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class="mf-section-0" id="mf-section-0"> <p>गोलाकार पृथ्वी अथवा पृथ्वी के किसी बड़े भू-भाग का समतल सतह पर मानचित्र बनाने के लिए प्रकाश अथवा ज्यामितीय विधियों के द्वारा निर्मित अक्षांश-देशान्तर रेखाओं के जाल या भू-ग्रिड को <b>मानचित्र प्रक्षेप</b> (map projection) कहा जाता हैं।</p> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://hi-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0:Netzentwuerfe.png?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Netzentwuerfe.png/300px-Netzentwuerfe.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="813" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Netzentwuerfe.png/450px-Netzentwuerfe.png 1.5x,https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Netzentwuerfe.png/600px-Netzentwuerfe.png 2x" data-file-width="797" data-file-height="2161"></a> <figcaption> विभिन्न प्रकार की भू-ग्रिड </figcaption> </figure> <p><a href="https://hi-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="मानचित्रकला">मानचित्रकला</a> (कार्टोग्राफी) के अंतर्गत ग्लोब की अक्षांश एवं देशांतर रेखाओं को समतल धरातल (कागज) पर स्थानांतरित करने की विधि को मानचित्र प्रक्षेप कहते हैं। इस प्रकार खींची हुई अक्षांश एवं देशांतर रेखाओं को "रेखाजाल" कहा जाता है। ग्लोब की अक्षांश एवं देशांतर रेखाओं को किसी समतल धरातल पर विशुद्ध रूप से स्थानांतरित करना संभव नहीं, क्योंकि ग्लोब के वक्र धरातल को बिना किसी अशुद्धि के समतल नहीं किया जा सकता।</p> <div id="toc" class="toc" role="navigation" aria-labelledby="mw-toc-heading"> <input type="checkbox" role="button" id="toctogglecheckbox" class="toctogglecheckbox" style="display:none"> <div class="toctitle" lang="hi" dir="ltr"> <h2 id="mw-toc-heading">अनुक्रम</h2><span class="toctogglespan"><label class="toctogglelabel" for="toctogglecheckbox"></label></span> </div> <ul> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="https://hi-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B7%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%AA?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B8"><span class="tocnumber">1</span> <span class="toctext">इतिहास</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-2"><a href="https://hi-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B7%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%AA?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A3"><span class="tocnumber">2</span> <span class="toctext">वर्गीकरण</span></a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-3"><a href="https://hi-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B7%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%AA?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%AF_%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%A5%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%AF_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B7%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%AA"><span class="tocnumber">2.1</span> <span class="toctext">ज्यामितीय तथा अज्यामितीय प्रक्षेप</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-4"><a href="https://hi-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B7%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%AA?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0_%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%93%E0%A4%82_%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%87_%E0%A4%86%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%B0"><span class="tocnumber">2.2</span> <span class="toctext">मानचित्र की विशेषताओं के आधार पर</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-5"><a href="https://hi-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B7%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%AA?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%AF_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%83%E0%A4%B7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A0_%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%87_%E0%A4%86%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%B0"><span class="tocnumber">2.3</span> <span class="toctext">विकासनीय पृष्ठ के आधार पर</span></a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-6"><a href="https://hi-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B7%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%AA?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%81_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B7%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%AA_(Conical_Projection)"><span class="tocnumber">2.3.1</span> <span class="toctext">शंकु प्रक्षेप (Conical Projection)</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-7"><a href="https://hi-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B7%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%AA?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B7%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%AA_(Cylindrical_Projection)"><span class="tocnumber">2.3.2</span> <span class="toctext">बेलनाकार प्रक्षेप (Cylindrical Projection)</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-8"><a href="https://hi-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B7%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%AA?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#%E0%A4%96%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%A7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B7%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%AA_(Zenithal_Projection)"><span class="tocnumber">2.3.3</span> <span class="toctext">खमध्य प्रक्षेप (Zenithal Projection)</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-9"><a href="https://hi-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B7%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%AA?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%A2%E0%A4%BC_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B7%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%AA"><span class="tocnumber">2.3.4</span> <span class="toctext">रूढ़ प्रक्षेप</span></a></li> </ul></li> </ul></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-10"><a href="https://hi-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B7%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%AA?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B9%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%82_%E0%A4%AD%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%96%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%82"><span class="tocnumber">3</span> <span class="toctext">इन्हें भी देखें</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-11"><a href="https://hi-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B7%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%AA?