ADW: Araneus marmoreus: INFORMATION

<!DOCTYPE html> <html xmlns:og="http://ogp.me/ns#" lang="en" xml:lang="en"> <head> <title>ADW: Araneus marmoreus: INFORMATION</title> <meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=utf-8" /> <link rel="canonical" href="https://animaldiversity.org/accounts/Araneus_marmoreus/" /> <script type="text/javascript" src="//code.jquery.com/jquery-3.6.0.min.js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="//code.jquery.com/jquery-migrate-3.3.2.min.js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="/static/js/compat.js"></script> <link rel="shortcut icon" href="https://animaldiversity.org/favicon.ico" /> <link href="//fonts.googleapis.com/css?family=Gentium+Book+Basic:400,400italic,700,700italic" rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" /> <link href="//fonts.googleapis.com/css?family=PT+Sans:400,700,400italic,700italic" rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" /> <link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="/static/bootstrap/css/bootstrap.css" /> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/static/css/pica.styles.css" /> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/static/css/pica.print.css" media="print" />  <link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="/static/colorbox/colorbox.css" /> <meta property="og:url" content="https://animaldiversity.org/accounts/Araneus_marmoreus/" /> <meta content="Araneus marmoreus" property="og:title" /> <meta content="website" property="og:type" /> <meta content="Animal Diversity Web" property="og:site_name" /> <meta content="https://animaldiversity.org/collections/contributors/phil_myers/araneae/spider3179/medium.jpg" property="og:image" /> <meta name="twitter:card" content="summary" /> <meta name="twitter:site" content="@AnimalDiversity" /> <meta name="twitter:title" content="Araneus marmoreus" /> <meta name="twitter:description" content="Read about Araneus marmoreus on the Animal Diversity Web." /> <meta name="twitter:image:src" content="https://animaldiversity.org/collections/contributors/phil_myers/araneae/spider3179/medium.jpg" /> <meta name="twitter:image:height" content="480" /> <meta name="twitter:image:width" content="649" /> <meta name="twitter:url" content="https://animaldiversity.org/accounts/Araneus_marmoreus/" /> <script type="text/javascript" src="/static/js/Hyphenator.js"></script> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/static/social-likes/social-likes_birman.css" /> <style> .social-likes { margin: 0; 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Their range extends across the entirety of Canada and the United States, as far south as Texas and along the Gulf Coast. They are also found across Europe and the northern half of Asia, particularly Russia, extending into the Holarctic region. <span class="citations"> (<a href="#975CC7F3-DD2B-11E2-A13E-002500F14F28" class="citation">Esyunin and Laetin, 2009</a>; <a href="#04AF4468-DEEE-11E2-8F25-002500F14F28" class="citation">Esyunin, et al., 2013</a>; <a href="#282075A8-DFB2-11E2-94E1-002500F14F28" class="citation">Fasola and Mogavero, 1995</a>; <a href="#04AEA5BA-DE91-11E2-B399-002500F14F28" class="citation">Hoffman, 1982</a>; <a href="#D11B35D9-DFB7-11E2-89AE-002500F14F28" class="citation">Opell and Hendricks, 2009</a>)</span></p> <ul class="keywords donthyphenate "> <li class="keywords-header">Biogeographic Regions</li> <li> <a class="gloss" href="#20020914235803">nearctic</a> </li> <li> <a class="gloss" href="#20020915001330">palearctic</a> </li> </ul> <ul class="keywords donthyphenate last"> <li class="keywords-header">Other Geographic Terms</li> <li> <a class="gloss" href="#200304045530">holarctic</a> </li> </ul> </section> <section class="hyphenate"> <h3 id="habitat">Habitat</h3> <p audience="advanced">Marbled orb-weavers live in a large variety of habitats, including deciduous, mountain, and coniferous forests, as well as meadows, agricultural fields, orchards, peat bogs, along rivers, and rural and suburban areas. They can usually be found in shrubs and trees, often along the forest's edge, as well as in man-made structures such as mailboxes. <span class="citations"> (<a href="#2EE3CF7D-E082-11E2-BF77-002500F14F28" class="citation">Edwards and Edwards, 1997</a>; <a href="#EFF530AB-DF8D-11E2-A6A2-002500F14F28" class="citation">Enders, 1974</a>; <a href="#975CC7F3-DD2B-11E2-A13E-002500F14F28" class="citation">Esyunin and Laetin, 2009</a>; <a href="#04AF4468-DEEE-11E2-8F25-002500F14F28" class="citation">Esyunin, et al., 2013</a>; <a href="#320CEED1-0EB2-11E3-B5DE-002500F14F28" class="citation">Levi, 1971</a>; <a href="#D11B35D9-DFB7-11E2-89AE-002500F14F28" class="citation">Opell and Hendricks, 2009</a>; <a href="#44844A8A-DFB9-11E2-8066-002500F14F28" class="citation">Pekar, 1999</a>; <a href="#91B887D7-E077-11E2-81E2-002500F14F28" class="citation">Svaton and Pridavka, 2000</a>)</span></p> <ul class="keywords donthyphenate "> <li class="keywords-header">Habitat Regions</li> <li> <a class="gloss" href="#20020904145595">temperate</a> </li> <li> <a class="gloss" href="#20020904145794">terrestrial</a> </li> </ul> <ul class="keywords donthyphenate "> <li class="keywords-header">Terrestrial Biomes</li> <li> <a class="gloss" href="#20020904145599::20020904145583::20020904145682">savanna or grassland</a> </li> <li> <a class="gloss" href="#20020904145828">forest</a> </li> </ul> <ul class="keywords donthyphenate "> <li class="keywords-header">Wetlands</li> <li> <a