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备受科技巨头青睐 下一代地热来了—新闻—科学网
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font: 12px 宋体; float: right"> 选择字号：<span onclick="showsize(12)" style="background-color: #587c19; color: #fff; font-size: 12px; cursor: pointer">小</span> <span onclick="showsize(14)" style="background-color: #587c19; color: #fff; font-size: 12px; cursor: pointer">中</span> <span onclick="showsize(16)" style="background-color: #587c19; color: #fff; font-size: 12px; cursor: pointer"> 大</span> </div> </td> </tr> <tr> <td align="center"> <div id="content1" style=" padding:15px; text-align: left; line-height: 24px; word-wrap: break-word;word-break:break-all" class="f14"> <table width="100%" border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0"> <tr> <td height="20"> </td> </tr> <tr> <td align="center" valign="middle" class="style1" style="font-size: 13px; color: #333333; font-family: 宋体; line-height: 20px"> <b></b></td> </tr> <tr> <td align="center" class="style1" style="font-size: 22px; color: #587c19; font-family: 黑体; line-height: 30px"> 备受科技巨头青睐 下一代地热来了</td> </tr> <tr> <td align="center" valign="middle" class="style1" style="font-size: 13px; color: #333333; font-family: 宋体; line-height: 20px"> <b></b></td> </tr> </table> <p > </p><p style=";; margin: 0px 0px 26px; text-align: justify; word-break: break-all;">过去几个月，科技巨头亚马逊、微软和谷歌签署的核能交易引发全球关注。但包括Meta和谷歌在内的几家公司也在投资另一种低碳能源——下一代地热。美国能源部地热技术办公室负责人、地质学家Lauren Boyd说，这表明地热技术即将取得商业成功。</p> <p style=";; margin: 0px 0px 26px; text-align: justify; word-break: break-all;">据《自然》报道，日前，美国政府已批准初创公司Fervo Energy扩建其在犹他州比弗县建设的地热电厂。该项目最终可能产生高达2000兆瓦的电力，相当于两个大型核反应堆的发电量。尽管达到这一点可能需要一段时间，但该电厂目前已经拥有400兆瓦的产能，并准备在2028年之前为谷歌的高能耗数据中心以及其他客户提供全天候供电。</p> <p style=";; margin: 0px 0px 26px; text-align: justify; word-break: break-all;">今年8月，另一家初创公司Sage Geosystems宣布与Facebook的母公司Meta合作，计划在2027年为Meta的数据中心提供高达150兆瓦的地热能。</p> <p style=";; margin: 0px 0px 26px; text-align: justify; word-break: break-all;">Sage、Fervo等公司正在竞相开发地球深处不断流动的热量。与已经存在一个世纪左右的传统地热能不同，这些项目不依赖天然温泉；相反，它们创造了自己的“温泉”。</p> <p style=";; margin: 0px 0px 26px; text-align: justify; word-break: break-all;">这个过程需要钻探一个深达数公里的井孔，井内岩石的温度约为200℃，然后在高压下向井内注入水和沙子。这会在岩石中制造裂缝，增加其渗透性，并形成一个热水储层，可以通过第二个井孔持续提取热水。最后使用热的、加压的水发电。</p> <p style=";; margin: 0px 0px 26px; text-align: justify; word-break: break-all;">这种方法被称为增强型地热系统（EGS）。自20世纪70年代以来，全球就开始探索这一技术，但大多数项目未能提取出可观的能源。</p> <p style=";; margin: 0px 0px 26px; text-align: justify; word-break: break-all;">过去10年，得益于石油和天然气行业中的先进技术，即更高效的岩石破裂和水平钻探方法，EGS取得了长足进步。地热能研究前沿瞭望台计划（FORGE）犹他州项目是美国能源部推广EGS的一个项目，该项目通过引入许多创新技术，已经使钻探成本降低了一半。</p> <div style="text-align: center;" class="ueditorOption ueditorOptionModel" contenteditable="true" id="0"> <img src="https://rmtzx.sciencenet.cn//kxwsprint/673c5b8de4b03b5da6d1ae74.jpg" data-wenge-id="137263" wosname="673c5b8de4b03b5da6d1ae74.jpg" size="135727" opaid="wenge-41viqqiw2zh0/" data-mce-src="https://rmtzx.sciencenet.cn//kxwsprint/673c5b8de4b03b5da6d1ae74.jpg" id="img-null"> <span style="display:block;color: #999;font-size:14px;margin:0;text-align:center;line-height:20px;" class="img_caption" placeholder="请输入图说"><span style=";; text-align: justify; text-wrap: wrap;">FORGE犹他州项目已经降低了EGS的钻井成本。