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Ashcroft</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Seal of the United States Supreme Court"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Seal_of_the_United_States_Supreme_Court.svg/100px-Seal_of_the_United_States_Supreme_Court.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Seal_of_the_United_States_Supreme_Court.svg/150px-Seal_of_the_United_States_Supreme_Court.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Seal_of_the_United_States_Supreme_Court.svg/200px-Seal_of_the_United_States_Supreme_Court.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="720" data-file-height="720" /></span></span><div class="infobox-caption" style="padding-top: 0.5em; font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States" title="Supreme Court of the United States">Supreme Court of the United States</a></div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #99c0ff; white-space:nowrap">Argued October 9, 2002<br />Decided January 15, 2003</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Full case name</th><td class="infobox-data"><i>Eric Eldred, et al. v. John Ashcroft, Attorney General</i></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Docket no.</th><td class="infobox-data"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.supremecourt.gov/docketfiles/01-618.htm">01-618</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Citations</th><td class="infobox-data">537 <a href="/wiki/United_States_Reports" title="United States Reports">U.S.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://supreme.justia.com/us/537/186/case.html">186</a> (<i><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Supreme_Court_cases,_volume_537" title="List of United States Supreme Court cases, volume 537">more</a></i>)<div>123 S. Ct. 769, 154 <a href="/wiki/Lawyers%27_Edition" title="Lawyers' Edition">L. Ed. 2d</a> 683, 71 U.S.L.W. 4052</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Decision</th><td class="infobox-data"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://cdn.loc.gov/service/ll/usrep/usrep537/usrep537186/usrep537186.pdf">Opinion</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #99c0ff; white-space:nowrap">Case history</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Prior</th><td class="infobox-data"><i>Eldred v. Reno</i>, 74 <a href="/wiki/Federal_Supplement#Federal_Supplement,_Second_Series" title="Federal Supplement">F. Supp. 2d</a> 1 (<a href="/wiki/United_States_District_Court_for_the_District_of_Columbia" title="United States District Court for the District of Columbia">D.D.C.</a> 1999); aff'd, 239 <a href="/wiki/F.3d" class="mw-redirect" title="F.3d">F.3d</a> 372 (<a href="/wiki/United_States_Court_of_Appeals_for_the_District_of_Columbia_Circuit" title="United States Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit">D.C. Cir.</a> 2001); rehearing and rehearing <a href="/wiki/En_banc" title="En banc">en banc</a> denied, 255 F.3d 849 (D.C. Cir. 2001); <a href="/wiki/Certiorari" title="Certiorari">cert.</a> granted, <a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Supreme_Court_cases,_volume_534" title="List of United States Supreme Court cases, volume 534">534</a> <a href="/wiki/United_States_Reports" title="United States Reports">U.S.</a> 1126 (2002); order granting cert. amended, <a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Supreme_Court_cases,_volume_534" title="List of United States Supreme Court cases, volume 534">534</a> <a href="/wiki/United_States_Reports" title="United States Reports">U.S.</a> 1160 (2002).</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Subsequent</th><td class="infobox-data">Rehearing denied, <a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Supreme_Court_cases,_volume_538" title="List of United States Supreme Court cases, volume 538">538</a> <a href="/wiki/United_States_Reports" title="United States Reports">U.S.</a> 916 (2003).</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #99c0ff; white-space:nowrap">Holding</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">20-year retroactive extension of existing copyright terms did not violate the <a href="/wiki/Copyright_Clause" title="Copyright Clause">Copyright Clause</a> or the <a href="/wiki/First_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution" title="First Amendment to the United States Constitution">First Amendment</a> of the Constitution.</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #99c0ff; white-space:nowrap">Court membership</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><dl style="margin:0; padding:0.1em 0.5em; text-align:center; line-height:1.3em;"> <dt style="margin:0;">Chief Justice</dt> <dd style="margin:0 0 0.3em;"><a href="/wiki/William_Rehnquist" title="William Rehnquist">William Rehnquist</a> </dd> <dt style="margin:0;">Associate Justices</dt> <dd style="margin:0;"><a href="/wiki/John_Paul_Stevens" title="John Paul Stevens">John P. Stevens</a> <b>·</b>  <a href="/wiki/Sandra_Day_O%27Connor" title="Sandra Day O'Connor">Sandra Day O'Connor</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Antonin_Scalia" title="Antonin Scalia">Antonin Scalia</a> <b>·</b>  <a href="/wiki/Anthony_Kennedy" title="Anthony Kennedy">Anthony Kennedy</a><br /><a href="/wiki/David_Souter" title="David Souter">David Souter</a> <b>·</b>  <a href="/wiki/Clarence_Thomas" title="Clarence Thomas">Clarence Thomas</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Ruth_Bader_Ginsburg" title="Ruth Bader Ginsburg">Ruth Bader Ginsburg</a> <b>·</b>  <a href="/wiki/Stephen_Breyer" title="Stephen Breyer">Stephen Breyer</a> </dd></dl></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #99c0ff; white-space:nowrap">Case opinions</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Majority</th><td class="infobox-data">Ginsburg, joined by Rehnquist, O'Connor, Scalia, Kennedy, Souter, Thomas</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Dissent</th><td class="infobox-data">Stevens</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Dissent</th><td class="infobox-data">Breyer</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #99c0ff; white-space:nowrap">Laws applied</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a href="/wiki/Copyright_Clause" title="Copyright Clause">U.S. Const. Art. I, § 8, cl. 8</a>; <a href="/wiki/First_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution" title="First Amendment to the United States Constitution">U.S. Const. amend. I</a>; <a href="/wiki/Copyright_Term_Extension_Act" title="Copyright Term Extension Act">Copyright Term Extension Act of 1998</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><i><b>Eldred v. Ashcroft</b></i>, 537 U.S. 186 (2003), was a decision by the <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States" title="Supreme Court of the United States">Supreme Court of the United States</a> upholding the <a href="/wiki/United_States_constitutional_law" class="mw-redirect" title="United States constitutional law">constitutionality</a> of the 1998 <a href="/wiki/Sonny_Bono_Copyright_Term_Extension_Act" class="mw-redirect" title="Sonny Bono Copyright Term Extension Act">Sonny Bono Copyright Term Extension Act</a> (CTEA). The practical result of this was to prevent a number of works from entering the <a href="/wiki/Public_domain" title="Public domain">public domain</a> in 1998 and following years, as would have occurred under the <a href="/wiki/Copyright_Act_of_1976" title="Copyright Act of 1976">Copyright Act of 1976</a>. Materials which the plaintiffs had worked with and were ready to republish were now unavailable due to copyright restrictions. </p><p>Internet publisher <a href="/wiki/Eric_Eldred" title="Eric Eldred">Eric Eldred</a> was the lead petitioner, and was joined by a group of commercial and non-commercial interests who relied on the public domain for their work (including <a href="/wiki/Dover_Publications" title="Dover Publications">Dover Publications</a>) and many <i><a href="/wiki/Amicus_curiae" title="Amicus curiae">amici</a></i> including the <a href="/wiki/Free_Software_Foundation" title="Free Software Foundation">Free Software Foundation</a>, the <a href="/wiki/American_Association_of_Law_Libraries" title="American Association of Law Libraries">American Association of Law Libraries</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Bureau_of_National_Affairs" class="mw-redirect" title="Bureau of National Affairs">Bureau of National Affairs</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/College_Art_Association" title="College Art Association">College Art Association</a>. Eldred was represented by <a href="/wiki/Lawrence_Lessig" title="Lawrence Lessig">Lawrence Lessig</a> and a team at the <a href="/wiki/Berkman_Center_for_Internet_and_Society" class="mw-redirect" title="Berkman Center for Internet and Society">Berkman Center for Internet and Society</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Supporting the law were <a href="/wiki/United_States_Attorney_General" title="United States Attorney General">United States Attorneys General</a> <a href="/wiki/Janet_Reno" title="Janet Reno">Janet Reno</a> and <a href="/wiki/John_Ashcroft" title="John Ashcroft">John Ashcroft</a>, along with a set of <i><a href="/wiki/Amicus_curiae" title="Amicus curiae">amici</a></i> including the <a href="/wiki/Motion_Picture_Association_of_America" class="mw-redirect" title="Motion Picture Association of America">Motion Picture Association of America</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Recording_Industry_Association_of_America" title="Recording Industry Association of America">Recording Industry Association of America</a>, <a href="/wiki/ASCAP" class="mw-redirect" title="ASCAP">ASCAP</a> and <a href="/wiki/Broadcast_Music_Incorporated" class="mw-redirect" title="Broadcast Music Incorporated">Broadcast Music Incorporated</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Background">Background</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Eldred_v._Ashcroft&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Background"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Eric_Eldred.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Eric_Eldred.jpg/150px-Eric_Eldred.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="153" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Eric_Eldred.jpg/225px-Eric_Eldred.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Eric_Eldred.jpg/300px-Eric_Eldred.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1306" data-file-height="1335" /></a><figcaption>Eric Eldred, the lead plaintiff</figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Sonny_Bono_Copyright_Term_Extension_Act" class="mw-redirect" title="Sonny Bono Copyright Term Extension Act">Sonny Bono Copyright Term Extension Act</a> (or CTEA) extended existing <a href="/wiki/Copyright_term" title="Copyright term">copyright terms</a> by an additional 20 years from the terms set by the <a href="/wiki/Copyright_Act_of_1976" title="Copyright Act of 1976">Copyright Act of 1976</a>. The law affected both new and existing works (making it both a <i>prospective</i> extension as well as a <i>retroactive</i> one). Specifically, for works published before January 1, 1978, and still in copyright on October 27, 1998, the term was extended to 95 years. For works authored by <i>individuals</i> on or after January 1, 1978 (including new works), the copyright term was extended to equal the life of the author plus 70 years. For works authored by joint authors, the copyright term was extended to the life of the last surviving author plus 70 years. In the case of <a href="/wiki/Work_for_hire" title="Work for hire">works-for-hire</a>, anonymous or pseudonymous works, the term was set at 95 years from the date of first publication, or 120 years from creation. </p><p>The practical result of this was to prevent a number of works from entering the <a href="/wiki/Public_domain" title="Public domain">public domain</a> in 1998 and following years, as would have occurred under the Copyright Law of 1976. Materials which the plaintiffs had worked with and were ready to republish were now unavailable due to copyright restrictions. </p><p>The lead petitioner, <a href="/wiki/Eric_Eldred" title="Eric Eldred">Eric Eldred</a>, is an <a href="/wiki/Internet" title="Internet">Internet</a> publisher. Eldred was joined by a group of commercial and non-commercial interests who relied on the public domain for their work. These included <a href="/wiki/Dover_Publications" title="Dover Publications">Dover Publications</a>, a commercial publisher of <a href="/wiki/Paperback_book" class="mw-redirect" title="Paperback book">paperback books</a>; Luck's Music Library, Inc. and Edwin F. Kalmus & Co., Inc., publishers of orchestral sheet music; and many <i><a href="/wiki/Amicus_curiae" title="Amicus curiae">amici</a></i> including the <a href="/wiki/Free_Software_Foundation" title="Free Software Foundation">Free Software Foundation</a>; Tri-Horn International of Boston, Massachusetts, a golf publishing and technology company; the <a href="/wiki/American_Association_of_Law_Libraries" title="American Association of Law Libraries">American Association of Law Libraries</a>; the <a href="/wiki/Bureau_of_National_Affairs" class="mw-redirect" title="Bureau of National Affairs">Bureau of National Affairs</a>; and the <a href="/wiki/College_Art_Association" title="College Art Association">College Art Association</a>. </p><p>Supporting the law were the <a href="/wiki/United_States_government" class="mw-redirect" title="United States government">U.S. government</a>, represented by the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Attorney_General" title="United States Attorney General">Attorney General</a> in an <i><a href="/wiki/Ex_officio" class="mw-redirect" title="Ex officio">ex officio</a></i> capacity (originally <a href="/wiki/Janet_Reno" title="Janet Reno">Janet Reno</a>, later replaced by <a href="/wiki/John_Ashcroft" title="John Ashcroft">John Ashcroft</a>), along with a set of <i><a href="/wiki/Amicus_curiae" title="Amicus curiae">amici</a></i> including the <a href="/wiki/Motion_Picture_Association_of_America" class="mw-redirect" title="Motion Picture Association of America">Motion Picture Association of America</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Recording_Industry_Association_of_America" title="Recording Industry Association of America">Recording Industry Association of America</a>, <a href="/wiki/ASCAP" class="mw-redirect" title="ASCAP">ASCAP</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Broadcast_Music_Incorporated" class="mw-redirect" title="Broadcast Music Incorporated">Broadcast Music Incorporated</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="District_court">District court</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Eldred_v._Ashcroft&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: District court"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The original complaint was filed in the <a href="/wiki/United_States_District_Court_for_the_District_of_Columbia" title="United States District Court for the District of Columbia">United States District Court for the District of Columbia</a> on January 11, 1999. The plaintiffs' argument was threefold: </p> <ol><li>That by retroactively extending copyright terms, Congress had violated the requirements of the <a href="/wiki/U.S._Constitution" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. Constitution">Constitution</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Copyright_Clause" title="Copyright Clause">Copyright Clause</a>, which gives Congress the following power: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>To promote the Progress of Science and useful Arts, by securing <i>for limited Times</i> to Authors and Inventors the exclusive Right to their respective Writings and Discoveries</p></blockquote> Plaintiffs argued that by reading this formulation so as to allow for any number of retroactive extensions, Congress could in practice guarantee an unlimited period of copyright protection, thus thwarting the intent of the clause.</li> <li>That any copyright law must be subject to scrutiny under the <a href="/wiki/First_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution" title="First Amendment to the United States Constitution">First Amendment</a>, thereby ensuring a balance between freedom of speech and the interests of copyright.</li> <li>That the doctrine of <a href="/wiki/Public_trust" title="Public trust">public trust</a> requires the government to show a public benefit to any transfer of public property into private hands, and that the CTEA violates this doctrine by withdrawing material from the public domain.</li></ol> <p>In response, the government argued that Congress does indeed have the latitude to retroactively extend terms, so long as the individual extensions are also for "limited Times", as required by the Constitution. As an argument for this position, they referred to the <a href="/wiki/Copyright_Act_of_1790" title="Copyright Act of 1790">Copyright Act of 1790</a>, the first Federal copyright legislation, which applied Federal protection to existing works. Furthermore, they argued, neither the First Amendment nor the doctrine of public trust is applicable to copyright cases. </p><p>On October 28, 1999, Judge <a href="/wiki/June_Lazenby_Green" title="June Lazenby Green">June Green</a> issued a brief opinion rejecting all three of the petitioners' arguments. On the first count, she wrote that Congress had the power to extend terms as it wished, as long as the terms themselves were of limited duration. On the second count, she rejected the notion of <a href="/wiki/First_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution" title="First Amendment to the United States Constitution">First Amendment</a> scrutiny in copyright cases, based on her interpretation of <i><a href="/wiki/Harper_%26_Row,_Publishers,_Inc._v._Nation_Enters." class="mw-redirect" title="Harper & Row, Publishers, Inc. v. Nation Enters.">Harper and Row Publishers, Inc., v. Nation Enterprises</a></i>, an earlier Supreme Court decision. On the third count, she rejected the notion that public trust doctrine was applicable to copyright law. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Court_of_Appeals">Court of Appeals</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Eldred_v._Ashcroft&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Court of Appeals"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The plaintiffs appealed the decision of the district court to the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Court_of_Appeals_for_the_District_of_Columbia_Circuit" title="United States Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit">United States Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit</a>, filing their initial <a href="/wiki/Brief_(law)" title="Brief (law)">brief</a> on May 22, 2000, and arguing the case on October 5 of the same year in front of a three-judge panel. Arguments were similar to those made in the district court, except for those regarding the public trust doctrine, which were not included in the appeal. </p><p>Instead, the plaintiffs extended their argument on the copyright clause to note that the clause requires <a href="/wiki/United_States_Congress" title="United States Congress">Congress</a> to "promote the Progress of Science and useful Arts", and argued that retroactive extensions do not directly serve this purpose in the standard <i><a href="/wiki/Quid_pro_quo" title="Quid pro quo">quid pro quo</a></i> previously required by the courts. </p><p>The case was decided on February 16, 2001. The appeals court upheld the decision of the district court in a 2–1 opinion. In his dissent, Judge <a href="/wiki/David_Sentelle" class="mw-redirect" title="David Sentelle">David Sentelle</a> agreed with the plaintiffs that CTEA was indeed unconstitutional based on the "limited Times" requirement. Supreme Court precedent, he argued, held that one must be able to discern an "outer limit" to a limited power; in the case of retrospective copyright extensions, Congress could continue to extend copyright terms indefinitely through a set of limited extensions, thus rendering the "limited times" requirement meaningless. </p><p>Following this ruling, plaintiffs petitioned for a rehearing <i><a href="/wiki/En_banc" title="En banc">en banc</a></i> (in front of the full panel of nine judges). This petition was rejected, 7–2, with Judges Sentelle and <a href="/wiki/David_Tatel" class="mw-redirect" title="David Tatel">David Tatel</a> dissenting. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Supreme_Court">Supreme Court</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Eldred_v._Ashcroft&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Supreme Court"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>On October 11, 2001, the plaintiffs filed a petition for <a href="/wiki/Certiorari" title="Certiorari">certiorari</a> to the <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States" title="Supreme Court of the United States">Supreme Court of the United States</a>. On February 19, 2002, the Court granted certiorari, agreeing to hear the case. </p><p>Oral arguments were presented on October 9, 2002. Lead counsel for the plaintiff was <a href="/wiki/Lawrence_Lessig" title="Lawrence Lessig">Lawrence Lessig</a>; the government's case was argued by <a href="/wiki/United_States_Solicitor_General" class="mw-redirect" title="United States Solicitor General">Solicitor General</a> <a href="/wiki/Theodore_Olson" title="Theodore Olson">Theodore Olson</a>. </p><p>Lessig focused the Plaintiffs' brief to emphasize the Copyright Clause restriction, as well as the First Amendment argument from the Court of Appeals case. The decision to emphasize the Copyright Clause argument was based on both the minority opinion of Judge Sentelle in the appeals court, and on several recent Supreme Court decisions authored by Chief Justice <a href="/wiki/William_Rehnquist" title="William Rehnquist">William Rehnquist</a>: <i><a href="/wiki/United_States_v._Lopez" title="United States v. Lopez">United States v. Lopez</a></i> (1996) and <i><a href="/wiki/United_States_v._Morrison" title="United States v. Morrison">United States v. Morrison</a></i> (2000). </p><p>In both of those decisions, Rehnquist, along with four of the Court's more conservative justices, held Congressional legislation unconstitutional, because that legislation exceeded the limits of the Constitution's Commerce Clause. This profound reversal of precedent, Lessig argued, could not be limited to only one of the enumerated powers. If the court felt that it had the power to review legislation under the Commerce Clause, Lessig argued, then the Copyright clause deserved similar treatment, or at very least a "principled reason" must be stated for according such treatment to only one of the enumerated powers. </p><p>On January 15, 2003, the Court held the CTEA constitutional by a 7–2 decision. The majority opinion, written by Justice <a href="/wiki/Ruth_Bader_Ginsburg" title="Ruth Bader Ginsburg">Ginsburg</a>, relied heavily on the Copyright Acts of <a href="/wiki/Copyright_Act_of_1790" title="Copyright Act of 1790">1790</a>, <a href="/wiki/Copyright_Act_of_1831" title="Copyright Act of 1831">1831</a>, <a href="/wiki/Copyright_Act_of_1909" title="Copyright Act of 1909">1909</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Copyright_Act_of_1976" title="Copyright Act of 1976">1976</a> as precedent for retroactive extensions. One of the arguments supporting the act was that life expectancy has significantly increased among the human population since the 18th century, and therefore copyright law needed extending as well. However, the major argument for the act that carried over into the case was that the Constitution specified that Congress only needed to set time limits for copyright, the length of which was left to their discretion. Thus, as long as the limit is not "forever", any limit set by Congress can be deemed constitutional. </p><p>A key factor in the CTEA's passage was a 1993 European Union (EU) directive instructing EU members to establish a baseline copyright term of life plus 70 years and <a href="/wiki/Rule_of_the_shorter_term" title="Rule of the shorter term">to deny this longer term to the works of any non-EU country whose laws did not secure the same extended term</a>. By extending the baseline United States copyright term, Congress sought to ensure that American authors would receive the same copyright protection in Europe as their European counterparts.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Supreme Court declined to address Lessig's contention that <i>Lopez</i> and <i>Morrison</i> offered precedent for enforcing the Copyright clause, and instead reiterated the lower court's reasoning that a retroactive term extension <i>can</i> satisfy the "limited Times" provision in the Copyright Clause, as long as the extension itself is limited instead of perpetual. Furthermore, the Court refused to apply the proportionality standards of the <a href="/wiki/Fourteenth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution">Fourteenth Amendment</a> or the free-speech standards in the <a href="/wiki/First_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution" title="First Amendment to the United States Constitution">First Amendment</a> to limit Congress's ability to confer copyrights for limited terms. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Stephen_Breyer" title="Stephen Breyer">Justice Breyer</a> dissented, arguing that the CTEA amounted to a grant of perpetual copyright that undermined public interests. While the constitution grants Congress power to extend copyright terms in order to "promote the progress of science and useful arts", CTEA granted precedent to continually renew copyright terms making them virtually perpetual.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Justice Breyer argued that it is highly unlikely any artist will be more inclined to produce work knowing their great-grandchildren will receive royalties. With regard to retroactive copyright extension, he considered it foolish to apply the government's argument that income received from royalties allows artists to produce more work saying, "How will extension help today's Noah Webster create new works 50 years after his death?" He also attacked the idea that the <a href="/wiki/Fair_use" title="Fair use">fair use</a> defense would efficiently solve the <a href="/wiki/First_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution" title="First Amendment to the United States Constitution">First Amendment</a> issue, as the defense could not help "those who wish to obtain from electronic databases material that is not there", e.g. teachers searching online for material to be used in the class (and finding that the ideal material has been deleted from the database).<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In a separate dissenting opinion, <a href="/wiki/John_Paul_Stevens" title="John Paul Stevens">Justice Stevens</a> also challenged the virtue of an individual reward, analyzing it from the perspective of patent law. He argued that the focus on compensation results only in "frustrating the legitimate members of the public who want to make use of it (a completed invention) in a free market". Further, the compelling need to encourage creation is proportionally diminished once a work is already created. Yet while a formula pairing commercial viability to duration of protection may be said to produce more economically efficient results in respect of high technology inventions with shorter shelf-lives, the same perhaps cannot be said for certain forms of copyrighted works, for which the present value of expenditures relating to creation depend less on scientific equipment and research and development programs and more on unquantifiable creativity.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Lessig expressed surprise that no decision was authored by Chief Justice Rehnquist or by any of the other four justices who supported the <i>Lopez</i> or <i>Morrison</i> decisions. Lessig later expressed regret that he based his argument on precedent rather than attempting to demonstrate that the weakening of the public domain would cause harm to the economic health of the country.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Later_developments">Later developments</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Eldred_v._Ashcroft&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Later developments"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Within a year of <i>Eldred</i>, it was serving as decisive precedent. Two cases, <i>Luck’s Music Library, Inc. v. Ashcroft and Peters</i> and <i>Golan v. Ashcroft and Peters</i>, challenged the constitutionality of the <a href="/wiki/Uruguay_Round_Agreements_Act" title="Uruguay Round Agreements Act">Uruguay Round Agreements Act</a> on the grounds that its "restoration amendment," which provided copyright restriction to foreign works that were in the public domain because foreign works were formerly not copyrightable, violated the First Amendment rights of those who would no longer be able to perform the works without observing copyright. The court cited <i>Eldred</i> and dismissed <i>Luck's Music</i> on the grounds that the First Amendment did not protect the ability to use others' words as much as it does protect one's ability to use their own. <i>Golan v. Ashcroft and Peters</i><span class="nowrap" style="padding-left:0.1em;">'</span>s <a href="/wiki/Uruguay_Round" title="Uruguay Round">Uruguay Round</a> portion survived a motion to dismiss even though its own challenge to the Sonny Bono Act did not.<sup id="cite_ref-2004report_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2004report-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> That case culminated in <i><a href="/wiki/Golan_v._Holder" title="Golan v. Holder">Golan v. Holder</a></i>, which held that there was nothing in the Constitution preventing the government from taking works out of the public domain. </p><p>A 2007 case, <i><a href="/wiki/Kahle_v._Gonzales" title="Kahle v. Gonzales">Kahle v. Gonzales</a></i>, worked from the <i>Eldred v. Ashcroft</i> opinion to argue that a change in copyright law as drastic as the change from opt-in to opt-out required a review in regard to freedom of speech. The plaintiffs, represented by Lawrence Lessig, argued that the limitations placed on speech and expression by copyright were drastically expanded and possibly too limiting.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Ninth Circuit determined that the argument was too similar to the one adjudicated in <i>Eldred</i> and dismissed the case.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Eldred_v._Ashcroft&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Copyright" title="Copyright">Copyright</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_copyright_law" class="mw-redirect" title="United States copyright law">United States copyright law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intellectual_property_clause" class="mw-redirect" title="Intellectual property clause">Intellectual property clause</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_Domain_Enhancement_Act" title="Public Domain Enhancement Act">Public Domain Enhancement Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_culture_movement" class="mw-redirect" title="Free culture movement">Free culture movement</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>Related cases</dt></dl> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Golan_v._Holder" title="Golan v. Holder">Golan v. Holder</a></i> (2012)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kahle_v._Gonzales" title="Kahle v. Gonzales">Kahle v. Gonzales</a></i> (9th Cir. 2007)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Eldred_v._Ashcroft&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation magazine cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wired.com/2002/10/lessig-3/">"Lawrence Lessig's Supreme Showdown"</a>. <i>WIRED</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 11,</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=WIRED&rft.atitle=Lawrence+Lessig%27s+Supreme+Showdown&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.wired.com%2F2002%2F10%2Flessig-3%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEldred+v.+Ashcroft" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.law.cornell.edu/supct/search/display.html?terms=copyright&url=/supct/html/01-618.ZS.html">"Eldred v. Ashcroft"</a>. Cornell Law School<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 22,</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Eldred+v.