CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html> <html lang="en" xmlns:fb="http://www.facebook.com/2008/fbml" class="wf-loading"> <head prefix="og: https://ogp.me/ns# fb: https://ogp.me/ns/fb# academia: https://ogp.me/ns/fb/academia#"> <meta charset="utf-8"> <meta name=viewport content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1"> <meta rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="/open_search.xml" title="Academia.edu"> <title>Police Action Research Papers - Academia.edu</title>  <link href="//a.academia-assets.com/images/favicons/favicon-production.ico" rel="shortcut icon" type="image/vnd.microsoft.icon"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" sizes="57x57" href="//a.academia-assets.com/images/favicons/apple-touch-icon-57x57.png"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" sizes="60x60" href="//a.academia-assets.com/images/favicons/apple-touch-icon-60x60.png"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" sizes="72x72" href="//a.academia-assets.com/images/favicons/apple-touch-icon-72x72.png"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" sizes="76x76" href="//a.academia-assets.com/images/favicons/apple-touch-icon-76x76.png"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" sizes="114x114" href="//a.academia-assets.com/images/favicons/apple-touch-icon-114x114.png"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" sizes="120x120" href="//a.academia-assets.com/images/favicons/apple-touch-icon-120x120.png"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" sizes="144x144" href="//a.academia-assets.com/images/favicons/apple-touch-icon-144x144.png"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" sizes="152x152" href="//a.academia-assets.com/images/favicons/apple-touch-icon-152x152.png"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" sizes="180x180" href="//a.academia-assets.com/images/favicons/apple-touch-icon-180x180.png"> <link rel="icon" type="image/png" href="//a.academia-assets.com/images/favicons/favicon-32x32.png" sizes="32x32"> <link rel="icon" type="image/png" href="//a.academia-assets.com/images/favicons/favicon-194x194.png" sizes="194x194"> <link rel="icon" type="image/png" href="//a.academia-assets.com/images/favicons/favicon-96x96.png" sizes="96x96"> <link rel="icon" type="image/png" href="//a.academia-assets.com/images/favicons/android-chrome-192x192.png" sizes="192x192"> <link rel="icon" type="image/png" href="//a.academia-assets.com/images/favicons/favicon-16x16.png" sizes="16x16"> <link rel="manifest" href="//a.academia-assets.com/images/favicons/manifest.json"> <meta name="msapplication-TileColor" content="#2b5797"> <meta name="msapplication-TileImage" content="//a.academia-assets.com/images/favicons/mstile-144x144.png"> <meta name="theme-color" content="#ffffff"> <script> window.performance && window.performance.measure && window.performance.measure("Time To First Byte", "requestStart", "responseStart"); </script> <script> (function() { if (!window.URLSearchParams || !window.history || !window.history.replaceState) { return; } var searchParams = new URLSearchParams(window.location.search); var paramsToDelete = [ 'fs', 'sm', 'swp', 'iid', 'nbs', 'rcc', // related content category 'rcpos', // related content carousel position 'rcpg', // related carousel page 'rchid', // related content hit id 'f_ri', // research interest id, for SEO tracking 'f_fri', // featured research interest, for SEO tracking (param key without value) 'f_rid', // from research interest directory for SEO tracking 'f_loswp', // from research interest pills on LOSWP sidebar for SEO tracking 'rhid', // referrring hit id ]; if (paramsToDelete.every((key) => searchParams.get(key) === null)) { return; } paramsToDelete.forEach((key) => { searchParams.delete(key); }); var cleanUrl = new URL(window.location.href); cleanUrl.search = searchParams.toString(); history.replaceState({}, document.title, cleanUrl); })(); </script> <script async src="https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtag/js?id=G-5VKX33P2DS"></script> <script> window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; function gtag(){dataLayer.push(arguments);} gtag('js', new Date()); gtag('config', 'G-5VKX33P2DS', { cookie_domain: 'academia.edu', send_page_view: false, }); gtag('event', 'page_view', { 'controller': "by_tag", 'action': "show_one", 'controller_action': 'by_tag#show_one', 'logged_in': 'false', 'edge': 'unknown', // Send nil if there is no A/B test bucket, in case some records get logged // with missing data - that way we can distinguish between the two cases. // ab_test_bucket should be of the form <ab_test_name>:<bucket> 'ab_test_bucket': null, }) </script> <script type="text/javascript"> window.sendUserTiming = function(timingName) { if (!(window.performance && window.performance.measure)) return; var entries = window.performance.getEntriesByName(timingName, "measure"); if (entries.length !== 1) return; var timingValue = Math.round(entries[0].duration); gtag('event', 'timing_complete', { name: timingName, value: timingValue, event_category: 'User-centric', }); }; window.sendUserTiming("Time To First Byte"); </script> <meta name="csrf-param" content="authenticity_token" /> <meta name="csrf-token" content="FzFebEzJ5wzzrj528W8ETlkL5aw-R2qzcfAFhKZO7WpFy72_zu0H2HMw9opixT3jF4sYKL-aEH5NjPLZmdTWDA" /> <link crossorigin="" href="https://fonts.gstatic.com/" rel="preconnect" /><link href="https://fonts.googleapis.com/css2?family=DM+Sans:ital,opsz,wght@0,9..40,100..1000;1,9..40,100..1000&family=Gupter:wght@400;500;700&family=IBM+Plex+Mono:wght@300;400&family=Material+Symbols+Outlined:opsz,wght,FILL,GRAD@20,400,0,0&display=swap" rel="stylesheet" /><link rel="stylesheet" media="all" href="//a.academia-assets.com/assets/design_system/common-2b6f90dbd75f5941bc38f4ad716615f3ac449e7398313bb3bc225fba451cd9fa.css" /> <meta name="description" content="View Police Action Research Papers on Academia.edu for free." /> <meta name="google-site-verification" content="bKJMBZA7E43xhDOopFZkssMMkBRjvYERV-NaN4R6mrs" /> <script> var $controller_name = 'by_tag'; var $action_name = "show_one"; var $rails_env = 'production'; var $app_rev = 'a358cc6053ab0cc3d75f86b2a777a4ce071186d3'; var $domain = 'academia.edu'; var $app_host = "academia.edu"; var $asset_host = "academia-assets.com"; var $start_time = new Date().getTime(); var $recaptcha_key = "6LdxlRMTAAAAADnu_zyLhLg0YF9uACwz78shpjJB"; var $recaptcha_invisible_key = "6Lf3KHUUAAAAACggoMpmGJdQDtiyrjVlvGJ6BbAj"; var $disableClientRecordHit = false; </script> <script> window.Aedu = { hit_data: null }; window.Aedu.SiteStats = {"premium_universities_count":14008,"monthly_visitors":"108 million","monthly_visitor_count":108476212,"monthly_visitor_count_in_millions":108,"user_count":283803112,"paper_count":55203019,"paper_count_in_millions":55,"page_count":432000000,"page_count_in_millions":432,"pdf_count":16500000,"pdf_count_in_millions":16}; window.Aedu.serverRenderTime = new Date(1740602986000); window.Aedu.timeDifference = new Date().getTime() - 1740602986000; window.Aedu.isUsingCssV1 = false; window.Aedu.enableLocalization = true; window.Aedu.activateFullstory = false; window.Aedu.serviceAvailability = { status: {"attention_db":"on","bibliography_db":"on","contacts_db":"on","email_db":"on","indexability_db":"on","mentions_db":"on","news_db":"on","notifications_db":"on","offsite_mentions_db":"on","redshift":"on","redshift_exports_db":"on","related_works_db":"on","ring_db":"on","user_tests_db":"on"}, serviceEnabled: function(service) { return this.status[service] === "on"; }, readEnabled: function(service) { return this.serviceEnabled(service) || this.status[service] === "read_only"; }, }; window.Aedu.viewApmTrace = function() { // Check if x-apm-trace-id meta tag is set, and open the trace in APM // in a new window if it is. var apmTraceId = document.head.querySelector('meta[name="x-apm-trace-id"]'); if (apmTraceId) { var traceId = apmTraceId.content; // Use trace ID to construct URL, an example URL looks like: // https://app.datadoghq.com/apm/traces?query=trace_id%31298410148923562634 var apmUrl = 'https://app.datadoghq.com/apm/traces?query=trace_id%3A' + traceId; window.open(apmUrl, '_blank'); } }; </script>  <link href="https://fonts.googleapis.com/css?family=Roboto:100,100i,300,300i,400,400i,500,500i,700,700i,900,900i" rel="stylesheet"> <link rel="preload" href="//maxcdn.bootstrapcdn.com/font-awesome/4.3.0/css/font-awesome.min.css" as="style" onload="this.rel='stylesheet'"> <link rel="stylesheet" media="all" href="//a.academia-assets.com/assets/libraries-a9675dcb01ec4ef6aa807ba772c7a5a00c1820d3ff661c1038a20f80d06bb4e4.css" /> <link rel="stylesheet" media="all" href="//a.academia-assets.com/assets/academia-1eb081e01ca8bc0c1b1d866df79d9eb4dd2c484e4beecf76e79a7806c72fee08.css" /> <link rel="stylesheet" media="all" href="//a.academia-assets.com/assets/design_system_legacy-056a9113b9a0f5343d013b29ee1929d5a18be35fdcdceb616600b4db8bd20054.css" /> <script src="//a.academia-assets.com/assets/webpack_bundles/runtime-bundle-005434038af4252ca37c527588411a3d6a0eabb5f727fac83f8bbe7fd88d93bb.js"></script> <script src="//a.academia-assets.com/assets/webpack_bundles/webpack_libraries_and_infrequently_changed.wjs-bundle-3d6a0fc1a24347dfb16a9ce3dfdd96bbf39cc6e1d390f2e12e20fc6249a397ed.js"></script> <script src="//a.academia-assets.com/assets/webpack_bundles/core_webpack.wjs-bundle-e3dc02fc8ca7230d51ed9d586e67606aa86cc41d5d96aec8224b0cfff74915da.js"></script> <script src="//a.academia-assets.com/assets/webpack_bundles/sentry.wjs-bundle-5fe03fddca915c8ba0f7edbe64c194308e8ce5abaed7bffe1255ff37549c4808.js"></script> <script> jade = window.jade || {}; jade.helpers = window.$h; jade._ = window._; </script>  <script id="tag-manager-head-root">(function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start': new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0], j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src= 'https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f); })(window,document,'script','dataLayer_old','GTM-5G9JF7Z');</script>  <script> window.gptadslots = []; window.googletag = window.googletag || {}; window.googletag.cmd = window.googletag.cmd || []; </script> <script type="text/javascript"> // TODO(jacob): This should be defined, may be rare load order problem. // Checking if null is just a quick fix, will default to en if unset. // Better fix is to run this immedietely after I18n is set. if (window.I18n != null) { I18n.defaultLocale = "en"; I18n.locale = "en"; I18n.fallbacks = true; } </script> <link rel="canonical" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Police_Action" /> </head>   <body class='c-by_tag a-show_one logged_out u-bgColorWhite'>  <div id="fb-root"></div><script>window.fbAsyncInit = function() { FB.init({ appId: "2369844204", version: "v8.0", status: true, cookie: true, xfbml: true }); // Additional initialization code. if (window.InitFacebook) { // facebook.ts already loaded, set it up. window.InitFacebook(); } else { // Set a flag for facebook.ts to find when it loads. window.academiaAuthReadyFacebook = true; } };</script><script>window.fbAsyncLoad = function() { // Protection against double calling of this function if (window.FB) { return; } (function(d, s, id){ var js, fjs = d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0]; if (d.getElementById(id)) {return;} js = d.createElement(s); js.id = id; js.src = "//connect.facebook.net/en_US/sdk.js"; fjs.parentNode.insertBefore(js, fjs); }(document, 'script', 'facebook-jssdk')); } if (!window.defer_facebook) { // Autoload if not deferred window.fbAsyncLoad(); } else { // Defer loading by 5 seconds setTimeout(function() { window.fbAsyncLoad(); }, 5000); }</script> <div id="google-root"></div><script>window.loadGoogle = function() { if (window.InitGoogle) { // google.ts already loaded, set it up. window.InitGoogle("331998490334-rsn3chp12mbkiqhl6e7lu2q0mlbu0f1b"); } else { // Set a flag for google.ts to use when it loads. window.GoogleClientID = "331998490334-rsn3chp12mbkiqhl6e7lu2q0mlbu0f1b"; } };</script><script>window.googleAsyncLoad = function() { // Protection against double calling of this function (function(d) { var js; var id = 'google-jssdk'; var ref = d.getElementsByTagName('script')[0]; if (d.getElementById(id)) { return; } js = d.createElement('script'); js.id = id; js.async = true; js.onload = loadGoogle; js.src = "https://accounts.google.com/gsi/client" ref.parentNode.insertBefore(js, ref); }(document)); } if (!window.defer_google) { // Autoload if not deferred window.googleAsyncLoad(); } else { // Defer loading by 5 seconds setTimeout(function() { window.googleAsyncLoad(); }, 5000); }</script> <div id="tag-manager-body-root">  <noscript><iframe src="https://www.googletagmanager.com/ns.html?id=GTM-5G9JF7Z" height="0" width="0" style="display:none;visibility:hidden"></iframe></noscript>   <script> window.addEventListener('load', function() { if (document.querySelector('input[name="commit"]')) { document.querySelector('input[name="commit"]').addEventListener('click', function() { gtag('event', 'click', { event_category: 'button', event_label: 'Log In' }) }) } }); </script> </div> <script>var _comscore = _comscore || []; _comscore.push({ c1: "2", c2: "26766707" }); (function() { var s = document.createElement("script"), el = document.getElementsByTagName("script")[0]; s.async = true; s.src = (document.location.protocol == "https:" ? "https://sb" : "http://b") + ".scorecardresearch.com/beacon.js"; el.parentNode.insertBefore(s, el); })();</script><img src="https://sb.scorecardresearch.com/p?c1=2&c2=26766707&cv=2.0&cj=1" style="position: absolute; visibility: hidden" /> <div id='react-modal'></div> <div class='DesignSystem'> <a class='u-showOnFocus' href='#site'> Skip to main content </a> </div> <div id="upgrade_ie_banner" style="display: none;"><p>Academia.edu no longer supports Internet Explorer.</p><p>To browse Academia.edu and the wider internet faster and more securely, please take a few seconds to <a href="https://www.academia.edu/upgrade-browser">upgrade your browser</a>.