CINXE.COM

Document Zbl 0883.65088 - zbMATH Open

<!doctype html> <html lang="en"> <head> <meta charset="utf-8"> <title>Document Zbl 0883.65088 - zbMATH Open</title> <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, minimum-scale=0.1, maximum-scale=5.0"> <meta name="robots" content="noarchive, noindex"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin-when-cross-origin"> <link href="https://static.zbmath.org/contrib/bootstrap/v3.3.7/css/bootstrap.min.css" rel="stylesheet" media="screen,print"> <link href="https://static.zbmath.org/contrib/bootstrap/v3.3.7/css/bootstrap-theme.min.css" rel="stylesheet" media="screen,print"> <link href="https://static.zbmath.org/contrib/bootstrap-lightbox/v0.7.0/bootstrap-lightbox.min.css" rel="stylesheet" media="screen,print"> <link rel="stylesheet" href="https://static.zbmath.org/contrib/bootstrap-select/v1.13.14/css/bootstrap-select.min.css"> <link href="/static/css/smoothness/jquery-ui-1.10.1.custom.min.css" rel="stylesheet" media="screen"> <link href="/static/styles.css?v=20241024" rel="stylesheet" media="screen,print"> <link href="https://static.zbmath.org/zbMathJax/v0.1.38/zbmathjax.css" rel="stylesheet" media="screen,print"> <link rel="shortcut icon" href="/static/zbmath.ico"> <script type="application/ld+json"> { "@context": "http://schema.org", "@type": "Organization", "url": "https://zbmath.org/", "logo": "https://zbmath.org/static/zbMATH.png" } </script> </head> <body> <div id="line"></div> <span id="clear" style="cursor: pointer;">&times;</span> <div id="page"> <div id="head"> <nav id="menu" class="navbar navbar-default"> <div class="container-fluid"> <div class="navbar-header"> <button type="button" class="navbar-toggle collapsed" data-toggle="collapse" data-target="#zbnav" aria-expanded="false"> <span class="sr-only">Toggle navigation</span> <span class="icon-bar"></span> <span class="icon-bar"></span> <span class="icon-bar"></span> </button> <a class="navbar-brand" href="#"> <img class="logo" src="/static/zbmath.gif" alt="zbMATH Open logo"> </a> </div> <div id="zbnav" class="collapse navbar-collapse"> <ul class="nav navbar-nav pages"> <li class="about"> <a href="/about/">About</a> </li> <li class="frequently-asked-questions"> <a href="/frequently-asked-questions/">FAQ</a> </li> <li class="general-help"> <a href="/general-help/">General Help</a> </li> <li class="reviewer-service"> <a href="https://zbmath.org/reviewer-service/" target="_self" >Reviewer Service</a> </li> <li> <a href="/tools-and-resources/">Tools &amp; Resources</a> </li> <li class="contact"> <a href="/contact/">Contact</a> </li> </ul> <ul class="nav navbar-nav navbar-right prefs"> <li class="preferences dropdown"> <a data-toggle="dropdown" href="#">Preferences <i class="caret"></i></a> <ul class="dropdown-menu preferences"> <li> <form id="preferences" class="navbar-form" method="post" action="/preferences/" onsubmit="return confirm('This website uses cookies for the purposes of storing preference information on your device. Do you agree to this?\n\nPlease refer to our Privacy Policy to learn more about our use of cookies.')" > <input type="hidden" name="path" value="/0883.65088?"> <span class=""> <label class="title">Search Form</label> <div class="form-group"> <input id="search-multi-line" type="radio" name="search" value="multi-line" checked> <label for="search-multi-line" class="radio">Multi-Line Search (default)</label> </div> <div class="form-group"> <input id="search-one-line" type="radio" name="search" value="one-line"> <label for="search-one-line" class="radio">One-Line Search</label> </div> </span> <span class="count"> <label class="title">Hits per Page</label> <div class="form-group"> <input id="count-10" type="radio" name="count" value="10"> <label for="count-10" class="radio">10</label> </div> <div class="form-group"> <input id="count-20" type="radio" name="count" value="20"> <label for="count-20" class="radio">20</label> </div> <div class="form-group"> <input id="count-50" type="radio" name="count" value="50"> <label for="count-50" class="radio">50</label> </div> <div class="form-group"> <input id="count-100" type="radio" name="count" value="100" checked> <label for="count-100" class="radio">100 (default)</label> </div> <div class="form-group"> <input id="count-200" type="radio" name="count" value="200"> <label for="count-200" class="radio">200</label> </div> </span> <span class="format"> <label class="title">Display Format</label> <div class="form-group"> <input id="format-mathjax" type="radio" name="format" value="mathjax" checked> <label for="format-mathjax" class="radio">MathJax (default)</label> </div> <div class="form-group"> <input id="format-amstex" type="radio" name="format" value="latex"> <label for="format-amstex" class="radio">LaTeX</label> </div> </span> <span class="ranking"> <label class="title">Documents Sorting</label> <div class="form-group"> <input id="documents-ranking-default" type="radio" name="documents_ranking" value="date" checked> <label for="documents-ranking-default" class="radio">Newest first (default)</label> </div> <div class="form-group"> <input id="documents-ranking-references" type="radio" name="documents_ranking" value="references"> <label for="documents-ranking-references" class="radio">Citations</label> </div> <div class="form-group"> <input id="documents-ranking-relevance" type="radio" name="documents_ranking" value="relevance"> <label for="documents-ranking-relevance" class="radio">Relevance</label> </div> </span> <span class="ranking"> <label class="title">Authors Sorting</label> <div class="form-group"> <input id="authors-ranking-default" type="radio" name="authors_ranking" value="alpha" checked> <label for="authors-ranking-default" class="radio">Alphabetically (default)</label> </div> <div class="form-group"> <input id="authors-ranking-references" type="radio" name="authors_ranking" value="references"> <label