooper,+M.S.&publication_year=2009&journal=J.+Endocrinol.&volume=201&pages=309%E2%80%93320&doi=10.1677/JOE-08-0568&pmid=19443863" class='google-scholar' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>Google Scholar</a>] [<a href="https://doi.org/10.1677/JOE-08-0568" class='cross-ref' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>CrossRef</a>] [<a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19443863" class='cross-ref' data-typ='pmid' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>PubMed</a>]</li><li id='B5-rheumato-02-00016' class='html-x' data-content='5.'>Clowes, J.A.; Riggs, B.L.; Khosla, S. The role of the immune system in the pathophysiology of osteoporosis. <span class='html-italic'>Immunol. Rev.</span> <b>2005</b>, <span class='html-italic'>208</span>, 207–227. [<a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=The+role+of+the+immune+system+in+the+pathophysiology+of+osteoporosis&author=Clowes,+J.A.&author=Riggs,+B.L.&author=Khosla,+S.&publication_year=2005&journal=Immunol.+Rev.&volume=208&pages=207%E2%80%93227&doi=10.1111/j.0105-2896.2005.00334.x" class='google-scholar' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>Google Scholar</a>] [<a href="https://doi.org/10.1111/j.0105-2896.2005.00334.x" class='cross-ref' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>CrossRef</a>]</li><li id='B6-rheumato-02-00016' class='html-x' data-content='6.'>Vargas, S.J.; Naprta, A.; Glaccum, M.; Lee, S.K.; Kalinowski, J.; Lorenzo, J.A. Interleukin-6 expression and histomorphometry of bones from mice deficient in receptors for interleukin-1 or tumor necrosis factor. <span class='html-italic'>J. Bone Miner. Res.</span> <b>1996</b>, <span class='html-italic'>11</span>, 1736–1744. [<a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=Interleukin-6+expression+and+histomorphometry+of+bones+from+mice+deficient+in+receptors+for+interleukin-1+or+tumor+necrosis+factor&author=Vargas,+S.J.&author=Naprta,+A.&author=Glaccum,+M.&author=Lee,+S.K.&author=Kalinowski,+J.&author=Lorenzo,+J.A.&publication_year=1996&journal=J.+Bone+Miner.+Res.&volume=11&pages=1736%E2%80%931744&doi=10.1002/jbmr.5650111117" class='google-scholar' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>Google Scholar</a>] [<a href="https://doi.org/10.1002/jbmr.5650111117" class='cross-ref' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>CrossRef</a>]</li><li id='B7-rheumato-02-00016' class='html-x' data-content='7.'>Liu-Bryan, R.; Terkeltaub, R. Emerging regulators of the inflammatory process in osteoarthritis. <span class='html-italic'>Nat. Rev. Rheumatol.</span> <b>2015</b>, <span class='html-italic'>11</span>, 35–44. [<a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=Emerging+regulators+of+the+inflammatory+process+in+osteoarthritis&author=Liu-Bryan,+R.&author=Terkeltaub,+R.&publication_year=2015&journal=Nat.+Rev.+Rheumatol.&volume=11&pages=35%E2%80%9344&doi=10.1038/nrrheum.2014.162" class='google-scholar' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>Google Scholar</a>] [<a href="https://doi.org/10.1038/nrrheum.2014.162" class='cross-ref' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>CrossRef</a>] [<a href="http://europepmc.org/articles/pmc4374654?pdf=render" target='_blank' rel="noopener noreferrer">Green Version</a>]</li><li id='B8-rheumato-02-00016' class='html-x' data-content='8.'>Chevalier, X.; Eymard, F.; Richette, P. Biologic agents in osteoarthritis: Hopes and disappointments. <span class='html-italic'>Nat. Rev. Rheumatol.</span> <b>2013</b>, <span class='html-italic'>9</span>, 400–410. [<a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=Biologic+agents+in+osteoarthritis:+Hopes+and+disappointments&author=Chevalier,+X.&author=Eymard,+F.&author=Richette,+P.&publication_year=2013&journal=Nat.+Rev.+Rheumatol.&volume=9&pages=400%E2%80%93410&doi=10.1038/nrrheum.2013.44" class='google-scholar' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>Google Scholar</a>] [<a href="https://doi.org/10.1038/nrrheum.2013.44" class='cross-ref' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>CrossRef</a>]</li><li id='B9-rheumato-02-00016' class='html-x' data-content='9.'>Husa, M.; Liu-Bryan, R.; Terkeltaub, R. Shifting HIFs in osteoarthritis. <span class='html-italic'>Nat. Med.</span> <b>2010</b>, <span class='html-italic'>16</span>, 641–644. [<a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=Shifting+HIFs+in+osteoarthritis&author=Husa,+M.&author=Liu-Bryan,+R.&author=Terkeltaub,+R.&publication_year=2010&journal=Nat.+Med.&volume=16&pages=641%E2%80%93644&doi=10.1038/nm0610-641" class='google-scholar' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>Google Scholar</a>] [<a href="https://doi.org/10.1038/nm0610-641" class='cross-ref' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>CrossRef</a>] [<a href="http://europepmc.org/articles/pmc2917906?pdf=render" target='_blank' rel="noopener noreferrer">Green Version</a>]</li><li id='B10-rheumato-02-00016' class='html-xx' data-content='10.'>Goldring, M.B.; Goldring, S.R. Osteoarthritis. <span class='html-italic'>J. Cell. Physiol.</span> <b>2007</b>, <span class='html-italic'>213</span>, 626–634. [<a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=Osteoarthritis&author=Goldring,+M.B.&author=Goldring,+S.R.&publication_year=2007&journal=J.+Cell.+Physiol.&volume=213&pages=626%E2%80%93634&doi=10.1002/jcp.21258" class='google-scholar' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>Google Scholar</a>] [<a href="https://doi.org/10.1002/jcp.21258" class='cross-ref' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>CrossRef</a>]</li><li id='B11-rheumato-02-00016' class='html-xx' data-content='11.'>Obesity. Available online: <a href='https://www.who.int/health-topics/obesity#tab=tab_1' target='_blank' rel="noopener noreferrer" >https://www.who.int/health-topics/obesity#tab=tab_1</a> (accessed on 5 September 2022).</li><li id='B12-rheumato-02-00016' class='html-xx' data-content='12.'>Obesity—NHS. Available online: <a href='https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/obesity/' target='_blank' rel="noopener noreferrer" >https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/obesity/</a> (accessed on 5 September 2022).</li><li id='B13-rheumato-02-00016' class='html-xx' data-content='13.'>Anandacoomarasamy, A.; Caterson, I.; Sambrook, P.; Fransen, M.; March, L. The impact of obesity on the musculoskeletal system. <span class='html-italic'>Int. J. Obesity</span> <b>2022</b>, <span class='html-italic'>32</span>, 211–222. [<a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=The+impact+of+obesity+on+the+musculoskeletal+system&author=Anandacoomarasamy,+A.&author=Caterson,+I.&author=Sambrook,+P.&author=Fransen,+M.&author=March,+L.&publication_year=2022&journal=Int.+J.+Obesity&volume=32&pages=211%E2%80%93222&doi=10.1038/sj.ijo.0803715" class='google-scholar' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>Google Scholar</a>] [<a href="https://doi.org/10.1038/sj.ijo.0803715" class='cross-ref' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>CrossRef</a>] [<a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/0803715.pdf" target='_blank' rel="noopener noreferrer">Green Version</a>]</li><li id='B14-rheumato-02-00016' class='html-xx' data-content='14.'>Mraz, M.; Lacinova, Z.; Drapalova, J.; Haluzikova, D.; Horinek, A.; Matoulek, M.; Trachta, P.; Kavalkova, P.; Svacina, S. The effect of very-low-calorie diet on mRNA expression of inflammation-related genes in subcutaneous adipose tissue and peripheral monocytes of obese patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. <span class='html-italic'>J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab.</span> <b>2011</b>, <span class='html-italic'>201</span>, 96. [<a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=The+effect+of+very-low-calorie+diet+on+mRNA+expression+of+inflammation-related+genes+in+subcutaneous+adipose+tissue+and+peripheral+monocytes+of+obese+patients+with+type+2+diabetes+mellitus&author=Mraz,+M.&author=Lacinova,+Z.&author=Drapalova,+J.&author=Haluzikova,+D.&author=Horinek,+A.&author=Matoulek,+M.&author=Trachta,+P.&author=Kavalkova,+P.&author=Svacina,+S.&publication_year=2011&journal=J.+Clin.+Endocrinol.+Metab.&volume=201&pages=96&doi=10.1210/JC.2010-1858" class='google-scholar' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>Google Scholar</a>] [<a href="https://doi.org/10.1210/JC.2010-1858" class='cross-ref' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>CrossRef</a>] [<a href="https://academic.oup.com/jcem/article-pdf/96/4/E606/9069542/jcemE606.pdf" target='_blank' rel="noopener noreferrer">Green Version</a>]</li><li id='B15-rheumato-02-00016' class='html-xx' data-content='15.'>Buchowski, M.S.; Hongu, N.; Acra, S.; Wang, L.; Warolin, J.; Roberts, L.J. Effect of modest caloric restriction on oxidative stress in women, a randomized trial. <span class='html-italic'>PLoS ONE</span> <b>2012</b>, <span class='html-italic'>7</span>, e47079. [<a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=Effect+of+modest+caloric+restriction+on+oxidative+stress+in+women,+a+randomized+trial&author=Buchowski,+M.S.&author=Hongu,+N.&author=Acra,+S.&author=Wang,+L.&author=Warolin,+J.&author=Roberts,+L.J.&publication_year=2012&journal=PLoS+ONE&volume=7&pages=e47079&doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0047079" class='google-scholar' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>Google Scholar</a>] [<a href="https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0047079" class='cross-ref' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>CrossRef</a>] [<a href="https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article/file?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0047079&type=printable" target='_blank' rel="noopener noreferrer">Green Version</a>]</li><li id='B16-rheumato-02-00016' class='html-xx' data-content='16.'>Canavan, B.; Salem, R.O.; Schurgin, S.; Koutkia, P.; Lipinska, I.; Laposata, M.; Grinspoon, S. Effects of physiological leptin administration on markers of inflammation, platelet activation, and platelet aggregation during caloric deprivation. <span class='html-italic'>J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab.</span> <b>2005</b>, <span class='html-italic'>90</span>, 5779–5785. [<a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=Effects+of+physiological+leptin+administration+on+markers+of+inflammation,+platelet+activation,+and+platelet+aggregation+during+caloric+deprivation&author=Canavan,+B.&author=Salem,+R.O.&author=Schurgin,+S.&author=Koutkia,+P.&author=Lipinska,+I.&author=Laposata,+M.&author=Grinspoon,+S.&publication_year=2005&journal=J.+Clin.+Endocrinol.+Metab.&volume=90&pages=5779%E2%80%935785&doi=10.1210/jc.2005-0780" class='google-scholar' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>Google Scholar</a>] [<a href="https://doi.org/10.1210/jc.2005-0780" class='cross-ref' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>CrossRef</a>] [<a href="https://academic.oup.com/jcem/article-pdf/90/10/5779/10776968/jcem5779.pdf" target='_blank' rel="noopener noreferrer">Green Version</a>]</li><li id='B17-rheumato-02-00016' class='html-xx' data-content='17.'>Cao, J.J. Effects of obesity on bone metabolism. <span class='html-italic'>J. Orthop. Surg. Res.</span> <b>2011</b>, <span class='html-italic'>6</span>, 30. [<a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=Effects+of+obesity+on+bone+metabolism&author=Cao,+J.J.&publication_year=2011&journal=J.+Orthop.+Surg.+Res.&volume=6&pages=30&doi=10.1186/1749-799X-6-30" class='google-scholar' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>Google Scholar</a>] [<a href="https://doi.org/10.1186/1749-799X-6-30" class='cross-ref' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>CrossRef</a>] [<a href="https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/81712697.pdf" target='_blank' rel="noopener noreferrer">Green Version</a>]</li><li id='B18-rheumato-02-00016' class='html-xx' data-content='18.'>Gao, F.; Lv, T.R.; Zhou, J.C.; Qin, X.D. Effects of obesity on the healing of bone fracture in mice. <span class='html-italic'>J. Orthop. Surg. Res.</span> <b>2018</b>, <span class='html-italic'>13</span>, 145. [<a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=Effects+of+obesity+on+the+healing+of+bone+fracture+in+mice&author=Gao,+F.&author=Lv,+T.R.&author=Zhou,+J.C.&author=Qin,+X.D.&publication_year=2018&journal=J.+Orthop.+Surg.+Res.&volume=13&pages=145&doi=10.1186/s13018-018-0837-7" class='google-scholar' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>Google Scholar</a>] [<a href="https://doi.org/10.1186/s13018-018-0837-7" class='cross-ref' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>CrossRef</a>] [<a href="https://josr-online.biomedcentral.com/track/pdf/10.1186/s13018-018-0837-7" target='_blank' rel="noopener noreferrer">Green Version</a>]</li><li id='B19-rheumato-02-00016' class='html-xx' data-content='19.'>Arita, Y.; Kihara, S.; Ouchi, N.; Takahashi, M.; Taeda, K.; Miyagawa, J.I.; Hotta, K.; Shimomura, I.; Nakamura, T.; Miyaoka, K.; et al. Paradoxical decrease of an adipose-specific protein, adiponectin, in obesity. <span class='html-italic'>Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun.</span> <b>1999</b>, <span class='html-italic'>257</span>, 79–83. [<a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=Paradoxical+decrease+of+an+adipose-specific+protein,+adiponectin,+in+obesity&author=Arita,+Y.&author=Kihara,+S.&author=Ouchi,+N.&author=Takahashi,+M.&author=Taeda,+K.&author=Miyagawa,+J.I.&author=Hotta,+K.&author=Shimomura,+I.&author=Nakamura,+T.&author=Miyaoka,+K.&publication_year=1999&journal=Biochem.+Biophys.+Res.+Commun.&volume=257&pages=79%E2%80%9383&doi=10.1006/bbrc.1999.0255" class='google-scholar' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>Google Scholar</a>] [<a href="https://doi.org/10.1006/bbrc.1999.0255" class='cross-ref' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>CrossRef</a>]</li><li id='B20-rheumato-02-00016' class='html-xx' data-content='20.'>Ahima, R.S. Revisiting leptin’s role in obesity and weight loss. <span class='html-italic'>J. Clin. Investig.</span> <b>2008</b>, <span class='html-italic'>118</span>, 2380–2383. [<a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=Revisiting+leptin%E2%80%99s+role+in+obesity+and+weight+loss&author=Ahima,+R.S.&publication_year=2008&journal=J.+Clin.+Investig.&volume=118&pages=2380%E2%80%932383&doi=10.1172/JCI36284" class='google-scholar' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>Google Scholar</a>] [<a href="https://doi.org/10.1172/JCI36284" class='cross-ref' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>CrossRef</a>] [<a href="http://www.jci.org/articles/view/36284/files/pdf" target='_blank' rel="noopener noreferrer">Green Version</a>]</li><li id='B21-rheumato-02-00016' class='html-xx' data-content='21.'>Santos-Alvarez, J.; Goberna, R.; Sánchez-Margalet, V. Human leptin stimulates proliferation and activation of human circulating monocytes. <span class='html-italic'>Cell. Immunol.</span> <b>1999</b>, <span class='html-italic'>194</span>, 6–11. [<a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=Human+leptin+stimulates+proliferation+and+activation+of+human+circulating+monocytes&author=Santos-Alvarez,+J.&author=Goberna,+R.&author=S%C3%A1nchez-Margalet,+V.&publication_year=1999&journal=Cell.+Immunol.&volume=194&pages=6%E2%80%9311&doi=10.1006/cimm.1999.1490" class='google-scholar' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>Google Scholar</a>] [<a href="https://doi.org/10.1006/cimm.1999.1490" class='cross-ref' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>CrossRef</a>]</li><li id='B22-rheumato-02-00016' class='html-xx' data-content='22.'>Matsuzawa, Y. Therapy Insight: Adipocytokines in metabolic syndrome and related cardiovascular disease. <span class='html-italic'>Nat. Clin. Pract. Cardiovasc. Med.</span> <b>2006</b>, <span class='html-italic'>3</span>, 35–42. [<a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=Therapy+Insight:+Adipocytokines+in+metabolic+syndrome+and+related+cardiovascular+disease&author=Matsuzawa,+Y.&publication_year=2006&journal=Nat.+Clin.+Pract.+Cardiovasc.+Med.&volume=3&pages=35%E2%80%9342&doi=10.1038/ncpcardio0380&pmid=16391616" class='google-scholar' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>Google Scholar</a>] [<a href="https://doi.org/10.1038/ncpcardio0380" class='cross-ref' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>CrossRef</a>] [<a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16391616" class='cross-ref' data-typ='pmid' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>PubMed</a>]</li><li id='B23-rheumato-02-00016' class='html-xx' data-content='23.'>Kadowaki, T.; Yamauchi, T. Adiponectin and adiponectin receptors. <span class='html-italic'>Endocr. Rev.</span> <b>2005</b>, <span class='html-italic'>26</span>, 439–451. [<a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=Adiponectin+and+adiponectin+receptors&author=Kadowaki,+T.&author=Yamauchi,+T.&publication_year=2005&journal=Endocr.+Rev.&volume=26&pages=439%E2%80%93451&doi=10.1210/er.2005-0005&pmid=15897298" class='google-scholar' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>Google Scholar</a>] [<a href="https://doi.org/10.1210/er.2005-0005" class='cross-ref' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>CrossRef</a>] [<a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15897298" class='cross-ref' data-typ='pmid' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>PubMed</a>] [<a href="https://academic.oup.com/edrv/article-pdf/26/3/439/8861884/edrv0439.pdf" target='_blank' rel="noopener noreferrer">Green Version</a>]</li><li id='B24-rheumato-02-00016' class='html-xx' data-content='24.'>Marques, F.; Rodrigues, A.; Sousa, J.; Coppola, G.; Geschwind, D.; Sousa, N.; Correia-Neves, M.; Palla, J.A. Lipocalin 2 is a Choroid Plexus Acute-Phase Protein. <span class='html-italic'>J. Cereb. Blood Flow Metab.</span> <b>2008</b>, <span class='html-italic'>28</span>, 450–455. [<a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=Lipocalin+2+is+a+Choroid+Plexus+Acute-Phase+Protein&author=Marques,+F.&author=Rodrigues,+A.&author=Sousa,+J.&author=Coppola,+G.&author=Geschwind,+D.&author=Sousa,+N.&author=Correia-Neves,+M.&author=Palla,+J.A.&publication_year=2008&journal=J.+Cereb.+Blood+Flow+Metab.&volume=28&pages=450%E2%80%93455&doi=10.1038/sj.jcbfm.9600557&pmid=17895910" class='google-scholar' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>Google Scholar</a>] [<a href="https://doi.org/10.1038/sj.jcbfm.9600557" class='cross-ref' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>CrossRef</a>] [<a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17895910" class='cross-ref' data-typ='pmid' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>PubMed</a>] [<a href="https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/pdf/10.1038/sj.jcbfm.9600557" target='_blank' rel="noopener noreferrer">Green Version</a>]</li><li id='B25-rheumato-02-00016' class='html-xx' data-content='25.'>Eilenberg, W.; Stojkovic, S.; Piechota-Polanczyk, A.; Kaun, C.; Rauscher, S.; Gröger, M.; Klinger, M.; Wojta, J.; Neumayer, C.; Huk, I.; et al. Neutrophil Gelatinase-Associated Lipocalin (NGAL) is Associated with Symptomatic Carotid Atherosclerosis and Drives Pro-inflammatory State in Vitro. <span class='html-italic'>Eur. J. Vasc. Endovasc. Surg.</span> <b>2016</b>, <span class='html-italic'>51</span>, 623–631. [<a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=Neutrophil+Gelatinase-Associated+Lipocalin+(NGAL)+is+Associated+with+Symptomatic+Carotid+Atherosclerosis+and+Drives+Pro-inflammatory+State+in+Vitro&author=Eilenberg,+W.&author=Stojkovic,+S.&author=Piechota-Polanczyk,+A.&author=Kaun,+C.&author=Rauscher,+S.&author=Gr%C3%B6ger,+M.&author=Klinger,+M.&author=Wojta,+J.&author=Neumayer,+C.&author=Huk,+I.&publication_year=2016&journal=Eur.+J.+Vasc.+Endovasc.+Surg.&volume=51&pages=623%E2%80%93631&doi=10.1016/j.ejvs.2016.01.009&pmid=26947538" class='google-scholar' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>Google Scholar</a>] [<a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejvs.2016.01.009" class='cross-ref' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>CrossRef</a>] [<a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26947538" class='cross-ref' data-typ='pmid' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>PubMed</a>] [<a href="http://www.ejves.com/article/S1078588416000423/pdf" target='_blank' rel="noopener noreferrer">Green Version</a>]</li><li id='B26-rheumato-02-00016' class='html-xx' data-content='26.'>Wu, G.; Li, H.; Zhou, M.; Fang, Q.; Bao, Y.; Xu, A.; Jia, W. Mechanism and clinical evidence of lipocalin-2 and adipocyte fatty acid-binding protein linking obesity and atherosclerosis. <span class='html-italic'>Diabetes Metab. Res. Rev.</span> <b>2014</b>, <span class='html-italic'>30</span>, 447–456. [<a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=Mechanism+and+clinical+evidence+of+lipocalin-2+and+adipocyte+fatty+acid-binding+protein+linking+obesity+and+atherosclerosis&author=Wu,+G.&author=Li,+H.&author=Zhou,+M.&author=Fang,+Q.&author=Bao,+Y.&author=Xu,+A.&author=Jia,+W.&publication_year=2014&journal=Diabetes+Metab.+Res.+Rev.&volume=30&pages=447%E2%80%93456&doi=10.1002/dmrr.2493&pmid=24214285" class='google-scholar' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>Google Scholar</a>] [<a href="https://doi.org/10.1002/dmrr.2493" class='cross-ref' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>CrossRef</a>] [<a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24214285" class='cross-ref' data-typ='pmid' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>PubMed</a>]</li><li id='B27-rheumato-02-00016' class='html-xx' data-content='27.'>Abella, V.; Scotece, M.; Conde, J.; Gómez, R.; Lois, A.; Pino, J.; Gómez-Reino, J.J.; Lago, F.; Mobasheri, A.; Gualillo, O. The potential of lipocalin-2/NGAL as biomarker for inflammatory and metabolic diseases. <span class='html-italic'>Biomarkers</span> <b>2015</b>, <span class='html-italic'>20</span>, 565–571. [<a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=The+potential+of+lipocalin-2/NGAL+as+biomarker+for+inflammatory+and+metabolic+diseases&author=Abella,+V.&author=Scotece,+M.&author=Conde,+J.&author=G%C3%B3mez,+R.&author=Lois,+A.&author=Pino,+J.&author=G%C3%B3mez-Reino,+J.J.&author=Lago,+F.&author=Mobasheri,+A.&author=Gualillo,+O.&publication_year=2015&journal=Biomarkers&volume=20&pages=565%E2%80%93571&doi=10.3109/1354750X.2015.1123354" class='google-scholar' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>Google Scholar</a>] [<a href="https://doi.org/10.3109/1354750X.2015.1123354" class='cross-ref' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>CrossRef</a>] [<a href="https://core.ac.uk/reader/82940522" target='_blank' rel="noopener noreferrer">Green Version</a>]</li><li id='B28-rheumato-02-00016' class='html-xx' data-content='28.'>Friebe, D.; Neef, M.; Kratzsch, J.; Erbs, S.; Dittrich, K.; Garten, A.; Petzold-Quinque, S.; Blüher, S.; Reinehr, T.; Stumvoll, M.; et al. Leucocytes are a major source of circulating nicotinamide phosphoribosyltransferase (NAMPT)/pre-B cell colony (PBEF)/visfatin linking obesity and inflammation in humans. <span class='html-italic'>Diabetologia</span> <b>2011</b>, <span class='html-italic'>54</span>, 1200–1211. [<a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=Leucocytes+are+a+major+source+of+circulating+nicotinamide+phosphoribosyltransferase+(NAMPT)/pre-B+cell+colony+(PBEF)/visfatin+linking+obesity+and+inflammation+in+humans&author=Friebe,+D.&author=Neef,+M.&author=Kratzsch,+J.&author=Erbs,+S.&author=Dittrich,+K.&author=Garten,+A.&author=Petzold-Quinque,+S.&author=Bl%C3%BCher,+S.&author=Reinehr,+T.&author=Stumvoll,+M.&publication_year=2011&journal=Diabetologia&volume=54&pages=1200%E2%80%931211&doi=10.1007/s00125-010-2042-z" class='google-scholar' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>Google Scholar</a>] [<a href="https://doi.org/10.1007/s00125-010-2042-z" class='cross-ref' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>CrossRef</a>] [<a href="http://europepmc.org/articles/pmc3071946?pdf=render" target='_blank' rel="noopener noreferrer">Green Version</a>]</li><li id='B29-rheumato-02-00016' class='html-xx' data-content='29.'>Curat, C.A.; Wegner, V.; Sengenès, C.; Miranville, A.; Tonus, C.; Busse, R.; Bouloumié, A. Macrophages in human visceral adipose tissue: Increased accumulation in obesity and a source of resistin and visfatin. <span class='html-italic'>Diabetologia</span> <b>2006</b>, <span class='html-italic'>49</span>, 744–747. [<a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=Macrophages+in+human+visceral+adipose+tissue:+Increased+accumulation+in+obesity+and+a+source+of+resistin+and+visfatin&author=Curat,+C.A.&author=Wegner,+V.&author=Sengen%C3%A8s,+C.&author=Miranville,+A.&author=Tonus,+C.&author=Busse,+R.&author=Bouloumi%C3%A9,+A.&publication_year=2006&journal=Diabetologia&volume=49&pages=744%E2%80%93747&doi=10.1007/s00125-006-0173-z" class='google-scholar' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>Google Scholar</a>] [<a href="https://doi.org/10.1007/s00125-006-0173-z" class='cross-ref' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>CrossRef</a>] [<a href="https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s00125-006-0173-z.pdf" target='_blank' rel="noopener noreferrer">Green Version</a>]</li><li id='B30-rheumato-02-00016' class='html-xx' data-content='30.'>Catalán, V.; Gómez-Ambrosi, J.; Rodríguez, A.; Ramírez, B.; Silva, C.; Rotellar, F.; Cienfuegos, J.A.; Salvador, J.; Frühbeck, G. Association of increased visfatin/PBEF/NAMPT circulating concentrations and gene expression levels in peripheral blood cells with lipid metabolism and fatty liver in human morbid obesity. <span class='html-italic'>Nutr. Metab. Cardiovasc. Dis.</span> <b>2011</b>, <span class='html-italic'>21</span>, 245–253. [<a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=Association+of+increased+visfatin/PBEF/NAMPT+circulating+concentrations+and+gene+expression+levels+in+peripheral+blood+cells+with+lipid+metabolism+and+fatty+liver+in+human+morbid+obesity&author=Catal%C3%A1n,+V.&author=G%C3%B3mez-Ambrosi,+J.&author=Rodr%C3%ADguez,+A.&author=Ram%C3%ADrez,+B.&author=Silva,+C.&author=Rotellar,+F.&author=Cienfuegos,+J.A.&author=Salvador,+J.&author=Fr%C3%BChbeck,+G.&publication_year=2011&journal=Nutr.+Metab.+Cardiovasc.+Dis.