class="gloss" href="#20020904145320">bog</a> </li> </ul> <ul class="keywords donthyphenate last"> <li class="keywords-header">Other Habitat Features</li> <li> <a class="gloss" href="#20020904145386">suburban</a> </li> <li> <a class="gloss" href="#20020904145700">agricultural</a> </li> <li> <a class="gloss" href="#20020904145842">riparian</a> </li> </ul> </section> <section class="hyphenate"> <h3 id="physical_description">Physical Description</h3> <p audience="advanced">Marbled orb-weavers have an oval-shaped abdomen; this sets them apart from other orb-weaver spiders. This species exhibits significant sexual dimorphism; females are much larger, they are 9.0 to 18.0 mm long and 2.3 to 4.5 mm wide, while males are 5.9 to 8.4 mm long and 2.3 to 3.6 mm wide. Marbled orb-weavers are polymorphic and show a wide variety of colors and patterns. There are two forms, the 'nominate marmoreus' form and the 'variation pyramidatus' form, which are found primarily in Europe. Both forms have light brown or orange carapaces and legs, while the ends of their legs are striped in white, clear, or black. The variation marmoreus form has a white, yellow, or orange abdomen, patterned in black, grey, and white. This abdominal pattern gives the species their common name, as they appear "marbled". The variation pyramidatus form has a paler abdomen, with a large dark brown irregular-shaped spot near the end of their abdomen. There are also intermediates between these two forms. Marbled orb-weavers have orange eggs that are about 1.15 mm wide. They can be distinguished from other members of genus <a class="taxon-link rank-genus" href="/accounts/Araneus/">Araneus</a>, particularly <a class="taxon-link" href="/accounts/Araneus_trifolium/">shamrock orb-weavers</a>, by differences in the spines on their tibiae. Spine patterns are mostly consistent within species. Marbled orb-weavers also have two types of tibial spines. Species of genus <a class="taxon-link rank-genus" href="/accounts/Araneus/">Araneus</a> can also be identified by their genital characteristics. The embolus of male marbled orb-weavers is semi-circular, with flat hook-shaped lamellae. The embolus cap on virgin males can also be diagnostic of this species. The epigynum of females is also distinct, with the lamellae visible as large curved folds from the ventral side. <span class="citations"> (<a href="#D5504702-E07B-11E2-BEEE-002500F14F28" class="citation">Carmichael, 1973</a>; <a href="#EFF530AB-DF8D-11E2-A6A2-002500F14F28" class="citation">Enders, 1974</a>; <a href="#320CEED1-0EB2-11E3-B5DE-002500F14F28" class="citation">Levi, 1971</a>; <a href="#F3ECEBB8-DFB6-11E2-B6A8-002500F14F28" class="citation">Opell and Bond, 2001</a>; <a href="#FA094F70-0F89-11E3-A0B0-002500F14F28" class="citation">Roberts, 1985</a>)</span></p> <ul class="keywords donthyphenate "> <li class="keywords-header">Other Physical Features</li> <li> <a class="gloss" href="#20020916131519">ectothermic</a> </li> <li> <a class="gloss" href="#20020916125902">heterothermic</a> </li> <li> <a class="gloss" href="#20020904145642">bilateral symmetry</a> </li> <li> <a class="gloss" href="#20020915002358">polymorphic</a> </li> </ul> <ul class="keywords donthyphenate last"> <li class="keywords-header">Sexual Dimorphism</li> <li> <span>female larger</span> </li> </ul> <ul class="aside block-grid donthyphenate two-up"> <li> <dl> <dt>Average mass</dt> <dd>0.69 g</dd> <dd class="english">0.02 oz</dd> </dl> </li> <li> <dl> <dt>Range length</dt> <dd>5 to 18 mm</dd> <dd class="english">0.20 to 0.71 in</dd> </dl> </li> </ul> </section> <section class="hyphenate"> <h3 id="development">Development</h3> <p audience="advanced">Eggs of marbled orb-weavers hatch in early spring after overwintering in egg sacs. Juveniles are present from spring to July, during which they molt through several instars, and eventually molt into reproductive adults. Adults mate in the summer and can be found from June to September. After mating and laying their egg sacs, adults die in the fall. <span class="citations"> (<a href="#282075A8-DFB2-11E2-94E1-002500F14F28" class="citation">Fasola and Mogavero, 1995</a>; <a href="#320CEED1-0EB2-11E3-B5DE-002500F14F28" class="citation">Levi, 1971</a>)</span></p> <ul class="keywords donthyphenate last"> <li class="keywords-header">Development - Life Cycle</li> <li> <a class="gloss" href="#20020904145364">metamorphosis</a> </li> </ul> </section> <section class="hyphenate"> <h3 id="reproduction">Reproduction</h3> <p audience="advanced">There is little information about the specific mating habits of marbled orb-weavers. Females of other <a class="taxon-link rank-genus" href="/accounts/Araneus/">Araneus</a> species emit pheromones to attract mates; female marbled orb-weavers likely also emit pheromones. To court their mates, male members of genus <a class="taxon-link rank-genus" href="/accounts/Araneus/">Araneus</a> spin a "mating-thread" across the female's web. The male moves towards the female across this thread, plucking and vibrating it, and the female approaches him. The male touches the front of the female's body with his legs, stroking her, until she hangs from the mating thread. The courtship habits of marbled orb-weavers are likely similar. Once courtship is complete, males embrace their female mates and transfer sperm by inserting their pedipalps. Virgin male marbled orb-weavers have the embolus on their palps capped. The capped is removed after the first mating. Males mate