for="authors-ranking-references" class="radio">Citations</label> </div> </span> <span class="ranking"> <label class="title">Serials Sorting</label> <div class="form-group"> <input id="serials-ranking-default" type="radio" name="serials_ranking" value="alpha" checked> <label for="serials-ranking-default" class="radio">Alphabetically (default)</label> </div> <div class="form-group"> <input id="serials-ranking-references" type="radio" name="serials_ranking" value="references"> <label for="serials-ranking-references" class="radio">Citations</label> </div> </span> <span class="ranking"> <label class="title">Software Sorting</label> <div class="form-group"> <input id="software-ranking-default" type="radio" name="software_ranking" value="references" checked> <label for="software-ranking-default" class="radio">Citations (default)</label> </div> <div class="form-group"> <input id="software-ranking-alpha" type="radio" name="software_ranking" value="alpha"> <label for="software-ranking-alpha" class="radio">Alphabetically</label> </div> </span> <button type="submit" class="btn btn-default">OK</button> <div class="clearfix"> </form> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="tabs"> <h1 class="logo"> <a class="logo" href="/"> <img class="logo" src="/static/zbmath.gif" alt="zbMATH Open &mdash; the first resource for mathematics" > </a> </h1> <nav> <ul class="nav nav-tabs"> <li class="tab-documents active"> <a href="/">Documents</a> </li> <li class="tab-authors"> <a href="/authors/">Authors</a> </li> <li class="tab-serials"> <a href="/serials/">Serials</a> </li> <li class="tab-software"> <a href="/software/">Software</a> </li> <li class="tab-classification"> <a href="/classification/">Classification</a> </li> <li class="tab-formulae"> <a href="/formulae/">Formulæ</a> </li> </ul> </nav> <div class="clearfix"></div> </div> <div class="content-fixed"> <div class="content-formular"> <div style="display: none;"> <div class="row ml-0"id="multi-line-new-line" style="display: none;"> <div class="col-xs-12 form-inline multi-line"> <select class="form-control multi-line-field multi-line-selectpicker" name="ml-0-f" aria-label="field"> <option data-type="input" value="any" selected>Anywhere</option> <option data-type="input" value="au">Authors</option> <option data-type="input" value="ti">Title</option> <option data-type="input" value="py">Year</option> <option data-type="range" value="pyr">Year Range</option> <option data-type="input" value="cc">MSC</option> <option data-type="input" value="cc1">MSC Primary</option> <option data-type="input" value="so">Source / Journal</option> <option data-type="input" value="pu">Publisher</option> <option data-type="input" value="la">Language</option> <option data-type="input" value="ab">Summary / Review</option> <option data-type="input" value="rv">Reviewer</option> <option data-type="input" value="an">zbMATH ID</option> <option data-type="input" value="en">External ID</option> <option data-type="input" value="ut">Keywords</option> <option data-type="input" value="sw">Software</option> <option data-type="input" value="br">Biographic Ref</option> <option data-type="input" value="rft">Reference Text</option> <option data-type="multiselect-db" value="db">Database</option> <option data-divider="true"></option> <option data-function="remove-line" data-content='<span class="glyphicon glyphicon-minus" aria-hidden="true"></span> remove line' value="any">remove line</option> </select><input name="ml-0-v" class="form-control multi-line-value multi-line-input" type="text" value="" aria-label="value"><select class="form-control multi-line-operators multi-line-selectpicker" name="ml-0-op" aria-label="operator"> <option value="and" selected>AND</option> <option value="andnot">AND NOT</option> <option value="or">OR</option> </select></div> </div> <input name="ml-0-v" class="form-control multi-line-value multi-line-input" type="text" value="" aria-label="value" id="multi-line-type-input"> <span class="multi-line-value" id="multi-line-type-range"><span style="padding-left: 5px;">from</span> <input name="ml-0-v1" class="form-control multi-line-input" type="text" value="" aria-label="value"> until <input name="ml-0-v2" class="form-control multi-line-input" type="text" value="" aria-label="value"></span> <input name="ml-0-v" class="form-control multi-line-value multi-line-input" type="text" value="" aria-label="value" id="multi-line-type-input-la" placeholder="use name or ISO code"> <input name="ml-0-v" class="form-control multi-line-value multi-line-input" type="text" value="" aria-label="value" id="multi-line-type-input-rv" placeholder="enter name or zbMATH reviewer number"> <input name="ml-0-v" class="form-control multi-line-value multi-line-input" type="text" value="" aria-label="value" id="multi-line-type-input-an" placeholder="Zbl, JFM or ERAM number"> <input name="ml-0-v" class="form-control multi-line-value multi-line-input" type="text" value="" aria-label="value" id="multi-line-type-input-en" placeholder="e.g. DOI, ISBN, arXiv ID"> <input name="ml-0-v" class="form-control multi-line-value multi-line-input" type="text" value="" aria-label="value" id="multi-line-type-input-sw" placeholder="use * to find all documents using software"> <input name="ml-0-v" class="form-control multi-line-value multi-line-input" type="text" value="" aria-label="value" id="multi-line-type-input-br" placeholder="find documents about the life or work of a person"> <span class="multi-line-value" id="multi-line-type-multiselect-db"> <select class="multi-line-selectpicker" data-width="100%" multiple> <option value="zbl">Zbl</option> <option value="arxiv">arXiv</option> <option value="jfm">JFM</option> <option value="eram">ERAM</option> </select> <input type="hidden" class="multi-line-input" name="ml-0-v" value=""> </span> </div> <form name="documents" method="GET" action="/" autocomplete="off"> <div class="documents multi-line" style="display: none;"> <div class="forms"> <ul