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%BC%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%81"><span class="tocnumber">4</span> <span class="toctext">बाहरी कड़ियाँ</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(1)"> <span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span> <h2 id="इतिहास"><span id=".E0.A4.87.E0.A4.A4.E0.A4.BF.E0.A4.B9.E0.A4.BE.E0.A4.B8"></span>इतिहास</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://hi-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B7%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%AA&action=edit&section=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="अनुभाग सम्पादित करें: इतिहास" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>संपादित करें</span> </a> </span> </div> <section class="mf-section-1 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-1"> <p>प्रक्षेपों के विकास के प्रारंभिक काल में विद्वानों ने प्रक्षेपों की अस्पष्ट विधियों से स्वर्ग को प्रदर्शित करने की चेष्टा की थी। संभवत: सर्वप्रथम प्रक्षेप का आविष्कार थेल्ज महोदय ने ६०० ई. पू. में किया था। वास्तव में यह केंद्रक खमध्य प्रक्षेप था जिसे जन्मपत्रक भी कहा गया। वास्तविक प्रक्षेप का आविष्कार ३०० ई. पू. में <a href="https://hi-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%80?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="सिसिली">सिसली</a> निवासी <a href="https://hi-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%9C&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="डायकेयरसूज (पृष्ठ मौजूद नहीं है)">डायकेयरसूज</a> द्वारा किया गया जिसपर खींचे मानचित्र पर सर्वप्रथम अक्षांश रेखा खींची गई। प्रक्षेप के विकास के इतिहास में इरेटोस्थेनीज़ (दूसरी ईसवी पूर्व), टॉल्मी (दूसरी ईसवी) तथा <a href="https://hi-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%B0&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="माकेंटर (पृष्ठ मौजूद नहीं है)">माकेंटर</a> (१५१८-१५९४) के जीवनकाल महत्वपूर्ण रहे हैं। तदुपरांत सतत्‌ रूप से प्रक्षेपों का विकास एवं संशोधन होता रहा।</p> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(2)"> <span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span> <h2 id="वर्गीकरण"><span id=".E0.A4.B5.E0.A4.B0.E0.A5.8D.E0.A4.97.E0.A5.80.E0.A4.95.E0.A4.B0.E0.A4.A3"></span>वर्गीकरण</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://hi-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B7%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%AA&action=edit&section=2&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="अनुभाग सम्पादित करें: वर्गीकरण" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>संपादित करें</span> </a> </span> </div> <section class="mf-section-2 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-2"> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="ज्यामितीय_तथा_अज्यामितीय_प्रक्षेप"><span id=".E0.A4.9C.E0.A5.8D.E0.A4.AF.E0.A4.BE.E0.A4.AE.E0.A4.BF.E0.A4.A4.E0.A5.80.E0.A4.AF_.E0.A4.A4.E0.A4.A5.E0.A4.BE_.E0.A4.85.E0.A4.9C.E0.A5.8D.E0.A4.AF.E0.A4.BE.E0.A4.AE.E0.A4.BF.E0.A4.A4.E0.A5.80.E0.A4.AF_.E0.A4.AA.E0.A5.8D.E0.A4.B0.E0.A4.95.E0.A5.8D.E0.A4.B7.E0.A5.87.E0.A4.AA"></span>ज्यामितीय तथा अज्यामितीय प्रक्षेप</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://hi-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B7%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%AA&action=edit&section=3&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="अनुभाग सम्पादित करें: ज्यामितीय तथा अज्यामितीय प्रक्षेप" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>संपादित करें</span> </a> </span> </div> <p>किसी भी मानचित्र अथवा उसके किसी भी भाग की अक्षांश देशांतर रेखाओं को स्थानांतरित करने के लिये ग्लोब को किसी विकासनीय पृष्ठ (<a href="https://hi-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%81?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="शंकु">शंकु</a> अथवा <a href="https://hi-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%A8?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="बेलन">बेलन</a>) से ढँककर अथवा किसी समतल धरातल को ग्लोब के किसी बिंदु पर स्पर्श करती हुई स्थिति में रखकर किसी द्युतिमान बिंदु से प्रकाश डाला जाता है और इस प्रकार अक्षांश देशांतर रेखाओं की छाया प्रक्षिप्त की जाती है। इस छाया पर ही स्थायी रेखाएँ बना ली जाती हैं। तदुपरांत विकासनीय पृष्ठ (शंकु अथवा बेलन) को किसी विशेष देशांतर पर काटकर खोल दिया जाता है। इनको <b>ज्यामितीय अथवा संदर्श</b> प्रक्षेप कहते हैं। उपर्युक्त क्रिया को शीशे के अथवा तार के बने ग्लोब की सहायता से सरलतापूर्वक संपन्न किया जाता है।</p> <p>सदैव ही यह संभव नहीं कि उपर्युक्त विधि से प्रक्षेप बनाए जाएँ। बहुधा ऐसी आवश्यकता पड़ती है कि किसी विशेष ध्येय से प्रक्षेप बनाना होता है जिसमें ज्यामितीय अथवा संदर्श विधि की अवहेलना करनी पडती है और गणित के सिद्धांतों एवं गणनाओं के आधार पर अक्षांश तथा देशांतर रेखाएँ बिना किसी छाया को प्रक्षिप्त (प्रसारित) किए कागज पर खींच ली जाती हैं। इनको <b>अज्यामितीय अथवा असंदर्श प्रक्षेप</b> कहते हैं। ये अधिक उपयोगी होते हैं।</p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="मानचित्र_की_विशेषताओं_के_आधार_पर"><span id=".E0.A4.AE.E0.A4.BE.E0.A4.A8.E0.A4.9A.E0.A4.BF.E0.A4.A4.E0.A5.8D.E0.A4.B0_.E0.A4.95.E0.A5.80_.E0.A4.B5.E0.A4.BF.E0.A4.B6.E0.A5.87.E0.A4.B7.E0.A4.A4.E0.A4.BE.E0.A4.93.E0.A4.82_.E0.A4.95.E0.A5.87_.E0.A4.86.E0.A4.A7.E0.A4.BE.E0.A4.B0_.E0.A4.AA.E0.A4.B0"></span>मानचित्र की विशेषताओं के आधार पर</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://hi-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B7%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%AA&action=edit&section=4&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="अनुभाग सम्पादित करें: मानचित्र की विशेषताओं के आधार पर" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>संपादित करें</span> </a> </span> </div> <p>उपयोग की दृष्टि से मानचित्र की तीन विशेषताएँ होती हैं : (१) समक्षेत्रफल, (२) यथाकृत तथा (३) शुद्ध दिशा। ये तीनों विशेषताएँ साथ साथ किसी भी प्रक्षेप पर शुद्ध रूप से प्राप्त नहीं की जा सकतीं। प्रत्येक प्रक्षेप पर इनमें से किसी न किसी विशेषता का अभाव रहता है। इन विशेषताओं को शुद्ध रूप में धारण करनेवाले प्रक्षेपों के नाम निम्नलिखित हैं :</p> <p>(१) <b>समक्षेत्रफल प्रक्षेप</b> (Equal Area Projection) : इन प्रक्षेपों के रेखाजाल पर बने हुए अक्षांश देशांतरीय चतुर्भुज का क्षेत्रफल ग्लोब पर प्रदर्शित होनेवाले संगति चतुर्भुज के क्षेत्रफल से मापकानुपात में समान होता है किंतु इन प्रक्षेपों के रेखाजाल पर खींचे हुए मानचित्रों की आकृति भंग हो जाती है।