+Ashcroft&rft.pub=Cornell+Law+School&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.law.cornell.edu%2Fsupct%2Fsearch%2Fdisplay.html%3Fterms%3Dcopyright%26url%3D%2Fsupct%2Fhtml%2F01-618.ZS.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEldred+v.+Ashcroft" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"The present extension will produce a copyright period of protection that, even under conservative assumptions, is worth more than 99.8% of protection in perpetuity (more than 99.99% for a songwriter like <a href="/wiki/Irving_Berlin" title="Irving Berlin">Irving Berlin</a> and a song like <a href="/wiki/Alexander%27s_Ragtime_Band" title="Alexander's Ragtime Band">Alexander's Ragtime Band</a>)." 537 U.S., at 255–256.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.copyright.gov/docs/eldredd1.pdf">"Supreme Court Decision on Eldred v Ashcroft – Breyer J., dissenting"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/http://www.copyright.gov/docs/eldredd1.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on October 9, 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 22,</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Supreme+Court+Decision+on+Eldred+v+Ashcroft+%E2%80%93+Breyer+J.%2C+dissenting&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.copyright.gov%2Fdocs%2Feldredd1.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEldred+v.+Ashcroft" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080517040116/http://cyberlaw.stanford.edu/lessig/blog/archives/01-618d.pdf">"Blogs | Stanford Center for Internet and Society"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://cyberlaw.stanford.edu/lessig/blog/archives/01-618d.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on May 17, 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 30,</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Blogs+%26%23124%3B+Stanford+Center+for+Internet+and+Society&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcyberlaw.stanford.edu%2Flessig%2Fblog%2Farchives%2F01-618d.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEldred+v.+Ashcroft" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLessig2003" class="citation web cs1">Lessig, Lawrence (January 15, 2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190314081446/http://www.legalaffairs.org/issues/March-April-2004/story_lessig_marapr04.msp">"How I Lost The Big One"</a>. Legal Affairs. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.legalaffairs.org/issues/March-April-2004/story_lessig_marapr04.msp">the original</a> on March 14, 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 22,</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=How+I+Lost+The+Big+One&rft.pub=Legal+Affairs&rft.date=2003-01-15&rft.aulast=Lessig&rft.aufirst=Lawrence&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.legalaffairs.org%2Fissues%2FMarch-April-2004%2Fstory_lessig_marapr04.msp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEldred+v.+Ashcroft" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2004report-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2004report_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation report cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.copyright.gov/reports/annual/2004/annual2004.pdf">Annual Report of the Register of Copyrights</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> (Report). United States Copyright Office. 2004. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/https://www.copyright.gov/reports/annual/2004/annual2004.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on October 9, 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 22,</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=report&rft.btitle=Annual+Report+of+the+Register+of+Copyrights&rft.pub=United+States+Copyright+Office&rft.date=2004&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.copyright.gov%2Freports%2Fannual%2F2004%2Fannual2004.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEldred+v.+Ashcroft" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite><i><a href="/wiki/Kahle_v._Gonzales" title="Kahle v. Gonzales">Kahle v. Gonzales</a></i></cite>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar_case?case=15656508768722891373&q=Kahle+v.+Gonzales&hl=en&as_sdt=6,36&as_vis=1"> 487 F.3d 697</a> (9th Cir. 2007).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.reuters.com/article/domesticNews/idUSN2247399120070122">"U.S. court upholds copyright law on "orphan works"<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <i>Reuters</i>. January 22, 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Reuters&rft.atitle=U.S.+court+upholds+copyright+law+on+%22orphan+works%22&rft.date=2007-01-22&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.reuters.com%2Farticle%2FdomesticNews%2FidUSN2247399120070122&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEldred+v.+Ashcroft" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Eldred_v._Ashcroft&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAustin2003" class="citation journal cs1">Austin, Graeme W. (2003). "Copyright's Modest Ontology - Theory and Pragmatism in <i>Eldred v. Ashcroft</i>". <i>Canadian Journal of Law and Jurisprudence</i>. <b>16</b> (2): 163–178. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0841820900003672">10.1017/S0841820900003672</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:146365475">146365475</a>. <a href="/wiki/SSRN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="SSRN (identifier)">SSRN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=528224">528224</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Canadian+Journal+of+Law+and+Jurisprudence&rft.atitle=Copyright%27s+Modest+Ontology+-+Theory+and+Pragmatism+in+Eldred+v.+Ashcroft&rft.volume=16&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=163-178&rft.date=2003&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A146365475%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpapers.ssrn.com%2Fsol3%2Fpapers.cfm%3Fabstract_id%3D528224%23id-name%3DSSRN&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS0841820900003672&rft.aulast=Austin&rft.aufirst=Graeme+W.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEldred+v.+Ashcroft" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJones2004" class="citation journal cs1">Jones, Michael (2004). "<i>Eldred v. Ashcroft</i>: The Constitutionality of the Copyright Term Extension Act". <i>Berkeley Tech. Law Journal</i>. <b>19</b>: 85.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Berkeley+Tech.+Law+Journal&rft.atitle=Eldred+v.+Ashcroft%3A+The+Constitutionality+of+the+Copyright+Term+Extension+Act&rft.volume=19&rft.pages=85&rft.date=2004&rft.aulast=Jones&rft.aufirst=Michael&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEldred+v.+Ashcroft" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSamuelson2003" class="citation journal cs1">Samuelson, Pamela (2003). "The Constitutional Law of Intellectual Property After <i>Eldred v. Ashcroft</i>". <i>Journal of the Copyright Society</i>. <b>50</b>. <a href="/wiki/SSRN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="SSRN (identifier)">SSRN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=419540">419540</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+Copyright+Society&rft.atitle=The+Constitutional+Law+of+Intellectual+Property+After+Eldred+v.+Ashcroft&rft.volume=50&rft.date=2003&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpapers.ssrn.com%2Fsol3%2Fpapers.cfm%3Fabstract_id%3D419540%23id-name%3DSSRN&rft.aulast=Samuelson&rft.aufirst=Pamela&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEldred+v.+Ashcroft" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAckman2003" class="citation news cs1">Ackman, Dan (January 17, 2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB104276617127133384">"0.2% for the Mouse!"</a>. <i>Wall Street Journal, January 17, 2003</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Wall+Street+Journal%2C+January+17%2C+2003&rft.atitle=0.2%25+for+the+Mouse%21&rft.date=2003-01-17&rft.aulast=Ackman&rft.aufirst=Dan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.wsj.com%2Farticles%2FSB104276617127133384&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEldred+v.+Ashcroft" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Eldred_v._Ashcroft&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wikisource-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/15px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/23px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/30px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></a></span> Works related to <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Eldred_v._Ashcroft" class="extiw" title="wikisource:Eldred v. Ashcroft">Eldred v. Ashcroft</a> at Wikisource</li> <li>Text of <i>Eldred v. Ashcroft</i>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Supreme_Court_cases,_volume_537" title="List of United States Supreme Court cases, volume 537">537</a> <a href="/wiki/United_States_Reports" title="United States Reports">U.S.</a> 186 (2003) is available from: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.law.cornell.edu/supct/html/01-618.ZS.html">Cornell</a>  <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://caselaw.findlaw.com/us-supreme-court/537/186.html">Findlaw</a>  <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar_case?case=12147684852241107557">Google Scholar</a>  <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://supreme.justia.com/cases/federal/us/537/186/">Justia</a>  <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://cdn.loc.gov/service/ll/usrep/usrep537/usrep537186/usrep537186.pdf">Library of Congress</a> </li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oyez.org/sites/default/files/audio/cases/2002/01-618_20021009-argument.mp3">Oral argument before the Supreme Court, in MP3 format</a> (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170708051020/https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/01-618.pdf">Transcript</a>)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oyez.org/sites/default/files/audio/cases/2002/01-618_20030115-opinion.mp3">Opinion of the Supreme Court, in MP3 format</a> (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20041222003647/http://www.supremecourtus.gov/opinions/02pdf/01-618.pdf">Text</a>)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://eon.law.harvard.edu/openlaw/eldredvreno/">OpenLaw amicus briefs</a> - also has other information including media coverage, etc.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://cyber.law.harvard.edu/eldredvreno/legaldocs.html">Links to various briefs filed in the case</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://llr.lls.edu/volumes/v36-issue1/">Symposium on <i>Eldred</i> from the <i>Loyola of Los Angeles Law Review</i></a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20030210111402/http://arl.cni.org/info/frn/copy/timeline.html">A timeline of U.S. Copyright</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.aaronsw.com/weblog/000650">First-person narrative of the experience of attending the Oral Argument before the Supreme Court</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.legalaffairs.org/issues/March-April-2004/story_lessig_marapr04.html">Lawrence Lessig's article about why Eldred lost</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210425211148/http://www.legalaffairs.org/issues/March-April-2004/story_lessig_marapr04.html">Archived</a> April 25, 2021, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://rack1.ul.cs.cmu.edu/jefferson/">Thomas Jefferson letters relating to Copyright Clause</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150523124824/http://rack1.ul.cs.cmu.edu/jefferson/">Archived</a> 2015-05-23 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol 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href="/wiki/Remix_(book)" title="Remix (book)">Remix</a></i> (2008)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Republic,_Lost" title="Republic, Lost">Republic, Lost</a></i> (2011)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/One_Way_Forward" title="One Way Forward">One Way Forward</a></i> (2012)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lawrence_Lessig_presidential_campaign,_2016" class="mw-redirect" title="Lawrence Lessig presidential campaign, 2016">2016 presidential campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mayday_PAC" title="Mayday PAC">Mayday.us</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rootstrikers" title="Rootstrikers">Rootstrikers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Change_Congress" title="Change Congress">Change Congress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stanford_Center_for_Internet_and_Society" title="Stanford Center for Internet and Society">Stanford Center for Internet and Society</a></li> <li><i><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Eldred v. Ashcroft</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kahle_v._Gonzales" title="Kahle v. Gonzales">Kahle v. Gonzales</a></i></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/The_Wake_Up_Call" class="mw-redirect" title="The Wake Up Call">The Wake Up Call</a>"</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Creative_Commons" title="Creative Commons">Creative Commons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Citizen_Equality_Act_of_2017" title="Citizen Equality Act of 2017">Citizen Equality Act of 2017</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electors_Trust" class="mw-redirect" title="Electors Trust">Electors Trust</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="U.S._Supreme_Court_Article_I_case_law" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:USArticleI" title="Template:USArticleI"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:USArticleI" title="Template talk:USArticleI"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:USArticleI" title="Special:EditPage/Template:USArticleI"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="U.S._Supreme_Court_Article_I_case_law" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States" title="Supreme Court of the United States">U.S. Supreme Court</a> <a href="/wiki/Article_One_of_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Article One of the United States Constitution">Article I</a> case law</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Enumeration_Clause_of_Section_II" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Article_One_of_the_United_States_Constitution#Clause_3:_Apportionment_of_Representatives_and_taxes" title="Article One of the United States Constitution">Enumeration Clause</a> of <a href="/wiki/Article_One_of_the_United_States_Constitution#Section_2:_House_of_Representatives" title="Article One of the United States Constitution">Section II</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Utah_v._Evans" title="Utah v. Evans">Utah v. Evans</a></i> (2002)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Department_of_Commerce_v._New_York" title="Department of Commerce v. New York">Department of Commerce v. New York</a></i> (2019)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Trump_v._New_York" title="Trump v. New York">Trump v. New York</a></i> (2020)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Qualifications_Clauses_of_Sections_II_and_III" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Article_One_of_the_United_States_Constitution#Clause_2:_Qualifications_of_Members" title="Article One of the United States Constitution">Qualifications Clauses of Sections II</a> and <a href="/wiki/Article_One_of_the_United_States_Constitution#Clause_3:_Qualifications_of_senators" title="Article One of the United States Constitution">III</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Powell_v._McCormack" title="Powell v. McCormack">Powell v. McCormack</a></i> (1969)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/U.S._Term_Limits,_Inc._v._Thornton" title="U.S. Term Limits, Inc. v. Thornton">U.S. Term Limits, Inc. v. Thornton</a></i> (1995)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Cook_v._Gralike" title="Cook v. Gralike">Cook v. Gralike</a></i> (2001)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Elections_Clause_of_Section_IV" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Article_One_of_the_United_States_Constitution#Clause_1:_Time,_place,_and_manner_of_holding" title="Article One of the United States Constitution">Elections Clause</a> of <a href="/wiki/Article_One_of_the_United_States_Constitution#Section_4:_Congressional_elections" title="Article One of the United States Constitution">Section IV</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Ex_parte_Siebold" title="Ex parte Siebold">Ex parte Siebold</a></i> (1879)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Smiley_v._Holm" title="Smiley v. Holm">Smiley v. Holm</a></i> (1932)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/U.S._Term_Limits,_Inc._v._Thornton" title="U.S. Term Limits, Inc. v. Thornton">U.S. Term Limits, Inc. v. Thornton</a></i> (1995)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Arizona_State_Legislature_v._Arizona_Independent_Redistricting_Commission" title="Arizona State Legislature v. Arizona Independent Redistricting Commission">Arizona State Legislature v. Arizona Independent Redistricting Commission</a></i> (2015)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Moore_v._Harper" title="Moore v. Harper">Moore v. Harper</a></i> (2023)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Speech_or_Debate_Clause_of_Section_VI" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Speech_or_Debate_Clause" title="Speech or Debate Clause">Speech or Debate Clause</a> of <a href="/wiki/Article_One_of_the_United_States_Constitution#Section_6:Compensation,_privileges,_and_restrictions_on_holding_civil_office" title="Article One of the United States Constitution">Section VI</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Kilbourn_v._Thompson" title="Kilbourn v. Thompson">Kilbourn v. Thompson</a></i> (1881)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/United_States_v._Johnson_(1966)" title="United States v. Johnson (1966)">United States v. Johnson</a></i> (1966)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Gravel_v._United_States" title="Gravel v. United States">Gravel v. United States</a></i> (1972)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Origination_Clause_of_Section_VII" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Origination_Clause" title="Origination Clause">Origination Clause</a> of <a href="/wiki/Article_One_of_the_United_States_Constitution#Section_7:_Bills" title="Article One of the United States Constitution">Section VII</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Flint_v._Stone_Tracy_Co." title="Flint v. Stone Tracy Co.">Flint v. Stone Tracy Co.</a></i> (1911)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/United_States_v._Munoz-Flores" title="United States v. Munoz-Flores">United States v. Munoz-Flores</a></i> (1990)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Presentment_Clause_of_Section_VII" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Presentment_Clause" title="Presentment Clause">Presentment Clause</a> of Section VII</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pocket_Veto_Case" title="Pocket Veto Case">Pocket Veto Case</a> (1929)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Immigration_and_Naturalization_Service_v._Chadha" title="Immigration and Naturalization Service v. Chadha">Immigration and Naturalization Service v. Chadha</a></i> (1983)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Clinton_v._City_of_New_York" title="Clinton v. City of New York">Clinton v. City of New York</a></i> (1998)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Taxing_and_Spending_Clause_of_Section_VIII" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Taxing_and_Spending_Clause" title="Taxing and Spending Clause">Taxing and Spending Clause</a> of <a href="/wiki/Article_One_of_the_United_States_Constitution#Section_8:_Powers_of_Congress" title="Article One of the United States Constitution">Section VIII</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Hylton_v._United_States" title="Hylton v. United States">Hylton v. United States</a></i> (1796)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Collector_v._Day" title="Collector v. Day">Collector v. Day</a></i> (1871)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Springer_v._United_States" title="Springer v. United States">Springer v. United States</a></i> (1881)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Pollock_v._Farmers%27_Loan_%26_Trust_Co." title="Pollock v. Farmers' Loan & Trust Co.">Pollock v. Farmers' Loan & Trust Co.</a></i> (1895)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Brushaber_v._Union_Pacific_Railroad_Co." title="Brushaber v. Union Pacific Railroad Co.">Brushaber v. Union Pacific Railroad Co.</a></i> (1916)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Bailey_v._Drexel_Furniture_Co." title="Bailey v. Drexel Furniture Co.">Bailey v. Drexel Furniture Co.</a></i> (1922)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/United_States_v._Butler" title="United States v. Butler">United States v. Butler</a></i> (1936)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Helvering_v._Davis" title="Helvering v. Davis">Helvering v. Davis</a></i> (1937)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/South_Dakota_v._Dole" title="South Dakota v. Dole">South Dakota v. Dole</a></i> (1987)</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sabri_v._United_States&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sabri v. United States (page does not exist)">Sabri v. United States</a></i> (2004)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/National_Federation_of_Independent_Business_v._Sebelius" title="National Federation of Independent Business v. Sebelius">National Federation of Independent Business v. Sebelius</a></i> (2012)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Commerce_Clause_of_Section_VIII" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Commerce_Clause" title="Commerce Clause">Commerce Clause</a> of Section VIII</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Dormant_Commerce_Clause" title="Dormant Commerce Clause">Dormant Commerce Clause</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Brown_v._Maryland" title="Brown v. Maryland">Brown v. Maryland</a></i> (1827)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Willson_v._Black-Bird_Creek_Marsh_Co." title="Willson v. Black-Bird Creek Marsh Co.">Willson v. Black-Bird Creek Marsh Co.</a></i> (1829)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Cooley_v._Board_of_Wardens" title="Cooley v. Board of Wardens">Cooley v. Board of Wardens</a></i> (1852)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Wabash,_St._Louis_%26_Pacific_Railway_Co._v._Illinois" title="Wabash, St. Louis & Pacific Railway Co. v. Illinois">Wabash, St. Louis & Pacific Railway Co. v. Illinois</a></i> (1886)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Swift_%26_Co._v._United_States" title="Swift & Co. v. United States">Swift & Co. v. United States</a></i> (1905)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/George_W._Bush_%26_Sons_Co._v._Malloy" title="George W. Bush & Sons Co. v. Malloy">George W. Bush & Sons Co. v. Malloy</a></i> (1925)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Baldwin_v._G.A.F._Seelig,_Inc." title="Baldwin v. G.A.F. Seelig, Inc.">Baldwin v. G.A.F. Seelig, Inc.</a></i> (1935)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Edwards_v._California" title="Edwards v. California">Edwards v. California</a></i> (1941)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Southern_Pacific_Co._v._Arizona" title="Southern Pacific Co. v. Arizona">Southern Pacific Co. v. Arizona</a></i> (1945)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Dean_Milk_Co._v._City_of_Madison" title="Dean Milk Co. v. City of Madison">Dean Milk Co. v. City of Madison</a></i> (1951)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Miller_Bros._Co._v._Maryland" title="Miller Bros. Co. v. Maryland">Miller Bros. Co. v. Maryland</a></i> (1954)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Bibb_v._Navajo_Freight_Lines,_Inc." title="Bibb v. Navajo Freight Lines, Inc.">Bibb v. Navajo Freight Lines, Inc.</a></i> (1959)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/National_Bellas_Hess_v._Illinois" title="National Bellas Hess v. Illinois">National Bellas Hess v. Illinois</a></i> (1967)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Pike_v._Bruce_Church,_Inc." title="Pike v. Bruce Church, Inc.">Pike v. Bruce Church, Inc.</a></i> (1970)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Hughes_v._Alexandria_Scrap_Corp." title="Hughes v. Alexandria Scrap Corp.">Hughes v. Alexandria Scrap Corp.</a></i> (1976)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Complete_Auto_Transit,_Inc._v._Brady" title="Complete Auto Transit, Inc. v. Brady">Complete Auto Transit, Inc. v. Brady</a></i> (1977)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Hunt_v._Washington_State_Apple_Advertising_Commission" title="Hunt v. Washington State Apple Advertising Commission">Hunt v. Washington State Apple Advertising Commission</a></i> (1977)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/City_of_Philadelphia_v._New_Jersey" title="City of Philadelphia v. New Jersey">City of Philadelphia v. New Jersey</a></i> (1978)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Exxon_Corp._v._Governor_of_Maryland" title="Exxon Corp. v. Governor of Maryland">Exxon Corp. v. Governor of Maryland</a></i> (1978)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Reeves,_Inc._v._Stake" title="Reeves, Inc. v. Stake">Reeves, Inc. v. Stake</a></i> (1980)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kassel_v._Consolidated_Freightways_Corp." title="Kassel v. Consolidated Freightways Corp.">Kassel v. Consolidated Freightways Corp.</a></i> (1981)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sporhase_v._Nebraska_ex_rel._Douglas" title="Sporhase v. Nebraska ex rel. Douglas">Sporhase v. Nebraska ex rel. Douglas</a></i> (1982)</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=White_v._Mass._Council_of_Construction_Employers&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="White v. Mass. Council of Construction Employers (page does not exist)">White v. Mass. Council of Construction Employers</a></i> (1983)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/South-Central_Timber_Development,_Inc._v._Wunnicke" title="South-Central Timber Development, Inc. v. Wunnicke">South-Central Timber Development, Inc. v. Wunnicke</a></i> (1984)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Maine_v._Taylor" title="Maine v. Taylor">Maine v. Taylor</a></i> (1986)</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Healy_v._Beer_Institute,_Inc.&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Healy v. Beer Institute, Inc. (page does not exist)">Healy v. Beer Institute, Inc.</a></i> (1989)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Quill_Corp._v._North_Dakota" title="Quill Corp. v. North Dakota">Quill Corp. v. North Dakota</a></i> (1992)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Chemical_Waste_Management,_Inc._v._Hunt" title="Chemical Waste Management, Inc. v. Hunt">Chemical Waste Management, Inc. v. Hunt</a></i> (1992)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Oregon_Waste_Systems,_Inc._v._Department_of_Environmental_Quality_of_Oregon" title="Oregon Waste Systems, Inc. v. Department of Environmental Quality of Oregon">Oregon Waste Systems, Inc. v. Department of Environmental Quality of Oregon</a></i> (1994)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/C%26A_Carbone,_Inc._v._Town_of_Clarkstown" title="C&A Carbone, Inc. v. Town of Clarkstown">C&A Carbone, Inc. v. Town of Clarkstown</a></i> (1994)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/West_Lynn_Creamery,_Inc._v._Healy" title="West Lynn Creamery, Inc. v. Healy">West Lynn Creamery, Inc. v. Healy</a></i> (1994)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Granholm_v._Heald" title="Granholm v. Heald">Granholm v. Heald</a></i> (2005)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/United_Haulers_Ass%27n_v._Oneida-Herkimer_Solid_Waste_Management_Authority" title="United Haulers Ass'n v. Oneida-Herkimer Solid Waste Management Authority">United Haulers Ass'n v. Oneida-Herkimer Solid Waste Management Authority</a></i> (2007)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Department_of_Revenue_of_Kentucky_v._Davis" title="Department of Revenue of Kentucky v. Davis">Department of Revenue of Kentucky v. Davis</a></i> (2008)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Comptroller_of_the_Treasury_of_Maryland_v._Wynne" title="Comptroller of the Treasury of Maryland v. Wynne">Comptroller of the Treasury of Maryland v. Wynne</a></i> (2015)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/South_Dakota_v._Wayfair,_Inc." title="South Dakota v. Wayfair, Inc.">South Dakota v. Wayfair, Inc.</a></i> (2018)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tennessee_Wine_and_Spirits_Retailers_Assn._v._Thomas" title="Tennessee Wine and Spirits Retailers Assn. v. Thomas">Tennessee Wine and Spirits Retailers Assn. v. Thomas</a></i> (2019)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/National_Pork_Producers_Council_v._Ross" title="National Pork Producers Council v. Ross">National Pork Producers Council v. Ross</a></i> (2023)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Gibbons_v._Ogden" title="Gibbons v. Ogden">Gibbons v. Ogden</a></i> (1824)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Passenger_Cases" title="Passenger Cases">Passenger Cases</a></i> (1849)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Paul_v._Virginia" title="Paul v. Virginia">Paul v. Virginia</a></i> (1869)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Cooper_Manufacturing_Co._v._Ferguson" title="Cooper Manufacturing Co. v. Ferguson">Cooper Manufacturing Co. v. Ferguson</a></i> (1885)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kidd_v._Pearson" title="Kidd v. Pearson">Kidd v. Pearson</a></i> (1888)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/In_re_Debs" title="In re Debs">In re Debs</a></i> (1895)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/United_States_v._E._C._Knight_Co." title="United States v. E. C. Knight Co.">United States v. E. C. Knight Co.</a></i> (1895)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Champion_v._Ames" title="Champion v. Ames">Champion v. Ames</a></i> (1903)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Southern_Railway_Co._v._United_States" title="Southern Railway Co. v. United States">Southern Railway Co. v. United States</a></i> (1911)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Hoke_v._United_States" title="Hoke v. United States">Hoke v. United States</a></i> (1913)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Houston_East_%26_West_Texas_Railway_Co._v._United_States" title="Houston East & West Texas Railway Co. v. United States">Houston East & West Texas Railway Co. v. United States</a></i> (1914)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Hammer_v._Dagenhart" title="Hammer v. Dagenhart">Hammer v. Dagenhart</a></i> (1918)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Board_of_Trade_of_City_of_Chicago_v._Olsen" title="Board of Trade of City of Chicago v. Olsen">Board of Trade of City of Chicago v. Olsen</a></i> (1923)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/A.L.A._Schechter_Poultry_Corp._v._United_States" title="A.L.A. Schechter Poultry Corp. v. United States">A.L.A. Schechter Poultry Corp. v. United States</a></i> (1935)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Gold_Clause_Cases" title="Gold Clause Cases">Gold Clause Cases</a></i> (1935)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Panama_Refining_Co._v._Ryan" title="Panama Refining Co. v. Ryan">Panama Refining Co. v. Ryan</a></i> (1935)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Carter_v._Carter_Coal_Co." title="Carter v. Carter Coal Co.">Carter v. Carter Coal Co.</a></i> (1936)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/NLRB_v._Jones_%26_Laughlin_Steel_Corp." title="NLRB v. Jones & Laughlin Steel Corp.">NLRB v. Jones & Laughlin Steel Corp.</a></i> (1937)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/United_States_v._Carolene_Products_Co." title="United States v. Carolene Products Co.">United States v. Carolene Products Co.