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vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Animation_(1911–1921)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.5 Animation (1911–1921) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Animation_(1911–1921)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Later_career_(1921–1934)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Later_career_(1921–1934)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.6 Later career (1921–1934) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Later_career_(1921–1934)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Death" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Death"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.7 Death </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Death-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Personal_life" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Personal_life"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2 Personal life </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Personal_life-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Legacy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Legacy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Legacy </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Legacy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Style" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Style"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Style </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Style-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-List_of_comic_strips" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#List_of_comic_strips"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 List of comic strips </div> </a> <ul id="toc-List_of_comic_strips-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Filmography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Filmography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Filmography </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Filmography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Notes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 References </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle References subsection </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Works_cited" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Works_cited"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.1 Works cited </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Works_cited-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Books" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Books"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.1.1 Books </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Books-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Magazines_and_journals" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Magazines_and_journals"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.1.2 Magazines and journals </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Magazines_and_journals-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Newspapers" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Newspapers"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.1.3 Newspapers </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Newspapers-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Web" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Web"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.1.4 Web </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Web-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 Further reading </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Winsor McCay</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 44 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-44" aria-hidden="true" > 44 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%88%D9%8A%D9%86%D8%B3%D8%B1_%D9%85%D9%83%D8%A7%D9%8A" title="وينسر مكاي – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="وينسر مكاي" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%89%E0%A6%87%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%B0_%E0%A6%AE%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%87" title="উইনসর ম্যাকে – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="উইনসর ম্যাকে" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winsor_McCay" title="Winsor McCay – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Winsor McCay" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bosanski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winsor_McCay" title="Winsor McCay – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Winsor McCay" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target">Brezhoneg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winsor_McCay" title="Winsor McCay – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Winsor McCay" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winsor_McCay" title="Winsor McCay – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Winsor McCay" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winsor_McCay" title="Winsor McCay – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Winsor McCay" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winsor_McCay" title="Winsor McCay – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Winsor McCay" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winsor_McCay" title="Winsor McCay – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Winsor McCay" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winsor_McCay" title="Winsor McCay – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Winsor McCay" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winsor_McCay" title="Winsor McCay – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Winsor McCay" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%88%DB%8C%D9%86%D8%B3%D9%88%D8%B1_%D9%85%DA%A9%E2%80%8C%DA%A9%DB%8C" title="وینسور مک‌کی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="وینسور مک‌کی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winsor_McCay" title="Winsor McCay – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Winsor McCay" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winsor_McCay" title="Winsor McCay – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Winsor McCay" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%9C%88%EC%A0%80_%EB%A7%A5%EC%BC%80%EC%9D%B4" title="윈저 맥케이 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="윈저 맥케이" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%88%D6%82%D5%AB%D5%B6%D5%A6%D5%B8%D6%80_%D5%84%D5%A1%D6%84%D6%84%D5%A5%D5%B5" title="Ուինզոր Մաքքեյ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Ուինզոր Մաքքեյ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winsor_McCay" title="Winsor McCay – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Winsor McCay" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winsor_McCay" title="Winsor McCay – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Winsor McCay" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winsor_McCay" title="Winsor McCay – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Winsor McCay" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%95%D7%99%D7%A0%D7%96%D7%95%D7%A8_%D7%9E%D7%A7%D7%99%D7%99" title="וינזור מקיי – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="וינזור מקיי" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winsor_McCay" title="Winsor McCay – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Winsor McCay" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winsor_McCay" title="Winsor McCay – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Winsor McCay" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B7%D0%BE%D1%80_%D0%9C%D0%B5%D0%BA%D0%B5%D1%98" title="Винзор Мекеј – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Винзор Мекеј" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%88%D9%8A%D9%86%D8%B3%D8%B1_%D9%85%D9%83%D8%A7%D9%89" title="وينسر مكاى – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="وينسر مكاى" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">مصرى</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winsor_McCay" title="Winsor McCay – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Winsor McCay" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winsor_McCay" title="Winsor McCay – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Winsor McCay" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%A6%E3%82%A3%E3%83%B3%E3%82%B6%E3%83%BC%E3%83%BB%E3%83%9E%E3%83%83%E3%82%B1%E3%82%A4" title="ウィンザー・マッケイ – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ウィンザー・マッケイ" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winsor_McCay" title="Winsor McCay – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Winsor McCay" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winsor_McCay" title="Winsor McCay – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Winsor McCay" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winsor_McCay" title="Winsor McCay – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Winsor McCay" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winsor_McCay" title="Winsor McCay – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Winsor McCay" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%BA%D0%B5%D0%B9,_%D0%A3%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B7%D0%BE%D1%80" title="Маккей, Уинзор – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Маккей, Уинзор" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winsor_McCay" title="Winsor McCay – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Winsor McCay" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B7%D0%BE%D1%80_%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%B5%D1%98" title="Винзор Макеј – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Винзор Макеј" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winsor_McCay" title="Winsor McCay – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Winsor McCay" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winsor_McCay" title="Winsor McCay – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Winsor McCay" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winsor_McCay" title="Winsor McCay – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Winsor McCay" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%86%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%87" title="வின்சர் மெக்கே – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="வின்சர் மெக்கே" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target">தமிழ்</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%8B%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C_%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%A1%E0%B9%87%E0%B8%81%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%A2%E0%B9%8C" title="วินซอร์ แม็กเคย์ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="วินซอร์ แม็กเคย์" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winsor_McCay" title="Winsor McCay – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Winsor McCay" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D1%96%D0%BD%D0%B7%D0%BE%D1%80_%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%BA%D0%B5%D0%B9" title="Вінзор Маккей – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Вінзор Маккей" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%88%D9%86%D8%B3%D8%B1_%D9%85%DB%8C%DA%A9%DB%92" title="ونسر میکے – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="ونسر میکے" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target">اردو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winsor_McCay" title="Winsor McCay – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Winsor McCay" 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Click here for more information." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/94/Symbol_support_vote.svg/19px-Symbol_support_vote.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/94/Symbol_support_vote.svg/29px-Symbol_support_vote.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/94/Symbol_support_vote.svg/39px-Symbol_support_vote.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">American cartoonist and animator (c.1866–1934)</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox biography vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:125%;"><div class="fn">Winsor McCay</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Winsor_McCay_1906.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A black and white photograph of a middle-aged man in a suit posing reclined in a chair" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Winsor_McCay_1906.jpg/220px-Winsor_McCay_1906.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="263" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Winsor_McCay_1906.jpg/330px-Winsor_McCay_1906.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/75/Winsor_McCay_1906.jpg 2x" data-file-width="421" data-file-height="504" /></a><div class="infobox-caption">McCay in 1906</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data"><div style="display:inline" class="nickname">Zenas Winsor McKay</div> <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1866–1871<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECanemaker201828-1">[1]</a> <div style="display:inline" class="birthplace"><a href="/wiki/Spring_Lake,_Michigan" title="Spring Lake, Michigan">Spring Lake, Michigan</a>, US; or Canada (disputed)</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">(1934-07-26)July 26, 1934<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHaverstockVanceMeggitt2000-2">[2]</a> (aged 63–68) <div style="display:inline" class="deathplace">New York City, US<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHaverstockVanceMeggitt2000-2">[2]</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Resting place</th><td class="infobox-data label"><a href="/wiki/Cemetery_of_the_Evergreens" title="Cemetery of the Evergreens">Cemetery of the Evergreens</a>, Brooklyn, New York<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilson2016-3">[3]</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Winsor_McCay&params=40_41_2.0_N_73_54_4.3_W_type:landmark&title=Winsor+McCay%27s+resting+place">40°41′2.0″N 73°54′4.3″W / 40.683889°N 73.901194°W / 40.683889; -73.901194 (Winsor McCay's resting place)</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Occupations</th><td class="infobox-data role"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><div class="hlist"> <ul><li>Animator</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cartoonist" title="Cartoonist">cartoonist</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Notable work</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><div class="hlist nowraplinks"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gertie_the_Dinosaur" title="Gertie the Dinosaur">Gertie the Dinosaur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Little_Nemo" title="Little Nemo">Little Nemo</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Spouse</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1151524712">.mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin2px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-2px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin3px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-3px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-display-ws{display:inline;white-space:nowrap}</style> <div class="marriage-display-ws"><div style="display:inline-block;line-height:normal;margin-top:1px;white-space:normal;">Maude Leonore Dufour</div> <div class="marriage-line-margin2px"></div> <div style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:1px;"></div>(<abbr title="married">m.</abbr> 1891)</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Children</th><td class="infobox-data">2, including <a href="/wiki/Bob_McCay" title="Bob McCay">Bob</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Signature</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a href="/wiki/File:Winsor_McCay_signature.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Winsor_McCay_signature.png/100px-Winsor_McCay_signature.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="53" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Winsor_McCay_signature.png/150px-Winsor_McCay_signature.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/1b/Winsor_McCay_signature.png 2x" data-file-width="159" data-file-height="85" /></a></td></tr></tbody></table> Zenas Winsor McCay (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1866–1871 – July 26, 1934) was an American <a href="/wiki/Cartoonist" title="Cartoonist">cartoonist</a> and animator. He is best known for the comic strip <a href="/wiki/Little_Nemo" title="Little Nemo">Little Nemo</a> (1905–1914; 1924–1927) and the animated film <a href="/wiki/Gertie_the_Dinosaur" title="Gertie the Dinosaur">Gertie the Dinosaur</a> (1914). For contractual reasons, he worked under the pen name Silas on the comic strip <a href="/wiki/Dream_of_the_Rarebit_Fiend" title="Dream of the Rarebit Fiend">Dream of the Rarebit Fiend</a>. From a young age, McCay was a quick, prolific, and technically dextrous artist. He started his professional career making posters and performing for <a href="/wiki/Dime_museum" title="Dime museum">dime museums</a>, and in 1898 began illustrating newspapers and magazines. In 1903 he joined the <a href="/wiki/New_York_Herald" title="New York Herald">New York Herald</a>, where he created popular comic strips such as <a href="/wiki/Little_Sammy_Sneeze" title="Little Sammy Sneeze">Little Sammy Sneeze</a> and Dream of the Rarebit Fiend. In 1905 his signature strip Little Nemo in Slumberland debuted—a fantasy strip in an <a href="/wiki/Art_Nouveau" title="Art Nouveau">Art Nouveau</a> style about a young boy and his adventurous dreams. The strip demonstrated McCay's strong graphic sense and mastery of color and <a href="/wiki/Perspective_(graphical)" title="Perspective (graphical)">linear perspective</a>. McCay experimented with the formal elements of the comic strip page, arranging and sizing panels to increase impact and enhance the narrative. McCay also produced numerous detailed <a href="/wiki/Editorial_cartoon" class="mw-redirect" title="Editorial cartoon">editorial cartoons</a> and was a popular performer of <a href="/wiki/Chalk_talk" title="Chalk talk">chalk talks</a> on the <a href="/wiki/Vaudeville" title="Vaudeville">vaudeville</a> circuit. McCay was an early animation pioneer; between 1911 and 1921 he self-financed and animated ten films, some of which survive only as fragments. The first three served in his vaudeville act; Gertie the Dinosaur was an interactive routine in which McCay appeared to give orders to a trained dinosaur. McCay and his assistants worked for twenty-two months on his most ambitious film, <a href="/wiki/The_Sinking_of_the_Lusitania" title="The Sinking of the Lusitania">The Sinking of the Lusitania</a> (1918), a patriotic recreation of the <a href="/wiki/Sinking_of_the_RMS_Lusitania" title="Sinking of the RMS Lusitania">German torpedoing in 1915</a> of the <a href="/wiki/RMS_Lusitania" title="RMS Lusitania">RMS Lusitania</a>. Lusitania did not enjoy as much commercial success as the earlier films, and McCay's later movies attracted little attention. His animation, vaudeville, and comic strip work was gradually curtailed as newspaper magnate <a href="/wiki/William_Randolph_Hearst" title="William Randolph Hearst">William Randolph Hearst</a>, his employer since 1911, expected McCay to devote his energies to editorial illustrations. In his drawing, McCay made bold, prodigious use of linear perspective, particularly in detailed architecture and cityscapes. He textured his editorial cartoons with copious fine <a href="/wiki/Hatching" title="Hatching">hatching</a>, and made color a central element in Little Nemo. His comic strip work has influenced generations of cartoonists and illustrators. The technical level of McCay's animation—its naturalism, smoothness, and scale—was unmatched until the work of <a href="/wiki/Fleischer_Studios" title="Fleischer Studios">Fleischer Studios</a> in the late 1920s, followed by <a href="/wiki/The_Walt_Disney_Company" title="The Walt Disney Company">Walt Disney</a>'s feature films in the 1930s. He pioneered <a href="/wiki/Inbetweening" title="Inbetweening">inbetweening</a>, the use of <a href="/wiki/Printing_registration" title="Printing registration">registration marks</a>, <a href="/wiki/Traditional_animation#Animation_loops" title="Traditional animation">cycling</a>, and other animation techniques that were to become standard. <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Personal_history">Personal history</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Winsor_McCay&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Personal history">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Family_history">Family history</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Winsor_McCay&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Family history">edit</a>]</div> McCay's paternal grandparents, farmers Donald and Christiana McKay, immigrated from Scotland to <a href="/wiki/Upper_Canada" title="Upper Canada">Upper Canada</a><a href="#cite_note-4">[a]</a> in the mid-1830s. McCay's father, Robert McKay (1840 – March 21, 1915) was born in <a href="/wiki/Woodstock,_Ontario" title="Woodstock, Ontario">Woodstock</a>, Upper Canada, the third of six children. McCay's maternal grandparents, Peter and Mary Murray, were also Scottish immigrants, and settled as farmers in <a href="/wiki/East_Zorra-Tavistock" title="East Zorra-Tavistock">East Zorra</a> in Upper Canada. Their daughter Janet was the third of nine children.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECanemaker200521-5">[4]</a> Robert was a member of King Solomon's No. 43 <a href="/wiki/Masonic_Lodge" class="mw-redirect" title="Masonic Lodge">Masonic Lodge</a> in Woodstock.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrand_Lodge_of_British_Columbia_and_Yukon2002-6">[5]</a> In 1862, Robert first traveled to the U.S.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECanemaker200522-7">[6]</a> Robert and the twenty-five-year-old Janet married on January 8, 1866, at Woodstock's Methodist Episcopal Church. The couple moved across the <a href="/wiki/Canada%E2%80%93United_States_border" title="Canada–United States border">Canada–United States border</a> later in the year and settled in <a href="/wiki/Spring_Lake,_Michigan" title="Spring Lake, Michigan">Spring Lake, Michigan</a>, on the eastern coast of <a href="/wiki/Lake_Michigan" title="Lake Michigan">Lake Michigan</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECanemaker200521-5">[4]</a> Robert was employed by American entrepreneur Zenas G. Winsor (1814–1890), with whom he had made contact in Canada.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECanemaker200522-7">[6]</a> Records of McCay's birth are not extant. He stated in an interview in 1910 that he was born in 1869, and this is the year listed on his grave marker. Late in life, he told friends he was born September 26, 1871, in Spring Lake, and they published this information in a magazine.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECanemaker200522-7">[6]</a> Michigan census records from 1870 and 1880 list a Zenas W. McKay, who was born in Canada in 1867,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECanemaker200522Bien2011123-8">[7]</a> and others have speculated 1866 or 1868 based on evidence on how the censuses were carried out.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECanemaker201828-1">[1]</a> No Canadian birth record has been found, and a fire in Spring Lake in May 1893 could have destroyed any American birth record he may have had.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECanemaker200522-7">[6]</a> His obituary in the <a href="/wiki/New_York_Herald_Tribune" title="New York Herald Tribune">New York Herald Tribune</a> stated, "not even Mr. McCay knew his exact age".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECanemaker200546-9">[8]</a><a href="#cite_note-10">[9]</a> The McCays had two more children: Arthur in 1868, and Mae in 1876. Both were born in Michigan. Robert worked as a <a href="/wiki/Teamster" title="Teamster">teamster</a> under Winsor, and by May 1870 had saved enough money to buy a parcel of land. From 1879 to 1881, he worked as a retail grocer.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECanemaker200522-7">[6]</a> In 1885 he moved the family to <a href="/wiki/Stanton,_Michigan" title="Stanton, Michigan">Stanton, Michigan</a>, and expanded his land holdings; he was successful in real estate with his brother Hugh, who moved from Canada in 1887.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECanemaker200523-11">[10]</a> By 1905, Robert was also a <a href="/wiki/Notary_public" title="Notary public">notary public</a>. He had settled in <a href="/wiki/Edmore,_Michigan" title="Edmore, Michigan">Edmore, Michigan</a>, and by this point had changed the spelling of his surname from "McKay" to "McCay".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECanemaker200523-11">[10]</a> His son related this story about the change: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote">Three Scotsmen of the <a href="/wiki/Clan_Mackay" title="Clan Mackay">clan McKay</a> were looking for a fourth member to fight four members of the Irish clan Magee ... 'I'm not one of you', my father pointed out. 'You see, I'm one of the clan M-c-C-A-Y.' And that is how I got both my name and my sense of humor.<div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>Winsor McCay<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECanemaker200523-11">[10]</a></cite></div></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_life">Early life</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Winsor_McCay&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Early life">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1224211176">.mw-parser-output .quotebox{background-color:#F9F9F9;border:1px solid #aaa;box-sizing:border-box;padding:10px;font-size:88%;max-width:100%}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatleft{margin:.5em 1.4em .8em 0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatright{margin:.5em 0 .8em 1.4em}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.centered{overflow:hidden;position:relative;margin:.5em auto .8em auto}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatleft span,.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatright span{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output .quotebox>blockquote{margin:0;padding:0;border-left:0;font-family:inherit;font-size:inherit}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-title{text-align:center;font-size:110%;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote>:first-child{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote:last-child>:last-child{margin-bottom:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote.quoted:before{font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;font-weight:bold;font-size:large;color:gray;content:" “ ";vertical-align:-45%;line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote.quoted:after{font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;font-weight:bold;font-size:large;color:gray;content:" ” ";line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .left-aligned{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .right-aligned{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .center-aligned{text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .quote-title,.mw-parser-output .quotebox .quotebox-quote{display:block}.mw-parser-output .quotebox cite{display:block;font-style:normal}@media screen and (max-width:640px){.mw-parser-output .quotebox{width:100%!important;margin:0 0 .8em!important;float:none!important}}</style><div class="quotebox pullquote floatright" style=";"> <blockquote class="quotebox-quote left-aligned" style=""> I just couldn't stop drawing anything and everything. </blockquote> <cite class="left-aligned" style="">—Winsor McCay<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECanemaker200523-11">[10]</a></cite> </div> McCay came to be known by his middle name, Winsor. His drawing skills emerged early. According to a story told within the family, McCay made his first drawing in the aftermath of one of the many fires that hit Spring Lake: he picked up a nail and etched the scene of the fire in the frost of a windowpane. Drawing became obsessive for him;<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECanemaker200523-11">[10]</a> he drew anything he saw, and the level of detail and accuracy in his drawing was noted at a young age. He was able to draw accurately from memory even things he had never before drawn—what McCay called "memory sketching". His father thought little of his son's artistic talents, though,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECanemaker200524-12">[11]</a> and had him sent to <a href="/wiki/Cleary_University" title="Cleary University">Cleary Business College</a> in <a href="/wiki/Ypsilanti,_Michigan" title="Ypsilanti, Michigan">Ypsilanti, Michigan</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECanemaker200528-13">[12]</a> McCay rarely attended classes. He bragged about how he would catch the train to Detroit to show off his drawing skills at the Wonderland and Eden Musee <a href="/wiki/Dime_museum" title="Dime museum">dime museum</a>. He drew portraits there for 25<a href="/wiki/Cent_(United_States_coin)" class="mw-redirect" title="Cent (United States coin)"><abbr title="cent (United States coin)">¢</abbr></a><span class="sr-only" style="border: 0; clip: rect(0, 0, 0, 0); clip-path: polygon(0px 0px, 0px 0px, 0px 0px); height: 1px; margin: -1px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0; position: absolute; width: 1px; white-space: nowrap;">Tooltip cent (United States coin) apiece, of which he kept half.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECanemaker200528–29-14">[13]</a> McCay thrived on the attention he received, and his talents soon drew wider attention. John Goodison, a geography and drawing professor at <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Michigan_University" title="Eastern Michigan University">Michigan State Normal School</a>, offered to teach art to McCay privately, and McCay eagerly accepted. The lessons were practical and focused on using observation to learn to draw in geometrical <a href="/wiki/Perspective_(graphical)" title="Perspective (graphical)">perspective</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECanemaker200530-15">[14]</a> Goodison, a former <a href="/wiki/Stained_glass" title="Stained glass">glass stainer</a>, influenced McCay's use of color. McCay learned how to draw quickly using drills on a blackboard, and gained an appreciation for master artists of the past.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECanemaker200531-16">[15]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_career_(1889–1903)">Early career (1889–1903)</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Winsor_McCay&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Early career (1889–1903)">edit</a>]</div> McCay spent two years in Chicago<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECanemaker200538-17">[16]</a> after making his way there sometime in 1889 with his friend Mort Touvers.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECanemaker200533-18">[17]</a> He traded art techniques there with painter <a href="/wiki/Jules_Gu%C3%A9rin_(artist)" title="Jules Guérin (artist)">Jules Guérin</a>, whom he met at a boarding house in which he lodged, and did artwork for posters and pamphlets at the National Printing and Engraving Company.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECanemaker200534-19">[18]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Philippine-American_War.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A black-and-white political cartoon. Uncle Sam (representing the United States) gets entangled with rope around a tree labeled "Imperialism" while trying to subdue a bucking colt or mule labeled "Philippines" while a figure representing Spain walks off over the horizon." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Philippine-American_War.png/180px-Philippine-American_War.png" decoding="async" width="180" height="244" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Philippine-American_War.png/270px-Philippine-American_War.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Philippine-American_War.png/360px-Philippine-American_War.png 2x" data-file-width="709" data-file-height="962" /></a><figcaption>McCay did editorial cartoons early in his career (1899).</figcaption></figure> In 1891, McCay moved to <a href="/wiki/Cincinnati" title="Cincinnati">Cincinnati</a>, where he did more dime museum work<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECanemaker200538-17">[16]</a> while living in a boarding house near his workplace. He spent nine years making posters and other advertisements for the Kohl & Middleton Dime Museum,<a href="#cite_note-20">[b]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECanemaker200538-17">[16]</a> and later Heck and Avery's Family Theater (1896), Avery's New Dime Museum (1898), and Will S. Heck's Wonder World and Theater (1899)<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECanemaker200543-21">[19]</a> on <a href="/wiki/Vine_Street,_Cincinnati" title="Vine Street, Cincinnati">Vine Street</a>. At the museum in 1896, a demonstration of <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Edison" title="Thomas Edison">Thomas Edison</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Vitascope" title="Vitascope">Vitascope</a> was given, which was likely McCay's first exposure to the young medium of film.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECanemaker200540-22">[20]</a> He also did work during this time for Ph. Morton's printing and lithography company. McCay's ability to draw quickly with great accuracy drew crowds when he painted advertisements in public.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECanemaker200543–44-23">[21]</a> His first year at Kohl & Middleton, McCay was smitten when Maude Leonore Dufour walked into the dime museum with her sister while he was painting. He rushed to his studio to change into a custom-tailored suit, returned, and introduced himself to the fourteen-year-old Maude.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECanemaker200545-24">[22]</a> Soon they <a href="/wiki/Elopement_(marriage)" class="mw-redirect" title="Elopement (marriage)">eloped</a> in <a href="/wiki/Covington,_Kentucky" title="Covington, Kentucky">Covington, Kentucky</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECanemaker200546-9">[8]</a> McCay began working on the side for the <a href="/wiki/Cincinnati_Commercial_Tribune" title="Cincinnati Commercial Tribune">Cincinnati Commercial Tribune</a>, where he learned to draw with a <a href="/wiki/Dip_pen" title="Dip pen">dip pen</a> under the tutelage of Commercial Tribune art room manager Joseph Alexander. In 1898, he accepted a full-time position there.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECanemaker200547-25">[23]</a> His many illustrations for the paper displayed his bold use of perspective and mastery of <a href="/wiki/Hatching" title="Hatching">hatchwork</a>. Soon after, he began <a href="/wiki/Freelancer" title="Freelancer">freelancing</a> for the humor magazine <a href="/wiki/Life_(magazine)#1883_humor_and_general_interest_magazine" title="Life (magazine)">Life</a> as well.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECanemaker200548-26">[24]</a> In 1900, McCay accepted a position with a higher salary at <a href="/wiki/The_Cincinnati_Enquirer" title="The Cincinnati Enquirer">The Cincinnati Enquirer</a>. There, he produced a prolific number of drawings, did some reporting, and became head of the art department. In his drawings, he began using line thickness to indicate depth, and used thick lines to surround his characters in an <a href="/wiki/Art_Nouveau" title="Art Nouveau">Art Nouveau</a>-inspired style that became a trademark of his work.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECanemaker200557-27">[25]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Comic_strips_(1903–1911)">Comic strips (1903–1911)</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Winsor_McCay&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Comic strips (1903–1911)">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Little_Nemo_in_Slumberland_(1908-07-26)_panels_11_to_15.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Six panels from Little Nemo comic strip. Nemo dreams his bed grows legs and walks through the city." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Little_Nemo_in_Slumberland_%281908-07-26%29_panels_11_to_15.jpg/500px-Little_Nemo_in_Slumberland_%281908-07-26%29_panels_11_to_15.jpg" decoding="async" width="500" height="332" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Little_Nemo_in_Slumberland_%281908-07-26%29_panels_11_to_15.jpg/750px-Little_Nemo_in_Slumberland_%281908-07-26%29_panels_11_to_15.