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href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D9%8A%D9%88%D8%AA_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AF%D8%B9%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%A9_%D9%81%D9%8A_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%B9%D8%B3%D9%83%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%AA_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D9%84%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A9_%D8%AE%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%84_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AD%D8%B1%D8%A8_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D9%8A%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AB%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="بيوت الدعارة في المعسكرات الألمانية خلال الحرب العالمية الثانية – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="بيوت الدعارة في المعسكرات الألمانية خلال الحرب العالمية الثانية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lagerbordell" title="Lagerbordell – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Lagerbordell" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prost%C3%ADbulos_alemanes_en_la_Segunda_Guerra_Mundial" title="Prostíbulos alemanes en la Segunda Guerra Mundial – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Prostíbulos alemanes en la Segunda Guerra Mundial" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bordels_des_camps_allemands_pendant_la_Seconde_Guerre_mondiale" title="Bordels des camps allemands pendant la Seconde Guerre mondiale – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Bordels des camps allemands pendant la Seconde Guerre mondiale" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link 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searchaux" style="display:none">Brothels in Nazi concentration camps</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox"><caption class="infobox-title">German concentration camp brothels</caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Bundesarchiv_Bild_192-174,_KZ_Mauthausen,_Lagerbordell_Lager_Gusen.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Mauthausen" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Bundesarchiv_Bild_192-174%2C_KZ_Mauthausen%2C_Lagerbordell_Lager_Gusen.jpg/300px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_192-174%2C_KZ_Mauthausen%2C_Lagerbordell_Lager_Gusen.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="191" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Bundesarchiv_Bild_192-174%2C_KZ_Mauthausen%2C_Lagerbordell_Lager_Gusen.jpg/450px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_192-174%2C_KZ_Mauthausen%2C_Lagerbordell_Lager_Gusen.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Bundesarchiv_Bild_192-174%2C_KZ_Mauthausen%2C_Lagerbordell_Lager_Gusen.jpg/600px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_192-174%2C_KZ_Mauthausen%2C_Lagerbordell_Lager_Gusen.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="510" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">Active camp brothel in <a href="/wiki/Mauthausen-Gusen_concentration_camp" class="mw-redirect" title="Mauthausen-Gusen concentration camp">Gusen</a>, Austria (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1942</span>)</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" aria-labelledby="Organization"><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div id="Organization"><b>Organization</b></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Formed by</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Schutzstaffel" title="Schutzstaffel">Schutzstaffel</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Operation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">1942–1945</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Locations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Mauthausen-Gusen_concentration_camp" class="mw-redirect" title="Mauthausen-Gusen concentration camp">Mauthausen/Gusen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Auschwitz" class="mw-redirect" title="Auschwitz">Auschwitz</a>, <a href="/wiki/Buchenwald_concentration_camp" title="Buchenwald concentration camp">Buchenwald</a>, <a href="/wiki/Neuengamme_concentration_camp" title="Neuengamme concentration camp">Neuengamme</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dachau_concentration_camp" title="Dachau concentration camp">Dachau</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dora-Mittelbau" class="mw-redirect" title="Dora-Mittelbau">Dora-Mittelbau</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sachsenhausen_concentration_camp" title="Sachsenhausen concentration camp">Sachsenhausen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Flossenb%C3%BCrg_concentration_camp" title="Flossenbürg concentration camp">Flossenbürg</a> and others</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>In <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany">Nazi Germany</a> established brothels in the concentration camps (<i>Lagerbordell</i> or <i>Freudenabteilungen</i> "Joy Divisions") to increase productivity among inmates. Their use was restricted to the more privileged Aryan prisoners, primarily the <a href="/wiki/Kapo_(concentration_camp)" class="mw-redirect" title="Kapo (concentration camp)">Kapos</a>, or "prisoner functionaries", and the criminal element. Jewish inmates were prohibited from using the brothels according to rules against racial mixing, as were German guards or soldiers. In the end, the camp brothels did not produce any noticeable increase in the prisoners' productivity levels but, instead, created a market for coupons among the more privileged camp prisoners.