class="nav forms"> <li class="one-line"> <span tabindex="0" class="glyphicon glyphicon-question-sign" title="One-Line Search allows for free logical combinations of search fields" aria-label="One-Line Search allows for free logical combinations of search fields" data-placement="bottom"></span>&nbsp;<a style="display: inline-block;" href="#">One-Line Search <span class="glyphicon glyphicon-search"></span></a> </li> </ul> </div> <div class="clearfix"></div> <div class="container-fluid"> <input type="hidden" id="multi-line-ml" name="ml" value="3"> <div id="multi-line-row-wrapper"> <div class="row ml-1"> <div class="col-xs-12 form-inline multi-line"> <select class="form-control multi-line-field multi-line-selectpicker" name="ml-1-f" aria-label="field"> <option data-type="input" value="any" selected>Anywhere</option> <option data-type="input" value="au">Authors</option> <option data-type="input" value="ti">Title</option> <option data-type="input" value="py">Year</option> <option data-type="range" value="pyr">Year Range</option> <option data-type="input" value="cc">MSC</option> <option data-type="input" value="cc1">MSC Primary</option> <option data-type="input" value="so">Source / Journal</option> <option data-type="input" value="pu">Publisher</option> <option data-type="input" value="la">Language</option> <option data-type="input" value="ab">Summary / Review</option> <option data-type="input" value="rv">Reviewer</option> <option data-type="input" value="an">zbMATH ID</option> <option data-type="input" value="en">External ID</option> <option data-type="input" value="ut">Keywords</option> <option data-type="input" value="sw">Software</option> <option data-type="input" value="br">Biographic Ref</option> <option data-type="input" value="rft">Reference Text</option> <option data-type="multiselect-db" value="db">Database</option> <option data-divider="true"></option> <option data-function="remove-line" data-content='<span class="glyphicon glyphicon-minus" aria-hidden="true"></span> remove line' value="any">remove line</option> </select><input name="ml-1-v" class="form-control multi-line-value multi-line-input" type="text" value="" aria-label="value"><select class="form-control multi-line-operators multi-line-selectpicker" name="ml-1-op" aria-label="operator"> <option value="and" selected>AND</option> <option value="andnot">AND NOT</option> <option value="or">OR</option> </select></div> </div> <div class="row ml-2"> <div class="col-xs-12 form-inline multi-line"> <select class="form-control multi-line-field multi-line-selectpicker" name="ml-2-f" aria-label="field"> <option data-type="input" value="any">Anywhere</option> <option data-type="input" value="au" selected>Authors</option> <option data-type="input" value="ti">Title</option> <option data-type="input" value="py">Year</option> <option data-type="range" value="pyr">Year Range</option> <option data-type="input" value="cc">MSC</option> <option data-type="input" value="cc1">MSC Primary</option> <option data-type="input" value="so">Source / Journal</option> <option data-type="input" value="pu">Publisher</option> <option data-type="input" value="la">Language</option> <option data-type="input" value="ab">Summary / Review</option> <option data-type="input" value="rv">Reviewer</option> <option data-type="input" value="an">zbMATH ID</option> <option data-type="input" value="en">External ID</option> <option data-type="input" value="ut">Keywords</option> <option data-type="input" value="sw">Software</option> <option data-type="input" value="br">Biographic Ref</option> <option data-type="input" value="rft">Reference Text</option> <option data-type="multiselect-db" value="db">Database</option> <option data-divider="true"></option> <option data-function="remove-line" data-content='<span class="glyphicon glyphicon-minus" aria-hidden="true"></span> remove line' value="any">remove line</option> </select><input name="ml-2-v" class="form-control multi-line-value multi-line-input" type="text" value="" aria-label="value"><select class="form-control multi-line-operators multi-line-selectpicker" name="ml-2-op" aria-label="operator"> <option value="and" selected>AND</option> <option value="andnot">AND NOT</option> <option value="or">OR</option> </select></div> </div> <div class="row ml-3"> <div class="col-xs-12 form-inline multi-line"> <select class="form-control multi-line-field multi-line-selectpicker" name="ml-3-f" aria-label="field"> <option data-type="input" value="any">Anywhere</option> <option data-type="input" value="au">Authors</option> <option data-type="input" value="ti" selected>Title</option> <option data-type="input" value="py">Year</option> <option data-type="range" value="pyr">Year Range</option> <option data-type="input" value="cc">MSC</option> <option data-type="input" value="cc1">MSC Primary</option> <option data-type="input" value="so">Source / Journal</option> <option data-type="input" value="pu">Publisher</option> <option data-type="input" value="la">Language</option> <option data-type="input" value="ab">Summary / Review</option> <option data-type="input" value="rv">Reviewer</option> <option data-type="input" value="an">zbMATH ID</option> <option data-type="input" value="en">External ID</option> <option data-type="input" value="ut">Keywords</option> <option data-type="input" value="sw">Software</option> <option data-type="input" value="br">Biographic Ref</option> <option data-type="input" value="rft">Reference Text</option> <option data-type="multiselect-db" value="db">Database</option> <option data-divider="true"></option> <option data-function="remove-line" data-content='<span class="glyphicon glyphicon-minus" aria-hidden="true"></span> remove line' value="any">remove line</option> </select><input name="ml-3-v" class="form-control multi-line-value multi-line-input" type="text" value="" aria-label="value"><div id="multi-line-plus"> <a href="#"><span class="glyphicon glyphicon-plus" aria-hidden="true"></span> add line</a> </div></div> </div> </div> <div class="row"> <div class="col-xs-12 form-inline"> <div class="form-group field checkboxes-wrapper" id="checkboxes-wrapper-test" style="visibility: hidden; position: fixed;"> <label>Document Type:</label> <div class="checkboxes"> <div class="slider"> <label title="search for Articles in Journals"> <input type="checkbox" class="form-control" value="j" checked> <span tabindex="0"><small></small></span> Journal Articles </label> </div> <div class="slider"> <label title="search for Articles in Conference Proceedings and Collected Volumes"> <input type="checkbox" class="form-control" value="a" checked> <span tabindex="0"><small></small></span> Collection Articles </label> </div> <div class="slider"> <label title="search for Monographs, Proceedings, Dissertations etc."