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/82/Little_Nemo_in_Slumberland_%281908-07-26%29_panels_11_to_15.jpg 2x" data-file-width="862" data-file-height="573" /></a><figcaption>Nemo's bed takes a walk in the July 26, 1908, episode of <a href="/wiki/Little_Nemo" title="Little Nemo">Little Nemo in Slumberland</a>.</figcaption></figure> From January until November 1903, McCay drew an ongoing proto-comic strip for the Enquirer based on poems written by <a href="/wiki/George_Randolph_Chester" title="George Randolph Chester">George Randolph Chester</a> called A Tale of the Jungle Imps by Felix Fiddle.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECanemaker200560-28">[26]</a> Before the last two installments appeared in print, McCay had moved to New York City to work for <a href="/wiki/James_Gordon_Bennett,_Jr." class="mw-redirect" title="James Gordon Bennett, Jr.">James Gordon Bennett, Jr.</a>'s <a href="/wiki/New_York_Herald" title="New York Herald">New York Herald</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECanemaker200564-29">[27]</a> at first doing illustrations and editorial cartoons.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECanemaker200571-30">[28]</a> He worked alongside comic strip pioneer <a href="/wiki/Richard_F._Outcault" title="Richard F. Outcault">Richard F. Outcault</a>, who was doing the <a href="/wiki/Buster_Brown" title="Buster Brown">Buster Brown</a> strip at the Herald. A rivalry built up between the two cartoonists which resulted in Outcault leaving the Herald to return to his previous employer, <a href="/wiki/William_Randolph_Hearst" title="William Randolph Hearst">William Randolph Hearst</a> at <a href="/wiki/New_York_Journal-American" title="New York Journal-American">The New York Journal</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECanemaker200574-31">[29]</a> McCay's first continuing comic strip, Mr. Goodenough, debuted in the <a href="/wiki/New_York_Evening_Telegram" title="New York Evening Telegram">New York Evening Telegram</a> on January 21, 1904. The formula for the strip was that a sedentary millionaire would seek ways to become more active, with embarrassing results. Sister's Little Sister's Beau, McCay's first strip with a child protagonist, lasted one installment that April, and his first color strip, Phurious Phinish of Phoolish Philipe's Phunny Phrolics, appeared in the Herald's Sunday supplement that May.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECanemaker200575-32">[30]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Little_Sammy_Sneeze_1905-09-24.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Six-panel Little Sammy Sneeze comic strip in which Sammy Sneeze destroys the strip's panel borders with a sneeze" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Little_Sammy_Sneeze_1905-09-24.jpg/220px-Little_Sammy_Sneeze_1905-09-24.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="142" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Little_Sammy_Sneeze_1905-09-24.jpg/330px-Little_Sammy_Sneeze_1905-09-24.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Little_Sammy_Sneeze_1905-09-24.jpg/440px-Little_Sammy_Sneeze_1905-09-24.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1583" data-file-height="1020" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Little_Sammy_Sneeze" title="Little Sammy Sneeze">Little Sammy Sneeze</a>, September 24, 1905</figcaption></figure> McCay's first popular comic strip was <a href="/wiki/Little_Sammy_Sneeze" title="Little Sammy Sneeze">Little Sammy Sneeze</a>. The strip starred a young boy whose sneeze would build panel by panel until it was released, with explosively disastrous results, for which he was usually punished or chased away by those affected. The strip debuted in July 1904 and ran until December 1906.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECanemaker200575-32">[30]</a> McCay's longest-running strip, <a href="/wiki/Dream_of_the_Rarebit_Fiend" title="Dream of the Rarebit Fiend">Dream of the Rarebit Fiend</a>, first appeared in The Evening Telegram in September 1904. The strip was aimed at an adult audience,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECanemaker200578-33">[31]</a> and had no recurring characters. The characters that appeared in the strip would have fantastic, sometimes terrifying dreams, only to wake up in the last panel, cursing the <a href="/wiki/Welsh_rarebit" title="Welsh rarebit">Welsh rarebit</a> they had eaten the night before, which they blamed for bringing on the dream.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECanemaker200579-34">[32]</a> Rarebit Fiend was so popular that a book collection appeared in 1905 from publisher <a href="/wiki/Frederick_A._Stokes" title="Frederick A. Stokes">Frederick A. Stokes</a>. It was adapted to film by <a href="/wiki/Edwin_Stanton_Porter" class="mw-redirect" title="Edwin Stanton Porter">Edwin S. Porter</a>, and plans were made for a "comic opera or musical extravaganza" for stage that failed to materialize.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECanemaker200578-33">[31]</a> McCay signed the Rarebit Fiend strips with the pen name "Silas", as his contract required that he not use his real name for Evening Telegram work.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDover_Publications1973ix-35">[33]</a> The McCays had been living in Manhattan, close to the Herald offices; before 1905 they moved to <a href="/wiki/Sheepshead_Bay,_Brooklyn" title="Sheepshead Bay, Brooklyn">Sheepshead Bay</a> in Brooklyn, New York, a seaside resort on <a href="/wiki/Long_Island" title="Long Island">Long Island</a>. It was an hour commute from the Herald offices, but they believed it to be a better place to raise children. They lived at a number of addresses before settling into a three-story house at 1901 Voorhies Avenue, where McCay resided for the rest of his life.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECanemaker2005125–126-36">[34]</a> As his reputation grew, his employers allowed him to work from his home studio more often.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECanemaker2005127-37">[35]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Little_Nemo_1907-09-29_(borderless).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Comic strip of two giant characters wandering around a city" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Little_Nemo_1907-09-29_%28borderless%29.jpg/220px-Little_Nemo_1907-09-29_%28borderless%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="287" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Little_Nemo_1907-09-29_%28borderless%29.jpg/330px-Little_Nemo_1907-09-29_%28borderless%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Little_Nemo_1907-09-29_%28borderless%29.jpg/440px-Little_Nemo_1907-09-29_%28borderless%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3284" data-file-height="4290" /></a><figcaption>The most successful of McCay's comic strips was <a href="/wiki/Little_Nemo" title="Little Nemo">Little Nemo</a> September 9, 1907</figcaption></figure> While still turning out illustrations and editorial cartoons daily,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECanemaker200587-38">[36]</a> McCay began three more continuing strips in 1905. In January, he began The Story of Hungry Henrietta, in which the child protagonist visibly ages week by week, and eats compulsively in lieu of the love she craves from her parents.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECanemaker200592-39">[37]</a> A Pilgrim's Progress by Mister Bunion was another "Silas" strip for The Evening Telegram,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECanemaker200594-40">[38]</a> which ran from June 1905 until May 1909<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcKinney20152,_13-41">[39]</a>. Mr. Bunion spent each strip unsuccessfully scheming to rid himself of his suitcase, labeled "Dull Care".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECanemaker200594-40">[38]</a> McCay got "an idea from the Rarebit Fiend to please the little folk",<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECanemaker200587-38">[36]</a> and in October 1905 the full-page <a href="/wiki/Sunday_comics" title="Sunday comics">Sunday strip</a> <a href="/wiki/Little_Nemo" title="Little Nemo">Little Nemo in Slumberland</a> debuted in the Herald.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECanemaker200597-42">[40]</a> Considered McCay's masterpiece,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarvey199421Hubbard2012Sabin1993134Dover_Publications1973viiCanwell200919-43">[41]</a> its child protagonist had fabulous dreams, interrupted each week with his awakening in the final panel.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarvey199421-44">[42]</a> Nemo's appearance was based on McCay's son Robert.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECrafton199397-45">[43]</a> McCay experimented with formal aspects of the comics page: he made inventive use of timing and pacing, the size and shape of panels, perspective, and architectural and other details.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarvey199421-44">[42]</a> The Herald was considered to have the highest quality color printing of any newspaper at the time; its printing staff used the <a href="/wiki/Ben-Day_dots" class="mw-redirect" title="Ben-Day dots">Ben Day process</a> for color,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECanemaker200594-40">[38]</a> and McCay annotated the Nemo pages with precise color schemes for the printers.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarvey199422Canemaker2005107-46">[44]</a> Impresario <a href="/wiki/Frederick_Freeman_Proctor" class="mw-redirect" title="Frederick Freeman Proctor">F. F. Proctor</a> approached McCay in April 1906 to perform <a href="/wiki/Chalk_talk" title="Chalk talk">chalk talks</a> for the <a href="/wiki/Vaudeville" title="Vaudeville">vaudeville</a> circuit.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECanemaker2005131-47">[45]</a> For $500 per week he was to draw twenty-five sketches in fifteen minutes before live audiences, as a pit band played a piece called "Dream of the Rarebit Fiend".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECanemaker2005132-48">[46]</a> In his The Seven Ages of Man routine, he drew two faces and progressively aged them.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStabileHarrison20033-49">[47]</a> His first performance was on June 11, 1906,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECanemaker2005132-48">[46]</a> in a show that also featured entertainer <a href="/wiki/W._C._Fields" title="W. C. Fields">W. C. Fields</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECanemaker2005132-48">[46]</a> It was a success, and McCay toured with the show throughout 1907,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECanemaker2005135-50">[48]</a> while managing to complete his comic strip and illustration work on time, often working in hotel rooms or backstage.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECanemaker2005137-51">[49]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Little_Nemo_score_cover.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Little Nemo characters ascending a staircase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Little_Nemo_score_cover.jpg/220px-Little_Nemo_score_cover.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="268" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Little_Nemo_score_cover.jpg/330px-Little_Nemo_score_cover.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Little_Nemo_score_cover.jpg/440px-Little_Nemo_score_cover.jpg 2x" data-file-width="725" data-file-height="883" /></a><figcaption>Cover to the score of the extravagantly expensive Little Nemo stage musical, 1908</figcaption></figure> As early as 1905, several abortive attempts were made to produce a stage version of Little Nemo. In mid-1907, <a href="/wiki/Marcus_Klaw" class="mw-redirect" title="Marcus Klaw">Marcus Klaw</a> and <a href="/wiki/A._L._Erlanger" title="A. L. Erlanger">A. L. Erlanger</a> announced they would put on an extravagant Little Nemo show for an unprecedented $100,000, with a score by <a href="/wiki/Victor_Herbert" title="Victor Herbert">Victor Herbert</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECanemaker2005141-52">[50]</a> and lyrics by <a href="/wiki/Harry_B._Smith" title="Harry B. Smith">Harry B. Smith</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECanemaker2005141-52">[50]</a> It starred midget Gabriel Weigel as Nemo, <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Cawthorn" title="Joseph Cawthorn">Joseph Cawthorn</a> as Dr. Pill, and <a href="/wiki/Billy_B._Van" title="Billy B. Van">Billy B. Van</a> as Flip.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECanemaker2005143-53">[51]</a> Reviews were positive; it played to sold-out houses in New York and toured for two seasons.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECanemaker2005148-54">[52]</a> McCay brought his vaudeville act to each city where Little Nemo played. When the <a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Franklin_Keith" title="Benjamin Franklin Keith">Keith</a> circuit<a href="#cite_note-55">[c]</a> refused McCay to perform in Boston without a new act, McCay switched to the <a href="/wiki/William_Morris_Endeavor" class="mw-redirect" title="William Morris Endeavor">William Morris</a> circuit, with a $100-a-week raise.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECanemaker2005149-56">[53]</a> In several cities, McCay brought his son, who as publicity sat on a small throne dressed as Nemo.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECanemaker2005151-57">[54]</a> As part of an improvised story, Cawthorn introduced a mythical creature he called a "<a href="/wiki/Whiffenpoof" title="Whiffenpoof">Whiffenpoof</a>". The word caught on with the public, and became the name of a <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_Whiffenpoof_Song" class="extiw" title="s:The Whiffenpoof Song">hit song</a> and a <a href="/wiki/The_Whiffenpoofs" title="The Whiffenpoofs">singing group</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECanemaker2005143-53">[51]</a> Despite the show's success, it failed to make back its investment due to its enormous expenses<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECanemaker2005149-56">[53]</a> and came to an end in December 1910.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECanemaker2005151-57">[54]</a> McCay displayed his <a href="/wiki/Social_consciousness" title="Social consciousness">social awareness</a> in the last strip he created for the Herald, Poor Jake. Its title character was a silent laborer who worked thanklessly for a Colonel and Mrs. Stall, who exploit him. The strip ran from 1909 until spring 1911.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECanemaker2005121-58">[55]</a> McCay was approached in early 1910 to bring his vaudeville show to Europe. McCay requested the Herald's permission, but the plans never materialized. His show stayed within the Eastern United States until he ceased performing in 1917. Biographer <a href="/wiki/John_Canemaker" title="John Canemaker">John Canemaker</a> assumed McCay's request to tour Europe was turned down, and that the refusal added to McCay's growing frustration with the Herald. A distrust of big business became pronounced in McCay's work around this time, including a <a href="/wiki/Story_arc" title="Story arc">story arc</a> in Little Nemo in which the characters visit a Mars oppressed by a greedy business magnate.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECanemaker2005151–153-59">[56]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Animation_(1911–1921)">Animation (1911–1921)</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Winsor_McCay&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Animation (1911–1921)">edit</a>]</div> McCay said he was most proud of his animation work.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECanemaker2005153-60">[57]</a> He completed ten animated films between 1911 and 1921,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeckerman200318–19-61">[58]</a> and three more were planned.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarvey199433-62">[59]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Winsor_McCay_1911_Little_Nemo_film_still.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="McCay seated at center, surrounded by massive stacks of paper and barrels of ink" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Winsor_McCay_1911_Little_Nemo_film_still.jpg/500px-Winsor_McCay_1911_Little_Nemo_film_still.jpg" decoding="async" width="500" height="341" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Winsor_McCay_1911_Little_Nemo_film_still.jpg/750px-Winsor_McCay_1911_Little_Nemo_film_still.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Winsor_McCay_1911_Little_Nemo_film_still.jpg/1000px-Winsor_McCay_1911_Little_Nemo_film_still.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1733" data-file-height="1181" /></a><figcaption>McCay in a scene from his first animated film, Little Nemo (1911)</figcaption></figure> Inspired by the <a href="/wiki/Flip_book" title="Flip book">flip books</a> his son brought home,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeckerman2003Canemaker2005157-63">[60]</a> McCay "came to see the possibility of making moving pictures"<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECanemaker2005157-64">[61]</a> of his cartoons. He claimed to be "the first man in the world to make animated cartoons", though he was preceded by others such as <a href="/wiki/James_Stuart_Blackton" class="mw-redirect" title="James Stuart Blackton">James Stuart Blackton</a> and <a href="/wiki/%C3%89mile_Cohl" title="Émile Cohl">Émile Cohl</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECanemaker2005157-64">[61]</a> McCay made four thousand drawings on <a href="/wiki/Rice_paper" title="Rice paper">rice paper</a> for his first animated short, which starred his Little Nemo characters. They were shot at <a href="/wiki/Vitagraph_Studios" title="Vitagraph Studios">Vitagraph Studios</a> under Blackton's supervision. Live-action sequences were added to the beginning and end of the film, in which McCay bets his newspaper colleagues that in one month he can make four thousand drawings that move. Among those featured in these sequences were cartoonist <a href="/wiki/George_McManus" title="George McManus">George McManus</a> and actor <a href="/wiki/John_Bunny" title="John Bunny">John Bunny</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECanemaker2005160-65">[62]</a> <a href="/wiki/Little_Nemo_(1911_film)" title="Little Nemo (1911 film)">Little Nemo</a> debuted in movie theatres on April 8, 1911, and four days later McCay began using it as part of his vaudeville act.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECanemaker2005160-65">[62]</a> Its good reception motivated him to hand-color each of the frames of the originally black-and-white animation.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECanemaker2005163-66">[63]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Winsor_McCay_-_Dream_of_the_Rarebit_Fiend_(1909-06-05)_Mosquito_panel_6.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A giant mosquito drinks the blood of a sleeping man." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Winsor_McCay_-_Dream_of_the_Rarebit_Fiend_%281909-06-05%29_Mosquito_panel_6.png/220px-Winsor_McCay_-_Dream_of_the_Rarebit_Fiend_%281909-06-05%29_Mosquito_panel_6.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="161" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Winsor_McCay_-_Dream_of_the_Rarebit_Fiend_%281909-06-05%29_Mosquito_panel_6.png/330px-Winsor_McCay_-_Dream_of_the_Rarebit_Fiend_%281909-06-05%29_Mosquito_panel_6.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Winsor_McCay_-_Dream_of_the_Rarebit_Fiend_%281909-06-05%29_Mosquito_panel_6.png/440px-Winsor_McCay_-_Dream_of_the_Rarebit_Fiend_%281909-06-05%29_Mosquito_panel_6.png 2x" data-file-width="496" data-file-height="363" /></a><figcaption>McCay based <a href="/wiki/How_a_Mosquito_Operates" title="How a Mosquito Operates">How a Mosquito Operates</a> (1912) on the June 5, 1909 episode of <a href="/wiki/Dream_of_the_Rarebit_Fiend" title="Dream of the Rarebit Fiend">Dream of the Rarebit Fiend</a>.</figcaption></figure> McCay had become frustrated with the Herald, partly over money issues<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECanemaker2005164-67">[64]</a> and partly because he perceived a lack of freedom.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECanemaker2005153-60">[57]</a> He accepted a higher-paying offer in spring 1911 from Hearst at the <a href="/wiki/New_York_Journal-American" title="New York Journal-American">New York American</a> and took Little Nemo's characters with him. The Herald held the strip's copyright,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECanemaker2005164-67">[64]</a> but McCay won a lawsuit that allowed him to continue using the characters,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECanemaker2005168-68">[65]</a> which he did under the title In the Land of Wonderful Dreams. The Herald was unsuccessful in finding another cartoonist to continue the original strip.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECanemaker2005164-67">[64]</a> McCay began work that May on his next animated film, <a href="/wiki/How_a_Mosquito_Operates" title="How a Mosquito Operates">How a Mosquito Operates</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECanemaker2005164-67">[64]</a> based on a Rarebit Fiend episode from June 5, 1909,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECanemaker2005167-69">[66]</a> in which a man in bed tries in vain to defend himself from a giant mosquito, which drinks itself so full that it explodes.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBerenbaum2009138Telotte201054-70">[67]</a> The animation is naturalistic—rather than expanding like a balloon, with each sip of blood the mosquito's abdomen swells according to its body structure.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarrier200317Canemaker2005165-71">[68]</a> The film was completed in January 1912,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECanemaker2005164-67">[64]</a> and McCay toured with it that spring and summer.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECanemaker2005167-69">[66]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Gertie_the_Dinosaur_(retouched_frame).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Gertie the Dinosaur stands between a lake and a cave." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Gertie_the_Dinosaur_%28retouched_frame%29.jpg/220px-Gertie_the_Dinosaur_%28retouched_frame%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="164" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/bb/Gertie_the_Dinosaur_%28retouched_frame%29.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="284" data-file-height="212" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Gertie_the_Dinosaur" title="Gertie the Dinosaur">Gertie the Dinosaur</a> (1913) was an interactive part of McCay's vaudeville act.</figcaption></figure> Gertie the Dinosaur debuted in February 1914 as part of McCay's vaudeville act. McCay introduced Gertie as "the only dinosaur in captivity",<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECanemaker2005175-72">[69]</a> and commanded the animated beast with a whip.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECanemaker2005175-72">[69]</a> Gertie seemed to obey McCay, bowing to the audience, and eating a tree and a boulder, though she had a will of her own and sometimes rebelled. When McCay admonished her, she cried. McCay consoled her by throwing her an apple—in reality pocketing the cardboard prop apple as a cartoon one simultaneously appeared on screen.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECanemaker2005176-73">[70]</a> In the finale, McCay walked offstage, reappeared in animated form in the film, and had Gertie carry him away.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECanemaker2005177-74">[71]</a> Producer <a href="/wiki/William_Fox_(producer)" title="William Fox (producer)">William Fox</a>'s Box Office Attractions obtained distribution rights to a modified version of Gertie that could be played in regular movie theaters. This version was prefaced with a live-action sequence and replaced the interactive portions with <a href="/wiki/Intertitle" title="Intertitle">intertitles</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECanemaker2005182-75">[72]</a> Gertie was McCay's first piece of animation with detailed backgrounds.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECanemaker2005168-68">[65]</a> McCay drew the foreground characters, while art student neighbor John A. Fitzsimmons traced the backgrounds.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECanemaker2005169-76">[73]</a> McCay pioneered the "McCay Split System" of <a href="/wiki/Inbetweening" title="Inbetweening">inbetweening</a>, in which major poses or positions were drawn first, and the intervening frames drawn after. This relieved tedium and improved the timing of the film's actions. McCay refused to patent his system,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECanemaker2005171-77">[74]</a> and was sued in 1914 by animator <a href="/wiki/John_Randolph_Bray" title="John Randolph Bray">John Randolph Bray</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESito200636Canemaker2005172-78">[75]</a> who took advantage of McCay's lapse by patenting many of McCay's techniques, including the use of <a href="/wiki/Printing_registration" title="Printing registration">registration marks</a>, tracing paper, the <a href="/wiki/Mutoscope" title="Mutoscope">Mutoscope</a> action viewer, and the <a href="/wiki/Traditional_animation#Animation_loops" title="Traditional animation">cycling</a> of drawings to create repetitive action.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECanemaker2005172-79">[76]</a> The lawsuit was unsuccessful, and there is evidence that McCay may have countersued—he thereafter received <a href="/wiki/Royalties" class="mw-redirect" title="Royalties">royalty payments</a> from Bray for licensing the techniques.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECanemaker2005174-80">[77]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:His_Best_Customer.jpeg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Editorial cartoon in which Death buys bodies from War." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/His_Best_Customer.jpeg/180px-His_Best_Customer.jpeg" decoding="async" width="180" height="264" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/His_Best_Customer.jpeg/270px-His_Best_Customer.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/His_Best_Customer.jpeg/360px-His_Best_Customer.jpeg 2x" data-file-width="396" data-file-height="580" /></a><figcaption>Hearst pressured McCay into giving up his comic strips and non-newspaper work to concentrate on editorial cartoons. "His Best Customer", 1917</figcaption></figure> Hearst was disappointed with the quality of McCay's newspaper work. Infuriated that he couldn't reach McCay during a vaudeville performance, Hearst pulled from his papers advertising for the theatre where McCay performed.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECanemaker2005181-81">[78]</a> Editor <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Brisbane" title="Arthur Brisbane">Arthur Brisbane</a> told him that he was "a serious artist, not a comic cartoonist",<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeer2006aCanemaker2005181-82">[79]</a> and that he was to give up his comic strip work to focus on editorial illustrations.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeer2006aCanemaker2005181-82">[79]</a> Hearst pressured McCay's agents to reduce the number of his vaudeville appearances, and he was induced to sign a contract with Hearst that limited his vaudeville appearances to greater New York,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECanemaker2005182-75">[72]</a> with occasional exceptions.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECanemaker2005185-83">[80]</a> In February 1917, Hearst had McCay give up entirely on vaudeville and all other paid work outside the Hearst empire, though he was occasionally granted permission for particular shows. Hearst increased McCay's salary to cover the loss of income.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECanemaker2005187-84">[81]</a> McCay was expected to report daily to the American building, where he shared a ninth-floor office with humorist <a href="/wiki/Arthur_%22Bugs%22_Baer" title="Arthur "Bugs" Baer">Arthur "Bugs" Baer</a> and sports cartoonist Joe McGurk.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECanemaker2005204-85">[82]</a> There, he illustrated editorials by Arthur Brisbane, who often sent back McCay's drawings with instructions for changes.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECanemaker2005205-86">[83]</a> The quality of his drawings varied depending on his interest in the subject of the assignment,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECanemaker2005207-87">[84]</a> whether or not he agreed with the sentiments portrayed,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECanemaker2005209-88">[85]</a> and on events in his personal life.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECanemaker2005207-87">[84]</a> For example, in March 1914 he was subjected to a blackmail plot by a Mrs. Lambkin, who was seeking a divorce from her husband. Lambkin alleged that McCay's wife Maude was seeing her husband. With McCay's level of fame, such a story would likely be in the papers, and Mrs. Lambkin and her husband told McCay that she would keep it secret for $1,000. McCay did not believe the allegations, and gave testimony at the Lambkins' divorce trial. The blackmail failed, and the divorce was not granted.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECanemaker2005182–184-89">[86]</a> Hearst animation studio <a href="/wiki/International_Film_Service" title="International Film Service">International Film Service</a> began in December 1915, and brought Hearst cartoonists to the screen. McCay was initially listed as one of them, but the studio never produced anything either by his hands or featuring his creations. McCay derived satisfaction from doing the work himself. Begun in 1916, <a href="/wiki/The_Sinking_of_the_Lusitania" title="The Sinking of the Lusitania">The Sinking of the Lusitania</a> was his follow-up to Gertie. The film was not a fantasy but a detailed, realistic recreation of the <a href="/wiki/Sinking_of_the_RMS_Lusitania" title="Sinking of the RMS Lusitania">1915 German torpedoing</a> of the <a href="/wiki/RMS_Lusitania" title="RMS Lusitania">RMS Lusitania</a>. The event counted 128 Americans among its 1,198 dead, and was a factor leading to the <a href="/wiki/American_entry_into_World_War_I" title="American entry into World War I">American entry into World War I</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECanemaker2005186-90">[87]</a> McCay's daughter Marion married military man Raymond T. Moniz, eighteen years her senior, on October 13, 1917.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECanemaker2005212-91">[88]</a> She gave birth to McCay's first grandchild, Ray Winsor Moniz, on July 16, 1918.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECanemaker2005212-91">[88]</a> Moniz and McCay's son Robert were called up for service when the U.S. entered World War I.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECanemaker2005212-91">[88]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Sinking_of_the_Lusitania_(Winsor_McCay,_signed_cel).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Cel from The Sinking of the Lusitania. Smoke billows from the sinking RMS Lusitania." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/The_Sinking_of_the_Lusitania_%28Winsor_McCay%2C_signed_cel%29.jpg/220px-The_Sinking_of_the_Lusitania_%28Winsor_McCay%2C_signed_cel%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="175" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/The_Sinking_of_the_Lusitania_%28Winsor_McCay%2C_signed_cel%29.jpg/330px-The_Sinking_of_the_Lusitania_%28Winsor_McCay%2C_signed_cel%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/The_Sinking_of_the_Lusitania_%28Winsor_McCay%2C_signed_cel%29.jpg/440px-The_Sinking_of_the_Lusitania_%28Winsor_McCay%2C_signed_cel%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="773" data-file-height="616" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/The_Sinking_of_the_Lusitania" title="The Sinking of the Lusitania">The Sinking of the Lusitania</a> (1918) required 25,000 drawings to be made over two years, and was McCay's first film to use acetate <a href="/wiki/Cel" title="Cel">cels</a>.</figcaption></figure> McCay's self-financed Lusitania took nearly two years to complete.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECanemaker2005193-92">[89]</a> With the assistance of John Fitzsimmons and Cincinnati cartoonist William Apthorp "Ap" Adams, McCay spent his off hours drawing the film on sheets of <a href="/wiki/Cellulose_acetate" title="Cellulose acetate">cellulose acetate</a> (or "<a href="/wiki/Cel" title="Cel">cels</a>") with white and black <a href="/wiki/India_ink" title="India ink">India ink</a> at McCay's home.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECanemaker2005188-93">[90]</a> It was the first film McCay made using cels,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECanemaker2005193-92">[89]</a> a technology animator <a href="/wiki/Earl_Hurd" title="Earl Hurd">Earl Hurd</a> had patented in 1914; it saved work by allowing dynamic drawings to be made on one or more layers, which could be laid over a static background layer, relieving animators of the tedium of retracing static images onto drawing after drawing.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKundert-GibbsKundert-Gibbs200946-94">[91]</a> McCay had the cels photographed at the Vitagraph studios.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECanemaker2005188-93">[90]</a> The film was naturalistically animated, and made use of dramatic camera angles that would have been impossible in a live-action film.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECanemaker2005196-95">[92]</a> Jewel Productions released the film on July 20, 1918. Advertising touted it as "the picture that will never have a competitor";<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECanemaker2005193-92">[89]</a> the film itself called McCay "the originator and inventor of Animated Cartoons"<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECanemaker2005193-92">[89]</a> and drew attention to the fact that it took 25,000 drawings to complete.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECanemaker2005195-96">[93]</a> The Sinking of the Lusitania did not greatly return on McCay's investment—after a few years' run in theaters, it netted $80,000.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECanemaker2005193-92">[89]</a> McCay continued to produce animated films using cels. By 1921, he had completed six, though three were likely never shown commercially to audiences and have survived only in fragments: The Centaurs, Flip's Circus, and Gertie on Tour. In 1921, he released three films based on Dream of the Rarebit Fiend: Bug Vaudeville, in which insects and other creepy-crawlies perform on stage; The Pet, in which a creature with a bottomless appetite grows enormously and terrorizes the city in a way reminiscent of <a href="/wiki/King_Kong_(1933_film)" title="King Kong (1933 film)">King Kong</a>; and The Flying House, in which a man attaches wings to his house to flee from debt. McCay's son Robert is credited with the animation on this last film, but Canemaker notes it is highly unlikely that a first-time animator could have produced such an accomplished piece of animation.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECanemaker2005197–198-97">[94]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Later_career_(1921–1934)">Later career (1921–1934)</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Winsor_McCay&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Later career (1921–1934)">edit</a>]</div> After 1921, McCay was made to give up on animation when Hearst learned he devoted more of his time to animation than to his newspaper illustrations.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESito200636-98">[95]</a> Unexecuted ideas McCay had for animation projects included a collaboration with Jungle Imps author George Randolph Chester, a musical film called The Barnyard Band,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECanemaker2005198-99">[96]</a> and a film about the Americans' role in World War I.