several times. Mating takes place in late summer. Other species of orb-weaving spiders exhibit sexual cannibalism, including <a class="taxon-link" href="/accounts/Araneus_diadematus/">European garden spiders</a>, which are closely related and live in the same range as marbled orb-weavers. Females often eat their male mates at any point during the courtship and mating process. It is possible that marbled orb-weavers also exhibit sexual cannibalism; however, males mate multiple times and are noted to survive mating, so cannibalism may not be as significant in this species. <span class="citations"> (<a href="#8E520FAB-111D-11E3-94A9-002500F14F28" class="citation">Elgar and Nash, 1988</a>; <a href="#320CEED1-0EB2-11E3-B5DE-002500F14F28" class="citation">Levi, 1971</a>; <a href="#49798951-0ECF-11E3-9CAD-002500F14F28" class="citation">Olive, 1982</a>; <a href="#B172084F-0F9B-11E3-9ADE-002500F14F28" class="citation">Roggenbuck, et al., 2011</a>)</span></p> <ul class="keywords donthyphenate last"> <li class="keywords-header">Mating System</li> <li> <a class="gloss" href="#20020904145840">polygynous</a> </li> </ul> <p audience="advanced">After mating in late summer, female marbled orb-weavers lay their eggs in loose, fluffy egg sacs constructed from silk. In one report, an egg sac was 13 mm across and held 653 eggs. Eggs overwinter in these sacs and hatch the following spring. By July, the spiderlings molt into reproductive adults. <span class="citations"> (<a href="#EFF530AB-DF8D-11E2-A6A2-002500F14F28" class="citation">Enders, 1974</a>; <a href="#282075A8-DFB2-11E2-94E1-002500F14F28" class="citation">Fasola and Mogavero, 1995</a>; <a href="#320CEED1-0EB2-11E3-B5DE-002500F14F28" class="citation">Levi, 1971</a>)</span></p> <ul class="keywords donthyphenate last"> <li class="keywords-header">Key Reproductive Features</li> <li> <a class="gloss" href="#20020904145784">semelparous</a> </li> <li> <a class="gloss" href="#20020904145584">seasonal breeding</a> </li> <li> <span>gonochoric/gonochoristic/dioecious (sexes separate)</span> </li> <li> <a class="gloss" href="#20020904145786">sexual</a> </li> <li> <a class="gloss" href="#20020904145546">fertilization</a> <ul> <li> <a class="gloss" href="#20020904145427">internal</a> </li> </ul> </li> <li> <a class="gloss" href="#20020904145572">oviparous</a> </li> </ul> <ul class="aside block-grid donthyphenate two-up"> <li> <dl> <dt>Breeding interval</dt> <dd>Female marbled orb-weavers mate once in their lives, while males may mate several times.</dd> </dl> </li> <li> <dl> <dt>Breeding season</dt> <dd>Breeding takes place from mid- to late summer.</dd> </dl> </li> </ul> <p audience="advanced">Marbled orb-weavers die after mating, so adults are not present to provide any sort of care when the spiderlings emerge the following spring. They do provide provisioning in the eggs, as well as construct an egg sac that likely provides some protection from the elements. <span class="citations"> (<a href="#320CEED1-0EB2-11E3-B5DE-002500F14F28" class="citation">Levi, 1971</a>)</span></p> <ul class="keywords donthyphenate last"> <li class="keywords-header">Parental Investment</li> <li> <span>pre-hatching/birth</span> <ul> <li> <span>provisioning</span> <ul> <li> <span>female</span> </li> </ul> </li> <li> <span>protecting</span> <ul> <li> <span>female</span> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </section> <section class="hyphenate"> <h3 id="lifespan_longevity">Lifespan/Longevity</h3> <p audience="advanced">Since spiderlings emerge from their egg sacs in the spring, mature into adults, and die in the fall after mating, marbled orb-weavers likely only live about 6 months. <span class="citations"> (<a href="#320CEED1-0EB2-11E3-B5DE-002500F14F28" class="citation">Levi, 1971</a>)</span></p> <ul class="aside block-grid donthyphenate one-up"> <li> <dl> <dt>Average lifespan<br /><span>Status: wild</span></dt> <dd>6 months</dd> </dl> </li> </ul> </section> <section class="hyphenate"> <h3 id="behavior">Behavior</h3> <p audience="advanced">To build their orb-webs, marbled orb-weavers use the "second line" technique. A drag line of silk, produced from two silk glands in their abdomen is created as the spider descends from a substrate. At some point in the descent, a second line is created and attached to the main drag line. Farther down, the second line balloons out due to air currents. Up to several meters of the second line is pulled out from their spinnerets as they hang motionless. Often, spiders go back up the main drag line, reel in the second line and begin construction. An orb-web is typically composed of sticky threads arranged in spirals on non-viscous supporting threads. Marbled orb-weavers typically spin their web at the top of vegetation, in low shrubs, or tall grasses. They spin their web in the morning, and typically spend the day resting in a retreat off to the side of the web, in leaves or moss. During the night, spiders wait in the middle of the orb web for prey to get snared. Eggs overwinter in egg sacs and most adults die before winter begins, though some literature reports that marbled orb-weavers are active during the winter in colder regions, such as Sweden. <span class="citations"> (<a href="#C5E5D735-E06D-11E2-83A3-002500F14F28" class="citation">Eberhard, 1987</a>; <a href="#57EB9719-E118-11E2-B8C9-002500F14F28" class="citation">Gunnarsson, 1985</a>; <a href="#320CEED1-0EB2-11E3-B5DE-002500F14F28" class="citation">Levi, 1971</a>; <a href="#79510828-DF94-11E2-BDE8-002500F14F28" class="citation">Opell and Hendricks, 2007</a>; <a href="#E6720F30-DD21-11E2-9FD3-002500F14F28" class="citation">Opell, et al., 2011</a>)</span></p> <ul class="keywords donthyphenate last"> <li class="keywords-header">Key Behaviors</li> <li> <a class="gloss" href="#20020904145503">nocturnal</a> </li> <li> <a class="gloss" href="#20020904145472">motile</a> </li> <li> <a class="gloss" href="#20020904145381">solitary</a> </li> </ul> <h4>Home Range</h4> <p audience="advanced intermediate">There is currently very little information available about the home range size of marbled orb-weavers.