</p> <p>(२) <b>यथाकृतिक प्रक्षेप</b> (Equidistant Projection) : इन प्रक्षेपों पर खींचे मानचित्रों की आकृति शुद्ध होती है। आकृति को शुद्ध रखने के हेतु (अ) अक्षांश और देशांतर रेखाओं का परस्पर लंबवत्‌ होना आवश्यक है और (ब) किसी भी एक बिंदु पर मापक समस्त दिशाओं में समान होता है। परंतु मापक एक बिंदु से दूसरे बिंदु पर भिन्न हो जाता है। वास्तव में पूर्ण रूप से आकृति शुद्ध रखना संभव नहीं है। केवल लघु क्षेत्रों में ही आकृति लगभग ठीक रह सकती है। विशेषकर बिंदुओं पर ही पूर्ण रूपेण आकृति शुद्ध रहती है।</p> <p>(३) <b>समांतराली (दिगंशीय) प्रक्षेप</b> : प्रक्षेपों पर अंकित मानचित्रों की दिशाएँ शुद्ध होती हैं। मानचित्र के केंद्रबिंदु से चारों ओर की दिशाएँ उसी प्रकार होती हैं, जैसे पृथ्वी पर। यह केंद्रबिंदु यदि कोई ध्रुव है तो देशांतर रेखाएँ शुद्ध दिशाएँ प्रदर्शित करती हैं। यह प्रक्षेप नाविकों के अधिक उपयोग में आते हैं।</p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="विकासनीय_पृष्ठ_के_आधार_पर"><span id=".E0.A4.B5.E0.A4.BF.E0.A4.95.E0.A4.BE.E0.A4.B8.E0.A4.A8.E0.A5.80.E0.A4.AF_.E0.A4.AA.E0.A5.83.E0.A4.B7.E0.A5.8D.E0.A4.A0_.E0.A4.95.E0.A5.87_.E0.A4.86.E0.A4.A7.E0.A4.BE.E0.A4.B0_.E0.A4.AA.E0.A4.B0"></span>विकासनीय पृष्ठ के आधार पर</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://hi-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B7%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%AA&action=edit&section=5&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="अनुभाग सम्पादित करें: विकासनीय पृष्ठ के आधार पर" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>संपादित करें</span> </a> </span> </div> <p>विकासनीय पृष्ठ के आधार पर किया हुआ विभाजन अधिक प्रामाणिक माना जाता है। इसके अंतर्गत प्रक्षेपों के निम्नलिखित चार समूह हैं :</p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"> <h4 id="शंकु_प्रक्षेप_(Conical_Projection)"><span id=".E0.A4.B6.E0.A4.82.E0.A4.95.E0.A5.81_.E0.A4.AA.E0.A5.8D.E0.A4.B0.E0.A4.95.E0.A5.8D.E0.A4.B7.E0.A5.87.E0.A4.AA_.28Conical_Projection.29"></span>शंकु प्रक्षेप (Conical Projection)</h4><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://hi-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B7%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%AA&action=edit&section=6&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="अनुभाग सम्पादित करें: शंकु प्रक्षेप (Conical Projection)" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>संपादित करें</span> </a> </span> </div> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File"> <a href="https://hi-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0:Projection_conique.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Projection_conique.jpg/200px-Projection_conique.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="207" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="325" data-file-height="336"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 200px;height: 207px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Projection_conique.jpg/200px-Projection_conique.jpg" data-width="200" data-height="207" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Projection_conique.jpg/300px-Projection_conique.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/85/Projection_conique.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a> <figcaption></figcaption> </figure> <p>ग्लोब को शंकु द्वारा इस प्रकार ढँका जाता है कि शंकु किसी एक अक्षांश पर ही ग्लोब को चारों ओर स्पर्श करता हो। परंतु ध्रुव एवं विषुवत्‌ रेखा पर शंकु का स्पर्श करना संभव नहीं, क्योंकि ये विषम परिस्थितियाँ हैं। ग्लोब को आवृत्त करने के उपरांत किसी द्युतिमान बिंदु से प्रकाश डालकर अक्षांश देशांतर रेखाओं की छाया शंकु धरातल पर प्राप्त की जाती है। इन छायारेखाओं को स्थायी बनाकर शंकु को किसी अभीष्ट देशांतर पर काट दिया जाता है और इस प्रकार समतल धरातल पर रेखाजाल प्राप्त कर लिया जाता है जिसमें अक्षांश रेखाएँ चाप रूप होती हैं और देशांतर रेखाएँ शंकु के शीर्षबिंदु पर मिलनेवाली सरल रेखाएँ होती है। जिस अक्षांश पर शंकु ग्लोब को स्पर्श करता है उसे "मानक अक्षांश' कहते हैं। शंकु को किसी अन्य लघु वृत्त पर भी स्पर्श कराया जा सकता है। परंतु यदि शंकु का शीर्ष ध्रुव के धुर ऊपर न रहे तो अक्षांश रेखाएँ चाप रूप में नहीं होंगी और न देशांतर रेखाएँ चाप रूप में। इस ज्यामित्तीय विधि के अतिरिक्त शंकु प्रक्षेप अज्यामितीय ढंग से भी प्राप्त किए जाते हैं।</p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"> <h4 id="बेलनाकार_प्रक्षेप_(Cylindrical_Projection)"><span id=".E0.A4.AC.E0.A5.87.E0.A4.B2.E0.A4.A8.E0.A4.BE.E0.A4.95.E0.A4.BE.E0.A4.B0_.E0.A4.AA.E0.A5.8D.E0.A4.B0.E0.A4.95.E0.A5.8D.E0.A4.B7.E0.A5.87.E0.A4.AA_.28Cylindrical_Projection.29"></span>बेलनाकार प्रक्षेप (Cylindrical Projection)</h4><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://hi-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B7%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%AA&action=edit&section=7&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="अनुभाग सम्पादित करें: बेलनाकार प्रक्षेप (Cylindrical Projection)" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>संपादित करें</span> </a> </span> </div> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File"> <a href="https://hi-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0:Projection_cylindrique.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Projection_cylindrique.jpg/200px-Projection_cylindrique.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="215" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="325" data-file-height="350"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 200px;height: 215px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Projection_cylindrique.jpg/200px-Projection_cylindrique.jpg" data-width="200" data-height="215" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Projection_cylindrique.jpg/300px-Projection_cylindrique.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/52/Projection_cylindrique.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a> <figcaption></figcaption> </figure> <p>बेलन द्वारा ग्लोब को इस प्रकार ढँक दिया जाता है कि बेलन ग्लोब को विषुवत्‌ रेखा पर चारों ओर स्पर्श करता हो। अब किसी द्युतिमान बिंदु से प्रकाश डालकर रेखाजाल प्रक्षिप्त किया जाता है। तदुपरांत बेलन को किसी विशेष देशांतर पर काटकर खोल लिया जाता है और इस प्रकार एक आयताकार रेखाजाल समतल धरातल पर बन जाता है। इस विधि के अंतर्गत ग्लोब के केंद्र की द्युतिमान बिंदु मानते हैं। इस प्रकार प्राप्त रेखाजाल पर देशांतर रेखाएँ उत्तर से दक्षिण की ओर खिंची हुई सरल रेखाएँ होती हैं जिनकी लंबाई विषुवत्‌ रेखा के बराबर होती है। इन प्रक्षेपों में ग्लोब के केंद्र को यदि द्युतिमान बिंदु माना जाता है तो अक्षांश रेखाओं के बीच की दूरी ध्रुवों की ओर एक साथ बढ़ती जाती है।</p> <p>बेलन को विषुवत्‌ रेखा पर स्पर्श न करते हुए अन्य किसी वृह्त वृत्त पर भी स्पर्श कराया जा सकता है, परंतु इस प्रकार खींचे हुए रेखाजाल में अक्षांश ओर देशांतर रेखाएँ वक्र होंगी। बेलनाकार प्रेक्षेपों में ध्रुव का प्रदर्शन नहीं हो पाता, क्योंकि बेलन का धरातल ध्रुव अक्ष के समांतर होने के कारण ध्रुव की छाया अन्यत्र पड़ जाती है और बेलन के धरातल पर नहीं आती।