> <input type="checkbox" class="form-control" value="b" checked> <span tabindex="0"><small></small></span> Books </label> </div> <div class="slider"> <label title="search for arXiv Preprints"> <input type="checkbox" class="form-control" value="p" checked> <span tabindex="0"><small></small></span> arXiv Preprints </label> </div> </div> </div> <div class="form-group field checkboxes-wrapper" id="checkboxes-wrapper-real"> <label>Document Type:</label> <div class="checkboxes"> <div class="slider"> <label for="dt-j" title="search for Articles in Journals"> <input type="checkbox" id="dt-j" name="dt" class="form-control" value="j" checked> <span tabindex="0"><small></small></span> Journal Articles </label> </div> <div class="slider"> <label for="dt-a" title="search for Articles in Conference Proceedings and Collected Volumes"> <input type="checkbox" id="dt-a" name="dt" class="form-control" value="a" checked> <span tabindex="0"><small></small></span> Collection Articles </label> </div> <div class="slider"> <label for="dt-b" title="search for Monographs, Proceedings, Dissertations etc."> <input type="checkbox" id="dt-b" name="dt" class="form-control" value="b" checked> <span tabindex="0"><small></small></span> Books </label> </div> <div class="slider"> <label for="dt-p" title="search for arXiv Preprints"> <input type="checkbox" id="dt-p" name="dt" class="form-control" value="p" checked> <span tabindex="0"><small></small></span> arXiv Preprints </label> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row"> <div class="col-xs-12 buttons"> <a tabindex="0" class="btn btn-default clear-all">Reset all <span class="glyphicon glyphicon-remove"></span></a> <div class="submit"> <button class="btn btn-default search" type="submit">Search <span class="glyphicon glyphicon-search"></span></button> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </form> <form class="form-inline" name="documents" method="GET" action="/"> <div class="documents one-line" style="display: block;"> <div class="forms"> <ul class="nav forms"> <li class="multi-line"><a href="#">New Multi-Line Search <span class="glyphicon glyphicon-list"></span></a></li> </ul> </div> <div id="search-row" class="input-group box"> <span> <div id="search-field"> <input class="query form-control" type="text" name="q" value="an:0883.65088" aria-label="Search for documents" placeholder="Search for documents" autocomplete="off"> </div> <div class="search-buttons input-group-btn"> <div class="btn-group"> <button class="btn btn-default search" type="submit"><span class="virtual">Search</span> <span class="glyphicon glyphicon-search" style="top: 2px;"></span></button> </div> </div> </span> <span> <div class="search-buttons input-group-btn"> <div class="btn-group"> <div class="btn-group fields"> <button class="btn btn-default dropdown-toggle" data-toggle="dropdown">Fields <i class="caret"></i></button> <ul id="fields" class="dropdown-menu pull-right"> <li><a href="#"><span class="token item">any:</span><span>&nbsp;</span>anywhere (default)</a></li> <li><a href="#"><span class="token item">ab:</span><span>&nbsp;&nbsp;</span>review text</a></li> <li><a href="#"><span class="token item">an:</span><span>&nbsp;&nbsp;</span>zbmath id</a></li> <li><a href="#"><span class="token item">any:</span><span>&nbsp;&nbsp;</span>anywhere</a></li> <li><a href="#"><span class="token item">au:</span><span>&nbsp;&nbsp;</span>contributor name</a></li> <li><a href="#"><span class="token item">br:</span><span>&nbsp;&nbsp;</span>biographic reference name</a></li> <li><a href="#"><span class="token item">cc:</span><span>&nbsp;&nbsp;</span>msc title</a></li> <li><a href="#"><span class="token item">dt:</span><span>&nbsp;&nbsp;</span>document type</a></li> <li><a href="#"><span class="token item">doi:</span><span>&nbsp;&nbsp;</span>doi</a></li> <li><a href="#"><span class="token item">en:</span><span>&nbsp;&nbsp;</span>external id</a></li> <li><a href="#"><span class="token item">la:</span><span>&nbsp;&nbsp;</span>language</a></li> <li><a href="#"><span class="token item">pu:</span><span>&nbsp;&nbsp;</span>publisher</a></li> <li><a href="#"><span class="token item">py:</span><span>&nbsp;&nbsp;</span>year</a></li> <li><a href="#"><span class="token item">rv:</span><span>&nbsp;&nbsp;</span>reviewer name</a></li> <li><a href="#"><span class="token item">so:</span><span>&nbsp;&nbsp;</span>source</a></li> <li><a href="#"><span class="token item">sw:</span><span>&nbsp;&nbsp;</span>software name</a></li> <li><a href="#"><span class="token item">ti:</span><span>&nbsp;&nbsp;</span>title</a></li> <li><a href="#"><span class="token item">ut:</span><span>&nbsp;&nbsp;</span>keyword</a></li> </ul> </div> <div class="btn-group operators"> <button class="btn btn-default dropdown-toggle" data-toggle="dropdown">Operators <i class="caret"></i></button> <ul id="operators" class="dropdown-menu pull-right"> <li><a href="#"><span class="token">a&nbsp;<span class="item">&</span>&nbsp;b&nbsp;</span><span>&nbsp;</span>logical and (default)</a></li> <li><a href="#"><span class="token">a&nbsp;<span class="item">|</span>&nbsp;b&nbsp;</span><span>&nbsp;</span>logical or</a></li> <li><a href="#"><span class="token"><span class="item">!