&volume=21&pages=245%E2%80%93253&doi=10.1016/j.numecd.2009.09.008" class='google-scholar' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>Google Scholar</a>] [<a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.numecd.2009.09.008" class='cross-ref' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>CrossRef</a>]</li><li id='B31-rheumato-02-00016' class='html-xx' data-content='31.'>Li, Y.; Zhang, Y.; Dorweiler, B.; Cui, D.; Wang, T.; Woo, C.W.; Brunkan, C.S.; Wolberger, C.; Ima, S.; Tabas, I. Extracellular nampt promotes macrophage survival via a nonenzymatic interleukin-6/STAT3 signaling mechanism. <span class='html-italic'>J. Biol. Chem.</span> <b>2008</b>, <span class='html-italic'>283</span>, 34833–34843. [<a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=Extracellular+nampt+promotes+macrophage+survival+via+a+nonenzymatic+interleukin-6/STAT3+signaling+mechanism&author=Li,+Y.&author=Zhang,+Y.&author=Dorweiler,+B.&author=Cui,+D.&author=Wang,+T.&author=Woo,+C.W.&author=Brunkan,+C.S.&author=Wolberger,+C.&author=Ima,+S.&author=Tabas,+I.&publication_year=2008&journal=J.+Biol.+Chem.&volume=283&pages=34833%E2%80%9334843&doi=10.1074/jbc.M805866200" class='google-scholar' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>Google Scholar</a>] [<a href="https://doi.org/10.1074/jbc.M805866200" class='cross-ref' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>CrossRef</a>] [<a href="http://www.jbc.org/content/283/50/34833.full.pdf" target='_blank' rel="noopener noreferrer">Green Version</a>]</li><li id='B32-rheumato-02-00016' class='html-xx' data-content='32.'>Franco-Trepat, E.; Guillán-Fresco, M.; Alonso-Pérez, A.; Jorge-Mora, A.; Francisco, V.; Gualillo, O.; Gómez, R. Visfatin Connection: Present and Future in Osteoarthritis and Osteoporosis. <span class='html-italic'>J. Clin. Med.</span> <b>2019</b>, <span class='html-italic'>8</span>, 1178. [<a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=Visfatin+Connection:+Present+and+Future+in+Osteoarthritis+and+Osteoporosis&author=Franco-Trepat,+E.&author=Guill%C3%A1n-Fresco,+M.&author=Alonso-P%C3%A9rez,+A.&author=Jorge-Mora,+A.&author=Francisco,+V.&author=Gualillo,+O.&author=G%C3%B3mez,+R.&publication_year=2019&journal=J.+Clin.+Med.&volume=8&pages=1178&doi=10.3390/jcm8081178" class='google-scholar' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>Google Scholar</a>] [<a href="https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm8081178" class='cross-ref' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>CrossRef</a>]</li><li id='B33-rheumato-02-00016' class='html-xx' data-content='33.'>Findlay, D.M.; Atkins, G.J. Osteoblast-chondrocyte interactions in osteoarthritis. <span class='html-italic'>Curr. Osteoporos. Rep.</span> <b>2014</b>, <span class='html-italic'>12</span>, 127–134. [<a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=Osteoblast-chondrocyte+interactions+in+osteoarthritis&author=Findlay,+D.M.&author=Atkins,+G.J.&publication_year=2014&journal=Curr.+Osteoporos.+Rep.&volume=12&pages=127%E2%80%93134&doi=10.1007/s11914-014-0192-5" class='google-scholar' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>Google Scholar</a>] [<a href="https://doi.org/10.1007/s11914-014-0192-5" class='cross-ref' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>CrossRef</a>] [<a href="https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/79093276.pdf" target='_blank' rel="noopener noreferrer">Green Version</a>]</li><li id='B34-rheumato-02-00016' class='html-xx' data-content='34.'>Silvestre, M.P.; Rodrigues, A.M.; Canhão, H.; Teixeira, D.; Calha, C.; Branco, J. Cross-Talk between Diet-Associated Dysbiosis and Hand Osteoarthritis. <span class='html-italic'>Nutrients</span> <b>2020</b>, <span class='html-italic'>12</span>, 3469. [<a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=Cross-Talk+between+Diet-Associated+Dysbiosis+and+Hand+Osteoarthritis&author=Silvestre,+M.P.&author=Rodrigues,+A.M.&author=Canh%C3%A3o,+H.&author=Teixeira,+D.&author=Calha,+C.&author=Branco,+J.&publication_year=2020&journal=Nutrients&volume=12&pages=3469&doi=10.3390/nu12113469" class='google-scholar' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>Google Scholar</a>] [<a href="https://doi.org/10.3390/nu12113469" class='cross-ref' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>CrossRef</a>]</li><li id='B35-rheumato-02-00016' class='html-xx' data-content='35.'>Sharma, A.R.; Jagga, S.; Lee, S.-S.; Nam, J.-S. Interplay between Cartilage and Subchondral Bone Contributing to Pathogenesis of Osteoarthritis. <span class='html-italic'>Int. J. Mol. Sci. Int. J. Mol. Sci.</span> <b>2013</b>, <span class='html-italic'>14</span>, 19805. [<a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=Interplay+between+Cartilage+and+Subchondral+Bone+Contributing+to+Pathogenesis+of+Osteoarthritis&author=Sharma,+A.R.&author=Jagga,+S.&author=Lee,+S.-S.&author=Nam,+J.-S.&publication_year=2013&journal=Int.+J.+Mol.+Sci.+Int.+J.+Mol.+Sci.&volume=14&pages=19805&doi=10.3390/ijms141019805" class='google-scholar' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>Google Scholar</a>] [<a href="https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms141019805" class='cross-ref' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>CrossRef</a>] [<a href="https://www.mdpi.com/1422-0067/14/10/19805/pdf" target='_blank' rel="noopener noreferrer">Green Version</a>]</li><li id='B36-rheumato-02-00016' class='html-xx' data-content='36.'>Sanchez, C.; Pesesse, L.; Gabay, O.; Delcour, J.; Msika, P.; Baudoin, C.; Henrotin, Y. Regulation of subchondral bone osteoblast metabolism by cyclic compression. <span class='html-italic'>Arthritis Care Res.</span> <b>2012</b>, <span class='html-italic'>64</span>, 1193–1203. [<a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=Regulation+of+subchondral+bone+osteoblast+metabolism+by+cyclic+compression&author=Sanchez,+C.&author=Pesesse,+L.&author=Gabay,+O.&author=Delcour,+J.&author=Msika,+P.&author=Baudoin,+C.&author=Henrotin,+Y.&publication_year=2012&journal=Arthritis+Care+Res.&volume=64&pages=1193%E2%80%931203&doi=10.1002/art.33445" class='google-scholar' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>Google Scholar</a>] [<a href="https://doi.org/10.1002/art.33445" class='cross-ref' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>CrossRef</a>]</li><li id='B37-rheumato-02-00016' class='html-xx' data-content='37.'>Zhen, G.; Cao, X. Targeting TGFβ signaling in subchondral bone and articular cartilage homeostasis. <span class='html-italic'>Trends Pharmacol. Sci.</span> <b>2014</b>, <span class='html-italic'>35</span>, 227–236. [<a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=Targeting+TGF%CE%B2+signaling+in+subchondral+bone+and+articular+cartilage+homeostasis&author=Zhen,+G.&author=Cao,+X.&publication_year=2014&journal=Trends+Pharmacol.+Sci.&volume=35&pages=227%E2%80%93236&doi=10.1016/j.tips.2014.03.005" class='google-scholar' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>Google Scholar</a>] [<a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tips.2014.03.005" class='cross-ref' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>CrossRef</a>] [<a href="http://europepmc.org/articles/pmc4058854?pdf=render" target='_blank' rel="noopener noreferrer">Green Version</a>]</li><li id='B38-rheumato-02-00016' class='html-xx' data-content='38.'>Lee, J.; Chang, R.W.; Ehrlich-Jones, L.; Kwoh, C.K.; Nevitt, M.; Semanik, P.A.; Sohn, L.S.M.; Song, J.; Dunlop, D.D. Sedentary Behavior and Physical Function: Objective Evidence From the Osteoarthritis Initiative. <span class='html-italic'>Arthritis Care Res.</span> <b>2015</b>, <span class='html-italic'>67</span>, 366–373. [<a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=Sedentary+Behavior+and+Physical+Function:+Objective+Evidence+From+the+Osteoarthritis+Initiative&author=Lee,+J.&author=Chang,+R.W.&author=Ehrlich-Jones,+L.&author=Kwoh,+C.K.&author=Nevitt,+M.&author=Semanik,+P.A.&author=Sohn,+L.S.M.&author=Song,+J.&author=Dunlop,+D.D.&publication_year=2015&journal=Arthritis+Care+Res.&volume=67&pages=366%E2%80%93373&doi=10.1002/acr.22432" class='google-scholar' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>Google Scholar</a>] [<a href="https://doi.org/10.1002/acr.22432" class='cross-ref' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>CrossRef</a>] [<a href="http://europepmc.org/articles/pmc4336845?pdf=render" target='_blank' rel="noopener noreferrer">Green Version</a>]</li><li id='B39-rheumato-02-00016' class='html-xx' data-content='39.'>Shields, M.; Tremblay, M.S. Sedentary Behaviour and Obesity. 2008. Available online: <a href='http://www.statcan.ca' target='_blank' rel="noopener noreferrer" >www.statcan.ca</a> (accessed on 17 April 2022).</li><li id='B40-rheumato-02-00016' class='html-xx' data-content='40.'>Creamer, P.; Hochberg, M.C. Osteoarthritis. <span class='html-italic'>Lancet</span> <b>1997</b>, <span class='html-italic'>350</span>, 503–509. [<a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=Osteoarthritis&author=Creamer,+P.&author=Hochberg,+M.C.&publication_year=1997&journal=Lancet&volume=350&pages=503%E2%80%93509&doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(97)07226-7" class='google-scholar' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>Google Scholar</a>] [<a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(97)07226-7" class='cross-ref' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>CrossRef</a>]</li><li id='B41-rheumato-02-00016' class='html-xx' data-content='41.'>Sun, A.R.J.; Panchal, S.K.; Friis, T.; Sekar, S.; Crawford, R.; Brown, L.; Xiao, Y.; Prasadam, I. Obesity-associated metabolic syndrome spontaneously induces infiltration of pro-inflammatory macrophage in synovium and promotes osteoarthritis. <span class='html-italic'>PLoS ONE</span> <b>2017</b>, <span class='html-italic'>12</span>, e0183693. [<a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=Obesity-associated+metabolic+syndrome+spontaneously+induces+infiltration+of+pro-inflammatory+macrophage+in+synovium+and+promotes+osteoarthritis&author=Sun,+A.R.J.&author=Panchal,+S.K.&author=Friis,+T.&author=Sekar,+S.&author=Crawford,+R.&author=Brown,+L.&author=Xiao,+Y.&author=Prasadam,+I.&publication_year=2017&journal=PLoS+ONE&volume=12&pages=e0183693&doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0183693" class='google-scholar' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>Google Scholar</a>] [<a href="https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0183693" class='cross-ref' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>CrossRef</a>] [<a href="https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article/file?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0183693&type=printable" target='_blank' rel="noopener noreferrer">Green Version</a>]</li><li id='B42-rheumato-02-00016' class='html-xx' data-content='42.'>Warmink, K.; Rios, J.L.; van Valkengoed, D.R.; Korthagen, N.M.; Weinans, H. Sprague Dawley Rats Show More Severe Bone Loss, Osteophytosis and Inflammation Compared toWistar Han Rats in a High-Fat, High-Sucrose Diet Model of Joint Damage. <span class='html-italic'>Int. J. Mol. Sci.</span> <b>2022</b>, <span class='html-italic'>23</span>, 3725. [<a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=Sprague+Dawley+Rats+Show+More+Severe+Bone+Loss,+Osteophytosis+and+Inflammation+Compared+toWistar+Han+Rats+in+a+High-Fat,+High-Sucrose+Diet+Model+of+Joint+Damage&author=Warmink,+K.&author=Rios,+J.L.&author=van+Valkengoed,+D.R.&author=Korthagen,+N.M.&author=Weinans,+H.&publication_year=2022&journal=Int.+J.+Mol.+Sci.&volume=23&pages=3725&doi=10.3390/ijms23073725" class='google-scholar' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>Google Scholar</a>] [<a href="https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms23073725" class='cross-ref' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>CrossRef</a>]</li><li id='B43-rheumato-02-00016' class='html-xx' data-content='43.'>Jang, W.Y.; Jeong, J.; Kim, S.; Kang, M.; Sung, Y.; Choi, M.; Park, S.; Kim, M.; Kim, S.; Ryoo, Z. Serum amyloid A1 levels and amyloid deposition following a high-fat diet challenge in transgenic mice overexpressing hepatic serum amyloid A1. <span class='html-italic'>Appl. Physiol. Nutr. Metab.</span> <b>2016</b>, <span class='html-italic'>41</span>, 640–648. [<a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=Serum+amyloid+A1+levels+and+amyloid+deposition+following+a+high-fat+diet+challenge+in+transgenic+mice+overexpressing+hepatic+serum+amyloid+A1&author=Jang,+W.Y.&author=Jeong,+J.&author=Kim,+S.&author=Kang,+M.&author=Sung,+Y.&author=Choi,+M.&author=Park,+S.&author=Kim,+M.&author=Kim,+S.&author=Ryoo,+Z.&publication_year=2016&journal=Appl.+Physiol.+Nutr.+Metab.&volume=41&pages=640%E2%80%93648&doi=10.1139/apnm-2015-0369" class='google-scholar' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>Google Scholar</a>] [<a href="https://doi.org/10.1139/apnm-2015-0369" class='cross-ref' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>CrossRef</a>]</li><li id='B44-rheumato-02-00016' class='html-xx' data-content='44.'>Griffin, T.M.; Huebner, J.L.; Kraus, V.B.; Yan, Z.; Guilak, F. Induction of osteoarthritis and metabolic inflammation by a very high-fat diet in mice: Effects of short-term exercise. <span class='html-italic'>Arthritis Rheumatol.</span> <b>2012</b>, <span class='html-italic'>64</span>, 443–453. [<a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=Induction+of+osteoarthritis+and+metabolic+inflammation+by+a+very+high-fat+diet+in+mice:+Effects+of+short-term+exercise&author=Griffin,+T.M.&author=Huebner,+J.L.&author=Kraus,+V.B.&author=Yan,+Z.&author=Guilak,+F.&publication_year=2012&journal=Arthritis+Rheumatol.&volume=64&pages=443%E2%80%93453&doi=10.1002/art.33332&pmid=21953366" class='google-scholar' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>Google Scholar</a>] [<a href="https://doi.org/10.1002/art.33332" class='cross-ref' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>CrossRef</a>] [<a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21953366" class='cross-ref' data-typ='pmid' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>PubMed</a>] [<a href="http://europepmc.org/articles/pmc3268860?pdf=render" target='_blank' rel="noopener noreferrer">Green Version</a>]</li><li id='B45-rheumato-02-00016' class='html-xx' data-content='45.'>Louer, C.R.; Furman, B.D.; Huebner, J.L.; Kraus, V.B.; Olson, S.A.; Guilak, F. Diet-induced obesity significantly increases the severity of posttraumatic arthritis in mice. <span class='html-italic'>Arthritis Rheumatol.</span> <b>2012</b>, <span class='html-italic'>64</span>, 3220–3230. [<a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=Diet-induced+obesity+significantly+increases+the+severity+of+posttraumatic+arthritis+in+mice&author=Louer,+C.R.&author=Furman,+B.D.&author=Huebner,+J.L.&author=Kraus,+V.B.&author=Olson,+S.A.&author=Guilak,+F.&publication_year=2012&journal=Arthritis+Rheumatol.&volume=64&pages=3220%E2%80%933230&doi=10.1002/art.34533&pmid=22576842" class='google-scholar' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>Google Scholar</a>] [<a href="https://doi.org/10.1002/art.34533" class='cross-ref' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>CrossRef</a>] [<a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22576842" class='cross-ref' data-typ='pmid' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>PubMed</a>]</li><li id='B46-rheumato-02-00016' class='html-xx' data-content='46.'>Harasymowicz, N.S.; Choi, Y.R.; Wu, C.L.; Iannucci, L.; Tang, R.; Guilak, F. Intergenerational Transmission of Diet-Induced Obesity, Metabolic Imbalance, and Osteoarthritis in Mice. <span class='html-italic'>Arthritis Rheumatol.</span> <b>2020</b>, <span class='html-italic'>72</span>, 632–644. [<a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=Intergenerational+Transmission+of+Diet-Induced+Obesity,+Metabolic+Imbalance,+and+Osteoarthritis+in+Mice&author=Harasymowicz,+N.S.&author=Choi,+Y.R.&author=Wu,+C.L.&author=Iannucci,+L.&author=Tang,+R.&author=Guilak,+F.&publication_year=2020&journal=Arthritis+Rheumatol.&volume=72&pages=632%E2%80%93644&doi=10.1002/art.41147&pmid=31646754" class='google-scholar' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>Google Scholar</a>] [<a href="https://doi.org/10.1002/art.41147" class='cross-ref' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>CrossRef</a>] [<a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31646754" class='cross-ref' data-typ='pmid' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>PubMed</a>]</li><li id='B47-rheumato-02-00016' class='html-xx' data-content='47.'>Gierman, L.M.; van der Ham, F.; Koudijs, A.; Wielinga, P.Y.; Kleemann, R.; Kooistra, T.; Stoop, R.; Kloppenburg, M.; van Osch, G.J.V.M.; Stojanovic-Susulic, V.; et al. Metabolic stress-induced inflammation plays a major role in the development of osteoarthritis in mice. <span class='html-italic'>Arthritis Rheumatol.</span> <b>2012</b>, <span class='html-italic'>64</span>, 1172–1181. [<a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=Metabolic+stress-induced+inflammation+plays+a+major+role+in+the+development+of+osteoarthritis+in+mice&author=Gierman,+L.M.&author=van+der+Ham,+F.&author=Koudijs,+A.&author=Wielinga,+P.Y.&author=Kleemann,+R.&author=Kooistra,+T.&author=Stoop,+R.&author=Kloppenburg,+M.&author=van+Osch,+G.J.V.M.&author=Stojanovic-Susulic,+V.&publication_year=2012&journal=Arthritis+Rheumatol.&volume=64&pages=1172%E2%80%931181&doi=10.1002/art.33443" class='google-scholar' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>Google Scholar</a>] [<a href="https://doi.org/10.1002/art.33443" class='cross-ref' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>CrossRef</a>] [<a href="http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/art.33443/pdf" target='_blank' rel="noopener noreferrer">Green Version</a>]</li><li id='B48-rheumato-02-00016' class='html-xx' data-content='48.'>Yusuf, E.; Nelissen, R.; Ioan-Facsinay, A.; Stojanovic-Susulic, V.; DeGroot, J.; van Osch, G.; Middeldorp, S.; Huizinga, T.; Kloppenburg, M. Association between weight or body mass index and hand osteoarthritis: A systematic review. <span class='html-italic'>Ann. Rheum. Dis.</span> <b>2010</b>, <span class='html-italic'>69</span>, 761–765. [<a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=Association+between+weight+or+body+mass+index+and+hand+osteoarthritis:+A+systematic+review&author=Yusuf,+E.&author=Nelissen,+R.&author=Ioan-Facsinay,+A.&author=Stojanovic-Susulic,+V.&author=DeGroot,+J.&author=van+Osch,+G.&author=Middeldorp,+S.&author=Huizinga,+T.&author=Kloppenburg,+M.&publication_year=2010&journal=Ann.+Rheum.+Dis.&volume=69&pages=761%E2%80%93765&doi=10.1136/ard.2008.106930" class='google-scholar' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>Google Scholar</a>] [<a href="https://doi.org/10.1136/ard.2008.106930" class='cross-ref' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>CrossRef</a>] [<a href="https://repub.eur.nl/pub/17588/19487215.pdf" target='_blank' rel="noopener noreferrer">Green Version</a>]</li><li id='B49-rheumato-02-00016' class='html-xx' data-content='49.'>Ioan-Facsinay, A.; Kloppenburg, M. Osteoarthritis: Inflammation and fibrosis in adipose tissue of osteoarthritic joints. <span class='html-italic'>Nat. Rev. Rheumatol.</span> <b>2017</b>, <span class='html-italic'>13</span>, 325–326. [<a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=Osteoarthritis:+Inflammation+and+fibrosis+in+adipose+tissue+of+osteoarthritic+joints&author=Ioan-Facsinay,+A.&author=Kloppenburg,+M.&publication_year=2017&journal=Nat.+Rev.+Rheumatol.&volume=13&pages=325%E2%80%93326&doi=10.1038/nrrheum.2017.53" class='google-scholar' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>Google Scholar</a>] [<a href="https://doi.org/10.1038/nrrheum.2017.53" class='cross-ref' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>CrossRef</a>]</li><li id='B50-rheumato-02-00016' class='html-xx' data-content='50.'>Collins, K.H.; Hart, D.A.; Reimer, R.A.; Seerattan, R.A.; Herzog, W. Response to diet-induced obesity produces time-dependent induction and progression of metabolic osteoarthritis in rat knees. <span class='html-italic'>J. Orthop. Res.</span> <b>2016</b>, <span class='html-italic'>34</span>, 1010–1018. [<a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=Response+to+diet-induced+obesity+produces+time-dependent+induction+and+progression+of+metabolic+osteoarthritis+in+rat+knees&author=Collins,+K.H.&author=Hart,+D.A.&author=Reimer,+R.A.&author=Seerattan,+R.A.&author=Herzog,+W.&publication_year=2016&journal=J.+Orthop.+Res.&volume=34&pages=1010%E2%80%931018&doi=10.1002/jor.23103" class='google-scholar' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>Google Scholar</a>] [<a href="https://doi.org/10.1002/jor.23103" class='cross-ref' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>CrossRef</a>] [<a href="https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdfdirect/10.1002/jor.23103" target='_blank' rel="noopener noreferrer">Green Version</a>]</li><li id='B51-rheumato-02-00016' class='html-xx' data-content='51.'>McLeod, A.; Schiffer, L.; Castellanos, K.; DeMott, A.; Olender, S.; Fitzgibbon, M.; Hughes, S.; Fantuzzi, G.; Tussing-Humphreys, L. Impact of Physical Activity and Weight Loss on Fat Mass, Glucose Metabolism, and Inflammation in Older African Americans with Osteoarthritis. <span class='html-italic'>Nutrients</span> <b>2020</b>, <span class='html-italic'>12</span>, 3299. [<a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=Impact+of+Physical+Activity+and+Weight+Loss+on+Fat+Mass,+Glucose+Metabolism,+and+Inflammation+in+Older+African+Americans+with+Osteoarthritis&author=McLeod,+A.&author=Schiffer,+L.&author=Castellanos,+K.&author=DeMott,+A.&author=Olender,+S.&author=Fitzgibbon,+M.&author=Hughes,+S.&author=Fantuzzi,+G.&author=Tussing-Humphreys,+L.&publication_year=2020&journal=Nutrients&volume=12&pages=3299&doi=10.3390/nu12113299" class='google-scholar' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>Google Scholar</a>] [<a href="https://doi.org/10.3390/nu12113299" class='cross-ref' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>CrossRef</a>]</li><li id='B52-rheumato-02-00016' class='html-xx' data-content='52.'>Mears, M.; Tussing-Humphreys, L.; Cerwinske, L.; Tangney, C.; Hughes, S.L.; Fitzgibbons, M.; Gomez-Perez, S. Associations between Alternate Healthy Eating Index-2010, Body Composition, Osteoarthritis Severity, and Interleukin-6 in Older Overweight and Obese African American Females with Self-Reported Osteoarthritis. <span class='html-italic'>Nutrients</span> <b>2018</b>, <span class='html-italic'>11</span>, 26. [<a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=Associations+between+Alternate+Healthy+Eating+Index-2010,+Body+Composition,+Osteoarthritis+Severity,+and+Interleukin-6+in+Older+Overweight+and+Obese+African+American+Females+with+Self-Reported+Osteoarthritis&author=Mears,+M.&author=Tussing-Humphreys,+L.&author=Cerwinske,+L.&author=Tangney,+C.&author=Hughes,+S.L.&author=Fitzgibbons,+M.&author=Gomez-Perez,+S.&publication_year=2018&journal=Nutrients&volume=11&pages=26&doi=10.3390/nu11010026" class='google-scholar' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>Google Scholar</a>] [<a href="https://doi.org/10.3390/nu11010026" class='cross-ref' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>CrossRef</a>] [<a href="https://www.mdpi.com/2072-6643/11/1/26/pdf" target='_blank' rel="noopener noreferrer">Green Version</a>]</li><li id='B53-rheumato-02-00016' class='html-xx' data-content='53.'>Loeser, R.F.; Beavers, D.P.; Bay-Jensen, A.C.; Karsdal, M.A.; Nicklas, B.J.; Guermazi, A.; Hunter, D.J.; Messiery, S.P. Effects of dietary weight loss with and without exercise on interstitial matrix turnover and tissue inflammation biomarkers in adults with knee osteoarthritis: The Intensive Diet and Exercise for Arthritis trial (IDEA). <span class='html-italic'>Osteoarthr. Cartil.</span> <b>2017</b>, <span class='html-italic'>25</span>, 1822–1828. [<a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=Effects+of+dietary+weight+loss+with+and+without+exercise+on+interstitial+matrix+turnover+and+tissue+inflammation+biomarkers+in+adults+with+knee+osteoarthritis:+The+Intensive+Diet+and+Exercise+for+Arthritis+trial+(IDEA)&author=Loeser,+R.F.&author=Beavers,+D.P.&author=Bay-Jensen,+A.C.&author=Karsdal,+M.A.&author=Nicklas,+B.J.&author=Guermazi,+A.&author=Hunter,+D.J.&author=Messiery,+S.P.&publication_year=2017&journal=Osteoarthr.+Cartil.&volume=25&pages=1822%E2%80%931828&doi=10.1016/j.joca.2017.07.015" class='google-scholar' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>Google Scholar</a>] [<a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.joca.2017.07.015" class='cross-ref' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>CrossRef</a>]</li><li id='B54-rheumato-02-00016' class='html-xx' data-content='54.'>Messier, S.P.; Mhaliko, S.L.; Legault, C.; Miller, G.D.; Nicklas, B.J.; DeVita, P.; Beavers, D.P.; Hunter, D.J.; Lyles, M.F. Effects of intensive diet and exercise on knee joint loads, inflammation, and clinical outcomes among overweight and obese adults with knee osteoarthritis: The IDEA randomized clinical trial. <span class='html-italic'>JAMA</span> <b>2013</b>, <span class='html-italic'>310</span>, 1263–1273. [<a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=Effects+of+intensive+diet+and+exercise+on+knee+joint+loads,+inflammation,+and+clinical+outcomes+among+overweight+and+obese+adults+with+knee+osteoarthritis:+The+IDEA+randomized+clinical+trial&author=Messier,+S.P.&author=Mhaliko,+S.L.&author=Legault,+C.&author=Miller,+G.D.&author=Nicklas,+B.J.&author=DeVita,+P.&author=Beavers,+D.P.&author=Hunter,+D.J.&author=Lyles,+M.F.&publication_year=2013&journal=JAMA&volume=310&pages=1263%E2%80%931273&doi=10.1001/jama.2013.277669" class='google-scholar' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>Google Scholar</a>] [<a href="https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.2013.277669" class='cross-ref' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>CrossRef</a>]</li><li id='B55-rheumato-02-00016' class='html-xx' data-content='55.'>Yu, X.; Zheng, G.; Hu, Z.; Tang, S.; Xu, J.; Shang, P.; Tang, Q.; Liu, H. Asiatic acid ameliorates obesity-related osteoarthritis by inhibiting myeloid differentiation protein-2. <span class='html-italic'>Food Funct.</span> <b>2020</b>, <span class='html-italic'>11</span>, 5513–5524. [<a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=Asiatic+acid+ameliorates+obesity-related+osteoarthritis+by+inhibiting+myeloid+differentiation+protein-2&author=Yu,+X.