</p></div><script>// Show this banner for all versions of IE if (!!window.MSInputMethodContext || /(MSIE)/.test(navigator.userAgent)) { document.getElementById('upgrade_ie_banner').style.display = 'block'; }</script> <div class="DesignSystem bootstrap ShrinkableNav no-sm no-md"><div class="navbar navbar-default main-header"><div class="container-wrapper" id="main-header-container"><div class="container"><div class="navbar-header"><div class="nav-left-wrapper u-mt0x"><div class="nav-logo"><a data-main-header-link-target="logo_home" href="https://www.academia.edu/"><img class="visible-xs-inline-block" style="height: 24px;" alt="Academia.edu" src="//a.academia-assets.com/images/academia-logo-redesign-2015-A.svg" width="24" height="24" /><img width="145.2" height="18" class="hidden-xs" style="height: 24px;" alt="Academia.edu" src="//a.academia-assets.com/images/academia-logo-redesign-2015.svg" /></a></div><div class="nav-search"><div class="SiteSearch-wrapper select2-no-default-pills"><form class="js-SiteSearch-form DesignSystem" action="https://www.academia.edu/search" accept-charset="UTF-8" method="get"><i class="SiteSearch-icon fa fa-search u-fw700 u-positionAbsolute u-tcGrayDark"></i><input class="js-SiteSearch-form-input SiteSearch-form-input form-control" data-main-header-click-target="search_input" name="q" placeholder="Search" type="text" value="" /></form></div></div></div><div class="nav-right-wrapper pull-right"><ul class="NavLinks js-main-nav list-unstyled"><li class="NavLinks-link"><a class="js-header-login-url Button Button--inverseGray Button--sm u-mb4x" id="nav_log_in" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/login">Log In</a></li><li class="NavLinks-link u-p0x"><a class="Button Button--inverseGray Button--sm u-mb4x" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/signup">Sign Up</a></li></ul><button class="hidden-lg hidden-md hidden-sm u-ml4x navbar-toggle collapsed" data-target=".js-mobile-header-links" data-toggle="collapse" type="button"><span class="icon-bar"></span><span class="icon-bar"></span><span class="icon-bar"></span></button></div></div><div class="collapse navbar-collapse js-mobile-header-links"><ul class="nav navbar-nav"><li class="u-borderColorGrayLight u-borderBottom1"><a rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/login">Log In</a></li><li class="u-borderColorGrayLight u-borderBottom1"><a rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/signup">Sign Up</a></li><li class="u-borderColorGrayLight u-borderBottom1 js-mobile-nav-expand-trigger"><a href="#">more&nbsp<span class="caret"></span></a></li><li><ul class="js-mobile-nav-expand-section nav navbar-nav u-m0x collapse"><li class="u-borderColorGrayLight u-borderBottom1"><a rel="false" href="https://www.academia.edu/about">About</a></li><li class="u-borderColorGrayLight u-borderBottom1"><a rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/press">Press</a></li><li class="u-borderColorGrayLight u-borderBottom1"><a rel="false" href="https://www.academia.edu/documents">Papers</a></li><li class="u-borderColorGrayLight u-borderBottom1"><a rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/terms">Terms</a></li><li class="u-borderColorGrayLight u-borderBottom1"><a rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/privacy">Privacy</a></li><li class="u-borderColorGrayLight u-borderBottom1"><a rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/copyright">Copyright</a></li><li class="u-borderColorGrayLight u-borderBottom1"><a rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/hiring"><i class="fa fa-briefcase"></i> We're Hiring!</a></li><li class="u-borderColorGrayLight u-borderBottom1"><a rel="nofollow" href="https://support.academia.edu/hc/en-us"><i class="fa fa-question-circle"></i> Help Center</a></li><li class="js-mobile-nav-collapse-trigger u-borderColorGrayLight u-borderBottom1 dropup" style="display:none"><a href="#">less&nbsp<span class="caret"></span></a></li></ul></li></ul></div></div></div><script>(function(){ var $moreLink = $(".js-mobile-nav-expand-trigger"); var $lessLink = $(".js-mobile-nav-collapse-trigger"); var $section = $('.js-mobile-nav-expand-section'); $moreLink.click(function(ev){ ev.preventDefault(); $moreLink.hide(); $lessLink.show(); $section.collapse('show'); }); $lessLink.click(function(ev){ ev.preventDefault(); $moreLink.show(); $lessLink.hide(); $section.collapse('hide'); }); })() if ($a.is_logged_in() || false) { new Aedu.NavigationController({ el: '.js-main-nav', showHighlightedNotification: false }); } else { $(".js-header-login-url").attr("href", $a.loginUrlWithRedirect()); } Aedu.autocompleteSearch = new AutocompleteSearch({el: '.js-SiteSearch-form'});</script></div></div> <div id='site' class='fixed'> <div id="content" class="clearfix"> <script>document.addEventListener('DOMContentLoaded', function(){ var $dismissible = $(".dismissible_banner"); $dismissible.click(function(ev) { $dismissible.hide(); }); });</script> <div class="DesignSystem" style="margin-top:-40px"><div class="PageHeader"><div class="container"><div class="row"><style type="text/css">.sor-abstract { display: -webkit-box; overflow: hidden; text-overflow: ellipsis; -webkit-line-clamp: 3; -webkit-box-orient: vertical; }</style><div class="col-xs-12 clearfix"><div class="u-floatLeft"><h1 class="PageHeader-title u-m0x u-fs30">Police Action</h1><div class="u-tcGrayDark">122 Followers</div><div class="u-tcGrayDark u-mt2x">Recent papers in <b>Police Action</b></div></div></div></div></div></div><div class="TabbedNavigation"><div class="container"><div class="row"><div class="col-xs-12 clearfix"><ul class="nav u-m0x u-p0x list-inline u-displayFlex"><li class="active"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Police_Action">Top Papers</a></li><li><a href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Police_Action/MostCited">Most Cited Papers</a></li><li><a href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Police_Action/MostDownloaded">Most Downloaded Papers</a></li><li><a href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Police_Action/MostRecent">Newest Papers</a></li><li><a class="" href="https://www.academia.edu/People/Police_Action">People</a></li></ul></div><style type="text/css">ul.nav{flex-direction:row}@media(max-width: 567px){ul.nav{flex-direction:column}.TabbedNavigation li{max-width:100%}.TabbedNavigation li.active{background-color:var(--background-grey, #dddde2)}.TabbedNavigation li.active:before,.TabbedNavigation li.active:after{display:none}}</style></div></div></div><div class="container"><div class="row"><div class="col-xs-12"><div class="u-displayFlex"><div class="u-flexGrow1"><div class="works"><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_26553542" data-work_id="26553542" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/26553542/Book_Review_of_A_G_Nooranis_The_Destruction_of_Hyderabad_pdf">Book Review of A.G Noorani's The Destruction of Hyderabad.pdf</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">Ghazalan tum to waqif ho, kaho Majnoon ke marney ki Diwana mar gaya aakhir ko, weerane pe kya guzri (Oh gazelles! You certainly know – tell us of the death of Majnoon. The frenzied lover died at last, but what befell the wilderness?) Raja... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_26553542" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">Ghazalan tum to waqif ho, kaho Majnoon ke marney ki<br />Diwana mar gaya aakhir ko, weerane pe kya guzri<br />(Oh gazelles! You certainly know – tell us of the death of Majnoon.<br />The frenzied lover died at last, but what befell the wilderness?)<br />Raja Ram Narain Mauzun’s couplet, quoted by A. G. Noorani in The Destruction of Hyderabad (2013) (<a href="http://www.amazon.com/TheDestructionHyderabadAGNoorani/" rel="nofollow">http://www.amazon.com/TheDestructionHyderabadAGNoorani/</a><br />dp/1849044392/ref=sr_1_1?ie=UTF8&qid=1397533210&sr=81&<br />keywords=ag+noorani+the+destruction+of+hyderabad), fully embodies the spirit of the book. While Mauzun lamented the tragedy of the Battle of Plassey (1757), Noorani relates the couplet to the Sepoy Mutiny (1857), the tragedy of Partition (1947), and, also, to the 1948 military invasion of Hyderabad. The book is an addition to the already existing body of scholarship on historical dialogues between the newly Independent India and the Princely State of Hyderabad; more specifically on the latter’s accession by the former. Noorani, an advocate by profession and a prolific writer, has previously written on various other political issues. This book is part of a trilogy consisting of Jinnah and Tilak: Comrades in the Freedom Struggle (2010) and The Kashmir Dispute: 1947-2012<br />(2013).</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/26553542" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="06f9f0f15a8fc1eccaed4108d32c0bdf" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":46846964,"asset_id":26553542,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/46846964/download_file?st=MTc0MDYwMjk4Niw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="39929943" href="https://uohyd.academia.edu/SafiaBegum">Safia Begum</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="39929943" type="text/json">{"id":39929943,"first_name":"Safia","last_name":"Begum","domain_name":"uohyd","page_name":"SafiaBegum","display_name":"Safia Begum","profile_url":"https://uohyd.academia.edu/SafiaBegum?f_ri=591879","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/39929943/86040548/74699060/s65_safia.begum.jpeg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_26553542 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="26553542"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 26553542, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_26553542", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_26553542 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 26553542; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_26553542"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_26553542 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="26553542"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 26553542; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=26553542]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_26553542").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_26553542").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="26553542"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">4</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl9x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="11310" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Partition_literature">Partition literature</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="11310" type="text/json">{"id":11310,"name":"Partition literature","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Partition_literature?f_ri=591879","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="12978" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Muslim_Minorities">Muslim Minorities</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="12978" type="text/json">{"id":12978,"name":"Muslim Minorities","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Muslim_Minorities?f_ri=591879","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="591879" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Police_Action">Police Action</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="591879" type="text/json">{"id":591879,"name":"Police Action","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Police_Action?f_ri=591879","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="925057" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Nizams_of_Hyderabad">Nizams of Hyderabad</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="925057" type="text/json">{"id":925057,"name":"Nizams of Hyderabad","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Nizams_of_Hyderabad?f_ri=591879","nofollow":true}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=26553542]'), work: {"id":26553542,"title":"Book Review of A.G Noorani's The Destruction of Hyderabad.pdf","created_at":"2016-06-27T21:28:14.935-07:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/26553542/Book_Review_of_A_G_Nooranis_The_Destruction_of_Hyderabad_pdf?f_ri=591879","dom_id":"work_26553542","summary":"Ghazalan tum to waqif ho, kaho Majnoon ke marney ki\nDiwana mar gaya aakhir ko, weerane pe kya guzri\n(Oh gazelles! You certainly know – tell us of the death of Majnoon.\nThe frenzied lover died at last, but what befell the wilderness?)\nRaja Ram Narain Mauzun’s couplet, quoted by A. G. Noorani in The Destruction of Hyderabad (2013) (http://www.amazon.com/TheDestructionHyderabadAGNoorani/\ndp/1849044392/ref=sr_1_1?ie=UTF8\u0026qid=1397533210\u0026sr=81\u0026\nkeywords=ag+noorani+the+destruction+of+hyderabad), fully embodies the spirit of the book. While Mauzun lamented the tragedy of the Battle of Plassey (1757), Noorani relates the couplet to the Sepoy Mutiny (1857), the tragedy of Partition (1947), and, also, to the 1948 military invasion of Hyderabad. The book is an addition to the already existing body of scholarship on historical dialogues between the newly Independent India and the Princely State of Hyderabad; more specifically on the latter’s accession by the former. Noorani, an advocate by profession and a prolific writer, has previously written on various other political issues. This book is part of a trilogy consisting of Jinnah and Tilak: Comrades in the Freedom Struggle (2010) and The Kashmir Dispute: 1947-2012\n(2013).","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":46846964,"asset_id":26553542,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":39929943,"first_name":"Safia","last_name":"Begum","domain_name":"uohyd","page_name":"SafiaBegum","display_name":"Safia Begum","profile_url":"https://uohyd.academia.edu/SafiaBegum?f_ri=591879","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/39929943/86040548/74699060/s65_safia.begum.jpeg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":11310,"name":"Partition literature","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Partition_literature?f_ri=591879","nofollow":true},{"id":12978,"name":"Muslim Minorities","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Muslim_Minorities?f_ri=591879","nofollow":true},{"id":591879,"name":"Police Action","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Police_Action?f_ri=591879","nofollow":true},{"id":925057,"name":"Nizams of Hyderabad","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Nizams_of_Hyderabad?f_ri=591879","nofollow":true}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_31139379" data-work_id="31139379" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/31139379/Creative_Community_Policing_Initiatives_in_Columbia_South_Carolina">Creative Community Policing Initiatives in Columbia, South Carolina</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">This writing, "Creative Community Policing Initiatives in Columbia, South Carolina," appears as Chapter 4 in Dennis Stevens' edited book, Policing and Community Partnerships. To meet the public safety needs of increasingly diverse... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_31139379" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">This writing, "Creative Community Policing Initiatives in Columbia, South Carolina," appears as Chapter 4 in Dennis Stevens' edited book, Policing and Community Partnerships.  To meet the public safety needs of increasingly diverse neighborhoods in cities across the nation, creative and innovative community policing initiatives seem to be required to curb and to prevent crimes and related problems and to bridge the gap between the police and citizens through community involvement in policing activities. Community policing is guided by the values of building partnerships, people helping people, and community organizing. In this light, community policing initiatives in Columbia, South Carolina, are characterized by the concept of "shared responsibility." In this chapter, therefore, the creative and innovative community policing initiatives in Columbia, South Carolina, are examined. This discussion thus focuses on questions as they relate to the community initiatives of the Columbia Police Department and the City of Columbia, South Carolina.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/31139379" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="fb894a1fe04c364d99c688b27c477b78" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":51573611,"asset_id":31139379,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/51573611/download_file?st=MTc0MDYwMjk4Niw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="13464851" href="https://um-boston.academia.edu/carroyferguson">carroy ferguson</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="13464851" type="text/json">{"id":13464851,"first_name":"carroy","last_name":"ferguson","domain_name":"um-boston","page_name":"carroyferguson","display_name":"carroy ferguson","profile_url":"https://um-boston.academia.edu/carroyferguson?f_ri=591879","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/13464851/3771911/72157139/s65_carroy.ferguson.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_31139379 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="31139379"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 31139379, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_31139379", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_31139379 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 31139379; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_31139379"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_31139379 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="31139379"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 31139379; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=31139379]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_31139379").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_31139379").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="31139379"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">172</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl11x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="128" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/History">History</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="128" type="text/json">{"id":128,"name":"History","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/History?f_ri=591879","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="136" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Cultural_History">Cultural History</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="136" type="text/json">{"id":136,"name":"Cultural History","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Cultural_History?f_ri=591879","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="184" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Sociology">Sociology</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="184" type="text/json">{"id":184,"name":"Sociology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Sociology?f_ri=591879","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="188" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Cultural_Studies">Cultural Studies</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="188" type="text/json">{"id":188,"name":"Cultural Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Cultural_Studies?f_ri=591879","nofollow":true}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=31139379]'), work: {"id":31139379,"title":"Creative Community Policing Initiatives in Columbia, South Carolina","created_at":"2017-01-31T13:45:23.471-08:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/31139379/Creative_Community_Policing_Initiatives_in_Columbia_South_Carolina?f_ri=591879","dom_id":"work_31139379","summary":"This writing, \"Creative Community Policing Initiatives in Columbia, South Carolina,\" appears as Chapter 4 in Dennis Stevens' edited book, Policing and Community Partnerships. To meet the public safety needs of increasingly diverse neighborhoods in cities across the nation, creative and innovative community policing initiatives seem to be required to curb and to prevent crimes and related problems and to bridge the gap between the police and citizens through community involvement in policing activities. Community policing is guided by the values of building partnerships, people helping people, and community organizing. In this light, community policing initiatives in Columbia, South Carolina, are characterized by the concept of \"shared responsibility.\" In this chapter, therefore, the creative and innovative community policing initiatives in Columbia, South Carolina, are examined. This discussion thus focuses on questions as they relate to the community initiatives of the Columbia Police Department and the City of Columbia, South Carolina.","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":51573611,"asset_id":31139379,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":13464851,"first_name":"carroy","last_name":"ferguson","domain_name":"um-boston","page_name":"carroyferguson","display_name":"carroy ferguson","profile_url":"https://um-boston.academia.edu/carroyferguson?f_ri=591879","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/13464851/3771911/72157139/s65_carroy.ferguson.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":128,"name":"History","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/History?f_ri=591879","nofollow":true},{"id":136,"name":"Cultural History","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Cultural_History?f_ri=591879","nofollow":true},{"id":184,"name":"Sociology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Sociology?f_ri=591879","nofollow":true},{"id":188,"name":"Cultural Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Cultural_Studies?f_ri=591879","nofollow":true},{"id":201,"name":"Political Sociology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Political_Sociology?f_ri=591879"},{"id":208,"name":"Social Movements","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Social_Movements?f_ri=591879"},{"id":221,"name":"Psychology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Psychology?f_ri=591879"},{"id":226,"name":"Clinical Psychology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Clinical_Psychology?f_ri=591879"},{"id":236,"name":"Cognitive Psychology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Cognitive_Psychology?f_ri=591879"},{"id":238,"name":"Community Psychology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Community_Psychology?f_ri=591879"},{"id":240,"name":"Organizational Psychology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Organizational_Psychology?f_ri=591879"},{"id":243,"name":"Positive Psychology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Positive_Psychology?f_ri=591879"},{"id":244,"name":"Psychoanalysis","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Psychoanalysis?f_ri=591879"},{"id":248,"name":"Social Psychology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Social_Psychology?f_ri=591879"},{"id":252,"name":"Developmental Psychology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Developmental_Psychology?f_ri=591879"},{"id":255,"name":"Evolutionary Psychology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Evolutionary_Psychology?f_ri=591879"},{"id":259,"name":"Forensic Psychology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Forensic_Psychology?f_ri=591879"},{"id":260,"name":"Health Psychology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Health_Psychology?f_ri=591879"},{"id":534,"name":"Law","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Law?f_ri=591879"},{"id":535,"name":"Criminal Law","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Criminal_Law-1?f_ri=591879"},{"id":538,"name":"Police Science","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Police_Science?f_ri=591879"},{"id":546,"name":"Comparative Law","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Comparative_Law?f_ri=591879"},{"id":547,"name":"Constitutional Law","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Constitutional_Law?f_ri=591879"},{"id":548,"name":"Civil Law","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Civil_Law?f_ri=591879"},{"id":635,"name":"Psychiatry","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Psychiatry?f_ri=591879"},{"id":796,"name":"Comparative Politics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Comparative_Politics?f_ri=591879"},{"id":803,"name":"Philosophy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Philosophy?f_ri=591879"},{"id":806,"name":"Philosophy of Mind","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Philosophy_of_Mind?f_ri=591879"},{"id":813,"name":"Political Philosophy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Political_Philosophy?f_ri=591879"},{"id":821,"name":"Philosophy of Science","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Philosophy_of_Science?f_ri=591879"},{"id":907,"name":"Moral Psychology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Moral_Psychology?f_ri=591879"},{"id":934,"name":"Media and Cultural Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Media_and_Cultural_Studies?f_ri=591879"},{"id":940,"name":"Social Work","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Social_Work?f_ri=591879"},{"id":941,"name":"Social Policy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Social_Policy?f_ri=591879"},{"id":957,"name":"Cultural Sociology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Cultural_Sociology?f_ri=591879"},{"id":974,"name":"Sociology of Education","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Sociology_of_Education?f_ri=591879"},{"id":1073,"name":"Public Management","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Public_Management?f_ri=591879"},{"id":1237,"name":"Social Sciences","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Social_Sciences?f_ri=591879"},{"id":1696,"name":"Political Theory","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Political_Theory?f_ri=591879"},{"id":2055,"name":"Consciousness (Psychology)","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Consciousness_Psychology_?f_ri=591879"},{"id":2098,"name":"Contract Law","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Contract_Law?f_ri=591879"},{"id":2132,"name":"Cultural Heritage","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Cultural_Heritage?f_ri=591879"},{"id":2169,"name":"Human Rights Law","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Human_Rights_Law?f_ri=591879"},{"id":2490,"name":"Political Psychology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Political_Psychology?f_ri=591879"},{"id":2575,"name":"International Law","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/International_Law?f_ri=591879"},{"id":2858,"name":"Popular Culture","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Popular_Culture?f_ri=591879"},{"id":2919,"name":"Organizational Culture","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Organizational_Culture?f_ri=591879"},{"id":3018,"name":"Motivation (Psychology)","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Motivation_Psychology_?f_ri=591879"},{"id":3279,"name":"Psychotherapy and Counseling","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Psychotherapy_and_Counseling?f_ri=591879"},{"id":3398,"name":"Educational Psychology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Educational_Psychology?f_ri=591879"},{"id":3470,"name":"Community Engagement \u0026 Participation","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Community_Engagement_and_Participation?f_ri=591879"},{"id":3474,"name":"Community Development","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Community_Development?f_ri=591879"},{"id":3499,"name":"Social and Cultural Anthropology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Social_and_Cultural_Anthropology?f_ri=591879"},{"id":3767,"name":"Law and Society","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Law_and_Society?f_ri=591879"},{"id":3810,"name":"Mindfulness","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Mindfulness?f_ri=591879"},{"id":3874,"name":"Community Organizing","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Community_Organizing?f_ri=591879"},{"id":4195,"name":"Cultural Theory","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Cultural_Theory?f_ri=591879"},{"id":4267,"name":"Community Ecology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Community_Ecology?f_ri=591879"},{"id":4486,"name":"Political Science","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Political_Science?f_ri=591879"},{"id":4986,"name":"Public Relations","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Public_Relations?f_ri=591879"},{"id":5067,"name":"Cultural Psychology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Cultural_Psychology?f_ri=591879"},{"id":5272,"name":"Identity (Culture)","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Identity_Culture_?f_ri=591879"},{"id":5321,"name":"International Human Rights Law","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/International_Human_Rights_Law?f_ri=591879"},{"id":5709,"name":"Politics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Politics?f_ri=591879"},{"id":5789,"name":"Creativity