</span>ab&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</span><span>&nbsp;</span>logical not</a></li> <li><a href="#"><span class="token">abc<span class="item">*</span>&nbsp;&nbsp;</span><span>&nbsp;</span>right wildcard</a></li> <li><a href="#"><span class="token"><span class="item">"</span>ab&nbsp;c<span class="item">"</span></span><span>&nbsp;</span>phrase</a></li> <li><a href="#"><span class="token"><span class="item">(</span>ab&nbsp;c<span class="item">)</span></span><span>&nbsp;</span>parentheses</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div class="special"> <ul class="nav help-button"> <li class="dropdown pull-right"> <a href="#">Help <i class="caret"></i></a> </li> </ul> </div> </span> </div> <div class="help"><h2>Examples</h2> <div id="help-terms" role="table"> <div class="help-item" role="row"> <span class="search-example" role="rowheader"><a href="/?q=Geometry">Geometry</a></span> <span class="search-explanation" role="cell" role="cell">Search for the term <em>Geometry</em> in <strong>any</strong> field. Queries are <strong>case-independent</strong>.</span> </div> <div class="help-item" role="row"> <span class="search-example" role="rowheader"><a href="/?q=Funct%2A">Funct*</a></span> <span class="search-explanation" role="cell"><strong>Wildcard</strong> queries are specified by <strong><u>*</u></strong> (e.g. <em>functions</em>, <em>functorial</em>, etc.). Otherwise the search is <strong>exact</strong>.</span> </div> <div class="help-item" role="row"> <span class="search-example" role="rowheader"><a href="/?q=%22Topological+group%22">"Topological group"</a></span> <span class="search-explanation" role="cell"><strong>Phrases</strong> (multi-words) should be set in <u>"</u>straight quotation marks<u>"</u>.</span> </div> <div class="help-item" role="row"> <span class="search-example" role="rowheader"><a href="/?q=au%3A+Bourbaki+%26+ti%3A+Algebra">au: Bourbaki &amp; ti: Algebra</a></span> <span class="search-explanation" role="cell">Search for <strong><u>au</u>thor</strong> and <strong><u>ti</u>tle</strong>. The <strong>and-operator &amp;</strong> is default and can be omitted.</span> </div> <div class="help-item" role="row"> <span class="search-example" role="rowheader"><a href="/?q=Chebyshev+%7C+Tschebyscheff">Chebyshev | Tschebyscheff</a></span> <span class="search-explanation" role="cell">The <strong>or-operator |</strong> allows to search for <em>Chebyshev</em> or <em>Tschebyscheff</em>.</span> </div> <div class="help-item" role="row"> <span class="search-example" role="rowheader"><a href="/?q=Quasi%2A+map%2A+py%3A+1989">Quasi* map* py: 1989</a></span> <span class="search-explanation" role="cell">The resulting documents have <strong><u>p</u>ublication <u>y</u>ear</strong> <em>1989</em>.</span> </div> <div class="help-item" role="row"> <span class="search-example" role="rowheader"><a href="/?q=so%3A+Eur%2A+J%2A+Mat%2A+Soc%2A+cc%3A+14">so: Eur* J* Mat* Soc* cc: 14</a></span> <span class="search-explanation" role="cell">Search for publications in a particular <strong><u>so</u>urce</strong> with a <strong>Mathematics Subject <u>C</u>lassification <u>c</u>ode (<u>cc</u>)</strong> in <em>14</em>.</span> </div> <div class="help-item" role="row"> <span class="search-example" role="rowheader"><a href="/?q=%22Partial+diff%2A+eq%2A%22+%21+elliptic">"Partial diff* eq*" ! elliptic</a></span> <span class="search-explanation" role="cell">The <strong>not</strong>-operator <strong>!</strong> eliminates all results containing the word <em>elliptic</em>.</span> </div> <div class="help-item" role="row"> <span class="search-example" role="rowheader"><a href="/?q=dt%3A+b+%26+au%3A+Hilbert">dt: b &amp; au: Hilbert</a></span> <span class="search-explanation" role="cell">The <strong><u>d</u>ocument <u>t</u>ype</strong> is set to books; alternatively: <u>j</u> for <strong>journal articles</strong>, <u>a</u> for <strong>book articles</strong>.</span> </div> <div class="help-item" role="row"> <span class="search-example" role="rowheader"><a href="/?q=py%3A+2000-2015+cc%3A+%2894A+%7C+11T%29">py: 2000-2015 cc: (94A | 11T)</a></span> <span class="search-explanation" role="cell">Number <strong>ranges</strong> are accepted. Terms can be grouped within <strong><u>(</u>parentheses<u>)</u></strong>.</span> </div> <div class="help-item" role="row"> <span class="search-example" role="rowheader"><a href="/?q=la%3A+chinese">la: chinese</a></span> <span class="search-explanation" role="cell">Find documents in a given <strong><u>la</u>nguage</strong>. <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISO_639-1">ISO 639-1</a> language codes can also be used.</span> </div> </div> <div id="help-fields"> <h2>Fields</h2> <table> <tr> <td class="nowrap padding" role="rowheader"><strong>any</strong></td> <td class="padding">anywhere</td> </tr> <tr> <td class="nowrap padding" role="rowheader"><strong>an</strong></td> <td class="padding">internal document identifier</td> </tr> <tr> <td class="nowrap padding" role="rowheader"><strong>au</strong></td> <td class="padding">author, editor</td> </tr> <tr> <td class="nowrap padding" role="rowheader"><strong>ai</strong></td> <td class="padding">internal author identifier</td> </tr> <tr> <td class="nowrap padding" role="rowheader"><strong>ti</strong></td> <td class="padding">title</td> </tr> <tr> <td class="nowrap padding" role="rowheader"><strong>la</strong></td> <td class="padding">language</td> </tr> <tr> <td class="nowrap padding" role="rowheader"><strong>so</strong></td> <td class="padding">source</td> </tr> <tr> <td class="nowrap padding" role="rowheader"><strong>ab</strong></td> <td class="padding">review, abstract</td> </tr> <tr> <td class="nowrap padding" role="rowheader"><strong>py</strong></td> <td class="padding">publication year</td> </tr> <tr> <td class="nowrap