</p> </section> <section class="hyphenate"> <h3 id="communication">Communication and Perception</h3> <p audience="advanced">Marbled orb-weavers have mechanoreceptors in the form of tactile hair sensilla on their tarsi that can detect not only movement or bending of the hair, but likely also the direction of the displacement. This allows spiders to perceive the environment around them through touch; they are also sensitive to air currents. <a class="taxon-link" href="/accounts/Araneidae/">Orb-spiders</a> also have chemoreceptors on their tarsi that function in olfaction and chemical detection. Other spiders in genus <a class="taxon-link rank-genus" href="/accounts/Araneus/">Araneus</a> use pheromones to attract mates. Female marbled orb-weavers also likely release airborne pheromones to communicate with and attract their mates. Touch is also used during mating for many other <a class="taxon-link" href="/accounts/Araneidae/">orb-weaver</a> species, as the male courts the female by stroking her body with his legs. <span class="citations"> (<a href="#8E520FAB-111D-11E3-94A9-002500F14F28" class="citation">Elgar and Nash, 1988</a>; <a href="#72209F2E-0EC8-11E3-9651-002500F14F28" class="citation">Foelix and Chuwang, 1973</a>; <a href="#49798951-0ECF-11E3-9CAD-002500F14F28" class="citation">Olive, 1982</a>)</span></p> <ul class="keywords donthyphenate "> <li class="keywords-header">Communication Channels</li> <li> <a class="gloss" href="#20020904145694">visual</a> </li> <li> <a class="gloss" href="#20020904145500">tactile</a> </li> <li> <a class="gloss" href="#20020904145606">chemical</a> </li> </ul> <ul class="keywords donthyphenate "> <li class="keywords-header">Other Communication Modes</li> <li> <a class="gloss" href="#20020904145769">pheromones</a> </li> </ul> <ul class="keywords donthyphenate last"> <li class="keywords-header">Perception Channels</li> <li> <a class="gloss" href="#20020904145694">visual</a> </li> <li> <a class="gloss" href="#20020904145500">tactile</a> </li> <li> <a class="gloss" href="#20020904145606">chemical</a> </li> </ul> </section> <section class="hyphenate"> <h3 id="food_habits">Food Habits</h3> <p audience="advanced">Marbled orb-weavers prey on many insect species. They construct orb-webs, which have sticky threads arranged spirally with non-sticky supporting threads. The non-viscous threads absorb the movement of the prey, while the viscous threads restrain the prey, which gives the spider time to locate, go to, and attack the prey. They mostly eat smaller insects, generally ranging from 0 to 4 mm, particularly from orders <a class="taxon-link rank-order" href="/accounts/Orthoptera/">Orthoptera</a>, <a class="taxon-link rank-order" href="/accounts/Diptera/">Diptera</a>, and <a class="taxon-link rank-order" href="/accounts/Hymenoptera/">Hymenoptera</a>. One study found that a single marbled orb-weaver could catch about 14 prey insects per day, on average. <span class="citations"> (<a href="#D5C82140-E137-11E2-8895-002500F14F28" class="citation">Japyassu and Caires, 2008</a>; <a href="#79510828-DF94-11E2-BDE8-002500F14F28" class="citation">Opell and Hendricks, 2007</a>; <a href="#E6720F30-DD21-11E2-9FD3-002500F14F28" class="citation">Opell, et al., 2011</a>; <a href="#EC0CA842-DD23-11E2-B4B8-002500F14F28" class="citation">Pasquet, 1984</a>)</span></p> <ul class="keywords donthyphenate "> <li class="keywords-header">Primary Diet</li> <li> <a class="gloss" href="#20020904145419">carnivore</a> <ul> <li> <a class="gloss" href="#20020904145711">insectivore</a> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> <ul class="keywords donthyphenate last"> <li class="keywords-header">Animal Foods</li> <li> <span>insects</span> </li> </ul> </section> <section class="hyphenate"> <h3 id="predation">Predation</h3> <p audience="advanced">Many species of wasps prey on marbled orb-weavers. Some wasp species, including spider wasps (<span rank="Species" class="taxon-name rank-species">Batozonellus lacerticida</span>) and blue mud daubers (<a class="taxon-link rank-species" href="/accounts/Chalybion_californicum/">Chalybion californicum</a>), catch and paralyze marbled orb-weavers. The paralyzed spiders are placed in a burrow with a wasp egg, and when the egg hatches and the larvae feed on the available spider prey. Other wasp species, including organ pipe mud daubers (<span rank="Species" class="taxon-name rank-species">Trypoxylon politum</span>) and white-trimmed black wasp (<a class="taxon-link rank-species" href="/accounts/Episyron_quinquenotatus/">Episyron quinquenotatus</a>), simply catch and feed on marbled orb-weavers. Birds are also predators; one noted predatory species are penduline tits (<a class="taxon-link rank-species" href="/accounts/Remiz_pendulinus/">Remiz pendulinus</a>) in Europe. <span class="citations"> (<a href="#FF3BBE78-DBC8-11E2-A659-002500F14F28" class="citation">Endo