<sup id="cite_ref-wollheim_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wollheim-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The women forced into these brothels came mainly from the women-only <a href="/wiki/Ravensbr%C3%BCck_concentration_camp" title="Ravensbrück concentration camp">Ravensbrück concentration camp</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-derspiegel2007_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-derspiegel2007-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> except for <a href="/wiki/Auschwitz" class="mw-redirect" title="Auschwitz">Auschwitz</a>, which used its own prisoners.<sup id="cite_ref-Herbermann_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Herbermann-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In combination with the <a href="/wiki/German_military_brothels_in_World_War_II" title="German military brothels in World War II">German military brothels in World War II</a>, it is estimated that at least 34,140 female inmates were forced into <a href="/wiki/Sexual_slavery" title="Sexual slavery">sexual slavery</a> during the <a href="/wiki/Third_Reich" class="mw-redirect" title="Third Reich">Third Reich</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Herbermann_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Herbermann-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History_and_operation">History and operation</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=German_camp_brothels_in_World_War_II&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History and operation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/German_military_brothels_in_World_War_II" title="German military brothels in World War II">German military brothels in World War II</a> and <a href="/wiki/War_crimes_of_the_Wehrmacht#Rapes" title="War crimes of the Wehrmacht">War crimes of the Wehrmacht § Rapes</a></div> <p>The first camp brothel was established in <a href="/wiki/Mauthausen-Gusen_concentration_camp" class="mw-redirect" title="Mauthausen-Gusen concentration camp">Mauthausen/Gusen</a> in 1942. After 30 June 1943, a camp brothel existed in <a href="/wiki/Auschwitz" class="mw-redirect" title="Auschwitz">Auschwitz</a> in "Block 24", and from 15 July 1943, in <a href="/wiki/Buchenwald_concentration_camp" title="Buchenwald concentration camp">Buchenwald</a>. The one in <a href="/wiki/Neuengamme_concentration_camp" title="Neuengamme concentration camp">Neuengamme</a> was established in early 1944, <a href="/wiki/Dachau_concentration_camp" title="Dachau concentration camp">Dachau</a>'s in May 1944, <a href="/wiki/Dora-Mittelbau" class="mw-redirect" title="Dora-Mittelbau">Dora-Mittelbau</a>'s in late summer, and <a href="/wiki/Sachsenhausen_concentration_camp" title="Sachsenhausen concentration camp">Sachsenhausen</a>'s on 8 August 1944.<sup id="cite_ref-Wickert_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wickert-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There are conflicting dates for the camp brothel in <a href="/wiki/Flossenb%C3%BCrg_concentration_camp" title="Flossenbürg concentration camp">Flossenbürg</a>: one source claims summer 1943;<sup id="cite_ref-Heger_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Heger-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> another states it was not opened until 25 March 1944.<sup id="cite_ref-Wickert_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wickert-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bundesarchiv_Bild_192-220,_KZ_Mauthausen,_Himmlervisite_im_Lager_Gusen.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Bundesarchiv_Bild_192-220%2C_KZ_Mauthausen%2C_Himmlervisite_im_Lager_Gusen.jpg/170px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_192-220%2C_KZ_Mauthausen%2C_Himmlervisite_im_Lager_Gusen.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="256" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Bundesarchiv_Bild_192-220%2C_KZ_Mauthausen%2C_Himmlervisite_im_Lager_Gusen.jpg/255px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_192-220%2C_KZ_Mauthausen%2C_Himmlervisite_im_Lager_Gusen.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Bundesarchiv_Bild_192-220%2C_KZ_Mauthausen%2C_Himmlervisite_im_Lager_Gusen.jpg/340px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_192-220%2C_KZ_Mauthausen%2C_Himmlervisite_im_Lager_Gusen.jpg 2x" data-file-width="496" data-file-height="748" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Heinrich_Himmler" title="Heinrich Himmler">Heinrich Himmler</a> inspecting the camp brothel in <a href="/wiki/Mauthausen-Gusen_concentration_camp" class="mw-redirect" title="Mauthausen-Gusen concentration camp">Mauthausen/Gusen</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1942</span>)</figcaption></figure> <p>The camp brothels were usually built as barracks surrounded by a barbed-wire fence, with small individual rooms for up to 20 female prisoners, controlled by a female overseer (<i><a href="/wiki/Aufseherin" class="mw-redirect" title="Aufseherin">Aufseherin</a></i>).<sup id="cite_ref-wollheim_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wollheim-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The women were replaced frequently due to exhaustion and illness, after which they were sent away to become regular inmates in Birkenau.<sup id="cite_ref-wollheim_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wollheim-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The brothels were open only in the evenings. No Jewish male prisoners were allowed as patrons. Those with access to the customer lineup ("Aryan VIPs" only), had to sign up for a specific day and pay two <a href="/wiki/Reichsmark" title="Reichsmark">Reichsmarks</a> for a 20-minute "service" based on a predetermined schedule. The women were matched with clients by an SS-man. The people ironically described as "Aryan VIPs" included the Polish Christian prisoners, and those who had been sentenced to the camps for criminal activities and so wore <a href="/wiki/Nazi_concentration_camp_badges" class="mw-redirect" title="Nazi concentration camp badges">the green triangles</a> (hence the "green men" denomination).