</a></i> (1938)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/McGoldrick_v._Berwind-White_Coal_Mining_Co." title="McGoldrick v. Berwind-White Coal Mining Co.">McGoldrick v. Berwind-White Coal Mining Co.</a></i> (1940)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/United_States_v._Darby_Lumber_Co." title="United States v. Darby Lumber Co.">United States v. Darby Lumber Co.</a></i> (1941)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/United_States_v._Wrightwood_Dairy_Co." title="United States v. Wrightwood Dairy Co.">United States v. Wrightwood Dairy Co.</a></i> (1942)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Wickard_v._Filburn" title="Wickard v. Filburn">Wickard v. Filburn</a></i> (1942)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/United_States_v._South-Eastern_Underwriters_Ass%27n" title="United States v. South-Eastern Underwriters Ass'n">United States v. South-Eastern Underwriters Ass'n</a></i> (1944)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/North_American_Co._v._SEC" title="North American Co. v. SEC">North American Co. v. SEC</a></i> (1946)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/H.P._Hood_%26_Sons_v._Du_Mond" title="H.P. Hood & Sons v. Du Mond">H.P. Hood & Sons v. Du Mond</a></i> (1949)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Henderson_v._United_States_(1950)" title="Henderson v. United States (1950)">Henderson v. United States</a></i> (1950)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Canton_Railroad_Co._v._Rogan" title="Canton Railroad Co. v. Rogan">Canton Railroad Co. v. Rogan</a></i> (1951)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Boynton_v._Virginia" title="Boynton v. Virginia">Boynton v. Virginia</a></i> (1960)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Heart_of_Atlanta_Motel,_Inc._v._United_States" title="Heart of Atlanta Motel, Inc. v. United States">Heart of Atlanta Motel, Inc. v. United States</a></i> (1964)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Katzenbach_v._McClung" title="Katzenbach v. McClung">Katzenbach v. McClung</a></i> (1964)</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Maryland_v._Wirtz&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Maryland v. Wirtz (page does not exist)">Maryland v. Wirtz</a></i> (1968)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/National_League_of_Cities_v._Usery" title="National League of Cities v. Usery">National League of Cities v. Usery</a></i> (1976)</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hodel_v._Virginia_Surface_Mining_%26_Reclamation_Association,_Inc.&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hodel v. Virginia Surface Mining & Reclamation Association, Inc. (page does not exist)">Hodel v. Virginia Surface Mining & Reclamation Association, Inc.</a></i> (1981)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_Edison_Co._v._Montana" title="Commonwealth Edison Co. v. Montana">Commonwealth Edison Co. v. Montana</a></i> (1981)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/EEOC_v._Wyoming" title="EEOC v. Wyoming">EEOC v. Wyoming</a></i> (1983)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Garcia_v._San_Antonio_Metropolitan_Transit_Authority" title="Garcia v. San Antonio Metropolitan Transit Authority">Garcia v. San Antonio Metropolitan Transit Authority</a></i> (1985)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/New_York_v._United_States" title="New York v. United States">New York v. United States</a></i> (1992)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/United_States_v._Lopez" title="United States v. Lopez">United States v. Lopez</a></i> (1995)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Seminole_Tribe_of_Florida_v._Florida" title="Seminole Tribe of Florida v. Florida">Seminole Tribe of Florida v. Florida</a></i> (1996)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Reno_v._Condon" title="Reno v. Condon">Reno v. Condon</a></i> (2000)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/United_States_v._Locke" title="United States v. Locke">United States v. Locke</a></i> (2000)</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jones_v._United_States_(2000)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jones v. United States (2000) (page does not exist)">Jones v. United States</a></i> (2000)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/United_States_v._Morrison" title="United States v. Morrison">United States v. Morrison</a></i> (2000)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Gonzales_v._Raich" title="Gonzales v. Raich">Gonzales v. Raich</a></i> (2005)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/National_Federation_of_Independent_Business_v._Sebelius" title="National Federation of Independent Business v. Sebelius">National Federation of Independent Business v. Sebelius</a></i> (2012)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Taylor_v._United_States_(2016)" title="Taylor v. United States (2016)">Taylor v. United States</a></i> (2016)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Coinage_Clause_of_Section_VIII" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Article_One_of_the_United_States_Constitution#Enumerated_powers" title="Article One of the United States Constitution">Coinage Clause</a> of Section VIII</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Legal_Tender_Cases" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i><a href="/wiki/Legal_Tender_Cases" title="Legal Tender Cases">Legal Tender Cases</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Knox_v._Lee" title="Knox v. Lee">Knox v. Lee</a></i> (1871)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Juilliard_v._Greenman" title="Juilliard v. Greenman">Juilliard v. Greenman</a></i> (1884)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Copyright_Clause_of_Section_VIII" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Copyright_Clause" title="Copyright Clause">Copyright Clause</a> of Section VIII</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Copyright_Act_of_1790" title="Copyright Act of 1790">Copyright Act of 1790</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Wheaton_v._Peters" title="Wheaton v. Peters">Wheaton v. Peters</a></i> (1834)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Paige_v._Banks" title="Paige v. Banks">Paige v. Banks</a></i> (1872)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Globe_Newspaper_Co._v._Walker" title="Globe Newspaper Co. v. Walker">Globe Newspaper Co. v. Walker</a></i> (1908)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_United_States_patent_law#Patent_Act_of_1793" title="History of United States patent law">Patent Act of 1793</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Tyler_v._Tuel" title="Tyler v. Tuel">Tyler v. Tuel</a></i> (1810)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Evans_v._Eaton_(1818)" title="Evans v. Eaton (1818)">Evans v. Eaton</a></i> (1818)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Evans_v._Eaton_(1822)" title="Evans v. Eaton (1822)">Evans v. Eaton</a></i> (1822)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Evans_v._Hettich" title="Evans v. Hettich">Evans v. Hettich</a></i> (1822)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Patent_infringement_under_United_States_law" title="Patent infringement under United States law">Patent infringement</a> case law</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Evans_v._Jordan" title="Evans v. Jordan">Evans v. Jordan</a></i> (1815)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Hollister_v._Benedict_%26_Burnham_Manufacturing_Co." title="Hollister v. Benedict & Burnham Manufacturing Co.">Hollister v. Benedict & Burnham Manufacturing Co.</a></i> (1885)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Rowell_v._Lindsay" title="Rowell v. Lindsay">Rowell v. Lindsay</a></i> (1885)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Schillinger_v._United_States" title="Schillinger v. United States">Schillinger v. United States</a></i> (1894)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Bauer_%26_Cie._v._O%27Donnell" title="Bauer & Cie. v. O'Donnell">Bauer & Cie. v. O'Donnell</a></i> (1913)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/General_Talking_Pictures_Corp._v._Western_Electric_Co." title="General Talking Pictures Corp. v. Western Electric Co.">General Talking Pictures Corp. v. Western Electric Co.</a></i> (1938)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Patentability" title="Patentability">Patentability</a> case law</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Pennock_v._Dialogue" title="Pennock v. Dialogue">Pennock v. Dialogue</a></i> (1829)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Hotchkiss_v._Greenwood" title="Hotchkiss v. Greenwood">Hotchkiss v. Greenwood</a></i> (1851)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/O%27Reilly_v._Morse" title="O'Reilly v. Morse">O'Reilly v. Morse</a></i> (1853)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Cochrane_v._Deener" title="Cochrane v. Deener">Cochrane v. Deener</a></i> (1876)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/City_of_Elizabeth_v._American_Nicholson_Pavement_Co." title="City of Elizabeth v. American Nicholson Pavement Co.">City of Elizabeth v. American Nicholson Pavement Co.</a></i> (1878)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Egbert_v._Lippmann" title="Egbert v. Lippmann">Egbert v. Lippmann</a></i> (1881)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Consolidated_Safety-Valve_Co._v._Crosby_Steam_Gauge_%26_Valve_Co." title="Consolidated Safety-Valve Co. v. Crosby Steam Gauge & Valve Co.">Consolidated Safety-Valve Co. v. Crosby Steam Gauge & Valve Co.</a></i> (1885)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Voss_v._Fisher" title="Voss v. Fisher">Voss v. Fisher</a></i> (1885)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Copyright_Act_of_1831" title="Copyright Act of 1831">Copyright Act of 1831</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Wheaton_v._Peters" title="Wheaton v. Peters">Wheaton v. Peters</a></i> (1834)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Backus_v._Gould" title="Backus v. Gould">Backus v. Gould</a></i> (1849)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Stephens_v._Cady" title="Stephens v. Cady">Stephens v. Cady</a></i> (1853)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Stevens_v._Gladding" title="Stevens v. Gladding">Stevens v. Gladding</a></i> (1854)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Little_v._Hall" title="Little v. Hall">Little v. Hall</a></i> (1856)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Paige_v._Banks" title="Paige v. Banks">Paige v. Banks</a></i> (1872)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Baker_v._Selden" title="Baker v. Selden">Baker v. Selden</a></i> (1879)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Callaghan_v._Myers" title="Callaghan v. Myers">Callaghan v. Myers</a></i> (1888)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Higgins_v._Keuffel" title="Higgins v. Keuffel">Higgins v. Keuffel</a></i> (1891)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Holmes_v._Hurst" title="Holmes v. Hurst">Holmes v. Hurst</a></i> (1899)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Brady_v._Daly" title="Brady v. Daly">Brady v. Daly</a></i> (1899)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Bolles_v._Outing_Co." title="Bolles v. Outing Co.">Bolles v. Outing Co.</a></i> (1899)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mifflin_v._R._H._White_Company" title="Mifflin v. R. H. White Company">Mifflin v. R. H. White Company</a></i> (1903)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mifflin_v._Dutton" title="Mifflin v. Dutton">Mifflin v. Dutton</a></i> (1903)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Copyright_Act_of_1870" title="Copyright Act of 1870">Copyright Act of 1870</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Perris_v._Hexamer" title="Perris v. Hexamer">Perris v. Hexamer</a></i> (1879)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Trade-Mark_Cases" title="Trade-Mark Cases">Trade-Mark Cases</a></i> (1879)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Merrell_v._Tice" title="Merrell v. Tice">Merrell v. Tice</a></i> (1881)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Schreiber_v._Sharpless" title="Schreiber v. Sharpless">Schreiber v. Sharpless</a></i> (1884)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Burrow-Giles_Lithographic_Co._v._Sarony" title="Burrow-Giles Lithographic Co. v. Sarony">Burrow-Giles Lithographic Co. v. Sarony</a></i> (1884)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Thornton_v._Schreiber" title="Thornton v. Schreiber">Thornton v. Schreiber</a></i> (1888)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Banks_v._Manchester" title="Banks v. Manchester">Banks v. Manchester</a></i> (1888)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Callaghan_v._Myers" title="Callaghan v. Myers">Callaghan v. Myers</a></i> (1888)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Thompson_v._Hubbard" title="Thompson v. Hubbard">Thompson v. Hubbard</a></i> (1889)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Higgins_v._Keuffel" title="Higgins v. Keuffel">Higgins v. Keuffel</a></i> (1891)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Belford_v._Scribner" title="Belford v. Scribner">Belford v. Scribner</a></i> (1892)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Brady_v._Daly" title="Brady v. Daly">Brady v. Daly</a></i> (1899)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Bolles_v._Outing_Co." title="Bolles v. Outing Co.">Bolles v. Outing Co.</a></i> (1899)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Bleistein_v._Donaldson_Lithographing_Co." title="Bleistein v. Donaldson Lithographing Co.">Bleistein v. Donaldson Lithographing Co.</a></i> (1903)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/McLoughlin_v._Raphael_Tuck_%26_Sons_Co." title="McLoughlin v. Raphael Tuck & Sons Co.">McLoughlin v. Raphael Tuck & Sons Co.</a></i> (1903)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/American_Tobacco_Co._v._Werckmeister" title="American Tobacco Co. v. Werckmeister">American Tobacco Co. v. Werckmeister</a></i> (1907)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Werckmeister_v._American_Tobacco_Co." title="Werckmeister v. American Tobacco Co.">Werckmeister v. American Tobacco Co.</a></i> (1907)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/United_Dictionary_Co._v._G._%26_C._Merriam_Co." title="United Dictionary Co. v. G. & C. Merriam Co.">United Dictionary Co. v. G. & C. Merriam Co.</a></i> (1907)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/White-Smith_Music_Publishing_Co._v._Apollo_Co." title="White-Smith Music Publishing Co. v. Apollo Co.">White-Smith Music Publishing Co. v. Apollo Co.</a></i> (1908)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Dun_v._Lumbermen%27s_Credit_Ass%27n" title="Dun v. Lumbermen's Credit Ass'n">Dun v. Lumbermen's Credit Ass'n</a></i> (1908)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Bobbs-Merrill_Co._v._Straus" title="Bobbs-Merrill Co. v. Straus">Bobbs-Merrill Co. v. Straus</a></i> (1908)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Scribner_v._Straus" title="Scribner v. Straus">Scribner v. Straus</a></i> (1908)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Bong_v._Campbell_Art_Co." title="Bong v. Campbell Art Co.">Bong v. Campbell Art Co.</a></i> (1909)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Henry_v._A.B._Dick_Co." title="Henry v. A.B. Dick Co.">Henry v. A.B. Dick Co.</a></i> (1912)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sherman_Antitrust_Act_of_1890" class="mw-redirect" title="Sherman Antitrust Act of 1890">Sherman Antitrust Act of 1890</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Straus_v._American_Publishers_Association" title="Straus v. American Publishers Association">Straus v. American Publishers Association</a></i> (1913)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Interstate_Circuit,_Inc._v._United_States" title="Interstate Circuit, Inc. v. United States">Interstate Circuit, Inc. v. United States</a></i> (1939)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Fashion_Originators%27_Guild_of_America_v._FTC" title="Fashion Originators' Guild of America v. FTC">Fashion Originators' Guild of America v. FTC</a></i> (1941)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/United_States_v._Paramount_Pictures,_Inc." title="United States v. Paramount Pictures, Inc.">United States v. Paramount Pictures, Inc.</a></i> (1948)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Broadcast_Music,_Inc._v._CBS_Inc." title="Broadcast Music, Inc. v. CBS Inc.">Broadcast Music, Inc. v. CBS Inc.</a></i> (1979)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/International_Copyright_Act_of_1891" title="International Copyright Act of 1891">International Copyright Act of 1891</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Press_Pub._Co._v._Monroe" title="Press Pub. Co. v. Monroe">Press Pub. Co. v. Monroe</a></i> (1896)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/McLoughlin_v._Raphael_Tuck_%26_Sons_Co." title="McLoughlin v. Raphael Tuck & Sons Co.">McLoughlin v. Raphael Tuck & Sons Co.</a></i> (1903)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/American_Tobacco_Co._v._Werckmeister" title="American Tobacco Co. v. Werckmeister">American Tobacco Co. v. Werckmeister</a></i> (1907)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/White-Smith_Music_Publishing_Co._v._Apollo_Co." title="White-Smith Music Publishing Co. v. Apollo Co.">White-Smith Music Publishing Co. v. Apollo Co.</a></i> (1908)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Globe_Newspaper_Co._v._Walker" title="Globe Newspaper Co. v. Walker">Globe Newspaper Co. v. Walker</a></i> (1908)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Bong_v._Campbell_Art_Co." title="Bong v. Campbell Art Co.">Bong v. Campbell Art Co.</a></i> (1909)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Caliga_v._Inter_Ocean_Newspaper_Co." title="Caliga v. Inter Ocean Newspaper Co.">Caliga v. Inter Ocean Newspaper Co.</a></i> (1909)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Hills_and_Co._v._Hoover" title="Hills and Co. v. Hoover">Hills and Co. v. Hoover</a></i> (1911)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kalem_Co._v._Harper_Bros." title="Kalem Co. v. Harper Bros.">Kalem Co. v. Harper Bros.</a></i> (1911)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Copyright_Act_of_1909" title="Copyright Act of 1909">Copyright Act of 1909</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Hills_and_Co._v._Hoover" title="Hills and Co. v. Hoover">Hills and Co. v. Hoover</a></i> (1911)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/DeJonge_and_Co._v._Breuker_%26_Kessler_Co." title="DeJonge and Co. v. Breuker & Kessler Co.">DeJonge and Co. v. Breuker & Kessler Co.</a></i> (1914)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Herbert_v._Shanley_Co." title="Herbert v. Shanley Co.">Herbert v. Shanley Co.</a></i> (1917)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Manners_v._Morosco" title="Manners v. Morosco">Manners v. Morosco</a></i> (1920)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Fox_Film_Corp._v._Knowles" title="Fox Film Corp. v. Knowles">Fox Film Corp. v. Knowles</a></i> (1923)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Buck_v._Jewell-LaSalle_Realty_Co." title="Buck v. Jewell-LaSalle Realty Co.">Buck v. Jewell-LaSalle Realty Co.</a></i> (1931)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Douglas_v._Cunningham" title="Douglas v. Cunningham">Douglas v. Cunningham</a></i> (1935)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Washingtonian_Pub._Co._v._Pearson" title="Washingtonian Pub. Co. v. Pearson">Washingtonian Pub. Co. v. Pearson</a></i> (1939)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sheldon_v._Metro-Goldwyn_Pictures_Corp." title="Sheldon v. Metro-Goldwyn Pictures Corp.">Sheldon v. Metro-Goldwyn Pictures Corp.</a></i> (1940)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Fred_Fisher_Music_Co._v._M._Witmark_%26_Sons" title="Fred Fisher Music Co. v. M. Witmark & Sons">Fred Fisher Music Co. v. M. Witmark & Sons</a></i> (1943)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/F._W._Woolworth_Co._v._Contemporary_Arts,_Inc." title="F. W. Woolworth Co. v. Contemporary Arts, Inc.">F. W. Woolworth Co. v. Contemporary Arts, Inc.</a></i> (1952)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mazer_v._Stein" title="Mazer v. Stein">Mazer v. Stein</a></i> (1954)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/De_Sylva_v._Ballentine" title="De Sylva v. Ballentine">De Sylva v. Ballentine</a></i> (1956)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sears,_Roebuck_%26_Co._v._Stiffel_Co." title="Sears, Roebuck & Co. v. Stiffel Co.">Sears, Roebuck & Co. v. Stiffel Co.</a></i> (1964)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Williams_%26_Wilkins_Co._v._United_States" title="Williams & Wilkins Co. v. United States">Williams & Wilkins Co. v. United States</a></i> (1973)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Patent_misuse" title="Patent misuse">Patent misuse</a> case law</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Motion_Picture_Patents_Co._v._Universal_Film_Manufacturing_Co." title="Motion Picture Patents Co. v. Universal Film Manufacturing Co.">Motion Picture Patents Co. v. Universal Film Manufacturing Co.</a></i> (1917)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Morton_Salt_Co._v._G.S._Suppiger_Co." title="Morton Salt Co. v. G.S. Suppiger Co.">Morton Salt Co. v. G.S. Suppiger Co.</a></i> (1942)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Clayton_Antitrust_Act_of_1914" title="Clayton Antitrust Act of 1914">Clayton Antitrust Act of 1914</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Fashion_Originators%27_Guild_of_America_v._FTC" title="Fashion Originators' Guild of America v. FTC">Fashion Originators' Guild of America v. FTC</a></i> (1941)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Dowling_v._United_States_(1985)" title="Dowling v. United States (1985)">Dowling v. United States</a></i> (1985)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Lanham_Act" title="Lanham Act">Lanham Act</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Inwood_Laboratories,_Inc._v._Ives_Laboratories,_Inc." title="Inwood Laboratories, Inc. v. Ives Laboratories, Inc.">Inwood Laboratories, Inc. v. Ives Laboratories, Inc.</a></i> (1982)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/San_Francisco_Arts_%26_Athletics,_Inc._v._United_States_Olympic_Committee" title="San Francisco Arts & Athletics, Inc. v. United States Olympic Committee">San Francisco Arts & Athletics, Inc. v. United States Olympic Committee</a></i> (1987)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Two_Pesos,_Inc._v._Taco_Cabana,_Inc." title="Two Pesos, Inc. v. Taco Cabana, Inc.">Two Pesos, Inc. v. Taco Cabana, Inc.</a></i> (1992)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Qualitex_Co._v._Jacobson_Products_Co." title="Qualitex Co. v. Jacobson Products Co.">Qualitex Co. v. Jacobson Products Co.</a></i> (1995)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/College_Savings_Bank_v._Florida_Prepaid_Postsecondary_Education_Expense_Board" title="College Savings Bank v. Florida Prepaid Postsecondary Education Expense Board">College Savings Bank v. Florida Prepaid Postsecondary Education Expense Board</a></i> (1999)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Cooper_Industries,_Inc._v._Leatherman_Tool_Group,_Inc." title="Cooper Industries, Inc. v. Leatherman Tool Group, Inc.">Cooper Industries, Inc. v. Leatherman Tool Group, Inc.</a></i> (2001)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/TrafFix_Devices,_Inc._v._Marketing_Displays,_Inc." title="TrafFix Devices, Inc. v. Marketing Displays, Inc.">TrafFix Devices, Inc. v. Marketing Displays, Inc.</a></i> (2001)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Dastar_Corp._v._Twentieth_Century_Fox_Film_Corp." title="Dastar Corp. v. Twentieth Century Fox Film Corp.">Dastar Corp. v. Twentieth Century Fox Film Corp.</a></i> (2003)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Moseley_v._V_Secret_Catalogue,_Inc." title="Moseley v. V Secret Catalogue, Inc.">Moseley v. V Secret Catalogue, Inc.</a></i> (2003)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Lexmark_International,_Inc._v._Static_Control_Components,_Inc.#Scope_of_federal_statutory_torts:_2014_ruling_at_the_Supreme_Court" title="Lexmark International, Inc. v. Static Control Components, Inc.">Lexmark International, Inc. v. Static Control Components, Inc.</a></i> (2014)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/POM_Wonderful_LLC_v._Coca-Cola_Co." title="POM Wonderful LLC v. Coca-Cola Co.">POM Wonderful LLC v. Coca-Cola Co.</a></i> (2014)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Matal_v._Tam" title="Matal v. Tam">Matal v. Tam</a></i> (2017)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Iancu_v._Brunetti" title="Iancu v. Brunetti">Iancu v. Brunetti</a></i> (2019)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Romag_Fasteners,_Inc._v._Fossil,_Inc." title="Romag Fasteners, Inc. v. Fossil, Inc.">Romag Fasteners, Inc. v. Fossil, Inc.</a></i> (2020)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Copyright_Act_of_1976" title="Copyright Act of 1976">Copyright Act of 1976</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Zacchini_v._Scripps-Howard_Broadcasting_Co." title="Zacchini v. Scripps-Howard Broadcasting Co.">Zacchini v. Scripps-Howard Broadcasting Co.</a></i> (1977)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sony_Corp._of_America_v._Universal_City_Studios,_Inc." title="Sony Corp. of America v. Universal City Studios, Inc.">Sony Corp. of America v. Universal City Studios, Inc.</a></i> (1984)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mills_Music,_Inc._v._Snyder" title="Mills Music, Inc. v. Snyder">Mills Music, Inc. v. Snyder</a></i> (1985)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Harper_%26_Row_v._Nation_Enterprises" title="Harper & Row v. Nation Enterprises">Harper & Row v. Nation Enterprises</a></i> (1985)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Community_for_Creative_Non-Violence_v._Reid" title="Community for Creative Non-Violence v. Reid">Community for Creative Non-Violence v. Reid</a></i> (1989)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Stewart_v._Abend" title="Stewart v. Abend">Stewart v. Abend</a></i> (1990)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Feist_Publications,_Inc.,_v._Rural_Telephone_Service_Co." title="Feist Publications, Inc., v. Rural Telephone Service Co.">Feist Publications, Inc., v. Rural Telephone Service Co.</a></i> (1991)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Fogerty_v._Fantasy,_Inc." title="Fogerty v. Fantasy, Inc.">Fogerty v. Fantasy, Inc.</a></i> (1994)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Campbell_v._Acuff-Rose_Music,_Inc." title="Campbell v. Acuff-Rose Music, Inc.">Campbell v. Acuff-Rose Music, Inc.</a></i> (1994)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Lotus_Dev._Corp._v._Borland_Int%27l,_Inc." title="Lotus Dev. Corp. v. Borland Int'l, Inc.">Lotus Dev. Corp. v. Borland Int'l, Inc.</a></i> (1996)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Quality_King_Distributors_Inc.,_v._L%27anza_Research_International_Inc." title="Quality King Distributors Inc., v. L'anza Research International Inc.">Quality King Distributors Inc., v. L'anza Research International Inc.</a></i> (1998)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Feltner_v._Columbia_Pictures_Television,_Inc." title="Feltner v. Columbia Pictures Television, Inc.">Feltner v. Columbia Pictures Television, Inc.</a></i> (1998)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/New_York_Times_Co._v._Tasini" title="New York Times Co. v. Tasini">New York Times Co. v. Tasini</a></i> (2001)</li> <li><i><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Eldred v. Ashcroft</a></i> (2003)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/MGM_Studios,_Inc._v._Grokster,_Ltd." title="MGM Studios, Inc. v. Grokster, Ltd.">MGM Studios, Inc. v. Grokster, Ltd.</a></i> (2005)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Reed_Elsevier,_Inc._v._Muchnick" title="Reed Elsevier, Inc. v. Muchnick">Reed Elsevier, Inc. v. Muchnick</a></i> (2010)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Golan_v._Holder" title="Golan v. Holder">Golan v. Holder</a></i> (2012)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kirtsaeng_v._John_Wiley_%26_Sons,_Inc." title="Kirtsaeng v. John Wiley & Sons, Inc.">Kirtsaeng v. John Wiley & Sons, Inc.</a></i> (2013)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Petrella_v._Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer,_Inc." title="Petrella v. Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer, Inc.">Petrella v. Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer, Inc.</a></i> (2014)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/American_Broadcasting_Cos.,_Inc._v._Aereo,_Inc." title="American Broadcasting Cos., Inc. v. Aereo, Inc.">American Broadcasting Cos., Inc. v. Aereo, Inc.</a></i> (2014)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Star_Athletica,_LLC_v._Varsity_Brands,_Inc." title="Star Athletica, LLC v. Varsity Brands, Inc.">Star Athletica, LLC v. Varsity Brands, Inc.</a></i> (2017)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Fourth_Estate_Public_Benefit_Corp._v._Wall-Street.com" title="Fourth Estate Public Benefit Corp. v. Wall-Street.com">Fourth Estate Public Benefit Corp. v. Wall-Street.com</a></i> (2019)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Rimini_Street_Inc._v._Oracle_USA_Inc." title="Rimini Street Inc. v. Oracle USA Inc.">Rimini Street Inc. v. Oracle USA Inc.</a></i> (2019)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Copyright_Remedy_Clarification_Act" title="Copyright Remedy Clarification Act">Allen v. Cooper</a></i> (2020)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Georgia_v._Public.Resource.Org,_Inc." title="Georgia v. Public.Resource.Org, Inc.">Georgia v. Public.Resource.Org, Inc.</a></i> (2020)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other <a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Supreme_Court_copyright_case_law" title="List of United States Supreme Court copyright case law">copyright cases</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/American_Lithographic_Co._v._Werkmeister" title="American Lithographic Co. v. Werkmeister">American Lithographic Co. v. Werkmeister</a></i> (1911)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ferris_v._Frohman" title="Ferris v. Frohman">Ferris v. Frohman</a></i> (1912)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Order_of_St._Benedict_of_New_Jersey_v._Steinhauser" title="Order of St. Benedict of New Jersey v. Steinhauser">Order of St. Benedict of New Jersey v. Steinhauser</a></i> (1914)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/International_News_Service_v._Associated_Press" title="International News Service v. Associated Press">International News Service v. Associated Press</a></i> (1918)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/L._A._Westermann_Co._v._Dispatch_Printing_Co." title="L. A. Westermann Co. v. Dispatch Printing Co.">L. A. Westermann Co. v. Dispatch Printing Co.</a></i> (1919)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Lumiere_v._Mae_Edna_Wilder,_Inc." title="Lumiere v. Mae Edna Wilder, Inc.">Lumiere v. Mae Edna Wilder, Inc.</a></i> (1923)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Educational_Films_Corp._v._Ward" title="Educational Films Corp. v. Ward">Educational Films Corp. v. Ward</a></i> (1931)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Fox_Film_Corp._v._Doyal" title="Fox Film Corp. v. Doyal">Fox Film Corp. v. Doyal</a></i> (1932)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/George_v._Victor_Talking_Machine_Co." title="George v. Victor Talking Machine Co.">George v. Victor Talking Machine Co.</a></i> (1934)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/KVOS_v._Associated_Press" title="KVOS v. Associated Press">KVOS v. Associated Press</a></i> (1936)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Gibbs_v._Buck" title="Gibbs v. Buck">Gibbs v. Buck</a></i> (1939)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Buck_v._Gallagher" title="Buck v. Gallagher">Buck v. Gallagher</a></i> (1939)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Commissioner_v._Wodehouse" title="Commissioner v. Wodehouse">Commissioner v. Wodehouse</a></i> (1949)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Miller_Music_Corp._v._Charles_N._Daniels,_Inc." title="Miller Music Corp. v. Charles N. Daniels, Inc.">Miller Music Corp. v. Charles N. Daniels, Inc.