and Endo, 1994</a>; <a href="#C4E89519-DEF0-11E2-8EDD-002500F14F28" class="citation">Kristofik, et al., 1993</a>; <a href="#CE24A79C-DF91-11E2-9424-002500F14F28" class="citation">Kurczewski and Kurczewski, 1968</a>; <a href="#CCC2E03A-DE86-11E2-9960-002500F14F28" class="citation">Landes, et al., 1987</a>; <a href="#20D94F91-DE89-11E2-B6AC-002500F14F28" class="citation">Rehnberg, 1987</a>)</span></p> <ul class="aside block-grid donthyphenate one-up"> <li> <dl> <dt>Known Predators</dt> <dd> <ul> <li>spider wasps (<span rank="Species" class="taxon-name rank-species">Batozonellus lacerticida</span>)</li> <li>blue mud daubers (<a class="taxon-link rank-species" href="/accounts/Chalybion_californicum/">Chalybion californicum</a>)</li> <li>organ pipe mud daubers (<span rank="Species" class="taxon-name rank-species">Trypoxylon politum</span>)</li> <li>white-trimmed black wasps (<a class="taxon-link rank-species" href="/accounts/Episyron_quinquenotatus/">Episyron quinquenotatus</a>)</li> <li>birds (<a class="taxon-link rank-class" href="/accounts/Aves/">Aves</a>)</li> <li>penduline tits (<a class="taxon-link rank-species" href="/accounts/Remiz_pendulinus/">Remiz pendulinus</a>)</li> </ul> </dd> </dl> </li> </ul> </section> <section class="hyphenate"> <h3 id="ecosystem_roles">Ecosystem Roles</h3> <p audience="advanced">Many species of wasps prey on marbled orb-weavers, feeding as adults or using the spiders as a food supply for their offspring. Marbled orb-weavers are also prey to many species of birds. They are a significant insectivore and prey on the many different insect species caught in their web, particularly <a class="taxon-link" href="/accounts/Diptera/">dipterids</a> and <a class="taxon-link" href="/accounts/Hymenoptera/">hymenopterans</a>. <span class="citations"> (<a href="#FF3BBE78-DBC8-11E2-A659-002500F14F28" class="citation">Endo and Endo, 1994</a>; <a href="#CE24A79C-DF91-11E2-9424-002500F14F28" class="citation">Kurczewski and Kurczewski, 1968</a>; <a href="#CCC2E03A-DE86-11E2-9960-002500F14F28" class="citation">Landes, et al., 1987</a>; <a href="#20D94F91-DE89-11E2-B6AC-002500F14F28" class="citation">Rehnberg, 1987</a>)</span></p> </section> <section class="hyphenate"> <h3 id="economic_importance_positive">Economic Importance for Humans: Positive</h3> <p audience="advanced intermediate">There are no known positive effects of marbled orb-weavers on humans.</p> </section> <section class="hyphenate"> <h3 id="economic_importance_negative">Economic Importance for Humans: Negative</h3> <p audience="advanced intermediate">There are no known adverse effects of marbled orb-weavers on humans.</p> </section> <section class="hyphenate"> <h3 id="conservation_status">Conservation Status</h3> <p audience="advanced intermediate">Marbled orb-weavers have no special conservation status.</p> <ul class="aside block-grid donthyphenate three-up"> <li> <dl> <dt> <a class="external-link" href="http://www.iucnredlist.org/">IUCN Red List</a> </dt> <dd> <span>Not Evaluated</span> </dd> </dl> </li> <li> <dl> <dt> <a class="external-link" href="http://www.fws.gov/endangered/">US Federal List</a> </dt> <dd> <span>No special status</span> </dd> </dl> </li> <li> <dl> <dt> <a class="external-link" href="http://www.cites.org/eng/app/appendices.php">CITES</a> </dt> <dd> <span>No special status</span> </dd> </dl> </li> <li> <dl> <dt> <a class="external-link" href="http://mnfi.anr.msu.edu/data/specialanimals.cfm">State of Michigan List</a> </dt> <dd> <span>No special status</span> </dd> </dl> </li> </ul> </section> <section class="hyphenate"> <h3 id="contributors">Contributors</h3> <p>Angela Miner (author), Animal Diversity Web Staff, Leila Siciliano Martina (editor), Animal Diversity Web Staff. </p> </section> <section class="offscreen"> <h3 id="glossary">Glossary</h3> <div id="20020914235803"> <dl> <dt>Nearctic</dt> <dd> <p>living in the Nearctic biogeographic province, the northern part of the New World. This includes Greenland, the Canadian Arctic islands, and all of the North American as far south as the highlands of central Mexico.</p> <p align="center"> <img alt="World Map" src="/images/worldmap.2001.jpg" /> </p> </dd> </dl> </div> <div id="20020915001330"> <dl> <dt>Palearctic</dt> <dd> <p>living in the northern part of the Old World. In otherwords, Europe and Asia and northern Africa.</p> <p align="center"> <img alt="World Map" src="/images/worldmap.2001.jpg" /> </p> </dd> </dl> </div> <div id="20020904145700"> <dl> <dt>agricultural</dt> <dd> <p>living in landscapes dominated by human agriculture.</p> </dd> </dl> </div> <div id="20020904145642"> <dl> <dt>bilateral symmetry</dt> <dd> <p>having body symmetry such that the animal can be divided in one plane into two mirror-image halves. Animals with bilateral symmetry have dorsal and ventral sides, as well as anterior and posterior ends. Synapomorphy of the Bilateria.</p> </dd> </dl> </div> <div id="20020904145320"> <dl> <dt>bog</dt> <dd> <p>a wetland area rich in accumulated plant material and with acidic soils surrounding a body of open water. Bogs have a flora dominated by sedges, heaths, and sphagnum.