<sup id="cite_ref-wollheim_1-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wollheim-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There is somewhat controversial evidence<sup id="cite_ref-haaretz_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-haaretz-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> that in some of the brothels, women might have had tattoos inscribed on their chests saying <i>Feld-Hure</i> ("field whore").<sup id="cite_ref-Kuntz_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kuntz-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some of them underwent forced sterilizations as well as forced <a href="/wiki/Abortions" class="mw-redirect" title="Abortions">abortions</a>, often resulting in death.<sup id="cite_ref-Herbermann_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Herbermann-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At Auschwitz, the women "were mostly German or Polish — none of them were Jewish",<sup id="cite_ref-Lessons_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lessons-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and members "of the <a href="/wiki/Wehrmacht" title="Wehrmacht">Wehrmacht</a> and <a href="/wiki/SS" class="mw-redirect" title="SS">SS</a> were not allowed to visit"<sup id="cite_ref-Lessons_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lessons-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> them. "A military brothel for German soldiers and SS guards also existed, but it was located outside of the camp, and all women there were German civilian prostitutes."<sup id="cite_ref-Lessons_8-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lessons-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While there certainly were reports by survivors of male German guards sexually abusing female Jewish inmates at Auschwitz and elsewhere, "no archival evidence exists that points to the systematic rape of Jewish women in concentration camps or of their enslavement in Nazi brothels."<sup id="cite_ref-Lessons_8-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lessons-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The brothels were mentioned in memoirs and novels by survivors, such as <a href="/wiki/Ka-Tzetnik" class="mw-redirect" title="Ka-Tzetnik">Ka-Tzetnik</a>'s 1953 novel <i><a href="/wiki/House_of_Dolls" title="House of Dolls">House of Dolls</a>,</i><sup id="cite_ref-:0_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Primo_Levi" title="Primo Levi">Primo Levi</a>'s 1947 memoir <i><a href="/wiki/If_This_Is_a_Man" title="If This Is a Man">If This Is A Man</a>,</i> and <a href="/wiki/Josef_Kohout" class="mw-redirect" title="Josef Kohout">Josef Kohout</a>'s <i>The Men With the Pink Triangle</i>, written under the pseudonym of <a href="/wiki/Heinz_Heger" title="Heinz Heger">Heinz Heger</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Heger_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Heger-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but were not a subject of academic study until the mid-1990s, when publications by female researchers broke the scholarly silence.<sup id="cite_ref-Schulz_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Schulz-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Paul_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Paul-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Sometimes the SS enticed women into serving in the brothels by promising them more humane treatment or reductions of their indefinite sentence. This caused anger or envy among other female inmates. Nina Michailovna, a Russian camp prisoner, reported: "When we found out that a girl in our block was chosen, we caught her and threw a blanket on her and beat her up so badly that she could hardly move. It wasn't clear if she would recover. They just wanted to have a better life and we punished them this way."<sup id="cite_ref-ARD_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ARD-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Homosexual_prisoners_and_camp_brothels">Homosexual prisoners and camp brothels</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=German_camp_brothels_in_World_War_II&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Homosexual prisoners and camp brothels"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Conversion_therapy" title="Conversion therapy">Conversion therapy</a> and <a href="/wiki/Corrective_rape" title="Corrective rape">Corrective rape</a></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Heinrich_Himmler" title="Heinrich Himmler">Heinrich Himmler</a> also attempted to use these brothels to teach <a href="/wiki/Pink_triangle" title="Pink triangle">pink triangle</a> prisoners "the joys of the opposite sex",<sup id="cite_ref-Heger_5-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Heger-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> i.e., as "<a href="/wiki/Conversion_therapy" title="Conversion therapy">therapy</a>" for their homosexuality. Heger claims that Himmler directed that all gay prisoners were to make compulsory visits to the camp brothel once per week as a means of "curing" them of homosexuality.