</a></i> (1960)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Pub._Affairs_Associates,_Inc._v._Rickover" title="Pub. Affairs Associates, Inc. v. Rickover">Pub. Affairs Associates, Inc. v. Rickover</a></i> (1962)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Fortnightly_Corp._v._United_Artists_Television,_Inc." title="Fortnightly Corp. v. United Artists Television, Inc.">Fortnightly Corp. v. United Artists Television, Inc.</a></i> (1968)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Goldstein_v._California" title="Goldstein v. California">Goldstein v. California</a></i> (1973)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Teleprompter_Corp._v._Columbia_Broadcasting" title="Teleprompter Corp. v. Columbia Broadcasting">Teleprompter Corp. v. Columbia Broadcasting</a></i> (1974)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Twentieth_Century_Music_Corp._v._Aiken" title="Twentieth Century Music Corp. v. Aiken">Twentieth Century Music Corp. v. Aiken</a></i> (1975)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other <a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Supreme_Court_patent_case_law" title="List of United States Supreme Court patent case law">patent cases</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Continental_Paper_Bag_Co._v._Eastern_Paper_Bag_Co." title="Continental Paper Bag Co. v. Eastern Paper Bag Co.">Continental Paper Bag Co. v. Eastern Paper Bag Co.</a></i> (1908)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Minerals_Separation,_Ltd._v._Hyde" title="Minerals Separation, Ltd. v. Hyde">Minerals Separation, Ltd. v. Hyde</a></i> (1916)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/United_States_v._General_Electric_Co." title="United States v. General Electric Co.">United States v. General Electric Co.</a></i> (1926)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/United_States_v._Univis_Lens_Co." title="United States v. Univis Lens Co.">United States v. Univis Lens Co.</a></i> (1942)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Altvater_v._Freeman" title="Altvater v. Freeman">Altvater v. Freeman</a></i> (1943)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sinclair_%26_Carroll_Co._v._Interchemical_Corp." title="Sinclair & Carroll Co. v. Interchemical Corp.">Sinclair & Carroll Co. v. Interchemical Corp.</a></i> (1945)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Funk_Bros._Seed_Co._v._Kalo_Inoculant_Co." title="Funk Bros. Seed Co. v. Kalo Inoculant Co.">Funk Bros. Seed Co. v. Kalo Inoculant Co.</a></i> (1948)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Great_Atlantic_%26_Pacific_Tea_Co._v._Supermarket_Equipment_Corp." title="Great Atlantic & Pacific Tea Co. v. Supermarket Equipment Corp.">Great Atlantic & Pacific Tea Co. v. Supermarket Equipment Corp.</a></i> (1950)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Graver_Tank_%26_Manufacturing_Co._v._Linde_Air_Products_Co." title="Graver Tank & Manufacturing Co. v. Linde Air Products Co.">Graver Tank & Manufacturing Co. v. Linde Air Products Co.</a></i> (1950)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Aro_Manufacturing_Co._v._Convertible_Top_Replacement_Co." title="Aro Manufacturing Co. v. Convertible Top Replacement Co.">Aro Manufacturing Co. v. Convertible Top Replacement Co.</a></i> (1961)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Compco_Corp._v._Day-Brite_Lighting,_Inc." title="Compco Corp. v. Day-Brite Lighting, Inc.">Compco Corp. v. Day-Brite Lighting, Inc.</a></i> (1964)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Wilbur-Ellis_Co._v._Kuther" title="Wilbur-Ellis Co. v. Kuther">Wilbur-Ellis Co. v. Kuther</a></i> (1964)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Brulotte_v._Thys_Co." title="Brulotte v. Thys Co.">Brulotte v. Thys Co.</a></i> (1964)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Walker_Process_Equipment,_Inc._v._Food_Machinery_%26_Chemical_Corp." title="Walker Process Equipment, Inc. v. Food Machinery & Chemical Corp.">Walker Process Equipment, Inc. v. Food Machinery & Chemical Corp.</a></i> (1965)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Graham_v._John_Deere_Co." title="Graham v. John Deere Co.">Graham v. John Deere Co.</a></i> (1966)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/United_States_v._Adams" title="United States v. Adams">United States v. Adams</a></i> (1966)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Brenner_v._Manson" title="Brenner v. Manson">Brenner v. Manson</a></i> (1966)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Lear,_Inc._v._Adkins" title="Lear, Inc. v. Adkins">Lear, Inc. v. Adkins</a></i> (1969)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Anderson%27s-Black_Rock,_Inc._v._Pavement_Salvage_Co." title="Anderson's-Black Rock, Inc. v. Pavement Salvage Co.">Anderson's-Black Rock, Inc. v. Pavement Salvage Co.</a></i> (1969)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Zenith_Radio_Corp._v._Hazeltine_Research,_Inc." title="Zenith Radio Corp. v. Hazeltine Research, Inc.">Zenith Radio Corp. v. Hazeltine Research, Inc.</a></i> (1971)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Gottschalk_v._Benson" title="Gottschalk v. Benson">Gottschalk v. Benson</a></i> (1972)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/United_States_v._Glaxo_Group_Ltd." title="United States v. Glaxo Group Ltd.">United States v. Glaxo Group Ltd.</a></i> (1973)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Dann_v._Johnston" title="Dann v. Johnston">Dann v. Johnston</a></i> (1976)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sakraida_v._Ag_Pro_Inc." title="Sakraida v. Ag Pro Inc.">Sakraida v. Ag Pro Inc.</a></i> (1976)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Parker_v._Flook" title="Parker v. Flook">Parker v. Flook</a></i> (1978)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Diamond_v._Chakrabarty" title="Diamond v. Chakrabarty">Diamond v. Chakrabarty</a></i> (1980)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Diamond_v._Diehr" title="Diamond v. Diehr">Diamond v. Diehr</a></i> (1981)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Bonito_Boats,_Inc._v._Thunder_Craft_Boats,_Inc." title="Bonito Boats, Inc. v. Thunder Craft Boats, Inc.">Bonito Boats, Inc. v. Thunder Craft Boats, Inc.</a></i> (1989)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Eli_Lilly_%26_Co._v._Medtronic,_Inc." title="Eli Lilly & Co. v. Medtronic, Inc.">Eli Lilly & Co. v. Medtronic, Inc.</a></i> (1990)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Markman_v._Westview_Instruments,_Inc." title="Markman v. Westview Instruments, Inc.">Markman v. Westview Instruments, Inc.</a></i> (1996)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Warner-Jenkinson_Co._v._Hilton_Davis_Chemical_Co." title="Warner-Jenkinson Co. v. Hilton Davis Chemical Co.">Warner-Jenkinson Co. v. Hilton Davis Chemical Co.</a></i> (1997)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Pfaff_v._Wells_Electronics,_Inc." title="Pfaff v. Wells Electronics, Inc.">Pfaff v. Wells Electronics, Inc.</a></i> (1998)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Dickinson_v._Zurko" title="Dickinson v. Zurko">Dickinson v. Zurko</a></i> (1999)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Florida_Prepaid_Postsecondary_Education_Expense_Board_v._College_Savings_Bank" title="Florida Prepaid Postsecondary Education Expense Board v. College Savings Bank">Florida Prepaid Postsecondary Education Expense Board v. College Savings Bank</a></i> (1999)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/J._E._M._Ag_Supply,_Inc._v._Pioneer_Hi-Bred_International,_Inc." title="J. E. M. Ag Supply, Inc. v. Pioneer Hi-Bred International, Inc.">J. E. M. Ag Supply, Inc. v. Pioneer Hi-Bred International, Inc.</a></i> (2001)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Festo_Corp._v._Shoketsu_Kinzoku_Kogyo_Kabushiki_Co." title="Festo Corp. v. Shoketsu Kinzoku Kogyo Kabushiki Co.">Festo Corp. v. Shoketsu Kinzoku Kogyo Kabushiki Co.</a></i> (2002)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Merck_KGaA_v._Integra_Lifesciences_I,_Ltd." title="Merck KGaA v. Integra Lifesciences I, Ltd.">Merck KGaA v. Integra Lifesciences I, Ltd.</a></i> (2005)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/EBay_Inc._v._MercExchange,_L.L.C." title="EBay Inc. v. MercExchange, L.L.C.">eBay Inc. v. MercExchange, L.L.C.</a></i> (2006)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Illinois_Tool_Works_Inc._v._Independent_Ink,_Inc." title="Illinois Tool Works Inc. v. Independent Ink, Inc.">Illinois Tool Works Inc. v. Independent Ink, Inc.</a></i> (2006)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/LabCorp_v._Metabolite,_Inc." title="LabCorp v. Metabolite, Inc.">LabCorp v. Metabolite, Inc.</a></i> (2006)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/MedImmune,_Inc._v._Genentech,_Inc." title="MedImmune, Inc. v. Genentech, Inc.">MedImmune, Inc. v. Genentech, Inc.</a></i> (2007)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/KSR_International_Co._v._Teleflex_Inc." title="KSR International Co. v. Teleflex Inc.">KSR International Co. v. Teleflex Inc.</a></i> (2007)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Corp._v._AT%26T_Corp." title="Microsoft Corp. v. AT&T Corp.">Microsoft Corp. v. AT&T Corp.</a></i> (2007)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Quanta_Computer,_Inc._v._LG_Electronics,_Inc." title="Quanta Computer, Inc. v. LG Electronics, Inc.">Quanta Computer, Inc. v. LG Electronics, Inc.</a></i> (2008)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Bilski_v._Kappos" title="Bilski v. Kappos">Bilski v. Kappos</a></i> (2010)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Global-Tech_Appliances,_Inc._v._SEB_S.A." title="Global-Tech Appliances, Inc. v. SEB S.A.">Global-Tech Appliances, Inc. v. SEB S.A.</a></i> (2011)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Stanford_University_v._Roche_Molecular_Systems,_Inc." title="Stanford University v. Roche Molecular Systems, Inc.">Stanford University v. Roche Molecular Systems, Inc.</a></i> (2011)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Corp._v._i4i_Ltd._Partnership" title="Microsoft Corp. v. i4i Ltd. Partnership">Microsoft Corp. v. i4i Ltd. Partnership</a></i> (2011)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mayo_Collaborative_Services_v._Prometheus_Laboratories,_Inc." title="Mayo Collaborative Services v. Prometheus Laboratories, Inc.">Mayo Collaborative Services v. Prometheus Laboratories, Inc.</a></i> (2012)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kappos_v._Hyatt" title="Kappos v. Hyatt">Kappos v. Hyatt</a></i> (2012)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Bowman_v._Monsanto_Co." title="Bowman v. Monsanto Co.">Bowman v. Monsanto Co.</a></i> (2013)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Gunn_v._Minton" title="Gunn v. Minton">Gunn v. Minton</a></i> (2013)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Association_for_Molecular_Pathology_v._Myriad_Genetics,_Inc." title="Association for Molecular Pathology v. Myriad Genetics, Inc.">Association for Molecular Pathology v. Myriad Genetics, Inc.</a></i> (2013)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/FTC_v._Actavis,_Inc." title="FTC v. Actavis, Inc.">FTC v. Actavis, Inc.</a></i> (2013)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Alice_Corp._v._CLS_Bank_International" title="Alice Corp. v. CLS Bank International">Alice Corp. v. CLS Bank International</a></i> (2014)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Akamai_Techs.,_Inc._v._Limelight_Networks,_Inc.#Supreme_Court" title="Akamai Techs., Inc. v. Limelight Networks, Inc.">Akamai Techs., Inc. v. Limelight Networks, Inc.</a></i> (2014)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Teva_Pharmaceuticals_USA,_Inc._v._Sandoz,_Inc." title="Teva Pharmaceuticals USA, Inc. v. Sandoz, Inc.">Teva Pharmaceuticals USA, Inc. v. Sandoz, Inc.</a></i> (2015)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kimble_v._Marvel_Entertainment,_LLC" title="Kimble v. Marvel Entertainment, LLC">Kimble v. Marvel Entertainment, LLC</a></i> (2015)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Apple_Inc._v._Samsung_Electronics_Co." title="Apple Inc. v. Samsung Electronics Co.">Apple Inc. v. Samsung Electronics Co.</a></i> (2016)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/TC_Heartland_LLC_v._Kraft_Foods_Group_Brands_LLC" title="TC Heartland LLC v. Kraft Foods Group Brands LLC">TC Heartland LLC v. Kraft Foods Group Brands LLC</a></i> (2017)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Peter_v._NantKwest,_Inc." title="Peter v. NantKwest, Inc.">Peter v. NantKwest, Inc.</a></i> (2019)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other <a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Supreme_Court_trademark_case_law" title="List of United States Supreme Court trademark case law">trademark cases</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/G._%26_C._Merriam_Co._v._Syndicate_Pub._Co." title="G. & C. Merriam Co. v. Syndicate Pub. Co.">G. & C. Merriam Co. v. Syndicate Pub. Co.</a></i> (1915)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kellogg_Co._v._National_Biscuit_Co." title="Kellogg Co. v. National Biscuit Co.">Kellogg Co. v. National Biscuit Co.</a></i> (1938)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Patent_and_Trademark_Office_v._Booking.com_B._V." title="Patent and Trademark Office v. Booking.com B. V.">Patent and Trademark Office v. Booking.com B. V.</a></i> (2020)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Necessary_and_Proper_Clause_of_Section_VIII" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Necessary_and_Proper_Clause" title="Necessary and Proper Clause">Necessary and Proper Clause</a> of Section VIII</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/McCulloch_v._Maryland" title="McCulloch v. Maryland">McCulloch v. Maryland</a></i> (1819)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Lambert_v._Yellowley" title="Lambert v. Yellowley">Lambert v. Yellowley</a></i> (1926)</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sabri_v._United_States&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sabri v. United States (page does not exist)">Sabri v. United States</a></i> (2004)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Gonzales_v._Raich" title="Gonzales v. Raich">Gonzales v. Raich</a></i> (2005)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/United_States_v._Comstock" title="United States v. Comstock">United States v. Comstock</a></i> (2010)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/United_States_v._Kebodeaux" title="United States v. Kebodeaux">United States v. Kebodeaux</a></i> (2013)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Habeas_corpus_Suspension_Clause_of_Section_IX" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Article_One_of_the_United_States_Constitution#Clauses_2_and_3:_Civil_and_legal_protections" title="Article One of the United States Constitution"><i>Habeas corpus</i> Suspension Clause</a> of <a href="/wiki/Article_One_of_the_United_States_Constitution#Section_9:_Limits_on_Federal_power" title="Article One of the United States Constitution">Section IX</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Ex_parte_Bollman" title="Ex parte Bollman">Ex parte Bollman</a></i> (1807)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ex_parte_Merryman" title="Ex parte Merryman">Ex parte Merryman</a></i> (1861)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ex_parte_Endo" title="Ex parte Endo">Ex parte Endo</a></i> (1944)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Immigration_and_Naturalization_Service_v._St._Cyr" title="Immigration and Naturalization Service v. St. Cyr">Immigration and Naturalization Service v. St. Cyr</a></i> (2001)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Boumediene_v._Bush" title="Boumediene v. Bush">Boumediene v. Bush</a></i> (2008)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Department_of_Homeland_Security_v._Thuraissigiam" title="Department of Homeland Security v. Thuraissigiam">Department of Homeland Security v. Thuraissigiam</a></i> (2020)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="No_Bills_of_Attainder_or_Ex_post_facto_Laws_Clause_of_Section_IX" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Article_One_of_the_United_States_Constitution#Clauses_2_and_3:_Civil_and_legal_protections" title="Article One of the United States Constitution">No Bills of Attainder or <i>Ex post facto</i> Laws Clause</a> of Section IX</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Calder_v._Bull" title="Calder v. Bull">Calder v. Bull</a></i> (1798)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sturges_v._Crowninshield" title="Sturges v. Crowninshield">Sturges v. Crowninshield</a></i> (1819)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ex_parte_Garland" title="Ex parte Garland">Ex parte Garland</a></i> (1866)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Hawker_v._New_York" title="Hawker v. New York">Hawker v. New York</a></i> (1898)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Samuels_v._McCurdy" title="Samuels v. McCurdy">Samuels v. McCurdy</a></i> (1925)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Garner_v._Board_of_Public_Works" title="Garner v. Board of Public Works">Garner v. Board of Public Works</a></i> (1951)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/De_Veau_v._Braisted" title="De Veau v. Braisted">De Veau v. Braisted</a></i> (1960)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Barr_v._City_of_Columbia" title="Barr v. City of Columbia">Barr v. City of Columbia</a></i> (1964)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Teague_v._Lane" title="Teague v. Lane">Teague v. Lane</a></i> (1989)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kansas_v._Hendricks" title="Kansas v. Hendricks">Kansas v. Hendricks</a></i> (1997)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Smith_v._Doe" title="Smith v. Doe">Smith v. Doe</a></i> (2003)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Contract_Clause_of_Section_X" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Contract_Clause" title="Contract Clause">Contract Clause</a> of <a href="/wiki/Article_One_of_the_United_States_Constitution#Section_10:_Limits_on_the_States" title="Article One of the United States Constitution">Section X</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i><a href="/wiki/Legal_Tender_Cases" title="Legal Tender Cases">Legal Tender Cases</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Hepburn_v._Griswold" title="Hepburn v. Griswold">Hepburn v. Griswold</a></i> (1870)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Fletcher_v._Peck" title="Fletcher v. Peck">Fletcher v. Peck</a></i> (1810)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Dartmouth_College_v._Woodward" title="Dartmouth College v. Woodward">Dartmouth College v. Woodward</a></i> (1819)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sturges_v._Crowninshield" title="Sturges v. Crowninshield">Sturges v. Crowninshield</a></i> (1819)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ogden_v._Saunders" title="Ogden v. Saunders">Ogden v. Saunders</a></i> (1827)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Charles_River_Bridge_v._Warren_Bridge" title="Charles River Bridge v. Warren Bridge">Charles River Bridge v. Warren Bridge</a></i> (1837)</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bronson_v._Kinzie&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bronson v. Kinzie (page does not exist)">Bronson v. Kinzie</a></i> (1843)</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Stone_v._Mississippi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Stone v. Mississippi (page does not exist)">Stone v. Mississippi</a></i> (1880)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Smyth_v._Ames" title="Smyth v. Ames">Smyth v. Ames</a></i> (1898)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Block_v._Hirsh" title="Block v. Hirsh">Block v. Hirsh</a></i> (1921)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Home_Building_%26_Loan_Ass%27n_v._Blaisdell" title="Home Building & Loan Ass'n v. Blaisdell">Home Building & Loan Ass'n v. Blaisdell</a></i> (1934)</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=W.B._Worthen_Co._v._Kavanaugh&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="W.B. Worthen Co. v. Kavanaugh (page does not exist)">W.B. Worthen Co. v. Kavanaugh</a></i> (1935)</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=City_of_El_Paso_v._Simmons&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="City of El Paso v. Simmons (page does not exist)">City of El Paso v. Simmons</a></i> (1965)</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=U.S._Trust_Co._of_N.Y._v._New_Jersey&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="U.S. Trust Co. of N.Y. v. New Jersey (page does not exist)">U.S. Trust Co. of N.Y. v. New Jersey</a></i> (1977)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Allied_Structural_Steel_Co._v._Spannaus" title="Allied Structural Steel Co. v. Spannaus">Allied Structural Steel Co. v. Spannaus</a></i> (1978)</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Energy_Reserves_Group_v._Kansas_P._%26_L._Co.&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Energy Reserves Group v. Kansas P. & L. Co. (page does not exist)">Energy Reserves Group v. Kansas P. & L. Co.</a></i> (1983)</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Exxon_Corp._v._Eagerton&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Exxon Corp. v. Eagerton (page does not exist)">Exxon Corp. v. Eagerton</a></i> (1983)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Keystone_Bituminous_Coal_Ass%27n_v._DeBenedictis" title="Keystone Bituminous Coal Ass'n v. DeBenedictis">Keystone Bituminous Coal Ass'n v. DeBenedictis</a></i> (1987)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sveen_v._Melin" title="Sveen v. Melin">Sveen v. Melin</a></i> (2018)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Import-Export_Clause_of_Section_X" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Import-Export_Clause" title="Import-Export Clause">Import-Export Clause</a> of Section X</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Brown_v._Maryland" title="Brown v. Maryland">Brown v. Maryland</a></i> (1827)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Canton_Railroad_Co._v._Rogan" title="Canton Railroad Co. v. Rogan">Canton Railroad Co. v. Rogan</a></i> (1951)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Compact_Clause_of_Section_X" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Article_One_of_the_United_States_Constitution#Clause_3:_Compact_Clause" title="Article One of the United States Constitution">Compact Clause</a> of Section X</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Florida_v._Georgia_(1855)" title="Florida v. Georgia (1855)">Florida v. Georgia</a></i> (1855)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Virginia_v._West_Virginia" title="Virginia v. West Virginia">Virginia v. West Virginia</a></i> (1871)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Virginia_v._Tennessee" title="Virginia v. Tennessee">Virginia v. Tennessee</a></i> (1893)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Wharton_v._Wise" title="Wharton v. Wise">Wharton v. Wise</a></i> (1894)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Bank_of_New_England#Formation_and_interstate_growth" title="Bank of New England">Northeast Bancorp v. Federal Reserve Board of Governors</a></i> (1985)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/New_Jersey_v._New_York" title="New Jersey v. New York">New Jersey v. New York</a></i> (1998)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Virginia_v._Maryland" title="Virginia v. Maryland">Virginia v. Maryland</a></i> (2003)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Polar_Tankers,_Inc._v._City_of_Valdez" title="Polar Tankers, Inc. v. City of Valdez">Polar Tankers, Inc. v. City of Valdez</a></i> (2009)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Texas_v._New_Mexico_and_Colorado" title="Texas v. New Mexico and Colorado">Texas v. New Mexico and Colorado</a></i> (2018)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="United_States_First_Amendment_case_law" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:US1stAmendment" title="Template:US1stAmendment"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:US1stAmendment" title="Template talk:US1stAmendment"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:US1stAmendment" title="Special:EditPage/Template:US1stAmendment"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="United_States_First_Amendment_case_law" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/First_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution" title="First Amendment to the United States Constitution">United States First Amendment</a> case law</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Establishment_Clause" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Establishment_Clause" title="Establishment Clause">Establishment Clause</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Public displays<br />and ceremonies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Marsh_v._Chambers" title="Marsh v. Chambers">Marsh v. Chambers</a></i> (1983)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Lynch_v._Donnelly" title="Lynch v. Donnelly">Lynch v. Donnelly</a></i> (1984)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Board_of_Trustees_of_Scarsdale_v._McCreary" title="Board of Trustees of Scarsdale v. McCreary">Board of Trustees of Scarsdale v. McCreary</a></i> (1985)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/County_of_Allegheny_v._American_Civil_Liberties_Union" title="County of Allegheny v. American Civil Liberties Union">County of Allegheny v. American Civil Liberties Union</a></i> (1989)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Van_Orden_v._Perry" title="Van Orden v. Perry">Van Orden v. Perry</a></i> (2005)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/McCreary_County_v._American_Civil_Liberties_Union" title="McCreary County v. American Civil Liberties Union">McCreary County v. American Civil Liberties Union</a></i> (2005)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Pleasant_Grove_City_v._Summum" title="Pleasant Grove City v. Summum">Pleasant Grove City v. Summum</a></i> (2009)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Salazar_v._Buono" title="Salazar v. Buono">Salazar v. Buono</a></i> (2010)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Town_of_Greece_v._Galloway" title="Town of Greece v. Galloway">Town of Greece v. Galloway</a></i> (2014)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/American_Legion_v._American_Humanist_Association" title="American Legion v. American Humanist Association">American Legion v. American Humanist Association</a></i> (2019)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Statutory religious<br />exemptions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Walz_v._Tax_Commission_of_the_City_of_New_York" title="Walz v. Tax Commission of the City of New York">Walz v. Tax Comm'n of the City of New York</a></i> (1970)</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=California_v._Grace_Brethren_Church&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="California v. Grace Brethren Church (page does not exist)">California v. Grace Brethren Church</a></i> (1982)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Bob_Jones_University_v._United_States" title="Bob Jones University v. United States">Bob Jones University v. United States</a></i> (1983)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Estate_of_Thornton_v._Caldor,_Inc." title="Estate of Thornton v. Caldor, Inc.">Estate of Thornton v. Caldor, Inc.</a></i> (1985)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Corporation_of_Presiding_Bishop_of_Church_of_Jesus_Christ_of_Latter-day_Saints_v._Amos" title="Corporation of Presiding Bishop of Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints v. Amos">Corp. of Presiding Bishop v. Amos</a></i> (1987)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Texas_Monthly,_Inc._v._Bullock" title="Texas Monthly, Inc. v. Bullock">Texas Monthly, Inc. v. Bullock</a></i> (1989)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/City_of_Boerne_v._Flores" title="City of Boerne v. Flores">City of Boerne v. Flores</a></i> (1997)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Cutter_v._Wilkinson" title="Cutter v. Wilkinson">Cutter v. Wilkinson</a></i> (2005)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Public funding</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cochran_v._Board_of_Education&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cochran v. Board of Education (page does not exist)">Cochran v. Board of Education</a></i> (1930)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Everson_v._Board_of_Education" title="Everson v. Board of Education">Everson v. Board of Education</a></i> (1947)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Flast_v._Cohen" title="Flast v. Cohen">Flast v. Cohen</a></i> (1968)</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Board_of_Ed._of_Central_School_Dist._No._1_v._Allen&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Board of Ed. of Central School Dist. No. 1 v. Allen (page does not exist)">Board of Ed. of Central School Dist. No. 1 v. Allen</a></i> (1968)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Lemon_v._Kurtzman" title="Lemon v. Kurtzman">Lemon v. Kurtzman</a></i> (1971)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tilton_v._Richardson" title="Tilton v. Richardson">Tilton v. Richardson</a></i> (1971)</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lemon_v._Kurtzman_II&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lemon v. Kurtzman II (page does not exist)">Lemon v. Kurtzman II</a></i> (1973)</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Levitt_v._Committee_for_Public_Education_and_Religious_Liberty&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Levitt v. Committee for Public Education and Religious Liberty (page does not exist)">Levitt v. Committee for Public Education and Religious Liberty</a></i> (1973)</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hunt_v._McNair&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hunt v. McNair (page does not exist)">Hunt v. McNair</a></i> (1973)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Committee_for_Public_Education_v._Nyquist" title="Committee for Public Education v. Nyquist">Committee for Public Education v. Nyquist</a></i> (1973)</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sloan_v._Lemon&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sloan v. Lemon (page does not exist)">Sloan v. Lemon</a></i> (1973)</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wheeler_v._Barrera&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Wheeler v. Barrera (page does not exist)">Wheeler v. Barrera</a></i> (1974)</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Public_Funds_for_Public_Schools_v._Marburger&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Public Funds for Public Schools v. Marburger (page does not exist)">Public Funds for Public Schools v. Marburger</a></i> (1974)</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Meek_v._Pittenger&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Meek v. Pittenger (page does not exist)">Meek v. Pittenger</a></i> (1975)</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Roemer_v._Board_of_Public_Works_of_Maryland&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Roemer v. Board of Public Works of Maryland (page does not exist)">Roemer v. Board of Public Works of Maryland</a></i> (1976)</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wolman_v._Walter&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Wolman v. Walter (page does not exist)">Wolman v. Walter</a></i> (1977)</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=New_York_v._Cathedral_Academy&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="New York v. Cathedral Academy (page does not exist)">New York v. Cathedral Academy</a></i> (1977)</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Committee_for_Public_Education_and_Religious_Liberty_v._Regan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Committee for Public Education and Religious Liberty v. Regan (page does not exist)">Committee for Public Education and Religious Liberty v. Regan</a></i> (1980)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Valley_Forge_Christian_College_v._Americans_United_for_Separation_of_Church_%26_State" title="Valley Forge Christian College v. Americans United for Separation of Church & State">Valley Forge Christian College v. Americans United for Separation of Church & State</a></i> (1982)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mueller_v._Allen" title="Mueller v. Allen">Mueller v. Allen</a></i> (1983)</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=School_Dist._of_Grand_Rapids_v._Ball&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="School Dist. of Grand Rapids v. Ball (page does not exist)">School Dist. of Grand Rapids v. Ball</a></i> (1985)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Aguilar_v._Felton" title="Aguilar v. Felton">Aguilar v. Felton</a></i> (1985)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Witters_v._Washington_Department_of_Services_for_the_Blind" title="Witters v. Washington Department of Services for the Blind">Witters v. Washington Department of Services for the Blind</a></i> (1986)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Zobrest_v._Catalina_Foothills_School_District" title="Zobrest v. Catalina Foothills School District">Zobrest v. Catalina Foothills School District</a></i> (1993)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Board_of_Education_of_Kiryas_Joel_Village_School_District_v._Grumet" title="Board of Education of Kiryas Joel Village School District v. Grumet">Board of Ed. of Kiryas Joel Village School Dist. v. Grumet</a></i> (1994)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Agostini_v._Felton" title="Agostini v. Felton">Agostini v. Felton</a></i> (1997)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mitchell_v._Helms" title="Mitchell v. Helms">Mitchell v. Helms</a></i> (2000)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Zelman_v._Simmons-Harris" title="Zelman v. Simmons-Harris">Zelman v. Simmons-Harris</a></i> (2002)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Arizona_Christian_School_Tuition_Organization_v._Winn" title="Arizona Christian School Tuition Organization v. Winn">Arizona Christian Sch. Tuition Org. v. Winn</a></i> (2011)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Trinity_Lutheran_Church_of_Columbia,_Inc._v._Comer" title="Trinity Lutheran Church of Columbia, Inc. v. Comer">Trinity Lutheran Church v. Comer</a></i> (2017)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Espinoza_v._Montana_Department_of_Revenue" title="Espinoza v. Montana Department of Revenue">Espinoza v. Montana Department of Revenue</a></i> (2020)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Carson_v._Makin" title="Carson v. Makin">Carson v. Makin</a></i> (2022)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Religion in<br />public schools</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/McCollum_v._Board_of_Education" title="McCollum v. Board of Education">McCollum v. Board of Education</a></i> (1948)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Zorach_v._Clauson" title="Zorach v. Clauson">Zorach v. Clauson</a></i> (1952)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Engel_v._Vitale" title="Engel v. Vitale">Engel v. Vitale</a></i> (1962)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Abington_School_District_v._Schempp" title="Abington School District v. Schempp">Abington School District v. Schempp</a></i> (1963)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Epperson_v._Arkansas" title="Epperson v. Arkansas">Epperson v. Arkansas</a></i> (1968)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Stone_v._Graham" title="Stone v. Graham">Stone v. Graham</a></i> (1980)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Wallace_v._Jaffree" title="Wallace v. Jaffree">Wallace v. Jaffree</a></i> (1985)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Edwards_v._Aguillard" title="Edwards v. Aguillard">Edwards v. Aguillard</a></i> (1987)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Westside_Community_Board_of_Education_v._Mergens" title="Westside Community Board of Education v. Mergens">Westside Community Board of Ed. v. Mergens</a></i> (1990)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Lee_v._Weisman" title="Lee v. Weisman">Lee v. Weisman</a></i> (1992)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Santa_Fe_Independent_School_District_v._Doe" title="Santa Fe Independent School District v. Doe">Santa Fe Ind. School Dist. v. Doe</a></i> (2000)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Elk_Grove_Unified_School_District_v._Newdow" title="Elk Grove Unified School District v. Newdow">Elk Grove Unif. School Dist. v. Newdow</a></i> (2004)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kennedy_v._Bremerton_School_District" title="Kennedy v. Bremerton School District">Kennedy v. Bremerton School Dist.