&author=Zheng,+G.&author=Hu,+Z.&author=Tang,+S.&author=Xu,+J.&author=Shang,+P.&author=Tang,+Q.&author=Liu,+H.&publication_year=2020&journal=Food+Funct.&volume=11&pages=5513%E2%80%935524&doi=10.1039/D0FO00571A" class='google-scholar' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>Google Scholar</a>] [<a href="https://doi.org/10.1039/D0FO00571A" class='cross-ref' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>CrossRef</a>]</li><li id='B56-rheumato-02-00016' class='html-xx' data-content='56.'>Tang, R.; Harasymowicz, N.S.; Wu, C.L.; Collins, K.H.; Choi, Y.R.; Oswald, S.J.; Guilak, F. Gene therapy for follistatin mitigates systemic metabolic inflammation and post-traumatic arthritis in high-fat diet-induced obesity. <span class='html-italic'>Sci. Adv.</span> <b>2020</b>, <span class='html-italic'>6</span>, eaaz7492. [<a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=Gene+therapy+for+follistatin+mitigates+systemic+metabolic+inflammation+and+post-traumatic+arthritis+in+high-fat+diet-induced+obesity&author=Tang,+R.&author=Harasymowicz,+N.S.&author=Wu,+C.L.&author=Collins,+K.H.&author=Choi,+Y.R.&author=Oswald,+S.J.&author=Guilak,+F.&publication_year=2020&journal=Sci.+Adv.&volume=6&pages=eaaz7492&doi=10.1126/sciadv.aaz7492" class='google-scholar' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>Google Scholar</a>] [<a href="https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.aaz7492" class='cross-ref' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>CrossRef</a>]</li><li id='B57-rheumato-02-00016' class='html-xx' data-content='57.'>Jiang, M.; Li, X.; Yu, X.; Liu, X.; Xu, X.; He, J.; Gu, H.; Liu, L. Oral Administration of Resveratrol Alleviates Osteoarthritis Pathology in C57BL/6J Mice Model Induced by a High-Fat Diet. <span class='html-italic'>Mediat. Inflamm.</span> <b>2017</b>, <span class='html-italic'>2017</span>, 1–11. [<a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=Oral+Administration+of+Resveratrol+Alleviates+Osteoarthritis+Pathology+in+C57BL/6J+Mice+Model+Induced+by+a+High-Fat+Diet&author=Jiang,+M.&author=Li,+X.&author=Yu,+X.&author=Liu,+X.&author=Xu,+X.&author=He,+J.&author=Gu,+H.&author=Liu,+L.&publication_year=2017&journal=Mediat.+Inflamm.&volume=2017&pages=1%E2%80%9311&doi=10.1155/2017/7659023" class='google-scholar' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>Google Scholar</a>] [<a href="https://doi.org/10.1155/2017/7659023" class='cross-ref' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>CrossRef</a>] [<a href="http://downloads.hindawi.com/journals/mi/2017/7659023.pdf" target='_blank' rel="noopener noreferrer">Green Version</a>]</li><li id='B58-rheumato-02-00016' class='html-xx' data-content='58.'>Jhun, J.Y.; Moon, S.J.; Yoon, B.Y.; Byun, J.K.; Kim, E.K.; Yang, E.J.; Ju, J.H.; Hong, Y.S.; Min, J.K.; Park, S.H.; et al. Grape seed proanthocyanidin extract-mediated regulation of STAT3 proteins contributes to Treg differentiation and attenuates inflammation in a murine model of obesity-associated arthritis. <span class='html-italic'>PLoS ONE</span> <b>2013</b>, <span class='html-italic'>8</span>, e78843. [<a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=Grape+seed+proanthocyanidin+extract-mediated+regulation+of+STAT3+proteins+contributes+to+Treg+differentiation+and+attenuates+inflammation+in+a+murine+model+of+obesity-associated+arthritis&author=Jhun,+J.Y.&author=Moon,+S.J.&author=Yoon,+B.Y.&author=Byun,+J.K.&author=Kim,+E.K.&author=Yang,+E.J.&author=Ju,+J.H.&author=Hong,+Y.S.&author=Min,+J.K.&author=Park,+S.H.&publication_year=2013&journal=PLoS+ONE&volume=8&pages=e78843&doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0078843" class='google-scholar' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>Google Scholar</a>] [<a href="https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0078843" class='cross-ref' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>CrossRef</a>] [<a href="https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article/file?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0078843&type=printable" target='_blank' rel="noopener noreferrer">Green Version</a>]</li><li id='B59-rheumato-02-00016' class='html-xx' data-content='59.'>Jing, Y.; Wu, F.; Li, D.; Yang, L.; Li, Q.; Li, R. Metformin improves obesity-associated inflammation by altering macrophages polarization. <span class='html-italic'>Mol. Cell. Endocrinol.</span> <b>2018</b>, <span class='html-italic'>461</span>, 256–264. [<a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=Metformin+improves+obesity-associated+inflammation+by+altering+macrophages+polarization&author=Jing,+Y.&author=Wu,+F.&author=Li,+D.&author=Yang,+L.&author=Li,+Q.&author=Li,+R.&publication_year=2018&journal=Mol.+Cell.+Endocrinol.&volume=461&pages=256%E2%80%93264&doi=10.1016/j.mce.2017.09.025" class='google-scholar' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>Google Scholar</a>] [<a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mce.2017.09.025" class='cross-ref' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>CrossRef</a>]</li><li id='B60-rheumato-02-00016' class='html-xx' data-content='60.'>Gudbergsen, H. Liraglutide after diet-induced weight loss for pain and weight control in knee osteoarthritis: A randomized controlled trial. <span class='html-italic'>Am. J. Clin. Nutr.</span> <b>2021</b>, <span class='html-italic'>113</span>, 314–323. [<a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=Liraglutide+after+diet-induced+weight+loss+for+pain+and+weight+control+in+knee+osteoarthritis:+A+randomized+controlled+trial&author=Gudbergsen,+H.&publication_year=2021&journal=Am.+J.+Clin.+Nutr.&volume=113&pages=314%E2%80%93323&doi=10.1093/ajcn/nqaa328" class='google-scholar' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>Google Scholar</a>] [<a href="https://doi.org/10.1093/ajcn/nqaa328" class='cross-ref' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>CrossRef</a>]</li><li id='B61-rheumato-02-00016' class='html-xx' data-content='61.'>Schadler, P. The Effect of Body Mass Index and Metformin on Matrix Gene Expression in Arthritic Primary Human Chondrocytes. <span class='html-italic'>Cartilage</span> <b>2021</b>, <span class='html-italic'>13</span>, 1004S–1018S. [<a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=The+Effect+of+Body+Mass+Index+and+Metformin+on+Matrix+Gene+Expression+in+Arthritic+Primary+Human+Chondrocytes&author=Schadler,+P.&publication_year=2021&journal=Cartilage&volume=13&pages=1004S%E2%80%931018S&doi=10.1177/1947603520962558" class='google-scholar' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>Google Scholar</a>] [<a href="https://doi.org/10.1177/1947603520962558" class='cross-ref' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>CrossRef</a>]</li><li id='B62-rheumato-02-00016' class='html-xx' data-content='62.'>Wang, C.; Yang, Y.; Zhang, Y.; Liu, J.; Yao, Z.; Zhang, C. Protective effects of metformin against osteoarthritis through upregulation of SIRT3-mediated PINK1/Parkin-dependent mitophagy in primary chondrocytes. <span class='html-italic'>Biosci. Trends</span> <b>2019</b>, <span class='html-italic'>12</span>, 605–612. [<a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=Protective+effects+of+metformin+against+osteoarthritis+through+upregulation+of+SIRT3-mediated+PINK1/Parkin-dependent+mitophagy+in+primary+chondrocytes&author=Wang,+C.&author=Yang,+Y.&author=Zhang,+Y.&author=Liu,+J.&author=Yao,+Z.&author=Zhang,+C.&publication_year=2019&journal=Biosci.+Trends&volume=12&pages=605%E2%80%93612&doi=10.5582/bst.2018.01263" class='google-scholar' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>Google Scholar</a>] [<a href="https://doi.org/10.5582/bst.2018.01263" class='cross-ref' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>CrossRef</a>] [<a href="https://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/article/bst/12/6/12_2018.01263/_pdf" target='_blank' rel="noopener noreferrer">Green Version</a>]</li><li id='B63-rheumato-02-00016' class='html-xx' data-content='63.'>Xing, H.; Liang, C.; Wang, C.; Xu, X.; Hu, Y.; Qiu, B. Metformin mitigates cholesterol accumulation via the AMPK/SIRT1 pathway to protect osteoarthritis chondrocytes. <span class='html-italic'>Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun.</span> <b>2022</b>, <span class='html-italic'>632</span>, 113–121. [<a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=Metformin+mitigates+cholesterol+accumulation+via+the+AMPK/SIRT1+pathway+to+protect+osteoarthritis+chondrocytes&author=Xing,+H.&author=Liang,+C.&author=Wang,+C.&author=Xu,+X.&author=Hu,+Y.&author=Qiu,+B.&publication_year=2022&journal=Biochem.+Biophys.+Res.+Commun.&volume=632&pages=113%E2%80%93121&doi=10.1016/j.bbrc.2022.09.074" class='google-scholar' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>Google Scholar</a>] [<a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bbrc.2022.09.074" class='cross-ref' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>CrossRef</a>]</li><li id='B64-rheumato-02-00016' class='html-xx' data-content='64.'>Li, H.; Gou, Y.; Tian, F.; Zhang, Y.; Lian, Q.; Hu, Y.; Zhang, L. Combination of metformin and exercise alleviates osteoarthritis in ovariectomized mice fed a high-fat diet. <span class='html-italic'>Bone</span> <b>2022</b>, <span class='html-italic'>157</span>, 116323. [<a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=Combination+of+metformin+and+exercise+alleviates+osteoarthritis+in+ovariectomized+mice+fed+a+high-fat+diet&author=Li,+H.&author=Gou,+Y.&author=Tian,+F.&author=Zhang,+Y.&author=Lian,+Q.&author=Hu,+Y.&author=Zhang,+L.&publication_year=2022&journal=Bone&volume=157&pages=116323&doi=10.1016/j.bone.2021.116323" class='google-scholar' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>Google Scholar</a>] [<a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bone.2021.116323" class='cross-ref' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>CrossRef</a>]</li><li id='B65-rheumato-02-00016' class='html-xx' data-content='65.'>Li, H.; Xiang, D.; Terkeltaub, R.; Lin, H.; Zhang, Y.; Zhou, B.; He, K.; Li, K.; Liu, Z.; Wei, J.; et al. Exploration of metformin as novel therapy for osteoarthritis: Preventing cartilage degeneration and reducing pain behavior. <span class='html-italic'>Arthritis Res. Ther.</span> <b>2020</b>, <span class='html-italic'>22</span>, 2020. [<a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=Exploration+of+metformin+as+novel+therapy+for+osteoarthritis:+Preventing+cartilage+degeneration+and+reducing+pain+behavior&author=Li,+H.&author=Xiang,+D.&author=Terkeltaub,+R.&author=Lin,+H.&author=Zhang,+Y.&author=Zhou,+B.&author=He,+K.&author=Li,+K.&author=Liu,+Z.&author=Wei,+J.&publication_year=2020&journal=Arthritis+Res.+Ther.&volume=22&pages=2020&doi=10.1186/s13075-020-2129-y" class='google-scholar' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>Google Scholar</a>] [<a href="https://doi.org/10.1186/s13075-020-2129-y" class='cross-ref' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>CrossRef</a>] [<a href="https://arthritis-research.biomedcentral.com/track/pdf/10.1186/s13075-020-2129-y" target='_blank' rel="noopener noreferrer">Green Version</a>]</li><li id='B66-rheumato-02-00016' class='html-xx' data-content='66.'>Mei, J.; Sun, J.; Wu, J.; Zheng, X. Liraglutide suppresses TNF-α-induced degradation of extracellular matrix in human chondrocytes: A therapeutic implication in osteoarthritis. <span class='html-italic'>Am. J. Transl. Res.</span> <b>2019</b>, <span class='html-italic'>11</span>, 4800. [<a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=Liraglutide+suppresses+TNF-%CE%B1-induced+degradation+of+extracellular+matrix+in+human+chondrocytes:+A+therapeutic+implication+in+osteoarthritis&author=Mei,+J.&author=Sun,+J.&author=Wu,+J.&author=Zheng,+X.&publication_year=2019&journal=Am.+J.+Transl.+Res.&volume=11&pages=4800" class='google-scholar' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>Google Scholar</a>]</li><li id='B67-rheumato-02-00016' class='html-xx' data-content='67.'>Chen, J.; Xie, J.; Shi, K.; Gu, Y.; Wu, C.; Xuan, J.; Ren, Y.; Chen, L.; Wu, Y.; Zhang, X.; et al. Glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor regulates endoplasmic reticulum stress-induced apoptosis and the associated inflammatory response in chondrocytes and the progression of osteoarthritis in rat. <span class='html-italic'>Cell Death Dis.</span> <b>2018</b>, <span class='html-italic'>9</span>, 212. [<a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=Glucagon-like+peptide-1+receptor+regulates+endoplasmic+reticulum+stress-induced+apoptosis+and+the+associated+inflammatory+response+in+chondrocytes+and+the+progression+of+osteoarthritis+in+rat&author=Chen,+J.&author=Xie,+J.&author=Shi,+K.&author=Gu,+Y.&author=Wu,+C.&author=Xuan,+J.&author=Ren,+Y.&author=Chen,+L.&author=Wu,+Y.&author=Zhang,+X.&publication_year=2018&journal=Cell+Death+Dis.&volume=9&pages=212&doi=10.1038/s41419-017-0217-y" class='google-scholar' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>Google Scholar</a>] [<a href="https://doi.org/10.1038/s41419-017-0217-y" class='cross-ref' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>CrossRef</a>] [<a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s41419-017-0217-y.pdf" target='_blank' rel="noopener noreferrer">Green Version</a>]</li><li id='B68-rheumato-02-00016' class='html-xx' data-content='68.'>Meurot, C.; Martin, C.; Sudre, L.; Breton, J.; Bougault, C.; Rattenbach, R.; Bismuth, K.; Jacques, C.; Berenbaum, F. Liraglutide, a glucagon-like peptide 1 receptor agonist, exerts analgesic, anti-inflammatory and anti-degradative actions in osteoarthritis. <span class='html-italic'>Sci. Rep.</span> <b>2022</b>, <span class='html-italic'>12</span>, 1567. [<a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=Liraglutide,+a+glucagon-like+peptide+1+receptor+agonist,+exerts+analgesic,+anti-inflammatory+and+anti-degradative+actions+in+osteoarthritis&author=Meurot,+C.&author=Martin,+C.&author=Sudre,+L.&author=Breton,+J.&author=Bougault,+C.&author=Rattenbach,+R.&author=Bismuth,+K.&author=Jacques,+C.&author=Berenbaum,+F.&publication_year=2022&journal=Sci.+Rep.&volume=12&pages=1567&doi=10.1038/s41598-022-05323-7" class='google-scholar' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>Google Scholar</a>] [<a href="https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-022-05323-7" class='cross-ref' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>CrossRef</a>]</li><li id='B69-rheumato-02-00016' class='html-xx' data-content='69.'>Harvey, N.; Dennison, E.; Cooper, C. Osteoporosis: Impact on health and economics. <span class='html-italic'>Nat. Rev. Rheumatol.</span> <b>2010</b>, <span class='html-italic'>6</span>, 99–105. [<a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=Osteoporosis:+Impact+on+health+and+economics&author=Harvey,+N.&author=Dennison,+E.&author=Cooper,+C.&publication_year=2010&journal=Nat.+Rev.+Rheumatol.&volume=6&pages=99%E2%80%93105&doi=10.1038/nrrheum.2009.260" class='google-scholar' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>Google Scholar</a>] [<a href="https://doi.org/10.1038/nrrheum.2009.260" class='cross-ref' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>CrossRef</a>]</li><li id='B70-rheumato-02-00016' class='html-xx' data-content='70.'>Demontiero, O.; Vidal, C.; Duque, G. Aging and bone loss: New insights for the clinician. <span class='html-italic'>Ther. Adv. Musculoskelet. Dis.</span> <b>2012</b>, <span class='html-italic'>4</span>, 61. [<a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=Aging+and+bone+loss:+New+insights+for+the+clinician&author=Demontiero,+O.&author=Vidal,+C.&author=Duque,+G.&publication_year=2012&journal=Ther.+Adv.+Musculoskelet.+Dis.&volume=4&pages=61&doi=10.1177/1759720X11430858" class='google-scholar' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>Google Scholar</a>] [<a href="https://doi.org/10.1177/1759720X11430858" class='cross-ref' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>CrossRef</a>] [<a href="https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/pdf/10.1177/1759720X11430858" target='_blank' rel="noopener noreferrer">Green Version</a>]</li><li id='B71-rheumato-02-00016' class='html-xx' data-content='71.'>Jilka, R.L. Cytokines, bone remodeling, and estrogen deficiency: A 1998 update. <span class='html-italic'>Bone</span> <b>1998</b>, <span class='html-italic'>23</span>, 75–81. [<a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=Cytokines,+bone+remodeling,+and+estrogen+deficiency:+A+1998+update&author=Jilka,+R.L.&publication_year=1998&journal=Bone&volume=23&pages=75%E2%80%9381&doi=10.1016/S8756-3282(98)00077-5" class='google-scholar' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>Google Scholar</a>] [<a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/S8756-3282(98)00077-5" class='cross-ref' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>CrossRef</a>]</li><li id='B72-rheumato-02-00016' class='html-xx' data-content='72.'>Pacifici, R. Cytokines, estrogen, and postmenopausal osteoporosis--the second decade. <span class='html-italic'>Endocrinology</span> <b>1998</b>, <span class='html-italic'>139</span>, 2659–2661. [<a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=Cytokines,+estrogen,+and+postmenopausal+osteoporosis--the+second+decade&author=Pacifici,+R.&publication_year=1998&journal=Endocrinology&volume=139&pages=2659%E2%80%932661&doi=10.1210/endo.139.6.6087" class='google-scholar' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>Google Scholar</a>] [<a href="https://doi.org/10.1210/endo.139.6.6087" class='cross-ref' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>CrossRef</a>]</li><li id='B73-rheumato-02-00016' class='html-xx' data-content='73.'>Pacifici, R.; Rifas, L.; Teitelbaum, S.; Slatopolsky, E.; McCracken, R.; Bergfeld, M.; Lee, W.; Avioli, L.V.; Peckt, W.A. Spontaneous release of interleukin 1 from human blood monocytes reflects bone formation in idiopathic osteoporosis. <span class='html-italic'>Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA</span> <b>1987</b>, <span class='html-italic'>84</span>, 4616–4620. [<a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=Spontaneous+release+of+interleukin+1+from+human+blood+monocytes+reflects+bone+formation+in+idiopathic+osteoporosis&author=Pacifici,+R.&author=Rifas,+L.&author=Teitelbaum,+S.&author=Slatopolsky,+E.&author=McCracken,+R.&author=Bergfeld,+M.&author=Lee,+W.&author=Avioli,+L.V.&author=Peckt,+W.A.&publication_year=1987&journal=Proc.+Natl.+Acad.+Sci.+USA&volume=84&pages=4616%E2%80%934620&doi=10.1073/pnas.84.13.4616" class='google-scholar' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>Google Scholar</a>] [<a href="https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.84.13.4616" class='cross-ref' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>CrossRef</a>] [<a href="http://www.pnas.org/content/84/13/4616.full.pdf" target='_blank' rel="noopener noreferrer">Green Version</a>]</li><li id='B74-rheumato-02-00016' class='html-xx' data-content='74.'>Fernandez-Vojvodich, P.; Palmblad, K.; Karimian, E.; Andersson, U.; Sävendahl, L. Pro-Inflammatory Cytokines Produced by Growth Plate Chondrocytes May Act Locally to Modulate Longitudinal Bone Growth. <span class='html-italic'>Horm. Res. Paediatr.</span> <b>2012</b>, <span class='html-italic'>77</span>, 180–187. [<a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=Pro-Inflammatory+Cytokines+Produced+by+Growth+Plate+Chondrocytes+May+Act+Locally+to+Modulate+Longitudinal+Bone+Growth&author=Fernandez-Vojvodich,+P.&author=Palmblad,+K.&author=Karimian,+E.&author=Andersson,+U.&author=S%C3%A4vendahl,+L.&publication_year=2012&journal=Horm.+Res.+Paediatr.&volume=77&pages=180%E2%80%93187&doi=10.1159/000337569" class='google-scholar' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>Google Scholar</a>] [<a href="https://doi.org/10.1159/000337569" class='cross-ref' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>CrossRef</a>]</li><li id='B75-rheumato-02-00016' class='html-xx' data-content='75.'>Guo, R.; Yamashita, M.; Zhang, Q.; Zhou, Q.; Chen, D.; Reynolds, D.G.; Awad, H.A.; Yanoso, L.; Zhao, L.; Schwarz, E.M.; et al. Ubiquitin Ligase Smurf1 Mediates Tumor Necrosis Factor-induced Systemic Bone Loss by Promoting Proteasomal Degradation of Bone Morphogenetic Signaling Proteins. <span class='html-italic'>J. Biol. Chem.</span> <b>2008</b>, <span class='html-italic'>283</span>, 23084. [<a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=Ubiquitin+Ligase+Smurf1+Mediates+Tumor+Necrosis+Factor-induced+Systemic+Bone+Loss+by+Promoting+Proteasomal+Degradation+of+Bone+Morphogenetic+Signaling+Proteins&author=Guo,+R.&author=Yamashita,+M.&author=Zhang,+Q.&author=Zhou,+Q.&author=Chen,+D.&author=Reynolds,+D.G.&author=Awad,+H.A.&author=Yanoso,+L.&author=Zhao,+L.&author=Schwarz,+E.M.&publication_year=2008&journal=J.+Biol.+Chem.&volume=283&pages=23084&doi=10.1074/jbc.M709848200" class='google-scholar' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>Google Scholar</a>] [<a href="https://doi.org/10.1074/jbc.M709848200" class='cross-ref' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>CrossRef</a>] [<a href="http://www.jbc.org/content/283/34/23084.full.pdf" target='_blank' rel="noopener noreferrer">Green Version</a>]</li><li id='B76-rheumato-02-00016' class='html-xx' data-content='76.'>Kopelman, P.G. Obesity as a medical problem. <span class='html-italic'>Nature</span> <b>2000</b>, <span class='html-italic'>404</span>, 635–643. [<a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=Obesity+as+a+medical+problem&author=Kopelman,+P.G.&publication_year=2000&journal=Nature&volume=404&pages=635%E2%80%93643&doi=10.1038/35007508" class='google-scholar' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>Google Scholar</a>] [<a href="https://doi.org/10.1038/35007508" class='cross-ref' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>CrossRef</a>]</li><li id='B77-rheumato-02-00016' class='html-xx' data-content='77.'>Reid, I.R.; Ames, R.; Evans, M.; Sharpe, S.; Gamble, G.; France, J.; Lim, T.; Cundy, T. Determinants of total body and regional bone mineral density in normal postmenopausal women--a key role for fat mass. <span class='html-italic'>J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab.</span> <b>1992</b>, <span class='html-italic'>75</span>, 45–51. [<a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=Determinants+of+total+body+and+regional+bone+mineral+density+in+normal+postmenopausal+women--a+key+role+for+fat+mass&author=Reid,+I.R.&author=Ames,+R.&author=Evans,+M.&author=Sharpe,+S.&author=Gamble,+G.&author=France,+J.&author=Lim,+T.&author=Cundy,+T.&publication_year=1992&journal=J.+Clin.+Endocrinol.+Metab.&volume=75&pages=45%E2%80%9351&doi=10.1210/JCEM.75.1.1619030" class='google-scholar' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>Google Scholar</a>] [<a href="https://doi.org/10.1210/JCEM.75.1.1619030" class='cross-ref' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>CrossRef</a>]</li><li id='B78-rheumato-02-00016' class='html-xx' data-content='78.'>Villareal, D.T.; Apovian, C.M.; Kushner, R.F.; Klein, S. Obesity in older adults: Technical review and position statement of the American Society for Nutrition and NAASO, The Obesity Society. <span class='html-italic'>Am. J. Clin. Nutr.</span> <b>2005</b>, <span class='html-italic'>82</span>, 923–934. [<a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=Obesity+in+older+adults:+Technical+review+and+position+statement+of+the+American+Society+for+Nutrition+and+NAASO,+The+Obesity+Society&author=Villareal,+D.T.&author=Apovian,+C.M.&author=Kushner,+R.F.&author=Klein,+S.&publication_year=2005&journal=Am.+J.+Clin.+Nutr.&volume=82&pages=923%E2%80%93934&doi=10.1093/ajcn/82.5.923" class='google-scholar' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>Google Scholar</a>] [<a href="https://doi.org/10.1093/ajcn/82.5.923" class='cross-ref' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>CrossRef</a>] [<a href="https://academic.oup.com/ajcn/article-pdf/82/5/923/23959742/znu01105000923.pdf" target='_blank' rel="noopener noreferrer">Green Version</a>]</li><li id='B79-rheumato-02-00016' class='html-xx' data-content='79.'>Felson, D.T.; Zhang, Y.; Hannan, M.T.; Anderson, J.J. Effects of weight and body mass index on bone mineral density in men and women: The Framingham study. <span class='html-italic'>J. Bone Miner. Res.</span> <b>1993</b>, <span class='html-italic'>8</span>, 567–573. [<a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=Effects+of+weight+and+body+mass+index+on+bone+mineral+density+in+men+and+women:+The+Framingham+study&author=Felson,+D.T.&author=Zhang,+Y.&author=Hannan,+M.T.&author=Anderson,+J.J.&publication_year=1993&journal=J.+Bone+Miner.+Res.&volume=8&pages=567%E2%80%93573&doi=10.1002/jbmr.5650080507" class='google-scholar' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>Google Scholar</a>] [<a href="https://doi.org/10.1002/jbmr.5650080507" class='cross-ref' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>CrossRef</a>]</li><li id='B80-rheumato-02-00016' class='html-xx' data-content='80.'>Reid, I.R.; Plank, L.D.; Evans, M.C. Fat mass is an important determinant of whole body bone density in premenopausal women but not in men. <span class='html-italic'>J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab.</span> <b>1992</b>, <span class='html-italic'>75</span>, 779–782. [<a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=Fat+mass+is+an+important+determinant+of+whole+body+bone+density+in+premenopausal+women+but+not+in+men&author=Reid,+I.R.&author=Plank,+L.D.&author=Evans,+M.C.&publication_year=1992&journal=J.+Clin.+Endocrinol.+Metab.&volume=75&pages=779%E2%80%93782&doi=10.1210/JCEM.75.3.1517366" class='google-scholar' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>Google Scholar</a>] [<a href="https://doi.org/10.1210/JCEM.75.3.1517366" class='cross-ref' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>CrossRef</a>]</li><li id='B81-rheumato-02-00016' class='html-xx' data-content='81.'>Ravn, P.; Cizza, G.; Bjarnason, N.H.; Thompson, D.; Daley, M.; Wasnich, R.R.; McClung, M.; Hosking, D.; Yates, A.J.; Christiansen, C. Low body mass index is an important risk factor for low bone mass and increased bone loss in early postmenopausal women. Early Postmenopausal Intervention Cohort (EPIC) study group. <span class='html-italic'>J. Bone Miner. Res.