</p> </dd> </dl> </div> <div id="20020904145419"> <dl> <dt>carnivore</dt> <dd> <p>an animal that mainly eats meat</p> </dd> </dl> </div> <div id="20020904145606"> <dl> <dt>chemical</dt> <dd> <p>uses smells or other chemicals to communicate</p> </dd> </dl> </div> <div id="20020916131519"> <dl> <dt>ectothermic</dt> <dd> <p>animals which must use heat acquired from the environment and behavioral adaptations to regulate body temperature</p> </dd> </dl> </div> <div id="20020904145546"> <dl> <dt>fertilization</dt> <dd> <p>union of egg and spermatozoan</p> </dd> </dl> </div> <div id="20020904145828"> <dl> <dt>forest</dt> <dd> <p>forest biomes are dominated by trees, otherwise forest biomes can vary widely in amount of precipitation and seasonality.</p> </dd> </dl> </div> <div id="20020916125902"> <dl> <dt>heterothermic</dt> <dd> <p>having a body temperature that fluctuates with that of the immediate environment; having no mechanism or a poorly developed mechanism for regulating internal body temperature.</p> </dd> </dl> </div> <div id="200304045530"> <dl> <dt>holarctic</dt> <dd> <p>a distribution that more or less circles the Arctic, so occurring in both the Nearctic and Palearctic biogeographic regions.</p> <p align="center"> <img alt="World Map" src="/images/worldmap.2001.jpg" /> </p> <p>Found in northern North America and northern Europe or Asia.</p> </dd> </dl> </div> <div id="20020904145711"> <dl> <dt>insectivore</dt> <dd> <p>An animal that eats mainly insects or spiders.</p> </dd> </dl> </div> <div id="20020904145427"> <dl> <dt>internal fertilization</dt> <dd> <p>fertilization takes place within the female's body</p> </dd> </dl> </div> <div id="20020904145364"> <dl> <dt>metamorphosis</dt> <dd> <p>A large change in the shape or structure of an animal that happens as the animal grows. In insects, "incomplete metamorphosis" is when young animals are similar to adults and change gradually into the adult form, and "complete metamorphosis" is when there is a profound change between larval and adult forms. Butterflies have complete metamorphosis, grasshoppers have incomplete metamorphosis.</p> </dd> </dl> </div> <div id="20020904145472"> <dl> <dt>motile</dt> <dd> <p>having the capacity to move from one place to another.</p> </dd> </dl> </div> <div id="20020904145503"> <dl> <dt>nocturnal</dt> <dd> <p>active during the night</p> </dd> </dl> </div> <div id="20020904145572"> <dl> <dt>oviparous</dt> <dd> <p>reproduction in which eggs are released by the female; development of offspring occurs outside the mother's body.</p> </dd> </dl> </div> <div id="20020904145769"> <dl> <dt>pheromones</dt> <dd> <p>chemicals released into air or water that are detected by and responded to by other animals of the same species</p> </dd> </dl> </div> <div id="20020904145840"> <dl> <dt>polygynous</dt> <dd> <p>having more than one female as a mate at one time</p> </dd> </dl> </div> <div id="20020915002358"> <dl> <dt>polymorphic</dt> <dd> <p>"many forms." A species is polymorphic if its individuals can be divided into two or more easily recognized groups, based on structure, color, or other similar characteristics. The term only applies when the distinct groups can be found in the same area; graded or clinal variation throughout the range of a species (e.g. a north-to-south decrease in size) is not polymorphism. Polymorphic characteristics may be inherited because the differences have a genetic basis, or they may be the result of environmental influences. We do not consider sexual differences (i.e. sexual dimorphism), seasonal changes (e.g. change in fur color), or age-related changes to be polymorphic. Polymorphism in a local population can be an adaptation to prevent density-dependent predation, where predators preferentially prey on the most common morph.</p> </dd> </dl> </div> <div id="20020904145842"> <dl> <dt>riparian</dt> <dd> <p>Referring to something living or located adjacent to a waterbody (usually, but not always, a river or stream).</p> </dd> </dl> </div> <div id="20020904145584"> <dl> <dt>seasonal breeding</dt> <dd> <p>breeding is confined to a particular season</p> </dd> </dl> </div> <div id="20020904145784"> <dl> <dt>semelparous</dt> <dd> <p>offspring are all produced in a single group (litter, clutch, etc.), after which the parent usually dies. Semelparous organisms often only live through a single season/year (or other periodic change in conditions) but may live for many seasons. In both cases reproduction occurs as a single investment of energy in offspring, with no future chance for investment in reproduction.</p> </dd> </dl> </div> <div id="20020904145786"> <dl> <dt>sexual</dt> <dd> <p>reproduction that includes combining the genetic contribution of two individuals, a male and a female</p> </dd> </dl> </div> <div id="20020904145381"> <dl> <dt>solitary</dt> <dd> <p>lives alone</p> </dd> </dl> </div> <div id="20020904145386"> <dl> <dt>suburban</dt> <dd> <p>living in residential areas on the outskirts of large cities or towns.</p> </dd> </dl> </div> <div id="20020904145500"> <dl> <dt>tactile</dt> <dd> <p>uses touch to communicate</p> </dd> </dl> </div> <div id="20020904145595"> <dl> <dt>temperate</dt> <dd> <p>that region of the Earth between 23.5 degrees North and 60 degrees North (between the Tropic of Cancer and the Arctic Circle) and between 23.5 degrees South and 60 degrees South (between the Tropic of Capricorn and the Antarctic Circle).</p> </dd> </dl> </div> <div id="20020904145794"> <dl> <dt>terrestrial</dt> <dd> <p>Living on the ground.</p> </dd> </dl> </div> <div id="20020904145599::20020904145583::20020904145682"> <dl> <dt>tropical savanna and grassland</dt> <dd> <p>A terrestrial biome. Savannas are grasslands with scattered individual trees that do not form a closed canopy. Extensive savannas are found in parts of subtropical and tropical Africa and South America, and in Australia.