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECanemaker2005198,_217-100">[97]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Winsor_McCay_1922-03-19_Oblivion%27s_Cave.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="The personification of War being led in by the personification of Time to a prison already occupied by a dinosaur, a mastodon, and the Rack." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Winsor_McCay_1922-03-19_Oblivion%27s_Cave.jpg/550px-Winsor_McCay_1922-03-19_Oblivion%27s_Cave.jpg" decoding="async" width="550" height="213" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Winsor_McCay_1922-03-19_Oblivion%27s_Cave.jpg/825px-Winsor_McCay_1922-03-19_Oblivion%27s_Cave.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Winsor_McCay_1922-03-19_Oblivion%27s_Cave.jpg/1100px-Winsor_McCay_1922-03-19_Oblivion%27s_Cave.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2960" data-file-height="1147" /></a><figcaption>Editorial cartoon "Oblivion's Cave—Step Right In, Please" (March 19, 1922)</figcaption></figure> McCay's son Robert married Theresa "Tedda" Munchausen on April 9, 1921. McCay bought them a nearby house as a wedding gift. The couple gave McCay two more grandchildren: Janet (named after McCay's mother) in 1922, and Robert in 1928.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECanemaker2005223-101">[98]</a> Robert suffered <a href="/wiki/Shell_shock" title="Shell shock">shell shock</a> during World War I,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECanemaker2005216-102">[99]</a> and following the war had difficulty drawing. McCay tried to boost his son's confidence by finding him cartooning work, and some of the elder McCay's editorial cartoons were signed "Robert Winsor McCay, Jr."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECanemaker2005226-103">[100]</a> Robert also briefly revived the Dreams of the Rarebit Fiend strip as Rabid Reveries starting in 1924.<a href="#cite_note-104">[101]</a> In 1922, McCay resumed doing vaudeville shows for the Keith circuit.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECanemaker2005225-105">[102]</a> He had a cameo in a newspaper office scene in the boxing film <a href="/wiki/The_Great_White_Way_(1924_film)" title="The Great White Way (1924 film)">The Great White Way</a> in early 1924.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECanemaker2005226-103">[100]</a> McCay left Hearst upon the expiration of his contract in May 1924, bitter over not having received a promised $5,000 bonus.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECanemaker2005228-106">[103]</a> He returned to the Herald Tribune, and brought back Little Nemo beginning that August.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECanemaker2005229-107">[104]</a> The new strip displayed the virtuoso technique of the old, but the panels were laid out in an unvarying grid. Nemo took a more passive role in the stories,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECanemaker2005226-103">[100]</a> and there was no continuity.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECanemaker2005235-108">[105]</a> The strip came to an end in December 1926,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECanemaker2005229-107">[104]</a> as it was not popular with readers. Hearst executives had been trying to convince McCay to return to the American, and succeeded in 1927. While McCay was gone, his place had been filled by <a href="/wiki/Mel_Cummin" title="Mel Cummin">Mel Cummin</a>, who was let go after McCay's return.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECanemaker2005235-108">[105]</a> Due to the lack of the 1920s Nemo's success, the Herald Tribune signed over all copyrights to the strip to McCay for one dollar.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECanemaker2005237-109">[106]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:MaxFleischerPDUS.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Black and white phot of a moustachioed man" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/MaxFleischerPDUS.JPG/220px-MaxFleischerPDUS.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="168" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/MaxFleischerPDUS.JPG/330px-MaxFleischerPDUS.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/MaxFleischerPDUS.JPG/440px-MaxFleischerPDUS.JPG 2x" data-file-width="960" data-file-height="732" /></a><figcaption>In 1927, McCay expressed his disappointment at the state of the animation industry at a dinner in his honor, where he was introduced by <a href="/wiki/Max_Fleischer" title="Max Fleischer">Max Fleischer</a> (pictured).</figcaption></figure> In 1927, McCay attended a dinner in his honor in New York. After a considerable amount of drinking, McCay was introduced by animator <a href="/wiki/Max_Fleischer" title="Max Fleischer">Max Fleischer</a>. McCay gave the gathered group of animators some technical advice, but when he felt the audience was not giving him attention, he berated his audience, saying, "Animation is an art. That is how I conceived it. But as I see, what you fellows have done with it, is making it into a trade. Not an art, but a trade. Bad Luck!"<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECanemaker2005199-110">[107]</a> That September he appeared on the radio at <a href="/wiki/WRKO" title="WRKO">WNAC</a>, and on November 2 he was interviewed by <a href="/wiki/Frank_Craven" title="Frank Craven">Frank Craven</a> for <a href="/wiki/The_News_Journal" title="The News Journal">The Evening Journal</a>'s Woman's Hour. During both appearances he complained about the state of contemporary animation.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECanemaker2005239-111">[108]</a> An executive of the <a href="/wiki/American_Tobacco_Company" title="American Tobacco Company">American Tobacco Company</a> approached McCay in 1929 to do an advertising campaign for a financial "sum in excess of his annual salary". Brisbane refused, noting that McCay's contract didn't allow outside work. When the executive stormed into Brisbane's office threatening to pull American Tobacco's advertising dollars from the American, Brisbane provided a written release for the work.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECanemaker2005238–239-112">[109]</a> In 1932, McCay found himself in what he recalled as "the wildest ride" in his life when Hearst's son <a href="/wiki/William_Randolph_Hearst,_Jr." class="mw-redirect" title="William Randolph Hearst, Jr.">"Young Bill"</a> drove him at 85 miles per hour (137 km/h) to the scene of the <a href="/wiki/Lindbergh_kidnapping" title="Lindbergh kidnapping">kidnapping of the Lindbergh baby</a>. They arrived there two hours after the crime was first reported to police, and were able to interview the gathered police before the grounds were closed off to the public. McCay sketched the scene, the staff, and the ladders the kidnappers used, which he was allowed to see up close.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECanemaker2005240-113">[110]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Death">Death</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Winsor_McCay&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Death">edit</a>]</div> McCay enjoyed robust health most of his life. On July 26, 1934, he complained to his wife of a severe head-ache. To his horror, he found his right arm—his drawing arm—was paralyzed. He lost consciousness and was pronounced dead later that afternoon, with his wife, children, and son-in-law by his side.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECanemaker2005249-114">[111]</a> He had died of a <a href="/wiki/Embolism" title="Embolism">cerebral embolism</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESyracuse_Herald_staff1934-115">[112]</a> and was buried at the <a href="/wiki/Cemetery_of_the_Evergreens" title="Cemetery of the Evergreens">Cemetery of the Evergreens</a> in Brooklyn<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilson2016-3">[3]</a> in a family plot. He had a <a href="/wiki/Masonic_funeral" class="mw-redirect" title="Masonic funeral">Masonic funeral</a> in his home, attended by his newspaper colleagues, Hearst and his son, and the <a href="/wiki/Society_of_Illustrators" title="Society of Illustrators">Society of Illustrators</a>, among others.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECanemaker2005251-116">[113]</a> Brisbane hired back Mel Cummin to replace McCay.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECanemaker2005251-116">[113]</a> Due to his lavish life-style, McCay left a smaller fortune than those around him had expected. By the early 1940s, Maude had used up her inheritance and sold the house on Voorhies Avenue. When she died of a heart attack on March 2, 1949, she was living with her daughter and son-in-law.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECanemaker2005251-116">[113]</a> Son Robert was also careless with his inheritance, and less successful in art than his father. He worked for a short time at the Hearst papers, and tried unsuccessfully to get a job at the Disney studios, before finding a career as illustrator for Training Aids/Special Services at <a href="/wiki/Fort_Ord" title="Fort Ord">Fort Ord</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECanemaker2005251–252-117">[114]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Personal_life">Personal life</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Winsor_McCay&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Personal life">edit</a>]</div> Self-conscious and introverted in private, McCay was nevertheless a charismatic showman and self-promoter,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECanemaker200540,_139-118">[115]</a> and maintained several lifelong friendships.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECanemaker200540-22">[20]</a> McCay was a light but frequent drinker; he drank for <a href="/wiki/Comrade" title="Comrade">camaraderie</a> rather than for a love of drinking.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECanemaker2005244-119">[116]</a> To his wife's chagrin, McCay was a smoker of cigars and cigarettes.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECanemaker2005202-120">[117]</a> He was self-taught at the piano,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECanemaker2005202-120">[117]</a> and was an avid reader of poetry, plays and novels; he admired <a href="/wiki/W._B._Yeats" title="W. B. Yeats">W. B. Yeats</a>, knew the works of <a href="/wiki/Percy_Bysshe_Shelley" title="Percy Bysshe Shelley">Percy Bysshe Shelley</a> and <a href="/wiki/John_Keats" title="John Keats">John Keats</a>, and could quote the Bible and Shakespeare.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECanemaker2005244-119">[116]</a> McCay stood barely five feet (150 cm) tall,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETaylor2007555-121">[118]</a> and felt dominated by his wife, who was nearly as tall as he was.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECanemaker200545Merkl2007512-122">[119]</a> McCay married Maude Leonore Dufour, the youngest of three daughters of French-Canadian carriage painter John Dufour.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECanemaker200545-24">[22]</a> About a decade separated the couple's ages:<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECanemaker200545-24">[22]</a> Maude was 14 when they married.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeer2006a-123">[120]</a> Biographer Canemaker speculates this may explain the lack of certainty behind McCay's birthdate, even by McCay himself, as he may have claimed to be younger than he was to justify marrying a teenaged girl. Maude was also age-conscious: she preferred her grandchildren to call her "Nan" instead of "Grandma" and dyed her hair as she got older.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECanemaker200546-9">[8]</a> The McCays took on the traditional roles of a married couple of the time, in that Winsor was the breadwinner and Maude the homemaker. Neither spouse got along well with the other's mother.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECanemaker2005202-120">[117]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bobbie_McCay_Little_Nemo.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A black-and-white photograph of a curly-haired young boy, seated with one leg crossed over the other, and wearing a sailor suit." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Bobbie_McCay_Little_Nemo.jpg/180px-Bobbie_McCay_Little_Nemo.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="225" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Bobbie_McCay_Little_Nemo.jpg/270px-Bobbie_McCay_Little_Nemo.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Bobbie_McCay_Little_Nemo.jpg/360px-Bobbie_McCay_Little_Nemo.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1972" data-file-height="2464" /></a><figcaption>McCay's son <a href="/wiki/Bob_McCay" title="Bob McCay">Robert</a>, posing as Little Nemo in 1908</figcaption></figure> The couple had two children: <a href="/wiki/Bob_McCay" title="Bob McCay">Robert Winsor</a>, born June 21, 1896; and Marion Elizabeth, born August 22, 1897.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECanemaker200547-25">[23]</a> McCay was said to be easy-going with the children, and left discipline to their stern mother.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECanemaker2005202-120">[117]</a> Marion felt domineered by her mother and perceived that her brother was her mother's favorite; she was closer to her father and often appeared in public with him.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECanemaker2005202-120">[117]</a> Robert looked up to his father and became an artist himself. He was proud to have served as the model for Little Nemo.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECanemaker2005252-124">[121]</a> The McCays lived lavishly. McCay disliked driving, so he kept a chauffeur who also served as a bodyguard, as the editorial cartoons McCay drew for Hearst sometimes attracted threatening letters. Maude made daily trips by limousine to shop in upscale <a href="/wiki/Downtown_Brooklyn" title="Downtown Brooklyn">downtown Brooklyn</a> with other well-to-do wives. Maude often complained to her husband, but he refused to discuss matters with her.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECanemaker2005202–203-125">[122]</a> McCay's politics are unclear, and it is disputed whether he sympathized with the views displayed in his editorial cartoons.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShannon2010197-126">[123]</a> He was agnostic and believed in <a href="/wiki/Reincarnation" title="Reincarnation">reincarnation</a>. He was a <a href="/wiki/Freemasonry" title="Freemasonry">Freemason</a>, whose ranks he may have joined as early as when he was living in Chicago. His father had also been a Freemason, and was buried in 1915 with full Masonic rites,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECanemaker200534-19">[18]</a> with funerals arranged by his Masonic lodges in both Woodstock, Ontario, and Edmore, Michigan. His mother often visited him in Brooklyn, and attended Little Nemo's Philadelphia premiere. She died in Edmore, Michigan, in 1927.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECanemaker2005185-83">[80]</a> McCay's brother Arthur was placed in a mental hospital in Traverse City, Michigan on March 7, 1898, where he stayed until his death from <a href="/wiki/Bronchopneumonia" title="Bronchopneumonia">bronchopneumonia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Arteriosclerosis" title="Arteriosclerosis">arteriosclerosis</a> on June 15, 1946. He never received family visits. McCay never let his children know about his brother, nor did they know about the existence of his sister Mae,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECanemaker200555–56-127">[124]</a> who died in 1910.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECanemaker2005153-60">[57]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Legacy">Legacy</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Winsor_McCay&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Legacy">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1224211176"><div class="quotebox pullquote floatright" style="width:30em; ;"> <blockquote class="quotebox-quote left-aligned" style=""> It is as though the first creature to emerge from the primeval slime was Albert Einstein; and the second was an amoeba, because after McCay's animation it took his followers nearly twenty years to find out how he did it. The two most important people in animation are Winsor McCay and Walt Disney, and I'm not sure which should go first. </blockquote> <cite class="left-aligned" style="">—Animator <a href="/wiki/Chuck_Jones" title="Chuck Jones">Chuck Jones</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECanemaker2005257-128">[125]</a></cite> </div> In 1937, McCay's son Robert attempted to carry on his father's legacy by reviving Little Nemo. <a href="/wiki/Comic_book_packager" class="mw-redirect" title="Comic book packager">Comic book packager</a> <a href="/wiki/Harry_%22A%22_Chesler" title="Harry "A" Chesler">Harry "A" Chesler</a>'s syndicate announced a Sunday and daily Nemo strip, credited to "Winsor McCay Jr." Robert also drew a comic book version for Chesler called Nemo in Adventureland starring grown-up versions of Nemo and the Princess. Neither project lasted long.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECanemaker2005253-129">[126]</a> In 1947, Robert and fabric salesman Irving Mendelsohn organized the McCay Feature Syndicate, Inc. to revive the original Nemo strip from McCay's original art, modified to fit the size of modern newspaper pages. This revival also did not last.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWaugh194720–21Canemaker2005253-130">[127]</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tleft"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:184px;max-width:184px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:182px;max-width:182px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:Little_Nemo_1906-10-14.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Little_Nemo_1906-10-14.jpg/180px-Little_Nemo_1906-10-14.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="236" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Little_Nemo_1906-10-14.jpg/270px-Little_Nemo_1906-10-14.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Little_Nemo_1906-10-14.jpg/360px-Little_Nemo_1906-10-14.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1780" data-file-height="2336" /></a></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:182px;max-width:182px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:Winsor_McCay,_Little_Nemo_in_Slumberland_-_%22I_don%27t_like_this,_one_little_tiny_bit,_not_one_tiny_weenie_bit%22,_1906,_NGA_142153.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Winsor_McCay%2C_Little_Nemo_in_Slumberland_-_%22I_don%27t_like_this%2C_one_little_tiny_bit%2C_not_one_tiny_weenie_bit%22%2C_1906%2C_NGA_142153.jpg/180px-Winsor_McCay%2C_Little_Nemo_in_Slumberland_-_%22I_don%27t_like_this%2C_one_little_tiny_bit%2C_not_one_tiny_weenie_bit%22%2C_1906%2C_NGA_142153.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="227" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Winsor_McCay%2C_Little_Nemo_in_Slumberland_-_%22I_don%27t_like_this%2C_one_little_tiny_bit%2C_not_one_tiny_weenie_bit%22%2C_1906%2C_NGA_142153.jpg/270px-Winsor_McCay%2C_Little_Nemo_in_Slumberland_-_%22I_don%27t_like_this%2C_one_little_tiny_bit%2C_not_one_tiny_weenie_bit%22%2C_1906%2C_NGA_142153.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Winsor_McCay%2C_Little_Nemo_in_Slumberland_-_%22I_don%27t_like_this%2C_one_little_tiny_bit%2C_not_one_tiny_weenie_bit%22%2C_1906%2C_NGA_142153.jpg/360px-Winsor_McCay%2C_Little_Nemo_in_Slumberland_-_%22I_don%27t_like_this%2C_one_little_tiny_bit%2C_not_one_tiny_weenie_bit%22%2C_1906%2C_NGA_142153.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3166" data-file-height="4000" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption">McCay's drawing for the Little Nemo strip running October 14, 1906, is in the collection of the <a href="/wiki/National_Gallery_of_Art" title="National Gallery of Art">National Gallery of Art</a>.</div></div></div></div></div> McCay's original artwork has been poorly preserved.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeer2006-131">[128]</a> McCay insisted on having his originals returned to him, and a large collection that survived him was destroyed in a fire in the late 1930s. His wife was unsure how to handle the surviving pieces, so his son took on the responsibility and moved the collection to his own house.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECanemaker2005253-129">[126]</a> The family sold off some of the artwork when they were in need of cash. Responsibility for it passed to Mendelsohn, then later to daughter Marion. By the early twenty-first century, most of McCay's surviving artwork remained in family hands.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECanemaker2005253–254-132">[129]</a> McCay destroyed many of his original cans of film to create more storage space. Of what film he kept, much has not survived, as it was photographed on 35mm <a href="/wiki/Nitrocellulose#Film" title="Nitrocellulose">nitrate film</a>, which decomposes and is highly flammable. Mendelsohn's son and a friend, both young animators, discovered the film in Mendelsohn's possession in 1947 and rescued what they could. In some cases, such as The Centaurs, only fragments could be saved. A <a href="/wiki/Negative_(photography)" title="Negative (photography)">negative</a> and incomplete positive was discovered of Performing Animals, a film of animals playing instruments that may have been intended for McCay's vaudeville act; it was deemed unsalvageable and destroyed.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECanemaker2005254-133">[130]</a> In 1966, cartoonist <a href="/wiki/Woody_Gelman" title="Woody Gelman">Woody Gelman</a> discovered the original artwork for many Little Nemo strips at a cartoon studio where McCay's son Robert had worked. Many of the recovered originals were displayed at the <a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_Museum_of_Art" title="Metropolitan Museum of Art">Metropolitan Museum of Art</a> under the direction of curator <a href="/wiki/A._Hyatt_Mayor" title="A. Hyatt Mayor">A. Hyatt Mayor</a>. In 1973, Gelman published a collection of Little Nemo strips in Italy.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJamieson2010126-134">[131]</a> His collection of McCay originals is preserved at the <a href="/wiki/Billy_Ireland_Cartoon_Library_%26_Museum" title="Billy Ireland Cartoon Library & Museum">Billy Ireland Cartoon Library & Museum</a> at <a href="/wiki/Ohio_State_University" title="Ohio State University">Ohio State University</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESpencer2005-135">[132]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Walt_disney_portrait.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Photograph of the head of a middle-aged man with a moustache, facing outwards to the left." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Walt_disney_portrait.jpg/180px-Walt_disney_portrait.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="182" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Walt_disney_portrait.jpg/270px-Walt_disney_portrait.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Walt_disney_portrait.jpg/360px-Walt_disney_portrait.jpg 2x" data-file-width="726" data-file-height="736" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Walt_Disney" title="Walt Disney">Walt Disney</a> acknowledged his debt to McCay's example.</figcaption></figure> McCay's work, grounded solidly in his understanding of realistic perspective, presaged the techniques featured in <a href="/wiki/The_Walt_Disney_Company" title="The Walt Disney Company">Walt Disney</a>'s feature films.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECanemaker200531-16">[15]</a> Disney paid tribute to McCay in 1955 on an episode of <a href="/wiki/Walt_Disney_anthology_television_series" class="mw-redirect" title="Walt Disney anthology television series">Disneyland</a>. The episode, "The Story of Animated Drawing", gave a history of animation, and dramatized McCay's vaudeville act with Gertie. Robert was invited to the Disney studios as a consultant on the episode, where Disney told him, "Bob, all this should be your father's".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECanemaker2005255-136">[133]</a> Animator and McCay biographer John Canemaker produced a film in 1974 called Remembering Winsor McCay, narrated by McCay's animation assistant John Fitzsimmons. Canemaker helped coordinate the first retrospective of McCay's films at the third International Animation Film Festival in 1975 in New York, which led to a film show at the <a href="/wiki/Whitney_Museum_of_American_Art" class="mw-redirect" title="Whitney Museum of American Art">Whitney Museum of American Art</a> in winter 1975–76.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECanemaker2005255-136">[133]</a> Canemaker also wrote a biography in 1987 called Winsor McCay: His Life and Art. In 2005, a revised and expanded version of the biography was released, which comics scholar Jeet Heer called "far and away the most scholarly and intelligent biography ever written about an American cartoonist".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeer2006-131">[128]</a> Animation scholar Paul Wells stated, "McCay's influence on the history of animation cannot be understated".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWells200689-137">[134]</a> Film critic <a href="/wiki/Richard_Eder" title="Richard Eder">Richard Eder</a> lamented that as an animation pioneer McCay was not able to reach the potential suggested by his work. Eder compared McCay to the <a href="/wiki/Italian_primitives" class="mw-redirect" title="Italian primitives">Italian primitives</a> of the early Renaissance, highly skilled "in the limited techniques they could command".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECanemaker2005199-110">[107]</a> Heer wrote that McCay's strength was in his visuals, but that his writing and characters were weak.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeer2006-131">[128]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Little_Nemo_in_Slumberland_mural_downtown_Cincinnati,_OH_Oct_2016.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Mural of a Little Nemo in Slumberland comic in downtown Cincinnati, Ohio" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Little_Nemo_in_Slumberland_mural_downtown_Cincinnati%2C_OH_Oct_2016.jpg/180px-Little_Nemo_in_Slumberland_mural_downtown_Cincinnati%2C_OH_Oct_2016.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="240" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Little_Nemo_in_Slumberland_mural_downtown_Cincinnati%2C_OH_Oct_2016.jpg/270px-Little_Nemo_in_Slumberland_mural_downtown_Cincinnati%2C_OH_Oct_2016.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Little_Nemo_in_Slumberland_mural_downtown_Cincinnati%2C_OH_Oct_2016.jpg/360px-Little_Nemo_in_Slumberland_mural_downtown_Cincinnati%2C_OH_Oct_2016.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2448" data-file-height="3264" /></a><figcaption>Mural of a Little Nemo in Slumberland comic in downtown Cincinnati, Ohio</figcaption></figure> Italian filmmaker <a href="/wiki/Federico_Fellini" title="Federico Fellini">Federico Fellini</a> read Little Nemo in the children's magazine <a href="/wiki/Corriere_dei_Piccoli" title="Corriere dei Piccoli">Il corriere dei piccoli</a>, and the strip was a "powerful influence" on the filmmaker, according to Fellini biographer <a href="/wiki/Peter_Bondanella" title="Peter Bondanella">Peter Bondanella</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBondanella200210-138">[135]</a> Comics historian <a href="/wiki/R._C._Harvey" title="R. C. Harvey">R. C. Harvey</a> has called McCay "the first original genius of the comic strip medium" and in animation. Harvey said that McCay's contemporaries lacked the skill to continue with his innovations, so that they were left for future generations to rediscover and build upon.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarvey199421-44">[42]</a> McCay's work has inspired cartoonists from <a href="/wiki/Carl_Barks" title="Carl Barks">Carl Barks</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAultAndraeGong200391-139">[136]</a> to <a href="/wiki/Art_Spiegelman" title="Art Spiegelman">Art Spiegelman</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJacobowitz2007164-140">[137]</a> <a href="/wiki/Robert_Crumb" title="Robert Crumb">Robert Crumb</a> called McCay a "genius" and one of his favorite cartoonists. <a href="/wiki/Art_Spiegelman" title="Art Spiegelman">Art Spiegelman</a>'s 1974 "Real Dream" strip was partially inspired by Rarebit Fiend,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEYoung2000-141">[138]</a> and his <a href="/wiki/In_the_Shadow_of_No_Towers" title="In the Shadow of No Towers">In the Shadow of No Towers</a> in 2004 appropriated some of McCay's imagery, and included a page of Little Nemo in its appendix.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeer2006-131">[128]</a> <a href="/wiki/Maurice_Sendak" title="Maurice Sendak">Maurice Sendak</a>'s children's book <a href="/wiki/In_the_Night_Kitchen" title="In the Night Kitchen">In the Night Kitchen</a> (1970) was an homage to McCay's work,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENel2005204-142">[139]</a> as was <a href="/wiki/Rick_Veitch" title="Rick Veitch">Rick Veitch</a>' comic book series Roarin' Rick's Rarebit Fiends (1994–96).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarkstein2007-143">[140]</a> <a href="/wiki/Kim_Deitch" title="Kim Deitch">Kim Deitch</a> and Simon Deitch's graphic novel <a href="/wiki/The_Boulevard_of_Broken_Dreams_(comics)" class="mw-redirect" title="The Boulevard of Broken Dreams (comics)">The Boulevard of Broken Dreams</a> revolved around a character named Winsor Newton,<a href="#cite_note-144">[d]</a> based on an aged McCay.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGardner2012158-145">[141]</a> Cartoonist <a href="/wiki/Berke_Breathed" class="mw-redirect" title="Berke Breathed">Berke Breathed</a> lamented that the conditions of newspaper cartooning had devolved to such a degree since McCay's time that, had he worked later in the century, he would not have been allotted space sufficient for his expansive full-page fantasies.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarvey199428-146">[142]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:A_French_Nurse%27s_Dream_(crop).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Two panels from a comic strip. In the first panel, a nurse watches as a young boy urinates, and an ocean liner tavels through the mass of urine. In the second panel, the nurse awakens in her bed to the child's crying." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/A_French_Nurse%27s_Dream_%28crop%29.jpg/220px-A_French_Nurse%27s_Dream_%28crop%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="83" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/A_French_Nurse%27s_Dream_%28crop%29.jpg/330px-A_French_Nurse%27s_Dream_%28crop%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/5f/A_French_Nurse%27s_Dream_%28crop%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="393" data-file-height="148" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Sigmund_Freud" title="Sigmund Freud">Sigmund Freud</a>'s <a href="/wiki/The_Interpretation_of_Dreams" title="The Interpretation of Dreams">The Interpretation of Dreams</a> (1914) contained a comic strip by Nándor Honti that resembled McCay's work.</figcaption></figure> As <a href="/wiki/Sigmund_Freud" title="Sigmund Freud">Sigmund Freud</a>'s <a href="/wiki/The_Interpretation_of_Dreams" title="The Interpretation of Dreams">The Interpretation of Dreams</a> first appeared in print in 1899, McCay's major dream strips work have invited speculation of a Freudian influence. But it can be proved that McCay's influence, at least in a secondhand manner, reached Freud: Hungarian artist Nándor Honti, heavily inspired by McCay's Rarebit Fiend, which he had seen when he lived in the United States from 1903 to about 1907, created a comic page titled "A Francia Bonne Álma" ("A French Nanny's Dream", often called "A French Nurse's Dream", 1911), which was passed to Sigmund Freud by the Hungarian psychoanalyst Sándor Ferenczi.<a href="#cite_note-147">[143]</a> Freud then included the comic in the 1914 edition of his book. Honti's comic strongly resembles the work of McCay in its theme,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERoeder2014[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidI_gaBwAAQBAJpgPA205_205]-148">[144]</a> pacing, Art Nouveau style, and closing panel of the dreamer awakening in bed. The <a href="/wiki/Winsor_McCay_Award" title="Winsor McCay Award">Winsor McCay Award</a> was established in 1972 to recognize individuals for lifetime or career contributions in animation, and is presented as part of the <a href="/wiki/Annie_Award" class="mw-redirect" title="Annie Award">Annie Awards</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDixon2008-149">[145]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Hammer_Museum" title="Hammer Museum">Hammer Museum</a> in Los Angeles devoted a room to McCay's work as part of the Masters of American Comics exhibit in 2005.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeer2006-131">[128]</a> German publisher <a href="/wiki/Taschen" title="Taschen">Taschen</a> published a complete, boxed, full-size edition of Little Nemo in two volumes in 2014 entitled The Complete Little Nemo.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETaube2014-150">[146]</a> The American astronomer <a href="/wiki/Roy_A._Tucker" title="Roy A. Tucker">Roy A. Tucker</a> named the asteroid <a href="/wiki/113461_McCay" class="mw-redirect" title="113461 McCay">113461</a> after McCay in 2002.<a href="#cite_note-151">[147]</a> Despite dispute over his birthplace, a public park and historical marker honor McCay in <a href="/wiki/Spring_Lake,_Michigan" title="Spring Lake, Michigan">Spring Lake, Michigan</a>. The marker, unveiled in 2009, is located in Winsor McCay Park.<a href="#cite_note-152">[148]</a> Winsor McCay Park is the modern-day location of where Union School once stood,<a href="#cite_note-153">[149]</a> wherein McCay "illustrated his first 'commercial' for-sale illustration" in 1880.<a href="#cite_note-Winsor_McCay_Park-154">[150]</a> Developers have been working since 2009 to develop the park into a more sophisticated memorial to McCay including "a large <a href="/wiki/Gertie_the_Dinosaur" title="Gertie the Dinosaur">Gertie the Dinosaur</a> statue at the entrance of the park...a bronze statue of Winsor McCay that will be placed next to the historical marker/sign [and] Gertie the Dinosaur stepping-stone footprints [that] will meander through the park, leading back to a scaled-down replica of Union School."<a href="#cite_note-Winsor_McCay_Park-154">[150]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Style">Style</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Winsor_McCay&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Style">edit</a>]</div> Virtually from the beginning, McCay innovated with the forms of his chosen media. He varied the size and shape of comic strip panels for dramatic effect, as in the second instalment of Little Nemo (October 22, 1905), where the panels grow to adapt to a growing forest of mushrooms.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarvey199421-44">[42]</a> Few of McCay's contemporaries were so bold with their page layouts. Near-contemporary <a href="/wiki/George_Herriman" title="George Herriman">George Herriman</a> with <a href="/wiki/Krazy_Kat" title="Krazy Kat">Krazy Kat</a> was the most notable example, but it was not until a generation later that cartoonists such as <a href="/wiki/Frank_King_(cartoonist)" title="Frank King (cartoonist)">Frank King</a> with <a href="/wiki/Gasoline_Alley_(comic_strip)" title="Gasoline Alley (comic strip)">Gasoline Alley</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hal_Foster" title="Hal Foster">Hal Foster</a> with <a href="/wiki/Prince_Valiant" title="Prince Valiant">Prince Valiant</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Roy_Crane" title="Roy Crane">Roy Crane</a> with <a href="/wiki/Captain_Easy" title="Captain Easy">Captain Easy</a> attempted such daring designs on their Sunday pages.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarvey199421–22-155">[151]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Little_Nemo_in_Slumberland_(1905-10-22)_bottom_half.jpeg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Little Nemo in Slumberland comic strip episode from October 22, 1905. Nemo dreams he is in a growing mushroom forest. Panels grow to accommodate the growing mushrooms." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Little_Nemo_in_Slumberland_%281905-10-22%29_bottom_half.jpeg/550px-Little_Nemo_in_Slumberland_%281905-10-22%29_bottom_half.jpeg" decoding="async" width="550" height="476" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Little_Nemo_in_Slumberland_%281905-10-22%29_bottom_half.jpeg/825px-Little_Nemo_in_Slumberland_%281905-10-22%29_bottom_half.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b9/Little_Nemo_in_Slumberland_%281905-10-22%29_bottom_half.jpeg 2x" data-file-width="870" data-file-height="753" /></a><figcaption>McCay experimented with the formal elements of his strips, as when he had panels grow to accommodate a growing mushroom forest in a <a href="/wiki/Little_Nemo" title="Little Nemo">Little Nemo</a> episode for October 22, 1905.<a href="#cite_note-156">[e]</a></figcaption></figure> McCay's detailed <a href="/wiki/Hatching" title="Hatching">hatching</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECanemaker200548-26">[24]</a> and mastery of <a href="/wiki/Perspective_(graphical)" title="Perspective (graphical)">perspective</a> enhanced the illusions in his drawings, particularly in Little Nemo.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECanemaker200531-16">[15]</a> Fantastic grotesqueries such as what McCay witnessed during his time at the Wonderland and Eden Musee appeared often in McCay's work.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECanemaker200528-13">[12]</a> McCay was noted for the speed and accuracy with which he could draw; crowds of people would gather around to watch him paint billboards.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETaylor2005Introduction-157">[152]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Rip_1888_Un_projet_t%C3%A9m%C3%A9raire.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Rip_1888_Un_projet_t%C3%A9m%C3%A9raire.jpg/290px-Rip_1888_Un_projet_t%C3%A9m%C3%A9raire.jpg" decoding="async" width="290" height="414" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Rip_1888_Un_projet_t%C3%A9m%C3%A9raire.jpg/435px-Rip_1888_Un_projet_t%C3%A9m%C3%A9raire.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Rip_1888_Un_projet_t%C3%A9m%C3%A9raire.jpg/580px-Rip_1888_Un_projet_t%C3%A9m%C3%A9raire.jpg 2x" data-file-width="770" data-file-height="1100" /></a><figcaption>Pages from Images Enphantines displayed the same sort of formal playfulness as in McCay's work Rip, "Un projet téméraire", 1888</figcaption></figure> McCay had a taste for the ornate. The architecture he drew was inspired by that of carnivals, the 1893 <a href="/wiki/World%27s_Columbian_Exposition" title="World's Columbian Exposition">World's Columbian Exposition</a> in Chicago and the detailed illustrations in British illustrated newspapers <a href="/wiki/The_Illustrated_London_News" title="The Illustrated London News">The Illustrated London News</a> and <a href="/wiki/The_Graphic" title="The Graphic">The Graphic</a>. The <a href="/w/index.php?title=Maison_Quantin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Maison Quantin (page does not exist)">Maison Quantin</a> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maison_Quantin" class="extiw" title="fr:Maison Quantin">fr</a>] of Paris published a series of illustrated books called Images Enphantines, whose pages bear a striking resemblance to McCay's early Little Nemo strips, both in their graphic sense and their imaginative layouts.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESmolderen2014-158">[153]</a> To Canemaker, McCay had an "absolute precision of line"<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECanemaker2005209-88">[85]</a> akin to those of <a href="/wiki/Northern_Renaissance" title="Northern Renaissance">Northern Renaissance</a> artist <a href="/wiki/Albrecht_D%C3%BCrer" title="Albrecht Dürer">Albrecht Dürer</a> and 19th-century French illustrator <a href="/wiki/Gustave_Dor%C3%A9" title="Gustave Doré">Gustave Doré</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECanemaker2005209,_212-159">[154]</a> McCay drew with Higgins black drawing ink, <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Gillott%27s_(pens)" class="mw-redirect" title="Joseph Gillott's (pens)">Gillott</a> No. 290 pens, <a href="/wiki/Eraser#Artist's_gum_eraser" title="Eraser">art gum</a>, a <a href="/wiki/T-square" title="T-square">T-square</a> and <a href="/wiki/Set_square" title="Set square">angle</a>, and an assortment of <a href="/wiki/Venus_Pencils" title="Venus Pencils">Venus</a> lead pencils.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECanemaker2005127-37">[35]</a> In his early magazine cartoons McCay often painted in <a href="/wiki/Gouache" title="Gouache">gouache</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECanemaker200555-160">[155]</a> McCay used <a href="/wiki/Metafiction" title="Metafiction">metafictional</a> techniques such as <a href="/wiki/Self-reference" title="Self-reference">self-referentiality</a> in his work. This was most frequent in Dream of the Rarebit Fiend, where McCay sometimes put himself in the strip, or had characters address the reader. Sometimes characters become aware of the strip itself—a jealous lover tears the very strip apart in which he appears; another character fastens panel borders to his strip when he realizes the artist has forgotten them;<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBukatman201263-161">[156]</a> and in a Sammy Sneeze episode Sammy's sneeze destroys the panel borders.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarvey199425-162">[157]</a> In contrast to the high level of skill in the artwork, the dialogue in McCay's speech balloons is crude, sometimes approaching illegibility,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGutjahrBenton2001166Heller2007-163">[158]</a> and "disfigur[ing] his otherwise flawless work",<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarvey199428-146">[142]</a> according to critic <a href="/wiki/R._C._Harvey" title="R. C. Harvey">R. C. Harvey</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarvey199428-146">[142]</a> This is further highlighted by the level of effort and skill apparent in the title lettering.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGutjahrBenton2001166-164">[159]</a> McCay seemed to show little regard for the dialogue balloons, their content, and their placement in the visual composition. They tended to contain repetitive monologues expressing the increasing distress of the speakers, and showed that McCay's gift was in the visual and not the verbal.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETaylor2007554-165">[160]</a> In his comics and animation McCay used stock ethnic stereotypes common in his era.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShannon2010197Canemaker200552–53-166">[161]</a> A conscious attempt to offend is not apparent.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShannon2010200-167">[162]</a> He depicted <a href="/wiki/Black_people" title="Black people">blacks</a> as savages, or wishing they could be <a href="/wiki/White_people" title="White people">white</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECanemaker200552–53-168">[163]</a> Most prominent were a pair of characters in Little Nemo: the ill-tempered Irishman Flip and the rarely speaking grass-skirted African Little Imp. In the animated Little Nemo, the Anglo-Saxon Nemo is shown drawn in a dignified Art Nouveau style, and controls by magic the more grotesquely caricatured Flip and Imp.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWinokur201258,_63-169">[164]</a> Women were few in McCay's work, and were depicted as superficial, jealous, and argumentative; the Princess in Little Nemo never partook in the camaraderie the males shared.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECanemaker200546–47-170">[165]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="List_of_comic_strips">List of comic strips</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Winsor_McCay&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: List of comic strips">edit</a>]</div> <table class="wikitable sortable plainrowheaders"> <caption>Comic strips by Winsor McCay </caption> <tbody><tr> <th scope="col">Title </th> <th scope="col">Begin date </th> <th scope="col">End date </th> <th scope="col" class="unsortable">Notes </th></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">A Tale of the Jungle Imps by Felix Fiddle<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECanemaker200560-28">[26]</a> </th> <td align="right">Jan 11, 1903<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECanemaker200560-28">[26]</a> </td> <td align="right">Nov 9, 1903<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECanemaker200560-28">[26]</a> </td> <td align="left"> <ul><li>based on poems written by <a href="/wiki/George_Randolph_Chester" title="George Randolph Chester">George Randolph Chester</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECanemaker200560-28">[26]</a></li></ul> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">Mr. Goodenough<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECanemaker200575-32">[30]</a> </th> <td align="right">Jan 21, 1904<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECanemaker200575-32">[30]</a> </td> <td align="right">Mar 4, 1904<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECanemaker200575-32">[30]</a> </td> <td align="left"> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">Sister's Little Sister's Beau<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECanemaker200575-32">[30]</a> </th> <td align="right">Apr 24, 1904<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECanemaker200575-32">[30]</a> </td> <td align="right">Apr 24, 1904<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECanemaker200575-32">[30]</a> </td> <td align="left"> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">Phurious Phinish of Phoolish Philipe's Phunny Phrolics<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECanemaker200575-32">[30]</a> </th> <td align="right">May 28, 1904<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECanemaker200575-32">[30]</a> </td> <td align="right">May 28, 1904<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECanemaker200575-32">[30]</a> </td> <td align="left"> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Little_Sammy_Sneeze" title="Little Sammy Sneeze">Little Sammy Sneeze</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECanemaker200575-32">[30]</a> </th> <td align="right">Jul 24, 1904<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECanemaker200575-32">[30]</a> </td> <td align="right">May 26, 1907<a href="#cite_note-171">[166]</a> </td> <td align="left"> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Dream_of_the_Rarebit_Fiend" title="Dream of the Rarebit Fiend">Dream of the Rarebit Fiend</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECanemaker200578-33">[31]</a> </th> <td align="right">Sep 10, 1904<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECanemaker200578-33">[31]</a> </td> <td align="right">Jun 25, 1911<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECanemaker200578-33">[31]</a> </td> <td align="left"> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="right">Jan 19, 1913<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECanemaker200578-33">[31]</a> </td> <td align="right">Aug 3, 1913<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECanemaker200578-33">[31]</a> </td> <td align="left"> <ul><li>revived by the <a href="/wiki/New_York_Herald" title="New York Herald">New York Herald</a>, printing left-over strips<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMerkl2007488-172">[167]</a> in color<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEvan_Opstal2008-173">[168]</a></li></ul> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">The Story of Hungry Henrietta<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECanemaker200592-39">[37]</a> </th> <td align="right">Jan 8, 1905<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECanemaker200592-39">[37]</a> </td> <td align="right">Jul 16, 1905<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECanemaker200592-39">[37]</a> </td> <td align="left"> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">A Pilgrim's Progress By Mister Bunion<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcKinney20151-174">[169]</a> </th> <td align="right">Jun 26, 1905<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcKinney20152-175">[170]</a> </td> <td align="right">May 4, 1909<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcKinney201511-176">[171]</a> </td> <td align="left"> <ul><li>appeared in the New York Evening Telegram<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcKinney20151-174">[169]</a></li></ul> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Little_Nemo" title="Little Nemo">Little Nemo in Slumberland</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECanemaker200597-42">[40]</a> </th> <td align="right">Oct 15, 1905<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECanemaker200597-42">[40]</a> </td> <td align="right">Jul 23, 1911<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECanemaker200597-42">[40]</a> </td> <td align="left"> <ul><li>1911–14 under the title In the Land of Wonderful Dreams<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECanemaker200597-42">[40]</a></li></ul> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="right">Aug 3, 1924<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECanemaker2005229-107">[104]</a> </td> <td align="right">Dec 26, 1926<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECanemaker2005229-107">[104]</a> </td> <td align="left"> <ul><li>restarted after McCay returned to the Herald Tribune<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECanemaker2005229-107">[104]</a></li></ul> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">Poor Jake<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECanemaker2005121-58">[55]</a> </th> <td align="right">1909<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECanemaker2005121-58">[55]</a> </td> <td align="right">1911<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECanemaker2005121-58">[55]</a> </td> <td align="left"> <ul><li>appeared in the New York Evening Telegram<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcKinney20151-174">[169]</a></li></ul> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">In the Land of Wonderful Dreams<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECanemaker200597-42">[40]</a> </th> <td align="right">Sep 3, 1911<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECanemaker200597-42">[40]</a> </td> <td align="right">Dec 26, 1914<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECanemaker200597-42">[40]</a> </td> <td align="left"> <ul><li>Little Nemo retitled when McCay moved to <a href="/wiki/William_Randolph_Hearst" title="William Randolph Hearst">Hearst</a>'s papers<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECanemaker200597-42">[40]</a></li></ul> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">Rarebit Reveries<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMerkl2007466-177">[172]</a> </th> <td align="right"><abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1923<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMerkl2007485-178">[173]</a> </td> <td align="right"><abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1925<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMerkl2007485-178">[173]</a> </td> <td align="left"> <ul><li>revival of Dream of the Rarebit Fiend<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMerkl2007466-177">[172]</a></li> <li>signed "Robert Winsor McCay Jr.", though most likely McCay's artwork<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMerkl2007466-177">[172]</a></li></ul> </td></tr> <tr class="sortbottom"> <th>Title</th> <th>Begin date</th> <th>End date</th> <th>Notes </th></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Filmography">Filmography</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Winsor_McCay&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Filmography">edit</a>]</div> <table class="wikitable sortable plainrowheaders"> <caption>Films by Winsor McCay </caption> <tbody><tr> <th scope="col">Title </th> <th scope="col">Year </th> <th scope="col" class="unsortable">Notes </th> <th scope="col" class="unsortable">File </th></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">Winsor McCay, the Famous Cartoonist of the N.Y. Herald and His Moving Comics<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBukatman2012109-179">[174]</a> </th> <td align="right">April 11, 1911<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECanemaker2005160-65">[62]</a> </td> <td align="left"> <ul><li>more commonly called <a href="/wiki/Little_Nemo_(1911_film)" title="Little Nemo (1911 film)">Little Nemo</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECanemaker2005160-65">[62]</a></li></ul> </td> <td><figure class="mw-halign-none" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><video id="mwe_player_0" poster="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Winsor_McCay%2C_the_Famous_Cartoonist_of_the_N.Y._Herald_and_His_Moving_Comics_-_Little_Nemo_%281911%29.webm/100px--Winsor_McCay%2C_the_Famous_Cartoonist_of_the_N.Y._Herald_and_His_Moving_Comics_-_Little_Nemo_%281911%29.webm.jpg" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="100" height="67" data-durationhint="693" data-mwtitle="Winsor_McCay,_the_Famous_Cartoonist_of_the_N.Y._Herald_and_His_Moving_Comics_-_Little_Nemo_(1911).webm" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons" resource="/wiki/File:Winsor_McCay,_the_Famous_Cartoonist_of_the_N.Y._Herald_and_His_Moving_Comics_-_Little_Nemo_(1911).webm"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/6/6d/Winsor_McCay%2C_the_Famous_Cartoonist_of_the_N.Y._Herald_and_His_Moving_Comics_-_Little_Nemo_%281911%29.webm/Winsor_McCay%2C_the_Famous_Cartoonist_of_the_N.Y._Herald_and_His_Moving_Comics_-_Little_Nemo_%281911%29.webm.480p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="480p.vp9.webm" data-width="720" data-height="480" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/6d/Winsor_McCay%2C_the_Famous_Cartoonist_of_the_N.Y._Herald_and_His_Moving_Comics_-_Little_Nemo_%281911%29.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8"" data-width="720" data-height="480" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/6/6d/Winsor_McCay%2C_the_Famous_Cartoonist_of_the_N.Y._Herald_and_His_Moving_Comics_-_Little_Nemo_%281911%29.webm/Winsor_McCay%2C_the_Famous_Cartoonist_of_the_N.Y._Herald_and_His_Moving_Comics_-_Little_Nemo_%281911%29.webm.240p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="240p.vp9.webm" data-width="360" data-height="240" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/6/6d/Winsor_McCay%2C_the_Famous_Cartoonist_of_the_N.Y._Herald_and_His_Moving_Comics_-_Little_Nemo_%281911%29.webm/Winsor_McCay%2C_the_Famous_Cartoonist_of_the_N.Y._Herald_and_His_Moving_Comics_-_Little_Nemo_%281911%29.webm.360p.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-transcodekey="360p.webm" data-width="540" data-height="360" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/6/6d/Winsor_McCay%2C_the_Famous_Cartoonist_of_the_N.Y._Herald_and_His_Moving_Comics_-_Little_Nemo_%281911%29.webm/Winsor_McCay%2C_the_Famous_Cartoonist_of_the_N.Y._Herald_and_His_Moving_Comics_-_Little_Nemo_%281911%29.webm.360p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="360p.vp9.webm" data-width="540" data-height="360" /></video><figcaption></figcaption></figure> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/How_a_Mosquito_Operates" title="How a Mosquito Operates">How a Mosquito Operates</a> </th> <td align="right">January 1912<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBendazzi199416-180">[175]</a> </td> <td align="left"> <ul><li>also known as The Story Of A Mosquito<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECanemaker2005164-67">[64]</a></li></ul> </td> <td><figure class="mw-halign-none" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><video id="mwe_player_1" poster="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Winsor_McCay_%281912%29_How_a_Mosquito_Operates.webm/100px--Winsor_McCay_%281912%29_How_a_Mosquito_Operates.webm.jpg" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="100" height="67" data-durationhint="375" data-mwtitle="Winsor_McCay_(1912)_How_a_Mosquito_Operates.webm" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons" resource="/wiki/File:Winsor_McCay_(1912)_How_a_Mosquito_Operates.webm"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/9/9c/Winsor_McCay_%281912%29_How_a_Mosquito_Operates.webm/Winsor_McCay_%281912%29_How_a_Mosquito_Operates.webm.480p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="480p.vp9.webm" data-width="720" data-height="480" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/9c/Winsor_McCay_%281912%29_How_a_Mosquito_Operates.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8"" data-width="720" data-height="480" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/9/9c/Winsor_McCay_%281912%29_How_a_Mosquito_Operates.webm/Winsor_McCay_%281912%29_How_a_Mosquito_Operates.webm.240p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="240p.vp9.webm" data-width="360" data-height="240" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/9/9c/Winsor_McCay_%281912%29_How_a_Mosquito_Operates.webm/Winsor_McCay_%281912%29_How_a_Mosquito_Operates.webm.360p.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-transcodekey="360p.webm" data-width="540" data-height="360" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/9/9c/Winsor_McCay_%281912%29_How_a_Mosquito_Operates.webm/Winsor_McCay_%281912%29_How_a_Mosquito_Operates.webm.360p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="360p.vp9.webm" data-width="540" data-height="360" /></video><figcaption></figcaption></figure> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Gertie_the_Dinosaur" title="Gertie the Dinosaur">Gertie the Dinosaur</a> </th> <td align="right">February 18, 1914<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECrafton1993110Canemaker2005183-181">[176]</a> </td> <td align="left"> <ul><li>Lost original stage show version <a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECrafton1993110Canemaker2005183-181">[176]</a></li></ul> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">Winsor McCay, the Famous Cartoonist, and Gertie </th> <td align="right">December 28, 1914<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECrafton1993110Canemaker2005183-181">[176]</a> </td> <td align="left"> <ul><li>Expansion of the stage show version, adding a live action introduction in a museum and dialogue inter-titles.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECrafton1993110Canemaker2005183-181">[176]</a></li></ul> </td> <td><figure class="mw-halign-none" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><video id="mwe_player_2" poster="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Winsor_McCay_%281914%29Gertie_the_Dinosaur.webm/100px-seek%3D588-Winsor_McCay_%281914%29Gertie_the_Dinosaur.webm.jpg" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="100" height="67" data-durationhint="1063" data-mwtitle="Winsor_McCay_(1914)Gertie_the_Dinosaur.webm" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons" resource="/wiki/File:Winsor_McCay_(1914)Gertie_the_Dinosaur.webm"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/a/ac/Winsor_McCay_%281914%29Gertie_the_Dinosaur.webm/Winsor_McCay_%281914%29Gertie_the_Dinosaur.webm.480p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="480p.vp9.webm" data-width="720" data-height="480" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/ac/Winsor_McCay_%281914%29Gertie_the_Dinosaur.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8"" data-width="720" data-height="480" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/a/ac/Winsor_McCay_%281914%29Gertie_the_Dinosaur.webm/Winsor_McCay_%281914%29Gertie_the_Dinosaur.webm.240p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="240p.vp9.webm" data-width="360" data-height="240" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/a/ac/Winsor_McCay_%281914%29Gertie_the_Dinosaur.webm/Winsor_McCay_%281914%29Gertie_the_Dinosaur.webm.360p.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-transcodekey="360p.webm" data-width="540" data-height="360" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/a/ac/Winsor_McCay_%281914%29Gertie_the_Dinosaur.webm/Winsor_McCay_%281914%29Gertie_the_Dinosaur.webm.360p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="360p.vp9.webm" data-width="540" data-height="360" /></video><figcaption></figcaption></figure> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/The_Sinking_of_the_Lusitania" title="The Sinking of the Lusitania">The Sinking of the Lusitania</a> </th> <td align="right">May 18, 1918<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECanemaker2005195-96">[93]</a> </td> <td align="left"> </td> <td><figure class="mw-halign-none" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><video id="mwe_player_3" poster="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/The_Sinking_of_the_Lusitania_%281918%29.webm/100px--The_Sinking_of_the_Lusitania_%281918%29.webm.jpg" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="100" height="75" data-durationhint="650" data-mwtitle="The_Sinking_of_the_Lusitania_(1918).webm" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons" resource="/wiki/File:The_Sinking_of_the_Lusitania_(1918).webm"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/d/df/The_Sinking_of_the_Lusitania_%281918%29.webm/The_Sinking_of_the_Lusitania_%281918%29.webm.480p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="480p.vp9.webm" data-width="640" data-height="480" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/d/df/The_Sinking_of_the_Lusitania_%281918%29.webm/The_Sinking_of_the_Lusitania_%281918%29.webm.720p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="720p.vp9.webm" data-width="962" data-height="720" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/d/df/The_Sinking_of_the_Lusitania_%281918%29.webm/The_Sinking_of_the_Lusitania_%281918%29.webm.1080p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="1080p.vp9.webm" data-width="1442" data-height="1080" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/df/The_Sinking_of_the_Lusitania_%281918%29.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9"" data-width="1442" data-height="1080" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/d/df/The_Sinking_of_the_Lusitania_%281918%29.webm/The_Sinking_of_the_Lusitania_%281918%29.webm.144p.mjpeg.mov" type="video/quicktime" data-transcodekey="144p.mjpeg.mov" data-width="192" data-height="144" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/d/df/The_Sinking_of_the_Lusitania_%281918%29.webm/The_Sinking_of_the_Lusitania_%281918%29.webm.240p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="240p.vp9.webm" data-width="320" data-height="240" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/d/df/The_Sinking_of_the_Lusitania_%281918%29.webm/The_Sinking_of_the_Lusitania_%281918%29.webm.360p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="360p.vp9.webm" data-width="480" data-height="360" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/d/df/The_Sinking_of_the_Lusitania_%281918%29.webm/The_Sinking_of_the_Lusitania_%281918%29.webm.360p.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-transcodekey="360p.webm" data-width="480" data-height="360" /></video><figcaption></figcaption></figure> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Dreams_of_the_Rarebit_Fiend#Bug_Vaudeville_(1921)" class="mw-redirect" title="Dreams of the Rarebit Fiend">Bug Vaudeville</a> </th> <td align="right">September 12, 1921<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECanemaker2005197-182">[177]</a> </td> <td align="left"> </td> <td><figure class="mw-halign-none" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><video id="mwe_player_4" poster="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Winsor_McCay_-_Bug_Vaudeville_%281921%29.webm/100px--Winsor_McCay_-_Bug_Vaudeville_%281921%29.webm.jpg" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="100" height="68" data-durationhint="827" data-mwtitle="Winsor_McCay_-_Bug_Vaudeville_(1921).webm" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons" resource="/wiki/File:Winsor_McCay_-_Bug_Vaudeville_(1921).webm"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/1/17/Winsor_McCay_-_Bug_Vaudeville_%281921%29.webm/Winsor_McCay_-_Bug_Vaudeville_%281921%29.webm.240p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="240p.vp9.webm" data-width="352" data-height="240" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/1/17/Winsor_McCay_-_Bug_Vaudeville_%281921%29.webm/Winsor_McCay_-_Bug_Vaudeville_%281921%29.webm.360p.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-transcodekey="360p.webm" data-width="352" data-height="240" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/17/Winsor_McCay_-_Bug_Vaudeville_%281921%29.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8"" data-width="352" data-height="240" /></video><figcaption></figcaption></figure> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Dreams_of_the_Rarebit_Fiend#The_Pet_(1921)" class="mw-redirect" title="Dreams of the Rarebit Fiend">The Pet</a> </th> <td align="right">September 19, 1921<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECanemaker2005198-99">[96]</a> </td> <td align="left"> </td> <td><figure class="mw-halign-none" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><video id="mwe_player_5" poster="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Winsor_McCay_%281921%29_The_Pet.webm/100px--Winsor_McCay_%281921%29_The_Pet.webm.jpg" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="100" height="67" data-durationhint="518" data-mwtitle="Winsor_McCay_(1921)_The_Pet.webm" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons" resource="/wiki/File:Winsor_McCay_(1921)_The_Pet.webm"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/b/b0/Winsor_McCay_%281921%29_The_Pet.webm/Winsor_McCay_%281921%29_The_Pet.webm.480p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="480p.vp9.webm" data-width="720" data-height="480" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b0/Winsor_McCay_%281921%29_The_Pet.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8"" data-width="720" data-height="480" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/b/b0/Winsor_McCay_%281921%29_The_Pet.webm/Winsor_McCay_%281921%29_The_Pet.webm.240p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="240p.vp9.webm" data-width="360" data-height="240" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/b/b0/Winsor_McCay_%281921%29_The_Pet.webm/Winsor_McCay_%281921%29_The_Pet.webm.360p.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-transcodekey="360p.webm" data-width="540" data-height="360" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/b/b0/Winsor_McCay_%281921%29_The_Pet.webm/Winsor_McCay_%281921%29_The_Pet.webm.360p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="360p.vp9.webm" data-width="540" data-height="360" /></video><figcaption></figcaption></figure> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Dreams_of_the_Rarebit_Fiend#The_Flying_House_(1921)" class="mw-redirect" title="Dreams of the Rarebit Fiend">The Flying House</a> </th> <td align="right">September 26, 1921<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECanemaker2005197–198-97">[94]</a> </td> <td align="left"> </td> <td><figure class="mw-halign-none" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><video id="mwe_player_6" poster="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Winsor_McCay_%281921%29_The_Flying_House.webm/100px--Winsor_McCay_%281921%29_The_Flying_House.webm.jpg" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="100" height="67" data-durationhint="531" data-mwtitle="Winsor_McCay_(1921)_The_Flying_House.webm" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons" resource="/wiki/File:Winsor_McCay_(1921)_The_Flying_House.webm"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/d/dd/Winsor_McCay_%281921%29_The_Flying_House.webm/Winsor_McCay_%281921%29_The_Flying_House.webm.480p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="480p.vp9.webm" data-width="720" data-height="480" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/dd/Winsor_McCay_%281921%29_The_Flying_House.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8"" data-width="720" data-height="480" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/d/dd/Winsor_McCay_%281921%29_The_Flying_House.webm/Winsor_McCay_%281921%29_The_Flying_House.webm.240p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="240p.vp9.webm" data-width="360" data-height="240" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/d/dd/Winsor_McCay_%281921%29_The_Flying_House.webm/Winsor_McCay_%281921%29_The_Flying_House.webm.360p.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-transcodekey="360p.webm" data-width="540" data-height="360" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/d/dd/Winsor_McCay_%281921%29_The_Flying_House.webm/Winsor_McCay_%281921%29_The_Flying_House.webm.360p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="360p.vp9.webm" data-width="540" data-height="360" /></video><figcaption></figcaption></figure> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/The_Centaurs_(1921_film)" title="The Centaurs (1921 film)">The Centaurs</a> </th> <td align="right">1921 </td> <td align="left"> <ul><li>survives only in fragments<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECanemaker2005197–198-97">[94]</a></li></ul> </td> <td><figure class="mw-halign-none" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><video id="mwe_player_7" poster="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Winsor_McCay_-_The_Centaurs_%28c._1921%29.webm/100px--Winsor_McCay_-_The_Centaurs_%28c._1921%29.webm.jpg" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="100" height="67" data-durationhint="136" data-mwtitle="Winsor_McCay_-_The_Centaurs_(c._1921).webm" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons" resource="/wiki/File:Winsor_McCay_-_The_Centaurs_(c._1921).webm"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/5/54/Winsor_McCay_-_The_Centaurs_%28c._1921%29.webm/Winsor_McCay_-_The_Centaurs_%28c._1921%29.webm.480p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="480p.vp9.webm" data-width="720" data-height="480" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/54/Winsor_McCay_-_The_Centaurs_%28c._1921%29.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8"" data-width="720" data-height="480" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/5/54/Winsor_McCay_-_The_Centaurs_%28c._1921%29.webm/Winsor_McCay_-_The_Centaurs_%28c._1921%29.webm.240p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="240p.vp9.webm" data-width="360" data-height="240" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/5/54/Winsor_McCay_-_The_Centaurs_%28c._1921%29.webm/Winsor_McCay_-_The_Centaurs_%28c._1921%29.webm.360p.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-transcodekey="360p.webm" data-width="540" data-height="360" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/5/54/Winsor_McCay_-_The_Centaurs_%28c._1921%29.webm/Winsor_McCay_-_The_Centaurs_%28c._1921%29.webm.360p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="360p.vp9.webm" data-width="540" data-height="360" /></video><figcaption></figcaption></figure> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">Gertie on Tour </th> <td align="right"><abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1918–21<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECanemaker2005194-183">[178]</a> </td> <td align="left"> <ul><li>survives only in fragments<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECanemaker2005197–198-97">[94]</a></li></ul> </td> <td><figure class="mw-halign-none" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><video id="mwe_player_8" poster="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Winsor_McCay_%281921%29_Gertie_on_Tour.webm/100px--Winsor_McCay_%281921%29_Gertie_on_Tour.webm.jpg" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="100" height="67" data-durationhint="124" data-mwtitle="Winsor_McCay_(1921)_Gertie_on_Tour.webm" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons" resource="/wiki/File:Winsor_McCay_(1921)_Gertie_on_Tour.webm"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/4/41/Winsor_McCay_%281921%29_Gertie_on_Tour.webm/Winsor_McCay_%281921%29_Gertie_on_Tour.webm.480p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="480p.vp9.webm" data-width="720" data-height="480" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/41/Winsor_McCay_%281921%29_Gertie_on_Tour.