</a></i> (2022)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Private religious speech</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Lamb%27s_Chapel_v._Center_Moriches_Union_Free_School_District" title="Lamb's Chapel v. Center Moriches Union Free School District">Lamb's Chapel v. Center Moriches Union Free School Dist.</a></i> (1993)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Capitol_Square_Review_%26_Advisory_Board_v._Pinette" title="Capitol Square Review & Advisory Board v. Pinette">Capitol Square Review & Advisory Board v. Pinette</a></i> (1995)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Rosenberger_v._University_of_Virginia" title="Rosenberger v. University of Virginia">Rosenberger v. Univ. of Virginia</a></i> (1995)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Good_News_Club_v._Milford_Central_School" title="Good News Club v. Milford Central School">Good News Club v. Milford Central School</a></i> (2001)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Shurtleff_v._City_of_Boston" title="Shurtleff v. City of Boston">Shurtleff v. City of Boston</a></i> (2022)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kennedy_v._Bremerton_School_District" title="Kennedy v. Bremerton School District">Kennedy v. Bremerton School Dist.</a></i> (2022)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Internal church affairs</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Watson_v._Jones" title="Watson v. Jones">Watson v. Jones</a></i> (1872)</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gonzalez_v._Roman_Catholic_Archbishop_of_Manila&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gonzalez v. Roman Catholic Archbishop of Manila (page does not exist)">Gonzalez v. Roman Catholic Archbishop of Manila</a></i> (1929)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/United_States_v._Ballard" title="United States v. Ballard">United States v. Ballard</a></i> (1944)</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kedroff_v._St._Nicholas_Cathedral_of_Russian_Orthodox_Church_in_North_America&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kedroff v. St. Nicholas Cathedral of Russian Orthodox Church in North America (page does not exist)">Kedroff v. St. Nicholas Cathedral</a></i> (1952)</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kreshik_v._St._Nicholas_Cathedral&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kreshik v. St. Nicholas Cathedral (page does not exist)">Kreshik v. St. Nicholas Cathedral</a></i> (1960)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Presbyterian_Church_v._Hull_Church" title="Presbyterian Church v. Hull Church">Presbyterian Church v. Hull Church</a></i> (1969)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Serbian_Eastern_Orthodox_Diocese_for_the_United_States_of_America_%26_Canada_v._Milivojevich" class="mw-redirect" title="Serbian Eastern Orthodox Diocese for the United States of America & Canada v. Milivojevich">Serbian Eastern Orthodox Diocese v. Milivojevich</a></i> (1976)</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jones_v._Wolf&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jones v. Wolf (page does not exist)">Jones v. Wolf</a></i> (1979)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Archdiocese_of_San_Juan_v._Acevedo_Feliciano" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Catholic Archdiocese of San Juan v. Acevedo Feliciano">Roman Catholic Archdiocese of San Juan v. Acevedo Feliciano</a></i> (2020)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Taxpayer standing</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Flast_v._Cohen" title="Flast v. Cohen">Flast v. Cohen</a></i> (1968)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Valley_Forge_Christian_College_v._Americans_United_for_Separation_of_Church_%26_State" title="Valley Forge Christian College v. Americans United for Separation of Church & State">Valley Forge Christian College v. Americans United for Separation of Church & State</a></i> (1982)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Hein_v._Freedom_From_Religion_Foundation" title="Hein v. Freedom From Religion Foundation">Hein v. Freedom From Religion Foundation</a></i> (2007)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Arizona_Christian_School_Tuition_Organization_v._Winn" title="Arizona Christian School Tuition Organization v. Winn">Arizona Christian Sch. Tuition Org. v. Winn</a></i> (2011)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Blue laws</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/McGowan_v._Maryland" title="McGowan v. Maryland">McGowan v. Maryland</a></i> (1961)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Two_Guys_from_Harrison-Allentown,_Inc._v._McGinley" title="Two Guys from Harrison-Allentown, Inc. v. McGinley">Two Guys from Harrison-Allentown, Inc. v. McGinley</a></i> (1961)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Braunfeld_v._Brown" title="Braunfeld v. Brown">Braunfeld v. Brown</a></i> (1961)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Estate_of_Thornton_v._Caldor,_Inc." title="Estate of Thornton v. Caldor, Inc.">Estate of Thornton v. Caldor, Inc.</a></i> (1985)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Torcaso_v._Watkins" title="Torcaso v. Watkins">Torcaso v. Watkins</a></i> (1961)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/McDaniel_v._Paty" title="McDaniel v. Paty">McDaniel v. Paty</a></i> (1978)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Harris_v._McRae" title="Harris v. McRae">Harris v. McRae</a></i> (1980)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Larkin_v._Grendel%27s_Den,_Inc." title="Larkin v. Grendel's Den, Inc.">Larkin v. Grendel's Den, Inc.</a></i> (1982)</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Larson_v._Valente&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Larson v. Valente (page does not exist)">Larson v. Valente</a></i> (1982)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Bowen_v._Kendrick" title="Bowen v. Kendrick">Bowen v. Kendrick</a></i> (1988)</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Swaggart_Ministries_v._Board_of_Equalization&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Swaggart Ministries v. Board of Equalization (page does not exist)">Swaggart Ministries v. Board of Equalization</a></i> (1989)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Board_of_Education_of_Kiryas_Joel_Village_School_District_v._Grumet" title="Board of Education of Kiryas Joel Village School District v. Grumet">Board of Ed. of Kiryas Joel Village School Dist. v. Grumet</a></i> (1994)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Trump_v._Hawaii" title="Trump v. Hawaii">Trump v. Hawaii</a></i> (2018)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Free_Exercise_Clause" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Free_Exercise_Clause" title="Free Exercise Clause">Free Exercise Clause</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Reynolds_v._United_States" title="Reynolds v. United States">Reynolds v. United States</a></i> (1879)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Davis_v._Beason" title="Davis v. Beason">Davis v. Beason</a></i> (1890)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Cantwell_v._Connecticut" title="Cantwell v. Connecticut">Cantwell v. Connecticut</a></i> (1940)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Minersville_School_District_v._Gobitis" title="Minersville School District v. Gobitis">Minersville School District v. Gobitis</a></i> (1940)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Jamison_v._Texas" title="Jamison v. Texas">Jamison v. Texas</a></i> (1943)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Murdock_v._Pennsylvania" title="Murdock v. Pennsylvania">Murdock v. Pennsylvania</a></i> (1943)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/United_States_v._Ballard" title="United States v. Ballard">United States v. Ballard</a></i> (1944)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tucker_v._Texas" title="Tucker v. Texas">Tucker v. Texas</a></i> (1946)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Niemotko_v._Maryland" title="Niemotko v. Maryland">Niemotko v. Maryland</a></i> (1951)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kunz_v._New_York" title="Kunz v. New York">Kunz v. New York</a></i> (1951)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Fowler_v._Rhode_Island" title="Fowler v. Rhode Island">Fowler v. Rhode Island</a></i> (1953)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Braunfeld_v._Brown" title="Braunfeld v. Brown">Braunfeld v. Brown</a></i> (1961)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Gallagher_v._Crown_Kosher_Super_Market_of_Massachusetts,_Inc." title="Gallagher v. Crown Kosher Super Market of Massachusetts, Inc.">Gallagher v. Crown Kosher Super Market of Massachusetts, Inc.</a></i> (1961)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Torcaso_v._Watkins" title="Torcaso v. Watkins">Torcaso v. Watkins</a></i> (1961)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sherbert_v._Verner" title="Sherbert v. Verner">Sherbert v. Verner</a></i> (1963)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Cruz_v._Beto" title="Cruz v. Beto">Cruz v. Beto</a></i> (1972)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Wisconsin_v._Yoder" title="Wisconsin v. Yoder">Wisconsin v. Yoder</a></i> (1972)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/McDaniel_v._Paty" title="McDaniel v. Paty">McDaniel v. Paty</a></i> (1978)</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Heffron_v._International_Society_for_Krishna_Consciousness,_Inc.&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Heffron v. International Society for Krishna Consciousness, Inc. (page does not exist)">Heffron v. International Society for Krishna Consciousness, Inc.</a></i> (1981)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Thomas_v._Review_Board_of_the_Indiana_Employment_Security_Division" title="Thomas v. Review Board of the Indiana Employment Security Division">Thomas v. Review Board</a></i> (1981)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/United_States_v._Lee_(1982)" title="United States v. Lee (1982)">United States v. Lee</a></i> (1982)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Bob_Jones_University_v._United_States" title="Bob Jones University v. United States">Bob Jones University v. United States</a></i> (1983)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Bowen_v._Roy" title="Bowen v. Roy">Bowen v. Roy</a></i> (1986)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Goldman_v._Weinberger" title="Goldman v. Weinberger">Goldman v. Weinberger</a></i> (1986)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/O%27Lone_v._Estate_of_Shabazz" title="O'Lone v. Estate of Shabazz">O'Lone v. Estate of Shabazz</a></i> (1987)</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Frazee_v._Illinois_Department_of_Employment_Security&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Frazee v. Illinois Department of Employment Security (page does not exist)">Frazee v. Illinois Department of Employment Security</a></i> (1989)</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Swaggart_Ministries_v._Board_of_Equalization&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Swaggart Ministries v. Board of Equalization (page does not exist)">Swaggart Ministries v. Board of Equalization</a></i> (1989)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Employment_Division_v._Smith" title="Employment Division v. Smith">Employment Division v. Smith</a></i> (1990)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Church_of_the_Lukumi_Babalu_Aye_v._City_of_Hialeah" title="Church of the Lukumi Babalu Aye v. City of Hialeah">Church of the Lukumi Babalu Aye v. City of Hialeah</a></i> (1993)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Watchtower_Bible_%26_Tract_Society_of_New_York,_Inc._v._Village_of_Stratton" title="Watchtower Bible & Tract Society of New York, Inc. v. Village of Stratton">Watchtower Society v. Village of Stratton</a></i> (2002)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Masterpiece_Cakeshop_v._Colorado_Civil_Rights_Commission" title="Masterpiece Cakeshop v. Colorado Civil Rights Commission">Masterpiece Cakeshop v. Colorado Civil Rights Commission</a></i> (2018)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Diocese_of_Brooklyn_v._Cuomo" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Catholic Diocese of Brooklyn v. Cuomo">Roman Catholic Diocese of Brooklyn v. Cuomo</a></i> (2020)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tandon_v._Newsom" class="mw-redirect" title="Tandon v. Newsom">Tandon v. Newsom</a></i> (2021)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Fulton_v._City_of_Philadelphia" title="Fulton v. City of Philadelphia">Fulton v. City of Philadelphia</a></i> (2021)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kennedy_v._Bremerton_School_District" title="Kennedy v. Bremerton School District">Kennedy v. Bremerton School Dist.</a></i> (2022)</li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Exclusion of religion<br />from public benefits</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Locke_v._Davey" title="Locke v. Davey">Locke v. Davey</a></i> (2004)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Trinity_Lutheran_Church_of_Columbia,_Inc._v._Comer" title="Trinity Lutheran Church of Columbia, Inc. v. Comer">Trinity Lutheran Church v. Comer</a></i> (2017)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Espinoza_v._Montana_Department_of_Revenue" title="Espinoza v. Montana Department of Revenue">Espinoza v. Montana Department of Revenue</a></i> (2020)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Carson_v._Makin" title="Carson v. Makin">Carson v. Makin</a></i> (2022)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ministerial_exception" title="Ministerial exception">Ministerial exception</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/NLRB_v._Catholic_Bishop_of_Chicago" title="NLRB v. Catholic Bishop of Chicago">NLRB v. Catholic Bishop of Chicago</a></i> (1979)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Hosanna-Tabor_Evangelical_Lutheran_Church_%26_School_v._Equal_Employment_Opportunity_Commission" title="Hosanna-Tabor Evangelical Lutheran Church & School v. Equal Employment Opportunity Commission">Hosanna-Tabor v. EEOC</a></i> (2012)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Our_Lady_of_Guadalupe_School_v._Morrissey-Berru" title="Our Lady of Guadalupe School v. Morrissey-Berru">Our Lady of Guadalupe School v. Morrissey-Berru</a></i> (2020)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Statutory religious exemptions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Religious_Freedom_Restoration_Act" title="Religious Freedom Restoration Act">RFRA</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Gonzales_v._O_Centro_Esp%C3%ADrita_Beneficente_Uni%C3%A3o_do_Vegetal" title="Gonzales v. O Centro Espírita Beneficente União do Vegetal">Gonzales v. O Centro Espírita Beneficente União do Vegetal</a></i> (2006)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Burwell_v._Hobby_Lobby_Stores,_Inc." title="Burwell v. Hobby Lobby Stores, Inc.">Burwell v. Hobby Lobby Stores, Inc.</a></i> (2014)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Zubik_v._Burwell" title="Zubik v. Burwell">Zubik v. Burwell</a></i> (2016)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Little_Sisters_of_the_Poor_Saints_Peter_and_Paul_Home_v._Pennsylvania" title="Little Sisters of the Poor Saints Peter and Paul Home v. Pennsylvania">Little Sisters of the Poor Saints Peter and Paul Home v. Pennsylvania</a></i> (2020)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tanzin_v._Tanvir" title="Tanzin v. Tanvir">Tanzin v. Tanvir</a></i> (2020)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Religious_Land_Use_and_Institutionalized_Persons_Act" title="Religious Land Use and Institutionalized Persons Act">RLUIPA</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sossamon_v._Texas&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sossamon v. Texas (page does not exist)">Sossamon v. Texas</a></i> (2011)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Holt_v._Hobbs" title="Holt v. Hobbs">Holt v. Hobbs</a></i> (2015)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ramirez_v._Collier" title="Ramirez v. Collier">Ramirez v. Collier</a></i> (2022)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Freedom_of_speech_(portal)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_speech_in_the_United_States" title="Freedom of speech in the United States">Freedom of speech</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(<a href="/wiki/Portal:Freedom_of_speech" title="Portal:Freedom of speech">portal</a>)</span></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_free_speech_exceptions" title="United States free speech exceptions">Unprotected<br />speech</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Incitement" title="Incitement">Incitement</a><br />and <a href="/wiki/Sedition" title="Sedition">sedition</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alien_and_Sedition_Acts" title="Alien and Sedition Acts">Alien and Sedition Acts</a> (1798)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Masses_Publishing_Co._v._Patten" title="Masses Publishing Co. v. Patten">Masses Publishing Co. v. Patten</a></i> (S.D.N.Y. 1917)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Schenck_v._United_States" title="Schenck v. United States">Schenck v. United States</a></i> (1919)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Debs_v._United_States" title="Debs v. United States">Debs v. United States</a></i> (1919)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Abrams_v._United_States" title="Abrams v. United States">Abrams v. United States</a></i> (1919)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Gitlow_v._New_York" title="Gitlow v. New York">Gitlow v. New York</a></i> (1925)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Whitney_v._California" title="Whitney v. California">Whitney v. California</a></i> (1927)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Fiske_v._Kansas" title="Fiske v. Kansas">Fiske v. Kansas</a></i> (1927)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Dennis_v._United_States" title="Dennis v. United States">Dennis v. United States</a></i> (1951)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_v._Subversive_Activities_Control_Board" title="Communist Party v. Subversive Activities Control Board">Communist Party v. Subversive Activities Control Bd.</a></i> (1955; 1961)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Yates_v._United_States" title="Yates v. United States">Yates v. United States</a></i> (1957, <a href="/wiki/Clear_and_present_danger" title="Clear and present danger">clear and present danger</a>)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Bond_v._Floyd" title="Bond v. Floyd">Bond v. Floyd</a></i> (1966)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Brandenburg_v._Ohio" title="Brandenburg v. Ohio">Brandenburg v. Ohio</a></i> (1969, <a href="/wiki/Imminent_lawless_action" title="Imminent lawless action">imminent lawless action</a>)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Hess_v._Indiana" title="Hess v. Indiana">Hess v. Indiana</a></i> (1973)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_defamation_law" title="United States defamation law">Defamation</a> and<br /><a href="/wiki/False_statements_of_fact" title="False statements of fact">false speech</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/New_York_Times_Co._v._Sullivan" title="New York Times Co. v. Sullivan">New York Times Co. v. Sullivan</a></i> (1964)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Hustler_Magazine_v._Falwell" title="Hustler Magazine v. Falwell">Hustler Magazine v. Falwell</a></i> (1988)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/United_States_v._Alvarez" title="United States v. Alvarez">United States v. Alvarez</a></i> (2012)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Susan_B._Anthony_List_v._Driehaus" title="Susan B. Anthony List v. Driehaus">Susan B. Anthony List v. Driehaus</a></i> (2014)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Fighting_words" title="Fighting words">Fighting words</a> and<br />the <a href="/wiki/Heckler%27s_veto" title="Heckler's veto">heckler's veto</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Cantwell_v._Connecticut" title="Cantwell v. Connecticut">Cantwell v. Connecticut</a></i> (1940)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Chaplinsky_v._New_Hampshire" title="Chaplinsky v. New Hampshire">Chaplinsky v. New Hampshire</a></i> (1942)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Terminiello_v._City_of_Chicago" title="Terminiello v. City of Chicago">Terminiello v. City of Chicago</a></i> (1949)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Feiner_v._New_York" title="Feiner v. New York">Feiner v. New York</a></i> (1951)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Gregory_v._City_of_Chicago" title="Gregory v. City of Chicago">Gregory v. City of Chicago</a></i> (1969)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Cohen_v._California" title="Cohen v. California">Cohen v. California</a></i> (1971)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/National_Socialist_Party_of_America_v._Village_of_Skokie" title="National Socialist Party of America v. Village of Skokie">Nat'l Socialist Party v. Village of Skokie</a></i> (1977)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/R.A.V._v._City_of_St._Paul" title="R.A.V. v. City of St. Paul">R.A.V. v. City of St. Paul</a></i> (1992)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Snyder_v._Phelps" title="Snyder v. Phelps">Snyder v. Phelps</a></i> (2011)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/True_threat" title="True threat">True threats</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Watts_v._United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Watts v. United States">Watts v. United States</a></i> (1969)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Virginia_v._Black" title="Virginia v. Black">Virginia v. Black</a></i> (2003)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Elonis_v._United_States" title="Elonis v. United States">Elonis v. United States</a></i> (2015)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Counterman_v._Colorado" title="Counterman v. Colorado">Counterman v. Colorado</a></i> (2023)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_obscenity_law" title="United States obscenity law">Obscenity</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Rosen_v._United_States" title="Rosen v. United States">Rosen v. United States</a></i> (1896)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/United_States_v._One_Book_Called_Ulysses" title="United States v. One Book Called Ulysses">United States v. One Book Called Ulysses</a></i> (S.D.N.Y. 1933)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Roth_v._United_States" title="Roth v. United States">Roth v. United States</a></i> (1957)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/One,_Inc._v._Olesen" title="One, Inc. v. Olesen">One, Inc. v. Olesen</a></i> (1958)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Smith_v._California" title="Smith v. California">Smith v. California</a></i> (1959)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Marcus_v._Search_Warrant" title="Marcus v. Search Warrant">Marcus v. Search Warrant</a></i> (1961)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/MANual_Enterprises,_Inc._v._Day" class="mw-redirect" title="MANual Enterprises, Inc. v. Day">MANual Enterprises, Inc. v. Day</a></i> (1962)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Jacobellis_v._Ohio" title="Jacobellis v. Ohio">Jacobellis v. Ohio</a></i> (1964)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Quantity_of_Books_v._Kansas" title="Quantity of Books v. Kansas">Quantity of Books v. Kansas</a></i> (1964)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ginzburg_v._United_States" title="Ginzburg v. United States">Ginzburg v. United States</a></i> (1966)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Memoirs_v._Massachusetts" title="Memoirs v. Massachusetts">Memoirs v. Massachusetts</a></i> (1966)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Redrup_v._New_York" title="Redrup v. New York">Redrup v. New York</a></i> (1967)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ginsberg_v._New_York" title="Ginsberg v. New York">Ginsberg v. New York</a></i> (1968)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Stanley_v._Georgia" title="Stanley v. Georgia">Stanley v. Georgia</a></i> (1969)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/United_States_v._Thirty-seven_Photographs" title="United States v. Thirty-seven Photographs">United States v. Thirty-seven Photographs</a></i> (1971)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kois_v._Wisconsin" title="Kois v. Wisconsin">Kois v. Wisconsin</a></i> (1972)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Miller_v._California" title="Miller v. California">Miller v. California</a></i> (1973)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Paris_Adult_Theatre_I_v._Slaton" title="Paris Adult Theatre I v. Slaton">Paris Adult Theatre I v. Slaton</a></i> (1973)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/United_States_v._12_200-ft._Reels_of_Film" title="United States v. 12 200-ft. Reels of Film">United States v. 12 200-ft. Reels of Film</a></i> (1973)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Jenkins_v._Georgia" title="Jenkins v. Georgia">Jenkins v. Georgia</a></i> (1974)</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Southeastern_Promotions,_Ltd._v._Conrad&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Southeastern Promotions, Ltd. v. Conrad (page does not exist)">Southeastern Promotions, Ltd. v. Conrad</a></i> (1975)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Erznoznik_v._City_of_Jacksonville" title="Erznoznik v. City of Jacksonville">Erznoznik v. City of Jacksonville</a></i> (1975)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Young_v._American_Mini_Theatres,_Inc." title="Young v. American Mini Theatres, Inc.">Young v. American Mini Theatres, Inc.</a></i> (1976)</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vance_v._Universal_Amusement_Co.,_Inc.&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Vance v. Universal Amusement Co., Inc. (page does not exist)">Vance v. Universal Amusement Co., Inc.</a></i> (1980)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/American_Booksellers_Ass%27n,_Inc._v._Hudnut" title="American Booksellers Ass'n, Inc. v. Hudnut">American Booksellers Ass'n, Inc. v. Hudnut</a></i> (7th Cir. 1985)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/People_v._Freeman" title="People v. Freeman">People v. Freeman</a></i> (Cal. 1988)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/United_States_v._X-Citement_Video,_Inc." title="United States v. X-Citement Video, Inc.">United States v. X-Citement Video, Inc.</a></i> (1994)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Reno_v._American_Civil_Liberties_Union" title="Reno v. American Civil Liberties Union">Reno v. ACLU</a></i> (1997)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/United_States_v._Playboy_Entertainment_Group,_Inc." title="United States v. Playboy Entertainment Group, Inc.">United States v. Playboy Entertainment Group, Inc.</a></i> (2000)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/City_of_Los_Angeles_v._Alameda_Books,_Inc." title="City of Los Angeles v. Alameda Books, Inc.">City of Los Angeles v. Alameda Books, Inc.