<sup id="cite_ref-Heger_5-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Heger-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Cultural_references">Cultural references</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=German_camp_brothels_in_World_War_II&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Cultural references"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The French documentary <i><a href="/wiki/Night_and_Fog_(1956_film)" title="Night and Fog (1956 film)">Night and Fog</a></i> mentioned the existence of concentration camp brothels as early as 1955. This film, by director <a href="/wiki/Alain_Resnais" title="Alain Resnais">Alain Resnais</a>, included extensive original footage of the camps and was based on interviews with survivors. German concentration camp brothels were also re-enacted in fictional <a href="/wiki/Nazi_exploitation" title="Nazi exploitation">Nazi exploitation</a> films made in the 1970s such as<i> <a href="/wiki/Ilsa,_She_Wolf_of_the_SS" title="Ilsa, She Wolf of the SS">Ilsa, She Wolf of the SS</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Last_Orgy_of_the_Third_Reich" class="mw-redirect" title="Last Orgy of the Third Reich">Last Orgy of the Third Reich</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Love_Camp_7" title="Love Camp 7">Love Camp 7</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/SS_Experiment_Camp" title="SS Experiment Camp">SS Experiment Camp</a></i> and<i> <a href="/wiki/Nazi_Love_Camp_27" title="Nazi Love Camp 27">Nazi Love Camp 27</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Examples of Israeli literature on the subject include writer's <a href="/wiki/Yehiel_De-Nur" title="Yehiel De-Nur">Yehiel De-Nur</a>'s novel <i><a href="/wiki/The_House_of_Dolls" class="mw-redirect" title="The House of Dolls">The House of Dolls</a></i> (published using his concentration camp number Ka-Tsetnik 135633 as a pseudonym) and the <a href="/wiki/Stalag_fiction" title="Stalag fiction">Stalag fiction</a> genre.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Czech author <a href="/wiki/Arno%C5%A1t_Lustig" title="Arnošt Lustig">Arnošt Lustig</a> wrote a novel <i>Lovely Green Eyes</i> (<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1559706961" title="Special:BookSources/1559706961">1559706961</a>), which tells a story of a 15-year-old Jewish girl deported to a camp and forced to serve in a brothel during World War II. In the 1950s-set Australian television drama <i><a href="/wiki/A_Place_to_Call_Home_(season_2)" class="mw-redirect" title="A Place to Call Home (season 2)">A Place to Call Home</a></i>, the main character, Sarah Adams, is an Australian who converted to Judaism and was imprisoned at <a href="/wiki/Ravensbr%C3%BCck_concentration_camp" title="Ravensbrück concentration camp">Ravensbrück concentration camp</a> before being forced into a camp brothel.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The English rock band <a href="/wiki/Joy_Division" title="Joy Division">Joy Division</a><sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> was named after the camp brothels at Auschwitz as described in the 1953 novel <i><a href="/wiki/House_of_Dolls" title="House of Dolls">House of Dolls</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=German_camp_brothels_in_World_War_II&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Comfort_women" title="Comfort women">Comfort women</a> (Japan)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_military_brothels_in_World_War_II" title="German military brothels in World War II">German military brothels in World War II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_war_crimes" title="German war crimes">German war crimes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Recreation_and_Amusement_Association" title="Recreation and Amusement Association">Recreation and Amusement Association</a> (Japan)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_slavery#Germany_during_World_War_II" title="Sexual slavery">Sexual slavery by Germany during World War II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wartime_sexual_violence#Europe" title="Wartime sexual violence">War rape by German forces during World War II</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=German_camp_brothels_in_World_War_II&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 35em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-wollheim-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-wollheim_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-wollheim_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-wollheim_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-wollheim_1-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wollheim-memorial.de/en/lagerbordell_en">"Camp Brothel".</a> <i>Wollheim Memorial</i>. Accessed June 30, 2011.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-derspiegel2007-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-derspiegel2007_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.spiegel.de/international/0,1518,459704,00.html">New Exhibition Documents Forced Prostitution in Concentration Camps - Der Spiegel - 15 January 2007</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Herbermann-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Herbermann_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Herbermann_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Herbermann_3-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNanda_HerbermannHester_BaerElizabeth_Roberts_Baer2000" class="citation book cs1">Nanda Herbermann; Hester Baer; Elizabeth Roberts Baer (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=3JM3AdnmE18C&q=%22it+is+impossible+to+speak+of+free+will+when+considering+the+circumstances%22&pg=PA34"><i>The Blessed Abyss: Inmate #6582 in Ravensbruck Concentration Camp for Women</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(<a href="/wiki/Google_Books" title="Google Books">Google Books</a>)</span>. Detroit: <a href="/wiki/Wayne_State_University" title="Wayne State University">Wayne State University</a> Press. pp. 33–34. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8143-2920-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-8143-2920-9"><bdi>0-8143-2920-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Blessed+Abyss%3A+Inmate+%236582+in+Ravensbruck+Concentration+Camp+for+Women&rft.place=Detroit&rft.pages=33-34&rft.pub=Wayne+State+University+Press&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=0-8143-2920-9&rft.au=Nanda+Herbermann&rft.au=Hester+Baer&rft.au=Elizabeth+Roberts+Baer&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D3JM3AdnmE18C%26q%3D%2522it%2Bis%2Bimpossible%2Bto%2Bspeak%2Bof%2Bfree%2Bwill%2Bwhen%2Bconsidering%2Bthe%2Bcircumstances%2522%26pg%3DPA34&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGerman+camp+brothels+in+World+War+II" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Wickert-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Wickert_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Wickert_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Christl Wickert: Tabu Lagerbordell, in: Eschebach/Jacobeit/Wenk: Gedächtnis und Geschlecht, 2002, S. 44</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Heger-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Heger_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Heger_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Heger_5-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Heger_5-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Heinz Heger, Die Männer mit dem rosa Winkel, 5th ed., 2001, p. 137</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-haaretz-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-haaretz_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Tom Segev, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110515100325/http://www.haaretz.com/weekend/magazine/dreaming-with-shimon-1.225831">"Who was the camp whore?"</a> Haaretz.com, January 13, 2011. <i>Quote:</i> Na'ama Shik of Yad Vashem's Institute for Holocaust Education, asserts on the basis of doctoral research that the Nazis did not employ Jewish prostitutes in the camp, and that at the time they used the series of numbers seen in the picture at Auschwitz, numbers were no longer etched on prisoners' chests, but only on their arms.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kuntz-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Kuntz_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMelissa_Kuntz2007" class="citation cs2">Melissa Kuntz (2007), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pittsburghcitypaper.ws/gyrobase/Content?oid=oid%3A30183"><i>The Forgotten Photographs: The Work of Paul Goldman from 1943-1961</i></a>, Pittsburgh: American Jewish Museum, <i>See:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110106024630/http://info.jpost.com/C007/Supplements/TimeCapsule/0722.02.html">photograph of an inmate with chest tattoo</a> published by Jerusalem Post<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 10,</span> 2011</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Forgotten+Photographs%3A+The+Work+of+Paul+Goldman+from+1943-1961&rft.place=Pittsburgh&rft.pub=American+Jewish+Museum&rft.date=2007&rft.au=Melissa+Kuntz&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.pittsburghcitypaper.ws%2Fgyrobase%2FContent%3Foid%3Doid%253A30183&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGerman+camp+brothels+in+World+War+II" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Lessons-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Lessons_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Lessons_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Lessons_8-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Lessons_8-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBosSommer2014" class="citation book cs1">Bos, Pascale; Sommer, Robert (2014). Earl, Hilary; Schleunes, Karl A. (eds.). <i>Lessons and Legacies Volume XI: Expanding Perspectives on the Holocaust in a Changing World</i>. Evanston, Illinois: Northwestern University Press. pp. 60–89. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8101-3091-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8101-3091-3"><bdi>978-0-8101-3091-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Lessons+and+Legacies+Volume+XI%3A+Expanding+Perspectives+on+the+Holocaust+in+a+Changing+World&rft.place=Evanston%2C+Illinois&rft.pages=60-89&rft.pub=Northwestern+University+Press&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-0-8101-3091-3&rft.aulast=Bos&rft.aufirst=Pascale&rft.au=Sommer%2C+Robert&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGerman+camp+brothels+in+World+War+II" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Ka-tzetnik 135633. The House of Dolls. ISBN 1-85958-506-X.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Schulz-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Schulz_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Christa Schulz, "Weibliche Häftlinge aus Ravensbrück in Bordellen der Männerkonzentrationslager" (<i>Female prisoners from Ravensbrück in brothels for male concentration camp prisoners</i>)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Paul-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Paul_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Christa Paul, Zwangsprostitution. Staatlich errichtete Bordelle im Nationalsozialismus (<i>Forced prostitution: Brothels established by the National Socialist State</i>).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ARD-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ARD_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">In: Thomas Gaevert / Martin Hilbert: "Frauen als Beute" ("Women as Booty"), 2004 documentary film made for <a href="/wiki/ARD_(broadcaster)" title="ARD (broadcaster)">ARD</a>. Quote in <a href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German</a>: "Wenn wir wußten, daß in unserem Block eine ausgesucht wurde, haben wir sie geschnappt und ihr eine Decke übergeworfen und sie so verprügelt, daß sie sich nicht mehr rühren konnte. Es war unklar, ob sie sich davon überhaupt wieder erholen könnte. Die wollten doch nur ein schöneres Leben haben und wir haben sie so bestraft."