</span> <b>1999</b>, <span class='html-italic'>14</span>, 1622–1627. [<a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=Low+body+mass+index+is+an+important+risk+factor+for+low+bone+mass+and+increased+bone+loss+in+early+postmenopausal+women.+Early+Postmenopausal+Intervention+Cohort+(EPIC)+study+group&author=Ravn,+P.&author=Cizza,+G.&author=Bjarnason,+N.H.&author=Thompson,+D.&author=Daley,+M.&author=Wasnich,+R.R.&author=McClung,+M.&author=Hosking,+D.&author=Yates,+A.J.&author=Christiansen,+C.&publication_year=1999&journal=J.+Bone+Miner.+Res.&volume=14&pages=1622%E2%80%931627&doi=10.1359/jbmr.1999.14.9.1622" class='google-scholar' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>Google Scholar</a>] [<a href="https://doi.org/10.1359/jbmr.1999.14.9.1622" class='cross-ref' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>CrossRef</a>]</li><li id='B82-rheumato-02-00016' class='html-xx' data-content='82.'>Weiler, H.A.; Janzen, L.; Green, K.; Grabowski, J.; Seshia, M.M.; Yuen, K.C. Percent body fat and bone mass in healthy Canadian females 10 to 19 years of age. <span class='html-italic'>Bone</span> <b>2000</b>, <span class='html-italic'>27</span>, 203–207. [<a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=Percent+body+fat+and+bone+mass+in+healthy+Canadian+females+10+to+19+years+of+age&author=Weiler,+H.A.&author=Janzen,+L.&author=Green,+K.&author=Grabowski,+J.&author=Seshia,+M.M.&author=Yuen,+K.C.&publication_year=2000&journal=Bone&volume=27&pages=203%E2%80%93207&doi=10.1016/S8756-3282(00)00314-8" class='google-scholar' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>Google Scholar</a>] [<a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/S8756-3282(00)00314-8" class='cross-ref' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>CrossRef</a>]</li><li id='B83-rheumato-02-00016' class='html-xx' data-content='83.'>Hamrick, M.W.; Pennington, C.; Newton, D.; Xie, D.; Isales, C. Leptin deficiency produces contrasting phenotypes in bones of the limb and spine. <span class='html-italic'>Bone</span> <b>2004</b>, <span class='html-italic'>34</span>, 376–383. [<a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=Leptin+deficiency+produces+contrasting+phenotypes+in+bones+of+the+limb+and+spine&author=Hamrick,+M.W.&author=Pennington,+C.&author=Newton,+D.&author=Xie,+D.&author=Isales,+C.&publication_year=2004&journal=Bone&volume=34&pages=376%E2%80%93383&doi=10.1016/j.bone.2003.11.020" class='google-scholar' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>Google Scholar</a>] [<a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bone.2003.11.020" class='cross-ref' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>CrossRef</a>]</li><li id='B84-rheumato-02-00016' class='html-xx' data-content='84.'>Goulding, A.; Taylor, R.W.; Jones, I.E.; McAuley, K.A.; Manning, P.J.; Williams, S.M. Overweight and obese children have low bone mass and area for their weight. <span class='html-italic'>Int. J. Obes. Relat. Metab. Disord.</span> <b>2000</b>, <span class='html-italic'>24</span>, 627–632. [<a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=Overweight+and+obese+children+have+low+bone+mass+and+area+for+their+weight&author=Goulding,+A.&author=Taylor,+R.W.&author=Jones,+I.E.&author=McAuley,+K.A.&author=Manning,+P.J.&author=Williams,+S.M.&publication_year=2000&journal=Int.+J.+Obes.+Relat.+Metab.+Disord.&volume=24&pages=627%E2%80%93632&doi=10.1038/sj.ijo.0801207&pmid=10849586" class='google-scholar' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>Google Scholar</a>] [<a href="https://doi.org/10.1038/sj.ijo.0801207" class='cross-ref' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>CrossRef</a>] [<a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10849586" class='cross-ref' data-typ='pmid' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>PubMed</a>]</li><li id='B85-rheumato-02-00016' class='html-xx' data-content='85.'>Pollock, N.K.; Laing, E.M.; Baile, C.A.; Hamrick, M.W.; Hall, D.B.; Lewis, R.D. Is adiposity advantageous for bone strength? A peripheral quantitative computed tomography study in late adolescent females. <span class='html-italic'>Am. J. Clin. Nutr.</span> <b>2007</b>, <span class='html-italic'>86</span>, 1530–1538. [<a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=Is+adiposity+advantageous+for+bone+strength?+A+peripheral+quantitative+computed+tomography+study+in+late+adolescent+females&author=Pollock,+N.K.&author=Laing,+E.M.&author=Baile,+C.A.&author=Hamrick,+M.W.&author=Hall,+D.B.&author=Lewis,+R.D.&publication_year=2007&journal=Am.+J.+Clin.+Nutr.&volume=86&pages=1530%E2%80%931538&doi=10.1093/ajcn/86.5.1530&pmid=17991669" class='google-scholar' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>Google Scholar</a>] [<a href="https://doi.org/10.1093/ajcn/86.5.1530" class='cross-ref' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>CrossRef</a>] [<a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17991669" class='cross-ref' data-typ='pmid' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>PubMed</a>] [<a href="https://academic.oup.com/ajcn/article-pdf/86/5/1530/23917382/znu01107001530.pdf" target='_blank' rel="noopener noreferrer">Green Version</a>]</li><li id='B86-rheumato-02-00016' class='html-xx' data-content='86.'>Blum, M.; Harris, S.; Must, A.; Naumova, E.; Phillips, S.; Rand, W.; Dawson-Hughes, B. Leptin, body composition and bone mineral density in premenopausal women. <span class='html-italic'>Calcif. Tissue Int.</span> <b>2003</b>, <span class='html-italic'>73</span>, 27–32. [<a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=Leptin,+body+composition+and+bone+mineral+density+in+premenopausal+women&author=Blum,+M.&author=Harris,+S.&author=Must,+A.&author=Naumova,+E.&author=Phillips,+S.&author=Rand,+W.&author=Dawson-Hughes,+B.&publication_year=2003&journal=Calcif.+Tissue+Int.&volume=73&pages=27%E2%80%9332&doi=10.1007/s00223-002-1019-4&pmid=14506951" class='google-scholar' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>Google Scholar</a>] [<a href="https://doi.org/10.1007/s00223-002-1019-4" class='cross-ref' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>CrossRef</a>] [<a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14506951" class='cross-ref' data-typ='pmid' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>PubMed</a>]</li><li id='B87-rheumato-02-00016' class='html-xx' data-content='87.'>Haas, S.; Krins, S.; Knauerhase, A.; Löhr, M. Altered bone metabolism and bone density in patients with chronic pancreatitis and pancreatic exocrine insufficiency. <span class='html-italic'>JOP</span> <b>2015</b>, <span class='html-italic'>16</span>, 58–62. [<a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=Altered+bone+metabolism+and+bone+density+in+patients+with+chronic+pancreatitis+and+pancreatic+exocrine+insufficiency&author=Haas,+S.&author=Krins,+S.&author=Knauerhase,+A.&author=L%C3%B6hr,+M.&publication_year=2015&journal=JOP&volume=16&pages=58%E2%80%9362&doi=10.6092/1590-8577/2898&pmid=25640785" class='google-scholar' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>Google Scholar</a>] [<a href="https://doi.org/10.6092/1590-8577/2898" class='cross-ref' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>CrossRef</a>] [<a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25640785" class='cross-ref' data-typ='pmid' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>PubMed</a>]</li><li id='B88-rheumato-02-00016' class='html-xx' data-content='88.'>Ilich, J.Z.; Kelly, O.J.; Kim, Y.; Spicer, M.T. Low-grade chronic inflammation perpetuated by modern diet as a promoter of obesity and osteoporosis. <span class='html-italic'>Arh. Hig. Rada Toksikol.</span> <b>2014</b>, <span class='html-italic'>65</span>, 139–148. [<a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=Low-grade+chronic+inflammation+perpetuated+by+modern+diet+as+a+promoter+of+obesity+and+osteoporosis&author=Ilich,+J.Z.&author=Kelly,+O.J.&author=Kim,+Y.&author=Spicer,+M.T.&publication_year=2014&journal=Arh.+Hig.+Rada+Toksikol.&volume=65&pages=139%E2%80%93148&doi=10.2478/10004-1254-65-2014-2541" class='google-scholar' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>Google Scholar</a>] [<a href="https://doi.org/10.2478/10004-1254-65-2014-2541" class='cross-ref' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>CrossRef</a>] [<a href="https://content.sciendo.com/downloadpdf/journals/aiht/65/2/article-p139.pdf" target='_blank' rel="noopener noreferrer">Green Version</a>]</li><li id='B89-rheumato-02-00016' class='html-xx' data-content='89.'>Kelly, O.J.; Gilman, J.C.; Kim, Y.; Ilich, J.Z. Long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids may mutually benefit both obesity and osteoporosis. <span class='html-italic'>Nutr. Res.</span> <b>2013</b>, <span class='html-italic'>33</span>, 521–533. [<a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=Long-chain+polyunsaturated+fatty+acids+may+mutually+benefit+both+obesity+and+osteoporosis&author=Kelly,+O.J.&author=Gilman,+J.C.&author=Kim,+Y.&author=Ilich,+J.Z.&publication_year=2013&journal=Nutr.+Res.&volume=33&pages=521%E2%80%93533&doi=10.1016/j.nutres.2013.04.012" class='google-scholar' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>Google Scholar</a>] [<a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nutres.2013.04.012" class='cross-ref' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>CrossRef</a>]</li><li id='B90-rheumato-02-00016' class='html-xx' data-content='90.'>Villa, C.R.; Chen, J.; Wen, B.; Sacco, S.; Taibi, A.; Ward, W.; Comelli, E. Maternal Dietary Vitamin D Does Not Program Systemic Inflammation and Bone Health in Adult Female Mice Fed an Obesogenic Diet. <span class='html-italic'>Nutrients</span> <b>2016</b>, <span class='html-italic'>8</span>, 675. [<a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=Maternal+Dietary+Vitamin+D+Does+Not+Program+Systemic+Inflammation+and+Bone+Health+in+Adult+Female+Mice+Fed+an+Obesogenic+Diet&author=Villa,+C.R.&author=Chen,+J.&author=Wen,+B.&author=Sacco,+S.&author=Taibi,+A.&author=Ward,+W.&author=Comelli,+E.&publication_year=2016&journal=Nutrients&volume=8&pages=675&doi=10.3390/nu8110675" class='google-scholar' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>Google Scholar</a>] [<a href="https://doi.org/10.3390/nu8110675" class='cross-ref' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>CrossRef</a>] [<a href="https://www.mdpi.com/2072-6643/8/11/675/pdf" target='_blank' rel="noopener noreferrer">Green Version</a>]</li><li id='B91-rheumato-02-00016' class='html-xx' data-content='91.'>Florowska, A.; Krygier, K.; Florowski, T.; Dłużewska, E. Prebiotics as functional food ingredients preventing diet-related diseases. <span class='html-italic'>Food Funct.</span> <b>2016</b>, <span class='html-italic'>7</span>, 2147–2155. [<a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=Prebiotics+as+functional+food+ingredients+preventing+diet-related+diseases&author=Florowska,+A.&author=Krygier,+K.&author=Florowski,+T.&author=D%C5%82u%C5%BCewska,+E.&publication_year=2016&journal=Food+Funct.&volume=7&pages=2147%E2%80%932155&doi=10.1039/C5FO01459J" class='google-scholar' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>Google Scholar</a>] [<a href="https://doi.org/10.1039/C5FO01459J" class='cross-ref' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>CrossRef</a>]</li><li id='B92-rheumato-02-00016' class='html-xx' data-content='92.'>Walsh, J.S.; Bowles, S.; Evans, A.L. Vitamin D in obesity. <span class='html-italic'>Curr. Opin. Endocrinol. Diabetes Obes.</span> <b>2017</b>, <span class='html-italic'>24</span>, 389–394. [<a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=Vitamin+D+in+obesity&author=Walsh,+J.S.&author=Bowles,+S.&author=Evans,+A.L.&publication_year=2017&journal=Curr.+Opin.+Endocrinol.+Diabetes+Obes.&volume=24&pages=389%E2%80%93394&doi=10.1097/MED.0000000000000371" class='google-scholar' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>Google Scholar</a>] [<a href="https://doi.org/10.1097/MED.0000000000000371" class='cross-ref' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>CrossRef</a>]</li><li id='B93-rheumato-02-00016' class='html-xx' data-content='93.'>Zhou, A.; Nen, E.H. Vitamin D deficiency and C-reactive protein: A bidirectional Mendelian randomization study. <span class='html-italic'>Int. J. Epidemiol.</span> <b>2022</b>, dyac087. [<a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=Vitamin+D+deficiency+and+C-reactive+protein:+A+bidirectional+Mendelian+randomization+study&author=Zhou,+A.&author=Nen,+E.H.&publication_year=2022&journal=Int.+J.+Epidemiol.&pages=dyac087&doi=10.1093/ije/dyac087" class='google-scholar' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>Google Scholar</a>] [<a href="https://doi.org/10.1093/ije/dyac087" class='cross-ref' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>CrossRef</a>]</li><li id='B94-rheumato-02-00016' class='html-xx' data-content='94.'>Xu, B.; Lovre, D.; Mauvais-Jarvis, F. The effect of selective estrogen receptor modulators on type 2 diabetes onset in women: Basic and clinical insights. <span class='html-italic'>J. Diabetes Its Complicat.</span> <b>2017</b>, <span class='html-italic'>31</span>, 773–779. [<a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=The+effect+of+selective+estrogen+receptor+modulators+on+type+2+diabetes+onset+in+women:+Basic+and+clinical+insights&author=Xu,+B.&author=Lovre,+D.&author=Mauvais-Jarvis,+F.&publication_year=2017&journal=J.+Diabetes+Its+Complicat.&volume=31&pages=773%E2%80%93779&doi=10.1016/j.jdiacomp.2016.12.010&pmid=28185712" class='google-scholar' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>Google Scholar</a>] [<a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jdiacomp.2016.12.010" class='cross-ref' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>CrossRef</a>] [<a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28185712" class='cross-ref' data-typ='pmid' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>PubMed</a>]</li><li id='B95-rheumato-02-00016' class='html-xx' data-content='95.'>Lama, A.; Santoro, A.; Corrado, B.; Pirozzi, C.; Paciello, O.; Pagano, T.B.; Russo, S.; Calignano, A.; Raso, G.M.; Meli, R. Extracorporeal shock waves alone or combined with raloxifene promote bone formation and suppress resorption in ovariectomized rats. <span class='html-italic'>PLoS ONE</span> <b>2017</b>, <span class='html-italic'>12</span>, e0171276. [<a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=Extracorporeal+shock+waves+alone+or+combined+with+raloxifene+promote+bone+formation+and+suppress+resorption+in+ovariectomized+rats&author=Lama,+A.&author=Santoro,+A.&author=Corrado,+B.&author=Pirozzi,+C.&author=Paciello,+O.&author=Pagano,+T.B.&author=Russo,+S.&author=Calignano,+A.&author=Raso,+G.M.&author=Meli,+R.&publication_year=2017&journal=PLoS+ONE&volume=12&pages=e0171276&doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0171276&pmid=28158228" class='google-scholar' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>Google Scholar</a>] [<a href="https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0171276" class='cross-ref' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>CrossRef</a>] [<a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28158228" class='cross-ref' data-typ='pmid' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>PubMed</a>]</li><li id='B96-rheumato-02-00016' class='html-xx' data-content='96.'>Liu, P.; Gao, Y.; Luo, P.; Yu, H.; Guo, S.; Liu, F.; Gao, J.; Xu, J.; Wang, S.; Zhang, C. Glucocorticoid-induced expansion of classical monocytes contributes to bone loss. <span class='html-italic'>Exp. Mol. Med.</span> <b>2022</b>, <span class='html-italic'>54</span>, 765–776. [<a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=Glucocorticoid-induced+expansion+of+classical+monocytes+contributes+to+bone+loss&author=Liu,+P.&author=Gao,+Y.&author=Luo,+P.&author=Yu,+H.&author=Guo,+S.&author=Liu,+F.&author=Gao,+J.&author=Xu,+J.&author=Wang,+S.&author=Zhang,+C.&publication_year=2022&journal=Exp.+Mol.+Med.&volume=54&pages=765%E2%80%93776&doi=10.1038/s12276-022-00764-6&pmid=35672449" class='google-scholar' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>Google Scholar</a>] [<a href="https://doi.org/10.1038/s12276-022-00764-6" class='cross-ref' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>CrossRef</a>] [<a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35672449" class='cross-ref' data-typ='pmid' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>PubMed</a>]</li><li id='B97-rheumato-02-00016' class='html-xx' data-content='97.'>Bader, J.E.; Emos, R.T.; Velázquez, K.T.; Carson, M.S.; Sougiannis, A.T.; McGuiness, O.P.; Robinson, C.M.; Murphy, E.A. Repeated clodronate-liposome treatment results in neutrophilia and is not effective in limiting obesity-linked metabolic impairments. <span class='html-italic'>Am. J. Physiol. Endocrinol. Metab.</span> <b>2019</b>, <span class='html-italic'>316</span>, E358–E372. [<a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=Repeated+clodronate-liposome+treatment+results+in+neutrophilia+and+is+not+effective+in+limiting+obesity-linked+metabolic+impairments&author=Bader,+J.E.&author=Emos,+R.T.&author=Vel%C3%A1zquez,+K.T.&author=Carson,+M.S.&author=Sougiannis,+A.T.&author=McGuiness,+O.P.&author=Robinson,+C.M.&author=Murphy,+E.A.&publication_year=2019&journal=Am.+J.+Physiol.+Endocrinol.+Metab.&volume=316&pages=E358%E2%80%93E372&doi=10.1152/ajpendo.00438.2018&pmid=30576244" class='google-scholar' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>Google Scholar</a>] [<a href="https://doi.org/10.1152/ajpendo.00438.2018" class='cross-ref' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>CrossRef</a>] [<a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30576244" class='cross-ref' data-typ='pmid' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>PubMed</a>]</li><li id='B98-rheumato-02-00016' class='html-xx' data-content='98.'>Nettelbladt Erik, G.; Sundblad Lars, K.M. Protein Patterns in Synovial Fluid and Serum in Rheumatoid Arthritis and Osteoarthritis. <span class='html-italic'>Arthritis Rheumatol.</span> <b>1959</b>, <span class='html-italic'>2</span>, 144–151. [<a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=Protein+Patterns+in+Synovial+Fluid+and+Serum+in+Rheumatoid+Arthritis+and+Osteoarthritis&author=Nettelbladt+Erik,+G.&author=Sundblad+Lars,+K.M.&publication_year=1959&journal=Arthritis+Rheumatol.&volume=2&pages=144%E2%80%93151&doi=10.1002/1529-0131(195904)2:2%3C144::AID-ART1780020206%3E3.0.CO;2-G" class='google-scholar' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>Google Scholar</a>] [<a href="https://doi.org/10.1002/1529-0131(195904)2:2<144::AID-ART1780020206>3.0.CO;2-G" class='cross-ref' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>CrossRef</a>]</li><li id='B99-rheumato-02-00016' class='html-xx' data-content='99.'>Sohn, D.H.; Sokolove, J.; Sharpe, O.; Ehart, J.C.; Chandra, P.E.; Lahey, L.J.; Lindstrom, T.M.; Hwang, I.; Boyer, K.A.; Andriachi, T.P.; et al. Plasma proteins present in osteoarthritic synovial fluid can stimulate cytokine production via Toll-like receptor 4. <span class='html-italic'>Arthritis Res. Ther.</span> <b>2012</b>, <span class='html-italic'>14</span>, R7. [<a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=Plasma+proteins+present+in+osteoarthritic+synovial+fluid+can+stimulate+cytokine+production+via+Toll-like+receptor+4&author=Sohn,+D.H.&author=Sokolove,+J.&author=Sharpe,+O.&author=Ehart,+J.C.&author=Chandra,+P.E.&author=Lahey,+L.J.&author=Lindstrom,+T.M.&author=Hwang,+I.&author=Boyer,+K.A.&author=Andriachi,+T.P.&publication_year=2012&journal=Arthritis+Res.+Ther.&volume=14&pages=R7&doi=10.1186/ar3555" class='google-scholar' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>Google Scholar</a>] [<a href="https://doi.org/10.1186/ar3555" class='cross-ref' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>CrossRef</a>] [<a href="https://arthritis-research.biomedcentral.com/track/pdf/10.1186/ar3555" target='_blank' rel="noopener noreferrer">Green Version</a>]</li><li id='B100-rheumato-02-00016' class='html-xxx' data-content='100.'>Naghashian, F.; Hosseinzadeh-Attar, M.J.; Akhlaghi, M.; Yekaninejad, M.S.; Aryaeian, N.; Derakhshanian, H. Synovial inflammation, immune cells and their cytokines in osteoarthritis: A review. <span class='html-italic'>Osteoarthr. Cartil.</span> <b>2012</b>, <span class='html-italic'>20</span>, 1484–1499. [<a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=Synovial+inflammation,+immune+cells+and+their+cytokines+in+osteoarthritis:+A+review&author=Naghashian,+F.&author=Hosseinzadeh-Attar,+M.J.&author=Akhlaghi,+M.&author=Yekaninejad,+M.S.&author=Aryaeian,+N.&author=Derakhshanian,+H.&publication_year=2012&journal=Osteoarthr.+Cartil.&volume=20&pages=1484%E2%80%931499&doi=10.1016/J.JOCA.2012.08.027" class='google-scholar' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>Google Scholar</a>] [<a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/J.JOCA.2012.08.027" class='cross-ref' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>CrossRef</a>] [<a href="http://www.oarsijournal.com/article/S1063458412009508/pdf" target='_blank' rel="noopener noreferrer">Green Version</a>]</li><li id='B101-rheumato-02-00016' class='html-xxx' data-content='101.'>Naghashian, F.; Hosseinzadeh-Attar, M.J.; Akhlaghi, M.; Yekaninejad, M.S.; Aryaeian, N.; Derakhshanian, H. The relationship between anthropometric status and rheumatoid arthritis. Exploring the role of nesfatin and asymmetric dimethylarginine. <span class='html-italic'>Acta Reumatol. Port.</span> <b>2019</b>, <span class='html-italic'>44</span>, 126–131. [<a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=The+relationship+between+anthropometric+status+and+rheumatoid+arthritis.+Exploring+the+role+of+nesfatin+and+asymmetric+dimethylarginine&author=Naghashian,+F.&author=Hosseinzadeh-Attar,+M.J.&author=Akhlaghi,+M.&author=Yekaninejad,+M.S.&author=Aryaeian,+N.&author=Derakhshanian,+H.&publication_year=2019&journal=Acta+Reumatol.+Port.&volume=44&pages=126%E2%80%93131" class='google-scholar' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>Google Scholar</a>]</li><li id='B102-rheumato-02-00016' class='html-xxx' data-content='102.'>Stavropoulos-Kalinoglou, A.; Metsios, G.; Smith, J.; Panoulas, V.; Douglas, K.; Jamurtas, A.; Koutedakis, Y.; Kitas, G. What predicts obesity in patients with rheumatoid arthritis? An investigation of the interactions between lifestyle and inflammation. <span class='html-italic'>Int. J. Obes.</span> <b>2010</b>, <span class='html-italic'>34</span>, 295–301. [<a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=What+predicts+obesity+in+patients+with+rheumatoid+arthritis?+An+investigation+of+the+interactions+between+lifestyle+and+inflammation&author=Stavropoulos-Kalinoglou,+A.&author=Metsios,+G.&author=Smith,+J.&author=Panoulas,+V.&author=Douglas,+K.&author=Jamurtas,+A.&author=Koutedakis,+Y.&author=Kitas,+G.&publication_year=2010&journal=Int.+J.+Obes.&volume=34&pages=295%E2%80%93301&doi=10.1038/ijo.2009.220" class='google-scholar' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>Google Scholar</a>] [<a href="https://doi.org/10.1038/ijo.2009.220" class='cross-ref' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>CrossRef</a>] [<a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/ijo2009220.pdf" target='_blank' rel="noopener noreferrer">Green Version</a>]</li><li id='B103-rheumato-02-00016' class='html-xxx' data-content='103.'>Choi, H.K.; Mount, D.B.; Reginato, A.M. Pathogenesis of gout. <span class='html-italic'>Ann. Intern. Med.</span> <b>2005</b>, <span class='html-italic'>143</span>, 499–516. [<a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=Pathogenesis+of+gout&author=Choi,+H.K.&author=Mount,+D.B.&author=Reginato,+A.M.&publication_year=2005&journal=Ann.+Intern.+Med.&volume=143&pages=499%E2%80%93516&doi=10.7326/0003-4819-143-7-200510040-00009" class='google-scholar' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>Google Scholar</a>] [<a href="https://doi.org/10.7326/0003-4819-143-7-200510040-00009" class='cross-ref' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>CrossRef</a>]</li><li id='B104-rheumato-02-00016' class='html-xxx' data-content='104.'>Shaw, O.M.; Pool, B.; Dalbeth, N.; Harper, J.L. The effect of diet-induced obesity on the inflammatory phenotype of non-adipose-resident macrophages in an in vivo model of gout. <span class='html-italic'>Rheumatology</span> <b>2014</b>, <span class='html-italic'>53</span>, 1901–1905. [<a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=The+effect+of+diet-induced+obesity+on+the+inflammatory+phenotype+of+non-adipose-resident+macrophages+in+an+in+vivo+model+of+gout&author=Shaw,+O.M.&author=Pool,+B.&author=Dalbeth,+N.&author=Harper,+J.L.&publication_year=2014&journal=Rheumatology&volume=53&pages=1901%E2%80%931905&doi=10.1093/rheumatology/keu174" class='google-scholar' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>Google Scholar</a>] [<a href="https://doi.org/10.1093/rheumatology/keu174" class='cross-ref' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>CrossRef</a>]</li></ol></section><section id='FigureandTables' type='display-objects'><div class="html-fig-wrap" id="rheumato-02-00016-f001"> <div class='html-fig_img'> <div class="html-figpopup html-figpopup-link" data-counterslinkmanual = "https://www.mdpi.com/2674-0621/2/4/16/display" href="#fig_body_display_rheumato-02-00016-f001"> <img alt="Rheumato 02 00016 g001 550" data-large="/rheumato/rheumato-02-00016/article_deploy/html/images/rheumato-02-00016-g001.png" data-original="/rheumato/rheumato-02-00016/article_deploy/html/images/rheumato-02-00016-g001.png" data-lsrc="/rheumato/rheumato-02-00016/article_deploy/html/images/rheumato-02-00016-g001-550.jpg" /> <a class="html-expand html-figpopup" data-counterslinkmanual = "https://www.mdpi.com/2674-0621/2/4/16/display" href="#fig_body_display_rheumato-02-00016-f001"></a> </div> </div> <div class="html-fig_description"> <b>Figure 1.</b> Relation between obesity-associated low-grade chronic inflammation and osteoarthritis. The proinflammatory molecules secreted systemically and locally by adipose tissue promote osteoarthritis instauration and progression. This effect could be modulated by pharmacological and non-pharmacological approaches.  </div> </div> <div class="html-fig_show mfp-hide" id ="fig_body_display_rheumato-02-00016-f001" > <div class="html-caption" > <b>Figure 1.