</p> </dd> <dt>savanna</dt> <dd> <p>A grassland with scattered trees or scattered clumps of trees, a type of community intermediate between grassland and forest. See also Tropical savanna and grassland biome.</p> </dd> <dt>temperate grassland</dt> <dd> <p>A terrestrial biome found in temperate latitudes (>23.5掳 N or S latitude). Vegetation is made up mostly of grasses, the height and species diversity of which depend largely on the amount of moisture available. Fire and grazing are important in the long-term maintenance of grasslands.</p> </dd> </dl> </div> <div id="20020904145694"> <dl> <dt>visual</dt> <dd> <p>uses sight to communicate</p> </dd> </dl> </div> </section> <section class="hyphenate"> <h3 id="references">References</h3> <p id="D5504702-E07B-11E2-BEEE-002500F14F28">Carmichael, L. 1973. Correlation Between Segment Length and Spine Counts in Two Spider Species of <a class="taxon-link rank-genus" href="/accounts/Araneus/">Araneus</a> (<a class="taxon-link rank-order" href="/accounts/Araneae/">Araneae</a>: <a class="taxon-link rank-family" href="/accounts/Araneidae/">Araneidae</a>). <span style="font-style: italic">Psyche</span>, 80: 62-69. </p> <p id="C5E5D735-E06D-11E2-83A3-002500F14F28">Eberhard, W. 1987. How spiders initiate airborne lines. <span style="font-style: italic">Journal of Arachnology</span>, 15/1: 1-9. </p> <p id="2EE3CF7D-E082-11E2-BF77-002500F14F28">Edwards, R., E. Edwards. 1997. Society Behavior and Niche Selection by Mailbox Spiders. <span style="font-style: italic">Journal of Arachnology</span>, 25/1: 20-30. </p> <p id="8E520FAB-111D-11E3-94A9-002500F14F28">Elgar, M., D. Nash. 1988. Sexual cannibalism in the garden spider <a class="taxon-link rank-species" href="/accounts/Araneus_diadematus/">Araneus diadematus</a>. <span style="font-style: italic">Animal Behaviour</span>, 36/5: 1511-1517. </p> <p id="EFF530AB-DF8D-11E2-A6A2-002500F14F28">Enders, F. 1974. Vertical Stratification in Orb-Web Spiders (<a class="taxon-link rank-family" href="/accounts/Araneidae/">Araneidae</a>, <a class="taxon-link rank-order" href="/accounts/Araneae/">Araneae</a>) and a Consideration of Other Methods of Coexistence. <span style="font-style: italic">Ecology</span>, 55/2: 317-328. </p> <p id="FF3BBE78-DBC8-11E2-A659-002500F14F28">Endo, T., A. Endo. 1994. Prey selection by a spider wasp, <span rank="Species" class="taxon-name rank-species">Batozonellus lacerticida</span> (<a class="taxon-link rank-order" href="/accounts/Hymenoptera/">Hymenoptera</a>: <a class="taxon-link rank-family" href="/accounts/Pompilidae/">Pompilidae</a>) - Effects of seasonal-variation in prey species, size, and density. <span style="font-style: italic">Ecological Research</span>, 9/2: 225-235. </p> <p id="04AF4468-DEEE-11E2-8F25-002500F14F28">Esyunin, S., A. Ermakov, Y. Mikhailov. 2013. Remarks on the Ural spider fauna (<a class="taxon-link rank-class" href="/accounts/Arachnida/">Arachnida</a>: <span class="taxon-name">Aranei</span>), 14. On the spider fauna of the Kytlym plexus of mountains (the North Urals). <span style="font-style: italic">Arthropoda Selecta</span>, 22/1: 75-82. </p> <p id="975CC7F3-DD2B-11E2-A13E-002500F14F28">Esyunin, S., A. Laetin. 2009. 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A Note on Some Supposed Texan Localities for Some <a class="taxon-link rank-genus" href="/accounts/Araneus/">Araneus</a> Species (<a class="taxon-link rank-order" href="/accounts/Araneae/">Araneae</a>, <a class="taxon-link rank-family" href="/accounts/Araneidae/">Araneidae</a>). <span style="font-style: italic">Journal of Arachnology</span>, 10/1: 93-95. </p> <p id="D5C82140-E137-11E2-8895-002500F14F28">Japyassu, H., R. Caires. 2008. Hunting Tactics in a Cobweb Spider (<a class="taxon-link rank-order" href="/accounts/Araneae/">Araneae</a>-<a class="taxon-link rank-family" href="/accounts/Theridiidae/">Theridiidae</a>) and the Evolution of Behavioral Plasticity. <span style="font-style: italic">Journal of Insect Behavior</span>, 21: 258-284. </p> <p id="C4E89519-DEF0-11E2-8EDD-002500F14F28">Kristofik, J., P. Masan, Z. Sustek, P. Gajdos. 1993. Arthropods in the nest of the Penduline Tit (<a class="taxon-link rank-species" href="/accounts/Remiz_pendulinus/">Remiz pendulinus</a>). <span style="font-style: italic">Biologia</span>, 48/5: 493-505. </p> <p id="CE24A79C-DF91-11E2-9424-002500F14F28">Kurczewski, F., E. Kurczewski. 1968. Host Records for Some North American <a class="taxon-link rank-family" href="/accounts/Pompilidae/">Pompilidae</a> (<a class="taxon-link rank-order" href="/accounts/Hymenoptera/">Hymenoptera</a>) with a Discussion of Factors in Prey Selection. <span style="font-style: italic">Journal of the Kansas Entomological Society</span>, 41/1: 1-33. </p> <p id="CCC2E03A-DE86-11E2-9960-002500F14F28">Landes, D., M. Obin, A. Cady, J. Hunt. 1987. Seasonal and latitudinal variation in spider prey of the mud dauber <a class="taxon-link rank-species" href="/accounts/Chalybion_californicum/">Chalybion californicum</a> (<a class="taxon-link rank-order" href="/accounts/Hymenoptera/">Hymenoptera</a>, <a class="taxon-link rank-family" href="/accounts/Sphecidae/">Sphecidae</a>). <span style="font-style: italic">Journal of Arachnology</span>, 15/2: 249-256. </p> <p id="320CEED1-0EB2-11E3-B5DE-002500F14F28">Levi, H. 1971. The Diadematus group of the orb-weaver genus <a class="taxon-link rank-genus" href="/accounts/Araneus/">Araneus</a> north of Mexico <a class="taxon-link rank-order" href="/accounts/Araneae/">Araneae</a><a class="taxon-link rank-family" href="/accounts/Araneidae/">Araneidae</a>. <span style="font-style: italic">Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology</span>, 141/4: 131-179. </p> <p id="49798951-0ECF-11E3-9CAD-002500F14F28">Olive, C. 1982. Sex pheromones in two orbweaving spiders (<a class="taxon-link rank-order" href="/accounts/Araneae/">Araneae</a>, <a class="taxon-link rank-family" href="/accounts/Araneidae/">Araneidae</a>) : An experimental field study. <span style="font-style: italic">Journal of Arachnology</span>, 10: 241-245. </p> <p id="E6720F30-DD21-11E2-9FD3-002500F14F28">Opell, B., A. Tran, S. Karinshak. 