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStiglegger2007" class="citation web cs1">Stiglegger, Marcus (2007-02-09). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ikonenmagazin.de/artikel/Nightporter.htm">"Beyond Good and Evil? Sadomasochism politics cinema 1970s"</a>. <i>IKONEN</i>. Ikonenmagazin.de<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2010-03-14</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=IKONEN&rft.atitle=Beyond+Good+and+Evil%3F+Sadomasochism+politics+cinema+1970s&rft.date=2007-02-09&rft.aulast=Stiglegger&rft.aufirst=Marcus&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ikonenmagazin.de%2Fartikel%2FNightporter.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGerman+camp+brothels+in+World+War+II" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSterngast2007" class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Sterngast, Tal (5 August 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.taz.de/?id=digi-artikel&ressort=ku&art=2725&no_cache=1">"Schultzes Hündin"</a>. <i>Die Tageszeitung: Taz</i> (in German).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Die+Tageszeitung%3A+Taz&rft.atitle=Schultzes+H%C3%BCndin&rft.date=2007-08-05&rft.aulast=Sterngast&rft.aufirst=Tal&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.taz.de%2F%3Fid%3Ddigi-artikel%26ressort%3Dku%26art%3D2725%26no_cache%3D1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGerman+camp+brothels+in+World+War+II" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://diepresse.com/home/kultur/news/403105/index.do">"Folternde, vollbusige SS-Frauen «"</a>. <i>Diepresse.com</i>. 2010-02-18<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2010-03-14</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Diepresse.com&rft.atitle=Folternde%2C+vollbusige+SS-Frauen+%C2%AB&rft.date=2010-02-18&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdiepresse.com%2Fhome%2Fkultur%2Fnews%2F403105%2Findex.do&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGerman+camp+brothels+in+World+War+II" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Dorothy Rabinowitz (December 12, 2014), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wsj.com/articles/tv-review-a-place-to-call-homehigh-drama-from-down-under-1418350941">Review of ‘A Place to Call Home’: High Drama From Down Under.</a> The Wall Street Journal.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://faroutmagazine.co.uk/how-joy-division-got-their-name/">"How Joy Division got their name - Far Out Magazine"</a>. 25 January 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=How+Joy+Division+got+their+name+-+Far+Out+Magazine&rft.date=2021-01-25&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ffaroutmagazine.co.uk%2Fhow-joy-division-got-their-name%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGerman+camp+brothels+in+World+War+II" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Books">Books</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=German_camp_brothels_in_World_War_II&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Books"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChristl_Wickert1996" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Christl Wickert (1996). "Das große Schweigen; Zwangsprostitution im Dritten Reich (The Big Silence: Forced Prostitution on the Third Reich)". <i>WerkstattGeschichte</i> (in German). <b>13</b>: 90–95. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0933-5706">0933-5706</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=WerkstattGeschichte&rft.atitle=Das+gro%C3%9Fe+Schweigen%3B+Zwangsprostitution+im+Dritten+Reich+%28The+Big+Silence%3A+Forced+Prostitution+on+the+Third+Reich%29&rft.volume=13&rft.pages=90-95&rft.date=1996&rft.issn=0933-5706&rft.au=Christl+Wickert&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGerman+camp+brothels+in+World+War+II" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output 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navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Nazi_concentration_camps" title="Template:Nazi concentration camps"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Nazi_concentration_camps" title="Template talk:Nazi concentration camps"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Nazi_concentration_camps" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Nazi concentration camps"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Nazi_concentration_camps" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Nazi_concentration_camps" title="Nazi concentration camps">Nazi concentration camps</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Main camps</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arbeitsdorf_concentration_camp" title="Arbeitsdorf concentration camp">Arbeitsdorf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Auschwitz_concentration_camp" title="Auschwitz concentration camp">Auschwitz</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_subcamps_of_Auschwitz" title="List of subcamps of Auschwitz">subcamps</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bergen-Belsen_concentration_camp" title="Bergen-Belsen concentration camp">Bergen-Belsen</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_subcamps_of_Bergen-Belsen" title="List of subcamps of Bergen-Belsen">subcamps</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buchenwald_concentration_camp" title="Buchenwald concentration camp">Buchenwald</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_subcamps_of_Buchenwald" title="List of subcamps of Buchenwald">subcamps</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dachau_concentration_camp" title="Dachau concentration