</b> Relation between obesity-associated low-grade chronic inflammation and osteoarthritis. The proinflammatory molecules secreted systemically and locally by adipose tissue promote osteoarthritis instauration and progression. This effect could be modulated by pharmacological and non-pharmacological approaches.</div> <div class="html-img"><img alt="Rheumato 02 00016 g001" data-large="/rheumato/rheumato-02-00016/article_deploy/html/images/rheumato-02-00016-g001.png" data-original="/rheumato/rheumato-02-00016/article_deploy/html/images/rheumato-02-00016-g001.png" data-lsrc="/rheumato/rheumato-02-00016/article_deploy/html/images/rheumato-02-00016-g001.png" /></div> </div><div class="html-table-wrap" id="rheumato-02-00016-t001"> <div class="html-table_wrap_td" > <div class="html-tablepopup html-tablepopup-link" data-counterslinkmanual = "https://www.mdpi.com/2674-0621/2/4/16/display" href='#table_body_display_rheumato-02-00016-t001'> <img alt="Table" data-lsrc="https://www.mdpi.com/img/table.png" /> <a class="html-expand html-tablepopup" data-counterslinkmanual = "https://www.mdpi.com/2674-0621/2/4/16/display" href="#table_body_display_rheumato-02-00016-t001"></a> </div> </div> <div class="html-table_wrap_discription"> <b>Table 1.</b> The inclusion and exclusion criteria used to limit the results to the study object. </div> </div> <div class="html-table_show mfp-hide " id ="table_body_display_rheumato-02-00016-t001" > <div class="html-caption" ><b>Table 1.</b> The inclusion and exclusion criteria used to limit the results to the study object.</div> <table > <thead ><tr ><th align='center' valign='middle' style='border-top:solid thin;border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >Inclusion Criteria</th><th align='center' valign='middle' style='border-top:solid thin;border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >Exclusion Criteria</th></tr></thead><tbody ><tr ><td rowspan='2' align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >Access to full text available</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >Papers not focused on the topic</td></tr><tr ><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >Access to full text unavailable</td></tr><tr ><td rowspan='2' align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >Language: English/Spanish</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >Research letters, pilot studies</td></tr><tr ><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >Different aim</td></tr></tbody> </table> </div><div class="html-table-wrap" id="rheumato-02-00016-t002"> <div class="html-table_wrap_td" > <div class="html-tablepopup html-tablepopup-link" data-counterslinkmanual = "https://www.mdpi.com/2674-0621/2/4/16/display" href='#table_body_display_rheumato-02-00016-t002'> <img alt="Table" data-lsrc="https://www.mdpi.com/img/table.png" /> <a class="html-expand html-tablepopup" data-counterslinkmanual = "https://www.mdpi.com/2674-0621/2/4/16/display" href="#table_body_display_rheumato-02-00016-t002"></a> </div> </div> <div class="html-table_wrap_discription"> <b>Table 2.</b> The searches performed, with the total results, the accepted results, and the dismissed articles. </div> </div> <div class="html-table_show mfp-hide " id ="table_body_display_rheumato-02-00016-t002" > <div class="html-caption" ><b>Table 2.</b> The searches performed, with the total results, the accepted results, and the dismissed articles.</div> <table > <thead ><tr ><th align='center' valign='middle' style='border-top:solid thin;border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >Database</th><th align='center' valign='middle' style='border-top:solid thin;border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >Search</th><th align='center' valign='middle' style='border-top:solid thin;border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >Total</th><th align='center' valign='middle' style='border-top:solid thin;border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >Included</th><th align='center' valign='middle' style='border-top:solid thin;border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >Dismissed</th></tr></thead><tbody ><tr ><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >Pubmed</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >((“Diet”[Mesh]) AND “Inflammation”[Mesh] AND “Obesity”[Mesh] AND “Arthritis”[Mesh])</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >26</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >23</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >3</td></tr><tr ><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >Pubmed</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >((“Diet”[Mesh]) AND “Inflammation”[Mesh]<br>AND “Obesity”[Mesh] AND “Osteoporosis”[Mesh])</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >5</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >5</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >0</td></tr><tr ><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >TOTAL</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >-</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >31</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >31</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >3</td></tr></tbody> </table> </div></section><section class='html-fn_group'><table><tr id=''><td></td><td><div class='html-p'><b>Publisher’s Note:</b> MDPI stays neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.</div></td></tr></table></section> <section id="html-copyright"><br>© 2022 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (<a href='https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/' target='_blank' rel="noopener noreferrer" >https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/</a>).</section> </div> </div> <div class="additional-content"> <h2><a name="cite"></a>Share and Cite</h2> <div class="social-media-links" style="text-align: left;"> <a href="/cdn-cgi/l/email-protection#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" title="Email"> <i class="fa fa-envelope-square" style="font-size: 30px;"></i> </a> <a href="https://twitter.com/intent/tweet?text=Effect+and+Regulation+of+Obesity-Associated+Low-Grade+Chronic+Inflammation+in+Major+Rheumatic+Diseases&hashtags=mdpirheumato&url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.mdpi.com%2F1978948&via=MDPIOpenAccess" onclick="windowOpen(this.href,600,800); return false" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"> <i class="fa fa-twitter-x-square" style="font-size: 30px;"></i> </a> <a href=" http://www.linkedin.com/shareArticle?mini=true&url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.mdpi.com%2F1978948&title=Effect%20and%20Regulation%20of%20Obesity-Associated%20Low-Grade%20Chronic%20Inflammation%20in%20Major%20Rheumatic%20Diseases%26source%3Dhttps%3A%2F%2Fwww.mdpi.com%26summary%3DCurrent%20lifestyle%20and%20environmental%20factors%20contribute%20to%20obesity%20development%2C%20leading%20to%20low-grade%20chronic%20inflammation%20%28LGCI%29.%20Apart%20from%20obesity%2C%20LGCI%20is%20also%20related%20to%20rheumatic%20diseases%20such%20as%20osteoporosis%20%28OP%29%20and%20osteoarthritis%20%28OA%29.%20In%20%5B...%5D" onclick="windowOpen(this.href,600,800); return false" title="LinkedIn" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"> <i class="fa fa-linkedin-square" style="font-size: 30px;"></i> </a> <a href="https://www.facebook.com/sharer.php?u=https://www.mdpi.com/1978948" title="facebook" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"> <i class="fa fa-facebook-square" style="font-size: 30px;"></i> </a> <a href="javascript:void(0);" title="Wechat" data-reveal-id="weixin-share-modal"> <i class="fa fa-weixin-square" style="font-size: 26px;"></i> </a> <a href="http://www.reddit.com/submit?url=https://www.mdpi.com/1978948" title="Reddit" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"> <i class="fa fa-reddit-square" style="font-size: 30px;"></i> </a> <a href="http://www.mendeley.com/import/?url=https://www.mdpi.com/1978948" title="Mendeley" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"> <i class="fa fa-mendeley-square" style="font-size: 30px;"></i> </a> </div> <div class="in-tab" style="padding-top: 0px!important; margin-top: 15px;"> <div><b>MDPI and ACS Style</b></div> <p> Alonso-Pérez, A.; Guillán-Fresco, M.; López-Fagúndez, M.; Pazos-Pérez, A.; Crespo-Golmar, A.; Piñeiro-Ramil, M.; López, V.; Jorge-Mora, A.; Gómez, R. Effect and Regulation of Obesity-Associated Low-Grade Chronic Inflammation in Major Rheumatic Diseases. <em>Rheumato</em> <b>2022</b>, <em>2</em>, 114-125. https://doi.org/10.3390/rheumato2040016 </p> <div style="display: block"> <b>AMA Style</b><br> <p> Alonso-Pérez A, Guillán-Fresco M, López-Fagúndez M, Pazos-Pérez A, Crespo-Golmar A, Piñeiro-Ramil M, López V, Jorge-Mora A, Gómez R. Effect and Regulation of Obesity-Associated Low-Grade Chronic Inflammation in Major Rheumatic Diseases. <em>Rheumato</em>. 2022; 2(4):114-125. https://doi.org/10.3390/rheumato2040016 </p> <b>Chicago/Turabian Style</b><br> <p> Alonso-Pérez, Ana, María Guillán-Fresco, Miriam López-Fagúndez, Andrés Pazos-Pérez, Antía Crespo-Golmar, María Piñeiro-Ramil, Verónica López, Alberto Jorge-Mora, and Rodolfo Gómez. 2022. "Effect and Regulation of Obesity-Associated Low-Grade Chronic Inflammation in Major Rheumatic Diseases" <em>Rheumato</em> 2, no. 4: 114-125. https://doi.org/10.3390/rheumato2040016 </p> <b>APA Style</b><br> <p> Alonso-Pérez, A., Guillán-Fresco, M., López-Fagúndez, M., Pazos-Pérez, A., Crespo-Golmar, A., Piñeiro-Ramil, M., López, V., Jorge-Mora, A., & Gómez, R. (2022). Effect and Regulation of Obesity-Associated Low-Grade Chronic Inflammation in Major Rheumatic Diseases. <em>Rheumato</em>, <em>2</em>(4), 114-125. https://doi.org/10.3390/rheumato2040016 </p> </div> </div> <h2><a name="metrics"></a>Article Metrics</h2> <div class="row"> <div class="small-12 columns"> <div id="loaded_cite_count" style="display:none">No</div> <div id="framed_div_cited_count" class="in-tab" style="display: none; overflow: auto;"></div> <div id="loaded" style="display:none">No</div> <div id="framed_div" class="in-tab" style="display: none; margin-top: 10px;"></div> </div> <div class="small-12 columns"> <div id="article_stats_div" style="display: none; margin-bottom: 1em;"> <h3>Article Access Statistics</h3> <div id="article_stats_swf" ></div> <div class="info-box"> Multiple requests from the same IP address are counted as one view. </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </article> </div> </div></div> <div class="webpymol-controls webpymol-controls-template" style="margin-top: 10px; display: none;"> <a class="bzoom">Zoom</a> <span style="display: inline-block; margin-left: 5px; margin-right: 5px;">|</span> <a class="borient"> Orient </a> <span style="display: inline-block; margin-left: 5px; margin-right: 5px;">|</span> <a class="blines"> As Lines </a> <span style="display: inline-block; margin-left: 5px; margin-right: 5px;">|</span> <a class="bsticks"> As Sticks </a> <span style="display: inline-block; margin-left: 5px; margin-right: 5px;">|</span> <a class="bcartoon"> As Cartoon </a> <span style="display: inline-block; margin-left: 5px; margin-right: 5px;">|</span> <a class="bsurface"> As Surface </a> <span style="display: inline-block; margin-left: 5px; margin-right: 5px;">|</span> <a class="bprevscene">Previous Scene</a> <span style="display: inline-block; margin-left: 5px; margin-right: 5px;">|</span> <a class="bnextscene">Next Scene</a> </div> <div id="scifeed-modal" class="reveal-modal reveal-modal-new" data-reveal aria-labelledby="modalTitle" aria-hidden="true" role="dialog"> </div> <div id="recommended-articles-modal" class="reveal-modal reveal-modal-new" data-reveal aria-labelledby="modalTitle" aria-hidden="true" role="dialog"> </div> <div id="author-biographies-modal" class="reveal-modal reveal-modal-new" data-reveal aria-labelledby="modalTitle" aria-hidden="true" role="dialog"> </div> <div id="cite-modal" class="reveal-modal reveal-modal-new" data-reveal aria-labelledby="Captcha" aria-hidden="true" role="dialog"> <div class="row"> <div class="small-12 columns"> <h2 style="margin: 0;">Cite</h2> </div> <div class="small-12 columns">  <form style="margin:0; padding:0; display:inline;" name="export-bibtex" method="POST" action="/export"> <input type="hidden" name="articles_ids[]" value="989474"> <input type="hidden" name="export_format_top" value="bibtex"> <input type="hidden" name="export_submit_top" value=""> </form>  <form style="margin:0; padding:0; display:inline;" name="export-endnote" method="POST" action="/export"> <input type="hidden" name="articles_ids[]" value="989474"> <input type="hidden" name="export_format_top" value="endnote_no_abstract"> <input type="hidden" name="export_submit_top" value=""> </form>  <form style="margin:0; padding:0; display:inline;" name="export-ris" method="POST" action="/export"> <input type="hidden" name="articles_ids[]" value="989474"> <input type="hidden" name="export_format_top" value="ris"> <input type="hidden" name="export_submit_top" value=""> </form> <div> Export citation file: <a href="javascript:window.document.forms['export-bibtex'].submit()">BibTeX</a> | <a href="javascript:window.document.forms['export-endnote'].submit()">EndNote</a> | <a href="javascript:window.document.forms['export-ris'].submit()">RIS</a> </div> </div> <div class="small-12 columns"> <div class="in-tab"> <div><b>MDPI and ACS Style</b></div> <p> Alonso-Pérez, A.; Guillán-Fresco, M.; López-Fagúndez, M.; Pazos-Pérez, A.; Crespo-Golmar, A.; Piñeiro-Ramil, M.; López, V.; Jorge-Mora, A.; Gómez, R. Effect and Regulation of Obesity-Associated Low-Grade Chronic Inflammation in Major Rheumatic Diseases. <em>Rheumato</em> <b>2022</b>, <em>2</em>, 114-125. https://doi.org/10.3390/rheumato2040016 </p> <div style="display: block"> <b>AMA Style</b><br> <p> Alonso-Pérez A, Guillán-Fresco M, López-Fagúndez M, Pazos-Pérez A, Crespo-Golmar A, Piñeiro-Ramil M, López V, Jorge-Mora A, Gómez R. Effect and Regulation of Obesity-Associated Low-Grade Chronic Inflammation in Major Rheumatic Diseases. <em>Rheumato</em>. 2022; 2(4):114-125. https://doi.org/10.3390/rheumato2040016 </p> <b>Chicago/Turabian Style</b><br> <p> Alonso-Pérez, Ana, María Guillán-Fresco, Miriam López-Fagúndez, Andrés Pazos-Pérez, Antía Crespo-Golmar, María Piñeiro-Ramil, Verónica López, Alberto Jorge-Mora, and Rodolfo Gómez. 2022. "Effect and Regulation of Obesity-Associated Low-Grade Chronic Inflammation in Major Rheumatic Diseases" <em>Rheumato</em> 2, no. 4: 114-125. https://doi.org/10.3390/rheumato2040016 </p> <b>APA Style</b><br> <p> Alonso-Pérez, A., Guillán-Fresco, M., López-Fagúndez, M., Pazos-Pérez, A., Crespo-Golmar, A., Piñeiro-Ramil, M., López, V., Jorge-Mora, A., & Gómez, R. (2022). Effect and Regulation of Obesity-Associated Low-Grade Chronic Inflammation in Major Rheumatic Diseases. <em>Rheumato</em>, <em>2</em>(4), 114-125. https://doi.org/10.3390/rheumato2040016 </p> </div> </div> </div> </div> <a class="close-reveal-modal" aria-label="Close"> <i class="material-icons">clear</i> </a> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </section> <div id="footer"> <div class="journal-info"> <span> <em><a class="Var_JournalInfo" href="/journal/rheumato">Rheumato</a></em>, EISSN 2674-0621, Published by MDPI </span> <div class="large-right"> <span> <a href="/rss/journal/rheumato" class="rss-link">RSS</a> </span> <span> <a href="/journal/rheumato/toc-alert">Content Alert</a> </span> </div> </div> <div class="row full-width footer-links" data-equalizer="footer" data-equalizer-mq="small"> <div class="large-2 large-push-4 medium-3 small-6 columns" data-equalizer-watch="footer"> <h3> Further Information </h3> <a href="/apc"> Article Processing Charges </a> <a href="/about/payment"> Pay an Invoice </a> <a href="/openaccess"> Open Access Policy </a> <a href="/about/contact"> Contact MDPI </a> <a href="https://careers.mdpi.com" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"> Jobs at MDPI </a> </div> <div class="large-2 large-push-4 medium-3 small-6 columns" data-equalizer-watch="footer"> <h3> Guidelines </h3> <a href="/authors"> For Authors </a> <a href="/reviewers"> For Reviewers </a> <a href="/editors"> For Editors </a> <a href="/librarians"> For Librarians </a> <a href="/publishing_services"> For Publishers </a> <a href="/societies"> For Societies </a> <a href="/conference_organizers"> For Conference Organizers </a> </div> <div class="large-2 large-push-4 medium-3 small-6 columns"> <h3> MDPI Initiatives </h3> <a href="https://sciforum.net" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"> Sciforum </a> <a href="https://www.mdpi.com/books" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"> MDPI Books </a> <a href="https://www.preprints.org" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"> Preprints.org </a> <a href="https://www.scilit.net" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"> Scilit </a> <a href="https://sciprofiles.com?utm_source=mpdi.com&utm_medium=bottom_menu&utm_campaign=initiative" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"> SciProfiles </a> <a href="https://encyclopedia.pub" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"> Encyclopedia </a> <a href="https://jams.pub" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"> JAMS </a> <a href="/about/proceedings"> Proceedings Series </a> </div> <div class="large-2 large-push-4 medium-3 small-6 right-border-large-without columns UA_FooterFollowMDPI"> <h3> Follow MDPI </h3> <a href="https://www.linkedin.com/company/mdpi" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"> LinkedIn </a> <a href="https://www.facebook.com/MDPIOpenAccessPublishing" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"> Facebook </a> <a href="https://twitter.com/MDPIOpenAccess" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"> Twitter </a> </div> <div id="footer-subscribe" class="large-4 large-pull-8 medium-12 small-12 left-border-large columns"> <div class="footer-subscribe__container"> <img class="show-for-large-up" src="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/img/design/mdpi-pub-logo-white-small.png?71d18e5f805839ab?1732615622" alt="MDPI" title="MDPI Open Access Journals" style="height: 50px; margin-bottom: 10px;"> <form id="newsletter" method="POST" action="/subscribe"> <p> Subscribe to receive issue release notifications and newsletters from MDPI journals </p> <select multiple id="newsletter-journal" class="foundation-select" name="journals[]"> <option value="acoustics">Acoustics</option> <option value="amh">Acta Microbiologica Hellenica</option> <option value="actuators">Actuators</option> <option value="admsci">Administrative Sciences</option> <option value="adolescents">Adolescents</option> <option value="arm">Advances in Respiratory Medicine</option> <option value="aerobiology">Aerobiology</option> <option value="aerospace">Aerospace</option> <option value="agriculture">Agriculture</option> <option value="agriengineering">AgriEngineering</option> <option value="agrochemicals">Agrochemicals</option> <option value="agronomy">Agronomy</option> <option value="ai">AI</option> <option value="air">Air</option> <option value="algorithms">Algorithms</option> <option value="allergies">Allergies</option> <option value="alloys">Alloys</option> <option value="analytica">Analytica</option> <option value="analytics">Analytics</option> <option value="anatomia">Anatomia</option> <option value="anesthres">Anesthesia Research</option> <option value="animals">Animals</option> <option value="antibiotics">Antibiotics</option> <option value="antibodies">Antibodies</option> <option value="antioxidants">Antioxidants</option> <option value="applbiosci">Applied Biosciences</option> <option value="applmech">Applied Mechanics</option> <option value="applmicrobiol">Applied Microbiology</option> <option value="applnano">Applied Nano</option> <option value="applsci">Applied Sciences</option> <option value="asi">Applied System Innovation</option> <option value="appliedchem">AppliedChem</option> <option value="appliedmath">AppliedMath</option> <option value="aquacj">Aquaculture Journal</option> <option value="architecture">Architecture</option> <option value="arthropoda">Arthropoda</option> <option value="arts">Arts</option> <option value="astronomy">Astronomy</option> <option value="atmosphere">Atmosphere</option> <option value="atoms">Atoms</option> <option value="audiolres">Audiology Research</option> <option value="automation">Automation</option> <option value="axioms">Axioms</option> <option value="bacteria">Bacteria</option> <option value="batteries">Batteries</option> <option value="behavsci">Behavioral Sciences</option> <option value="beverages">Beverages</option> <option value="BDCC">Big Data and Cognitive Computing</option> <option value="biochem">BioChem</option> <option value="bioengineering">Bioengineering</option> <option value="biologics">Biologics</option> <option value="biology">Biology</option> <option value="blsf">Biology and Life Sciences Forum</option> <option value="biomass">Biomass</option> <option value="biomechanics">Biomechanics</option> <option value="biomed">BioMed</option> <option value="biomedicines">Biomedicines</option> <option value="biomedinformatics">BioMedInformatics</option> <option value="biomimetics">Biomimetics</option> <option value="biomolecules">Biomolecules</option> <option value="biophysica">Biophysica</option> <option value="biosensors">Biosensors</option> <option value="biotech">BioTech</option> <option value="birds">Birds</option> <option value="blockchains">Blockchains</option> <option value="brainsci">Brain Sciences</option> <option value="buildings">Buildings</option> <option value="businesses">Businesses</option> <option value="carbon">C</option> <option value="cancers">Cancers</option> <option value="cardiogenetics">Cardiogenetics</option> <option value="catalysts">Catalysts</option> <option value="cells">Cells</option> <option value="ceramics">Ceramics</option> <option value="challenges">Challenges</option> <option value="ChemEngineering">ChemEngineering</option> <option value="chemistry">Chemistry</option> <option value="chemproc">Chemistry Proceedings</option> <option value="chemosensors">Chemosensors</option> <option value="children">Children</option> <option value="chips">Chips</option> <option value="civileng">CivilEng</option> <option value="cleantechnol">Clean Technologies</option> <option value="climate">Climate</option> <option value="ctn">Clinical and Translational Neuroscience</option> <option value="clinbioenerg">Clinical Bioenergetics</option> <option value="clinpract">Clinics and Practice</option> <option value="clockssleep">Clocks & Sleep</option> <option value="coasts">Coasts</option> <option value="coatings">Coatings</option> <option value="colloids">Colloids and Interfaces</option> <option value="colorants">Colorants</option> <option value="commodities">Commodities</option> <option value="complications">Complications</option> <option value="compounds">Compounds</option> <option value="computation">Computation</option> <option value="csmf">Computer Sciences & Mathematics Forum</option> <option value="computers">Computers</option> <option value="condensedmatter">Condensed Matter</option> <option value="conservation">Conservation</option> <option value="constrmater">Construction Materials</option> <option value="cmd">Corrosion and Materials Degradation</option> <option value="cosmetics">Cosmetics</option> <option value="covid">COVID</option> <option value="crops">Crops</option> <option value="cryo">Cryo</option> <option value="cryptography">Cryptography</option> <option value="crystals">Crystals</option> <option value="cimb">Current Issues in Molecular Biology</option> <option value="curroncol">Current Oncology</option> <option value="dairy">Dairy</option> <option value="data">Data</option> <option value="dentistry">Dentistry Journal</option> <option value="dermato">Dermato</option> <option value="dermatopathology">Dermatopathology</option> <option value="designs">Designs</option> <option value="diabetology">Diabetology</option> <option value="diagnostics">Diagnostics</option> <option value="dietetics">Dietetics</option> <option value="digital">Digital</option> <option value="disabilities">Disabilities</option> <option value="diseases">Diseases</option> <option value="diversity">Diversity</option> <option value="dna">DNA</option> <option value="drones">Drones</option> <option value="ddc">Drugs and Drug Candidates</option> <option value="dynamics">Dynamics</option> <option value="earth">Earth</option> <option value="ecologies">Ecologies</option> <option value="econometrics">Econometrics</option> <option value="economies">Economies</option> <option value="education">Education Sciences</option> <option value="electricity">Electricity</option> <option value="electrochem">Electrochem</option> <option value="electronicmat">Electronic Materials</option> <option value="electronics">Electronics</option> <option value="ecm">Emergency Care and Medicine</option> <option value="encyclopedia">Encyclopedia</option> <option value="endocrines">Endocrines</option> <option value="energies">Energies</option> <option value="esa">Energy Storage and Applications</option> <option value="eng">Eng</option> <option value="engproc">Engineering Proceedings</option> <option value="entropy">Entropy</option> <option value="environsciproc">Environmental Sciences Proceedings</option> <option value="environments">Environments</option> <option value="epidemiologia">Epidemiologia</option> <option value="epigenomes">Epigenomes</option> <option value="ebj">European Burn Journal</option> <option value="ejihpe">European Journal of Investigation in Health, Psychology and Education</option> <option value="fermentation">Fermentation</option> <option value="fibers">Fibers</option> <option value="fintech">FinTech</option> <option value="fire">Fire</option> <option value="fishes">Fishes</option> <option value="fluids">Fluids</option> <option value="foods">Foods</option> <option value="forecasting">Forecasting</option> <option value="forensicsci">Forensic Sciences</option> <option value="forests">Forests</option> <option value="fossstud">Fossil Studies</option> <option value="foundations">Foundations</option> <option value="fractalfract">Fractal and Fractional</option> <option value="fuels">Fuels</option> <option value="future">Future</option> <option value="futureinternet">Future Internet</option> <option value="futurepharmacol">Future Pharmacology</option> <option value="futuretransp">Future Transportation</option> <option value="galaxies">Galaxies</option> <option