</a></i> (2002)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ashcroft_v._American_Civil_Liberties_Union" title="Ashcroft v. American Civil Liberties Union">Ashcroft v. ACLU I</a></i> (2002)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/United_States_v._American_Library_Ass%27n" title="United States v. American Library Ass'n">United States v. American Library Ass'n</a></i> (2003)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ashcroft_v._American_Civil_Liberties_Union#Second_Opinion_of_the_Court" title="Ashcroft v. American Civil Liberties Union">Ashcroft v. ACLU II</a></i> (2004)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Nitke_v._Gonzales" title="Nitke v. Gonzales">Nitke v. Gonzales</a></i> (S.D.N.Y. 2005)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/United_States_v._Williams_(2008)" title="United States v. Williams (2008)">United States v. Williams</a></i> (2008)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/American_Booksellers_Foundation_for_Free_Expression_v._Strickland" title="American Booksellers Foundation for Free Expression v. Strickland">American Booksellers Foundation for Free Expression v. Strickland</a></i> (6th Cir. 2009)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/United_States_v._Kilbride" title="United States v. Kilbride">United States v. Kilbride</a></i> (9th Cir. 2009)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/United_States_v._Stevens" title="United States v. Stevens">United States v. Stevens</a></i> (2010)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Brown_v._Entertainment_Merchants_Association" title="Brown v. Entertainment Merchants Association">Brown v. Entertainment Merchants Ass'n</a></i> (2011)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/FCC_v._Fox_Television_Stations,_Inc._(2012)" title="FCC v. Fox Television Stations, Inc. (2012)">FCC v. Fox Television Stations, Inc.</a></i> (2012)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Free_Speech_Coalition_v._Paxton" title="Free Speech Coalition v. Paxton">Free Speech Coalition v. Paxton</a></i> (2025)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Speech integral<br />to criminal conduct</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/New_York_v._Ferber" title="New York v. Ferber">New York v. Ferber</a></i> (1982)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Osborne_v._Ohio" title="Osborne v. Ohio">Osborne v. Ohio</a></i> (1990)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ashcroft_v._Free_Speech_Coalition" title="Ashcroft v. Free Speech Coalition">Ashcroft v. Free Speech Coalition</a></i> (2002)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/United_States_v._Hansen" title="United States v. Hansen">United States v. Hansen</a></i> (2023)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Strict_scrutiny" title="Strict scrutiny">Strict scrutiny</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Holder_v._Humanitarian_Law_Project" title="Holder v. Humanitarian Law Project">Holder v. Humanitarian Law Project</a></i> (2010)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Williams-Yulee_v._Florida_Bar" title="Williams-Yulee v. Florida Bar">Williams-Yulee v. Florida Bar</a></i> (2015)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Overbreadth_doctrine" title="Overbreadth doctrine">Overbreadth</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Vagueness_doctrine" title="Vagueness doctrine">Vagueness</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Smith_v._Goguen" title="Smith v. Goguen">Smith v. Goguen</a></i> (1974)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Board_of_Airport_Commissioners_of_Los_Angeles_v._Jews_for_Jesus,_Inc." title="Board of Airport Commissioners of Los Angeles v. Jews for Jesus, Inc.">Board of Airport Commissioners v. Jews for Jesus</a></i> (1987)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Minnesota_Voters_Alliance_v._Mansky" title="Minnesota Voters Alliance v. Mansky">Minnesota Voters Alliance v. Mansky</a></i> (2018)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Symbolic_speech" title="Symbolic speech">Symbolic speech</a><br />versus conduct</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Stromberg_v._California" title="Stromberg v. California">Stromberg v. California</a></i> (1931)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/United_States_v._O%27Brien" title="United States v. O'Brien">United States v. O'Brien</a></i> (1968)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Cohen_v._California" title="Cohen v. California">Cohen v. California</a></i> (1971)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Spence_v._Washington" title="Spence v. Washington">Spence v. Washington</a></i> (1974)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Clark_v._Community_for_Creative_Non-Violence" title="Clark v. Community for Creative Non-Violence">Clark v. Community for Creative Non-Violence</a></i> (1984)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Dallas_v._Stanglin" title="Dallas v. Stanglin">Dallas v. Stanglin</a></i> (1989)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Texas_v._Johnson" title="Texas v. Johnson">Texas v. Johnson</a></i> (1989)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/United_States_v._Eichman" title="United States v. Eichman">United States v. Eichman</a></i> (1990)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Barnes_v._Glen_Theatre,_Inc." title="Barnes v. Glen Theatre, Inc.">Barnes v. Glen Theatre</a></i> (1991)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/City_of_Erie_v._Pap%27s_A._M." title="City of Erie v. Pap's A. M.">City of Erie v. Pap's A. M.</a></i> (2000)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Virginia_v._Black" title="Virginia v. Black">Virginia v. Black</a></i> (2003)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Content-based<br />restrictions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Lamont_v._Postmaster_General" title="Lamont v. Postmaster General">Lamont v. Postmaster General</a></i> (1965)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Metromedia,_Inc._v._San_Diego" title="Metromedia, Inc. v. San Diego">Metromedia, Inc. v. San Diego</a></i> (1981)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Boos_v._Barry" title="Boos v. Barry">Boos v. Barry</a></i> (1988)</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Butterworth_v._Smith&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Butterworth v. Smith (page does not exist)">Butterworth v. Smith</a></i> (1990)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Simon_%26_Schuster,_Inc._v._Crime_Victims_Board" title="Simon & Schuster, Inc. v. Crime Victims Board">Simon & Schuster, Inc. v. Crime Victims Board</a></i> (1991)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/R.A.V._v._City_of_St._Paul" title="R.A.V. v. City of St. Paul">R.A.V. v. City of St. Paul</a></i> (1992)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Reed_v._Town_of_Gilbert" title="Reed v. Town of Gilbert">Reed v. Town of Gilbert</a></i> (2015)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Barr_v._American_Assn._of_Political_Consultants,_Inc." title="Barr v. American Assn. of Political Consultants, Inc.">Barr v. American Association of Political Consultants</a></i> (2020)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/City_of_Austin_v._Reagan_National_Advertising_of_Austin,_LLC" title="City of Austin v. Reagan National Advertising of Austin, LLC">City of Austin v. Reagan National Advertising of Austin, LLC</a></i> (2022)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Content-neutral<br />restrictions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Schneider_v._New_Jersey" title="Schneider v. New Jersey">Schneider v. New Jersey</a></i> (1939)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Renton_v._Playtime_Theatres,_Inc." title="Renton v. Playtime Theatres, Inc.">Renton v. Playtime Theatres, Inc.</a></i> (1986)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/City_of_Ladue_v._Gilleo" title="City of Ladue v. Gilleo">City of Ladue v. Gilleo</a></i> (1994)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Packingham_v._North_Carolina" title="Packingham v. North Carolina">Packingham v. North Carolina</a></i> (2017)</li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">In the<br /><a href="/wiki/Public_forum" class="mw-redirect" title="Public forum">public forum</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Davis_v._Massachusetts" title="Davis v. Massachusetts">Davis v. Massachusetts</a></i> (1897)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Hague_v._Committee_for_Industrial_Organization" title="Hague v. Committee for Industrial Organization">Hague v. CIO</a></i> (1939)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Thornhill_v._Alabama" title="Thornhill v. Alabama">Thornhill v. Alabama</a></i> (1940)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Martin_v._City_of_Struthers" title="Martin v. City of Struthers">Martin v. City of Struthers</a></i> (1943)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Niemotko_v._Maryland" title="Niemotko v. Maryland">Niemotko v. Maryland</a></i> (1951)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Edwards_v._South_Carolina" title="Edwards v. South Carolina">Edwards v. South Carolina</a></i> (1963)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Cox_v._Louisiana" title="Cox v. Louisiana">Cox v. Louisiana</a></i> (1965)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Brown_v._Louisiana" title="Brown v. Louisiana">Brown v. Louisiana</a></i> (1966)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Adderley_v._Florida" title="Adderley v. Florida">Adderley v. Florida</a></i> (1966)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Carroll_v._Town_of_Princess_Anne" title="Carroll v. Town of Princess Anne">Carroll v. Town of Princess Anne</a></i> (1968)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Coates_v._City_of_Cincinnati" title="Coates v. City of Cincinnati">Coates v. City of Cincinnati</a></i> (1971)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Organization_for_a_Better_Austin_v._Keefe" title="Organization for a Better Austin v. Keefe">Org. for a Better Austin v. Keefe</a></i> (1971)</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=USPS_v._Council_of_Greenburgh_Civic_Assns.&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="USPS v. Council of Greenburgh Civic Assns. (page does not exist)">USPS v. Council of Greenburgh Civic Assns.</a></i> (1981)</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=United_States_v._Grace&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="United States v. Grace (page does not exist)">United States v. Grace</a></i> (1983)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Clark_v._Community_for_Creative_Non-Violence" title="Clark v. Community for Creative Non-Violence">Clark v. Community for Creative Non-Violence</a></i> (1984)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Frisby_v._Schultz" title="Frisby v. Schultz">Frisby v. Schultz</a></i> (1988)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ward_v._Rock_Against_Racism" title="Ward v. Rock Against Racism">Ward v. Rock Against Racism</a></i> (1989)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Burson_v._Freeman" title="Burson v. Freeman">Burson v. Freeman</a></i> (1992)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Madsen_v._Women%27s_Health_Center,_Inc." title="Madsen v. Women's Health Center, Inc.">Madsen v. Women's Health Center, Inc.</a></i> (1994)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Schenck_v._Pro-Choice_Network_of_Western_New_York" title="Schenck v. Pro-Choice Network of Western New York">Schenck v. Pro-Choice Network of Western New York</a></i> (1997)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Hill_v._Colorado" title="Hill v. Colorado">Hill v. Colorado</a></i> (2000)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/McCullen_v._Coakley" title="McCullen v. Coakley">McCullen v. Coakley</a></i> (2014)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Designated<br />public forum</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Widmar_v._Vincent" title="Widmar v. Vincent">Widmar v. Vincent</a></i> (1981)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Rosenberger_v._University_of_Virginia" title="Rosenberger v. University of Virginia">Rosenberger v. Univ. of Virginia</a></i> (1995)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Uzuegbunam_v._Preczewski" title="Uzuegbunam v. Preczewski">Uzuegbunam v. Preczewski</a></i> (2021)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Nonpublic<br />forum</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Lehman_v._Shaker_Heights" title="Lehman v. Shaker Heights">Lehman v. Shaker Heights</a></i> (1974)</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Brown_v._Glines&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Brown v. Glines (page does not exist)">Brown v. Glines</a></i> (1980)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Perry_Education_Association_v._Perry_Local_Educators%27_Association" title="Perry Education Association v. Perry Local Educators' Association">Perry Education Association v. Perry Local Educators' Association</a></i> (1983)</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cornelius_v._NAACP_Legal_Defense_Fund&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cornelius v. NAACP Legal Defense Fund (page does not exist)">Cornelius v. NAACP Legal Defense Fund</a></i> (1985)</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=International_Society_for_Krishna_Consciousness,_Inc._v._Lee&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="International Society for Krishna Consciousness, Inc. v. Lee (page does not exist)">International Society for Krishna Consciousness, Inc. v. Lee</a></i> (1992)</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Arkansas_Educational_Television_Commission_v._Forbes&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Arkansas Educational Television Commission v. Forbes (page does not exist)">Arkansas Educational Television Commission v. Forbes</a></i> (1997)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Minnesota_Voters_Alliance_v._Mansky" title="Minnesota Voters Alliance v. Mansky">Minnesota Voters Alliance v. Mansky</a></i> (2018)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Compelled_speech" title="Compelled speech">Compelled speech</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Minersville_School_District_v._Gobitis" title="Minersville School District v. Gobitis">Minersville School District v. Gobitis</a></i> (1940)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/West_Virginia_State_Board_of_Education_v._Barnette" title="West Virginia State Board of Education v. Barnette">West Virginia State Board of Ed. v. Barnette</a></i> (1943)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Miami_Herald_Publishing_Co._v._Tornillo" title="Miami Herald Publishing Co. v. Tornillo">Miami Herald Publishing Co. v. Tornillo</a></i> (1974)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Wooley_v._Maynard" title="Wooley v. Maynard">Wooley v. Maynard</a></i> (1977)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Pruneyard_Shopping_Center_v._Robins" title="Pruneyard Shopping Center v. Robins">Pruneyard Shopping Center v. Robins</a></i> (1980)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Pacific_Gas_%26_Electric_Co._v._Public_Utilities_Commission" title="Pacific Gas & Electric Co. v. Public Utilities Commission">Pacific Gas & Electric Co. v. Public Utilities Comm'n of California</a></i> (1986)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Hurley_v._Irish-American_Gay,_Lesbian,_and_Bisexual_Group_of_Boston" title="Hurley v. Irish-American Gay, Lesbian, and Bisexual Group of Boston">Hurley v. Irish-American Gay, Lesbian, and Bisexual Group of Boston</a></i> (1995)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Rumsfeld_v._Forum_for_Academic_%26_Institutional_Rights,_Inc." title="Rumsfeld v. Forum for Academic & Institutional Rights, Inc.">Rumsfeld v. Forum for Academic & Institutional Rights, Inc.</a></i> (2006)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/National_Institute_of_Family_and_Life_Advocates_v._Becerra" title="National Institute of Family and Life Advocates v. Becerra">National Institute of Family and Life Advocates v. Becerra</a></i> (2018)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/303_Creative_LLC_v._Elenis" title="303 Creative LLC v. Elenis">303 Creative LLC v. Elenis</a></i> (2023)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Moody_v._NetChoice,_LLC" title="Moody v. NetChoice, LLC">Moody v. NetChoice, LLC</a></i> (2024)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Compelled subsidy<br />of others' speech</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ry._Emps._Department_v._Hanson&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ry. Emps. Department v. Hanson (page does not exist)">Ry. Emps. Department v. Hanson</a></i> (1956)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Machinists_v._Street" class="mw-redirect" title="Machinists v. Street">Machinists v. Street</a></i> (1961)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Abood_v._Detroit_Board_of_Education" title="Abood v. Detroit Board of Education">Abood v. Detroit Board of Education</a></i> (1977)</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ellis_v._Railway_Clerks&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ellis v. Railway Clerks (page does not exist)">Ellis v. Railway Clerks</a></i> (1984)</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chicago_Local_Teachers_Union_v._Hudson&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Chicago Local Teachers Union v. Hudson (page does not exist)">Chicago Local Teachers Union v. Hudson</a></i> (1986)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Communications_Workers_of_America_v._Beck" title="Communications Workers of America v. Beck">Communications Workers of America v. Beck</a></i> (1988)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Keller_v._State_Bar_of_California" title="Keller v. State Bar of California">Keller v. State Bar of California</a></i> (1990)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Lehnert_v._Ferris_Faculty_Ass%27n" title="Lehnert v. Ferris Faculty Ass'n">Lehnert v. Ferris Faculty Ass'n</a></i> (1991)</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Glickman_v._Wileman_Brothers_%26_Elliot,_Inc.&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Glickman v. Wileman Brothers & Elliot, Inc. (page does not exist)">Glickman v. Wileman Brothers & Elliot, Inc.</a></i> (1997)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Board_of_Regents_of_the_University_of_Wisconsin_System_v._Southworth" title="Board of Regents of the University of Wisconsin System v. Southworth">Board of Regents of the Univ. of Wisconsin System v. Southworth</a></i> (2000)</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=United_States_v._United_Foods_Inc.&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="United States v. United Foods Inc. (page does not exist)">United States v. United Foods Inc.</a></i> (2001)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Johanns_v._Livestock_Marketing_Association" title="Johanns v. Livestock Marketing Association">Johanns v. Livestock Marketing Ass'n</a></i> (2005)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Davenport_v._Washington_Education_Ass%27n" title="Davenport v. Washington Education Ass'n">Davenport v. Washington Education Ass'n</a></i> (2007)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Locke_v._Karass" title="Locke v. Karass">Locke v. Karass</a></i> (2008)</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ysursa_v._Pocatello_Education_Association&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ysursa v. Pocatello Education Association (page does not exist)">Ysursa v. Pocatello Education Association</a></i> (2009)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Knox_v._Service_Employees_International_Union,_Local_1000" title="Knox v. Service Employees International Union, Local 1000">Knox v. SEIU, Local 1000</a></i> (2012)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Harris_v._Quinn" title="Harris v. Quinn">Harris v. Quinn</a></i> (2014)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Friedrichs_v._California_Teachers_Association" title="Friedrichs v. California Teachers Association">Friedrichs v. California Teachers Association</a></i> (2016)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Janus_v._AFSCME" title="Janus v. AFSCME">Janus v. AFSCME</a></i> (2018)</li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Compelled_representation" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Compelled representation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Steele_v._Louisville_%26_N.R._Co&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Steele v. Louisville & N.R. Co (page does not exist)">Steele v. Louisville & N.R. Co</a></i> (1944)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Minnesota_Board_for_Community_Colleges_v._Knight" title="Minnesota Board for Community Colleges v. Knight">Minnesota Board for Community Colleges v. Knight</a></i> (1984)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Government grants<br />and subsidies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Regan_v._Taxation_with_Representation_of_Washington" title="Regan v. Taxation with Representation of Washington">Regan v. Taxation with Representation of Washington</a></i> (1983)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Rust_v._Sullivan" title="Rust v. Sullivan">Rust v. Sullivan</a></i> (1991)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/National_Endowment_for_the_Arts_v._Finley" title="National Endowment for the Arts v. Finley">National Endowment for the Arts v. Finley</a></i> (1998)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Legal_Services_Corp._v._Velazquez" title="Legal Services Corp. v. Velazquez">Legal Services Corp. v. Velazquez</a></i> (2001)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/USAID_v._Alliance_for_Open_Society_International_(2013)" title="USAID v. Alliance for Open Society International (2013)">USAID v. Alliance for Open Society International I</a></i> (2013)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/USAID_v._Alliance_for_Open_Society_International_(2020)" title="USAID v. Alliance for Open Society International (2020)">USAID v. Alliance for Open Society International II</a></i> (2020)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Government_speech" title="Government speech">Government<br />as speaker</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Pleasant_Grove_City_v._Summum" title="Pleasant Grove City v. Summum">Pleasant Grove City v. Summum</a></i> (2009)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Walker_v._Texas_Division,_Sons_of_Confederate_Veterans" title="Walker v. Texas Division, Sons of Confederate Veterans">Walker v. Texas Div., Sons of Confederate Veterans</a></i> (2015)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Matal_v._Tam" title="Matal v. Tam">Matal v. Tam</a></i> (2017)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Iancu_v._Brunetti" title="Iancu v. Brunetti">Iancu v. Brunetti</a></i> (2019)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Houston_Community_College_System_v._Wilson" title="Houston Community College System v. Wilson">Houston Community College System v. Wilson</a></i> (2022)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Shurtleff_v._City_of_Boston" title="Shurtleff v. City of Boston">Shurtleff v. City of Boston</a></i> (2022)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Vidal_v._Elster" title="Vidal v. Elster">Vidal v. Elster</a></i> (2024)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Loyalty_oath" title="Loyalty oath">Loyalty oaths</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/American_Communications_Association_v._Douds" class="mw-redirect" title="American Communications Association v. Douds">American Communications Ass'n v. Douds</a></i> (1950)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Garner_v._Board_of_Public_Works" title="Garner v. Board of Public Works">Garner v. Board of Public Works</a></i> (1951)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Speiser_v._Randall" title="Speiser v. Randall">Speiser v. Randall</a></i> (1958)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Keyishian_v._Board_of_Regents" title="Keyishian v. Board of Regents">Keyishian v. Board of Regents</a></i> (1967)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_Indiana_v._Whitcomb" title="Communist Party of Indiana v. Whitcomb">Communist Party of Indiana v. Whitcomb</a></i> (1974)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_speech_in_schools_in_the_United_States" title="Freedom of speech in schools in the United States">School speech</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Minersville_School_District_v._Gobitis" title="Minersville School District v. Gobitis">Minersville School District v. Gobitis</a></i> (1940)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/West_Virginia_State_Board_of_Education_v._Barnette" title="West Virginia State Board of Education v. Barnette">West Virginia State Board of Education v. Barnette</a></i> (1943)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tinker_v._Des_Moines_Independent_Community_School_District" title="Tinker v. Des Moines Independent Community School District">Tinker v. Des Moines Ind. Community School Dist.</a></i> (1969, <a href="/wiki/Substantial_disruption" title="Substantial disruption">substantial disruption</a>)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Healy_v._James" title="Healy v. James">Healy v. James</a></i> (1972)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Island_Trees_School_District_v._Pico" title="Island Trees School District v. Pico">Island Trees School District v. Pico</a></i> (1982)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Bethel_School_District_v._Fraser" title="Bethel School District v. Fraser">Bethel School District v. Fraser</a></i> (1986)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Hazelwood_School_District_v._Kuhlmeier" title="Hazelwood School District v. Kuhlmeier">Hazelwood School District v. Kuhlmeier</a></i> (1988)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Westside_Community_Board_of_Education_v._Mergens" title="Westside Community Board of Education v. Mergens">Westside Community Board of Ed. v. Mergens</a></i> (1990)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Rosenberger_v._University_of_Virginia" title="Rosenberger v. University of Virginia">Rosenberger v. Univ. of Virginia</a></i> (1995)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Brentwood_Academy_v._Tennessee_Secondary_School_Athletic_Assn." class="mw-redirect" title="Brentwood Academy v. Tennessee Secondary School Athletic Assn.">Brentwood Academy v. Tennessee Secondary School Athletic Assn.</a></i> (2001)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tennessee_Secondary_School_Athletic_Assn._v._Brentwood_Academy" class="mw-redirect" title="Tennessee Secondary School Athletic Assn. v. Brentwood Academy">Tennessee Secondary School Athletic Assn. v. Brentwood Academy</a></i> (2007)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Morse_v._Frederick" title="Morse v. Frederick">Morse v. Frederick</a></i> (2007)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Uzuegbunam_v._Preczewski" title="Uzuegbunam v. Preczewski">Uzuegbunam v. Preczewski</a></i> (2021)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mahanoy_Area_School_District_v._B.L." title="Mahanoy Area School District v. B.L.">Mahanoy Area School District v. B.L.</a></i> (2021)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Public employees</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Pickering_v._Board_of_Education" title="Pickering v. Board of Education">Pickering v. Board of Education</a></i> (1968)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Perry_v._Sindermann" title="Perry v. Sindermann">Perry v. Sindermann</a></i> (1972)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Arnett_v._Kennedy" title="Arnett v. Kennedy">Arnett v. Kennedy</a></i> (1974)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Elrod_v._Burns" title="Elrod v. Burns">Elrod v. Burns</a></i> (1976)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mt._Healthy_City_School_District_Board_of_Education_v._Doyle" title="Mt. Healthy City School District Board of Education v. Doyle">Mt. Healthy City School Dist. Board of Ed. v. Doyle</a></i> (1977)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Givhan_v._Western_Line_Consolidated_School_District" title="Givhan v. Western Line Consolidated School District">Givhan v. Western Line Consol. School Dist.</a></i> (1979)</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Smith_v._Arkansas_State_Hwy._Employees_Local&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Smith v. Arkansas State Hwy. Employees Local (page does not exist)">Smith v. Arkansas State Hwy. Employees Local</a></i> (1979)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Connick_v._Myers" title="Connick v. Myers">Connick v. Myers</a></i> (1983)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Rankin_v._McPherson" title="Rankin v. McPherson">Rankin v. McPherson</a></i> (1987)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Rutan_v._Republican_Party_of_Illinois" title="Rutan v. Republican Party of Illinois">Rutan v. Republican Party of Illinois</a></i> (1990)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Waters_v._Churchill" title="Waters v. Churchill">Waters v. Churchill</a></i> (1994)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/United_States_v._National_Treasury_Employees_Union" title="United States v. National Treasury Employees Union">United States v. National Treasury Employees Union</a></i> (1995)</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Board_of_Comm%27rs,_Wabaunsee_Cty._v._Umbehr&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Board of Comm'rs, Wabaunsee Cty. v. Umbehr (page does not exist)">Board of Comm'rs, Wabaunsee Cty. v. Umbehr</a></i> (1996)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Brentwood_Academy_v._Tennessee_Secondary_School_Athletic_Assn." class="mw-redirect" title="Brentwood Academy v. Tennessee Secondary School Athletic Assn.">Brentwood Academy v. Tennessee Secondary School Athletic Assn.</a></i> (2001)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Garcetti_v._Ceballos" title="Garcetti v. Ceballos">Garcetti v. Ceballos</a></i> (2006)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tennessee_Secondary_School_Athletic_Assn._v._Brentwood_Academy" class="mw-redirect" title="Tennessee Secondary School Athletic Assn. v. Brentwood Academy">Tennessee Secondary School Athletic Assn. v. Brentwood Academy</a></i> (2007)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Borough_of_Duryea_v._Guarnieri" title="Borough of Duryea v. Guarnieri">Borough of Duryea v. Guarnieri</a></i> (2011)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Lane_v._Franks" title="Lane v. Franks">Lane v. Franks</a></i> (2014)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Heffernan_v._City_of_Paterson" title="Heffernan v. City of Paterson">Heffernan v. City of Paterson</a></i> (2016)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kennedy_v._Bremerton_School_District" title="Kennedy v. Bremerton School District">Kennedy v. Bremerton School Dist.</a></i> (2022)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Hatch_Act_of_1939" class="mw-redirect" title="Hatch Act of 1939">Hatch Act</a> and<br />similar laws</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Ex_parte_Curtis" title="Ex parte Curtis">Ex parte Curtis</a></i> (1882)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/United_Public_Workers_v._Mitchell" title="United Public Workers v. Mitchell">United Public Workers v. Mitchell</a></i> (1947)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/United_States_Civil_Service_Commission_v._National_Ass%27n_of_Letter_Carriers" title="United States Civil Service Commission v. National Ass'n of Letter Carriers">U.S. Civil Service Comm'n v. National Ass'n of Letter Carriers</a></i> (1973)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Broadrick_v._Oklahoma" title="Broadrick v. Oklahoma">Broadrick v. Oklahoma</a></i> (1973)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Licensing and<br />restriction of speech</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Mutual_Film_Corp._v._Industrial_Commission_of_Ohio" title="Mutual Film Corp. v. Industrial Commission of Ohio">Mutual Film Corp. v. Industrial Comm'n of Ohio</a></i> (1915)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Cox_v._New_Hampshire" title="Cox v. New Hampshire">Cox v. New Hampshire</a></i> (1941)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Murdock_v._Pennsylvania" title="Murdock v. Pennsylvania">Murdock v. Pennsylvania</a></i> (1943)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kunz_v._New_York" title="Kunz v. New York">Kunz v. New York</a></i> (1951)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Burstyn,_Inc._v._Wilson" title="Joseph Burstyn, Inc. v. Wilson">Joseph Burstyn, Inc. v. Wilson</a></i> (1952)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kingsley_Books,_Inc._v._Brown" title="Kingsley Books, Inc. v. Brown">Kingsley Books, Inc. v. Brown</a></i> (1957)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/NAACP_v._Button" title="NAACP v. Button">NAACP v. Button</a></i> (1963)</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Railroad_Trainmen_v._Virginia_Bar&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Railroad Trainmen v. Virginia Bar (page does not exist)">Railroad Trainmen v. Virginia Bar</a></i> (1964)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Freedman_v._Maryland" title="Freedman v. Maryland">Freedman v. Maryland</a></i> (1965)</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mine_Workers_v._Illinois_Bar_Assn.