</p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"> <h4 id="खमध्य_प्रक्षेप_(Zenithal_Projection)"><span id=".E0.A4.96.E0.A4.AE.E0.A4.A7.E0.A5.8D.E0.A4.AF_.E0.A4.AA.E0.A5.8D.E0.A4.B0.E0.A4.95.E0.A5.8D.E0.A4.B7.E0.A5.87.E0.A4.AA_.28Zenithal_Projection.29"></span>खमध्य प्रक्षेप (Zenithal Projection)</h4><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://hi-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B7%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%AA&action=edit&section=8&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="अनुभाग सम्पादित करें: खमध्य प्रक्षेप (Zenithal Projection)" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>संपादित करें</span> </a> </span> </div> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File"> <a href="https://hi-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0:Projection_azimutale_stereographique.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Projection_azimutale_stereographique.jpg/200px-Projection_azimutale_stereographique.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="129" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="360" data-file-height="232"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 200px;height: 129px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Projection_azimutale_stereographique.jpg/200px-Projection_azimutale_stereographique.jpg" data-width="200" data-height="129" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Projection_azimutale_stereographique.jpg/300px-Projection_azimutale_stereographique.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/6e/Projection_azimutale_stereographique.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a> <figcaption></figcaption> </figure> <p>इन प्रक्षेपों में समतल धरातल पर ही प्रतिबिंब लिया जाता है। यह धरातल ग्लोब को किसी एक बिंदु पर स्पर्श करता है और इस अवस्था में किसी द्युतिमान बिंदु से प्रकाश डाल कर रेखाजाल प्राप्त किया जाता है। द्युतिमान बिंदु को स्थिति पर आधारित खमध्य प्रक्षेपों के विभिन्न नाम निम्नलिखित हैं :</p> <ul> <li>(अ) केंद्रक खमध्य प्रक्षेप : इनमें ग्लोब के केंद्र को द्युतिमान बिंदु माना जाता है।</li> </ul> <ul> <li>(ब) त्रिविम खमध्य प्रक्षेप : इसमें किसी ध्रुव को द्युतिमान बिंदु माना जाता है और समतल धरातल दूसरे ध्रुव पर अथवा किसी अन्य बिंदु पर स्पर्श करता है।</li> </ul> <ul> <li>(स) लंबवत्‌ खमध्य प्रक्षेप : इसमें द्युतिमान बिंदु को अन्यत्र मानकर प्रकाश डाला जाता है।</li> </ul> <p>खमध्य प्रक्षेपों की विधियों में समतल धरातल को यदि एक ध्रुव पर स्पर्श करता हुआ रखते हैं तो ऐसे प्रक्षेप ध्रुवीय खमध्य (Polar Zenithal) प्रक्षेप कहलाते हैं, यदि समतल धरातल विषुवत्‌ रेखा के किसी बिंदु पर ग्लोब को स्पर्श करता है तो ऐसे प्रक्षेप विषुवत्‌रेखीय खमध्य (Equitorial Zenithal) प्रक्षेप कहलाते हैं। इसके अतिरिक्त समतल धरातल ग्लोब को ध्रुव और विषुवत्‌ रेखा के मध्य स्थित किसी बिंदु पर स्पर्श करता है तो इस प्रकार के प्रक्षेप तिर्यक्‌ खमध्य प्रक्षेप कहलाते हैं।</p> <p>द्युतिमान बिंदु की उपर्युक्त स्थिति के आधार पर भी प्रक्षेपों का नामकरण होता है जैसे केंद्रक, लंबवत्‌ एवं तिर्यक्‌ प्रक्षेप।</p> <p>उपर्युक्त विवरण से यह स्पष्ट होता है कि बेलनाकार और खमध्य प्रक्षेप शंकु प्रक्षेप के ही विषम रूप हैं। शंकु यदि बहुत लंबा है ओर बृहत्‌ वृत्त को स्पर्श कर सकता है तो शंकु बेलन का रूप धारण कर लेगा। इसके अतिरिक्त शंकु यदि बहुत ही समतल हो जाय तो ग्लोब को केवल एक बिंदु पर ही स्पर्श करेगा। इस अवस्था में यह खमध्य प्रक्षेप हो जायगा। ऊपर लिखे हुए तीनों समूहों के प्रक्षेप ज्यामितीय एवं अज्यामितीय दोनों विधियों से खींचे जाते हैं।</p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"> <h4 id="रूढ़_प्रक्षेप"><span id=".E0.A4.B0.E0.A5.82.E0.A4.A2.E0.A4.BC_.E0.A4.AA.E0.A5.8D.E0.A4.B0.E0.A4.95.E0.A5.8D.E0.A4.B7.E0.A5.87.E0.A4.AA"></span>रूढ़ प्रक्षेप</h4><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://hi-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B7%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%AA&action=edit&section=9&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="अनुभाग सम्पादित करें: रूढ़ प्रक्षेप" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>संपादित करें</span> </a> </span> </div> <p>अज्यामितीय अथवा असंदर्श वर्ग के प्रक्षेप हैं, क्योंकि इनको गणित के सिद्धांत और तत्संबंधी गणनाओं के आधार पर बिना प्रतिबिंब डाले हुए खींचा जाता है। किसी विशेष उद्देश्य की पूर्ति हेतु ही ऐसा किया जाता है। यद्यपि इनका निर्माण सरल नहीं, फिर भी इनका उपयोग अन्य प्रकार के प्रक्षेपों की अपेक्षा अत्यधिक है और इन प्रक्षेपों पर विशेषकर संपूर्ण संसार का मानचित्र खींचा जाता है।</p> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(3)"> <span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span> <h2 id="इन्हें_भी_देखें"><span id=".E0.A4.87.E0.A4.A8.E0.A5.8D.E0.A4.B9.E0.A5.87.E0.A4.82_.E0.A4.AD.E0.A5.80_.E0.A4.A6.E0.A5.87.E0.A4.96.E0.A5.87.E0.A4.82"></span>इन्हें भी देखें</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://hi-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B7%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%AA&action=edit&section=10&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="अनुभाग सम्पादित करें: इन्हें भी देखें" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>संपादित करें</span> </a> </span> </div> <section class="mf-section-3 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-3"> <ul> <li><a href="https://hi-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A3%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%95_%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="वर्णनात्मक ज्यामिति">वर्णनात्मक ज्यामिति</a> (Descriptive geometry)</li> <li><a href="https://hi-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B7%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%AA_(%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF)&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="प्रक्षेप (ज्यामिति) (पृष्ठ मौजूद नहीं है)">प्रक्षेप (ज्यामिति)</a></li> <li><a href="https://hi-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%B6_%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%96%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%8F%E0%A4%81?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="अक्षांश रेखाएँ">अक्षांस रेखाएं</a></li> <li><a href="https://hi-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%96%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%B6?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="रेखांश">देशान्तर रेखाएं</a></li> <li><a href="https://hi-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%A4%AD%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%A7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF_%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%96%E0%A4%BE?