value="games">Games</option> <option value="gases">Gases</option> <option value="gastroent">Gastroenterology Insights</option> <option value="gastrointestdisord">Gastrointestinal Disorders</option> <option value="gastronomy">Gastronomy</option> <option value="gels">Gels</option> <option value="genealogy">Genealogy</option> <option value="genes">Genes</option> <option value="geographies">Geographies</option> <option value="geohazards">GeoHazards</option> <option value="geomatics">Geomatics</option> <option value="geometry">Geometry</option> <option value="geosciences">Geosciences</option> <option value="geotechnics">Geotechnics</option> <option value="geriatrics">Geriatrics</option> <option value="glacies">Glacies</option> <option value="gucdd">Gout, Urate, and Crystal Deposition Disease</option> <option value="grasses">Grasses</option> <option value="hardware">Hardware</option> <option value="healthcare">Healthcare</option> <option value="hearts">Hearts</option> <option value="hemato">Hemato</option> <option value="hematolrep">Hematology Reports</option> <option value="heritage">Heritage</option> <option value="histories">Histories</option> <option value="horticulturae">Horticulturae</option> <option value="hospitals">Hospitals</option> <option value="humanities">Humanities</option> <option value="humans">Humans</option> <option value="hydrobiology">Hydrobiology</option> <option value="hydrogen">Hydrogen</option> <option value="hydrology">Hydrology</option> <option value="hygiene">Hygiene</option> <option value="immuno">Immuno</option> <option value="idr">Infectious Disease Reports</option> <option value="informatics">Informatics</option> <option value="information">Information</option> <option value="infrastructures">Infrastructures</option> <option value="inorganics">Inorganics</option> <option value="insects">Insects</option> <option value="instruments">Instruments</option> <option value="iic">Intelligent Infrastructure and Construction</option> <option value="ijerph">International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health</option> <option value="ijfs">International Journal of Financial Studies</option> <option value="ijms">International Journal of Molecular Sciences</option> <option value="IJNS">International Journal of Neonatal Screening</option> <option value="ijpb">International Journal of Plant Biology</option> <option value="ijt">International Journal of Topology</option> <option value="ijtm">International Journal of Translational Medicine</option> <option value="ijtpp">International Journal of Turbomachinery, Propulsion and Power</option> <option value="ime">International Medical Education</option> <option value="inventions">Inventions</option> <option value="IoT">IoT</option> <option value="ijgi">ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information</option> <option value="J">J</option> <option value="jal">Journal of Ageing and Longevity</option> <option value="jcdd">Journal of Cardiovascular Development and Disease</option> <option value="jcto">Journal of Clinical & Translational Ophthalmology</option> <option value="jcm">Journal of Clinical Medicine</option> <option value="jcs">Journal of Composites Science</option> <option value="jcp">Journal of Cybersecurity and Privacy</option> <option value="jdad">Journal of Dementia and Alzheimer's Disease</option> <option value="jdb">Journal of Developmental Biology</option> <option value="jeta">Journal of Experimental and Theoretical Analyses</option> <option value="jfb">Journal of Functional Biomaterials</option> <option value="jfmk">Journal of Functional Morphology and Kinesiology</option> <option value="jof">Journal of Fungi</option> <option value="jimaging">Journal of Imaging</option> <option value="jintelligence">Journal of Intelligence</option> <option value="jlpea">Journal of Low Power Electronics and Applications</option> <option value="jmmp">Journal of Manufacturing and Materials Processing</option> <option value="jmse">Journal of Marine Science and Engineering</option> <option value="jmahp">Journal of Market Access & Health Policy</option> <option value="jmp">Journal of Molecular Pathology</option> <option value="jnt">Journal of Nanotheranostics</option> <option value="jne">Journal of Nuclear Engineering</option> <option value="ohbm">Journal of Otorhinolaryngology, Hearing and Balance Medicine</option> <option value="jop">Journal of Parks</option> <option value="jpm">Journal of Personalized Medicine</option> <option value="jpbi">Journal of Pharmaceutical and BioTech Industry</option> <option value="jor">Journal of Respiration</option> <option value="jrfm">Journal of Risk and Financial Management</option> <option value="jsan">Journal of Sensor and Actuator Networks</option> <option value="joma">Journal of the Oman Medical Association</option> <option value="jtaer">Journal of Theoretical and Applied Electronic Commerce Research</option> <option value="jvd">Journal of Vascular Diseases</option> <option value="jox">Journal of Xenobiotics</option> <option value="jzbg">Journal of Zoological and Botanical Gardens</option> <option value="journalmedia">Journalism and Media</option> <option value="kidneydial">Kidney and Dialysis</option> <option value="kinasesphosphatases">Kinases and Phosphatases</option> <option value="knowledge">Knowledge</option> <option value="labmed">LabMed</option> <option value="laboratories">Laboratories</option> <option value="land">Land</option> <option value="languages">Languages</option> <option value="laws">Laws</option> <option value="life">Life</option> <option value="limnolrev">Limnological Review</option> <option value="lipidology">Lipidology</option> <option value="liquids">Liquids</option> <option value="literature">Literature</option> <option value="livers">Livers</option> <option value="logics">Logics</option> <option value="logistics">Logistics</option> <option value="lubricants">Lubricants</option> <option value="lymphatics">Lymphatics</option> <option value="make">Machine Learning and Knowledge Extraction</option> <option value="machines">Machines</option> <option value="macromol">Macromol</option> <option value="magnetism">Magnetism</option> <option value="magnetochemistry">Magnetochemistry</option> <option value="marinedrugs">Marine Drugs</option> <option value="materials">Materials</option> <option value="materproc">Materials Proceedings</option> <option value="mca">Mathematical and Computational Applications</option> <option value="mathematics">Mathematics</option> <option value="medsci">Medical Sciences</option> <option value="msf">Medical Sciences Forum</option> <option value="medicina">Medicina</option> <option value="medicines">Medicines</option> <option value="membranes">Membranes</option> <option value="merits">Merits</option> <option value="metabolites">Metabolites</option> <option value="metals">Metals</option> <option value="meteorology">Meteorology</option> <option value="methane">Methane</option> <option value="mps">Methods and Protocols</option> <option value="metrics">Metrics</option> <option value="metrology">Metrology</option> <option value="micro">Micro</option> <option value="microbiolres">Microbiology Research</option> <option value="micromachines">Micromachines</option> <option value="microorganisms">Microorganisms</option> <option value="microplastics">Microplastics</option> <option value="minerals">Minerals</option> <option value="mining">Mining</option> <option value="modelling">Modelling</option> <option value="mmphys">Modern Mathematical Physics</option> <option value="molbank">Molbank</option> <option value="molecules">Molecules</option> <option value="mti">Multimodal Technologies and Interaction</option> <option value="muscles">Muscles</option> <option value="nanoenergyadv">Nanoenergy Advances</option> <option value="nanomanufacturing">Nanomanufacturing</option> <option value="nanomaterials">Nanomaterials</option> <option value="ndt">NDT</option> <option value="network">Network</option> <option value="neuroglia">Neuroglia</option> <option value="neurolint">Neurology International</option> <option value="neurosci">NeuroSci</option> <option value="nitrogen">Nitrogen</option> <option value="ncrna">Non-Coding RNA</option> <option value="nursrep">Nursing Reports</option> <option value="nutraceuticals">Nutraceuticals</option> <option value="nutrients">Nutrients</option> <option value="obesities">Obesities</option> <option value="oceans">Oceans</option> <option value="onco">Onco</option> <option value="optics">Optics</option> <option value="oral">Oral</option> <option value="organics">Organics</option> <option value="organoids">Organoids</option> <option value="osteology">Osteology</option> <option value="oxygen">Oxygen</option> <option value="parasitologia">Parasitologia</option> <option value="particles">Particles</option> <option value="pathogens">Pathogens</option> <option value="pathophysiology">Pathophysiology</option> <option value="pediatrrep">Pediatric Reports</option> <option value="pets">Pets</option> <option value="pharmaceuticals">Pharmaceuticals</option> <option value="pharmaceutics">Pharmaceutics</option> <option value="pharmacoepidemiology">Pharmacoepidemiology</option> <option value="pharmacy">Pharmacy</option> <option value="philosophies">Philosophies</option> <option value="photochem">Photochem</option> <option value="photonics">Photonics</option> <option value="phycology">Phycology</option> <option value="physchem">Physchem</option> <option value="psf">Physical Sciences Forum</option> <option value="physics">Physics</option> <option value="physiologia">Physiologia</option> <option value="plants">Plants</option> <option value="plasma">Plasma</option> <option value="platforms">Platforms</option> <option value="pollutants">Pollutants</option> <option value="polymers">Polymers</option> <option value="polysaccharides">Polysaccharides</option> <option value="populations">Populations</option> <option value="poultry">Poultry</option> <option value="powders">Powders</option> <option value="proceedings">Proceedings</option> <option value="processes">Processes</option> <option value="prosthesis">Prosthesis</option> <option value="proteomes">Proteomes</option> <option value="psychiatryint">Psychiatry International</option> <option value="psychoactives">Psychoactives</option> <option value="psycholint">Psychology International</option> <option value="publications">Publications</option> <option value="qubs">Quantum Beam Science</option> <option value="quantumrep">Quantum Reports</option> <option value="quaternary">Quaternary</option> <option value="radiation">Radiation</option> <option value="reactions">Reactions</option> <option value="realestate">Real Estate</option> <option value="receptors">Receptors</option> <option value="recycling">Recycling</option> <option value="rsee">Regional Science and Environmental Economics</option> <option value="religions">Religions</option> <option value="remotesensing">Remote Sensing</option> <option value="reports">Reports</option> <option value="reprodmed">Reproductive Medicine</option> <option value="resources">Resources</option> <option value="rheumato">Rheumato</option> <option value="risks">Risks</option> <option value="robotics">Robotics</option> <option value="ruminants">Ruminants</option> <option value="safety">Safety</option> <option value="sci">Sci</option> <option value="scipharm">Scientia Pharmaceutica</option> <option value="sclerosis">Sclerosis</option> <option value="seeds">Seeds</option> <option value="sensors">Sensors</option> <option value="separations">Separations</option> <option value="sexes">Sexes</option> <option value="signals">Signals</option> <option value="sinusitis">Sinusitis</option> <option value="smartcities">Smart Cities</option> <option value="socsci">Social Sciences</option> <option value="siuj">Société Internationale d’Urologie Journal</option> <option value="societies">Societies</option> <option value="software">Software</option> <option value="soilsystems">Soil Systems</option> <option value="solar">Solar</option> <option value="solids">Solids</option> <option value="spectroscj">Spectroscopy Journal</option> <option value="sports">Sports</option> <option value="standards">Standards</option> <option value="stats">Stats</option> <option value="stresses">Stresses</option> <option value="surfaces">Surfaces</option> <option value="surgeries">Surgeries</option> <option value="std">Surgical Techniques Development</option> <option value="sustainability">Sustainability</option> <option value="suschem">Sustainable Chemistry</option> <option value="symmetry">Symmetry</option> <option value="synbio">SynBio</option> <option value="systems">Systems</option> <option value="targets">Targets</option> <option value="taxonomy">Taxonomy</option> <option value="technologies">Technologies</option> <option value="telecom">Telecom</option> <option value="textiles">Textiles</option> <option value="thalassrep">Thalassemia Reports</option> <option value="therapeutics">Therapeutics</option> <option value="thermo">Thermo</option> <option value="timespace">Time and Space</option> <option value="tomography">Tomography</option> <option value="tourismhosp">Tourism and Hospitality</option> <option value="toxics">Toxics</option> <option value="toxins">Toxins</option> <option value="transplantology">Transplantology</option> <option value="traumacare">Trauma Care</option> <option value="higheredu">Trends in Higher Education</option> <option value="tropicalmed">Tropical Medicine and Infectious Disease</option> <option value="universe">Universe</option> <option value="urbansci">Urban Science</option> <option value="uro">Uro</option> <option value="vaccines">Vaccines</option> <option value="vehicles">Vehicles</option> <option value="venereology">Venereology</option> <option value="vetsci">Veterinary Sciences</option> <option value="vibration">Vibration</option> <option value="virtualworlds">Virtual Worlds</option> <option value="viruses">Viruses</option> <option value="vision">Vision</option> <option value="waste">Waste</option> <option value="water">Water</option> <option value="wild">Wild</option> <option value="wind">Wind</option> <option value="women">Women</option> <option value="world">World</option> <option value="wevj">World Electric Vehicle Journal</option> <option value="youth">Youth</option> <option value="zoonoticdis">Zoonotic Diseases</option> </select> <input name="email" type="email" placeholder="Enter your email address..." required="required" /> <button class="genericCaptcha button button--dark UA_FooterNewsletterSubscribeButton" type="submit">Subscribe</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <div id="footer-copyright"> <div class="row"> <div class="columns large-6 medium-6 small-12 text-left"> © 1996-2024 MDPI (Basel, Switzerland) unless otherwise stated </div> <div class="columns large-6 medium-6 small-12 small-text-left medium-text-right large-text-right"> <a data-dropdown="drop-view-disclaimer" aria-controls="drop-view-disclaimer" aria-expanded="false" data-options="align:top; is_hover:true; hover_timeout:2000;"> Disclaimer </a> <div id="drop-view-disclaimer" class="f-dropdown label__btn__dropdown label__btn__dropdown--wide text-left" data-dropdown-content aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"> Disclaimer/Publisher’s Note: The statements, opinions and data contained in all publications are solely those of the individual author(s) and contributor(s) and not of MDPI and/or the editor(s). MDPI and/or the editor(s) disclaim responsibility for any injury to people or property resulting from any ideas, methods, instructions or products referred to in the content. </div> <a href="/about/terms-and-conditions"> Terms and Conditions </a> <a href="/about/privacy"> Privacy Policy </a> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div id="cookie-notification" class="js-allow-cookies" style="display: none;"> <div class="columns large-10 medium-10 small-12"> We use cookies on our website to ensure you get the best experience.<br class="show-for-medium-up"/> Read more about our cookies <a href="/about/privacy">here</a>. </div> <div class="columns large-2 medium-2 small-12 small-only-text-left text-right"> <a class="button button--default" href="/accept_cookies">Accept</a> </div> </div> </div> <div id="main-share-modal" class="reveal-modal reveal-modal-new reveal-modal-new--small" data-reveal aria-labelledby="modalTitle" aria-hidden="true" role="dialog"> <div class="row"> <div class="small-12 columns"> <h2 style="margin: 0;">Share Link</h2> </div> <div class="small-12 columns"> <div class="social-media-links UA_ShareModalLinks" style="text-align: left;"> <a href="/cdn-cgi/l/email-protection#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" title="Email"> <i class="fa fa-envelope-square" style="font-size: 30px;"></i> </a> <a href="https://twitter.com/intent/tweet?text=Effect+and+Regulation+of+Obesity-Associated+Low-Grade+Chronic+Inflammation+in+Major+Rheumatic+Diseases&hashtags=mdpirheumato&url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.mdpi.com%2F1978948&via=MDPIOpenAccess" onclick="windowOpen(this.href,600,800); return false" title="Twitter" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"> <i class="fa fa-twitter-x-square" style="font-size: 30px;"></i> </a> <a href=" http://www.linkedin.com/shareArticle?mini=true&url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.mdpi.com%2F1978948&title=Effect%20and%20Regulation%20of%20Obesity-Associated%20Low-Grade%20Chronic%20Inflammation%20in%20Major%20Rheumatic%20Diseases%26source%3Dhttps%3A%2F%2Fwww.mdpi.com%26summary%3DCurrent%20lifestyle%20and%20environmental%20factors%20contribute%20to%20obesity%20development%2C%20leading%20to%20low-grade%20chronic%20inflammation%20%28LGCI%29.%20Apart%20from%20obesity%2C%20LGCI%20is%20also%20related%20to%20rheumatic%20diseases%20such%20as%20osteoporosis%20%28OP%29%20and%20osteoarthritis%20%28OA%29.%20In%20%5B...%5D" onclick="windowOpen(this.href,600,800); return false" title="LinkedIn" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"> <i class="fa fa-linkedin-square" style="font-size: 30px;"></i> </a> <a href="https://www.facebook.com/sharer.php?u=https://www.mdpi.com/1978948" title="facebook" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"> <i class="fa fa-facebook-square" style="font-size: 30px;"></i> </a> <a href="javascript:void(0);" title="Wechat" data-reveal-id="weixin-share-modal"> <i class="fa fa-weixin-square" style="font-size: 26px;"></i> </a> <a href="http://www.reddit.com/submit?url=https://www.mdpi.com/1978948" title="Reddit" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"> <i class="fa fa-reddit-square" style="font-size: 30px;"></i> </a> <a href="http://www.mendeley.com/import/?url=https://www.mdpi.com/1978948" title="Mendeley" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"> <i class="fa fa-mendeley-square" style="font-size: 30px;"></i> </a> <a href="http://www.citeulike.org/posturl?url=https://www.mdpi.com/1978948" title="CiteULike" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"> <i class="fa fa-citeulike-square" style="font-size: 30px;"></i> </a> </div> </div> <div class="small-9 columns"> <input id="js-clipboard-text" type="text" readonly value="https://www.mdpi.com/1978948" /> </div> <div class="small-3 columns text-left"> <a class="button button--color js-clipboard-copy" data-clipboard-target="#js-clipboard-text">Copy</a> </div> </div> <a class="close-reveal-modal" aria-label="Close"> <i class="material-icons">clear</i> </a> </div> <div id="weixin-share-modal" class="reveal-modal reveal-modal-new" data-reveal aria-labelledby="weixin-share-modal-title" aria-hidden="true" role="dialog"> <div class="row"> <div class="small-12 columns"> <h2 id="weixin-share-modal-title" style="margin: 0;">Share</h2> </div> <div class="small-12 columns"> <div class="weixin-qr-code-section"> <?xml version="1.0" standalone="no"?> <!DOCTYPE svg PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD SVG 1.1//EN" "http://www.w3.org/Graphics/SVG/1.1/DTD/svg11.dtd"> <svg width="300" height="300" version="1.1" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <desc>https://www.mdpi.com/1978948</desc> <g id="elements" fill="black" stroke="none"> <rect x="0" y="0" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="12" y="0" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="24" y="0" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="36" y="0" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="48" y="0" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="60" y="0" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="72" y="0" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="120" y="0" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="168" y="0" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="180" y="0" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="216" y="0" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="228" y="0" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="240" y="0" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="252" y="0" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="264" y="0" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="276" y="0" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="288" y="0" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="0" y="12" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="72" y="12" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="108" y="12" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="180" y="12" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="216" y="12" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="288" y="12" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="0" y="24" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="24" y="24" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="36" y="24" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="48" y="24" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="72" y="24" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="96" y="24" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="132" y="24" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="180" y="24" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="216" y="24" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="240" y="24" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="252" y="24" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="264" y="24" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="288" y="24" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="0" y="36" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="24" y="36" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="36" y="36" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="48" y="36" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="72" y="36" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="108" y="36" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="168" y="36" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="216" y="36" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="240" y="36" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="252" y="36" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="264" y="36" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="288" y="36" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="0" y="48" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="24" y="48" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="36" y="48" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="48" y="48" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="72" y="48" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="108" y="48" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="144" y="48" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="156" y="48" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="168" y="48" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="180" y="48" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="192" y="48" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="216" y="48" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="240" y="48" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="252" y="48" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="264" y="48" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="288" y="48" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="0" y="60" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="72" y="60" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="120" y="60" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="132" y="60" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="168" y="60" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="180" y="60" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="192" y="60" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="216" y="60" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="288" y="60" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="0" y="72" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="12" y="72" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="24" y="72" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="36" y="72" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="48" y="72" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="60" y="72" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="72" y="72" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="96" y="72" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="120" y="72" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="144" y="72" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="168" y="72" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="192" y="72" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="216" y="72" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="228" y="72" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="240" y="72" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="252" y="72" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="264" y="72" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="276" y="72" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="288" y="72" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="96" y="84" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="132" y="84" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="156" y="84" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="168" y="84" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="180" y="84" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