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8"" data-width="720" data-height="480" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/4/41/Winsor_McCay_%281921%29_Gertie_on_Tour.webm/Winsor_McCay_%281921%29_Gertie_on_Tour.webm.240p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="240p.vp9.webm" data-width="360" data-height="240" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/4/41/Winsor_McCay_%281921%29_Gertie_on_Tour.webm/Winsor_McCay_%281921%29_Gertie_on_Tour.webm.360p.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-transcodekey="360p.webm" data-width="540" data-height="360" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/4/41/Winsor_McCay_%281921%29_Gertie_on_Tour.webm/Winsor_McCay_%281921%29_Gertie_on_Tour.webm.360p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="360p.vp9.webm" data-width="540" data-height="360" /></video><figcaption></figcaption></figure> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">Flip's Circus </th> <td align="right"><abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1918–21<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECanemaker2005194-183">[178]</a> </td> <td align="left"> <ul><li>survives only in fragments<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECanemaker2005197–198-97">[94]</a></li></ul> </td> <td><figure class="mw-halign-none" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><video id="mwe_player_9" poster="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Winsor_McCay_%281921%29_Flip%27s_Circus.webm/100px--Winsor_McCay_%281921%29_Flip%27s_Circus.webm.jpg" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="100" height="67" data-durationhint="346" data-mwtitle="Winsor_McCay_(1921)_Flip's_Circus.webm" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons" resource="/wiki/File:Winsor_McCay_(1921)_Flip%27s_Circus.webm"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/8/81/Winsor_McCay_%281921%29_Flip%27s_Circus.webm/Winsor_McCay_%281921%29_Flip%27s_Circus.webm.480p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="480p.vp9.webm" data-width="720" data-height="480" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/81/Winsor_McCay_%281921%29_Flip%27s_Circus.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8"" data-width="720" data-height="480" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/8/81/Winsor_McCay_%281921%29_Flip%27s_Circus.webm/Winsor_McCay_%281921%29_Flip%27s_Circus.webm.240p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="240p.vp9.webm" data-width="360" data-height="240" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/8/81/Winsor_McCay_%281921%29_Flip%27s_Circus.webm/Winsor_McCay_%281921%29_Flip%27s_Circus.webm.360p.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-transcodekey="360p.webm" data-width="540" data-height="360" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/8/81/Winsor_McCay_%281921%29_Flip%27s_Circus.webm/Winsor_McCay_%281921%29_Flip%27s_Circus.webm.360p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="360p.vp9.webm" data-width="540" data-height="360" /></video><figcaption></figcaption></figure> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">Performing Animals </th> <td align="right">unknown </td> <td align="left"> <ul><li>original 35mm <a href="/wiki/Nitrocellulose#Nitrate_film_fires" title="Nitrocellulose">nitrate film</a> has not survived<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECanemaker2005254-133">[130]</a></li></ul> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr class="sortbottom"> <th>Title</th> <th>Year</th> <th>Notes</th> <th>File </th></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Winsor_McCay&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Notes">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-4"><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a> Upper Canada became the southern portion of the Canadian province of <a href="/wiki/Ontario" title="Ontario">Ontario</a> upon <a href="/wiki/Canadian_Confederation" title="Canadian Confederation">Canadian Confederation</a> in 1867. </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a> The Kohl & Middleton Dime Museum was previously called the Vine Street Dime Museum.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECanemaker200538-17">[16]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a> Keith had partnered with Proctor in 1906. </li> <li id="cite_note-144"><a href="#cite_ref-144">^</a> A pun on <a href="/wiki/Winsor_%26_Newton" title="Winsor & Newton">Winsor & Newton</a>, whose ink brushes are popular with cartoonists. </li> <li id="cite_note-156"><a href="#cite_ref-156">^</a> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /> Wikimedia Commons has <a href="/wiki/File:Little_Nemo_in_Slumberland_(1905-10-22).jpeg" title="File:Little Nemo in Slumberland (1905-10-22).jpeg">a file</a> available for the full strip. </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Winsor_McCay&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 20em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECanemaker201828-1">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECanemaker201828_1-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECanemaker201828_1-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFCanemaker2018">Canemaker 2018</a>, p. 28. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHaverstockVanceMeggitt2000-2">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHaverstockVanceMeggitt2000_2-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHaverstockVanceMeggitt2000_2-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFHaverstockVanceMeggitt2000">Haverstock, Vance & Meggitt 2000</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilson2016-3">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilson2016_3-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilson2016_3-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFWilson2016">Wilson 2016</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECanemaker200521-5">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECanemaker200521_5-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECanemaker200521_5-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFCanemaker2005">Canemaker 2005</a>, p. 21. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrand_Lodge_of_British_Columbia_and_Yukon2002-6"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGrand_Lodge_of_British_Columbia_and_Yukon2002_6-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGrand_Lodge_of_British_Columbia_and_Yukon2002">Grand Lodge of British Columbia and Yukon 2002</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECanemaker200522-7">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECanemaker200522_7-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECanemaker200522_7-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECanemaker200522_7-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECanemaker200522_7-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECanemaker200522_7-4">e</a> <a href="#CITEREFCanemaker2005">Canemaker 2005</a>, p. 22. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECanemaker200522Bien2011123-8"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECanemaker200522Bien2011123_8-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCanemaker2005">Canemaker 2005</a>, p. 22; <a href="#CITEREFBien2011">Bien 2011</a>, p. 123. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECanemaker200546-9">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECanemaker200546_9-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECanemaker200546_9-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECanemaker200546_9-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFCanemaker2005">Canemaker 2005</a>, p. 46. </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a> Alexander Braun, in discussing the conflicting evidence, comes to the following conclusion:"The most reliable source on the child's birth, due to its chronological proximity, is the McCay family Bible, the entry in which was quoted directly by O'Glasain. Unmistakeably written there are the words, "September 26, 1869—God blessed the union of Robert and Janet (of the clan Murray) McCay this morning with an eight pound son. He shall be named after our dear friend, Winsor Zenis[sic]." Alexander Braun: The Complete Little Nemo 1905-1927, Taschen, 2014, p.11 </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECanemaker200523-11">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECanemaker200523_11-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECanemaker200523_11-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECanemaker200523_11-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECanemaker200523_11-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECanemaker200523_11-4">e</a> <a href="#CITEREFCanemaker2005">Canemaker 2005</a>, p. 23. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECanemaker200524-12"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECanemaker200524_12-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCanemaker2005">Canemaker 2005</a>, p. 24. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECanemaker200528-13">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECanemaker200528_13-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECanemaker200528_13-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFCanemaker2005">Canemaker 2005</a>, p. 28. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECanemaker200528–29-14"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECanemaker200528–29_14-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCanemaker2005">Canemaker 2005</a>, pp. 28–29. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECanemaker200530-15"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECanemaker200530_15-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCanemaker2005">Canemaker 2005</a>, p. 30. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECanemaker200531-16">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECanemaker200531_16-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECanemaker200531_16-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECanemaker200531_16-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFCanemaker2005">Canemaker 2005</a>, p. 31. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECanemaker200538-17">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECanemaker200538_17-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECanemaker200538_17-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECanemaker200538_17-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECanemaker200538_17-3">d</a> <a href="#CITEREFCanemaker2005">Canemaker 2005</a>, p. 38. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECanemaker200533-18"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECanemaker200533_18-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCanemaker2005">Canemaker 2005</a>, p. 33. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECanemaker200534-19">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECanemaker200534_19-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECanemaker200534_19-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFCanemaker2005">Canemaker 2005</a>, p. 34. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECanemaker200543-21"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECanemaker200543_21-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCanemaker2005">Canemaker 2005</a>, p. 43. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECanemaker200540-22">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECanemaker200540_22-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECanemaker200540_22-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFCanemaker2005">Canemaker 2005</a>, p. 40. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECanemaker200543–44-23"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECanemaker200543–44_23-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCanemaker2005">Canemaker 2005</a>, pp. 43–44. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECanemaker200545-24">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECanemaker200545_24-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECanemaker200545_24-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECanemaker200545_24-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFCanemaker2005">Canemaker 2005</a>, p. 45. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECanemaker200547-25">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECanemaker200547_25-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECanemaker200547_25-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFCanemaker2005">Canemaker 2005</a>, p. 47. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECanemaker200548-26">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECanemaker200548_26-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECanemaker200548_26-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFCanemaker2005">Canemaker 2005</a>, p. 48. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECanemaker200557-27"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECanemaker200557_27-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCanemaker2005">Canemaker 2005</a>, p. 57. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECanemaker200560-28">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECanemaker200560_28-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECanemaker200560_28-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECanemaker200560_28-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECanemaker200560_28-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECanemaker200560_28-4">e</a> <a href="#CITEREFCanemaker2005">Canemaker 2005</a>, p. 60. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECanemaker200564-29"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECanemaker200564_29-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCanemaker2005">Canemaker 2005</a>, p. 64. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECanemaker200571-30"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECanemaker200571_30-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCanemaker2005">Canemaker 2005</a>, p. 71. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECanemaker200574-31"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECanemaker200574_31-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCanemaker2005">Canemaker 2005</a>, p. 74. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECanemaker200575-32">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECanemaker200575_32-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECanemaker200575_32-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECanemaker200575_32-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECanemaker200575_32-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECanemaker200575_32-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECanemaker200575_32-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECanemaker200575_32-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECanemaker200575_32-7">h</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECanemaker200575_32-8">i</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECanemaker200575_32-9">j</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECanemaker200575_32-10">k</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECanemaker200575_32-11">l</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECanemaker200575_32-12">m</a> <a href="#CITEREFCanemaker2005">Canemaker 2005</a>, p. 75. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECanemaker200578-33">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECanemaker200578_33-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECanemaker200578_33-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECanemaker200578_33-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECanemaker200578_33-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECanemaker200578_33-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECanemaker200578_33-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECanemaker200578_33-6">g</a> <a href="#CITEREFCanemaker2005">Canemaker 2005</a>, p. 78. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECanemaker200579-34"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECanemaker200579_34-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCanemaker2005">Canemaker 2005</a>, p. 79. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDover_Publications1973ix-35"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDover_Publications1973ix_35-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDover_Publications1973">Dover Publications 1973</a>, p. ix. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECanemaker2005125–126-36"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECanemaker2005125–126_36-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCanemaker2005">Canemaker 2005</a>, pp. 125–126. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECanemaker2005127-37">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECanemaker2005127_37-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECanemaker2005127_37-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFCanemaker2005">Canemaker 2005</a>, p. 127. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECanemaker200587-38">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECanemaker200587_38-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECanemaker200587_38-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFCanemaker2005">Canemaker 2005</a>, p. 87. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECanemaker200592-39">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECanemaker200592_39-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECanemaker200592_39-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECanemaker200592_39-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECanemaker200592_39-3">d</a> <a href="#CITEREFCanemaker2005">Canemaker 2005</a>, p. 92. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECanemaker200594-40">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECanemaker200594_40-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECanemaker200594_40-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECanemaker200594_40-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFCanemaker2005">Canemaker 2005</a>, p. 94. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcKinney20152,_13-41"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcKinney20152,_13_41-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMcKinney2015">McKinney 2015</a>, pp. 2, 13. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECanemaker200597-42">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECanemaker200597_42-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECanemaker200597_42-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECanemaker200597_42-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECanemaker200597_42-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECanemaker200597_42-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECanemaker200597_42-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECanemaker200597_42-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECanemaker200597_42-7">h</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECanemaker200597_42-8">i</a> <a href="#CITEREFCanemaker2005">Canemaker 2005</a>, p. 97. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarvey199421Hubbard2012Sabin1993134Dover_Publications1973viiCanwell200919-43"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarvey199421Hubbard2012Sabin1993134Dover_Publications1973viiCanwell200919_43-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHarvey1994">Harvey 1994</a>, p. 21; <a href="#CITEREFHubbard2012">Hubbard 2012</a>; <a href="#CITEREFSabin1993">Sabin 1993</a>, p. 134; <a href="#CITEREFDover_Publications1973">Dover Publications 1973</a>, p. vii; <a href="#CITEREFCanwell2009">Canwell 2009</a>, p. 19. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarvey199421-44">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarvey199421_44-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarvey199421_44-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarvey199421_44-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarvey199421_44-3">d</a> <a href="#CITEREFHarvey1994">Harvey 1994</a>, p. 21. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECrafton199397-45"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECrafton199397_45-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCrafton1993">Crafton 1993</a>, p. 97. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarvey199422Canemaker2005107-46"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarvey199422Canemaker2005107_46-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHarvey1994">Harvey 1994</a>, p. 22; <a href="#CITEREFCanemaker2005">Canemaker 2005</a>, p. 107. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECanemaker2005131-47"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECanemaker2005131_47-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCanemaker2005">Canemaker 2005</a>, p. 131. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECanemaker2005132-48">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECanemaker2005132_48-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECanemaker2005132_48-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECanemaker2005132_48-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFCanemaker2005">Canemaker 2005</a>, p. 132. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStabileHarrison20033-49"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStabileHarrison20033_49-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFStabileHarrison2003">Stabile & Harrison 2003</a>, p. 3. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECanemaker2005135-50"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECanemaker2005135_50-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCanemaker2005">Canemaker 2005</a>, p. 135. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECanemaker2005137-51"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECanemaker2005137_51-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCanemaker2005">Canemaker 2005</a>, p. 137. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECanemaker2005141-52">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECanemaker2005141_52-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECanemaker2005141_52-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFCanemaker2005">Canemaker 2005</a>, p. 141. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECanemaker2005143-53">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECanemaker2005143_53-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECanemaker2005143_53-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFCanemaker2005">Canemaker 2005</a>, p. 143. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECanemaker2005148-54"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECanemaker2005148_54-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCanemaker2005">Canemaker 2005</a>, p. 148. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECanemaker2005149-56">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECanemaker2005149_56-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECanemaker2005149_56-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFCanemaker2005">Canemaker 2005</a>, p. 149. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECanemaker2005151-57">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECanemaker2005151_57-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECanemaker2005151_57-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFCanemaker2005">Canemaker 2005</a>, p. 151. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECanemaker2005121-58">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECanemaker2005121_58-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECanemaker2005121_58-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECanemaker2005121_58-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECanemaker2005121_58-3">d</a> <a href="#CITEREFCanemaker2005">Canemaker 2005</a>, p. 121. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECanemaker2005151–153-59"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECanemaker2005151–153_59-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCanemaker2005">Canemaker 2005</a>, pp. 151–153. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECanemaker2005153-60">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECanemaker2005153_60-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECanemaker2005153_60-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECanemaker2005153_60-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFCanemaker2005">Canemaker 2005</a>, p. 153. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeckerman200318–19-61"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBeckerman200318–19_61-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBeckerman2003">Beckerman 2003</a>, pp. 18–19. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarvey199433-62"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarvey199433_62-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHarvey1994">Harvey 1994</a>, p. 33. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeckerman2003Canemaker2005157-63"><a 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href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECanemaker2005188_93-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFCanemaker2005">Canemaker 2005</a>, p. 188. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKundert-GibbsKundert-Gibbs200946-94"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKundert-GibbsKundert-Gibbs200946_94-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKundert-GibbsKundert-Gibbs2009">Kundert-Gibbs & Kundert-Gibbs 2009</a>, p. 46. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECanemaker2005196-95"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECanemaker2005196_95-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCanemaker2005">Canemaker 2005</a>, p. 196. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECanemaker2005195-96">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECanemaker2005195_96-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECanemaker2005195_96-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFCanemaker2005">Canemaker 2005</a>, p. 195. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECanemaker2005197–198-97">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECanemaker2005197–198_97-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECanemaker2005197–198_97-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECanemaker2005197–198_97-2">c</a> <a 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a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output 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The Evening News. November 27, 1923.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Evening+News&rft.atitle=Announcement+of+%22Rabid+Reveries&rft.date=1923-11-27&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.newspapers.com%2Farticle%2Fthe-evening-news-announcement-of-rabid-r%2F145956335%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWinsor+McCay" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECanemaker2005225-105"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECanemaker2005225_105-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCanemaker2005">Canemaker 2005</a>, p. 225. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECanemaker2005228-106"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECanemaker2005228_106-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCanemaker2005">Canemaker 2005</a>, p. 228. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECanemaker2005229-107">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECanemaker2005229_107-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECanemaker2005229_107-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECanemaker2005229_107-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECanemaker2005229_107-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECanemaker2005229_107-4">e</a> <a href="#CITEREFCanemaker2005">Canemaker 2005</a>, p. 229. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECanemaker2005235-108">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECanemaker2005235_108-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECanemaker2005235_108-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFCanemaker2005">Canemaker 2005</a>, p. 235. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECanemaker2005237-109"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECanemaker2005237_109-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCanemaker2005">Canemaker 2005</a>, p. 237. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECanemaker2005199-110">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECanemaker2005199_110-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECanemaker2005199_110-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFCanemaker2005">Canemaker 2005</a>, p. 199. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECanemaker2005239-111"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECanemaker2005239_111-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCanemaker2005">Canemaker 2005</a>, p. 239. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECanemaker2005238–239-112"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECanemaker2005238–239_112-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCanemaker2005">Canemaker 2005</a>, pp. 238–239. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECanemaker2005240-113"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECanemaker2005240_113-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCanemaker2005">Canemaker 2005</a>, p. 240. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECanemaker2005249-114"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECanemaker2005249_114-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCanemaker2005">Canemaker 2005</a>, p. 249. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESyracuse_Herald_staff1934-115"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESyracuse_Herald_staff1934_115-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSyracuse_Herald_staff1934">Syracuse Herald staff 1934</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECanemaker2005251-116">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECanemaker2005251_116-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECanemaker2005251_116-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECanemaker2005251_116-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFCanemaker2005">Canemaker 2005</a>, p. 251. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECanemaker2005251–252-117"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECanemaker2005251–252_117-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCanemaker2005">Canemaker 2005</a>, pp. 251–252. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECanemaker200540,_139-118"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECanemaker200540,_139_118-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCanemaker2005">Canemaker 2005</a>, pp. 40, 139. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECanemaker2005244-119">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECanemaker2005244_119-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECanemaker2005244_119-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFCanemaker2005">Canemaker 2005</a>, p. 244. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECanemaker2005202-120">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECanemaker2005202_120-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECanemaker2005202_120-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECanemaker2005202_120-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECanemaker2005202_120-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECanemaker2005202_120-4">e</a> <a href="#CITEREFCanemaker2005">Canemaker 2005</a>, p. 202. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETaylor2007555-121"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETaylor2007555_121-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFTaylor2007">Taylor 2007</a>, p. 555. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECanemaker200545Merkl2007512-122"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECanemaker200545Merkl2007512_122-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCanemaker2005">Canemaker 2005</a>, p. 45; <a href="#CITEREFMerkl2007">Merkl 2007</a>, p. 512. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeer2006a-123"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHeer2006a_123-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHeer2006a">Heer 2006a</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECanemaker2005252-124"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECanemaker2005252_124-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCanemaker2005">Canemaker 2005</a>, p. 252. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECanemaker2005202–203-125"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECanemaker2005202–203_125-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCanemaker2005">Canemaker 2005</a>, pp. 202–203. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEShannon2010197-126"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShannon2010197_126-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFShannon2010">Shannon 2010</a>, p. 197. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECanemaker200555–56-127"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECanemaker200555–56_127-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCanemaker2005">Canemaker 2005</a>, pp. 55–56. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECanemaker2005257-128"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECanemaker2005257_128-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCanemaker2005">Canemaker 2005</a>, p. 257. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECanemaker2005253-129">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECanemaker2005253_129-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECanemaker2005253_129-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFCanemaker2005">Canemaker 2005</a>, p. 253. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWaugh194720–21Canemaker2005253-130"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWaugh194720–21Canemaker2005253_130-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWaugh1947">Waugh 1947</a>, pp. 20–21; <a href="#CITEREFCanemaker2005">Canemaker 2005</a>, p. 253. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeer2006-131">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHeer2006_131-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHeer2006_131-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHeer2006_131-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHeer2006_131-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHeer2006_131-4">e</a> <a href="#CITEREFHeer2006">Heer 2006</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECanemaker2005253–254-132"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECanemaker2005253–254_132-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCanemaker2005">Canemaker 2005</a>, pp. 253–254. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECanemaker2005254-133">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECanemaker2005254_133-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECanemaker2005254_133-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFCanemaker2005">Canemaker 2005</a>, p. 254. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJamieson2010126-134"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJamieson2010126_134-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFJamieson2010">Jamieson 2010</a>, p. 126. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESpencer2005-135"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESpencer2005_135-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSpencer2005">Spencer 2005</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECanemaker2005255-136">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECanemaker2005255_136-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECanemaker2005255_136-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFCanemaker2005">Canemaker 2005</a>, p. 255. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWells200689-137"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWells200689_137-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWells2006">Wells 2006</a>, p. 89. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBondanella200210-138"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBondanella200210_138-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBondanella2002">Bondanella 2002</a>, p. 10. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAultAndraeGong200391-139"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAultAndraeGong200391_139-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFAultAndraeGong2003">Ault, Andrae & Gong 2003</a>, p. 91. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJacobowitz2007164-140"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJacobowitz2007164_140-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFJacobowitz2007">Jacobowitz 2007</a>, p. 164. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEYoung2000-141"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEYoung2000_141-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFYoung2000">Young 2000</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENel2005204-142"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENel2005204_142-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFNel2005">Nel 2005</a>, p. 204. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarkstein2007-143"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMarkstein2007_143-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMarkstein2007">Markstein 2007</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGardner2012158-145"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGardner2012158_145-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGardner2012">Gardner 2012</a>, p. 158. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarvey199428-146">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarvey199428_146-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarvey199428_146-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarvey199428_146-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFHarvey1994">Harvey 1994</a>, p. 28. </li> <li id="cite_note-147"><a href="#cite_ref-147">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKnudde2022" class="citation web cs1">Knudde, Kjell (August 27, 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.lambiek.net/artists/b/bit.htm">"Nándor Honti"</a>. lambiek.net. Retrieved August 22, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=lambiek.net&rft.atitle=N%C3%A1ndor+Honti&rft.date=2022-08-27&rft.aulast=Knudde&rft.aufirst=Kjell&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.lambiek.net%2Fartists%2Fb%2Fbit.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWinsor+McCay" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERoeder2014[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidI_gaBwAAQBAJpgPA205_205]-148"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERoeder2014[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidI_gaBwAAQBAJpgPA205_205]_148-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRoeder2014">Roeder 2014</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=I_gaBwAAQBAJ&pg=PA205">205</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDixon2008-149"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDixon2008_149-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDixon2008">Dixon 2008</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETaube2014-150"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETaube2014_150-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFTaube2014">Taube 2014</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-151"><a href="#cite_ref-151">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://minorplanetcenter.net/db_search/show_object?object_id=113461">"IAU Minor Planet Center"</a>. IAU Minor Planet Center. Retrieved September 15, 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=IAU+Minor+Planet+Center&rft.pub=IAU+Minor+Planet+Center&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fminorplanetcenter.net%2Fdb_search%2Fshow_object%3Fobject_id%3D113461&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWinsor+McCay" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-152"><a href="#cite_ref-152">^</a> Morpheus. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://springlakemccay.blogspot.com/2009/06/historical-marker.html">"Historical Marker!!!"</a>. Meeting McCay. Published June 5, 2009. Accessed February 22, 2023. </li> <li id="cite_note-153"><a href="#cite_ref-153">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cartoonresearch.com/index.php/winsor-mccays-the-sinking-of-the-alpena/">"Winsor McCay's 'The Sinking of The Alpena'"</a>. Cartoon Research. Published September 7, 2017. Accessed February 22, 2023. </li> <li id="cite_note-Winsor_McCay_Park-154">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Winsor_McCay_Park_154-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Winsor_McCay_Park_154-1">b</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://winsormccaypark.weebly.com/">Winsor McCay Park Official Site</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarvey199421–22-155"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarvey199421–22_155-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHarvey1994">Harvey 1994</a>, pp. 21–22. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETaylor2005Introduction-157"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETaylor2005Introduction_157-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFTaylor2005">Taylor 2005</a>, Introduction. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESmolderen2014-158"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESmolderen2014_158-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSmolderen2014">Smolderen 2014</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECanemaker2005209,_212-159"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECanemaker2005209,_212_159-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCanemaker2005">Canemaker 2005</a>, pp. 209, 212. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECanemaker200555-160"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECanemaker200555_160-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCanemaker2005">Canemaker 2005</a>, p. 55. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBukatman201263-161"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBukatman201263_161-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBukatman2012">Bukatman 2012</a>, p. 63. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarvey199425-162"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarvey199425_162-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHarvey1994">Harvey 1994</a>, p. 25. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGutjahrBenton2001166Heller2007-163"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGutjahrBenton2001166Heller2007_163-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGutjahrBenton2001">Gutjahr & Benton 2001</a>, p. 166; <a href="#CITEREFHeller2007">Heller 2007</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGutjahrBenton2001166-164"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGutjahrBenton2001166_164-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGutjahrBenton2001">Gutjahr & Benton 2001</a>, p. 166. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETaylor2007554-165"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETaylor2007554_165-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFTaylor2007">Taylor 2007</a>, p. 554. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEShannon2010197Canemaker200552–53-166"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShannon2010197Canemaker200552–53_166-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFShannon2010">Shannon 2010</a>, p. 197; <a href="#CITEREFCanemaker2005">Canemaker 2005</a>, pp. 52–53. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEShannon2010200-167"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShannon2010200_167-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFShannon2010">Shannon 2010</a>, p. 200. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECanemaker200552–53-168"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECanemaker200552–53_168-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCanemaker2005">Canemaker 2005</a>, pp. 52–53. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWinokur201258,_63-169"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWinokur201258,_63_169-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWinokur2012">Winokur 2012</a>, pp. 58, 63. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECanemaker200546–47-170"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECanemaker200546–47_170-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCanemaker2005">Canemaker 2005</a>, p. 46–47. </li> <li id="cite_note-171"><a href="#cite_ref-171">^</a> Alexander Braun states: "Little Sammy Sneeze ran much longer than comic researchers believed up until now. Thanks to the support of an extensive collection in Switzerland, evidence has been found of episodes dating up to May 26, 1907. Alexander Braun: The Complete Little Nemo 1905 - 1927, Taschen 2014, p. 27 </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMerkl2007488-172"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMerkl2007488_172-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMerkl2007">Merkl 2007</a>, p. 488. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEvan_Opstal2008-173"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEvan_Opstal2008_173-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFvan_Opstal2008">van Opstal 2008</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcKinney20151-174">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcKinney20151_174-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcKinney20151_174-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcKinney20151_174-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFMcKinney2015">McKinney 2015</a>, p. 1. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcKinney20152-175"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcKinney20152_175-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMcKinney2015">McKinney 2015</a>, p. 2. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcKinney201511-176"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcKinney201511_176-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMcKinney2015">McKinney 2015</a>, p. 11. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMerkl2007466-177">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMerkl2007466_177-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMerkl2007466_177-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMerkl2007466_177-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFMerkl2007">Merkl 2007</a>, p. 466. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMerkl2007485-178">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMerkl2007485_178-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMerkl2007485_178-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFMerkl2007">Merkl 2007</a>, p. 485. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBukatman2012109-179"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBukatman2012109_179-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBukatman2012">Bukatman 2012</a>, p. 109. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBendazzi199416-180"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBendazzi199416_180-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBendazzi1994">Bendazzi 1994</a>, p. 16. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECrafton1993110Canemaker2005183-181">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECrafton1993110Canemaker2005183_181-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECrafton1993110Canemaker2005183_181-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECrafton1993110Canemaker2005183_181-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECrafton1993110Canemaker2005183_181-3">d</a> <a href="#CITEREFCrafton1993">Crafton 1993</a>, p. 110; <a href="#CITEREFCanemaker2005">Canemaker 2005</a>, p. 183. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECanemaker2005197-182"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECanemaker2005197_182-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCanemaker2005">Canemaker 2005</a>, p. 197. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECanemaker2005194-183">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECanemaker2005194_183-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECanemaker2005194_183-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFCanemaker2005">Canemaker 2005</a>, p. 194. </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Works_cited">Works cited</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Winsor_McCay&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Works cited">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Books">Books</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Winsor_McCay&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Books">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 35em"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAultAndraeGong2003" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Donald_Ault" title="Donald Ault">Ault, Donald</a>; Andrae, Thomas; Gong, Stephen (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=f20xMWyka3oC">"An Interview with Carl Barks: Duckburg's True Founding Father"</a>. In Ault, Donald (ed.). Carl Barks: Conversations. <a href="/wiki/University_Press_of_Mississippi" title="University Press of Mississippi">University Press of Mississippi</a>. pp. 91–108. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-57806-501-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-57806-501-1"><bdi>978-1-57806-501-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=An+Interview+with+Carl+Barks%3A+Duckburg%27s+True+Founding+Father&rft.btitle=Carl+Barks%3A+Conversations&rft.pages=91-108&rft.pub=University+Press+of+Mississippi&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-1-57806-501-1&rft.aulast=Ault&rft.aufirst=Donald&rft.au=Andrae%2C+Thomas&rft.au=Gong%2C+Stephen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Df20xMWyka3oC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWinsor+McCay" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBarrier2003" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Michael_Barrier_(historian)" class="mw-redirect" title="Michael Barrier (historian)">Barrier, Michael</a> (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=zDJXnzMh7bkC">Hollywood Cartoons: American Animation in Its Golden Age</a>. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-516729-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-516729-0"><bdi>978-0-19-516729-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hollywood+Cartoons%3A+American+Animation+in+Its+Golden+Age&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-19-516729-0&rft.aulast=Barrier&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DzDJXnzMh7bkC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWinsor+McCay" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBeckerman2003" class="citation book cs1">Beckerman, Howard (2003). Animation: The Whole Story. Skyhorse Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-58115-301-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-58115-301-9"><bdi>978-1-58115-301-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Animation%3A+The+Whole+Story&rft.pub=Skyhorse+Publishing&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-1-58115-301-9&rft.aulast=Beckerman&rft.aufirst=Howard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWinsor+McCay" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBendazzi1994" class="citation book cs1">Bendazzi, Giannalberto (1994). Cartoons: One Hundred Years of Cinema Animation. <a href="/wiki/Indiana_University_Press" title="Indiana University Press">Indiana University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-253-31168-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-253-31168-9"><bdi>978-0-253-31168-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Cartoons%3A+One+Hundred+Years+of+Cinema+Animation&rft.pub=Indiana+University+Press&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=978-0-253-31168-9&rft.aulast=Bendazzi&rft.aufirst=Giannalberto&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWinsor+McCay" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBerenbaum2009" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/May_Berenbaum" title="May Berenbaum">Berenbaum, May R.</a> (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=SPxvx0X22XEC">The Earwig's Tail: A Modern Bestiary of Multi-Legged Legends</a>. <a href="/wiki/Harvard_University_Press" title="Harvard University Press">Harvard University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-674-03540-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-674-03540-9"><bdi>978-0-674-03540-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Earwig%27s+Tail%3A+A+Modern+Bestiary+of+Multi-Legged+Legends&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-674-03540-9&rft.aulast=Berenbaum&rft.aufirst=May+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DSPxvx0X22XEC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWinsor+McCay" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBien2011" class="citation book cs1">Bien, Laura (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=qFbFd-yibP4C">Hidden History of Ypsilanti</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_History_Press" title="The History Press">The History Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-60949-289-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-60949-289-2"><bdi>978-1-60949-289-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hidden+History+of+Ypsilanti&rft.pub=The+History+Press&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-1-60949-289-2&rft.aulast=Bien&rft.aufirst=Laura&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DqFbFd-yibP4C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWinsor+McCay" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBondanella2002" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Peter_Bondanella" title="Peter Bondanella">Bondanella, Peter</a> (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.questia.com/read/105418504">The Films of Federico Fellini</a>. <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-57573-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-57573-7"><bdi>978-0-521-57573-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Films+of+Federico+Fellini&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-521-57573-7&rft.aulast=Bondanella&rft.aufirst=Peter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.questia.com%2Fread%2F105418504&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWinsor+McCay" class="Z3988">[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot">dead link</a>‍]</li> <li>Alexander Braun: The Complete Little Nemo 1905 - 1927, Taschen 2014</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBukatman2012" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Scott_Bukatman" title="Scott Bukatman">Bukatman, Scott</a> (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=JUzsFWq97UUC">The Poetics of Slumberland: Animated Spirits and the Animating Spirit</a>. <a href="/wiki/University_of_California_Press" title="University of California Press">University of California Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-520-95150-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-520-95150-1"><bdi>978-0-520-95150-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Poetics+of+Slumberland%3A+Animated+Spirits+and+the+Animating+Spirit&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-0-520-95150-1&rft.aulast=Bukatman&rft.aufirst=Scott&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DJUzsFWq97UUC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWinsor+McCay" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCanemaker2005" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/John_Canemaker" title="John Canemaker">Canemaker, John</a> (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=vs82AQAAIAAJ">Winsor McCay: His Life and Art</a> (Revised ed.). Abrams Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8109-5941-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8109-5941-5"><bdi>978-0-8109-5941-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Winsor+McCay%3A+His+Life+and+Art&rft.edition=Revised&rft.pub=Abrams+Books&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-8109-5941-5&rft.aulast=Canemaker&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dvs82AQAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWinsor+McCay" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCanemaker2018" class="citation book cs1">Canemaker, John (2018). Winsor McCay: His Life and Art (3 ed.). CRC Press (Taylor & Francis). <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1138578876" title="Special:BookSources/978-1138578876"><bdi>978-1138578876</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Winsor+McCay%3A+His+Life+and+Art&rft.edition=3&rft.pub=CRC+Press+%28Taylor+%26+Francis%29&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=978-1138578876&rft.aulast=Canemaker&rft.aufirst=John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWinsor+McCay" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCanwell2009" class="citation book cs1">Canwell, Bruce (2009). <a href="/wiki/Dean_Mullaney" title="Dean Mullaney">Mullaney, Dean</a> (ed.). Bringing Up Father: From Sea to Shining Sea the Cross-Country Tour of 1939–1940. <a href="/wiki/IDW_Publishing" title="IDW Publishing">IDW Publishing</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-60010-508-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-60010-508-1"><bdi>978-1-60010-508-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Bringing+Up+Father%3A+From+Sea+to+Shining+Sea+the+Cross-Country+Tour+of+1939%E2%80%931940&rft.pub=IDW+Publishing&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-1-60010-508-1&rft.aulast=Canwell&rft.aufirst=Bruce&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWinsor+McCay" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCrafton1993" class="citation book cs1">Crafton, Donald (1993). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=yaeJFVTedysC">Before Mickey: The Animated Film 1898–1928</a>. University of Chicago Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780226116679" title="Special:BookSources/9780226116679"><bdi>9780226116679</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Before+Mickey%3A+The+Animated+Film+1898%E2%80%931928&rft.pub=University+of+Chicago+Press&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=9780226116679&rft.aulast=Crafton&rft.aufirst=Donald&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DyaeJFVTedysC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWinsor+McCay" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDover_Publications1973" class="citation book cs1">Dover Publications (1973). "Publisher's Note". Dreams of the Rarebit Fiend. <a href="/wiki/Dover_Publications" title="Dover Publications">Dover Publications</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-486-21347-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-486-21347-7"><bdi>978-0-486-21347-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Publisher%27s+Note&rft.btitle=Dreams+of+the+Rarebit+Fiend&rft.pub=Dover+Publications&rft.date=1973&rft.isbn=978-0-486-21347-7&rft.au=Dover+Publications&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWinsor+McCay" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGardner2012" class="citation book cs1">Gardner, Jared (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=epynqSJYX_wC">Projections: Comics and the History of Twenty-First-Century Storytelling</a>. <a href="/wiki/Stanford_University_Press" title="Stanford University Press">Stanford University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8047-8178-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8047-8178-7"><bdi>978-0-8047-8178-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Projections%3A+Comics+and+the+History+of+Twenty-First-Century+Storytelling&rft.pub=Stanford+University+Press&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-0-8047-8178-7&rft.aulast=Gardner&rft.aufirst=Jared&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DepynqSJYX_wC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWinsor+McCay" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGutjahrBenton2001" class="citation book cs1">Gutjahr, Paul C.; Benton, Megan L. (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=c6CuK-vq5DcC">Illuminating Letters: Typography and Literary Interpretation</a>. <a href="/wiki/University_of_Massachusetts_Press" title="University of Massachusetts Press">University of Massachusetts Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-55849-288-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-55849-288-2"><bdi>978-1-55849-288-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Illuminating+Letters%3A+Typography+and+Literary+Interpretation&rft.pub=University+of+Massachusetts+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-1-55849-288-2&rft.aulast=Gutjahr&rft.aufirst=Paul+C.&rft.au=Benton%2C+Megan+L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dc6CuK-vq5DcC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWinsor+McCay" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHarvey1994" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/R._C._Harvey" title="R. C. Harvey">Harvey, Robert C.</a> (1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/artoffunniesaest0000harv">The Art of the Funnies: An Aesthetic History</a>. <a href="/wiki/University_Press_of_Mississippi" title="University Press of Mississippi">University Press of Mississippi</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-87805-612-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-87805-612-5"><bdi>978-0-87805-612-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Art+of+the+Funnies%3A+An+Aesthetic+History&rft.pub=University+Press+of+Mississippi&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=978-0-87805-612-5&rft.aulast=Harvey&rft.aufirst=Robert+C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fartoffunniesaest0000harv&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWinsor+McCay" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHaverstockVanceMeggitt2000" class="citation book cs1">Haverstock, Mary Sayre; Vance, Jeannette Mahoney; Meggitt, Brian L. (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ZdICm_W8xKwC&pg=PA549">"McCay, Winsor Zenic (1869–1934)"</a>. Artists in Ohio, 1787–1900: A Biographical Dictionary. <a href="/wiki/Kent_State_University_Press" class="mw-redirect" title="Kent State University Press">Kent State University Press</a>. p. 549. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-87338-616-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-87338-616-6"><bdi>978-0-87338-616-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=McCay%2C+Winsor+Zenic+%281869%E2%80%931934%29&rft.btitle=Artists+in+Ohio%2C+1787%E2%80%931900%3A+A+Biographical+Dictionary&rft.pages=549&rft.pub=Kent+State+University+Press&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0-87338-616-6&rft.aulast=Haverstock&rft.aufirst=Mary+Sayre&rft.au=Vance%2C+Jeannette+Mahoney&rft.au=Meggitt%2C+Brian+L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DZdICm_W8xKwC%26pg%3DPA549&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWinsor+McCay" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJacobowitz2007" class="citation book cs1">Jacobowitz, Susan (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ZKd1aGW7EMoC&pg=PA152">"'Words and Pictures Together': An Interview with Art Spiegelman"</a>. In Witek, Joseph (ed.). Art Spiegelman: Conversations. <a href="/wiki/University_Press_of_Mississippi" title="University Press of Mississippi">University Press of Mississippi</a>. pp. 152–162. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-934110-12-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-934110-12-6"><bdi>978-1-934110-12-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=%27Words+and+Pictures+Together%27%3A+An+Interview+with+Art+Spiegelman&rft.btitle=Art+Spiegelman%3A+Conversations&rft.pages=152-162&rft.pub=University+Press+of+Mississippi&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-1-934110-12-6&rft.aulast=Jacobowitz&rft.aufirst=Susan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DZKd1aGW7EMoC%26pg%3DPA152&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWinsor+McCay" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJamieson2010" class="citation book cs1">Jamieson, Dave (2010). Mint Condition: How Baseball Cards Became an American Obsession. <a href="/wiki/Grove/Atlantic,_Inc." class="mw-redirect" title="Grove/Atlantic, Inc.">Atlantic Monthly Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8021-1939-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8021-1939-1"><bdi>978-0-8021-1939-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mint+Condition%3A+How+Baseball+Cards+Became+an+American+Obsession&rft.pub=Atlantic+Monthly+Press&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0-8021-1939-1&rft.aulast=Jamieson&rft.aufirst=Dave&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWinsor+McCay" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKundert-GibbsKundert-Gibbs2009" class="citation book cs1">Kundert-Gibbs, John; Kundert-Gibbs, Kristin (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=UZPr6xvPnokC">Action!: Acting Lessons for CG Animators</a>. <a href="/wiki/John_Wiley_%26_Sons" class="mw-redirect" title="John Wiley & Sons">John Wiley & Sons</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-470-59605-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-470-59605-0"><bdi>978-0-470-59605-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Action%21%3A+Acting+Lessons+for+CG+Animators&rft.pub=John+Wiley+%26+Sons&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-470-59605-0&rft.aulast=Kundert-Gibbs&rft.aufirst=John&rft.au=Kundert-Gibbs%2C+Kristin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DUZPr6xvPnokC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWinsor+McCay" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMerkl2007" class="citation book cs1">Merkl, Ulrich (2007). The Complete Dream of the Rarebit Fiend (1904-1913) by Winsor McCay 'Silas' (.doc). Catalog of episodes & text of the book: Ulrich Merkl. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-00-020751-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-00-020751-8"><bdi>978-3-00-020751-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Complete+Dream+of+the+Rarebit+Fiend+%281904-1913%29+by+Winsor+McCay+%27Silas%27&rft.place=Catalog+of+episodes+%26+text+of+the+book&rft.pub=Ulrich+Merkl&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-3-00-020751-8&rft.aulast=Merkl&rft.aufirst=Ulrich&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWinsor+McCay" class="Z3988"> (on included DVD)</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNel2005" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Philip_Nel" title="Philip Nel">Nel, Philip</a> (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=IjvHQsCn_pgC">Dr. Seuss: American Icon</a>. Continuum. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8264-1708-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8264-1708-4"><bdi>978-0-8264-1708-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dr.+Seuss%3A+American+Icon&rft.pub=Continuum&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-8264-1708-4&rft.aulast=Nel&rft.aufirst=Philip&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DIjvHQsCn_pgC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWinsor+McCay" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRoeder2014" class="citation book cs1">Roeder, Katherine (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=I_gaBwAAQBAJ">Wide Awake in Slumberland: Fantasy, Mass Culture, and Modernism in the Art of Winsor McCay</a>. Univ. Press of Mississippi. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-62674-117-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-62674-117-1"><bdi>978-1-62674-117-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Wide+Awake+in+Slumberland%3A+Fantasy%2C+Mass+Culture%2C+and+Modernism+in+the+Art+of+Winsor+McCay&rft.pub=Univ.+Press+of+Mississippi&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-1-62674-117-1&rft.aulast=Roeder&rft.aufirst=Katherine&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DI_gaBwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWinsor+McCay" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSito2006" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Tom_Sito" title="Tom Sito">Sito, Tom</a> (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=XZ0PsCWPSZ0C">Drawing the Line: The Untold Story of the Animation Unions from Bosko to Bart Simpson</a>. University Press of Kentucky. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8131-2407-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8131-2407-0"><bdi>978-0-8131-2407-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Drawing+the+Line%3A+The+Untold+Story+of+the+Animation+Unions+from+Bosko+to+Bart+Simpson&rft.pub=University+Press+of+Kentucky&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-8131-2407-0&rft.aulast=Sito&rft.aufirst=Tom&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DXZ0PsCWPSZ0C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWinsor+McCay" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStabileHarrison2003" class="citation book cs1">Stabile, Carol A.; Harrison, Mark (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=H3USAr6i1e0C">Prime Time Animation: Television Animation and American Culture</a>. <a href="/wiki/Taylor_%26_Francis" title="Taylor & Francis">Taylor & Francis</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-28326-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-28326-7"><bdi>978-0-415-28326-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Prime+Time+Animation%3A+Television+Animation+and+American+Culture&rft.pub=Taylor+%26+Francis&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-415-28326-7&rft.aulast=Stabile&rft.aufirst=Carol+A.&rft.au=Harrison%2C+Mark&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DH3USAr6i1e0C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWinsor+McCay" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTelotte2010" class="citation book cs1">Telotte, J. P. (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=mZ5CfCXl3u4C">Animating Space: From Mickey to Wall-E</a>. <a href="/wiki/University_Press_of_Kentucky" title="University Press of Kentucky">University Press of Kentucky</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8131-2586-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8131-2586-2"><bdi>978-0-8131-2586-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Animating+Space%3A+From+Mickey+to+Wall-E&rft.pub=University+Press+of+Kentucky&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0-8131-2586-2&rft.aulast=Telotte&rft.aufirst=J.+P.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DmZ5CfCXl3u4C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWinsor+McCay" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSabin1993" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Roger_Sabin" title="Roger Sabin">Sabin, Roger</a> (1993). Adult Comics: An Introduction. <a href="/wiki/Routledge" title="Routledge">Routledge</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-04419-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-04419-6"><bdi>978-0-415-04419-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Adult+Comics%3A+An+Introduction&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=978-0-415-04419-6&rft.aulast=Sabin&rft.aufirst=Roger&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWinsor+McCay" class="Z3988"></li> <li class="mw-empty-elt"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSmolderen2014" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Thierry_Smolderen" title="Thierry Smolderen">Smolderen, Thierry</a> (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=JU1xAwAAQBAJ">The Origins of Comics: From William Hogarth to Winsor McCay</a>. University Press of Mississippi. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-61703-149-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-61703-149-6"><bdi>978-1-61703-149-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Origins+of+Comics%3A+From+William+Hogarth+to+Winsor+McCay&rft.pub=University+Press+of+Mississippi&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-1-61703-149-6&rft.aulast=Smolderen&rft.aufirst=Thierry&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DJU1xAwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWinsor+McCay" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTaylor2005" class="citation book cs1">Taylor, Constance, ed. (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=SEjmB2pV9jYC">Winsor McCay: Early Works</a>. Vol. VI. Checker Book Publishing Group. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-9753808-3-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-9753808-3-3"><bdi>978-0-9753808-3-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Winsor+McCay%3A+Early+Works&rft.pub=Checker+Book+Publishing+Group&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-9753808-3-3&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DSEjmB2pV9jYC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWinsor+McCay" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTaylor2007" class="citation book cs1">Taylor, Jeremy (2007). "Some archetypal symbolic aspects of Dream of the Rarebit Fiend". In Merkl, Ulrich (ed.). The Complete Dream of the Rarebit Fiend (1904-1913) by Winsor McCay 'Silas' (.doc). Catalog of episodes & text of the book: Ulrich Merkl. pp. 552–561. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-00-020751-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-00-020751-8"><bdi>978-3-00-020751-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Some+archetypal+symbolic+aspects+of+Dream+of+the+Rarebit+Fiend&rft.btitle=The+Complete+Dream+of+the+Rarebit+Fiend+%281904-1913%29+by+Winsor+McCay+%27Silas%27&rft.place=Catalog+of+episodes+%26+text+of+the+book&rft.pages=552-561&rft.pub=Ulrich+Merkl&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-3-00-020751-8&rft.aulast=Taylor&rft.aufirst=Jeremy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWinsor+McCay" class="Z3988"> (on included DVD)</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWaugh1947" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Coulton_Waugh" title="Coulton Waugh">Waugh, Coulton</a> (1947). The Comics. <a href="/wiki/University_Press_of_Mississippi" title="University Press of Mississippi">University Press of Mississippi</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-87805-499-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-87805-499-2"><bdi>978-0-87805-499-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Comics&rft.pub=University+Press+of+Mississippi&rft.date=1947&rft.isbn=978-0-87805-499-2&rft.aulast=Waugh&rft.aufirst=Coulton&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWinsor+McCay" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWells2006" class="citation book cs1">Wells, Paul (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=7sbOu5oEp4oC">The Fundamentals of Animation</a>. AVA Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2-940373-02-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-2-940373-02-4"><bdi>978-2-940373-02-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Fundamentals+of+Animation&rft.pub=AVA+Publishing&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-2-940373-02-4&rft.aulast=Wells&rft.aufirst=Paul&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D7sbOu5oEp4oC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWinsor+McCay" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilson2016" class="citation book cs1">Wilson, Scott (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=FOHgDAAAQBAJ&q=winsor+mccay+Cemetery+of+the+Evergreens&pg=PA494">Resting Places: The Burial Sites of More Than 14,000 Famous Persons</a> (3rd ed.). McFarland. p. 494. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781476625997" title="Special:BookSources/9781476625997"><bdi>9781476625997</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Resting+Places%3A+The+Burial+Sites+of+More+Than+14%2C000+Famous+Persons&rft.pages=494&rft.edition=3rd&rft.pub=McFarland&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=9781476625997&rft.aulast=Wilson&rft.aufirst=Scott&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DFOHgDAAAQBAJ%26q%3Dwinsor%2Bmccay%2BCemetery%2Bof%2Bthe%2BEvergreens%26pg%3DPA494&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWinsor+McCay" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWinokur2012" class="citation book cs1">Winokur, Mark (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=UbS62_iyhjAC&pg=PA52">"Creole Cartoons"</a>. In Kessel, Martina; Merziger, Patrick (eds.). The Politics of Humour: Laughter, Inclusion, and Exclusion in the Twentieth Century. <a href="/wiki/University_of_Toronto_Press" title="University of Toronto Press">University of Toronto Press</a>. pp. 52–81. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4426-4292-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4426-4292-8"><bdi>978-1-4426-4292-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Creole+Cartoons&rft.btitle=The+Politics+of+Humour%3A+Laughter%2C+Inclusion%2C+and+Exclusion+in+the+Twentieth+Century&rft.pages=52-81&rft.pub=University+of+Toronto+Press&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-1-4426-4292-8&rft.aulast=Winokur&rft.aufirst=Mark&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DUbS62_iyhjAC%26pg%3DPA52&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWinsor+McCay" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Magazines_and_journals">Magazines and journals</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Winsor_McCay&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Magazines and journals">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239549316"><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 35em"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHeer2006" class="citation journal cs1">Heer, Jeet (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.vqronline.org/essay/little-nemo-comicsland">"Little Nemo in Comicsland"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Virginia_Quarterly_Review" title="Virginia Quarterly Review">Virginia Quarterly Review</a>. 82 (2). <a href="/wiki/University_of_Virginia" title="University of Virginia">University of Virginia</a>: 104–121. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2154-6932">2154-6932</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140707182454/https://www.vqronline.org/essay/little-nemo-comicsland">Archived</a> from the original on July 7, 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Virginia+Quarterly+Review&rft.atitle=Little+Nemo+in+Comicsland&rft.volume=82&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=104-121&rft.date=2006&rft.issn=2154-6932&rft.aulast=Heer&rft.aufirst=Jeet&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.vqronline.org%2Fessay%2Flittle-nemo-comicsland&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWinsor+McCay" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcKinney2015" class="citation journal cs1">McKinney, Kirsten (July 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://scholarship.richmond.edu/student-publications/1/">"The Waking Life of Winsor McCay: Social Commentary in A Pilgrim's Progress by Mr. Bunion"</a>. International Journal of Comic Art. 17 (1).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=International+Journal+of+Comic+Art&rft.atitle=The+Waking+Life+of+Winsor+McCay%3A+Social+Commentary+in+A+Pilgrim%27s+Progress+by+Mr.+Bunion&rft.volume=17&rft.issue=1&rft.date=2015-07&rft.aulast=McKinney&rft.aufirst=Kirsten&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fscholarship.richmond.edu%2Fstudent-publications%2F1%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWinsor+McCay" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShannon2010" class="citation journal cs1">Shannon, Edward A. (2010). "Something Black in the American Psyche: Formal Innovation and Freudian Imagery in the Comics of Winsor McCay and Robert Crumb". Canadian Review of American Studies. 40 (2): 187–211. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3138%2Fcras.40.2.187">10.3138/cras.40.2.187</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1710-114X">1710-114X</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20827838">20827838</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:11674940">11674940</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Canadian+Review+of+American+Studies&rft.atitle=Something+Black+in+the+American+Psyche%3A+Formal+Innovation+and+Freudian+Imagery+in+the+Comics+of+Winsor+McCay+and+Robert+Crumb&rft.volume=40&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=187-211&rft.date=2010&rft.issn=1710-114X&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A11674940%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F20827838&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3138%2Fcras.40.2.187&rft.aulast=Shannon&rft.aufirst=Edward+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWinsor+McCay" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSpencer2005" class="citation journal cs1">Spencer, David R. (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20130411172008/http://www.questia.com/read/1P3-841835911">"The Cartoon Research Library at Ohio State University"</a>. Journalism History. 31 (1): 46–50. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F00947679.2005.12062671">10.1080/00947679.2005.12062671</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:142471191">142471191</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.questia.com/read/1P3-841835911">the original</a> on April 11, 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journalism+History&rft.atitle=The+Cartoon+Research+Library+at+Ohio+State+University&rft.volume=31&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=46-50&rft.date=2005&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F00947679.2005.12062671&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A142471191%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Spencer&rft.aufirst=David+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.questia.com%2Fread%2F1P3-841835911&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWinsor+McCay" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Newspapers">Newspapers</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Winsor_McCay&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Newspapers">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239549316"><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 35em"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHeer2006a" class="citation news cs1">Heer, Jeet (January 8, 2006a). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.boston.com/news/globe/ideas/articles/2006/01/08/the_dream_artist/">"The Dream Artist"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Boston_Globe" title="The Boston Globe">The Boston Globe</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060227154620/http://www.boston.com/news/globe/ideas/articles/2006/01/08/the_dream_artist/">Archived</a> from the original on February 27, 2006. Retrieved June 25, 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Boston+Globe&rft.atitle=The+Dream+Artist&rft.date=2006-01-08&rft.aulast=Heer&rft.aufirst=Jeet&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.boston.com%2Fnews%2Fglobe%2Fideas%2Farticles%2F2006%2F01%2F08%2Fthe_dream_artist%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWinsor+McCay" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHubbard2012" class="citation news cs1">Hubbard, Amy (October 15, 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.latimes.com/nation/la-xpm-2012-oct-15-la-na-nn-little-nemo-google-doodle-20121015-story.html">"Celebrating Little Nemo by Winsor McCay; his 'demons' made him do it"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Los_Angeles_Times" title="Los Angeles Times">Los Angeles Times</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130213141842/http://articles.latimes.com/2012/oct/15/nation/la-na-nn-little-nemo-google-doodle-20121015">Archived</a> from the original on February 13, 2013. Retrieved December 15, 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Los+Angeles+Times&rft.atitle=Celebrating+Little+Nemo+by+Winsor+McCay%3B+his+%27demons%27+made+him+do+it&rft.date=2012-10-15&rft.aulast=Hubbard&rft.aufirst=Amy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.latimes.com%2Fnation%2Fla-xpm-2012-oct-15-la-na-nn-little-nemo-google-doodle-20121015-story.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWinsor+McCay" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080511211755/http://www.cartoonistgroup.com/properties/daydream/about.php">"The Cartoonist Group: Background About Winsor McCay"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cartoonistgroup.com/properties/daydream/about.php/">the original</a> on May 11, 2008. Retrieved May 9, 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=The+Cartoonist+Group%3A+Background+About+Winsor+McCay&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cartoonistgroup.com%2Fproperties%2Fdaydream%2Fabout.php%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWinsor+McCay" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSyracuse_Herald_staff1934" class="citation news cs1">Syracuse Herald staff (July 27, 1934). "Winsor M'Cay Early Comic Artist, Dies". <a href="/wiki/Syracuse_Herald-Journal" title="Syracuse Herald-Journal">Syracuse Herald</a>. p. 12.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Syracuse+Herald&rft.atitle=Winsor+M%27Cay+Early+Comic+Artist%2C+Dies&rft.pages=12&rft.date=1934-07-27&rft.au=%27%27Syracuse+Herald%27%27+staff&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWinsor+McCay" class="Z3988"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_news" title="Template:Cite news">cite news</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: ref duplicates default (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_ref_duplicates_default" title="Category:CS1 maint: ref duplicates default">link</a>)</li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Web">Web</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Winsor_McCay&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Web">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239549316"><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 35em"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDixon2008" class="citation web cs1">Dixon, Gretchen (July 26, 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131203024808/http://www.reuters.com/article/2008/07/26/idUS41547+26-Jul-2008+PRN20080726">"Winsor McCay Award Recipients Announced at Comic Con, San Diego"</a>. Reuters. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.reuters.com/article/2008/07/26/idUS41547+26-Jul-2008+PRN20080726">the original</a> on December 3, 2013. Retrieved November 30, 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Reuters&rft.atitle=Winsor+McCay+Award+Recipients+Announced+at+Comic+Con%2C+San+Diego&rft.date=2008-07-26&rft.aulast=Dixon&rft.aufirst=Gretchen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.reuters.com%2Farticle%2F2008%2F07%2F26%2FidUS41547%2B26-Jul-2008%2BPRN20080726&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWinsor+McCay" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGrand_Lodge_of_British_Columbia_and_Yukon2002" class="citation web cs1">Grand Lodge of British Columbia and Yukon staff (January 26, 2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://freemasonry.bcy.ca/biography/mccay_w/mccay_w.html">"Zenas Winsor McCay"</a>. Grand Lodge of British Columbia and Yukon. Retrieved December 10, 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Zenas+Winsor+McCay&rft.pub=Grand+Lodge+of+British+Columbia+and+Yukon&rft.date=2002-01-26&rft.au=Grand+Lodge+of+British+Columbia+and+Yukon+staff&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ffreemasonry.bcy.ca%2Fbiography%2Fmccay_w%2Fmccay_w.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWinsor+McCay" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHeller2007" class="citation web cs1">Heller, Steven (November 13, 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150510225940/http://www.aiga.org/the-rarebit-fiend-dreams-on-an-interview-with-ulrich-merkl/">"The Rarebit Fiend Dreams On: An Interview with Ulrich Merkl"</a>. <a href="/wiki/AIGA" class="mw-redirect" title="AIGA">AIGA</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.aiga.org/the-rarebit-fiend-dreams-on-an-interview-with-ulrich-merkl/">the original</a> on May 10, 2015. Retrieved June 25, 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Rarebit+Fiend+Dreams+On%3A+An+Interview+with+Ulrich+Merkl&rft.pub=AIGA&rft.date=2007-11-13&rft.aulast=Heller&rft.aufirst=Steven&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.aiga.org%2Fthe-rarebit-fiend-dreams-on-an-interview-with-ulrich-merkl%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWinsor+McCay" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMarkstein2007" class="citation web cs1">Markstein, Don (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.toonopedia.com/rarebit.htm">"Dream of the Rarebit Fiend"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Don_Markstein%27s_Toonopedia" title="Don Markstein's Toonopedia">Don Markstein's Toonopedia</a>. Retrieved June 25, 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Dream+of+the+Rarebit+Fiend&rft.pub=Don+Markstein%27s+Toonopedia&rft.date=2007&rft.aulast=Markstein&rft.aufirst=Don&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.toonopedia.com%2Frarebit.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWinsor+McCay" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFvan_Opstal2008" class="citation web cs1">van Opstal, Huib (January 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080429104418/http://forinspirationonly.com/inspiration/rarebit/">"Dreams and Obsessions on Shelf and Screen"</a>. For Inspiration Only. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://forinspirationonly.com/inspiration/rarebit/">the original</a> on April 29, 2008. Retrieved September 4, 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Dreams+and+Obsessions+on+Shelf+and+Screen&rft.pub=For+Inspiration+Only&rft.date=2008-01&rft.aulast=van+Opstal&rft.aufirst=Huib&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fforinspirationonly.com%2Finspiration%2Frarebit%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWinsor+McCay" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTaube2014" class="citation web cs1">Taube, Michael (December 25, 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141226192713/https://www.washingtontimes.com/news/2014/dec/25/book-review-the-complete-little-nemo/">"Book Review: The Complete Little Nemo"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Washington_Times" title="The Washington Times">The Washington Times</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtontimes.com/news/2014/dec/25/book-review-the-complete-little-nemo/">the original</a> on December 26, 2014. Retrieved August 28, 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Washington+Times&rft.atitle=Book+Review%3A+The+Complete+Little+Nemo&rft.date=2014-12-25&rft.aulast=Taube&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtontimes.com%2Fnews%2F2014%2Fdec%2F25%2Fbook-review-the-complete-little-nemo%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWinsor+McCay" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYoung2000" class="citation news cs1">Young, James E. (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/books/first/y/young-edge.html">"Art Spiegelman's Maus and the After-Images of History"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a>. Retrieved July 4, 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Art+Spiegelman%27s+Maus+and+the+After-Images+of+History&rft.date=2000&rft.aulast=Young&rft.aufirst=James+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2Fbooks%2Ffirst%2Fy%2Fyoung-edge.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWinsor+McCay" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Winsor_McCay&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Further reading">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239549316"><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBracero2008" class="citation book cs1">Bracero, Rocky (2008). Winsor McCay: Illustrator Turned Animator and His Influence on Pixar. Fashion Institute of Technology.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Winsor+McCay%3A+Illustrator+Turned+Animator+and+His+Influence+on+Pixar&rft.pub=Fashion+Institute+of+Technology&rft.date=2008&rft.aulast=Bracero&rft.aufirst=Rocky&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWinsor+McCay" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBraun2014" class="citation book cs1">Braun, Alexander (2014). Winsor McCay. The Complete Little Nemo. Taschen. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-8365-4511-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-8365-4511-2"><bdi>978-3-8365-4511-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Winsor+McCay.+The+Complete+Little+Nemo&rft.pub=Taschen&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-3-8365-4511-2&rft.aulast=Braun&rft.aufirst=Alexander&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWinsor+McCay" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCollier2015" class="citation book cs1">Collier, Kevin Scott (2015). Growing Up McKay: The Untold Story of Winsor McCay's Life and Times in Spring Lake, Michigan, 1867–1885. Book Patch Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-15-1929-424-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-15-1929-424-1"><bdi>978-15-1929-424-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Growing+Up+McKay%3A+The+Untold+Story+of+Winsor+McCay%27s+Life+and+Times+in+Spring+Lake%2C+Michigan%2C+1867%E2%80%931885&rft.pub=Book+Patch+Publishing&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-15-1929-424-1&rft.aulast=Collier&rft.aufirst=Kevin+Scott&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWinsor+McCay" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCollier2017" class="citation book cs1">Collier, Kevin Scott (2017). Winsor McCay's The Sinking of The Alpena. CreateSpace Independent Publishing Platfirm. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1975954574" title="Special:BookSources/978-1975954574"><bdi>978-1975954574</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Winsor+McCay%27s+The+Sinking+of+The+Alpena&rft.pub=CreateSpace+Independent+Publishing+Platfirm&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=978-1975954574&rft.aulast=Collier&rft.aufirst=Kevin+Scott&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWinsor+McCay" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMaltin1987" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Leonard_Maltin" title="Leonard Maltin">Maltin, Leonard</a> (1987). Of Mice and Magic: A History of American Animated Cartoons; Revised and Updated. Plume Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-452-25993-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-452-25993-2"><bdi>0-452-25993-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Of+Mice+and+Magic%3A+A+History+of+American+Animated+Cartoons%3B+Revised+and+Updated&rft.pub=Plume+Books&rft.date=1987&rft.isbn=0-452-25993-2&rft.aulast=Maltin&rft.aufirst=Leonard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWinsor+McCay" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMarschall1986" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Richard_Marschall" class="mw-redirect" title="Richard Marschall">Marschall, Rick</a> (April 1986). "Penmen of the Past: Winsor McCay". <a href="/wiki/Nemo_(magazine)" title="Nemo (magazine)">Nemo</a> (18). <a href="/wiki/Fantagraphics_Books" class="mw-redirect" title="Fantagraphics Books">Fantagraphics Books</a>: 34–43.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nemo&rft.atitle=Penmen+of+the+Past%3A+Winsor+McCay&rft.issue=18&rft.pages=34-43&rft.date=1986-04&rft.aulast=Marschall&rft.aufirst=Rick&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWinsor+McCay" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcCay1983" class="citation journal cs1">McCay, Winsor (1983). Marschall, Richard (ed.). "In His Own Words: Winsor McCay on Life, Art, Animation and the Danger of Greasy Foods". Nemo (3). <a href="/wiki/Fantagraphics_Books" class="mw-redirect" title="Fantagraphics Books">Fantagraphics Books</a>: 34–40.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nemo&rft.atitle=In+His+Own+Words%3A+Winsor+McCay+on+Life%2C+Art%2C+Animation+and+the+Danger+of+Greasy+Foods&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=34-40&rft.date=1983&rft.aulast=McCay&rft.aufirst=Winsor&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWinsor+McCay" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070711052815/http://www.lib.ohio-state.edu/sites/staff/Newsnotes/nn060601.pdf">"Cartoon Library Acquires McCay Collection"</a> (PDF). University Libraries New Notes. <a href="/wiki/Ohio_State_University" title="Ohio State University">Ohio State University</a>. June 1, 2006. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lib.ohio-state.edu/sites/staff/Newsnotes/nn060601.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on July 11, 2007. Retrieved June 21, 2006.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=University+Libraries+New+Notes&rft.atitle=Cartoon+Library+Acquires+McCay+Collection&rft.date=2006-06-01&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.lib.ohio-state.edu%2Fsites%2Fstaff%2FNewsnotes%2Fnn060601.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWinsor+McCay" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Winsor_McCay&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output 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li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-abovebelow"> Winsor McCay at Wikipedia's <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Wikimedia_sister_projects" title="Wikipedia:Wikimedia sister projects">sister projects</a></div> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/20px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/40px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/category:Winsor_McCay" class="extiw" title="c:category:Winsor McCay">Media</a> from Commons</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/27px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/41px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/54px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1050" data-file-height="590" /><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q207960" class="extiw" title="d:Q207960">Data</a> from Wikidata</li></ul></div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.imdb.com/name/nm0565560/">Winsor McCay</a> at <a href="/wiki/IMDb_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="IMDb (identifier)">IMDb</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.lambiek.net/artists/m/mccay.htm">Lambiek Comiclopedia article</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px 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href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Winsor_McCay" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Winsor McCay"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Winsor_McCay" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Winsor McCay</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Comic strips</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Little_Sammy_Sneeze" title="Little Sammy Sneeze">Little Sammy Sneeze</a> (1904)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dream_of_the_Rarebit_Fiend" title="Dream of the Rarebit Fiend">Dream of the Rarebit Fiend</a> (1904)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Little_Nemo" title="Little Nemo">Little Nemo</a> (1905)</li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="4" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><a href="/wiki/File:Little_Nemo_purple_blanket_modified.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Little_Nemo_purple_blanket_modified.png/75px-Little_Nemo_purple_blanket_modified.png" decoding="async" width="75" height="73" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Little_Nemo_purple_blanket_modified.png/113px-Little_Nemo_purple_blanket_modified.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Little_Nemo_purple_blanket_modified.png/150px-Little_Nemo_purple_blanket_modified.png 2x" data-file-width="439" data-file-height="428" /></a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Films</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Little_Nemo_(1911_film)" title="Little Nemo (1911 film)">Little Nemo</a> (1911)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/How_a_Mosquito_Operates" title="How a Mosquito Operates">How a Mosquito Operates</a> (1912)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gertie_the_Dinosaur" title="Gertie the Dinosaur">Gertie the Dinosaur</a> (1914)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Sinking_of_the_Lusitania" title="The Sinking of the Lusitania">The Sinking of the Lusitania</a> (1918)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Adaptations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dream_of_a_Rarebit_Fiend_(film)" title="Dream of a Rarebit Fiend (film)">Dream of a Rarebit Fiend</a> (film)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Little_Nemo:_Adventures_in_Slumberland" title="Little Nemo: Adventures in Slumberland">Little Nemo: Adventures in Slumberland</a> (film)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slumberland_(film)" title="Slumberland (film)">Slumberland</a> (film)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nemo_(arcade_game)" title="Nemo (arcade game)">Nemo</a> (arcade game)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Little_Nemo:_The_Dream_Master" title="Little Nemo: The Dream Master">Little Nemo: The Dream Master</a> (video game)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bob_McCay" title="Bob McCay">Bob McCay</a> (son)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Awards_for_Winsor_McCay" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#e8e8ff;"><div id="Awards_for_Winsor_McCay" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Awards for Winsor McCay</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;font-size:114%"><div style="padding:0px"> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Society_of_Illustrators&#039;_Hall_of_Fame" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Society_of_Illustrators%27_Hall_of_Fame" title="Template:Society of Illustrators' Hall of Fame"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Society_of_Illustrators%27_Hall_of_Fame" title="Template talk:Society of Illustrators' Hall of Fame"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Society_of_Illustrators%27_Hall_of_Fame" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Society of Illustrators' Hall of Fame"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Society_of_Illustrators&#039;_Hall_of_Fame" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Society_of_Illustrators" title="Society of Illustrators">Society of Illustrators</a>' Hall of Fame</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="1958–1959" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">1958–1959</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1958</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Norman_Rockwell" title="Norman Rockwell">Norman Rockwell</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1959</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dean_Cornwell" title="Dean Cornwell">Dean Cornwell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harold_von_Schmidt" title="Harold von Schmidt">Harold von Schmidt</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="1960–1969" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">1960–1969</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1960</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fred_Cooper_(illustrator)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Fred Cooper (illustrator) (page does not exist)">Fred Cooper</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1961</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Floyd_MacMillan_Davis" title="Floyd MacMillan Davis">Floyd Davis</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1962</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Edward_A._Wilson_(illustrator)" title="Edward A. Wilson (illustrator)">Edward A. Wilson</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1963</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Biggs" title="Walter Biggs">Walter Biggs</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1964</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_William_Brown" title="Arthur William Brown">Arthur William Brown</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1965</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Al_Parker_(artist)" title="Al Parker (artist)">Al Parker</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1966</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Albert_Dorne" title="Albert Dorne">Albert Dorne</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1967</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Fawcett" title="Robert Fawcett">Robert Fawcett</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1968</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Helck" title="Peter Helck">Peter Helck</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1969</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Austin_Briggs" title="Austin Briggs">Austin Briggs</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="1970–1979" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">1970–1979</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1970</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rube_Goldberg" title="Rube Goldberg">Rube Goldberg</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1971</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Stevan_Dohanos" title="Stevan Dohanos">Stevan Dohanos</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1972</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ray_Prohaska&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ray Prohaska (page does not exist)">Ray Prohaska</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1973</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jon_Whitcomb" title="Jon Whitcomb">Jon Whitcomb</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1974</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Dana_Gibson" title="Charles Dana Gibson">Charles Dana Gibson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tom_Lovell" title="Tom Lovell">Tom Lovell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/N._C._Wyeth" title="N. C. Wyeth">N. C. Wyeth</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1975</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bernie_Fuchs" title="Bernie Fuchs">Bernie Fuchs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maxfield_Parrish" title="Maxfield Parrish">Maxfield Parrish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Howard_Pyle" title="Howard Pyle">Howard Pyle</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1976</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Harvey_Dunn" title="Harvey Dunn">Harvey Dunn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Philip_Falter" title="John Philip Falter">John Falter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Winslow_Homer" title="Winslow Homer">Winslow Homer</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1977</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/J._C._Leyendecker" title="J. C. Leyendecker">J. C. Leyendecker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wallace_Morgan" title="Wallace Morgan">Wallace Morgan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bob_Peak" title="Bob Peak">Robert Peak</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1978</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Norman_Mills_Price" title="Norman Mills Price">Norman Price</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederic_Remington" title="Frederic Remington">Frederic Remington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coby_Whitmore" title="Coby Whitmore">Coby Whitmore</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1979</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Edwin_Austin_Abbey" title="Edwin Austin Abbey">Edwin Austin Abbey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lorraine_Fox" title="Lorraine Fox">Lorraine Fox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ben_Stahl_(artist)" title="Ben Stahl (artist)">Ben Stahl</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="1980–1989" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">1980–1989</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1980</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Howard_Chandler_Christy" title="Howard Chandler Christy">Howard Chandler Christy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Montgomery_Flagg" title="James Montgomery Flagg">James Montgomery Flagg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saul_Tepper" title="Saul Tepper">Saul Tepper</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1981</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Stan_Galli&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Stan Galli (page does not exist)">Stan Galli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Gannam" title="John Gannam">John Gannam</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Frederic_R._Gruger&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Frederic R. Gruger (page does not exist)">Frederic R. Gruger</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1982</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/John_Clymer" title="John Clymer">John Clymer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carl_Erickson_(illustrator)" title="Carl Erickson (illustrator)">Carl Erickson</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Henry_P._Raleigh&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Henry P. Raleigh (page does not exist)">Henry P. Raleigh</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1983</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Franklin_Booth" title="Franklin Booth">Franklin Booth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mark_English_(illustrator)" title="Mark English (illustrator)">Mark English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noel_Sickles" title="Noel Sickles">Noel Sickles</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1984</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/John_La_Gatta" title="John La Gatta">John La Gatta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neysa_McMein" title="Neysa McMein">Neysa McMein</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=James_Williamson_(illustrator)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="James Williamson (illustrator) (page does not exist)">James Williamson</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1985</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/A._B._Frost" title="A. B. Frost">Arthur Burdett Frost</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Marion_Russell" title="Charles Marion Russell">Charles Marion Russell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Weaver_(illustrator)" title="Robert Weaver (illustrator)">Robert Weaver</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1986</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Al_Hirschfeld" title="Al Hirschfeld">Al Hirschfeld</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rockwell_Kent" title="Rockwell Kent">Rockwell Kent</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1987</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Maurice_Sendak" title="Maurice Sendak">Maurice Sendak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haddon_Sundblom" title="Haddon Sundblom">Haddon Sundblom</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1988</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Bouch%C3%A9" title="René Bouché">René Bouché</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pruett_Carter" title="Pruett Carter">Pruett Carter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_McCall_(artist)" title="Robert McCall (artist)">Robert T. McCall</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1989</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ert%C3%A9" title="Erté">Erté</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Held_Jr." title="John Held Jr.">John Held Jr.