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="भूमध्य रेखा">भूमध्य रेखा</a></li> <li><a href="https://hi-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%95_%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%96%E0%A4%BE?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="कर्क रेखा">कर्क रेखा</a></li> <li><a href="https://hi-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%B0_%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%96%E0%A4%BE?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="मकर रेखा">मकर रेखा</a></li> <li><a href="https://hi-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%A4%86%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95_%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%96%E0%A4%BE?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="आर्कटिक रेखा">आर्कटिक रेखा</a></li> <li><a href="https://hi-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95_%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%96%E0%A4%BE?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="अंटार्कटिक रेखा">अंटार्कटिक रेखा</a></li> </ul> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(4)"> <span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span> <h2 id="बाहरी_कड़ियाँ"><span id=".E0.A4.AC.E0.A4.BE.E0.A4.B9.E0.A4.B0.E0.A5.80_.E0.A4.95.E0.A4.A1.E0.A4.BC.E0.A4.BF.E0.A4.AF.E0.A4.BE.E0.A4.81"></span>बाहरी कड़ियाँ</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://hi-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B7%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%AA&action=edit&section=11&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="अनुभाग सम्पादित करें: बाहरी कड़ियाँ" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>संपादित करें</span> </a> </span> </div> <section class="mf-section-4 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-4"> <ul> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20120425142244/http://www.mapthematics.com/Projections/Images/Cornucopia33.jpg">A Cornucopia of Map Projections</a>, a visualization of distortion on a vast array of map projections in a single image.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20120728214457/http://www.giss.nasa.gov/tools/gprojector/">G.Projector</a>, free software by can render many projections (<a href="https://hi-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BE?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="नासा">NASA</a> <a href="https://hi-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=GISS&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="GISS (पृष्ठ मौजूद नहीं है)">GISS</a>).</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20120723090050/http://www.mapthematics.com/ProjectionsList.php">Color images of map projections and distortion</a> (Mapthematics.com).</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20121107182703/http://kartoweb.itc.nl/geometrics/Map%2520projections/body.htm">Geometric aspects of mapping: map projection</a> (KartoWeb.itc.nl).</li> <li><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.btinternet.com/~se16/js/mapproj.htm">"Java world map projections"</a>. मूल से 30 जून 2012 को <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://archive.today/20120630001417/http://www.btinternet.com/~se16/js/mapproj.htm">पुरालेखित</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. अभिगमन तिथि 5 अगस्त 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Java+world+map+projections&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.btinternet.com%2F~se16%2Fjs%2Fmapproj.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fhi.wikipedia.org%3A%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0+%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B7%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%AA" class="Z3988"></span><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r5547232">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-free a{background-image:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png");background-image:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg");background-repeat:no-repeat;background-size:9px;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-registration a{background-image:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-gray-alt-2.svg.png");background-image:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg");background-repeat:no-repeat;background-size:9px;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-subscription a{background-image:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-red-alt-2.svg.png");background-image:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg");background-repeat:no-repeat;background-size:9px;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration{color:#555}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription span,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration span{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-image:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/12px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png");background-image:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg");background-repeat:no-repeat;background-size:12px;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output code.cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:inherit;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#33aa33;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration,.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}</style>, Henry Bottomley (BTInternet).</li> <li>Map projections <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20070104121606/http://www.3dsoftware.com/Cartography/USGS/MapProjections/">http://www.3dsoftware.com/Cartography/USGS/MapProjections/</a>, archived by the <a href="https://hi-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wayback_Machine?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> (3DSoftware).</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20120601154645/http://members.shaw.ca/quadibloc/maps/mapint.htm">Map projections</a>, John Savard.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20120815105330/http://mathworld.wolfram.com/topics/MapProjections.html">Map Projections</a> (MathWorld).</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20150307014921/http://www.uff.br/mapprojections/mp_en.html">Map Projections</a> An interactive JAVA applet to study deformations (area, distance and angle) of map projections (UFF.br).</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20120802054528/http://www.progonos.com/furuti/MapProj/Normal/CartHow/cartHow.html">Map Projections: How Projections Work</a> (Progonos.com).