padding" role="rowheader"><strong>rv</strong></td> <td class="padding">reviewer</td> </tr> <tr> <td class="nowrap padding" role="rowheader"><strong>cc</strong></td> <td class="padding">MSC code</td> </tr> <tr> <td class="nowrap padding" role="rowheader"><strong>ut</strong></td> <td class="padding">uncontrolled term</td> </tr> <tr> <td class="nowrap padding" role="rowheader"><strong>dt</strong></td> <td class="padding" colspan="4">document type (<strong>j</strong>: journal article; <strong>b</strong>: book; <strong>a</strong>: book article)</td> </tr> </table> </div> <div id="help-operators"> <h2>Operators</h2> <table> <tr> <td class="nowrap padding" role="rowheader">a <strong>&amp;</strong> b</td> <td class="padding">logic and</td> </tr> <tr> <td class="nowrap padding" role="rowheader">a <strong>|</strong> b</td> <td class="padding">logic or</td> </tr> <tr> <td class="nowrap padding" role="rowheader"><strong>!</strong>ab</td> <td class="padding">logic not</td> </tr> <tr> <td class="nowrap padding" role="rowheader">abc<strong>*</strong></td> <td class="padding">right wildcard</td> </tr> <tr> <td class="nowrap padding" role="rowheader"><strong>"</strong>ab c<strong>"</strong></td> <td class="padding">phrase</td> </tr> <tr> <td class="nowrap padding" role="rowheader"><strong>(</strong>ab c<strong>)</strong></td> <td class="padding">parentheses</td> </tr> </table> </div> <p> See also our <a href="/general-help/">General Help</a>. </p></div> </div> </form> <div class="clearfix"></div> </div> <div class="content-shadow"></div> </div> </div> <div id="body"> <div id="main"> <div class="messages"> </div> <div id="documents"> <div class="content-main"> <div class="content-item"><div class="item"> <article> <div class="author"><a href="/authors/liu.wing-kam" title="Author Profile">Liu, Wing Kam</a>; <a href="/authors/li.shaofan" title="Author Profile">Li, Shaofan</a>; <a href="/authors/belytschko.ted" title="Author Profile">Belytschko, Ted</a></div> <h2 class="title"> <strong>Moving least-square reproducing kernel methods. I: Methodology and convergence.</strong> <i>(English)</i> <a class="label nowrap" href="/0883.65088">Zbl 0883.65088</a> </h2> <div class="source"> <a href="/serials/64" title="Journal Profile">Comput. Methods Appl. Mech. Eng.</a> <a href="/?q=in%3A43539" title="Articles in this Issue">143, No. 1-2, 113-154 (1997)</a>. </div> <div class="abstract">Summary: This paper formulates the moving least-square interpolation scheme in a framework of the so-called moving least-square reproducing kernel (MLSRK) representation. In this study, the procedure of constructing moving least-square interpolation function is facilitated by using the notion of reproducing kernel formulation, which, as a generalization of the early discrete approach, establishes a continuous basis for a partition of unity. This new formulation possesses the quality of simplicity, and it is easy to implement. Moreover, the reproducing kernel formula proposed is not only able to reproduce any \(m\)th order polynomial exactly on an irregular particle distribution, but also serves as a projection operator that can approximate any smooth function globally with an optimal accuracy.<br class="zbmathjax-paragraph">In this contribution, a generic \(m\)-consistency relation has been found, which is the essential property of the MLSRK approximation. An interpolation error estimate is given to assess the convergence rate of the approximation. It is shown that for a sufficiently smooth function the interpolant expansion in terms of sampled values will converge to the original function in the Sobolev norms. As a meshless method, the convergence rate is measured by a new control variable &ndash; dilation parameter \(\varrho\) of the window function, instead of the mesh size \(h\) as usually done in the finite element analysis. To illustrate the procedure, convergence has been shown for the numerical solution of the second-order elliptic differential equations in a Galerkin procedure invoked with this interpolant. In the numerical example, a two-point boundary problem is solved by using the method, and an optimal convergence rate is observed with respect to various norms.</div> <div class="clear"></div> <br> <div class="citations"><div class="clear"><a href="/?q=ci%3A1087063">Cited in <strong>1</strong> Review</a></div><div class="clear"><a href="/?q=rf%3A1087063">Cited in <strong>229</strong> Documents</a></div></div> <div class="classification"> <h3>MSC:</h3> <table><tr> <td> <a class="mono" href="/classification/?q=cc%3A65N30" title="MSC2020">65N30</a> </td> <td class="space"> Finite element, Rayleigh-Ritz and Galerkin methods for boundary value problems involving PDEs </td> </tr><tr> <td> <a class="mono" href="/classification/?q=cc%3A35J25" title="MSC2020">35J25</a> </td> <td class="space"> Boundary value problems for second-order elliptic equations </td> </tr><tr> <td> <a class="mono" href="/classification/?q=cc%3A65N12" title="MSC2020">65N12</a> </td> <td class="space"> Stability and convergence of numerical methods for boundary value problems involving PDEs </td> </tr><tr> <td> <a class="mono" href="/classification/?q=cc%3A65N15" title="MSC2020">65N15</a> </td> <td class="space"> Error bounds for boundary value problems involving PDEs </td> </tr></table> </div><div class="keywords"> <h3>Keywords:</h3><a href="/?q=ut%3AGalerkin+method">Galerkin method</a>; <a href="/?q=ut%3Amoving+least-square+reproducing+kernel+method">moving least-square reproducing kernel method</a>; <a href="/?q=ut%3Aconsistency">consistency</a>; <a href="/?q=ut%3Ainterpolation">interpolation</a>; <a href="/?q=ut%3Aerror+estimate">error estimate</a>; <a href="/?q=ut%3Aconvergence">convergence</a>; <a href="/?q=ut%3Afinite+element+analysis">finite element analysis</a>; <a href="/?q=ut%3Anumerical+example">numerical example</a></div><div class="keywords"> <h3>Citations:</h3><a href="/0883.65089">Zbl 0883.65089</a></div> <!