&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mine Workers v. Illinois Bar Assn. (page does not exist)">Mine Workers v. Illinois Bar Assn.</a></i> (1967)</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Heffron_v._International_Society_for_Krishna_Consciousness,_Inc.&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Heffron v. International Society for Krishna Consciousness, Inc. (page does not exist)">Heffron v. International Society for Krishna Consciousness, Inc.</a></i> (1981)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Hoffman_Estates_v._The_Flipside,_Hoffman_Estates,_Inc." title="Hoffman Estates v. The Flipside, Hoffman Estates, Inc.">Hoffman Estates v. The Flipside, Hoffman Estates, Inc.</a></i> (1982)</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Riley_v._Nat%27l_Fed%27n_of_the_Blind&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Riley v. Nat'l Fed'n of the Blind (page does not exist)">Riley v. Nat'l Fed'n of the Blind</a></i> (1988)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Forsyth_County_v._Nationalist_Movement" title="Forsyth County v. Nationalist Movement">Forsyth County v. Nationalist Movement</a></i> (1992)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Commercial_speech" title="Commercial speech">Commercial speech</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Valentine_v._Chrestensen" title="Valentine v. Chrestensen">Valentine v. Chrestensen</a></i> (1942)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Rowan_v._United_States_Post_Office_Department" title="Rowan v. United States Post Office Department">Rowan v. U.S. Post Office Dept.</a></i> (1970)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Pittsburgh_Press_Co._v._Pittsburgh_Commission_on_Human_Relations" title="Pittsburgh Press Co. v. Pittsburgh Commission on Human Relations">Pittsburgh Press Co. v. Pittsburgh Comm'n on Human Relations</a></i> (1973)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Lehman_v._Shaker_Heights" title="Lehman v. Shaker Heights">Lehman v. Shaker Heights</a></i> (1974)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Goldfarb_v._Virginia_State_Bar" title="Goldfarb v. Virginia State Bar">Goldfarb v. Virginia State Bar</a></i> (1975)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Bigelow_v._Virginia" title="Bigelow v. Virginia">Bigelow v. Virginia</a></i> (1975)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Virginia_State_Pharmacy_Board_v._Virginia_Citizens_Consumer_Council" title="Virginia State Pharmacy Board v. Virginia Citizens Consumer Council">Virginia State Pharmacy Bd. v. Virginia Citizens Consumer Council</a></i> (1976)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Linmark_Associates,_Inc._v._Township_of_Willingboro" title="Linmark Associates, Inc. v. Township of Willingboro">Linmark Assoc., Inc. v. Township of Willingboro</a></i> (1977)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Carey_v._Population_Services_International" title="Carey v. Population Services International">Carey v. Population Services International</a></i> (1977)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Bates_v._State_Bar_of_Arizona" title="Bates v. State Bar of Arizona">Bates v. State Bar of Arizona</a></i> (1977)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/In_re_Primus" title="In re Primus">In re Primus</a></i> (1978)</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ohralik_v._Ohio_State_Bar_Association&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ohralik v. Ohio State Bar Association (page does not exist)">Ohralik v. Ohio State Bar Association</a></i> (1978)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Friedman_v._Rogers" title="Friedman v. Rogers">Friedman v. Rogers</a></i> (1979)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Consolidated_Edison_Co._v._Public_Service_Commission" title="Consolidated Edison Co. v. Public Service Commission">Consol. Edison Co. v. Public Serv. Comm'n</a></i> (1980)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Central_Hudson_Gas_%26_Electric_Corp._v._Public_Service_Commission" title="Central Hudson Gas & Electric Corp. v. Public Service Commission">Central Hudson Gas & Electric Corp. v. Public Service Commission</a></i> (1980)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Metromedia,_Inc._v._San_Diego" title="Metromedia, Inc. v. San Diego">Metromedia, Inc. v. San Diego</a></i> (1981)</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=In_re_R.M.J.&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="In re R.M.J. (page does not exist)">In re R.M.J.</a></i> (1982)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Hoffman_Estates_v._The_Flipside,_Hoffman_Estates,_Inc." title="Hoffman Estates v. The Flipside, Hoffman Estates, Inc.">Hoffman Estates v. The Flipside, Hoffman Estates, Inc.</a></i> (1982)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Zauderer_v._Office_of_Disciplinary_Counsel_of_Supreme_Court_of_Ohio" title="Zauderer v. Office of Disciplinary Counsel of Supreme Court of Ohio">Zauderer v. Off. of Disciplinary Counsel of Supreme Court of Ohio</a></i> (1985)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Pacific_Gas_%26_Electric_Co._v._Public_Utilities_Commission" title="Pacific Gas & Electric Co. v. Public Utilities Commission">Pacific Gas & Electric Co. v. Public Utilities Comm'n of California</a></i> (1986)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Posadas_de_Puerto_Rico_Associates_v._Tourism_Co._of_Puerto_Rico" title="Posadas de Puerto Rico Associates v. Tourism Co. of Puerto Rico">Posadas de Puerto Rico Assoc. v. Tourism Co. of Puerto Rico</a></i> (1986)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/San_Francisco_Arts_%26_Athletics,_Inc._v._United_States_Olympic_Committee" title="San Francisco Arts & Athletics, Inc. v. United States Olympic Committee">San Francisco Arts & Athletics, Inc. v. U.S. Olympic Committee</a></i> (1987)</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Shapero_v._Kentucky_Bar_Association&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Shapero v. Kentucky Bar Association (page does not exist)">Shapero v. Kentucky Bar Association</a></i> (1988)</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Riley_v._Nat%27l_Fed%27n_of_the_Blind&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Riley v. Nat'l Fed'n of the Blind (page does not exist)">Riley v. Nat'l Fed'n of the Blind</a></i> (1988)</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=State_University_of_New_York_v._Fox&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="State University of New York v. Fox (page does not exist)">State University of New York v. Fox</a></i> (1989)</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Peel_v._Attorney_Registration_and_Disciplinary_Commission_of_Illinois&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Peel v. Attorney Registration and Disciplinary Commission of Illinois (page does not exist)">Peel v. Attorney Registration and Disciplinary Commission of Illinois</a></i> (1990)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/City_of_Cincinnati_v._Discovery_Network" class="mw-redirect" title="City of Cincinnati v. Discovery Network">City of Cincinnati v. Discovery Network</a></i> (1993)</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Edenfield_v._Fane&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Edenfield v. Fane (page does not exist)">Edenfield v. Fane</a></i> (1993)</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=United_States_v._Edge_Broadcasting_Co.&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="United States v. Edge Broadcasting Co. (page does not exist)">United States v. Edge Broadcasting Co.</a></i> (1993)</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ibanez_v._Florida_Dept._of_Business_and_Professional_Regulation,_Bd._of_Accountancy&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ibanez v. Florida Dept. of Business and Professional Regulation, Bd. of Accountancy (page does not exist)">Ibanez v. Florida Dept. of Business and Professional Regulation, Bd. of Accountancy</a></i> (1994)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Lebron_v._National_Railroad_Passenger_Corp." title="Lebron v. National Railroad Passenger Corp.">Lebron v. National Railroad Passenger Corp.</a></i> (1995)</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rubin_v._Coors_Brewing_Co.&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Rubin v. Coors Brewing Co. (page does not exist)">Rubin v. Coors Brewing Co.</a></i> (1995)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Florida_Bar_v._Went_For_It,_Inc." title="Florida Bar v. Went For It, Inc.">Florida Bar v. Went For It, Inc.</a></i> (1995)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/44_Liquormart,_Inc._v._Rhode_Island" title="44 Liquormart, Inc. v. Rhode Island">44 Liquormart, Inc. v. Rhode Island</a></i> (1996)</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Glickman_v._Wileman_Brothers_%26_Elliot,_Inc.&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Glickman v. Wileman Brothers & Elliot, Inc. (page does not exist)">Glickman v. Wileman Brothers & Elliot, Inc.</a></i> (1997)</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Greater_New_Orleans_Broadcasting_Assn.,_Inc._v._United_States&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Greater New Orleans Broadcasting Assn., Inc. v. United States (page does not exist)">Greater New Orleans Broadcasting Assn., Inc. v. United States</a></i> (1999)</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Los_Angeles_Police_Department_v._United_Reporting_Publishing_Co.&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Los Angeles Police Department v. United Reporting Publishing Co. (page does not exist)">Los Angeles Police Department v. United Reporting Publishing Co.</a></i> (1999)</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=United_States_v._United_Foods_Inc.&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="United States v. United Foods Inc. (page does not exist)">United States v. United Foods Inc.</a></i> (2001)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Lorillard_Tobacco_Co._v._Reilly" title="Lorillard Tobacco Co. v. Reilly">Lorillard Tobacco Co. v. Reilly</a></i> (2001)</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thompson_v._Western_States_Medical_Center&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Thompson v. Western States Medical Center (page does not exist)">Thompson v. Western States Medical Center</a></i> (2002)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Nike,_Inc._v._Kasky" class="mw-redirect" title="Nike, Inc. v. Kasky">Nike, Inc. v. Kasky</a></i> (2003)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Johanns_v._Livestock_Marketing_Association" title="Johanns v. Livestock Marketing Association">Johanns v. Livestock Marketing Ass'n</a></i> (2005)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tennessee_Secondary_School_Athletic_Assn._v._Brentwood_Academy" class="mw-redirect" title="Tennessee Secondary School Athletic Assn. v. Brentwood Academy">Tennessee Secondary School Athletic Assn. v. Brentwood Academy</a></i> (2007)</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Milavetz,_Gallop_%26_Milavetz,_P.A._v._United_States&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Milavetz, Gallop & Milavetz, P.A. v. United States (page does not exist)">Milavetz, Gallop & Milavetz, P.A. v. United States</a></i> (2010)</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jerman_v._Carlisle,_McNellie,_Rini,_Kramer_%26_Ulrich_LPA&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jerman v. Carlisle, McNellie, Rini, Kramer & Ulrich LPA (page does not exist)">Jerman v. Carlisle, McNellie, Rini, Kramer & Ulrich LPA</a></i> (2010)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sorrell_v._IMS_Health_Inc." title="Sorrell v. IMS Health Inc.">Sorrell v. IMS Health Inc.</a></i> (2011)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Expressions_Hair_Design_v._Schneiderman" title="Expressions Hair Design v. Schneiderman">Expressions Hair Design v. Schneiderman</a></i> (2017)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Matal_v._Tam" title="Matal v. Tam">Matal v. Tam</a></i> (2017)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Iancu_v._Brunetti" title="Iancu v. Brunetti">Iancu v. Brunetti</a></i> (2019)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Barr_v._American_Assn._of_Political_Consultants,_Inc." title="Barr v. American Assn. of Political Consultants, Inc.">Barr v. American Association of Political Consultants</a></i> (2020)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Vidal_v._Elster" title="Vidal v. Elster">Vidal v. Elster</a></i> (2024)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Campaign_finance_in_the_United_States" title="Campaign finance in the United States">Campaign finance</a><br />and political speech</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Buckley_v._Valeo" title="Buckley v. Valeo">Buckley v. Valeo</a></i> (1976)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/First_National_Bank_of_Boston_v._Bellotti" title="First National Bank of Boston v. Bellotti">First National Bank of Boston v. Bellotti</a></i> (1978)</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=California_Medical_Association_v._FEC&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="California Medical Association v. FEC (page does not exist)">California Medical Association v. FEC</a></i> (1981)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Citizens_Against_Rent_Control_v._City_of_Berkeley" title="Citizens Against Rent Control v. City of Berkeley">Citizens Against Rent Control v. City of Berkeley</a></i> (1981)</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=FEC_v._National_Right_to_Work_Committee&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="FEC v. National Right to Work Committee (page does not exist)">FEC v. National Right to Work Committee</a></i> (1982)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/FEC_v._National_Conservative_PAC" title="FEC v. National Conservative PAC">FEC v. National Conservative PAC</a></i> (1985)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/FEC_v._Massachusetts_Citizens_for_Life" title="FEC v. Massachusetts Citizens for Life">FEC v. Massachusetts Citizens for Life</a></i> (1986)</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Eu_v._S.F._Cty._Democratic_Cent._Comm.&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Eu v. S.F. Cty. Democratic Cent. Comm. (page does not exist)">Eu v. S.F. Cty. Democratic Cent. Comm.</a></i> (1989)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Austin_v._Michigan_Chamber_of_Commerce" title="Austin v. Michigan Chamber of Commerce">Austin v. Michigan Chamber of Commerce</a></i> (1990)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Colorado_Republican_Federal_Campaign_Committee_v._FEC" title="Colorado Republican Federal Campaign Committee v. FEC">Colorado Republican Federal Campaign Committee v. FEC</a></i> (1996)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Nixon_v._Shrink_Missouri_Government_PAC" title="Nixon v. Shrink Missouri Government PAC">Nixon v. Shrink Missouri Government PAC</a></i> (2000)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/FEC_v._Colorado_Republican_Federal_Campaign_Committee" class="mw-redirect" title="FEC v. Colorado Republican Federal Campaign Committee">FEC v. Colorado Republican Federal Campaign Committee</a></i> (2001)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_of_Minnesota_v._White" title="Republican Party of Minnesota v. White">Republican Party of Minnesota v. White</a></i> (2002)</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=FEC_v._Beaumont&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="FEC v. Beaumont (page does not exist)">FEC v. Beaumont</a></i> (2003)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/McConnell_v._FEC" title="McConnell v. FEC">McConnell v. FEC</a></i> (2003)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Wisconsin_Right_to_Life,_Inc._v._FEC" class="mw-redirect" title="Wisconsin Right to Life, Inc. v. FEC">Wisconsin Right to Life, Inc. v. FEC</a></i> (2006)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Randall_v._Sorrell" title="Randall v. Sorrell">Randall v. Sorrell</a></i> (2006)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/FEC_v._Wisconsin_Right_to_Life,_Inc." title="FEC v. Wisconsin Right to Life, Inc.">FEC v. Wisconsin Right to Life, Inc.</a></i> (2007)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Davis_v._FEC" title="Davis v. FEC">Davis v. FEC</a></i> (2008)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Citizens_United_v._FEC" title="Citizens United v. FEC">Citizens United v. FEC</a></i> (2010)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Nevada_Commission_on_Ethics_v._Carrigan" title="Nevada Commission on Ethics v. Carrigan">Nevada Commission on Ethics v. Carrigan</a></i> (2011)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Arizona_Free_Enterprise_Club%27s_Freedom_Club_PAC_v._Bennett" title="Arizona Free Enterprise Club's Freedom Club PAC v. Bennett">Arizona Free Enterprise Club's Freedom Club PAC v. Bennett</a></i> (2011)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/American_Tradition_Partnership,_Inc._v._Bullock" title="American Tradition Partnership, Inc. v. Bullock">American Tradition Partnership, Inc. v. Bullock</a></i> (2012)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/McCutcheon_v._FEC" title="McCutcheon v. FEC">McCutcheon v. FEC</a></i> (2014)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Williams-Yulee_v._Florida_Bar" title="Williams-Yulee v. Florida Bar">Williams-Yulee v. Florida Bar</a></i> (2015)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Thompson_v._Hebdon" title="Thompson v. Hebdon">Thompson v. Hebdon</a></i> (2019)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/FEC_v._Ted_Cruz_for_Senate" title="FEC v. Ted Cruz for Senate">FEC v. Ted Cruz for Senate</a></i> (2022)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Anonymous speech</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/NAACP_v._Alabama" title="NAACP v. Alabama">NAACP v. Alabama</a></i> (1958)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Bates_v._City_of_Little_Rock" title="Bates v. City of Little Rock">Bates v. City of Little Rock</a></i> (1960)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Buckley_v._Valeo" title="Buckley v. Valeo">Buckley v. Valeo</a></i> (1976)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Brown_v._Socialist_Workers_%2774_Campaign_Committee" title="Brown v. Socialist Workers '74 Campaign Committee">Brown v. Socialist Workers '74 Campaign Committee</a></i> (1982)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/McIntyre_v._Ohio_Elections_Commission" title="McIntyre v. Ohio Elections Commission">McIntyre v. Ohio Elections Comm'n</a></i> (1995)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Doe_v._Reed" title="Doe v. Reed">Doe v. Reed</a></i> (2010)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Americans_for_Prosperity_Foundation_v._Bonta" title="Americans for Prosperity Foundation v. Bonta">Americans for Prosperity Foundation v. Bonta</a></i> (2021)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">State action</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Marsh_v._Alabama" title="Marsh v. Alabama">Marsh v. Alabama</a></i> (1946)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Lloyd_Corp._v._Tanner" title="Lloyd Corp. v. Tanner">Lloyd Corp. v. Tanner</a></i> (1972)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Manhattan_Community_Access_Corp._v._Halleck" title="Manhattan Community Access Corp. v. Halleck">Manhattan Community Access Corp. v. Halleck</a></i> (2019)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Lindke_v._Freed" title="Lindke v. Freed">Lindke v. Freed</a></i> (2024)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Murthy_v._Missouri" title="Murthy v. Missouri">Murthy v. Missouri</a></i> (2024)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Retaliatory_arrest_and_prosecution" title="Retaliatory arrest and prosecution">Official retaliation</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Hartman_v._Moore" title="Hartman v. Moore">Hartman v. Moore</a></i> (2006)</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Reichle_v._Howards&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Reichle v. Howards (page does not exist)">Reichle v. Howards</a></i> (2012)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Wood_v._Moss" title="Wood v. Moss">Wood v. Moss</a></i> (2014)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Lozman_v._City_of_Riviera_Beach_(2018)" title="Lozman v. City of Riviera Beach (2018)">Lozman v. City of Riviera Beach</a></i> (2018)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Nieves_v._Bartlett" title="Nieves v. Bartlett">Nieves v. Bartlett</a></i> (2019)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Egbert_v._Boule" title="Egbert v. Boule">Egbert v. Boule</a></i> (2022)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Gonzalez_v._Trevino" title="Gonzalez v. Trevino">Gonzalez v. Trevino</a></i> (2024)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/National_Rifle_Association_of_America_v._Vullo" title="National Rifle Association of America v. Vullo">National Rifle Association of America v. Vullo</a></i> (2024)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Boycotts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/NAACP_v._Claiborne_Hardware_Co." title="NAACP v. Claiborne Hardware Co.">NAACP v. Claiborne Hardware Co.</a></i> (1982)</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=FTC_v._Superior_Ct._TLA&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="FTC v. Superior Ct. TLA (page does not exist)">FTC v. Superior Ct. TLA</a></i> (1990)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Prisons</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Procunier_v._Martinez&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Procunier v. Martinez (page does not exist)">Procunier v. Martinez</a></i> (1974)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Jones_v._North_Carolina_Prisoners%27_Union" class="mw-redirect" title="Jones v. North Carolina Prisoners' Union">Jones v. North Carolina Prisoners' Union</a></i> (1977)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Turner_v._Safley" title="Turner v. Safley">Turner v. Safley</a></i> (1987)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Shaw_v._Murphy" title="Shaw v. Murphy">Shaw v. Murphy</a></i> (2001)</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Overton_v._Bazzetta&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Overton v. Bazzetta (page does not exist)">Overton v. Bazzetta</a></i> (2003)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Beard_v._Banks" title="Beard v. Banks">Beard v. Banks</a></i> (2006)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible uncollapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Freedom_of_the_press" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_the_press_in_the_United_States" title="Freedom of the press in the United States">Freedom of the press</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Prior_restraint" title="Prior restraint">Prior restraints</a><br />and <a href="/wiki/Censorship" title="Censorship">censorship</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Patterson_v._Colorado" title="Patterson v. Colorado">Patterson v. Colorado</a></i> (1907)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Near_v._Minnesota" title="Near v. Minnesota">Near v. Minnesota</a></i> (1931)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Lovell_v._City_of_Griffin" title="Lovell v. City of Griffin">Lovell v. City of Griffin</a></i> (1938)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tucker_v._Texas" title="Tucker v. Texas">Tucker v. Texas</a></i> (1946)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Hannegan_v._Esquire,_Inc." title="Hannegan v. Esquire, Inc.">Hannegan v. Esquire, Inc.</a></i> (1946)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Lamont_v._Postmaster_General" title="Lamont v. Postmaster General">Lamont v. Postmaster General</a></i> (1965)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/New_York_Times_Co._v._United_States" title="New York Times Co. v. United States">New York Times Co. v. United States</a></i> (1971)</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pell_v._Procunier&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pell v. Procunier (page does not exist)">Pell v. Procunier</a></i> (1974)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Nebraska_Press_Ass%27n_v._Stuart" title="Nebraska Press Ass'n v. Stuart">Nebraska Press Ass'n v. Stuart</a></i> (1976)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Landmark_Communications,_Inc._v._Virginia" title="Landmark Communications, Inc. v. Virginia">Landmark Communications, Inc. v. Virginia</a></i> (1978)</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lowe_v._SEC&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lowe v. SEC (page does not exist)">Lowe v. SEC</a></i> (1985)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tory_v._Cochran" title="Tory v. Cochran">Tory v. Cochran</a></i> (2005)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Privacy</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Time,_Inc._v._Hill" title="Time, Inc. v. Hill">Time, Inc. v. Hill</a></i> (1967)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Cox_Broadcasting_Corp._v._Cohn" title="Cox Broadcasting Corp. v. Cohn">Cox Broadcasting Corp. v. Cohn</a></i> (1975)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Florida_Star_v._B._J._F." title="Florida Star v. B. J. F.">Florida Star v. B. J. F.</a></i> (1989)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Taxation and<br />privileges</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Grosjean_v._American_Press_Co." title="Grosjean v. American Press Co.">Grosjean v. American Press Co.</a></i> (1936)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Branzburg_v._Hayes" title="Branzburg v. Hayes">Branzburg v. Hayes</a></i> (1972)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Houchins_v._KQED,_Inc." title="Houchins v. KQED, Inc.">Houchins v. KQED, Inc.</a></i> (1978)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Minneapolis_Star_Tribune_Co._v._Commissioner" title="Minneapolis Star Tribune Co. v. Commissioner">Minneapolis Star Tribune Co. v. Commissioner</a></i> (1983)</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Arkansas_Writers%27_Project_v._Ragland&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Arkansas Writers' Project v. Ragland (page does not exist)">Arkansas Writers' Project v. Ragland</a></i> (1987)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Cohen_v._Cowles_Media_Co." title="Cohen v. Cowles Media Co.">Cohen v. Cowles Media Co.</a></i> (1991)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Defamation" title="Defamation">Defamation</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Beauharnais_v._Illinois" title="Beauharnais v. Illinois">Beauharnais v. Illinois</a></i> (1952)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/New_York_Times_Co._v._Sullivan" title="New York Times Co. v. Sullivan">New York Times Co. v. Sullivan</a></i> (1964)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Curtis_Publishing_Co._v._Butts" title="Curtis Publishing Co. v. Butts">Curtis Publishing Co. v. Butts</a></i> (1967)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Greenbelt_Cooperative_Publishing_Ass%27n,_Inc._v._Bresler" title="Greenbelt Cooperative Publishing Ass'n, Inc. v. Bresler">Greenbelt Cooperative Publishing Ass'n, Inc. v. Bresler</a></i> (1970)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Gertz_v._Robert_Welch,_Inc." title="Gertz v. Robert Welch, Inc.">Gertz v. Robert Welch, Inc.</a></i> (1974)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Time,_Inc._v._Firestone" title="Time, Inc. v. Firestone">Time, Inc. v. Firestone</a></i> (1976)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Bose_Corp._v._Consumers_Union_of_United_States,_Inc." title="Bose Corp. v. Consumers Union of United States, Inc.">Bose Corp. v. Consumers Union of United States, Inc.</a></i> (1984)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Dun_%26_Bradstreet,_Inc._v._Greenmoss_Builders,_Inc." title="Dun & Bradstreet, Inc. v. Greenmoss Builders, Inc.">Dun & Bradstreet, Inc. v. Greenmoss Builders, Inc.</a></i> (1985)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/McDonald_v._Smith" title="McDonald v. Smith">McDonald v. Smith</a></i> (1985)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Hustler_Magazine_v._Falwell" title="Hustler Magazine v. Falwell">Hustler Magazine v. Falwell</a></i> (1988)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Harte-Hanks_Communications,_Inc._v._Connaughton" title="Harte-Hanks Communications, Inc. v. Connaughton">Harte-Hanks Communications, Inc. v. Connaughton</a></i> (1989)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Milkovich_v._Lorain_Journal_Co." title="Milkovich v. Lorain Journal Co.">Milkovich v. Lorain Journal Co.</a></i> (1990)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Obsidian_Finance_Group,_LLC_v._Cox" title="Obsidian Finance Group, LLC v. Cox">Obsidian Finance Group, LLC v. Cox</a></i> (9th Cir. 2014)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Broadcast media</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Red_Lion_Broadcasting_Co._v._FCC" title="Red Lion Broadcasting Co. v. FCC">Red Lion Broadcasting Co. v. FCC</a></i> (1969)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/FCC_v._Pacifica_Foundation" title="FCC v. Pacifica Foundation">FCC v. Pacifica Foundation</a></i> (1978)</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=FCC_v._WNCN_Listeners_Guild&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="FCC v. WNCN Listeners Guild (page does not exist)">FCC v. WNCN Listeners Guild</a></i> (1981)</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Denver_Area_Ed._Telecommunications_Consortium,_Inc._v._FCC&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Denver Area Ed. Telecommunications Consortium, Inc. v. FCC (page does not exist)">Denver Area Ed. Telecommunications Consortium, Inc. v. FCC</a></i> (1996)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Turner_Broadcasting_System,_Inc._v._FCC" title="Turner Broadcasting System, Inc. v. FCC">Turner Broadcasting System, Inc. v. FCC</a></i> (1997)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Bartnicki_v._Vopper" title="Bartnicki v. Vopper">Bartnicki v. Vopper</a></i> (2001)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Copyrighted materials</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Zacchini_v._Scripps-Howard_Broadcasting_Co." title="Zacchini v. Scripps-Howard Broadcasting Co.">Zacchini v. Scripps-Howard Broadcasting Co.