</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20060602123207/http://erg.usgs.gov/isb/pubs/MapProjections/projections.html">Map Projections Poster</a> (U.S. Geographical Survey).</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20190418082511/http://mapref.org/">MapRef: The Internet Collection of MapProjections and Reference Systems in Europe</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20120730033254/http://trac.osgeo.org/proj/">PROJ.4 - Cartographic Projections Library</a>.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20090425214731/http://www.radicalcartography.net/?projectionref">Projection Reference</a> Table of examples and properties of all common projections (RadicalCartography.net).</li> <li><span class="PDFlink"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://kartoweb.itc.nl/geometrics/Map%2520projections/Understanding%2520Map%2520Projections.pdf">Understanding Map Projections</a></span><span style="font-size:smaller;"><a href="https://hi-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%A1%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%8D%E0%A4%AB?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="पीडीऍफ">पीडीऍफ</a> (1.70 MB)</span>, Melita Kennedy (<a href="https://hi-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=ESRI&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="ESRI (पृष्ठ मौजूद नहीं है)">ESRI</a>).</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20120419164427/http://demonstrations.wolfram.com/WorldMapProjections/">World Map Projections</a>, <a href="https://hi-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Stephen_Wolfram&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Stephen Wolfram (पृष्ठ मौजूद नहीं है)">Stephen Wolfram</a> based on work by Yu-Sung Chang (<a href="https://hi-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Wolfram_Demonstrations_Project&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Wolfram Demonstrations Project (पृष्ठ मौजूद नहीं है)">Wolfram Demonstrations Project</a>).</li> </ul>   </section> </div> <noscript> <img src="https://login.m.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1&mobile=1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"> </noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet=""> "<a dir="ltr" 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modified-enhancement" data-user-name="Ternera" data-user-gender="unknown" data-timestamp="1727195737"> <span>अंतिम बार 24 सितंबर 2024 को 16:35 बजे संपादित किया गया</span> </span> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon-size-small minerva-icon--expand"></span> </div></a> <div class="post-content footer-content"> <div id="mw-data-after-content"> <div class="read-more-container"></div> </div> <div id="p-lang"> <h4>भाषाएँ</h4> <section> <ul id="p-variants" class="minerva-languages"></ul> <ul class="minerva-languages"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D8%25A5%25D8%25B3%25D9%2582%25D8%25A7%25D8%25B7_%25D8%25A7%25D9%2584%25D8%25AE%25D8%25B1%25D8%25A7%25D8%25A6%25D8%25B7" title="إسقاط الخرائط – अरबी" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="إسقاط الخرائط" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="अरबी" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proyeici%25C3%25B3n_cartogr%25C3%25A1fica" title="Proyeición cartográfica – अस्तुरियन" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Proyeición cartográfica" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="अस्तुरियन" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kartoqrafik_proyeksiyalar" title="Kartoqrafik proyeksiyalar – अज़रबैजानी" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Kartoqrafik proyeksiyalar" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="अज़रबैजानी" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%259A%25D0%25B0%25D1%2580%25D1%2582%25D0%25BE%25D0%25B3%25D1%2580%25D0%25B0%25D1%2584%25D0%25B8%25D0%25BA_%25D0%25BF%25D1%2580%25D0%25BE%25D0%25B5%25D0%25BA%25D1%2586%25D0%25B8%25D1%258F%25D0%25BB%25D0%25B0%25D1%2580" title="Картографик проекциялар – बशख़िर" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Картографик проекциялар" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="बशख़िर" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%259A%25D0%25B0%25D1%2580%25D1%2582%25D0%25B0%25D0%25B3%25D1%2580%25D0%25B0%25D1%2584%25D1%2596%25D1%2587%25D0%25BD%25D0%25B0%25D1%258F_%25D0%25BF%25D1%2580%25D0%25B0%25D0%25B5%25D0%25BA%25D1%2586%25D1%258B%25D1%258F" title="Картаграфічная праекцыя – बेलारूसी" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Картаграфічная праекцыя" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="बेलारूसी" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%259A%25D0%25B0%25D1%2580%25D1%2582%25D0%25BE%25D0%25B3%25D1%2580%25D0%25B0%25D1%2584%25D1%2581%25D0%25BA%25D0%25B0_%25D0%25BF%25D1%2580%25D0%25BE%25D0%25B5%25D0%25BA%25D1%2586%25D0%25B8%25D1%258F" title="Картографска проекция – बुल्गारियाई" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Картографска проекция" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="बुल्गारियाई" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E0%25A4%25A8%25E0%25A4%2595%25E0%25A5%258D%25E0%25A4%25B6%25E0%25A4%25BE_%25E0%25A4%25AA%25E0%25A5%258D%25E0%25A4%25B0%25E0%25A5%258B%25E0%25A4%259C%25E0%25A5%2587%25E0%25A4%2595%25E0%25A5%258D%25E0%25A4%25B6%25E0%25A4%25A8" title="नक्शा प्रोजेक्शन – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="नक्शा प्रोजेक्शन" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>भोजपुरी</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E0%25A6%25AE%25E0%25A6%25BE%25E0%25A6%25A8%25E0%25A6%259A%25E0%25A6%25BF%25E0%25A6%25A4%25E0%25A7%258D%25E0%25A6%25B0_%25E0%25A6%2585%25E0%25A6%25AD%25E0%25A6%25BF%25E0%25A6%2595%25E0%25A7%258D%25E0%25A6%25B7%25E0%25A7%2587%25E0%25A6%25AA" title="মানচিত্র অভিক্ষেপ – बंगाली" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="মানচিত্র অভিক্ষেপ" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="बंगाली" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Projecci%25C3%25B3_cartogr%25C3%25A0fica" title="Projecció cartogràfica – कातालान" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Projecció cartogràfica" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="कातालान" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mapov%25C3%25A9_zobrazen%25C3%25AD" title="Mapové zobrazení – चेक" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Mapové