-- Modal used to show zbmath metadata in different output formats--> <div class="modal fade" id="metadataModal" tabindex="-1" role="dialog" aria-labelledby="myModalLabel"> <div class="modal-dialog" role="document"> <div class="modal-content"> <div class="modal-header"> <button type="button" class="close" data-dismiss="modal" aria-label="Close"><span aria-hidden="true">&times;</span></button> <h4 class="modal-title" id="myModalLabel">Cite</h4> </div> <div class="modal-body"> <div class="form-group"> <label for="select-output" class="control-label">Format</label> <select id="select-output" class="form-control" aria-label="Select Metadata format"></select> </div> <div class="form-group"> <label for="metadataText" class="control-label">Result</label> <textarea class="form-control" id="metadataText" rows="10" style="min-width: 100%;max-width: 100%"></textarea> </div> <div id="metadata-alert" class="alert alert-danger" role="alert" style="display: none;"> <!-- alert for connection errors etc --> </div> </div> <div class="modal-footer"> <button type="button" class="btn btn-primary" onclick="copyMetadata()">Copy to clipboard</button> <button type="button" class="btn btn-default" data-dismiss="modal">Close</button> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="functions clearfix"> <div class="function"> <!-- Button trigger metadata modal --> <a type="button" class="btn btn-default btn-xs pdf" data-toggle="modal" data-target="#metadataModal" data-itemtype="Zbl" data-itemname="Zbl 0883.65088" data-ciurl="/ci/01087063" data-biburl="/bibtex/01087063.bib" data-amsurl="/amsrefs/01087063.bib" data-xmlurl="/xml/01087063.xml" > Cite </a> <a class="btn btn-default btn-xs pdf" data-container="body" type="button" href="/pdf/01087063.pdf" title="Zbl 0883.65088 as PDF">Review PDF</a> </div> <div class="fulltexts"> <span class="fulltext">Full Text:</span> <a class="btn btn-default btn-xs" type="button" href="https://doi.org/10.1016/S0045-7825(96)01132-2" aria-label="DOI for “Moving least-square reproducing kernel methods. I: Methodology and convergence”" title="10.1016/S0045-7825(96)01132-2">DOI</a> </div> <div class="sfx" style="float: right;"> </div> </div> <div class="references"> <h3>References:</h3> <table><tr> <td>[1]</td> <td class="space">Gingold, R. A.; Monaghan, J. J., Kernel estimates as a basis for general particle methods in hydrodynamics, J. Comput. Phys., 46, 429-453 (1982) &middot; <a href="/0487.76010" class="nowrap">Zbl 0487.76010</a></td> </tr><tr> <td>[2]</td> <td class="space">Monaghan, J. J., Why particle methods work, SIAM J. Scient. Stat. Comput., 3, 422-433 (1982) &middot; <a href="/0498.76010" class="nowrap">Zbl 0498.76010</a></td> </tr><tr> <td>[3]</td> <td class="space">Nayroles, B.; Touzot, G.; Villon, P., Generalizing the finite element method: Diffuse approximation and diffuse elements, Comput. Mech., 10, 307-318 (1992) &middot; <a href="/0764.65068" class="nowrap">Zbl 0764.65068</a></td> </tr><tr> <td>[4]</td> <td class="space">Belytschko, T.; Lu, Y. Y.; Gu, L., Element free Galerkin methods, Int. J. Numer. Methods Engrg., 37, 229-256 (1994) &middot; <a href="/0796.73077" class="nowrap">Zbl 0796.73077</a></td> </tr><tr> <td>[5]</td> <td class="space">Belytschko, T.; Gu, L.; Lu, Y. Y., Fracture and crack growth by element free Galerkin methods, Modelling Simul. Mater. Sci. Engrg., 2, 519-534 (1994)</td> </tr><tr> <td>[6]</td> <td class="space">Liu, W. K.; Jun, S.; Zhang, Y., Reproducing kernel particle methods, Int. J. Numer. Methods Fluids, 20, 1081-1106 (1995) &middot; <a href="/0881.76072" class="nowrap">Zbl 0881.76072</a></td> </tr><tr> <td>[7]</td> <td class="space">Liu, W. K.; Chen, Y., Wavelet and multiple scale reproducing kernel methods, Int. J. Numer. Methods Fluids, 21, 901-933 (1995) &middot; <a href="/0885.76078" class="nowrap">Zbl 0885.76078</a></td> </tr><tr> <td>[8]</td> <td class="space">Liu, W. K.; Jun, S.; Li, S.; Adee, J.; Belytschko, T., Reproducing kernel particle methods for structural dynamics, Int. J. Numer. Methods Engrg., 38, 1655-1679 (1995) &middot; <a href="/0840.73078" class="nowrap">Zbl 0840.73078</a></td> </tr><tr> <td>[9]</td> <td class="space">Liu, W. K., An introduction to wavelet reproducing kernel particle methods, USACM Bulletin, 8, 1, 3-16 (1995)</td> </tr><tr> <td>[10]</td> <td class="space">Lancaster, P.; Salkauskas, K., Surfaces generated by moving least square methods, Math. Comput., 37, 155, 141-158 (1980) &middot; <a href="/0469.41005" class="nowrap">Zbl 0469.41005</a></td> </tr><tr> <td>[11]</td> <td class="space">Li, S.; Liu, W. K., Moving least square reproducing kernel method. Part II: Fourier analysis, Comput. Methods Appl. Mech. Engrg., 139, 159-194 (1996) &middot; <a href="/0883.65089" class="nowrap">Zbl 0883.65089</a></td> </tr><tr> <td>[12]</td> <td class="space">Wells, R. O.; Zhou, X., Wavelet interpolation and approximate solutions of elliptic partial differential equations (1993), preprint</td> </tr><tr> <td>[13]</td> <td class="space">Duarte, C. A.; Oden, J. T., <span class="zbmathjax-textit">Hp</span> Clouds—a meshless method to solve boundary-value problems (1995), preprint</td> </tr><tr> <td>[14]</td> <td class="space">Rudin, W., Principles of Mathematical Analysis (1976), McGraw-Hill, Inc &middot; <a href="/0148.02903" class="nowrap">Zbl 0148.02903</a></td> </tr><tr> <td>[15]</td> <td class="space">Mitrinovic̀, D. S., Analytic Inequalities (1970), Springer-Verlag: Springer-Verlag Berlin, Heidelberg, New York &middot; <a href="/0199.38101" class="nowrap">Zbl 0199.38101</a></td> </tr><tr> <td>[16]</td> <td class="space">Davis, P. J., Interpolation and Approximation (1975), Dover Publications, Inc: Dover Publications, Inc New York &middot; <a href="/0111.06003" class="nowrap">Zbl 0111.06003</a></td> </tr><tr> <td>[17]</td> <td class="space">Chui, C. K., An Introduction to Wavelet (1992), Academic Press: Academic