2011. Adhesive Compatibility of Cribellar and Viscous Prey Capture Threads and its Implication for the Evolution of Orb-Weaving Spiders. <span style="font-style: italic">Journal of Experimental Zoology</span>, 315: 376-384. </p> <p id="F3ECEBB8-DFB6-11E2-B6A8-002500F14F28">Opell, B., J. Bond. 2001. Changes in the mechanical properties of capture threads and the evolution of modern orb-weaving spiders. <span style="font-style: italic">Evolutionary Ecology Research</span>, 3: 567-581. </p> <p id="79510828-DF94-11E2-BDE8-002500F14F28">Opell, B., M. Hendricks. 2007. Adhesive recruitment by the viscous capture threads of araneoid orb-weaving spiders. <span style="font-style: italic">Journal of Experimental Biology</span>, 210: 553-560. </p> <p id="D11B35D9-DFB7-11E2-89AE-002500F14F28">Opell, B., M. Hendricks. 2009. The adhesive delivery system of viscous capture threads spun by orb-weaving spiders. <span style="font-style: italic">Journal of Experimental biology</span>, 212: 3026-3034. </p> <p id="EC0CA842-DD23-11E2-B4B8-002500F14F28">Pasquet, A. 1984. Prey and predatory strategies of 2 orb-weaving spiders - <a class="taxon-link rank-species" href="/accounts/Argiope_bruennichi/">Argiope bruennichi</a> and <span rank="Species" class="taxon-link rank-species">Araneus marmoreus</span>. <span style="font-style: italic">Entomologia Experimentalis et Applicata</span>, 36/2: 177-184. </p> <p id="44844A8A-DFB9-11E2-8066-002500F14F28">Pekar, S. 1999. Effect of IPM practices and conventional spraying on spider population dynamics in an apple orchard. <span style="font-style: italic">Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment</span>, 73/2: 155-166. </p> <p id="20D94F91-DE89-11E2-B6AC-002500F14F28">Rehnberg, B. 1987. Selection of spider prey by <span rank="Species" class="taxon-name rank-species">Trypoxylon politum</span> (Say) (<a class="taxon-link rank-order" href="/accounts/Hymenoptera/">Hymenoptera</a>, <a class="taxon-link rank-family" href="/accounts/Sphecidae/">Sphecidae</a>). <span style="font-style: italic">Canadian Entomologist</span>, 119/2: 189-194. </p> <p id="FA094F70-0F89-11E3-A0B0-002500F14F28">Roberts, M. 1985. <span style="font-style: italic">The Spiders of Great Britain and Ireland Vol. 1</span>. England: Harley Books. </p> <p id="B172084F-0F9B-11E3-9ADE-002500F14F28">Roggenbuck, H., S. Pekar, J. Schneider. 2011. Sexual cannibalism in the European garden spider <a class="taxon-link rank-species" href="/accounts/Araneus_diadematus/">Araneus diadematus</a>: the roles of female hunger and mate size dimorphism. <span style="font-style: italic">Animal Behaviour</span>, 81/4: 749-755. </p> <p id="91B887D7-E077-11E2-81E2-002500F14F28">Svaton, J., R. Pridavka. 2000. Spiders (<a class="taxon-link rank-order" href="/accounts/Araneae/">Araneae</a>) of the peatbog national nature reserve Vihrovske Raelinisko (Slovakia). <span style="font-style: italic">Ekologia</span>, 19/4: 97-104. </p> </section> </div> </div> <div class="span2_5 right sidebar"> <div class="well" id="pocket-guide-link"> <a href="https://itunes.apple.com/us/app/adw-pocket-guide/id916179421?mt=8" target="_blank"><i class="icon-download icon-white" style="vertical-align: bottom"></i> ADW Pocket Guides on the iOS App Store! </a> <p>The Animal Diversity Web team is excited to announce ADW Pocket Guides!</p> <p> <a href="/news/5009059054038197651/">Read more...</a> </p> </div> <h2 class="offscreen">Search</h2> <div id="site-search"> <form action="/search" method="GET"> <label for="q" class="offscreen">Enter search text</label> <input value="" id="q" name="q" class="span12" size="15" type="text" placeholder="Search ADW" /> <button class="btn"> <i class="icon-zoom-in"></i> <span 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<a href="/accounts/Araneus_marmoreus/" class="taxon-name rank-species">Araneus marmoreus</a> <span class="vernacular-name"></span> <div class="features"> <a href="/accounts/Araneus_marmoreus/" class="feature feature-information" rel="tooltip" data-original-title="Araneus marmoreus: information (1)" data-delay="250" data-total="1">Araneus marmoreus: information (1)</a> <a href="/accounts/Araneus_marmoreus/pictures/" class="feature feature-pictures" rel="tooltip" data-original-title="Araneus marmoreus: pictures (4)" data-delay="250">Araneus marmoreus: pictures (4)</a> <span class="feature-off feature-specimens"></span> <span class="feature-off feature-sounds"></span> <span class="feature-off feature-maps"></span> </div> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div id="footer" aria-role="contentinfo"> <div class="inner-footer"> <div class="page-citation"> <p class="content">To cite this page: Miner, A. 2014. 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ADW: Araneus marmoreus: INFORMATION