zobrazení" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="चेक" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kortprojektion" title="Kortprojektion – डेनिश" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Kortprojektion" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="डेनिश" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kartennetzentwurf" title="Kartennetzentwurf – जर्मन" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Kartennetzentwurf" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="जर्मन" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25CE%25A7%25CE%25B1%25CF%2581%25CF%2584%25CE%25BF%25CE%25B3%25CF%2581%25CE%25B1%25CF%2586%25CE%25B9%25CE%25BA%25CE%25AE_%25CF%2580%25CF%2581%25CE%25BF%25CE%25B2%25CE%25BF%25CE%25BB%25CE%25AE" title="Χαρτογραφική προβολή – यूनानी" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Χαρτογραφική προβολή" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="यूनानी" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Map_projection" title="Map projection – अंग्रेज़ी" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Map projection" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="अंग्रेज़ी" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proyecci%25C3%25B3n_cartogr%25C3%25A1fica" title="Proyección cartográfica – स्पेनिश" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Proyección cartográfica" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="स्पेनिश" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaardiprojektsioon" title="Kaardiprojektsioon – एस्टोनियाई" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Kaardiprojektsioon" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="एस्टोनियाई" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proiekzio_kartografiko" title="Proiekzio kartografiko – बास्क" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Proiekzio kartografiko" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="बास्क" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D8%25B3%25DB%258C%25D8%25B3%25D8%25AA%25D9%2585_%25D8%25AA%25D8%25B5%25D9%2588%25DB%258C%25D8%25B1_%25D9%2586%25D9%2582%25D8%25B4%25D9%2587" title="سیستم تصویر نقشه – फ़ारसी" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="سیستم تصویر نقشه" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="फ़ारसी" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karttaprojektio" title="Karttaprojektio – फ़िनिश" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Karttaprojektio" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="फ़िनिश" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Projection_cartographique" title="Projection cartographique – फ़्रेंच" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Projection cartographique" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="फ़्रेंच" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teilgean_l%25C3%25A9arsc%25C3%25A1ile" title="Teilgean léarscáile – आयरिश" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Teilgean léarscáile" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="आयरिश" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proxecci%25C3%25B3n_cartogr%25C3%25A1fica" title="Proxección cartográfica – गैलिशियन" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Proxección cartográfica" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="गैलिशियन" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D7%2594%25D7%2599%25D7%2598%25D7%259C_(%25D7%2599%25D7%2599%25D7%25A6%25D7%2595%25D7%2592_%25D7%2592%25D7%25A8%25D7%25A4%25D7%2599)" title="היטל (ייצוג גרפי) – हिब्रू" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="היטל (ייצוג גרפי)" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="हिब्रू" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kartografska_projekcija" title="Kartografska projekcija – क्रोएशियाई" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Kartografska projekcija" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="क्रोएशियाई" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pwojeksyon_konik" title="Pwojeksyon konik – हैतियाई" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Pwojeksyon konik" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="हैतियाई" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kreyòl ayisyen</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vet%25C3%25BClettan" title="Vetülettan – हंगेरियाई" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Vetülettan" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="हंगेरियाई" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proyeksi_peta" title="Proyeksi peta – इंडोनेशियाई" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Proyeksi peta" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="इंडोनेशियाई" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kortav%25C3%25B6rpun" title="Kortavörpun – आइसलैंडिक" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Kortavörpun" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="आइसलैंडिक" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proiezione_cartografica" title="Proiezione cartografica – इतालवी" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Proiezione cartografica" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="इतालवी" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E6%258A%2595%25E5%25BD%25B1%25E6%25B3%2595_(%25E5%259C%25B0%25E5%259B%25B3)" title="投影法 (地図) – जापानी" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="投影法 (地図)" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="जापानी" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%259A%25D0%25B0%25D1%2580%25D1%2582%25D0%25BE%25D0%25B3%25D1%2580%25D0%25B0%25D1%2584%25D0%25B8%25D1%258F%25D0%25BB%25D1%258B%25D2%259B_%25D0%25BF%25D1%2580%25D0%25BE%25D0%25B5%25D0%25BA%25D1%2586%25D0%25B8%25D1%258F" title="Картографиялық проекция – कज़ाख़" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Картографиялық проекция" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="कज़ाख़" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25EC%25A7%2580%25EB%258F%2584_%25ED%2588%25AC%25EC%2598%2581%25EB%25B2%2595" title="지도 투영법 – कोरियाई" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="지도 투영법" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="कोरियाई" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%259A%25D0%25B0%25D1%2580%25D1%2582%25D0%25BE%25D0%25B3%25D1%2580%25D0%25B0%25D1%2584%25D0%25B8%25D1%258F%25D0%25BB%25D1%258B%25D0%25BA_%25D0%25BF%25D1%2580%25D0%25BE%25D0%25B5%25D0%25BA%25D1%2586%25D0%25B8%25D1%258F%25D0%25BB%25D0%25B0%25D1%2580" title="Картографиялык проекциялар – किर्गीज़" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Картографиялык