and Consciousness","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Creativity_and_Consciousness?f_ri=591879"},{"id":6728,"name":"Philosophy Of Law","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Philosophy_Of_Law?f_ri=591879"},{"id":7125,"name":"Culture","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Culture?f_ri=591879"},{"id":8032,"name":"Cross-Cultural Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Cross-Cultural_Studies?f_ri=591879"},{"id":8206,"name":"Police","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Police?f_ri=591879"},{"id":8779,"name":"Self Consciousness","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Self_Consciousness?f_ri=591879"},{"id":9040,"name":"Consciousness","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Consciousness?f_ri=591879"},{"id":9246,"name":"Social Media","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Social_Media?f_ri=591879"},{"id":9822,"name":"Education Policy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Education_Policy?f_ri=591879"},{"id":11294,"name":"Policing Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Policing_Studies?f_ri=591879"},{"id":15588,"name":"Social History","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Social_History?f_ri=591879"},{"id":16288,"name":"Public Health","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Public_Health?f_ri=591879"},{"id":16446,"name":"Police Interviews (Community Psychology)","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Police_Interviews_Community_Psychology_?f_ri=591879"},{"id":17656,"name":"Community","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Community?f_ri=591879"},{"id":17817,"name":"Anthropology of Police \u0026 Policing","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Anthropology_of_Police_and_Policing?f_ri=591879"},{"id":18373,"name":"Moral Philosophy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Moral_Philosophy?f_ri=591879"},{"id":19148,"name":"Police Technology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Police_Technology?f_ri=591879"},{"id":19298,"name":"Community Participation","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Community_Participation?f_ri=591879"},{"id":21692,"name":"Anthropology of Consciousness","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Anthropology_of_Consciousness?f_ri=591879"},{"id":23342,"name":"Cultural Anthropology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Cultural_Anthropology?f_ri=591879"},{"id":24401,"name":"Police Psychology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Police_Psychology?f_ri=591879"},{"id":27384,"name":"Community Policing","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Community_Policing?f_ri=591879"},{"id":29841,"name":"Public Policy Analysis","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Public_Policy_Analysis?f_ri=591879"},{"id":35646,"name":"Community Empowerment","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Community_Empowerment?f_ri=591879"},{"id":36981,"name":"Police Accountability","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Police_Accountability?f_ri=591879"},{"id":36982,"name":"Police Reform","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Police_Reform?f_ri=591879"},{"id":37778,"name":"Law Enforcement","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Law_Enforcement?f_ri=591879"},{"id":38704,"name":"Police History","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Police_History?f_ri=591879"},{"id":38928,"name":"Police and criminal justice ethics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Police_and_criminal_justice_ethics?f_ri=591879"},{"id":40633,"name":"Consciousness Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Consciousness_Studies?f_ri=591879"},{"id":50195,"name":"Public policies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Public_policies?f_ri=591879"},{"id":51326,"name":"Police Training","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Police_Training?f_ri=591879"},{"id":51327,"name":"Police Recruitment and Selection","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Police_Recruitment_and_Selection?f_ri=591879"},{"id":54342,"name":"Policing","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Policing?f_ri=591879"},{"id":56658,"name":"Police Interrogation","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Police_Interrogation?f_ri=591879"},{"id":62545,"name":"Police Mental Health","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Police_Mental_Health?f_ri=591879"},{"id":80016,"name":"Police and Policing","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Police_and_Policing?f_ri=591879"},{"id":86930,"name":"International Police Cooperation","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/International_Police_Cooperation?f_ri=591879"},{"id":87954,"name":"Police Reforms, Human Rights \u0026 Terrorism","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Police_Reforms_Human_Rights_and_Terrorism?f_ri=591879"},{"id":91469,"name":"Criminology, Policing, Crime Prevention and Community Safety, Terrorism, Human Rights, and the Death Penalty","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Criminology_Policing_Crime_Prevention_and_Community_Safety_Terrorism_Human_Rights_and_the_Death?f_ri=591879"},{"id":91926,"name":"Police Legitimacy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Police_Legitimacy?f_ri=591879"},{"id":99310,"name":"Police canines","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Police_canines?f_ri=591879"},{"id":105145,"name":"Lublin SS and Police Leader","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Lublin_SS_and_Police_Leader?f_ri=591879"},{"id":108169,"name":"Police studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Police_studies?f_ri=591879"},{"id":146308,"name":"Police use of force","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Police_use_of_force?f_ri=591879"},{"id":149568,"name":"Police powers","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Police_powers?f_ri=591879"},{"id":165296,"name":"Military and Police Affairs","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Military_and_Police_Affairs?f_ri=591879"},{"id":168613,"name":"Policing and Police Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Policing_and_Police_Studies?f_ri=591879"},{"id":183953,"name":"Police Leadership","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Police_Leadership?f_ri=591879"},{"id":183962,"name":"Police Decision-making","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Police_Decision-making?f_ri=591879"},{"id":187177,"name":"Police Discretion","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Police_Discretion?f_ri=591879"},{"id":187194,"name":"Police Administration","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Police_Administration?f_ri=591879"},{"id":191771,"name":"Police Brutality","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Police_Brutality?f_ri=591879"},{"id":195532,"name":"Police Negotiators","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Police_Negotiators?f_ri=591879"},{"id":248427,"name":"POLICE USE OF FORCE TRAINING","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/POLICE_USE_OF_FORCE_TRAINING?f_ri=591879"},{"id":309498,"name":"Police discourse","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Police_discourse?f_ri=591879"},{"id":346172,"name":"Community policing and crime","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Community_policing_and_crime?f_ri=591879"},{"id":346759,"name":"Police Corruption","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Police_Corruption?f_ri=591879"},{"id":357340,"name":"Campus Police","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Campus_Police?f_ri=591879"},{"id":357358,"name":"Small Police Departments","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Small_Police_Departments?f_ri=591879"},{"id":362375,"name":"Trust in the Police","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Trust_in_the_Police?f_ri=591879"},{"id":363180,"name":"Police Sciences","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Police_Sciences?f_ri=591879"},{"id":366659,"name":"Police Officer Stress","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Police_Officer_Stress?f_ri=591879"},{"id":413693,"name":"Community Policing, Crime Prevention and Community Safety, Police Reform","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Community_Policing_Crime_Prevention_and_Community_Safety_Police_Reform?f_ri=591879"},{"id":433505,"name":"Police use of stop and search powers","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Police_use_of_stop_and_search_powers?f_ri=591879"},{"id":474955,"name":"Criminal Justice, Police Policy and Procedure; Police Excessive Use of Force and Corruption; Criminal Investigations, Corrections Management","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Criminal_Justice_Police_Policy_and_Procedure_Police_Excessive_Use_of_Force_and_Corruption_Crimina?f_ri=591879"},{"id":501009,"name":"Community participation and engagement","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Community_participation_and_engagement?f_ri=591879"},{"id":510241,"name":"Police organisational culture","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Police_organisational_culture?f_ri=591879"},{"id":510242,"name":"Police Practice","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Police_Practice?f_ri=591879"},{"id":515629,"name":"Public polices Evaluation","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Public_polices_Evaluation?f_ri=591879"},{"id":543520,"name":"Law and Police","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Law_and_Police?f_ri=591879"},{"id":563910,"name":"Police Integrity","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Police_Integrity?f_ri=591879"},{"id":570157,"name":"Police Culture","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Police_Culture?f_ri=591879"},{"id":591879,"name":"Police Action","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Police_Action?f_ri=591879"},{"id":594041,"name":"Police Violence","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Police_Violence?f_ri=591879"},{"id":596393,"name":"Police Pacification Units","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Police_Pacification_Units?f_ri=591879"},{"id":602337,"name":"Untangling Police Accountability","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Untangling_Police_Accountability?f_ri=591879"},{"id":620285,"name":"History of Philosophy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/History_of_Philosophy?f_ri=591879"},{"id":630037,"name":"Police officers","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Police_officers?f_ri=591879"},{"id":631733,"name":"Police Interrogations","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Police_Interrogations?f_ri=591879"},{"id":687723,"name":"Women Police","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Women_Police?f_ri=591879"},{"id":775406,"name":"The Concept of Police ‘New Visibility’ and its Efficacy on Crime Prevention","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/The_Concept_of_Police_New_Visibility_and_its_Efficacy_on_Crime_Prevention?f_ri=591879"},{"id":807070,"name":"Police Academy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Police_Academy?f_ri=591879"},{"id":813859,"name":"Women Police current Problems","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Women_Police_current_Problems?f_ri=591879"},{"id":813860,"name":"Police Women details","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Police_Women_details?f_ri=591879"},{"id":813861,"name":"Police Socio economic condtion","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Police_Socio_economic_condtion?f_ri=591879"},{"id":886102,"name":"Police Intelligence","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Police_Intelligence?f_ri=591879"},{"id":896161,"name":"Police Roadblocks","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Police_Roadblocks?f_ri=591879"},{"id":904345,"name":"Police Abuse","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Police_Abuse?f_ri=591879"},{"id":934662,"name":"Community Policing Theories","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Community_Policing_Theories?f_ri=591879"},{"id":957464,"name":"Police Strength","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Police_Strength?f_ri=591879"},{"id":957470,"name":"Police Deployment","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Police_Deployment?f_ri=591879"},{"id":981109,"name":"Police Cutbacks","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Police_Cutbacks?f_ri=591879"},{"id":983480,"name":"Police Misconduct","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Police_Misconduct?f_ri=591879"},{"id":983481,"name":"Police Advisory Boards","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Police_Advisory_Boards?f_ri=591879"},{"id":994324,"name":"Judicial and Police Cooperation","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Judicial_and_Police_Cooperation?f_ri=591879"},{"id":996943,"name":"Police Practices","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Police_Practices?f_ri=591879"},{"id":998001,"name":"Police Education","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Police_Education?f_ri=591879"},{"id":1009160,"name":"Police Management","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Police_Management?f_ri=591879"},{"id":1009453,"name":"Monetary Police","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Monetary_Police?f_ri=591879"},{"id":1013705,"name":"Police Reforms","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Police_Reforms?f_ri=591879"},{"id":1019278,"name":"Consciousness and Creativity","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Consciousness_and_Creativity?f_ri=591879"},{"id":1116942,"name":"Police Oversight","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Police_Oversight?f_ri=591879"},{"id":1118950,"name":"Management of the Security Services and Police Organizations","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Management_of_the_Security_Services_and_Police_Organizations?f_ri=591879"},{"id":1245669,"name":"Criminology and Police Science","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Criminology_and_Police_Science?f_ri=591879"},{"id":1584827,"name":"History of police","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/History_of_police?f_ri=591879"},{"id":1723635,"name":"Public Policy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Public_Policy?f_ri=591879"},{"id":1810942,"name":"Police Brutality and the African American Male","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Police_Brutality_and_the_African_American_Male?f_ri=591879"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_38118698" data-work_id="38118698" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/38118698/Muslim_Belonging_in_Secular_India_Negotiating_Citizenship_in_Postcolonial_Hyderabad">Muslim Belonging in Secular India: Negotiating Citizenship in Postcolonial Hyderabad</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">Muslim Belonging in Secular India surveys the experience of some of India’s most prominent Muslim communities in the early post-colonial period. Muslims who remained in India after the Partition of 1947 faced distrust and discrimination... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_38118698" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">Muslim Belonging in Secular India surveys the experience of some of India’s<br />most prominent Muslim communities in the early post-colonial period.<br />Muslims who remained in India after the Partition of 1947 faced distrust<br />and discrimination and were consequently compelled to seek new ways of<br />defining their relationship with fellow citizens of India and its governments.<br />Using the forcible integration of the princely state of Hyderabad in 1948 as a<br />case study, Taylor C. Sherman reveals the fragile and contested nature of<br />Muslim belonging in the decade that followed independence. In this context,<br />she demonstrates how Muslim claims to citizenship in Hyderabad contributed<br />to intense debates over the nature of democracy and secularism in independent<br />India. Drawing on detailed new archival research, Dr Sherman provides a<br />thorough and compelling examination of the early governmental policies and<br />popular strategies that have helped to shape the history of Muslims in India<br />since 1947</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/38118698" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="bd26d83ba6db92b242e6667ca32b629b" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":58148441,"asset_id":38118698,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/58148441/download_file?st=MTc0MDYwMjk4Niw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="100113113" href="https://lse.academia.edu/TaylorCSherman">Taylor C Sherman</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="100113113" type="text/json">{"id":100113113,"first_name":"Taylor","last_name":"Sherman","domain_name":"lse","page_name":"TaylorCSherman","display_name":"Taylor C Sherman","profile_url":"https://lse.academia.edu/TaylorCSherman?f_ri=591879","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/100113113/21832308/21123331/s65_taylor.sherman.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_38118698 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="38118698"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 38118698, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_38118698", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_38118698 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 38118698; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_38118698"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_38118698 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="38118698"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 38118698; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=38118698]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_38118698").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_38118698").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="38118698"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">5</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl9x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="57332" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Indian_Muslims">Indian Muslims</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="57332" type="text/json">{"id":57332,"name":"Indian Muslims","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Indian_Muslims?f_ri=591879","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="118114" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Hyderabad">Hyderabad</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="118114" type="text/json">{"id":118114,"name":"Hyderabad","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Hyderabad?f_ri=591879","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="591879" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Police_Action">Police Action</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="591879" type="text/json">{"id":591879,"name":"Police Action","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Police_Action?f_ri=591879","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="916058" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Secularism_In_India">Secularism In India</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="916058" type="text/json">{"id":916058,"name":"Secularism In India","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Secularism_In_India?f_ri=591879","nofollow":true}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=38118698]'), work: {"id":38118698,"title":"Muslim Belonging in Secular India: Negotiating Citizenship in Postcolonial Hyderabad","created_at":"2019-01-09T06:52:54.548-08:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/38118698/Muslim_Belonging_in_Secular_India_Negotiating_Citizenship_in_Postcolonial_Hyderabad?f_ri=591879","dom_id":"work_38118698","summary":"Muslim Belonging in Secular India surveys the experience of some of India’s\nmost prominent Muslim communities in the early post-colonial period.\nMuslims who remained in India after the Partition of 1947 faced distrust\nand discrimination and were consequently compelled to seek new ways of\ndefining their relationship with fellow citizens of India and its governments.\nUsing the forcible integration of the princely state of Hyderabad in 1948 as a\ncase study, Taylor C. Sherman reveals the fragile and contested nature of\nMuslim belonging in the decade that followed independence. In this context,\nshe demonstrates how Muslim claims to citizenship in Hyderabad contributed\nto intense debates over the nature of democracy and secularism in independent\nIndia. Drawing on detailed new archival research, Dr Sherman provides a\nthorough and compelling examination of the early governmental policies and\npopular strategies that have helped to shape the history of Muslims in India\nsince 1947","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":58148441,"asset_id":38118698,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":100113113,"first_name":"Taylor","last_name":"Sherman","domain_name":"lse","page_name":"TaylorCSherman","display_name":"Taylor C Sherman","profile_url":"https://lse.academia.edu/TaylorCSherman?f_ri=591879","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/100113113/21832308/21123331/s65_taylor.sherman.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":57332,"name":"Indian Muslims","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Indian_Muslims?f_ri=591879","nofollow":true},{"id":118114,"name":"Hyderabad","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Hyderabad?f_ri=591879","nofollow":true},{"id":591879,"name":"Police Action","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Police_Action?f_ri=591879","nofollow":true},{"id":916058,"name":"Secularism In India","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Secularism_In_India?f_ri=591879","nofollow":true},{"id":1948688,"name":"History of Post Independent India.","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/History_of_Post_Independent_India?f_ri=591879"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_36191088" data-work_id="36191088" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/36191088/Police_body_worn_cameras_Presentation_6th_Security_Project_Conference_16_March_2018_Athens_ppt">Police body worn cameras Presentation-6th Security Project Conference-16 March 2018, Athens.ppt</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">Την Παρασκευή 16/03/2018 είχα την τιμή και την χαρά να συμμετέχω στο 6ο Συνέδριο Security Project με θέμα: "Φορητές Κάμερες για τις Αρχές και τις Υπηρεσίες Ασφάλειας (Police Body Worn Cameras): Λογοδοσία, Ευκαιρίες & Κίνδυνοι". Το 6ο... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_36191088" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">Την Παρασκευή 16/03/2018 είχα την τιμή και την χαρά να συμμετέχω στο 6ο Συνέδριο Security Project με θέμα: "Φορητές Κάμερες για τις Αρχές και τις Υπηρεσίες Ασφάλειας (Police Body Worn Cameras): Λογοδοσία, Ευκαιρίες & Κίνδυνοι". Το 6ο Συνέδριο Security Project – που πραγματοποιηθηκε στις 16 & 17 Μαρτίου 2018 στην Αθήνα, στο Wyndham Grand Hotel, από την Smart Press και το περιοδικό Security Manager – αποτελεί την ετήσια κορυφαία συνάντηση των ειδικών και επαγγελματιών στον τομέα της ασφάλειας και ταυτόχρονα το μεγαλύτερο και σημαντικότερο συνεδριακό event για το management, τις υπηρεσίες και τις τεχνολογίες security στην Ελλάδα. <br /><a href="http://www.securityproject.gr/" rel="nofollow">http://www.securityproject.gr/</a></div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/36191088" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="87067118374bfed4300769e7ac76c305" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":56091659,"asset_id":36191088,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/56091659/download_file?st=MTc0MDYwMjk4Niw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="17677406" href="https://ekpa.academia.edu/NikolaosGeorgitsopoulos">Nikolaos Georgitsopoulos</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="17677406" type="text/json">{"id":17677406,"first_name":"Nikolaos","last_name":"Georgitsopoulos","domain_name":"ekpa","page_name":"NikolaosGeorgitsopoulos","display_name":"Nikolaos Georgitsopoulos","profile_url":"https://ekpa.academia.edu/NikolaosGeorgitsopoulos?f_ri=591879","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/17677406/4931873/17648064/s65_nikolaos.georgitsopoulos.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_36191088 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="36191088"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 36191088, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_36191088", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_36191088 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 36191088; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_36191088"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_36191088 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="36191088"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 36191088; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=36191088]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_36191088").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_36191088").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="36191088"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">77</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl10x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="538" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Police_Science">Police Science</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="538" type="text/json">{"id":538,"name":"Police Science","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Police_Science?f_ri=591879","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="8206" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Police">Police</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="8206" type="text/json">{"id":8206,"name":"Police","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Police?f_ri=591879","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="16446" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Police_Interviews_Community_Psychology_">Police Interviews (Community Psychology)</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="16446" type="text/json">{"id":16446,"name":"Police Interviews (Community Psychology)","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Police_Interviews_Community_Psychology_?f_ri=591879","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="17817" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Anthropology_of_Police_and_Policing">Anthropology of Police & Policing</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="17817" type="text/json">{"id":17817,"name":"Anthropology of Police \u0026 Policing","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Anthropology_of_Police_and_Policing?f_ri=591879","nofollow":true}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=36191088]'), work: {"id":36191088,"title":"Police body worn cameras Presentation-6th Security Project Conference-16 March 2018, Athens.ppt","created_at":"2018-03-18T08:00:29.986-07:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/36191088/Police_body_worn_cameras_Presentation_6th_Security_Project_Conference_16_March_2018_Athens_ppt?f_ri=591879","dom_id":"work_36191088","summary":"Την Παρασκευή 16/03/2018 είχα την τιμή και την χαρά να συμμετέχω στο 6ο Συνέδριο Security Project με θέμα: \"Φορητές Κάμερες για τις Αρχές και τις Υπηρεσίες Ασφάλειας (Police Body Worn Cameras): Λογοδοσία, Ευκαιρίες \u0026 Κίνδυνοι\". Το 6ο Συνέδριο Security Project – που πραγματοποιηθηκε στις 16 \u0026 17 Μαρτίου 2018 στην Αθήνα, στο Wyndham Grand Hotel, από την Smart Press και το περιοδικό Security Manager – αποτελεί την ετήσια κορυφαία συνάντηση των ειδικών και επαγγελματιών στον τομέα της ασφάλειας και ταυτόχρονα το μεγαλύτερο και σημαντικότερο συνεδριακό event για το management, τις υπηρεσίες και τις τεχνολογίες security στην Ελλάδα. \nhttp://www.securityproject.gr/","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":56091659,"asset_id":36191088,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":17677406,"first_name":"Nikolaos","last_name":"Georgitsopoulos","domain_name":"ekpa","page_name":"NikolaosGeorgitsopoulos","display_name":"Nikolaos Georgitsopoulos","profile_url":"https://ekpa.academia.edu/NikolaosGeorgitsopoulos?f_ri=591879","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/17677406/4931873/17648064/s65_nikolaos.georgitsopoulos.