camp">Dachau</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_subcamps_of_Dachau" title="List of subcamps of Dachau">subcamps</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flossenb%C3%BCrg_concentration_camp" title="Flossenbürg concentration camp">Flossenbürg</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_subcamps_of_Flossenb%C3%BCrg" title="List of subcamps of Flossenbürg">subcamps</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gross-Rosen_concentration_camp" title="Gross-Rosen concentration camp">Gross-Rosen</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_subcamps_of_Gross-Rosen" title="List of subcamps of Gross-Rosen">subcamps</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herzogenbusch_concentration_camp" title="Herzogenbusch concentration camp">Herzogenbusch</a> <ul><li>subcamps</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hinzert_concentration_camp" title="Hinzert concentration camp">Hinzert</a> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_subcamps_of_Hinzert&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="List of subcamps of Hinzert (page does not exist)">subcamps</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaiserwald_concentration_camp" title="Kaiserwald concentration camp">Kaiserwald</a> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_subcamps_of_Kaiserwald&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="List of subcamps of Kaiserwald (page does not exist)">subcamps</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kauen_concentration_camp" title="Kauen concentration camp">Kauen</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_subcamps_of_Kauen" title="List of subcamps of Kauen">subcamps</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krak%C3%B3w-P%C5%82asz%C3%B3w_concentration_camp" title="Kraków-Płaszów concentration camp">Kraków-Płaszów</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_subcamps_of_Krak%C3%B3w-P%C5%82asz%C3%B3w" title="List of subcamps of Kraków-Płaszów">subcamps</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Majdanek_concentration_camp" title="Majdanek concentration camp">Majdanek</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_subcamps_of_Majdanek" title="List of subcamps of Majdanek">subcamps</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mauthausen_concentration_camp" title="Mauthausen concentration camp">Mauthausen</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gusen_concentration_camp" title="Gusen concentration camp">Gusen</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_subcamps_of_Mauthausen" title="List of subcamps of Mauthausen">subcamps</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mittelbau-Dora_concentration_camp" title="Mittelbau-Dora concentration camp">Mittelbau-Dora</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_subcamps_of_Mittelbau" title="List of subcamps of Mittelbau">subcamps</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natzweiler-Struthof_concentration_camp" title="Natzweiler-Struthof concentration camp">Natzweiler-Struthof</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_subcamps_of_Natzweiler-Struthof" title="List of subcamps of Natzweiler-Struthof">subcamps</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neuengamme_concentration_camp" title="Neuengamme concentration camp">Neuengamme</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_subcamps_of_Neuengamme" title="List of subcamps of Neuengamme">subcamps</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niederhagen_concentration_camp" title="Niederhagen concentration camp">Niederhagen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ravensbr%C3%BCck_concentration_camp" title="Ravensbrück concentration camp">Ravensbrück</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_subcamps_of_Ravensbr%C3%BCck" title="List of subcamps of Ravensbrück">subcamps</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sachsenhausen_concentration_camp" title="Sachsenhausen concentration camp">Sachsenhausen</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_subcamps_of_Sachsenhausen" title="List of subcamps of Sachsenhausen">subcamps</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stutthof_concentration_camp" title="Stutthof concentration camp">Stutthof</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_subcamps_of_Stutthof" class="mw-redirect" title="List of subcamps of Stutthof">subcamps</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaivara_concentration_camp" title="Vaivara concentration camp">Vaivara</a> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_subcamps_of_Vaivara&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="List of subcamps of Vaivara (page does not exist)">subcamps</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warsaw_concentration_camp" title="Warsaw concentration camp">Warsaw</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Agencies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Concentration_Camps_Inspectorate" title="Concentration Camps Inspectorate">Concentration Camps Inspectorate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SS_Main_Economic_and_Administrative_Office" title="SS Main Economic and Administrative Office">SS Main Economic and Administrative Office</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_Earth_and_Stone_Works" title="German Earth and Stone Works">German Earth and Stone Works</a> (DEST)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deutsche_Wirtschaftsbetriebe" title="Deutsche Wirtschaftsbetriebe">Deutsche Wirtschaftsbetriebe</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/SS-Totenkopfverb%C3%A4nde" title="SS-Totenkopfverbände">SS-Totenkopfverbände</a></i> (Camp