="0" y="96" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="12" y="96" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="24" y="96" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="48" y="96" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="60" y="96" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="72" y="96" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="84" y="96" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="96" y="96" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="144" y="96" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="156" y="96" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="180" y="96" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="192" y="96" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="204" y="96" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="216" y="96" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="264" y="96" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="0" y="108" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="24" y="108" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="48" y="108" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="60" y="108" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="84" y="108" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="96" y="108" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="108" y="108" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="132" y="108" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="192" y="108" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="216" y="108" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="288" y="108" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="0" y="120" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="24" y="120" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="60" y="120" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="72" y="120" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="120" y="120" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="144" y="120" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="192" y="120" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="204" y="120" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="216" y="120" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="228" y="120" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="264" y="120" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="276" y="120" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="288" y="120" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="0" y="132" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="12" y="132" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="36" y="132" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="48" y="132" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="60" y="132" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="84" y="132" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="108" y="132" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="120" y="132" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="144" y="132" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="156" y="132" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="168" y="132" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="180" y="132" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="216" y="132" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="276" y="132" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="0" y="144" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="36" y="144" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="60" y="144" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="72" y="144" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="84" y="144" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="96" y="144" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="120" y="144" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="132" y="144" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="156" y="144" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="168" y="144" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="204" y="144" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="216" y="144" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="228" y="144" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="252" y="144" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="276" y="144" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="288" y="144" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="24" y="156" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="120" y="156" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="132" y="156" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="144" y="156" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="156" y="156" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="192" y="156" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="216" y="156" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="252" y="156" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="288" y="156" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="0" y="168" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="24" y="168" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="60" y="168" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="72" y="168" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="84" y="168" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="96" y="168" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="120" y="168" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="144" y="168" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="168" y="168" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="192" y="168" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="204" y="168" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="216" y="168" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="228" y="168" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="264" y="168" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="276" y="168" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="288" y="168" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="12" y="180" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="24" y="180" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="120" y="180" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="132" y="180" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="144" y="180" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="156" y="180" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="180" y="180" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="192" y="180" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="216" y="180" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="240" y="180" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="276" y="180" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="0" y="192" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="36" y="192" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="72" y="192" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="84" y="192" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="96" y="192" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="108" y="192" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="120" y="192" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="144" y="192" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="192" y="192" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="204" y="192" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="216" y="192" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="228" y="192" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="240" y="192" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="252" y="192" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="96" y="204" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="132" y="204" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="144" y="204" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="156" y="204" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="180" y="204" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="192" y="204" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="240" y="204" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="252" y="204" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="276" y="204" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="288" y="204" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="0" y="216" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="12" y="216" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="24" y="216" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="36" y="216" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="48" y="216" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="60" y="216" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="72" y="216" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="96" y="216" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="120" y="216" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="132" y="216" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="156" y="216" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="180" y="216" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="192" y="216" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="216" y="216" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="240" y="216" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="252" y="216" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="276" y="216" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="288" y="216" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="0" y="228" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="72" y="228" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="96" y="228" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="132" y="228" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="144" y="228" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="168" y="228" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="192" y="228" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="240" y="228" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="252" y="228" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="276" y="228" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="0" y="240" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="24" y="240" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="36" y="240" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="48" y="240" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="72" y="240" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="96" y="240" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="120" y="240" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="144" y="240" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="168" y="240" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="192" y="240" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="204" y="240" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="216" y="240" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="228" y="240" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="240" y="240" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="252" y="240" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="276" y="240" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="288" y="240" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="0" y="252" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="24" y="252" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="36" y="252" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="48" y="252" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="72" y="252" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="132" y="252" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="156" y="252" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="168" y="252" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="204" y="252" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="228" y="252" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="240" y="252" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="252" y="252" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="264" y="252" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="0" y="264" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="24" y="264" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="36" y="264" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="48" y="264" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="72" y="264" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="96" y="264" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="120" y="264" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="132" y="264" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="168" y="264" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="180" y="264" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="240" y="264" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="288" y="264" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="0" y="276" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="72" y="276" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="96" y="276" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="108" y="276" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="120" y="276" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="156" y="276" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="180" y="276" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="192" y="276" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="216" y="276" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="240" y="276" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="252" y="276" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="276" y="276" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="0" y="288" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="12" y="288" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="24" y="288" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="36" y="288" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="48" y="288" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="60" y="288" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="72" y="288" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="96" y="288" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="120" y="288" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="156" y="288" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="168" y="288" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="180" y="288" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="192" y="288" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="228" y="288" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="276" y="288" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="288" y="288" width="12" height="12" /> </g> </svg> </div> </div> </div> <a class="close-reveal-modal" aria-label="Close"> <i class="material-icons">clear</i> </a> </div> <a href="#" class="back-to-top"><span class="show-for-medium-up">Back to Top</span><span class="show-for-small">Top</span></a> <script data-cfasync="false" src="/cdn-cgi/scripts/5c5dd728/cloudflare-static/email-decode.min.js"></script><script src="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/assets/js/modernizr-2.8.3.min.js?5227e0738f7f421d?1732615622"></script> <script src="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/assets/js/jquery-1.12.4.min.js?4f252523d4af0b47?1732615622"></script> <script src="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/assets/js/foundation-5.5.3.min.js?6b2ec41c18b29054?1732615622"></script> <script src="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/assets/js/foundation-5.5.3.equalizer.min.js?0f6c549b75ec554c?1732615622"></script> <script src="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/assets/js/jquery.multiselect.js?0edd3998731d1091?1732615622"></script> <script src="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/assets/js/jquery.cycle2.min.js?63413052928f97ee?1732615622"></script> <script> // old browser fix - this way the console log rows won't throw (silent) errors in browsers not supporting console log if (!window.console) window.console = {}; if (!window.console.log) window.console.log = function () { }; var currentJournalNameSystem = "rheumato"; $(document).ready(function() { $('select.foundation-select').multiselect({ search: true, minHeight: 130, maxHeight: 130, }); $(document).foundation({ orbit: { timer_speed: 4000, }, reveal: { animation: 'fadeAndPop', animation_speed: 100, } }); $(".chosen-select").each(function(element) { var maxSelected = (undefined !== $(this).data('maxselectedoptions') ? $(this).data('maxselectedoptions') : 100); $(this).on('chosen:ready', function(event, data) { var select = $(data.chosen.form_field); if (select.attr('id') === 'journal-browser-volume') { $(data.chosen.dropdown).addClass('UI_JournalBrowser_Volume_Options'); } if (select.attr('id') === 'journal-browser-issue') { $(data.chosen.dropdown).addClass('UI_JournalBrowser_Issue_Options'); } }).chosen({ display_disabled_options: false, disable_search_threshold: 7, max_selected_options: maxSelected, width: "100%" }); }); $(".toEncode").each(function(e) { var oldHref = $(this).attr("href"); var newHref = oldHref.replace('.botdefense.please.enable.javascript.','@'); $(this).attr("href", newHref); if (!$(this).hasClass("emailCaptcha")) { $(this).html(newHref.replace('mailto:', '')); } $(this).removeClass("visibility-hidden"); }); $(document).on('opened.fndtn.reveal', '[data-reveal]', function() { $(document).foundation('equalizer', 'reflow'); }); // fix the images that have tag height / width defined // otherwise the default foundation styles overwrite the tag definitions $("img").each(function() { if ($(this).attr('width') != undefined || $(this).attr('height') != undefined) { $(this).addClass("img-fixed"); } }); $("#basic_search, #advanced_search").submit(function(e) { var searchArguments = false; $(this).find("input,select").not("#search,.search-button").each(function() { if (undefined === $(this).val() || "" === $(this).val()) { $(this).attr('name', null); } else { $(this).attr('name'); searchArguments = true; } }); if (!searchArguments) { window.location = $(this).attr('action'); return false; } }); $(".hide-show-desktop-option").click(function(e) { e.preventDefault(); var parentDiv = $(this).closest("div"); $.ajax({ url: $(this).attr('href'), success: function(msg) { parentDiv.removeClass().hide(); } }); }); $(".generic-toggleable-header").click(function(e) { $(this).toggleClass("active"); $(this).next(".generic-toggleable-content").toggleClass("active"); }); /* * handle whole row as a link if the row contains only one visible link */ $("table.new tr").hover(function() { if ($(this).find("td:visible a").length == 1) { $(this).addClass("single-link"); } }, function() { $(this).removeClass("single-link"); }); $("table.new:not(.table-of-tables)").on("click", "tr.single-link", function(e) { var target = $(e.target); if (!e.ctrlKey && !target.is("a")) { $(this).find("td:visible a")[0].click(); } }); $(document).on("click", ".custom-accordion-for-small-screen-link", function(e) { if ($(this).closest("#basic_search").length > 0) { if ($(".search-container__advanced").first().is(":visible")) { openAdvanced() } } if (Foundation.utils.is_small_only()) { if ($(this).hasClass("active")) { $(this).removeClass("active"); $(this).next(".custom-accordion-for-small-screen-content").addClass("show-for-medium-up"); } else { $(this).addClass("active"); $(this).next(".custom-accordion-for-small-screen-content").removeClass("show-for-medium-up"); $(document).foundation('orbit', 'reflow'); } } if (undefined !== $(this).data("callback")) { var customCallback = $(this).data("callback"); func = window[customCallback]; func(); } }); $(document).on("click", ".js-open-small-search", function(e) { e.preventDefault(); $(this).toggleClass("active").closest(".tab-bar").toggleClass("active"); $(".search-container").toggleClass("hide-for-small-down"); }); $(document).on("click", ".js-open-menu", function(e) { $(".search-container").addClass("hide-for-small-down"); }); $(window).on('resize', function() { recalculate_main_browser_position(); recalculate_responsive_moving_containers(); }); updateSearchLabelVisibilities(); recalculate_main_browser_position(); recalculate_responsive_moving_containers(); if (window.document.documentMode == 11) { $("<link/>", { rel: "stylesheet", type: "text/css", href: "https://fonts.googleapis.com/icon?family=Material+Icons"}).appendTo("head"); } }); function recalculate_main_browser_position() { if (Foundation.utils.is_small_only()) { if ($("#js-main-top-container").parent("#js-large-main-top-container").length > 0) { $("#js-main-top-container").appendTo($("#js-small-main-top-container")); } } else { if ($("#js-main-top-container").parent("#js-small-main-top-container").length > 0) { $("#js-main-top-container").appendTo($("#js-large-main-top-container")); } } } function recalculate_responsive_moving_containers() { $(".responsive-moving-container.large").each(function() { var previousParent = $(".responsive-moving-container.active[data-id='"+$(this).data("id")+"']"); var movingContent = previousParent.html(); if (Foundation.utils.is_small_only()) { var currentParent = $(".responsive-moving-container.small[data-id='"+$(this).data("id")+"']"); } else if (Foundation.utils.is_medium_only()) { var currentParent = $(".responsive-moving-container.medium[data-id='"+$(this).data("id")+"']"); } else { var currentParent = $(".responsive-moving-container.large[data-id='"+$(this).data("id")+"']"); } if (previousParent.attr("class") !== currentParent.attr("class")) { currentParent.html(movingContent); previousParent.html(); currentParent.addClass("active"); previousParent.removeClass("active"); } }); } // cookies allowed is checked from a) local storage and b) from server separately so that the footer bar doesn't // get included in the custom page caches function checkCookiesAllowed() { var cookiesEnabled = localStorage.getItem("mdpi_cookies_enabled"); if (null === cookiesEnabled) { $.ajax({ url: "/ajax_cookie_value/mdpi_cookies_accepted", success: function(data) { if (data.value) { localStorage.setItem("mdpi_cookies_enabled", true); checkDisplaySurvey(); } else { $(".js-allow-cookies").show(); } } }); } else { checkDisplaySurvey(); } } function checkDisplaySurvey() { } window.addEventListener('CookiebotOnAccept', function (e) { var CookieDate = new Date; if (Cookiebot.consent.preferences) { CookieDate.setFullYear(CookieDate.getFullYear() + 1); document.cookie = "mdpi_layout_type_v2=mobile; path=/; expires=" + CookieDate.toUTCString() + ";"; $(".js-toggle-desktop-layout-link").css("display", "inline-block"); } }, false); window.addEventListener('CookiebotOnDecline', function (e) { if (!Cookiebot.consent.preferences) { $(".js-toggle-desktop-layout-link").hide(); if ("" === "desktop") { window.location = "/toggle_desktop_layout_cookie"; } } }, false); var hash = $(location).attr('hash'); if ("#share" === hash) { if (1 === $("#main-share-modal").length) { $('#main-share-modal').foundation('reveal', 'open'); } } </script> <script src="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/assets/js/lib.js?f8d3d71b3a772f9d?1732615622"></script> <script src="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/assets/js/mdpi.js?c267ce58392b15da?1732615622"></script> <script>var banners_url = 'https://serve.mdpi.com';</script> <script type='text/javascript' src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/assets/js/ifvisible.min.js?c621d19ecb761212?1732615622'></script> <script src="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/assets/js/xmltohtml/affix.js?ac4ea55275297c15?1732615622"></script> <script src="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/assets/js/clipboard.min.js?3f3688138a1b9fc4?1732615622"></script> <script type="text/javascript"> $(document).ready(function() { var helpFunctions = $(".middle-column__help__fixed"); var leftColumnAffix = $(".left-column__fixed"); var middleColumn = $("#middle-column"); var clone = null; helpFunctions.affix({ offset: { top: function() { return middleColumn.offset().top - 8 - (Foundation.utils.is_medium_only() ? 30 : 0); }, bottom: function() { return $("#footer").innerHeight() + 74 + (Foundation.utils.is_medium_only() ? 0 : 0); } } }); if (leftColumnAffix.length > 0) { clone = leftColumnAffix.clone(); clone.addClass("left-column__fixed__affix"); clone.insertBefore(leftColumnAffix); clone.css('width', leftColumnAffix.outerWidth() + 50); clone.affix({ offset: { top: function() { return leftColumnAffix.offset().top - 30 - (Foundation.utils.is_medium_only() ? 50 : 0); }, bottom: function() { return $("#footer").innerHeight() + 92 + (Foundation.utils.is_medium_only() ? 0 : 0); } } }); } $(window).on("resize", function() { if (clone !== null) { clone.css('width', leftColumnAffix.outerWidth() + 50); } }); new ClipboardJS('.js-clipboard-copy'); }); </script> <script src="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/assets/js/jquery-ui-1.13.2.min.js?1e2047978946a1d2?1732615622"></script> <script src="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/assets/js/slick.min.js?d5a61c749e44e471?1732615622"></script> <script> $(document).ready(function() { $(".link-article-menu").click(function(e) { e.preventDefault(); $(this).find('span').toggle(); $(this).next("div").toggleClass("active"); }); $(".js-similarity-related-articles").click(function(e) { e.preventDefault(); if ('' !