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":538,"name":"Police Science","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Police_Science?f_ri=591879","nofollow":true},{"id":8206,"name":"Police","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Police?f_ri=591879","nofollow":true},{"id":16446,"name":"Police Interviews (Community Psychology)","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Police_Interviews_Community_Psychology_?f_ri=591879","nofollow":true},{"id":17817,"name":"Anthropology of Police \u0026 Policing","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Anthropology_of_Police_and_Policing?f_ri=591879","nofollow":true},{"id":19148,"name":"Police Technology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Police_Technology?f_ri=591879"},{"id":24401,"name":"Police Psychology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Police_Psychology?f_ri=591879"},{"id":36981,"name":"Police Accountability","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Police_Accountability?f_ri=591879"},{"id":36982,"name":"Police Reform","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Police_Reform?f_ri=591879"},{"id":38704,"name":"Police History","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Police_History?f_ri=591879"},{"id":38928,"name":"Police and criminal justice ethics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Police_and_criminal_justice_ethics?f_ri=591879"},{"id":51326,"name":"Police Training","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Police_Training?f_ri=591879"},{"id":51327,"name":"Police Recruitment and Selection","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Police_Recruitment_and_Selection?f_ri=591879"},{"id":56658,"name":"Police Interrogation","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Police_Interrogation?f_ri=591879"},{"id":80016,"name":"Police and Policing","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Police_and_Policing?f_ri=591879"},{"id":86930,"name":"International Police Cooperation","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/International_Police_Cooperation?f_ri=591879"},{"id":91926,"name":"Police Legitimacy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Police_Legitimacy?f_ri=591879"},{"id":97771,"name":"Communist Secret Police","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Communist_Secret_Police?f_ri=591879"},{"id":99310,"name":"Police canines","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Police_canines?f_ri=591879"},{"id":105145,"name":"Lublin SS and Police Leader","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Lublin_SS_and_Police_Leader?f_ri=591879"},{"id":108169,"name":"Police studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Police_studies?f_ri=591879"},{"id":146308,"name":"Police use of force","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Police_use_of_force?f_ri=591879"},{"id":147554,"name":"Police Dogs","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Police_Dogs?f_ri=591879"},{"id":149568,"name":"Police powers","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Police_powers?f_ri=591879"},{"id":157972,"name":"EU Police Cooperation","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/EU_Police_Cooperation?f_ri=591879"},{"id":165296,"name":"Military and Police Affairs","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Military_and_Police_Affairs?f_ri=591879"},{"id":168613,"name":"Policing and Police Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Policing_and_Police_Studies?f_ri=591879"},{"id":183953,"name":"Police Leadership","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Police_Leadership?f_ri=591879"},{"id":183962,"name":"Police Decision-making","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Police_Decision-making?f_ri=591879"},{"id":187177,"name":"Police Discretion","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Police_Discretion?f_ri=591879"},{"id":187194,"name":"Police Administration","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Police_Administration?f_ri=591879"},{"id":191771,"name":"Police Brutality","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Police_Brutality?f_ri=591879"},{"id":195532,"name":"Police Negotiators","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Police_Negotiators?f_ri=591879"},{"id":216114,"name":"Police Ethics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Police_Ethics?f_ri=591879"},{"id":248427,"name":"POLICE USE OF FORCE TRAINING","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/POLICE_USE_OF_FORCE_TRAINING?f_ri=591879"},{"id":309498,"name":"Police discourse","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Police_discourse?f_ri=591879"},{"id":346759,"name":"Police Corruption","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Police_Corruption?f_ri=591879"},{"id":357340,"name":"Campus Police","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Campus_Police?f_ri=591879"},{"id":357358,"name":"Small Police Departments","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Small_Police_Departments?f_ri=591879"},{"id":362375,"name":"Trust in the Police","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Trust_in_the_Police?f_ri=591879"},{"id":363180,"name":"Police Sciences","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Police_Sciences?f_ri=591879"},{"id":366659,"name":"Police Officer Stress","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Police_Officer_Stress?f_ri=591879"},{"id":413693,"name":"Community Policing, Crime Prevention and Community Safety, Police Reform","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Community_Policing_Crime_Prevention_and_Community_Safety_Police_Reform?f_ri=591879"},{"id":474955,"name":"Criminal Justice, Police Policy and Procedure; Police Excessive Use of Force and Corruption; Criminal Investigations, Corrections Management","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Criminal_Justice_Police_Policy_and_Procedure_Police_Excessive_Use_of_Force_and_Corruption_Crimina?f_ri=591879"},{"id":510241,"name":"Police organisational culture","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Police_organisational_culture?f_ri=591879"},{"id":510242,"name":"Police Practice","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Police_Practice?f_ri=591879"},{"id":543520,"name":"Law and Police","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Law_and_Police?f_ri=591879"},{"id":591879,"name":"Police Action","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Police_Action?f_ri=591879"},{"id":594041,"name":"Police Violence","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Police_Violence?f_ri=591879"},{"id":602337,"name":"Untangling Police Accountability","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Untangling_Police_Accountability?f_ri=591879"},{"id":630037,"name":"Police officers","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Police_officers?f_ri=591879"},{"id":631733,"name":"Police Interrogations","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Police_Interrogations?f_ri=591879"},{"id":687723,"name":"Women Police","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Women_Police?f_ri=591879"},{"id":726037,"name":"National Polices of Education","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/National_Polices_of_Education?f_ri=591879"},{"id":775406,"name":"The Concept of Police ‘New Visibility’ and its Efficacy on Crime Prevention","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/The_Concept_of_Police_New_Visibility_and_its_Efficacy_on_Crime_Prevention?f_ri=591879"},{"id":807070,"name":"Police Academy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Police_Academy?f_ri=591879"},{"id":813860,"name":"Police Women details","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Police_Women_details?f_ri=591879"},{"id":813861,"name":"Police Socio economic condtion","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Police_Socio_economic_condtion?f_ri=591879"},{"id":886102,"name":"Police Intelligence","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Police_Intelligence?f_ri=591879"},{"id":896161,"name":"Police Roadblocks","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Police_Roadblocks?f_ri=591879"},{"id":957464,"name":"Police Strength","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Police_Strength?f_ri=591879"},{"id":957470,"name":"Police Deployment","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Police_Deployment?f_ri=591879"},{"id":973827,"name":"Body Worn Technology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Body_Worn_Technology?f_ri=591879"},{"id":983480,"name":"Police Misconduct","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Police_Misconduct?f_ri=591879"},{"id":983481,"name":"Police Advisory Boards","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Police_Advisory_Boards?f_ri=591879"},{"id":996943,"name":"Police Practices","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Police_Practices?f_ri=591879"},{"id":998001,"name":"Police Education","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Police_Education?f_ri=591879"},{"id":1009160,"name":"Police Management","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Police_Management?f_ri=591879"},{"id":1009453,"name":"Monetary Police","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Monetary_Police?f_ri=591879"},{"id":1013705,"name":"Police Reforms","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Police_Reforms?f_ri=591879"},{"id":1216208,"name":"BWC","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/BWC?f_ri=591879"},{"id":1245669,"name":"Criminology and Police Science","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Criminology_and_Police_Science?f_ri=591879"},{"id":1765354,"name":"Police Reforms in Pakistan","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Police_Reforms_in_Pakistan?f_ri=591879"},{"id":1810942,"name":"Police Brutality and the African American Male","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Police_Brutality_and_the_African_American_Male?f_ri=591879"},{"id":2794042,"name":"body worn camera","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/body_worn_camera?f_ri=591879"},{"id":2913273,"name":"police body worn cameras","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/police_body_worn_cameras?f_ri=591879"},{"id":2913274,"name":"Police Body Worn Cameras","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Police_Body_Worn_Cameras-1?f_ri=591879"},{"id":2913275,"name":"body worn cameras","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/body_worn_cameras?f_ri=591879"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_970870" data-work_id="970870" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/970870/Passion_and_Nation_War_Crime_and_Guilt_in_the_individual_and_the_Collective">Passion and Nation: War, Crime, and Guilt in the individual and the Collective</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">Riffing off of George Fletcher's theory of Romanticism and war, the article reviews Fletcher's arguments, which received derisive reviews during the War against Iraq in 2003. The article takes Fletcher's approach seriously in considering... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_970870" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">Riffing off of George Fletcher's theory of Romanticism and war, the article reviews Fletcher's arguments, which received derisive reviews during the War against Iraq in 2003. The article takes Fletcher's approach seriously in considering the problem of war as a Romantic impulse, and the difficulties caused by that understanding. The article then derives arguments on the limits of the laws of war to apply to military actions against terrorism. The article considers the nature of collective guilt as a mitigating element in the crimes of one individual, and it considers the nature of non-state enemies in war. This last point is illustrated through detailed contrast between the U.S. experiences in the Barbary Wars and the Punitive Expedition to Mexico.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/970870" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="db2a928872a50447fdc4984df446f7d7" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":27660542,"asset_id":970870,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/27660542/download_file?st=MTc0MDYwMjk4Niw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="806007" href="https://stmarysuniversity.academia.edu/SteveSheppard">Steve Sheppard</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="806007" type="text/json">{"id":806007,"first_name":"Steve","last_name":"Sheppard","domain_name":"stmarysuniversity","page_name":"SteveSheppard","display_name":"Steve Sheppard","profile_url":"https://stmarysuniversity.academia.edu/SteveSheppard?f_ri=591879","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/806007/276934/22574037/s65_steve.sheppard.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_970870 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="970870"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 970870, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_970870", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_970870 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 970870; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_970870"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_970870 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="970870"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 970870; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=970870]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_970870").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_970870").