проекциялар" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="किर्गीज़" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Projektiounsmodell" title="Projektiounsmodell – लग्ज़मबर्गी" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Projektiounsmodell" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="लग्ज़मबर्गी" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kartografin%25C4%2597_projekcija" title="Kartografinė projekcija – लिथुआनियाई" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Kartografinė projekcija" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="लिथुआनियाई" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%259A%25D0%25B0%25D1%2580%25D1%2582%25D0%25BE%25D0%25B3%25D1%2580%25D0%25B0%25D1%2584%25D1%2581%25D0%25BA%25D0%25B0_%25D0%25BF%25D1%2580%25D0%25BE%25D0%25B5%25D0%25BA%25D1%2586%25D0%25B8%25D1%2598%25D0%25B0" title="Картографска проекција – मकदूनियाई" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Картографска проекција" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="मकदूनियाई" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unjuran_peta" title="Unjuran peta – मलय" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Unjuran peta" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="मलय" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaartprojectie" title="Kaartprojectie – डच" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Kaartprojectie" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="डच" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kartprojeksjon" title="Kartprojeksjon – नॉर्वेजियाई बोकमाल" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Kartprojeksjon" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="नॉर्वेजियाई बोकमाल" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Projeccion_cartografica" title="Projeccion cartografica – ओसीटान" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Projeccion cartografica" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="ओसीटान" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Odwzorowanie_kartograficzne" title="Odwzorowanie kartograficzne – पोलिश" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Odwzorowanie kartograficzne" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="पोलिश" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proje%25C3%25A7%25C3%25A3o_cartogr%25C3%25A1fica" title="Projeção cartográfica – पुर्तगाली" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Projeção cartográfica" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="पुर्तगाली" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proiec%25C8%259Bie_cartografic%25C4%2583" title="Proiecție cartografică – रोमानियाई" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Proiecție cartografică" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="रोमानियाई" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%259A%25D0%25B0%25D1%2580%25D1%2582%25D0%25BE%25D0%25B3%25D1%2580%25D0%25B0%25D1%2584%25D0%25B8%25D1%2587%25D0%25B5%25D1%2581%25D0%25BA%25D0%25B0%25D1%258F_%25D0%25BF%25D1%2580%25D0%25BE%25D0%25B5%25D0%25BA%25D1%2586%25D0%25B8%25D1%258F" title="Картографическая проекция – रूसी" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Картографическая проекция" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="रूसी" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Map_projection" title="Map projection – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Map projection" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kartografska_projekcija" title="Kartografska projekcija – स्लोवेनियाई" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Kartografska projekcija" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="स्लोवेनियाई" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%259A%25D0%25B0%25D1%2580%25D1%2582%25D0%25BE%25D0%25B3%25D1%2580%25D0%25B0%25D1%2584%25D1%2581%25D0%25BA%25D0%25B0_%25D0%25BF%25D1%2580%25D0%25BE%25D1%2598%25D0%25B5%25D0%25BA%25D1%2586%25D0%25B8%25D1%2598%25D0%25B0" title="Картографска пројекција – सर्बियाई" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Картографска пројекција" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="सर्बियाई" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kartprojektion" title="Kartprojektion – स्वीडिश" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Kartprojektion" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="स्वीडिश" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E0%25B9%2580%25E0%25B8%25AA%25E0%25B9%2589%25E0%25B8%2599%25E0%25B9%2582%25E0%25B8%2584%25E0%25B8%25A3%25E0%25B8%2587%25E0%25B9%2581%25E0%25B8%259C%25E0%25B8%2599%25E0%25B8%2597%25E0%25B8%25B5%25E0%25B9%2588" title="เส้นโครงแผนที่ – थाई" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="เส้นโครงแผนที่" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="थाई" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harita_projeksiyonu" title="Harita projeksiyonu – तुर्की" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Harita projeksiyonu" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="तुर्की" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%259A%25D0%25B0%25D1%2580%25D1%2582%25D0%25BE%25D0%25B3%25D1%2580%25D0%25B0%25D1%2584%25D1%2596%25D1%2587%25D0%25BD%25D0%25B0_%25D0%25BF%25D1%2580%25D0%25BE%25D1%2594%25D0%25BA%25D1%2586%25D1%2596%25D1%258F" title="Картографічна проєкція – यूक्रेनियाई" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Картографічна проєкція" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="यूक्रेनियाई" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xaritagrafik_proyeksiyalar" title="Xaritagrafik proyeksiyalar – उज़्बेक" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Xaritagrafik proyeksiyalar" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="उज़्बेक" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E5%259C%25B0%25E5%259B%25BE%25E6%258A%2595%25E5%25BD%25B1" title="地图投影 – चीनी" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="地图投影" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="चीनी" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E5%259C%25B0%25E5%259C%2596%25E6%258A%2595%25E5%25BD%25B1" title="地圖投影 – कैंटोनीज़" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="地圖投影" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="कैंटोनीज़" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li> </ul> </section> </div> <div class="minerva-footer-logo"> <img src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-hi.svg" alt="विकिपीडिया" width="120" 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