图片来源：Dr. Clay Jones</span></span> </div> <p class="timeLine_wg" style="height:20px;"><span style="display:none"><span contenteditable="false" style="height: 0px; padding: 0px; margin: 0px; display: block; z-index: 9999; color: rgb(255, 255, 255); font-size: 0px; line-height: 0px; position: absolute; border-top: 1px dashed rgb(181, 189, 202); user-select: none; left: 0px; right: 0px; top: 8px;"><span class="timeIdentification" style="width:0px;height:0px;padding:0px;margin:0px;display:block;z-index:9999;color:#fff;position:absolute;font-size: 0px;line-height:0px;border-color:transparent;display:block;border-style:solid;right:0px;border-right-color:#B5BDCA;border-width:8px 8px 8px 0;top:-8px"> </span><span style="width:0px;height:0px;padding:0px;margin:0px;display:block;z-index:9999;color:#fff;position:absolute;font-size: 0px;line-height:0px;border-color:transparent;display:block;border-style:solid;left:0px;border-left-color:#B5BDCA;border-width:8px 0 8px 8px;top:-8px"> </span><span class="hide_time_wg" title="在这插入段落" contenteditable="false" style="width:0px;height:0px;padding:0px;margin:0px;display:block;z-index:9999;color:#fff;position:absolute;font-size: 22px;line-height:17px;height:17px;text-align: center;width:17px;right:17px;background:#B5BDCA;cursor:pointer;top:-8px; border-radius: 2px;" onclick="timeLine(this)">?</span></span></span></p> <p style=";; margin: 0px 0px 26px; text-align: justify; word-break: break-all;">美国犹他大学的地质学家、FORGE犹他州项目负责人Joseph Moore说，水平钻探对EGS的成功至关重要，此前压裂产生的裂缝更倾向于垂直走向，而水平钻探能够穿过许多裂缝，从而向岩石层中注入或抽取水。</p> <p style=";; margin: 0px 0px 26px; text-align: justify; word-break: break-all;">不过，EGS的发展之路一直受阻，部分原因是所涉及的水力压裂过程会导致地震活动。瑞士巴塞尔以及韩国浦项的项目，不得不因此关闭。为此，FORGE犹他州项目、Fervo和其他公司正在遵循美国能源部的指导方针，使用地震仪持续监测钻探现场。</p> <p style=";; margin: 0px 0px 26px; text-align: justify; word-break: break-all;">此外，EGS的开发成本也非常昂贵，目前，钻探到数公里深度，每个井孔的成本可能高达数百万美元。尽管未来成本预计会下降，但仍然比其他形式的能源更昂贵。但由于能热能可以随时使用，这使得其可以成为太阳能和风能等间歇性能源的互补能源。</p> <p style=";; margin: 0px 0px 26px; text-align: justify; word-break: break-all;">地热能是否是一个经济的解决方案，很大程度上取决于地理位置。一般来说，钻得越深，岩石就越热，成本就越高。但是有些地方高温岩层在地表附近就能找到，特别是在火山活动活跃的地区。美国能源部的一项调查显示，相比美国东部，美国西部地热能开采成本更低，更容易盈利。</p> <p style=";; margin: 0px 0px 26px; text-align: justify; word-break: break-all;" class="lastPadding">在今年早些时候发表在《自然-能源》的一项研究中，包括Fervo联合创始人Jack Norbeck在内的合作者对美国能源市场进行了情景模拟。他们发现，在美国西部的大部分地区，地热可能比核能便宜。但该研究的一个关键假设是，电厂可以根据需求的波动上下调整发电量。能否做到这一点，将是对即将建成的设施的重大考验。</p><div> </div><div style="text-indent:0em;font-weight:bold;font-size:13px;border:solid 1px #333 ;padding:10px;" class="bq">版权声明：凡本网注明“来源：中国科学报、科学网、科学新闻杂志”的所有作品，网站转载，请在正文上方注明来源和作者，且不得对内容作实质性改动；微信公众号、头条号等新媒体平台，转载请联系授权。邮箱：shouquan@stimes.cn。</div> <div style="border-bottom: solid 1px #bfc89d; 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