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="970870"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">22</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl10x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="1258" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Romanticism">Romanticism</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="1258" type="text/json">{"id":1258,"name":"Romanticism","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Romanticism?f_ri=591879","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="1660" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Terrorism">Terrorism</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="1660" type="text/json">{"id":1660,"name":"Terrorism","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Terrorism?f_ri=591879","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="13057" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/War_Crimes">War Crimes</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="13057" type="text/json">{"id":13057,"name":"War Crimes","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/War_Crimes?f_ri=591879","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="14247" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Laws_of_War">Laws of War</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="14247" type="text/json">{"id":14247,"name":"Laws of War","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Laws_of_War?f_ri=591879","nofollow":true}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=970870]'), work: {"id":970870,"title":"Passion and Nation: War, Crime, and Guilt in the individual and the Collective","created_at":"2011-10-02T06:12:56.252-07:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/970870/Passion_and_Nation_War_Crime_and_Guilt_in_the_individual_and_the_Collective?f_ri=591879","dom_id":"work_970870","summary":"Riffing off of George Fletcher's theory of Romanticism and war, the article reviews Fletcher's arguments, which received derisive reviews during the War against Iraq in 2003. The article takes Fletcher's approach seriously in considering the problem of war as a Romantic impulse, and the difficulties caused by that understanding. The article then derives arguments on the limits of the laws of war to apply to military actions against terrorism. The article considers the nature of collective guilt as a mitigating element in the crimes of one individual, and it considers the nature of non-state enemies in war. This last point is illustrated through detailed contrast between the U.S. experiences in the Barbary Wars and the Punitive Expedition to Mexico.","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":27660542,"asset_id":970870,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":806007,"first_name":"Steve","last_name":"Sheppard","domain_name":"stmarysuniversity","page_name":"SteveSheppard","display_name":"Steve Sheppard","profile_url":"https://stmarysuniversity.academia.edu/SteveSheppard?f_ri=591879","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/806007/276934/22574037/s65_steve.sheppard.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":1258,"name":"Romanticism","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Romanticism?f_ri=591879","nofollow":true},{"id":1660,"name":"Terrorism","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Terrorism?f_ri=591879","nofollow":true},{"id":13057,"name":"War Crimes","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/War_Crimes?f_ri=591879","nofollow":true},{"id":14247,"name":"Laws of War","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Laws_of_War?f_ri=591879","nofollow":true},{"id":26669,"name":"Counter terrorism","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Counter_terrorism?f_ri=591879"},{"id":41609,"name":"Nation","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Nation?f_ri=591879"},{"id":41861,"name":"War","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/War?f_ri=591879"},{"id":43881,"name":"Mexico","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Mexico?f_ri=591879"},{"id":82489,"name":"State","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/State?f_ri=591879"},{"id":85813,"name":"Honor","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Honor?f_ri=591879"},{"id":101074,"name":"Nation-State","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Nation-State?f_ri=591879"},{"id":103126,"name":"Barbary Wars","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Barbary_Wars?f_ri=591879"},{"id":140648,"name":"Terror","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Terror?f_ri=591879"},{"id":141039,"name":"War Crimes Tribunals","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/War_Crimes_Tribunals?f_ri=591879"},{"id":180988,"name":"Liberal","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Liberal?f_ri=591879"},{"id":208924,"name":"Guilt","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Guilt?f_ri=591879"},{"id":218542,"name":"Villa","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Villa?f_ri=591879"},{"id":221673,"name":"Barbary Pirates","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Barbary_Pirates?f_ri=591879"},{"id":251260,"name":"Collective guilt","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Collective_guilt?f_ri=591879"},{"id":591866,"name":"Moral Ecology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Moral_Ecology?f_ri=591879"},{"id":591874,"name":"Terrorist","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Terrorist?f_ri=591879"},{"id":591879,"name":"Police Action","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Police_Action?f_ri=591879"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div></div><div class="u-taCenter Pagination"><ul class="pagination"></ul></div></div><div class="hidden-xs hidden-sm"><div class="u-pl6x"><div style="width: 300px;"><div class="panel panel-flat u-mt7x"><div class="panel-heading u-p5x"><div class="u-tcGrayDark u-taCenter u-fw700 u-textUppercase">Related Topics</div></div><ul class="list-group"><li class="list-group-item media_v2 u-mt0x u-p3x"><div class="media-body"><div class="u-tcGrayDarker u-fw700"><a class="u-tcGrayDarker" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Nizams_of_Hyderabad">Nizams of Hyderabad</a></div></div><div class="media-right media-middle"><a class="u-tcGreen u-textDecorationNone u-linkUnstyled u-fw500 hidden" data-follow-ri-id="925057">Follow</a><a class="u-tcGray u-textDecorationNone u-linkUnstyled u-fw500 hidden" data-unfollow-ri-id="925057">Following</a></div></li><li class="list-group-item media_v2 u-mt0x u-p3x"><div class="media-body"><div class="u-tcGrayDarker u-fw700"><a class="u-tcGrayDarker" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Feminism_and_Gender_Issues_in_Indian_Writing_in_English">Feminism and Gender Issues in Indian Writing in English</a></div></div><div class="media-right media-middle"><a class="u-tcGreen u-textDecorationNone u-linkUnstyled u-fw500 hidden" data-follow-ri-id="171666">Follow</a><a class="u-tcGray u-textDecorationNone u-linkUnstyled u-fw500 hidden" data-unfollow-ri-id="171666">Following</a></div></li><li class="list-group-item media_v2 u-mt0x u-p3x"><div class="media-body"><div class="u-tcGrayDarker u-fw700"><a class="u-tcGrayDarker" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Partition_literature">Partition literature</a></div></div><div class="media-right media-middle"><a class="u-tcGreen u-textDecorationNone u-linkUnstyled u-fw500 hidden" data-follow-ri-id="11310">Follow</a><a class="u-tcGray u-textDecorationNone u-linkUnstyled u-fw500 hidden" data-unfollow-ri-id="11310">Following</a></div></li><li class="list-group-item media_v2 u-mt0x u-p3x"><div class="media-body"><div class="u-tcGrayDarker u-fw700"><a class="u-tcGrayDarker" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Muslim_Minorities">Muslim Minorities</a></div></div><div class="media-right media-middle"><a class="u-tcGreen u-textDecorationNone u-linkUnstyled u-fw500 hidden" data-follow-ri-id="12978">Follow</a><a class="u-tcGray u-textDecorationNone u-linkUnstyled u-fw500 hidden" data-unfollow-ri-id="12978">Following</a></div></li><li class="list-group-item media_v2 u-mt0x u-p3x"><div class="media-body"><div class="u-tcGrayDarker u-fw700"><a class="u-tcGrayDarker" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Nonviolent_Protest">Nonviolent Protest</a></div></div><div class="media-right media-middle"><a class="u-tcGreen u-textDecorationNone u-linkUnstyled u-fw500 hidden" data-follow-ri-id="494390">Follow</a><a class="u-tcGray u-textDecorationNone u-linkUnstyled u-fw500 hidden" data-unfollow-ri-id="494390">Following</a></div></li><li class="list-group-item media_v2 u-mt0x u-p3x"><div class="media-body"><div class="u-tcGrayDarker u-fw700"><a class="u-tcGrayDarker" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Business_Management">Business Management</a></div></div><div class="media-right media-middle"><a class="u-tcGreen u-textDecorationNone u-linkUnstyled u-fw500 hidden" data-follow-ri-id="55840">Follow</a><a class="u-tcGray u-textDecorationNone u-linkUnstyled u-fw500 hidden" data-unfollow-ri-id="55840">Following</a></div></li><li class="list-group-item media_v2 u-mt0x u-p3x"><div class="media-body"><div class="u-tcGrayDarker u-fw700"><a class="u-tcGrayDarker" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Gender_Studies">Gender Studies</a></div></div><div class="media-right media-middle"><a class="u-tcGreen u-textDecorationNone u-linkUnstyled u-fw500 hidden" data-follow-ri-id="696">Follow</a><a class="u-tcGray u-textDecorationNone u-linkUnstyled u-fw500 hidden" data-unfollow-ri-id="696">Following</a></div></li><li class="list-group-item media_v2 u-mt0x u-p3x"><div class="media-body"><div class="u-tcGrayDarker u-fw700"><a class="u-tcGrayDarker" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Research_Methodology">Research Methodology</a></div></div><div class="media-right media-middle"><a class="u-tcGreen u-textDecorationNone u-linkUnstyled u-fw500 hidden" data-follow-ri-id="2065">Follow</a><a class="u-tcGray u-textDecorationNone u-linkUnstyled u-fw500 hidden" data-unfollow-ri-id="2065">Following</a></div></li><li class="list-group-item media_v2 u-mt0x u-p3x"><div class="media-body"><div class="u-tcGrayDarker u-fw700"><a class="u-tcGrayDarker" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Cultural_Studies">Cultural Studies</a></div></div><div class="media-right media-middle"><a class="u-tcGreen u-textDecorationNone u-linkUnstyled u-fw500 hidden" data-follow-ri-id="188">Follow</a><a class="u-tcGray u-textDecorationNone u-linkUnstyled u-fw500 hidden" data-unfollow-ri-id="188">Following</a></div></li><li class="list-group-item media_v2 u-mt0x u-p3x"><div class="media-body"><div class="u-tcGrayDarker u-fw700"><a class="u-tcGrayDarker" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Literature">Literature</a></div></div><div class="media-right media-middle"><a class="u-tcGreen u-textDecorationNone u-linkUnstyled u-fw500 hidden" data-follow-ri-id="2418">Follow</a><a class="u-tcGray u-textDecorationNone u-linkUnstyled u-fw500 hidden" data-unfollow-ri-id="2418">Following</a></div></li></ul></div></div></div></div></div></div><script>// MIT License // Copyright © 2011 Sebastian Tschan, https://blueimp.net // Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy of // this software and associated documentation files (the "Software"), to deal in // the Software without restriction, including without limitation the rights to // use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell copies of // the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is furnished to do so, // subject to the following conditions: // The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in all // copies or substantial portions of the Software. // THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR // IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY, FITNESS // FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE AUTHORS OR // COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER LIABILITY, WHETHER // IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM, OUT OF OR IN // CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE SOFTWARE. !function(n){"use strict";function d(n,t){var r=(65535&n)+(65535&t);return(n>>16)+(t>>16)+(r>>16)<<16|65535&r}function f(n,t,r,e,o,u){return d((c=d(d(t,n),d(e,u)))<<(f=o)|c>>>32-f,r);var c,f}function l(n,t,r,e,o,u,c){return f(t&r|~t&e,n,t,o,u,c)}function v(n,t,r,e,o,u,c){return f(t&e|r&~e,n,t,o,u,c)}function g(n,t,r,e,o,u,c){return f(t^r^e,n,t,o,u,c)}function m(n,t,r,e,o,u,c){return f(r^(t|~e),n,t,o,u,c)}function i(n,t){var r,e,o,u;n[t>>5]|=128<<t%32,n[14+(t+64>>>9<<4)]=t;for(var c=1732584193,f=-271733879,i=-1732584194,a=271733878,h=0;h<n.length;h+=16)c=l(r=c,e=f,o=i,u=a,n[h],7,-680876936),a=l(a,c,f,i,n[h+1],12,-389564586),i=l(i,a,c,f,n[h+2],17,606105819),f=l(f,i,a,c,n[h+3],22,-1044525330),c=l(c,f,i,a,n[h+4],7,-176418897),a=l(a,c,f,i,n[h+5],12,1200080426),i=l(i,a,c,f,n[h+6],17,-1473231341),f=l(f,i,a,c,n[h+7],22,-45705983),c=l(c,f,i,a,n[h+8],7,1770035416),a=l(a,c,f,i,n[h+9],12,-1958414417),i=l(i,a,c,f,n[h+10],17,-42063),f=l(f,i,a,c,n[h+11],22,-1990404162),c=l(c,f,i,a,n[h+12],7,1804603682),a=l(a,c,f,i,n[h+13],12,-40341101),i=l(i,a,c,f,n[h+14],17,-1502002290),c=v(c,f=l(f,i,a,c,n[h+15],22,1236535329),i,a,n[h+1],5,-165796510),a=v(a,c,f,i,n[h+6],9,-1069501632),i=v(i,a,c,f,n[h+11],14,643717713),f=v(f,i,a,c,n[h],20,-373897302),c=v(c,f,i,a,n[h+5],5,-701558691),a=v(a,c,f,i,n[h+10],9,38016083),i=v(i,a,c,f,n[h+15],14,-660478335),f=v(f,i,a,c,n[h+4],20,-405537848),c=v(c,f,i,a,n[h+9],5,568446438),a=v(a,c,f,i,n[h+14],9,-1019803690),i=v(i,a,c,f,n[h+3],14,-187363961),f=v(f,i,a,c,n[h+8],20,1163531501),c=v(c,f,i,a,n[h+13],5,-1444681467),a=v(a,c,f,i,n[h+2],9,-51403784),i=v(i,a,c,f,n[h+7],14,1735328473),c=g(c,f=v(f,i,a,c,n[h+12],20,-1926607734),i,a,n[h+5],4,-378558),a=g(a,c,f,i,n[h+8],11,-2022574463),i=g(i,a,c,f,n[h+11],16,1839030562),f=g(f,i,a,c,n[h+14],23,-35309556),c=g(c,f,i,a,n[h+1],4,-1530992060),a=g(a,c,f,i,n[h+4],11,1272893353),i=g(i,a,c,f,n[h+7],16,-155497632),f=g(f,i,a,c,n[h+10],23,-1094730640),c=g(c,f,i,a,n[h+13],4,681279174),a=g(a,c,f,i,n[h],11,-358537222),i=g(i,a,c,f,n[h+3],16,-722521979),f=g(f,i,a,c,n[h+6],23,76029189),c=g(c,f,i,a,n[h+9],4,-640364487),a=g(a,c,f,i,n[h+12],11,-421815835),i=g(i,a,c,f,n[h+15],16,530742520),c=m(c,f=g(f,i,a,c,n[h+2],23,-995338651),i,a,n[h],6,-198630844),a=m(a,c,f,i,n[h+7],10,1126891415),i=m(i,a,c,f,n[h+14],15,-1416354905),f=m(f,i,a,c,n[h+5],21,-57434055),c=m(c,f,i,a,n[h+12],6,1700485571),a=m(a,c,f,i,n[h+3],10,-1894986606),i=m(i,a,c,f,n[h+10],15,-1051523),f=m(f,i,a,c,n[h+1],21,-2054922799),c=m(c,f,i,a,n[h+8],6,1873313359),a=m(a,c,f,i,n[h+15],10,-30611744),i=m(i,a,c,f,n[h+6],15,-1560198380),f=m(f,i,a,c,n[h+13],21,1309151649),c=m(c,f,i,a,n[h+4],6,-145523070),a=m(a,c,f,i,n[h+11],10,-1120210379),i=m(i,a,c,f,n[h+2],15,718787259),f=m(f,i,a,c,n[h+9],21,-343485551),c=d(c,r),f=d(f,e),i=d(i,o),a=d(a,u);return[c,f,i,a]}function a(n){for(var t="",r=32*n.length,e=0;e<r;e+=8)t+=String.fromCharCode(n[e>>5]>>>e%32&255);return t}function h(n){var t=[];for(t[(n.length>>2)-1]=void 0,e=0;e<t.length;e+=1)t[e]=0;for(var r=8*n.length,e=0;e<r;e+=8)t[e>>5]|=(255&n.charCodeAt(e/8))<<e%32;return t}function e(n){for(var t,r="0123456789abcdef",e="",o=0;o<n.length;o+=1)t=n.charCodeAt(o),e+=r.charAt(t>>>4&15)+r.charAt(15&t);return e}function r(n){return unescape(encodeURIComponent(n))}function o(n){return a(i(h(t=r(n)),8*t.length));var t}function u(n,t){return function(n,t){var r,e,o=h(n),u=[],c=[];for(u[15]=c[15]=void 0,16<o.length&&(o=i(o,8*n.length)),r=0;r<16;r+=1)u[r]=909522486^o[r],c[r]=1549556828^o[r];return e=i(u.concat(h(t)),512+8*t.length),a(i(c.concat(e),640))}(r(n),r(t))}function t(n,t,r){return t?r?u(t,n):e(u(t,n)):r?o(n):e(o(n))}"function"==typeof define&&define.amd?define(function(){return t}):"object"==typeof module&&module.exports?module.exports=t:n.md5=t}(this);</script><script>window.AbTest = (function() { return { 'ab_test': (uniqueId, test_name, buckets) => { let override = new URLSearchParams(window.location.search).get(`ab_test[${test_name}]`); if ( override ) { return override; } const bucketNames = buckets.map((bucket) => { return typeof bucket === 'string' ? bucket : Object.keys(bucket)[0]; }); const weights = buckets.map((bucket) => { return typeof bucket === 'string' ? 