</a></i> (1977)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Harper_%26_Row_v._Nation_Enterprises" title="Harper & Row v. Nation Enterprises">Harper & Row v. Nation Enterprises</a></i> (1985)</li> <li><i><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Eldred v. Ashcroft</a></i> (2003)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Freedom_of_assembly" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_assembly" title="Freedom of assembly">Freedom of assembly</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Incorporation_of_the_Bill_of_Rights" title="Incorporation of the Bill of Rights">Incorporation</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/United_States_v._Cruikshank" title="United States v. Cruikshank">United States v. Cruikshank</a></i> (1876)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Presser_v._Illinois" title="Presser v. Illinois">Presser v. Illinois</a></i> (1886)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Protection from prosecution <br />and state restrictions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/De_Jonge_v._Oregon" title="De Jonge v. Oregon">De Jonge v. Oregon</a></i> (1937)</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thomas_v._Collins&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Thomas v. Collins (page does not exist)">Thomas v. Collins</a></i> (1945)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Americans_for_Prosperity_Foundation_v._Bonta" title="Americans for Prosperity Foundation v. Bonta">Americans for Prosperity Foundation v. Bonta</a></i> (2021)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Freedom_of_association" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_association#United_States_Constitution" title="Freedom of association">Freedom of association</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Organizations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Joint_Anti-Fascist_Refugee_Committee_v._McGrath" title="Joint Anti-Fascist Refugee Committee v. McGrath">Joint Anti-Fascist Refugee Committee v. McGrath</a></i> (1951)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Watkins_v._United_States" title="Watkins v. United States">Watkins v. United States</a></i> (1957)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/NAACP_v._Alabama" title="NAACP v. Alabama">NAACP v. Alabama</a></i> (1958)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Bates_v._City_of_Little_Rock" title="Bates v. City of Little Rock">Bates v. City of Little Rock</a></i> (1960)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/NAACP_v._Button" title="NAACP v. Button">NAACP v. Button</a></i> (1963)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Americans_for_Prosperity_Foundation_v._Bonta" title="Americans for Prosperity Foundation v. Bonta">Americans for Prosperity Foundation v. Bonta</a></i> (2021)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Future Conduct</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Baggett_v._Bullitt" title="Baggett v. Bullitt">Baggett v. Bullitt</a></i> (1964)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Solicitation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/In_re_Primus" title="In re Primus">In re Primus</a></i> (1978)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Membership restriction</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hishon_v._King_%26_Spalding&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hishon v. King & Spalding (page does not exist)">Hishon v. King & Spalding</a></i> (1984)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Roberts_v._United_States_Jaycees" title="Roberts v. United States Jaycees">Roberts v. United States Jaycees</a></i> (1984)</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rotary_Int%27l_v._Rotary_Club_of_Duarte&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Rotary Int'l v. Rotary Club of Duarte (page does not exist)">Rotary Int'l v. Rotary Club of Duarte</a></i> (1987)</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=New_York_Club_Ass%27n_v._City_of_New_York&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="New York Club Ass'n v. City of New York (page does not exist)">New York Club Ass'n v. City of New York</a></i> (1988)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Dallas_v._Stanglin" title="Dallas v. Stanglin">Dallas v. Stanglin</a></i> (1989)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Hurley_v._Irish-American_Gay,_Lesbian,_and_Bisexual_Group_of_Boston" title="Hurley v. Irish-American Gay, Lesbian, and Bisexual Group of Boston">Hurley v. Irish-American Gay, Lesbian, and Bisexual Group of Boston</a></i> (1995)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Boy_Scouts_of_America_v._Dale" title="Boy Scouts of America v. Dale">Boy Scouts of America v. Dale</a></i> (2000)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Christian_Legal_Society_v._Martinez" title="Christian Legal Society v. Martinez">Christian Legal Society v. Martinez</a></i> (2010)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Primaries and elections</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cousins_v._Wigoda&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cousins v. Wigoda (page does not exist)">Cousins v. Wigoda</a></i> (1975)</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Democratic_Party_v._Wisconsin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Democratic Party v. Wisconsin (page does not exist)">Democratic Party v. Wisconsin</a></i> (1981)</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tashjian_v._Republican_Party&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tashjian v. Republican Party (page does not exist)">Tashjian v. Republican Party</a></i> (1986)</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Timmons_v._Twin_Cities_Area_New_Party&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Timmons v. Twin Cities Area New Party (page does not exist)">Timmons v. Twin Cities Area New Party</a></i> (1997)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/California_Democratic_Party_v._Jones" title="California Democratic Party v. Jones">California Democratic Party v. Jones</a></i> (2000)</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Clingman_v._Beaver&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Clingman v. Beaver (page does not exist)">Clingman v. Beaver</a></i> (2005)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/New_York_State_Board_of_Elections_v._Lopez_Torres" title="New York State Board of Elections v. Lopez Torres">New York State Board of Elections v. Lopez Torres</a></i> (2008)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Washington_State_Grange_v._Washington_State_Republican_Party" title="Washington State Grange v. Washington State Republican Party">Washington State Grange v. Washington State Republican Party</a></i> (2008)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Freedom_to_petition" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Right_to_petition_in_the_United_States" title="Right to petition in the United States">Freedom to petition</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/United_States_v._Cruikshank" title="United States v. Cruikshank">United States v. Cruikshank</a></i> (1876)</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thomas_v._Collins&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Thomas v. Collins (page does not exist)">Thomas v. Collins</a></i> (1945)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Railroad_Presidents_Conference_v._Noerr_Motor_Freight,_Inc." class="mw-redirect" title="Eastern Railroad Presidents Conference v. Noerr Motor Freight, Inc.">Eastern Railroad Presidents Conference v. Noerr Motor Freight, Inc.</a></i> (1961)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/NAACP_v._Button" title="NAACP v. Button">NAACP v. Button</a></i> (1963)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Edwards_v._South_Carolina" title="Edwards v. South Carolina">Edwards v. South Carolina</a></i> (1963)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/United_Mine_Workers_v._Pennington" class="mw-redirect" title="United Mine Workers v. Pennington">United Mine Workers v. Pennington</a></i> (1965)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Cox_v._Louisiana" title="Cox v. Louisiana">Cox v. Louisiana</a></i> (1965)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/California_Motor_Transport_Co._v._Trucking_Unlimited" title="California Motor Transport Co. v. Trucking Unlimited">California Motor Transport Co. v. Trucking Unlimited</a></i> (1972)</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Smith_v._Arkansas_State_Highway_Employees&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Smith v. Arkansas State Highway Employees (page does not exist)">Smith v. Arkansas State Highway Employees</a></i> (1979)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/McDonald_v._Smith" title="McDonald v. Smith">McDonald v. Smith</a></i> (1985)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Meyer_v._Grant" title="Meyer v. Grant">Meyer v. Grant</a></i> (1988)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Buckley_v._American_Constitutional_Law_Foundation" class="mw-redirect" title="Buckley v. American Constitutional Law Foundation">Buckley v. American Constitutional Law Foundation</a></i> (1999)</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=BE_and_K_Construction_Co._v._National_Labor_Relations_Board&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="BE and K Construction Co. v. National Labor Relations Board (page does not exist)">BE and K Construction Co. v. National Labor Relations Board</a></i> (2002)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Doe_v._Reed" title="Doe v. Reed">Doe v. Reed</a></i> (2010)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Borough_of_Duryea_v._Guarnieri" title="Borough of Duryea v. Guarnieri">Borough of Duryea v. Guarnieri</a></i> (2011)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Copyright_law_of_the_United_States" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Copyright_law_in_the_United_States" title="Template:Copyright law in the United States"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Copyright_law_in_the_United_States" title="Template talk:Copyright law in the United States"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Copyright_law_in_the_United_States" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Copyright law in the United States"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Copyright_law_of_the_United_States" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Copyright_law_of_the_United_States" title="Copyright law of the United States">Copyright law of the United States</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Title_17_of_the_United_States_Code" title="Title 17 of the United States Code">17 U.S.C.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Copyright_Clause" title="Copyright Clause">Copyright Clause</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Copyright_Office" title="United States Copyright Office">United States Copyright Office</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Compendium_of_U.S._Copyright_Office_Practices" title="Compendium of U.S. Copyright Office Practices">Compendium of U.S. Copyright Office Practices</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Copyright_Arbitration_Royalty_Panel" title="Copyright Arbitration Royalty Panel">CARP</a> → <a href="/wiki/Copyright_Royalty_Board" title="Copyright Royalty Board">CRB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Copyright_Catalog" title="Copyright Catalog">Copyright Catalog</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Register_of_Copyrights" title="Register of Copyrights">Register of Copyrights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Section_108_Study_Group" title="Section 108 Study Group">Section 108 Study Group</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Copyright_status_of_works_by_the_federal_government_of_the_United_States" title="Copyright status of works by the federal government of the United States">Copyright status of works by the federal government of the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Copyright_status_of_works_by_subnational_governments_of_the_United_States" title="Copyright status of works by subnational governments of the United States">Copyright status of works by subnational governments of the United States</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Statutes</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Pre-1976</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Copyright_Act_of_1790" title="Copyright Act of 1790">Copyright Act of 1790</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Copyright_Act_of_1831" title="Copyright Act of 1831">Copyright Act of 1831</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Copyright_Act_of_1870" title="Copyright Act of 1870">Copyright Act of 1870</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Copyright_Act_of_1891" title="International Copyright Act of 1891">International Copyright Act of 1891</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Printing_Act_of_1895" title="Printing Act of 1895">Printing Act of 1895</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Copyright_Act_of_1909" title="Copyright Act of 1909">Copyright Act of 1909</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1970s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Copyright_Act_of_1976" title="Copyright Act of 1976">Copyright Act of 1976</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1980s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Berne_Convention_Implementation_Act_of_1988" title="Berne Convention Implementation Act of 1988">Berne Convention Implementation Act of 1988</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1990s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Visual_Artists_Rights_Act" title="Visual Artists Rights Act">Visual Artists Rights Act</a> (1990)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Copyright_Remedy_Clarification_Act" title="Copyright Remedy Clarification Act">Copyright Remedy Clarification Act</a> (1990)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Copyright_Renewal_Act_of_1992" title="Copyright Renewal Act of 1992">Copyright Renewal Act of 1992</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Audio_Home_Recording_Act" title="Audio Home Recording Act">Audio Home Recording Act</a> (1992)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uruguay_Round_Agreements_Act" title="Uruguay Round Agreements Act">Uruguay Round Agreements Act</a> (1994)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/No_Electronic_Theft_Act" title="No Electronic Theft Act">No Electronic Theft Act</a> (1994)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Copyright_Term_Extension_Act" title="Copyright Term Extension Act">Copyright Term Extension Act</a> (1998)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fairness_in_Music_Licensing_Act_of_1998" title="Fairness in Music Licensing Act of 1998">Fairness in Music Licensing Act of 1998</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_Millennium_Copyright_Act" title="Digital Millennium Copyright Act">Digital Millennium Copyright Act</a> (1998) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Online_Copyright_Infringement_Liability_Limitation_Act" title="Online Copyright Infringement Liability Limitation Act">Online Copyright Infringement Liability Limitation Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WIPO_Copyright_and_Performances_and_Phonograms_Treaties_Implementation_Act" title="WIPO Copyright and Performances and Phonograms Treaties Implementation Act">WIPO Copyright and Performances and Phonograms Treaties Implementation Act</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2000s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Family_Entertainment_and_Copyright_Act" title="Family Entertainment and Copyright Act">Family Entertainment and Copyright Act</a> (2005)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2010s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Unlocking_Consumer_Choice_and_Wireless_Competition_Act" title="Unlocking Consumer Choice and Wireless Competition Act">Unlocking Consumer Choice and Wireless Competition Act</a> (2014)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_Modernization_Act" title="Music Modernization Act">Music Modernization Act</a> (2018)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2020s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Copyright_Alternative_in_Small-Claims_Enforcement_Act_of_2020" title="Copyright Alternative in Small-Claims Enforcement Act of 2020">CASE Act</a> (2020)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Precedents<br />and rulings</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Supreme_Court_copyright_case_law" title="List of United States Supreme Court copyright case law">Supreme Court</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Wheaton_v._Peters" title="Wheaton v. Peters">Wheaton v. Peters</a></i> (1834)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Baker_v._Selden" title="Baker v. Selden">Baker v. Selden</a></i> (1879)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Trade-Mark_Cases" title="Trade-Mark Cases">Trade-Mark Cases</a></i> (1879)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Burrow-Giles_Lithographic_Co._v._Sarony" title="Burrow-Giles Lithographic Co. v. Sarony">Burrow-Giles Lithographic Co. v. Sarony</a></i> (1884)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Banks_v._Manchester" title="Banks v. Manchester">Banks v. Manchester</a></i> (1888)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Callaghan_v._Myers" title="Callaghan v. Myers">Callaghan v. Myers</a></i> (1888)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Bobbs-Merrill_Co._v._Straus" title="Bobbs-Merrill Co. v. Straus">Bobbs-Merrill Co. v. Straus</a></i> (1908)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/White-Smith_Music_Publishing_Co._v._Apollo_Co." title="White-Smith Music Publishing Co. v. Apollo Co.">White-Smith Music Publishing Co. v. Apollo Co.</a></i> (1908)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Williams_%26_Wilkins_Co._v._United_States" title="Williams & Wilkins Co. v. United States">Williams & Wilkins Co. v. United States</a></i> (1975)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sony_Corp._of_America_v._Universal_City_Studios,_Inc." title="Sony Corp. of America v. Universal City Studios, Inc.">Sony Corp. of America v. Universal City Studios, Inc.</a></i> (1984)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Feist_Publications,_Inc.,_v._Rural_Telephone_Service_Co." title="Feist Publications, Inc., v. Rural Telephone Service Co.">Feist v. Rural</a></i> (1991)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Campbell_v._Acuff-Rose_Music,_Inc." title="Campbell v. Acuff-Rose Music, Inc.">Campbell v. Acuff-Rose Music, Inc.</a></i> (1994)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Quality_King_Distributors_Inc.,_v._L%27anza_Research_International_Inc." title="Quality King Distributors Inc., v. L'anza Research International Inc.">Quality King v. L'anza</a></i> (1998)</li> <li><i><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Eldred v. Ashcroft</a></i> (2003)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/MGM_Studios,_Inc._v._Grokster,_Ltd." title="MGM Studios, Inc. v. Grokster, Ltd.">MGM Studios, Inc. v. Grokster, Ltd.</a></i> (2005)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Costco_Wholesale_Corp._v._Omega,_S._A." title="Costco Wholesale Corp. v. Omega, S. A.">Costco Wholesale Corp. v. Omega, S. A.</a></i> (2010)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Golan_v._Holder" title="Golan v. Holder">Golan v. Holder</a></i> (2012)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kirtsaeng_v._John_Wiley_%26_Sons,_Inc." title="Kirtsaeng v. John Wiley & Sons, Inc.">Kirtsaeng v. John Wiley & Sons, Inc.</a></i> (2013)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/American_Broadcasting_Cos.,_Inc._v._Aereo,_Inc." title="American Broadcasting Cos., Inc. v. Aereo, Inc.">American Broadcasting Cos., Inc. v. Aereo, Inc.</a></i> (2014)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Star_Athletica,_LLC_v._Varsity_Brands,_Inc." title="Star Athletica, LLC v. Varsity Brands, Inc.">Star Athletica v. Varsity Brands</a></i> (2017)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Fourth_Estate_Public_Benefit_Corp._v._Wall-Street.com" title="Fourth Estate Public Benefit Corp. v. Wall-Street.com">Fourth Estate v. Wall-Street.com</a></i> (2019)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Georgia_v._Public.Resource.Org,_Inc." title="Georgia v. Public.Resource.Org, Inc.">Georgia v. Public.Resource.Org, Inc.</a></i> (2020)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Google_LLC_v._Oracle_America,_Inc." title="Google LLC v. Oracle America, Inc.">Google LLC v. Oracle America, Inc.</a></i> (2021)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Andy_Warhol_Foundation_for_the_Visual_Arts,_Inc._v._Goldsmith" title="Andy Warhol Foundation for the Visual Arts, Inc. v. Goldsmith">Andy Warhol Foundation v. Goldsmith</a></i> (2023)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Appeals courts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Berlin_v._E.C._Publications,_Inc." title="Berlin v. E.C. Publications, Inc.">Berlin v. E.C. Publications, Inc.</a></i> (2d Cir. 1964)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Roth_Greeting_Cards_v._United_Card_Co." title="Roth Greeting Cards v. United Card Co.">Roth Greeting Cards v. United Card Co.</a></i> (9th Cir. 1970)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Eltra_Corp._v._Ringer" title="Eltra Corp. v. Ringer">Eltra Corp. v. Ringer</a></i> (4th Cir. 1978)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Walt_Disney_Productions_v._Air_Pirates" title="Walt Disney Productions v. Air Pirates">Walt Disney Productions v. Air Pirates</a></i> (9th Cir. 1978)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Midway_Manufacturing_Co._v._Artic_International,_Inc." title="Midway Manufacturing Co. v. Artic International, Inc.">Midway Manufacturing Co. v. Artic International, Inc.</a></i> (7th Cir. 1983)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Apple_Computer,_Inc._v._Franklin_Computer_Corp." title="Apple Computer, Inc. v. Franklin Computer Corp.">Apple Computer, Inc. v. Franklin Computer Corp.</a></i> (3d Cir. 1983)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Fisher_v._Dees" title="Fisher v. Dees">Fisher v. Dees</a></i> (9th Cir. 1986)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Whelan_v._Jaslow" title="Whelan v. Jaslow">Whelan v. Jaslow</a></i> (3d Cir. 1986)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Vault_Corp._v._Quaid_Software_Ltd." title="Vault Corp. v. Quaid Software Ltd.">Vault Corp. v. Quaid Software Ltd.</a></i> (5th Cir. 1988)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Rogers_v._Koons" title="Rogers v. Koons">Rogers v. Koons</a></i> (2nd Cir. 1992)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Computer_Associates_International,_Inc._v._Altai,_Inc." title="Computer Associates International, Inc. v. Altai, Inc.">Computer Associates International, Inc. v. Altai, Inc.</a></i> (2d Cir. 1992)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/American_Geophysical_Union_v._Texaco,_Inc." title="American Geophysical Union v. Texaco, Inc.">American Geophysical Union v. Texaco, Inc.</a></i> (2nd Cir. 1995)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Dr._Seuss_Enters.,_L.P._v._Penguin_Books_USA,_Inc." title="Dr. Seuss Enters., L.P. v. Penguin Books USA, Inc.">Dr. Seuss Enters., L.P. v. Penguin Books USA, Inc.</a></i>(9th Cir. 1997)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Itar-Tass_Russian_News_Agency_v._Russian_Kurier,_Inc." title="Itar-Tass Russian News Agency v. Russian Kurier, Inc.">Itar-Tass Russian News Agency v. Russian Kurier, Inc.</a></i> (2d Cir. 1998)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sony_Computer_Entertainment,_Inc._v._Connectix_Corp." title="Sony Computer Entertainment, Inc. v. Connectix Corp.">Sony Computer Entertainment, Inc. v. Connectix Corp.</a></i> (9th Cir. 2000)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Nunez_v._Caribbean_Int%27l_News_Corp." title="Nunez v. Caribbean Int'l News Corp.">Nunez v. Caribbean Int'l News Corp.</a></i> (1st Cir. 2000)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/A%26M_Records,_Inc._v._Napster,_Inc." title="A&M Records, Inc. v. Napster, Inc.">A&M Records, Inc. v. Napster, Inc.</a></i> (9th Cir. 2001)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Veeck_v._Southern_Building_Code_Congress_Int%27l" title="Veeck v. Southern Building Code Congress Int'l">Veeck v. Southern Building Code Congress Int'l</a></i> (5th Cir. 2002)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kelly_v._Arriba_Soft_Corp." title="Kelly v. Arriba Soft Corp.">Kelly v. Arriba Soft Corp.</a></i> (9th Cir. 2002 / 2003)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/In_re_Aimster_Copyright_Litigation" title="In re Aimster Copyright Litigation">In re Aimster Copyright Litigation</a></i> (7th Cir. 2003)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/NXIVM_Corp._v._Ross_Institute" title="NXIVM Corp. v. Ross Institute">NXIVM Corp. v. Ross Institute</a></i> (2d Cir. 2004)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/BMG_Music_v._Gonzalez" title="BMG Music v. Gonzalez">BMG Music v. Gonzalez</a></i> (7th Cir. 2005)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Bill_Graham_Archives_v._Dorling_Kindersley,_Ltd." title="Bill Graham Archives v. Dorling Kindersley, Ltd.">Bill Graham Archives v. Dorling Kindersley, Ltd.</a></i> (2nd Cir. 2006)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Blanch_v._Koons" title="Blanch v. Koons">Blanch v. Koons</a></i> (2nd Cir. 2006)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Perfect_10,_Inc._v._Amazon.com,_Inc." title="Perfect 10, Inc. v. Amazon.com, Inc.">Perfect 10, Inc. v. Amazon.com, Inc.</a></i> (9th Cir. 2006)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Cartoon_Network,_LP_v._CSC_Holdings,_Inc." title="Cartoon Network, LP v. CSC Holdings, Inc.">Cartoon Network, LP v. CSC Holdings, Inc.</a></i> (2nd Cir. 2008)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ahanchian_v._Xenon_Pictures,_Inc." title="Ahanchian v. Xenon Pictures, Inc.">Ahanchian v. Xenon Pictures, Inc.</a></i> (9th Cir. 2010)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Penguin_Group_(USA)_Inc._v._American_Buddha" title="Penguin Group (USA) Inc. v. American Buddha">Penguin Group (USA) Inc. v. American Buddha</a></i> (2d Cir. 2011)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Monge_v._Maya_Magazines,_Inc." title="Monge v. Maya Magazines, Inc.">Monge v. Maya Magazines, Inc.</a></i> (9th Cir. 2012)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Viacom_International_Inc._v._YouTube,_Inc." title="Viacom International Inc. v. YouTube, Inc.">Viacom International Inc. v. YouTube, Inc.</a></i> (2d Cir. 2012)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Seltzer_v._Green_Day,_Inc" title="Seltzer v. Green Day, Inc">Seltzer v. Green Day, Inc</a></i> (9th Cir. 2013)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Authors_Guild,_Inc._v._Google,_Inc." title="Authors Guild, Inc. v. Google, Inc.">Authors Guild, Inc. v. Google, Inc.</a></i> (2d Cir. 2015)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Lenz_v._Universal_Music_Corp." title="Lenz v. Universal Music Corp.">Lenz v. Universal Music Corp.</a></i> (9th Cir. 2015)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Monkey_selfie_copyright_dispute" title="Monkey selfie copyright dispute">Naruto v. Slater</a></i> (9th Cir. 2018)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Lower courts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Folsom_v._Marsh" title="Folsom v. Marsh">Folsom v. Marsh</a></i> (C.C.D. Mass. 1841)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Elektra_Records_Co._v._Gem_Electronic_Distributors,_Inc." title="Elektra Records Co. v. Gem Electronic Distributors, Inc.">Elektra Records Co. v. Gem Electronic Distributors, Inc.</a></i> (E.D.N.Y. 1973)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Broderbund_Software_Inc._v._Unison_World,_Inc." title="Broderbund Software Inc. v. Unison World, Inc.">Broderbund Software Inc. v. Unison World, Inc.</a></i> (N.D. Cal. 1986)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Playboy_Enterprises,_Inc._v._Frena" title="Playboy Enterprises, Inc. v. Frena">Playboy Enterprises, Inc. v. Frena</a></i> (M.D. Fla. 1993)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Bridgeman_Art_Library_v._Corel_Corp." title="Bridgeman Art Library v. Corel Corp.">Bridgeman Art Library v. Corel Corp.</a></i> (S.D.N.Y. 1999)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/RealNetworks,_Inc._v._Streambox,_Inc." title="RealNetworks, Inc. v. Streambox, Inc.">RealNetworks, Inc. v. Streambox, Inc.</a></i> (W.D. Wash. 2000)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mannion_v._Coors_Brewing_Co." title="Mannion v. Coors Brewing Co.">Mannion v. Coors Brewing Co.</a></i> (S.D.N.Y. 2005)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Arista_Records_LLC_v._Lime_Group_LLC" title="Arista Records LLC v. Lime Group LLC">Arista Records LLC v. Lime Group LLC</a></i> (S.D.N.Y. 2010)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Capitol_Records,_LLC_v._ReDigi_Inc." title="Capitol Records, LLC v. ReDigi Inc.">Capitol Records, LLC v. ReDigi Inc.</a></i> (S.D.N.Y. 2013)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Equals_Three,_LLC_v._Jukin_Media,_Inc." title="Equals Three, LLC v. Jukin Media, Inc.">Equals Three, LLC v. Jukin Media, Inc.</a></i> (C.D. Cal. 2015)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Hachette_v._Internet_Archive" title="Hachette v. Internet Archive">Hachette v. Internet Archive</a></i> (S.D.N.Y. 2023)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Berne_Convention" title="Berne Convention">Berne Convention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uruguay_Round" title="Uruguay Round">Uruguay Round</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Don%27t_Copy_That_Floppy" title="Don't Copy That Floppy">Don't Copy That Floppy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Home_Recording_Rights_Coalition" title="Home Recording Rights Coalition">Home Recording Rights Coalition</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Nimmer_on_Copyright" title="Nimmer on Copyright">Nimmer on Copyright</a></i></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/You_Wouldn%27t_Steal_a_Car" title="You Wouldn't Steal a Car">You Wouldn't Steal a Car</a>"</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Eldred_v._Ashcroft&oldid=1257488517">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Eldred_v._Ashcroft&oldid=1257488517</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:United_States_Constitution_Article_One_case_law" title="Category:United States Constitution Article One case law">United States Constitution Article One case law</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:United_States_Supreme_Court_cases" title="Category:United States Supreme Court cases">United States Supreme Court cases</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Copyright_Clause_case_law" title="Category:Copyright Clause case law">Copyright Clause case law</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:United_States_Free_Speech_Clause_case_law" title="Category:United States Free Speech Clause case law">United States Free Speech Clause case law</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Copyright_term" title="Category:Copyright term">Copyright term</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:2003_in_United_States_case_law" title="Category:2003 in United States case law">2003 in United States case law</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Public_domain_in_the_United_States" title="Category:Public domain in the United States">Public domain in the United States</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:United_States_Supreme_Court_cases_of_the_Rehnquist_Court" title="Category:United States Supreme Court cases of the Rehnquist Court">United States Supreme Court cases of the Rehnquist Court</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Use_mdy_dates_from_September_2023" title="Category:Use mdy dates from September 2023">Use mdy dates from September 2023</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_needing_additional_references_from_June_2011" title="Category:Articles needing additional references from June 2011">Articles needing additional references from June 2011</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_needing_additional_references" title="Category:All articles needing additional references">All articles needing additional references</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_is_different_from_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description is different from Wikidata">Short description is different from Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Webarchive_template_wayback_links" title="Category:Webarchive template wayback links">Webarchive template wayback links</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 15 November 2024, at 04:09<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. 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