Press New York &middot; <a href="/0925.42016" class="nowrap">Zbl 0925.42016</a></td> </tr><tr> <td>[18]</td> <td class="space">Babuška, I.; Melenk, J. M., The partition of unity finite element method, (Technical Note BN-1185 (1995), Institute for Physical Science and Technology, University of Maryland) &middot; <a href="/0949.65117" class="nowrap">Zbl 0949.65117</a></td> </tr><tr> <td>[19]</td> <td class="space">de Boor, C.; Fix, G. J., Spline approximation by quasi-interpolants, J. Approx. Theory, 8, 19-45 (1975) &middot; <a href="/0279.41008" class="nowrap">Zbl 0279.41008</a></td> </tr><tr> <td>[20]</td> <td class="space">Horn, R. A.; Johnson, C. R., Matrix Analysis (1985), Cambridge University Press &middot; <a href="/0576.15001" class="nowrap">Zbl 0576.15001</a></td> </tr><tr> <td>[21]</td> <td class="space">Golub, G. H.; Van Loan, C. F., Matrix Computations (1989), The Johns Hopkins University Press: The Johns Hopkins University Press Baltimore, MD &middot; <a href="/0733.65016" class="nowrap">Zbl 0733.65016</a></td> </tr><tr> <td>[22]</td> <td class="space">Ciarlet, P. G., The Finite Element Method For Elliptic Problems (1978), North-Holland Publishing Company: North-Holland Publishing Company Amsterdam, New York &middot; <a href="/0445.73043" class="nowrap">Zbl 0445.73043</a></td> </tr><tr> <td>[23]</td> <td class="space">Babuška, I., The finite element method with Lagrangian multipliers, Numer. Math., 20, 179-192 (1973) &middot; <a href="/0258.65108" class="nowrap">Zbl 0258.65108</a></td> </tr><tr> <td>[24]</td> <td class="space">Hughes, T. J.R., The Finite Element Method: Linear Static and Dynamic Finite Element Analysis (1987), Prentice Hall: Prentice Hall Englewood Cliffs, NJ &middot; <a href="/0634.73056" class="nowrap">Zbl 0634.73056</a></td> </tr><tr> <td>[25]</td> <td class="space">Rachford, H. H.; Wheeler, M. F., An \(H^{−1}\)-Galerkin procedure for the two-point boundary value, (de Boor, C., Mathematical Aspects of Finite Elements in Partial Differential Equations (1974), Academic Press: Academic Press New York) &middot; <a href="/0347.65037" class="nowrap">Zbl 0347.65037</a></td> </tr><tr> <td>[26]</td> <td class="space">Babuška, I.; Oden, J. T.; Lee, J. K., Mixed-hybrid finite element approximations of second-order elliptic boundary-value problems, Comput. Methods Appl. Mech. Engrg., 11, 175-206 (1977) &middot; <a href="/0382.65056" class="nowrap">Zbl 0382.65056</a></td> </tr><tr> <td>[27]</td> <td class="space">Daubechies, I., Wavelets, CBMS-NSF Series in Applied Mathematics (1992), SIAM Publication: SIAM Publication Philadelphia &middot; <a href="/0776.42018" class="nowrap">Zbl 0776.42018</a></td> </tr></table> <div class="reference_disclaimer"> This reference list is based on information provided by the publisher or from digital mathematics libraries. Its items are heuristically matched to zbMATH identifiers and may contain data conversion errors. In some cases that data have been complemented/enhanced by data from zbMATH&nbsp;Open. This attempts to reflect the references listed in the original paper as accurately as possible without claiming completeness or a perfect matching. </div> </div></article> </div></div> </div> </div> <div class="clearfix"></div> </div> </div> <div id="foot"><div class="copyright"> &copy; 2025 <a target="fiz" href="https://www.fiz-karlsruhe.de/en">FIZ Karlsruhe GmbH</a> <a href="/privacy-policy/">Privacy Policy</a> <a href="/legal-notices/">Legal Notices</a> <a href="/terms-conditions/">Terms &amp; Conditions</a> <div class="info"> <ul class="nav"> <li class="mastodon"> <a href="https://mathstodon.xyz/@zbMATH" target="_blank" class="no-new-tab-icon"> <img src="/static/mastodon.png" title="zbMATH at Mathstodon (opens in new tab)" alt="Mastodon logo"> </a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> <div class="clearfix" style="height: 0px;"></div> </div> </div> <script src="https://static.zbmath.org/contrib/jquery/1.9.1/jquery.min.js"></script> <script src="https://static.zbmath.org/contrib/jquery-caret/1.5.2/jquery.caret.min.js"></script> <script src="/static/js/jquery-ui-1.10.1.custom.min.js"></script> <script src="https://static.zbmath.org/contrib/bootstrap/v3.3.7zb1/js/bootstrap.min.js"></script> <script src="https://static.zbmath.org/contrib/bootstrap-lightbox/v0.7.0/bootstrap-lightbox.min.js"></script> <script src="https://static.zbmath.org/contrib/retina/unknown/retina.js"></script> <script src="https://static.zbmath.org/contrib/bootstrap-select/v1.13.14/js/bootstrap-select.min.js"></script> <script> var SCRIPT_ROOT = ""; </script> <script src="/static/scripts.js?v=20240926"> </script> <script src="https://static.zbmath.org/contrib/mathjax/2.7.1/MathJax.js?config=TeX-AMS-MML_HTMLorMML"></script> <script type="text/x-mathjax-config"> MathJax.Hub.Config({ "HTML-CSS": { preferredFont: "TeX", availableFonts: [ "STIX", "TeX" ], linebreaks: { automatic: true }, EqnChunk: (MathJax.Hub.Browser.isMobile ? 10 : 50) }, tex2jax: { processEscapes: true, ignoreClass: "tex2jax_ignore|dno" }, TeX: { Macros: { Aut: "\\operatorname{Aut}", Hom: "\\operatorname{Hom}" }, noUndefined: { attributes: { mathcolor: "#039", //"red", mathbackground: "white", //"#FFEEEE", mathsize: "90%" } } }, messageStyle: "none" }); </script> <script type="text/javascript"> $(document).ready(function() { $("#MathInput").stop(true, true).keyup(function() { $.ajax({ url: "/mwsq/", type: "POST", data: { query : $("#MathInput").val() }, dataType: "text" }) .done(function(xml) { $("#MathPreview").html(xml); $(window).resize(); }); }); var press = jQuery.Event("keyup"); press.ctrlKey = false; press.which = 40; $("#MathInput").trigger(press); }); </script> <div id="new_tab_icon" style="display: none">&nbsp;<span class="glyphicon glyphicon-new-window" aria-hidden="true"></span><span class="sr-only">(opens in new tab)</span></div> </body> </html>

Pages: 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10