1 : Object.values(bucket)[0]; }); const total = weights.reduce((sum, weight) => sum + weight); const hash = md5(`${uniqueId}${test_name}`); const hashNum = parseInt(hash.slice(-12), 16); let bucketPoint = total * (hashNum % 100000) / 100000; const bucket = bucketNames.find((_, i) => { if (weights[i] > bucketPoint) { return true; } bucketPoint -= weights[i]; return false; }); return bucket; } }; })();</script><div data-auto_select="false" data-client_id="331998490334-rsn3chp12mbkiqhl6e7lu2q0mlbu0f1b" data-landing_url="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Police_Action" data-login_uri="https://www.academia.edu/registrations/google_one_tap" data-moment_callback="onGoogleOneTapEvent" id="g_id_onload"></div><script>function onGoogleOneTapEvent(event) { var momentType = event.getMomentType(); var momentReason = null; if (event.isNotDisplayed()) { momentReason = event.getNotDisplayedReason(); } else if (event.isSkippedMoment()) { momentReason = event.getSkippedReason(); } else if (event.isDismissedMoment()) { momentReason = event.getDismissedReason(); } Aedu.arbitraryEvents.write('GoogleOneTapEvent', { moment_type: momentType, moment_reason: momentReason, }); }</script><script>(function() { var auvid = unescape( document.cookie .split(/; ?/) .find((s) => s.startsWith('auvid')) .substring(6)); var bucket = AbTest.ab_test(auvid, 'lo_ri_one_tap_google_sign_on', ['control', 'one_tap_google_sign_on']); if (bucket === 'control') return; var oneTapTag = document.createElement('script') oneTapTag.async = true oneTapTag.defer = true oneTapTag.src = 'https://accounts.google.com/gsi/client' document.body.appendChild(oneTapTag) })();</script></div></div></div> </div> <div class="bootstrap login"><div class="modal fade login-modal" id="login-modal"><div class="login-modal-dialog modal-dialog"><div class="modal-content"><div class="modal-header"><button class="close close" data-dismiss="modal" type="button"><span aria-hidden="true">×</span><span class="sr-only">Close</span></button><h4 class="modal-title text-center"><strong>Log In</strong></h4></div><div class="modal-body"><div class="row"><div class="col-xs-10 col-xs-offset-1"><button class="btn btn-fb btn-lg btn-block btn-v-center-content" id="login-facebook-oauth-button"><svg style="float: left; width: 19px; line-height: 1em; margin-right: .3em;" aria-hidden="true" focusable="false" data-prefix="fab" data-icon="facebook-square" class="svg-inline--fa fa-facebook-square fa-w-14" role="img" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 448 512"><path fill="currentColor" d="M400 32H48A48 48 0 0 0 0 80v352a48 48 0 0 0 48 48h137.25V327.69h-63V256h63v-54.64c0-62.15 37-96.48 93.67-96.48 27.14 0 55.52 4.84 55.52 4.84v61h-31.27c-30.81 0-40.42 19.12-40.42 38.73V256h68.78l-11 71.69h-57.78V480H400a48 48 0 0 0 48-48V80a48 48 0 0 0-48-48z"></path></svg><small><strong>Log in</strong> with <strong>Facebook</strong></small></button><br /><button class="btn btn-google btn-lg btn-block btn-v-center-content" id="login-google-oauth-button"><svg style="float: left; width: 22px; line-height: 1em; margin-right: .3em;" aria-hidden="true" focusable="false" data-prefix="fab" data-icon="google-plus" class="svg-inline--fa fa-google-plus fa-w-16" role="img" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 512 512"><path fill="currentColor" d="M256,8C119.1,8,8,119.1,8,256S119.1,504,256,504,504,392.9,504,256,392.9,8,256,8ZM185.3,380a124,124,0,0,1,0-248c31.3,0,60.1,11,83,32.3l-33.6,32.6c-13.2-12.9-31.3-19.1-49.4-19.1-42.9,0-77.2,35.5-77.2,78.1S142.3,334,185.3,334c32.6,0,64.9-19.1,70.1-53.3H185.3V238.1H302.2a109.2,109.2,0,0,1,1.9,20.7c0,70.8-47.5,121.2-118.8,121.2ZM415.5,273.8v35.5H380V273.8H344.5V238.3H380V202.8h35.5v35.5h35.2v35.5Z"></path></svg><small><strong>Log in</strong> with <strong>Google</strong></small></button><br /><style type="text/css">.sign-in-with-apple-button { width: 100%; height: 52px; border-radius: 3px; border: 1px solid black; cursor: pointer; } .sign-in-with-apple-button > div { margin: 0 auto; / This centers the Apple-rendered button horizontally }</style><script src="https://appleid.cdn-apple.com/appleauth/static/jsapi/appleid/1/en_US/appleid.auth.js" type="text/javascript"></script><div class="sign-in-with-apple-button" data-border="false" data-color="white" id="appleid-signin"><span   ="Sign Up with Apple" class="u-fs11"></span></div><script>AppleID.auth.init({ clientId: 'edu.academia.applesignon', scope: 'name email', redirectURI: 'https://www.academia.edu/sessions', state: "852f2e0d4af13629d80ebf9d70be30c366fb0d077a28b09e0edac62d539adcc2", });</script><script>// Hacky way of checking if on fast loswp if (window.loswp == null) { (function() { const Google = window?.Aedu?.Auth?.OauthButton?.Login?.Google; const Facebook = window?.Aedu?.Auth?.OauthButton?.Login?.Facebook; if (Google) { new Google({ el: '#login-google-oauth-button', rememberMeCheckboxId: 'remember_me', track: null }); } if (Facebook) { new Facebook({ el: '#login-facebook-oauth-button', rememberMeCheckboxId: 'remember_me', track: null }); } })(); }</script></div></div></div><div class="modal-body"><div class="row"><div class="col-xs-10 col-xs-offset-1"><div class="hr-heading login-hr-heading"><span class="hr-heading-text">or</span></div></div></div></div><div class="modal-body"><div class="row"><div class="col-xs-10 col-xs-offset-1"><form class="js-login-form" action="https://www.academia.edu/sessions" accept-charset="UTF-8" method="post"><input type="hidden" name="authenticity_token" value="kmoDEUEjVX4V8MHhLuIBbIdMvu3DCu3yWafv03Pe0DTAkODCwwe1qpVuCR29SDjBycxDaULXlz9l2xiOTETrUg" autocomplete="off" /><div class="form-group"><label class="control-label" for="login-modal-email-input" style="font-size: 14px;">Email</label><input class="form-control" id="login-modal-email-input" name="login" type="email" /></div><div class="form-group"><label class="control-label" for="login-modal-password-input" style="font-size: 14px;">Password</label><input class="form-control" id="login-modal-password-input" name="password" type="password" /></div><input type="hidden" name="post_login_redirect_url" id="post_login_redirect_url" value="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Police_Action" autocomplete="off" /><div class="checkbox"><label><input type="checkbox" name="remember_me" id="remember_me" value="1" checked="checked" /><small style="font-size: 12px; margin-top: 2px; display: inline-block;">Remember me on this computer</small></label></div><br><input type="submit" name="commit" value="Log In" class="btn btn-primary btn-block btn-lg js-login-submit" data-disable-with="Log In" /></br></form><script>typeof window?.Aedu?.recaptchaManagedForm === 'function' && window.Aedu.recaptchaManagedForm( document.querySelector('.js-login-form'), document.querySelector('.js-login-submit') );</script><small style="font-size: 12px;"><br />or <a data-target="#login-modal-reset-password-container" data-toggle="collapse" href="javascript:void(0)">reset password</a></small><div class="collapse" id="login-modal-reset-password-container"><br /><div class="well margin-0x"><form class="js-password-reset-form" action="https://www.academia.edu/reset_password" accept-charset="UTF-8" method="post"><input type="hidden" name="authenticity_token" value="P1qVq-B2DSgg9fa2otViwsZdQaF1pwETlRwXN6ecI8htoHZ4YlLt_KBrPkoxf1tviN28JfR6e96pYOBqmAYYrg" autocomplete="off" /><p>Enter the email address you signed up with and we'll email you a reset link.</p><div class="form-group"><input class="form-control" name="email" type="email" /></div><script src="https://recaptcha.net/recaptcha/api.js" async defer></script> <script> var invisibleRecaptchaSubmit = function () { var closestForm = function (ele) { var curEle = ele.parentNode; while (curEle.nodeName !== 'FORM' && curEle.nodeName !== 'BODY'){ curEle = curEle.parentNode; } return curEle.nodeName === 'FORM' ? curEle : null }; var eles = document.getElementsByClassName('g-recaptcha'); if (eles.length > 0) { var form = closestForm(eles[0]); if (form) { form.submit(); } } }; </script> <input type="submit" data-sitekey="6Lf3KHUUAAAAACggoMpmGJdQDtiyrjVlvGJ6BbAj" data-callback="invisibleRecaptchaSubmit" class="g-recaptcha btn btn-primary btn-block" value="Email me a link" value=""/> </form></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/collapse-45805421cf446ca5adf7aaa1935b08a3a8d1d9a6cc5d91a62a2a3a00b20b3e6a.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb $("#login-modal-reset-password-container").on("shown.bs.collapse", function() { $(this).find("input[type=email]").focus(); }); }); </script> </div></div></div><div class="modal-footer"><div class="text-center"><small style="font-size: 12px;">Need an account? <a rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/signup">Click here to sign up</a></small></div></div></div></div></div></div><script>// If we are on subdomain or non-bootstrapped page, redirect to login page instead of showing modal (function(){ if (typeof $ === 'undefined') return; var host = window.location.hostname; if ((host === $domain || host === "www."+$domain) && (typeof $().modal === 'function')) { $("#nav_log_in").click(function(e) { // Don't follow the link and open the modal e.preventDefault(); $("#login-modal").on('shown.bs.modal', function() { $(this).find("#login-modal-email-input").focus() }).modal('show'); }); } })()</script> <div class="bootstrap" id="footer"><div class="footer-content clearfix text-center padding-top-7x" style="width:100%;"><ul class="footer-links-secondary footer-links-wide list-inline margin-bottom-1x"><li><a href="https://www.academia.edu/about">About</a></li><li><a href="https://www.academia.edu/press">Press</a></li><li><a href="https://www.academia.edu/documents">Papers</a></li><li><a href="https://www.academia.edu/topics">Topics</a></li><li><a href="https://www.academia.edu/journals">Academia.edu Journals</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/hiring"><svg style="width: 13px; height: 13px;" aria-hidden="true" focusable="false" data-prefix="fas" data-icon="briefcase" class="svg-inline--fa fa-briefcase fa-w-16" role="img" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 512 512"><path fill="currentColor" d="M320 336c0 8.84-7.16 16-16 16h-96c-8.84 0-16-7.16-16-16v-48H0v144c0 25.6 22.4 48 48 48h416c25.6 0 48-22.4 48-48V288H320v48zm144-208h-80V80c0-25.6-22.4-48-48-48H176c-25.6 0-48 22.4-48 48v48H48c-25.6 0-48 22.4-48 48v80h512v-80c0-25.6-22.4-48-48-48zm-144 0H192V96h128v32z"></path></svg> <strong>We're Hiring!</strong></a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" href="https://support.academia.edu/hc/en-us"><svg style="width: 12px; height: 12px;" aria-hidden="true" focusable="false" data-prefix="fas" data-icon="question-circle" class="svg-inline--fa fa-question-circle fa-w-16" role="img" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 512 512"><path fill="currentColor" d="M504 256c0 136.997-111.043 248-248 248S8 392.997 8 256C8 119.083 119.043 8 256 8s248 111.083 248 248zM262.655 90c-54.497 0-89.255 22.957-116.549 63.758-3.536 5.286-2.353 12.415 2.715 16.258l34.699 26.31c5.205 3.947 12.621 3.008 16.665-2.122 17.864-22.658 30.113-35.797 57.303-35.797 20.429 0 45.698 13.148 45.698 32.958 0 14.976-12.363 22.667-32.534 33.976C247.128 238.528 216 254.941 216 296v4c0 6.627 5.373 12 12 12h56c6.627 0 12-5.373 12-12v-1.333c0-28.462 83.186-29.647 83.186-106.667 0-58.002-60.165-102-116.531-102zM256 338c-25.365 0-46 20.635-46 46 0 25.364 20.635 46 46 46s46-20.636 46-46c0-25.365-20.635-46-46-46z"></path></svg> <strong>Help Center</strong></a></li></ul><ul class="footer-links-tertiary list-inline margin-bottom-1x"><li class="small">Find new research papers in:</li><li class="small"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Physics">Physics</a></li><li class="small"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Chemistry">Chemistry</a></li><li class="small"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Biology">Biology</a></li><li class="small"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Health_Sciences">Health Sciences</a></li><li class="small"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Ecology">Ecology</a></li><li class="small"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Earth_Sciences">Earth Sciences</a></li><li class="small"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Cognitive_Science">Cognitive Science</a></li><li class="small"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Mathematics">Mathematics</a></li><li class="small"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Computer_Science">Computer Science</a></li></ul></div></div><div class="DesignSystem" id="credit" style="width:100%;"><ul class="u-pl0x footer-links-legal list-inline"><li><a rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/terms">Terms</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/privacy">Privacy</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/copyright">Copyright</a></li><li>Academia ©2025</li></ul></div><script> //<![CDATA[ window.detect_gmtoffset = true; window.Academia && window.Academia.set_gmtoffset && Academia.set_gmtoffset('/gmtoffset'); //]]> </script> <div id='overlay_background'></div> <div id='bootstrap-modal-container' class='bootstrap'></div> <div id='ds-modal-container' class='bootstrap DesignSystem'></div> <div id='full-screen-modal'></div> </div> </body> </html>