SS)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Subdivisions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Appellplatz" title="Appellplatz">Appellplatz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanit%C3%A4tswesen" title="Sanitätswesen">Sanitätswesen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subcamp" title="Subcamp">Subcamp</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/SS_construction_brigade" title="SS construction brigade">SS construction brigade</a></li></ul></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Camp brothels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politische_Abteilung" title="Politische Abteilung">Politische Abteilung</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revier_(Nazi_concentration_camps)" title="Revier (Nazi concentration camps)">Revier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strafkompanie" title="Strafkompanie">Strafkompanie</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Action_14f13" title="Action 14f13">Action 14f13</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Action_14f14&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Action 14f14 (page does not exist)">Action 14f14</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_camps" title="Early camps">Early camps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forced_labor_in_Nazi_concentration_camps" title="Forced labor in Nazi concentration camps">Forced labor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Identification_of_inmates_in_German_concentration_camps" class="mw-redirect" title="Identification of inmates in German concentration camps">Identification of inmates</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nazi_concentration_camp_badge" title="Nazi concentration camp badge">Badges</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Black_triangle_(badge)" title="Black triangle (badge)">Black</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/P_(Nazi_symbol)" title="P (Nazi symbol)">P</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pink_triangle" title="Pink triangle">Pink</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Purple_triangle" title="Purple triangle">Purple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yellow_badge" title="Yellow badge">Yellow</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Language_of_Nazi_concentration_camps" title="Language of Nazi concentration camps">Language</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Muselmann" title="Muselmann">Muselmann</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disciplinary_and_Penal_Code" title="Disciplinary and Penal Code">Disciplinary and Penal Code</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Death_marches_(Holocaust)" class="mw-redirect" title="Death marches (Holocaust)">Death marches</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Postenpflicht" title="Postenpflicht">Postenpflicht</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Selection_(Holocaust)" title="Selection (Holocaust)">Selection</a></li> <li>Slogans <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Arbeit_macht_frei" title="Arbeit macht frei">Arbeit macht frei</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Jedem_das_Seine" title="Jedem das Seine">Jedem das Seine</a></i></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Personnel</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nazi_concentration_camp_commandant" title="Nazi concentration camp commandant">Commandant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lagerf%C3%BChrer" title="Lagerführer">Lagerführer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schutzhaftlagerf%C3%BChrer" title="Schutzhaftlagerführer">Schutzhaftlagerführer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Female_guards_in_Nazi_concentration_camps" title="Female guards in Nazi concentration camps">Female guards</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wehrmacht_guards_at_Nazi_concentration_camps&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Wehrmacht guards at Nazi concentration camps (page does not exist)">Wehrmacht</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Luftwaffe_guards_at_concentration_camps" title="Luftwaffe guards at concentration camps">Luftwaffe guards</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Prisoners</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prisoner_functionaries" title="Prisoner functionaries">Prisoner functionaries</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kapo" title="Kapo">Kapo</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Asocial_prisoners_in_Nazi_concentration_camps&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Asocial prisoners in Nazi concentration camps (page does not exist)">"Asocials"</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_homosexuals_in_Nazi_Germany" title="Persecution of homosexuals in Nazi Germany">Homosexuals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Jehovah%27s_Witnesses_in_Nazi_Germany#Concentration_camps" title="Persecution of Jehovah's Witnesses in Nazi Germany">Jehovah's Witnesses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Jews#Nazi_Germany" title="Persecution of Jews">Jews</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Political_prisoners_in_Nazi_concentration_camps&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Political prisoners in Nazi concentration camps (page does not exist)">Political prisoners</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Nacht_und_Nebel" title="Nacht und Nebel">Nacht und Nebel</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sonder-_und_Ehrenhaft" title="Sonder- und Ehrenhaft">Sonder- und Ehrenhaft</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rassenschande" title="Rassenschande">"Race defilers"</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romani_Holocaust" title="Romani Holocaust">Roma and 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