== $('#recommended-articles-modal').attr('data-url')) { $('#recommended-articles-modal').foundation('reveal', 'open', $('#recommended-articles-modal').attr('data-url')); } }); $.ajax({ url: "/article/989474/similarity-related/show-link", success: function(result) { if (result.show) { $('#recommended-articles-modal').attr('data-url', result.link); $('.js-article-similarity-container').show(); } } }); $(document).on('opened.fndtn.reveal', '[data-reveal]', function() { var modal = $(this); if (modal.attr('id') === "author-biographies-modal") { modal.find('.multiple-items').slick({ slidesToShow: 1, nextArrow: '<a class="slick-next" href="#"><i class="material-icons">chevron_right</i></a>', prevArrow: '<a class="slick-prev" href="#"><i class="material-icons">chevron_left</i></a>', slidesToScroll: 1, draggable: false, }); modal.find('.multiple-items').slick('refresh'); } }); }); </script> <script> $(document).ready(function() { $(document).on('keyup', function (e) { if (e.keyCode == 27) { var hElem = $(this).find(".annotator-adder"); if (hElem.length){ hElem.css({'visibility':'hidden'}); } else { document.querySelector("hypothesis-adder").shadowRoot.querySelector(".annotator-adder").style.visibility = "hidden"; } } }); }); </script> <script> window.hypothesisConfig = function () { return { sidebarAppUrl: 'https://commenting.mdpi.com/app.html', showHighlights: 'whenSidebarOpen' , openSidebar: false , assetRoot: 'https://commentingres.mdpi.com/hypothesis', services: [{ apiUrl: 'https://commenting.mdpi.com/api/', authority: 'mdpi', grantToken: '', doi: '10.3390/rheumato2040016' }], }; }; </script> <script async id="hypothesis_frame"></script> <script type="text/javascript"> if (-1 !== window.location.href.indexOf("?src=")) { window.history.replaceState({}, '', `${location.pathname}`); } $(document).ready(function() { var scifeedCounter = 0; var search = window.location.search; var mathjaxReady = false; // late image file loading $("img[data-lsrc]").each(function() { $(this).attr("src", $(this).data("lsrc")); }); // late mathjax initialization var head = document.getElementsByTagName("head")[0]; var script = document.createElement("script"); script.type = "text/x-mathjax-config"; script[(window.opera ? "innerHTML" : "text")] = "MathJax.Hub.processSectionDelay = 0;\n" + "MathJax.Hub.Config({\n" + " \"menuSettings\": {\n" + " CHTMLpreview: false\n" + " },\n" + " \"CHTML-preview\":{\n" + " disabled: true\n" + " },\n" + " \"HTML-CSS\": {\n" + " scale: 90,\n" + " availableFonts: [],\n" + " preferredFont: null,\n" + " preferredFonts: null,\n" + " webFont:\"Gyre-Pagella\",\n" + " imageFont:'TeX',\n" + " undefinedFamily:\"'Arial Unicode MS',serif\",\n" + " linebreaks: { automatic: false }\n" + " },\n" + " \"TeX\": {\n" + " extensions: ['noErrors.js'],\n" + " noErrors: {\n" + " inlineDelimiters: [\"\",\"\"],\n" + " multiLine: true,\n" + " style: {\n" + " 'font-size': '90%',\n" + " 'text-align': 'left',\n" + " 'color': 'black',\n" + " 'padding': '1px 3px',\n" + " 'border': '1px solid'\n" + " }\n" + " }\n" + " }\n" + "});\n" + "MathJax.Hub.Register.StartupHook('End', function() {\n" + " refreshMathjaxWidths();\n" + " mathjaxReady = true;\n" + "});\n" + "MathJax.Hub.Startup.signal.Interest(function (message) {\n" + " if (message == 'End') {\n" + " var hypoLink = document.getElementById('hypothesis_frame');\n" + " if (null !== hypoLink) {\n" + " hypoLink.setAttribute('src', 'https://commenting.mdpi.com/embed.js');\n" + " }\n" + " }\n" + "});"; head.appendChild(script); script = document.createElement("script"); script.type = "text/javascript"; script.src = "https://pub.mdpi-res.com/bundles/mathjax/MathJax.js?config=TeX-AMS-MML_HTMLorMML"; head.appendChild(script); // article version checker if (0 === search.indexOf('?type=check_update&version=')) { $.ajax({ url: "/2674-0621/2/4/16" + "/versioncheck" + search, success: function(result) { $(".js-check-update-container").html(result); } }); } $('#feed_option').click(function() { // tracker if ($('#scifeed_clicked').length<1) { $(this).append('<span style="display:none" id="scifeed_clicked">done</span>'); } $('#feed_data').toggle('slide', { direction: 'up'}, '1000'); // slideToggle(700); OR toggle(700) $("#scifeed_error_msg").html('').hide(); $("#scifeed_notice_msg").html('').hide(); }); $('#feed_option').click(function(event) { setTimeout(function(){ var captchaSection = $("#captchaSection"); captchaSection.removeClass('ui-helper-hidden').find('input').prop('disabled', false); // var img = captchaSection.find('img'); // img.attr('src', img.data('url') + "?" + (new Date()).getTime()); // $(".captcha_reload").trigger("click"); var img = document.getElementById('gregwar_captcha_scifeed'); img.src = '/generate-captcha/gcb_captcha?n=' + (new Date()).getTime(); },800); }); $(document).on('click', '.split_feeds', function() { var name = $( this ).attr('name'); var flag = 1 - ($(this).is(":checked")*1); $('.split_feeds').each(function (index) { if ($( this ).attr('name') !== name) { $(this)[0].checked = flag; } }); }); $(document).on('click', '#scifeed_submit, #scifeed_submit1', function(event) { event.preventDefault(); $(".captcha_reload").trigger("click"); $("#scifeed_error_msg").html(""); $("#scifeed_error_msg").hide(); }); $(document).on('click', '.subscription_toggle', function(event) { if ($(this).val() === 'Create SciFeed' && $('#scifeed_hidden_flag').length>0) { event.preventDefault(); // alert('Here there would be a captcha because user is not logged in'); var captchaSection = $("#captchaSection"); if (captchaSection.hasClass('ui-helper-hidden')) { captchaSection.removeClass('ui-helper-hidden').find('input').prop('disabled', false); var img = captchaSection.find('img'); img.attr('src', img.data('url') + "?" + (new Date()).getTime()); $("#reloadCaptcha").trigger("click"); } } }); $(document).on('click', '.scifeed_msg', function(){ $(this).hide(); }); $(document).on('click', '.article-scilit-search', function(e) { e.preventDefault(); var data = $(".article-scilit-search-data").val(); var dataArray = data.split(';').map(function(keyword) { return "(\"" + keyword.trim() + "\")"; }); var searchQuery = dataArray.join(" OR "); var searchUrl = encodeURI("https://www.scilit.net/articles/search?q="+ searchQuery + "&advanced=1&highlight=1"); var win = window.open(searchUrl, '_blank'); if (win) { win.focus(); } else { window.location(searchUrl); } }); display_stats(); citedCount(); follow_goto(); // Select the node that will be observed for mutations const targetNodes = document.getElementsByClassName('hypothesis-count-container'); // Options for the observer (which mutations to observe) const config = { attributes: false, childList: true, subtree: false }; // Callback function to execute when mutations are observed const callback = function(mutationList, observer) { for(const mutation of mutationList) { if (mutation.type === 'childList') { let node = $(mutation.target); if (parseInt(node.html()) > 0) { node.show(); } } } }; // Create an observer instance linked to the callback function const observer = new MutationObserver(callback); // Start observing the target node for configured mutations for(const targetNode of targetNodes) { observer.observe(targetNode, config); } // Select the node that will be observed for mutations const mathjaxTargetNode = document.getElementById('middle-column'); // Callback function to execute when mutations are observed const mathjaxCallback = function(mutationList, observer) { if (mathjaxReady && typeof(MathJax) !== 'undefined') { refreshMathjaxWidths(); } }; // Create an observer instance linked to the callback function const mathjaxObserver = new ResizeObserver(mathjaxCallback); // Start observing the target node for configured mutations mathjaxObserver.observe(mathjaxTargetNode); }); /* END $(document).ready */ function refreshMathjaxWidths() { let width = ($('.html-body').width()*0.9) + "px"; $('.MathJax_Display').css('max-width', width); $('.MJXc-display').css('max-width', width); } function sendScifeedFrom(form) { if (!$('#scifeed_email').val().trim()) { // empty email alert('Please, provide an email for subscribe to this scifeed'); return false; } else if (!$('#captchaSection').hasClass('ui-helper-hidden') && !$('#captchaSection').find('input').val().trim()) { // empty captcha alert('Please, fill the captcha field.'); return false; } else if( ((($('#scifeed_form').find('input:checkbox:checked').length)-($('#split_feeds:checked').length))<1) || ($('#scifeed_kwd_txt').length < 0 && !$('#scifeed_kwd_txt').val().trim()) || ($('#scifeed_author_txt').length<0 &&!$('#scifeed_author_txt').val().trim()) ) { alert('You did not select anything to subscribe'); return false; } else if(($('#scifeed_form').find('input:checkbox:checked').length)-($('#split_feeds2:checked').length)<1){ alert("You did not select anything to subscribe"); return false; } else { var url = $('#scifeed_subscribe_url').html(); var formData = $(form).serializeArray(); $.post(url, formData).done(function (data) { if (JSON.parse(data)) { $('.scifeed_msg').hide(); var res = JSON.parse(data); var successFeeds = 0; var errorFeeds = 0; if (res) { $('.scifeed_msg').html(''); $.each(res, function (index, val) { if (val) { if (val.error) { errorFeeds++; $("#scifeed_error_msg").append(index+' - '+val.error+'<br>'); } if (val.notice) // for successful feed creation { successFeeds++; // $("#scifeed_notice_msg").append(index+' - '+val.notice+'<br>'); $("#scifeed_notice_msg").append('<li>'+index+'</li>'); } } }); if (successFeeds>0) { text = $('#scifeed_notice_msg').html(); text = 'The following feed'+(successFeeds>1?'s have':' has')+ ' been sucessfully created:<br><ul>'+ text + '</ul>' +($('#scifeed_hidden_flag').length>0 ? 'You are not logged in, so you probably need to validate '+ (successFeeds>1?'them':' it')+'.<br>' :'' ) +'Please check your email'+(successFeeds>1?'s':'')+' for more details.'; //(successFeeds>1?' for each of them':'')+'.<br>'; $("#scifeed_notice_msg").html(text); $("#scifeed_notice_msg").show(); } if (errorFeeds>0) { $("#scifeed_error_msg").show();; } } $("#feed_data").hide(); } }); } } function follow_goto() { var hashStr = location.hash.replace("#",""); if(typeof hashStr !== 'undefined') { if( hashStr == 'supplementary') { document.getElementById('suppl_id').scrollIntoView(); } if( hashStr == 'citedby') { document.getElementById('cited_id').scrollIntoView(); } } } function cited() { $("#framed_div").toggle('fast', function(){ if ($(this).css('display') != 'none') { var loaded = document.getElementById("loaded"); if(loaded.innerHTML == "No") { // Load Xref result var container = document.getElementById("framed_div"); // This replace the content container.innerHTML = "<img src=\"https://pub.mdpi-res.com/img/loading_circle.gif?9a82694213036313?1732615622\" height=\"20\" width=\"20\" alt=\"Processing...\" style=\"vertical-align:middle; margin-right:0.6em;\">"; var url = "/citedby/10.3390%252Frheumato2040016/506"; $.post(url, function(result) { if (result.success) { container.innerHTML = result.view; } loaded.innerHTML = "Yes"; }); } } return true; // for not going at the beginning of the page... }) return true; // for not going at the beginning of the page... } function detect_device() { // Added by Bastien (18/08/2014): based on the http://detectmobilebrowsers.com/ detector var check = false; (function(a){if(/(android|bb\d+|meego).+mobile|avantgo|bada\/|blackberry|blazer|compal|elaine|fennec|hiptop|iemobile|ip(hone|od)|iris|kindle|lge |maemo|midp|mmp|mobile.+firefox|netfront|opera m(ob|in)i|palm( os)?|phone|p(ixi|re)\/|plucker|pocket|psp|series(4|6)0|symbian|treo|up\.(browser|link)|vodafone|wap|windows (ce|phone)|xda|xiino/i.test(a)||/1207|6310|6590|3gso|4thp|50[1-6]i|770s|802s|a wa|abac|ac(er|oo|s\-)|ai(ko|rn)|al(av|ca|co)|amoi|an(ex|ny|yw)|aptu|ar(ch|go)|as(te|us)|attw|au(di|\-m|r |s )|avan|be(ck|ll|nq)|bi(lb|rd)|bl(ac|az)|br(e|v)w|bumb|bw\-(n|u)|c55\/|capi|ccwa|cdm\-|cell|chtm|cldc|cmd\-|co(mp|nd)|craw|da(it|ll|ng)|dbte|dc\-s|devi|dica|dmob|do(c|p)o|ds(12|\-d)|el(49|ai)|em(l2|ul)|er(ic|k0)|esl8|ez([4-7]0|os|wa|ze)|fetc|fly(\-|_)|g1 u|g560|gene|gf\-5|g\-mo|go(\.w|od)|gr(ad|un)|haie|hcit|hd\-(m|p|t)|hei\-|hi(pt|ta)|hp( i|ip)|hs\-c|ht(c(\-| |_|a|g|p|s|t)|tp)|hu(aw|tc)|i\-(20|go|ma)|i230|iac( |\-|\/)|ibro|idea|ig01|ikom|im1k|inno|ipaq|iris|ja(t|v)a|jbro|jemu|jigs|kddi|keji|kgt( |\/)|klon|kpt |kwc\-|kyo(c|k)|le(no|xi)|lg( g|\/(k|l|u)|50|54|\-[a-w])|libw|lynx|m1\-w|m3ga|m50\/|ma(te|ui|xo)|mc(01|21|ca)|m\-cr|me(rc|ri)|mi(o8|oa|ts)|mmef|mo(01|02|bi|de|do|t(\-| |o|v)|zz)|mt(50|p1|v )|mwbp|mywa|n10[0-2]|n20[2-3]|n30(0|2)|n50(0|2|5)|n7(0(0|1)|10)|ne((c|m)\-|on|tf|wf|wg|wt)|nok(6|i)|nzph|o2im|op(ti|wv)|oran|owg1|p800|pan(a|d|t)|pdxg|pg(13|\-([1-8]|c))|phil|pire|pl(ay|uc)|pn\-2|po(ck|rt|se)|prox|psio|pt\-g|qa\-a|qc(07|12|21|32|60|\-[2-7]|i\-)|qtek|r380|r600|raks|rim9|ro(ve|zo)|s55\/|sa(ge|ma|mm|ms|ny|va)|sc(01|h\-|oo|p\-)|sdk\/|se(c(\-|0|1)|47|mc|nd|ri)|sgh\-|shar|sie(\-|m)|sk\-0|sl(45|id)|sm(al|ar|b3|it|t5)|so(ft|ny)|sp(01|h\-|v\-|v )|sy(01|mb)|t2(18|50)|t6(00|10|18)|ta(gt|lk)|tcl\-|tdg\-|tel(i|m)|tim\-|t\-mo|to(pl|sh)|ts(70|m\-|m3|m5)|tx\-9|up(\.b|g1|si)|utst|v400|v750|veri|vi(rg|te)|vk(40|5[0-3]|\-v)|vm40|voda|vulc|vx(52|53|60|61|70|80|81|83|85|98)|w3c(\-| )|webc|whit|wi(g |nc|nw)|wmlb|wonu|x700|yas\-|your|zeto|zte\-/i.test(a.substr(0,4)))check = true})(navigator.userAgent||navigator.vendor||window.opera); return check; } function display_stats(){ $("#article_stats_div").toggle(); return false; } /* * Cited By Scopus */ function citedCount(){ $("#framed_div_cited_count").toggle('fast', function(){ if ($(this).css('display') != 'none') { var loaded = document.getElementById("loaded_cite_count"); // to load only once the result! if(loaded.innerHTML == "No") { // Load Xref result var d = document.getElementById("framed_div_cited_count"); // This replace the content d.innerHTML = "<img src=\"https://pub.mdpi-res.com/img/loading_circle.gif?9a82694213036313?1732615622\" height=\"20\" width=\"20\" alt=\"Processing...\" style=\"vertical-align:middle; margin-right:0.6em;\">"; $.ajax({ method : "POST", url : "/cite-count/10.3390%252Frheumato2040016", success : function(data) { if (data.succ) { d.innerHTML = data.view; loaded.innerHTML = "Yes"; follow_goto(); } } }); } } // end else return true; // for not going at the beginning of the page... }) return true; // for not going at the beginning of the page... } </script><script type="text/javascript" src="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/assets/js/third-party/highcharts/highcharts.js?bdd06f45e34c33df?1732615622"></script><script type="text/javascript" src="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/assets/js/third-party/highcharts/modules/exporting.js?944dc938d06de3a8?1732615622"></script><script type="text/javascript" defer="defer"> var advancedStatsData; var selectedStatsType = "abstract"; $(function(){ var countWrapper = $('#counts-wrapper'); $('#author_stats_id #type_links a').on('click', function(e) { e.preventDefault(); selectedStatsType = $(this).data('type'); $('#article_advanced_stats').vectorMap('set', 'values', advancedStatsData[selectedStatsType]); $('#advanced_stats_max').html(advancedStatsData[selectedStatsType].max); $('#type_links a').removeClass('active'); $(this).addClass('active'); }); $.get('/2674-0621/2/4/16/stats', function (result) { if (!result.success) { return; } // process article metrics part in left column var viewNumber = countWrapper.find(".view-number"); viewNumber.html(result.metrics.views); viewNumber.parent().toggleClass("count-div--grey", result.metrics.views == 0); var downloadNumber = countWrapper.find(".download-number"); downloadNumber.html(result.metrics.downloads); downloadNumber.parent().toggleClass("count-div--grey", result.metrics.downloads == 0); var citationsNumber = countWrapper.find(".citations-number"); citationsNumber.html(result.metrics.citations); citationsNumber.parent().toggleClass("count-div--grey", result.metrics.citations == 0); if (result.metrics.views > 0 || result.metrics.downloads > 0 || result.metrics.citations > 0) { countWrapper.find("#js-counts-wrapper__views, #js-counts-wrapper__downloads").addClass("visible").show(); if (result.metrics.citations > 0) { countWrapper.find('.citations-number').html(result.metrics.citations).show(); countWrapper.find("#js-counts-wrapper__citations").addClass("visible").show(); } else { countWrapper.find("#js-counts-wrapper__citations").remove(); } $("[data-id='article-counters']").removeClass("hidden"); } if (result.metrics.altmetrics_score > 0) { $("#js-altmetrics-donut").show(); } // process view chart in main column var jsondata = result.chart; var series = new Array(); $.each(jsondata.elements, function(i, element) { var dataValues = new Array(); $.each(element.values, function(i, value) { dataValues.push(new Array(value.tip, value.value)); }); series[i] = {name: element.text, data:dataValues}; }); Highcharts.setOptions({ chart: { style: { fontFamily: 'Arial,sans-serif' } } }); $('#article_stats_swf').highcharts({ chart: { type: 'line', width: $("#tabs").width() //* 0.91 }, credits: { enabled: false }, exporting: { enabled: true }, title: { text: jsondata.title.text, x: -20 //center }, xAxis: { categories: jsondata.x_axis.labels.labels, offset: jsondata.x_axis.offset, labels:{ step: jsondata.x_axis.labels.steps, rotation: 30 } }, yAxis: { max: jsondata.y_axis.max, min: jsondata.y_axis.min, offset: jsondata.y_axis.offset, labels: { steps: jsondata.y_axis.steps }, title: { enabled: false } }, tooltip: { formatter: function (){ return this.key.replace("#val#", this.y); } }, legend: { align: 'top', itemDistance: 50 }, series: series }); }); $('#supplement_link').click(function() { document.getElementById('suppl_id').scrollIntoView(); }); $('#stats_link').click(function() { document.getElementById('stats_id').scrollIntoView(); }); // open mol viewer for molbank special supplementary files $('.showJmol').click(function(e) { e.preventDefault(); var jmolModal = $("#jmolModal"); var url = "/article/989474/jsmol_viewer/__supplementary_id__"; url = url.replace(/__supplementary_id__/g, $(this).data('index')); $('#jsmol-content').attr('src', url); jmolModal.find(".content").html($(this).data('description')); jmolModal.foundation("reveal", "open"); }); }); !function() { "use strict"; function e(e) { try { if ("undefined" == typeof console) return; "error"in console ? console.error(e) : console.log(e) } catch (e) {} } function t(e) { return d.innerHTML = '<a href="' + e.replace(/"/g, """) + '"></a>', d.childNodes[0].getAttribute("href") || "" } function n(n, c) { var o = ""; var k = parseInt(n.substr(c + 4, 2), 16); for (var i = c; i < n.length; i += 2) { if (i != c + 4) { var s = parseInt(n.substr(i, 2), 16) ^ k; o += String.fromCharCode(s); } } try { o = decodeURIComponent(escape(o)); } catch (error) { console.error(error); } return t(o); } function c(t) { for (var r = t.querySelectorAll("a"), c = 0; c < r.length; c++) try { var o = r[c] , a = o.href.indexOf(l); a > -1 && (o.href = "mailto:" + n(o.href, a + l.length)) } catch (i) { e(i) } } function o(t) { for (var r = t.querySelectorAll(u), c = 0; c < r.length; c++) try { var o = r[c] , a = o.parentNode , i = o.getAttribute(f); if (i) { var l = n(i, 0) , d = document.createTextNode(l); a.replaceChild(d, o) } } catch (h) { e(h) } } function a(t) { for (var r = t.querySelectorAll("template"), n = 0; n < r.length; n++) try { i(r[n].content) } catch (c) { e(c) } } function i(t) { try { c(t), o(t), a(t) } catch (r) { e(r) } } var l = "/cnd-cgi/l/email-protection#" , u = ".__cf_email__" , f = "data-cfemail" , d = document.createElement("div"); i(document), function() { var e = document.currentScript || document.scripts[document.scripts.length - 1]; e.parentNode.removeChild(e) }() }(); </script><script type="text/javascript"> function setCookie(cname, cvalue, ctime) { ctime = (typeof ctime === 'undefined') ? 10*365*24*60*60*1000 : ctime; // default => 10 years var d = new Date(); d.setTime(d.getTime() + ctime); // ==> 1 hour = 60*60*1000 var expires = "expires="+d.toUTCString(); document.cookie = cname + "=" + cvalue + "; " + expires +"; path=/"; } function getCookie(cname) { var name = cname + "="; var ca = document.cookie.split(';'); for(var i=0; i<ca.length; i++) { var c = ca[i]; while (c.charAt(0)==' ') c = c.substring(1); if (c.indexOf(name) == 0) return c.substring(name.length, c.length); } return ""; } </script><script type="text/javascript" src="https://d1bxh8uas1mnw7.cloudfront.net/assets/embed.js"></script><script> $(document).ready(function() { if ($("#js-similarity-related-data").length > 0) { $.ajax({ url: '/article/989474/similarity-related', success: function(response) { $("#js-similarity-related-data").html(response); $("#js-related-articles-menu").show(); $(document).foundation('tab', 'reflow'); MathJax.Hub.Queue(["Typeset", MathJax.Hub]); } }); } }); </script><link rel="stylesheet" href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/assets/css/jquery-ui-1.10.4.custom.min.css?80647d88647bf347?1732615622"><link rel="stylesheet" href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/assets/css/magnific-popup.min.css?04d343e036f8eecd?1732615622"><script type="text/javascript" src="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/assets/js/magnific-popup.min.js?2be3d9e7dc569146?1732615622"></script><script> $(function() { $(".js-show-more-academic-editors").on("click", function(e) { e.preventDefault(); $(this).hide(); $(".academic-editor-container").removeClass("hidden"); }); }); </script> <link rel="stylesheet" href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/assets/css/vmap/jqvmap.min.css?126a06688aa11c13?1732615622"> <script src="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/assets/js/vmap/jquery.vmap.min.js?935f68d33bdd88a1?1732615622"></script> <script src="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/assets/js/vmap/jquery.vmap.world.js?16677403c0e1bef1?1732615622"></script> <script> function updateSlick() { $('.multiple-items').slick('setPosition'); } $(document).ready(function() { $('.multiple-items').slick({ slidesToShow: 1, nextArrow: '<a class="slick-next" href="#"><i class="material-icons">chevron_right</i></a>', prevArrow: '<a class="slick-prev" href="#"><i class="material-icons">chevron_left</i></a>', slidesToScroll: 1, responsive: [ { breakpoint: 1024, settings: { slidesToShow: 1, slidesToScroll: 1, } }, { breakpoint: 600, settings: { slidesToShow: 1, slidesToScroll: 1, } }, { breakpoint: 480, settings: { slidesToShow: 1, slidesToScroll: 1, } } ] }); $('.multiple-items').show(); $(document).on('click', '.reviewReportSelector', function(e) { let path = $(this).attr('data-path'); handleReviews(path, $(this)); }); $(document).on('click', '.viewReviewReports', function(e) { let versionOne = $('#versionTab_1'); if (!versionOne.hasClass('activeTab')) { let path = $(this).attr('data-path'); handleReviews(path, versionOne); } location.href = "#reviewReports"; }); $(document).on('click', '.reviewersResponse, .authorResponse', function(e) { let version = $(this).attr('data-version'); let targetVersion = $('#versionTab_' + version); if (!targetVersion.hasClass('activeTab')) { let path = targetVersion.attr('data-path'); handleReviews(path, targetVersion); } location.href = $(this).attr('data-link'); }); $(document).on('click', '.tab', function (e) { e.preventDefault(); $('.tab').removeClass('activeTab'); $(this).addClass('activeTab') $('.tab').each(function() { $(this).closest('.tab-title').removeClass('active'); }); $(this).closest('.tab-title').addClass('active') }); }); function handleReviews(path, target) { $.ajax({ url: path, context: this, success: function (data) { $('.activeTab').removeClass('activeTab'); target.addClass('activeTab'); $('#reviewSection').html(data.view); }, error: function (xhr, ajaxOptions, thrownError) { console.log(xhr.status); console.log(thrownError); } }); } </script> <script src="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/assets/js/xmltohtml/affix.js?v1?1732615622"></script> <script src="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/assets/js/xmltohtml/storage.js?e9b262d3a3476d25?1732615622"></script> <script src="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/assets/js/xmltohtml/jquery-scrollspy.js?09cbaec0dbb35a67?1732615622"></script> <script src="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/assets/js/xmltohtml/magnific-popup.js?4a09c18460afb26c?1732615622"></script> <script src="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/assets/js/xmltohtml/underscore.js?f893e294cde60c24?1732615622"></script> <script type="text/javascript"> $('document').ready(function(){ $("#left-column").addClass("show-for-large-up"); $("#middle-column").removeClass("medium-9").removeClass("left-bordered").addClass("medium-12"); $(window).on('resize scroll', function() { /* if ($('.button--drop-down').isInViewport($(".top-bar").outerHeight())) { */ if ($('.button--drop-down').isInViewport()) { $("#js-button-download").hide(); } else { $("#js-button-download").show(); } }); }); $(document).on('DOMNodeInserted', function(e) { var element = $(e.target); if (element.hasClass('menu') && element.hasClass('html-nav') ) { element.addClass("side-menu-ul"); } }); </script> <script src="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/assets/js/xmltohtml/articles.js?5118449d9ad8913a?1732615622"></script> <script> repositionOpenSideBar = function() { $('#left-column').addClass("show-for-large-up show-for-medium-up").show(); $('#middle-column').removeClass('large-12').removeClass('medium-12'); $('#middle-column').addClass('large-9'); } repositionCloseSideBar = function() { $('#left-column').removeClass("show-for-large-up show-for-medium-up").hide(); $('#middle-column').removeClass('large-9'); $('#middle-column').addClass('large-12').addClass('medium-12'); } </script>   <script type="text/plain" data-cookieconsent="marketing"> !function(e,t,n,s,u,a){e.twq||(s=e.twq=function(){s.exe?s.exe.apply(s,arguments):s.queue.push(arguments); },s.version='1.1',s.queue=[],u=t.createElement(n),u.async=!0,u.src='//static.ads-twitter.com/uwt.js', a=t.getElementsByTagName(n)[0],a.parentNode.insertBefore(u,a))}(window,document,'script'); // Insert Twitter Pixel ID and Standard Event data below twq('init','o2pip'); twq('track','PageView'); </script>  <script>(function(){function c(){var b=a.contentDocument||a.contentWindow.document;if(b){var d=b.createElement('script');d.innerHTML="window.__CF$cv$params={r:'8e8dea00bad4821d',t:'MTczMjY2NjQyNS4wMDAwMDA='};var a=document.createElement('script');a.nonce='';a.src='/cdn-cgi/challenge-platform/scripts/jsd/main.js';document.getElementsByTagName('head')[0].appendChild(a);";b.getElementsByTagName('head')[0].appendChild(d)}}if(document.body){var a=document.createElement('iframe');a.height=1;a.width=1;a.style.position='absolute';a.style.top=0;a.style.left=0;a.style.border='none';a.style.visibility='hidden';document.body.appendChild(a);if('loading'!==document.readyState)c();else if(window.addEventListener)document.addEventListener('DOMContentLoaded',c);else{var e=document.onreadystatechange||function(){};document.onreadystatechange=function(b){e(b);'loading'!==document.readyState&&(document.onreadystatechange=e,c())}}}})();</script></body> </html>

CINXE.COM

Effect and Regulation of Obesity-Associated Low-Grade Chronic Inflammation in Major Rheumatic Diseases