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_I._Keller" title="Arthur I. Keller">Arthur Ignatius Keller</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="1990–1999" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">1990–1999</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1990</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Robert_Riggs_(illustrator)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Robert Riggs (illustrator) (page does not exist)">Robert Riggs</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Morton_Roberts&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Morton Roberts (page does not exist)">Morton Roberts</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Burt_Silverman&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Burt Silverman (page does not exist)">Burt Silverman</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1991</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jessie_Willcox_Smith" title="Jessie Willcox Smith">Jessie Willcox Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Arthur_Smith" title="William Arthur Smith">William Arthur Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donald_Teague" title="Donald Teague">Donald Teague</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1992</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Bowler" title="Joseph Bowler">Joe Bowler</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Edwin_A._Georgi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Edwin A. Georgi (page does not exist)">Edwin A. Georgi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dorothy_Hood_(illustrator)" title="Dorothy Hood (illustrator)">Dorothy Hood</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1993</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Robert_McGinnis" title="Robert McGinnis">Robert McGinnis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Nast" title="Thomas Nast">Thomas Nast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coles_Phillips" title="Coles Phillips">Coles Phillips</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1994</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Harry_Anderson_(artist)" title="Harry Anderson (artist)">Harry Anderson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_Shippen_Green" title="Elizabeth Shippen Green">Elizabeth Shippen Green</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ben_Shahn" title="Ben Shahn">Ben Shahn</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1995</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/James_Avati" title="James Avati">James Avati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/McClelland_Barclay" title="McClelland Barclay">McClelland Barclay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Clement_Coll" title="Joseph Clement Coll">Joseph Clement Coll</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frank_Schoonover" title="Frank Schoonover">Frank Schoonover</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1996</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anton_Otto_Fischer" title="Anton Otto Fischer">Anton Otto Fischer</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Winsor McCay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Violet_Oakley" title="Violet Oakley">Violet Oakley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mead_Schaeffer" title="Mead Schaeffer">Mead Schaeffer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herbert_Tauss" title="Herbert Tauss">Herbert Tauss</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1997</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chesley_Bonestell" title="Chesley Bonestell">Chesley Bonestell</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Joe_DeMers&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Joe DeMers (page does not exist)">Joe DeMers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leo_and_Diane_Dillon" title="Leo and Diane Dillon">Diane Dillon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leo_and_Diane_Dillon" title="Leo and Diane Dillon">Leo Dillon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maynard_Dixon" title="Maynard Dixon">Maynard Dixon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harrison_Fisher" title="Harrison Fisher">Harrison Fisher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frank_McCarthy_(artist)" title="Frank McCarthy (artist)">Frank McCarthy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1998</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Boris_Artzybasheff" title="Boris Artzybasheff">Boris Artzybasheff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_M._Cunningham" title="Robert M. Cunningham">Robert M. Cunningham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kerr_Eby" title="Kerr Eby">Kerr Eby</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frank_Frazetta" title="Frank Frazetta">Frank Frazetta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Penfield" title="Edward Penfield">Edward Penfield</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Martha_Sawyers&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Martha Sawyers (page does not exist)">Martha Sawyers</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1999</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mitchell_Hooks" title="Mitchell Hooks">Mitchell Hooks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Loomis" title="Andrew Loomis">Andrew Loomis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antonio_Lopez_(illustrator)" title="Antonio Lopez (illustrator)">Antonio Lopez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stanley_Meltzoff" title="Stanley Meltzoff">Stanley Meltzoff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Moran" title="Thomas Moran">Thomas Moran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rose_O%27Neill" title="Rose O'Neill">Rose O'Neill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adolph_Treidler" title="Adolph Treidler">Adolph Treidler</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="2000–2009" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">2000–2009</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2000</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/James_Bama" title="James Bama">James Bama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nell_Brinkley" title="Nell Brinkley">Nell Brinkley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Livingston_Bull" title="Charles Livingston Bull">Charles Livingston Bull</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Stone_Martin" title="David Stone Martin">David Stone Martin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alice_and_Martin_Provensen" title="Alice and Martin Provensen">Alice and Martin Provensen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J._Allen_St._John" title="J. Allen St. John">J. Allen St. John</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2001</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/John_James_Audubon" title="John James Audubon">John James Audubon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Will_H._Bradley" title="Will H. Bradley">Will H. Bradley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Howard_Brodie" title="Howard Brodie">Howard Brodie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/F._O._C._Darley" title="F. O. C. Darley">F. O. C. Darley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_R._Knight" title="Charles R. Knight">Charles R. Knight</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franklin_McMahon" title="Franklin McMahon">Franklin McMahon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2002</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/E._Simms_Campbell" title="E. Simms Campbell">E. Simms Campbell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milton_Glaser" title="Milton Glaser">Milton Glaser</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jean-Leon_Huens&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jean-Leon Huens (page does not exist)">Jean-Leon Huens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Schwartz" title="Daniel Schwartz">Daniel Schwartz</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2003</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Elaine_Duillo" title="Elaine Duillo">Elaine Duillo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Levine" title="David Levine">David Levine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bill_Mauldin" title="Bill Mauldin">Bill Mauldin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jack_Potter" title="Jack Potter">Jack Potter</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2004</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/John_Berkey" title="John Berkey">John Berkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Groth" title="John Groth">John Groth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Andrew_Parker" title="Robert Andrew Parker">Robert Andrew Parker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saul_Steinberg" title="Saul Steinberg">Saul Steinberg</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2005</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jack_Davis_(cartoonist)" title="Jack Davis (cartoonist)">Jack Davis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brad_Holland_(artist)" title="Brad Holland (artist)">Brad Holland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herbert_Paus" title="Herbert Paus">Herbert Paus</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Albert_Beck_Wenzell&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Albert Beck Wenzell (page does not exist)">Albert Beck Wenzell</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2006</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gilbert_Bundy" title="Gilbert Bundy">Gilbert Bundy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bradshaw_Crandell" title="Bradshaw Crandell">Bradshaw Crandell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Keith_Ferris" title="Keith Ferris">Keith Ferris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hal_Foster" title="Hal Foster">Harold Foster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frank_H._Netter" title="Frank H. Netter">Frank H. Netter</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alvin_J._Pimsler&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Alvin J. Pimsler (page does not exist)">Alvin J. Pimsler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jack_Unruh" title="Jack Unruh">Jack Unruh</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2007</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=David_Grove_(illustrator)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="David Grove (illustrator) (page does not exist)">David Grove</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gary_Kelley&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gary Kelley (page does not exist)">Gary Kelley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/E._W._Kemble" title="E. W. Kemble">Edward Windsor Kemble</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russell_Patterson" title="Russell Patterson">Russell Patterson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Stavrinos" title="George Stavrinos">George Stavrinos</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2008</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Benton_Clark&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Benton Clark (page does not exist)">Benton Clark</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Matt_Clark_(illustrator)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Matt Clark (illustrator) (page does not exist)">Matt Clark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kinuko_Y._Craft" title="Kinuko Y. Craft">Kinuko Y. Craft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naiad_Einsel" title="Naiad Einsel">Naiad Einsel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Einsel" title="Walter Einsel">Walter Einsel</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2009</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mario_Cooper&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mario Cooper (page does not exist)">Mario Cooper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Brooks_Davis" title="Paul Brooks Davis">Paul Davis</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Laurence_Fellows&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Laurence Fellows (page does not exist)">Laurence Fellows</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arnold_Roth" title="Arnold Roth">Arnold Roth</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Herbert_Morton_Stoops&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Herbert Morton Stoops (page does not exist)">Herbert Morton Stoops</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="2010–2019" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">2010–2019</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2010</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Edward_Chambers" title="Charles Edward Chambers">Charles Edward Chambers</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Earl_Oliver_Hurst&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Earl Oliver Hurst (page does not exist)">Earl Oliver Hurst</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orson_Lowell" title="Orson Lowell">Orson Lowell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilson_McLean" title="Wilson McLean">Wilson McLean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chris_Van_Allsburg" title="Chris Van Allsburg">Chris Van Allsburg</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2011</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kenneth_Paul_Block" title="Kenneth Paul Block">Kenneth Paul Block</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alan_E._Cober" title="Alan E. Cober">Alan E. Cober</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Heindel" title="Robert Heindel">Robert Heindel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fred_Otnes" title="Fred Otnes">Fred Otnes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jerry_Pinkney" title="Jerry Pinkney">Jerry Pinkney</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2012</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ludwig_Bemelmans" title="Ludwig Bemelmans">Ludwig Bemelmans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R._O._Blechman" title="R. O. Blechman">R. O. Blechman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Collier_(sculptor)" title="John Collier (sculptor)">John Collier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Gorey" title="Edward Gorey">Edward Gorey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Sloan" title="John Sloan">John Sloan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nancy_Stahl" title="Nancy Stahl">Nancy Stahl</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2013</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ted_CoConis" title="Ted CoConis">Ted CoConis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Herriman" title="George Herriman">George Herriman</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sanford_Kossin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sanford Kossin (page does not exist)">Sanford Kossin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Rackham" title="Arthur Rackham">Arthur Rackham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_M._Schulz" title="Charles M. Schulz">Charles M. Schulz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murray_Tinkelman" title="Murray Tinkelman">Murray Tinkelman</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2014</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Blair" title="Mary Blair">Mary Blair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Hunt_Everett" title="Walter Hunt Everett">Walter Everett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al_Jaffee" title="Al Jaffee">Al Jaffee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syd_Mead" title="Syd Mead">Syd Mead</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Cameron_Menzies" title="William Cameron Menzies">William Cameron Menzies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alex_Raymond" title="Alex Raymond">Alex Raymond</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Sorel" title="Edward Sorel">Edward Sorel</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2015</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bernard_D%27Andrea&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bernard D'Andrea (page does not exist)">Bernard D'Andrea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_M._Baumhofer" title="Walter M. Baumhofer">Walter M. Baumhofer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Will_Eisner" title="Will Eisner">Will Eisner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virgil_Finlay" title="Virgil Finlay">Virgil Finlay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ted_Lewin" title="Ted Lewin">Ted Lewin</a> and <a href="/wiki/Betsy_Lewin" title="Betsy Lewin">Betsy Lewin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pat_Oliphant" title="Pat Oliphant">Pat Oliphant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Szyk" title="Arthur Szyk">Arthur Szyk</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2016</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Marshall_Arisman" title="Marshall Arisman">Marshall Arisman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rolf_Armstrong" title="Rolf Armstrong">Rolf Armstrong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guy_Billout" title="Guy Billout">Guy Billout</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_de_S%C3%A8ve" title="Peter de Sève">Peter de Sève</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Glackens" title="William Glackens">William Glackens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beatrix_Potter" title="Beatrix Potter">Beatrix Potter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_M._Powers" title="Richard M. Powers">Richard M. Powers</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2017</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mort_Drucker" title="Mort Drucker">Mort Drucker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bart_Forbes" title="Bart Forbes">Bart Forbes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anita_Kunz" title="Anita Kunz">Anita Kunz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ralph_Steadman" title="Ralph Steadman">Ralph Steadman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burne_Hogarth" title="Burne Hogarth">Burne Hogarth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Petty" title="George Petty">George Petty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gustaf_Tenggren" title="Gustaf Tenggren">Gustaf Tenggren</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2018</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Crumb" title="Robert Crumb">Robert Crumb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kate_Greenaway" title="Kate Greenaway">Kate Greenaway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Gruau" title="René Gruau">René Gruau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jack_Kirby" title="Jack Kirby">Jack Kirby</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heinrich_Kley" title="Heinrich Kley">Heinrich Kley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hilary_Knight_(illustrator)" title="Hilary Knight (illustrator)">Hilary Knight</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_McMullan" title="James McMullan">James McMullan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kay_Nielsen" title="Kay Nielsen">Kay Nielsen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C._F._Payne" title="C. F. Payne">C. F. Payne</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2019</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alice_Barber_Stephens" title="Alice Barber Stephens">Alice Barber Stephens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Petty" title="Mary Petty">Mary Petty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frank_Godwin" title="Frank Godwin">Frank Godwin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mark_Summers" title="Mark Summers">Mark Summers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vincent_Di_Fate" title="Vincent Di Fate">Vincent Di Fate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roz_Chast" title="Roz Chast">Roz Chast</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="2020–2029" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">2020–2029</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2020</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Blackshear" title="Thomas Blackshear">Thomas Blackshear</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edmund_Dulac" title="Edmund Dulac">Edmund Dulac</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Giraud" title="Jean Giraud">Jean Henri Gaston Giraud (Mœbius)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeffrey_Catherine_Jones" title="Jeffrey Catherine Jones">Jeffrey Catherine Jones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barbara_Nessim" title="Barbara Nessim">Barbara Nessim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drew_Struzan" title="Drew Struzan">Drew Struzan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2021</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Braldt_Bralds&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Braldt Bralds (page does not exist)">Braldt Bralds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Margaret_Brundage" title="Margaret Brundage">Margaret Brundage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Percy_Day" title="Walter Percy Day">Walter Percy Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dale_Messick" title="Dale Messick">Dale Messick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Craig_Mullins" title="Craig Mullins">Craig Mullins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Floyd_Norman" title="Floyd Norman">Floyd Norman</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2022</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Addams" title="Charles Addams">Charles Addams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Booth_(cartoonist)" title="George Booth (cartoonist)">George Booth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emory_Douglas" title="Emory Douglas">Emory Douglas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brian_Froud" title="Brian Froud"> Brian</a> and <a href="/wiki/Wendy_Froud" title="Wendy Froud">Wendy Froud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reynold_Ruffins" title="Reynold Ruffins">Reynold Ruffins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarah_Stilwell_Weber" title="Sarah Stilwell Weber">Sarah S. Stilwell Weber</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2023</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Amsel" title="Richard Amsel">Richard Amsel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anna_Whelan_Betts" title="Anna Whelan Betts">Anna Whelan Betts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reynold_Brown" title="Reynold Brown">Reynold Brown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seymour_Chwast" title="Seymour Chwast">Seymour Chwast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helen_Hokinson" class="mw-redirect" title="Helen Hokinson">Helen Hokinson</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wendell_Minor&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Wendell Minor (page does not exist)">Wendell Minor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barron_Storey" title="Barron Storey">Barron Storey</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2024</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Steve_Brodner" title="Steve Brodner">Steve Brodner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gustave_Dor%C3%A9" title="Gustave Doré">Gustave Doré</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Grossman_(artist)" title="Robert Grossman (artist)">Robert Grossman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gregory_Manchess" title="Gregory Manchess">Gregory Manchess</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yuko_Shimizu_(illustrator)" title="Yuko Shimizu (illustrator)">Yuko Shimizu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virginia_Frances_Sterrett" title="Virginia Frances Sterrett">Virginia Frances Sterrett</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Winsor_McCay_Award_(1970s)" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background: #EEDD82;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Winsor_McCay_Award_1970s" title="Template:Winsor McCay Award 1970s"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Winsor_McCay_Award_1970s" title="Template talk:Winsor McCay Award 1970s"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Winsor_McCay_Award_1970s" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Winsor McCay Award 1970s"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Winsor_McCay_Award_(1970s)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Winsor_McCay_Award" title="Winsor McCay Award">Winsor McCay Award</a> (1970s)</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #EEDD82;;width:1%">1972</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Max_Fleischer" title="Max Fleischer">Max Fleischer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dave_Fleischer" title="Dave Fleischer">Dave Fleischer</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #EEDD82;;width:1%">1973</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Lantz" title="Walter Lantz">Walter Lantz</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #EEDD82;;width:1%">1974</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tex_Avery" title="Tex Avery">Tex Avery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friz_Freleng" title="Friz Freleng">Friz Freleng</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chuck_Jones" title="Chuck Jones">Chuck Jones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Art_Babbitt" title="Art Babbitt">Art Babbitt</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Winsor McCay</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #EEDD82;;width:1%">1975</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Walt_Disney" title="Walt Disney">Walt Disney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Hubley" title="John Hubley">John Hubley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Faith_Hubley" title="Faith Hubley">Faith Hubley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norman_McLaren" title="Norman McLaren">Norman McLaren</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #EEDD82;;width:1%">1976</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Robert Cannon</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hugh_Harman" title="Hugh Harman">Hugh Harman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rudolf_Ising" title="Rudolf Ising">Rudolf Ising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Maltese" title="Michael Maltese">Mike Maltese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Pal" title="George Pal">George Pal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ward_Kimball" title="Ward Kimball">Ward Kimball</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #EEDD82;;width:1%">1977</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/William_Hanna" title="William Hanna">Bill Hanna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Barbera" title="Joseph Barbera">Joe Barbera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mel_Blanc" title="Mel Blanc">Mel Blanc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oskar_Fischinger" title="Oskar Fischinger">Oskar Fischinger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bill_Scott_(voice_actor)" title="Bill Scott (voice actor)">Bill Scott</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milt_Kahl" title="Milt Kahl">Milt Kahl</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #EEDD82;;width:1%">1978</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jay_Ward" title="Jay Ward">Jay Ward</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ub_Iwerks" title="Ub Iwerks">Ub Iwerks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dick_Huemer" title="Dick Huemer">Dick Huemer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carl_W._Stalling" title="Carl W. Stalling">Carl Stalling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hans_Conried" title="Hans Conried">Hans Conried</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #EEDD82;;width:1%">1979</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Clyde_Geronimi" title="Clyde Geronimi">Clyde Geronimi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bill_Melendez" title="Bill Melendez">Bill Melendez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mae_Questel" title="Mae Questel">Mae Questel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Otto_Messmer" title="Otto Messmer">Otto Messmer</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background: #EEDD82;"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Winsor_McCay_Award" title="Winsor McCay Award">Complete list</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Winsor_McCay_Award_1970s" title="Template:Winsor McCay Award 1970s">1970s</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Winsor_McCay_Award_1980s" title="Template:Winsor McCay Award 1980s">1980s</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Winsor_McCay_Award_1990s" title="Template:Winsor McCay Award 1990s">1990s</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Winsor_McCay_Award_2000s" title="Template:Winsor McCay Award 2000s">2000s</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Winsor_McCay_Award_2010s" title="Template:Winsor McCay Award 2010s">2010s</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Winsor_McCay_Award_2020s" title="Template:Winsor McCay Award 2020s">2020s</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1130092004">.mw-parser-output .portal-bar{font-size:88%;font-weight:bold;display:flex;justify-content:center;align-items:baseline}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-bordered{padding:0 2em;background-color:#fdfdfd;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;clear:both;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-related{font-size:100%;justify-content:flex-start}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-unbordered{padding:0 1.7em;margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-header{margin:0 1em 0 0.5em;flex:0 0 auto;min-height:24px}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;flex:0 1 auto;padding:0.15em 0;column-gap:1em;align-items:baseline;margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content-related{margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-item{display:inline-block;margin:0.15em 0.2em;min-height:24px;line-height:24px}@media screen and (max-width:768px){.mw-parser-output .portal-bar{font-size:88%;font-weight:bold;display:flex;flex-flow:column wrap;align-items:baseline}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-header{text-align:center;flex:0;padding-left:0.5em;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-related{font-size:100%;align-items:flex-start}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;align-items:center;flex:0;column-gap:1em;border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;margin:0 auto;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content-related{border-top:none;margin:0;list-style:none}}.mw-parser-output .navbox+link+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+link+.portal-bar-bordered,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.portal-bar-bordered,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+link+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+style+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+.navbox-styles+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+.navbox-styles+.sister-bar{margin-top:-1px}</style><div class="portal-bar noprint metadata noviewer portal-bar-bordered" role="navigation" aria-label="Portals"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents/Portals" title="Wikipedia:Contents/Portals">Portals</a>:<ul class="portal-bar-content"><li class="portal-bar-item"><a href="/wiki/File:Animation_disc.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Animation_disc.svg/20px-Animation_disc.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Animation_disc.svg/31px-Animation_disc.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Animation_disc.svg/41px-Animation_disc.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="30" data-file-height="28" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Animation" title="Portal:Animation">Animation</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/69/P_vip.svg/19px-P_vip.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/69/P_vip.svg/28px-P_vip.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/69/P_vip.svg/37px-P_vip.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1911" data-file-height="1944" /> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Biography" title="Portal:Biography">Biography</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><a href="/wiki/File:Wikipetan-manga.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Wikipetan-manga.png/21px-Wikipetan-manga.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Wikipetan-manga.png/32px-Wikipetan-manga.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Wikipetan-manga.png/42px-Wikipetan-manga.png 2x" data-file-width="525" data-file-height="425" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Comics" title="Portal:Comics">Comics</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><a href="/wiki/File:WPVA-khamsa.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/WPVA-khamsa.svg/15px-WPVA-khamsa.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/WPVA-khamsa.svg/22px-WPVA-khamsa.svg.png 1.5x, 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style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q207960#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q207960#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000115790250">ISNI</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/100255827">VIAF</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/3505/">FAST</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJtX4Qgg3W8HM7wCTvWVYP">WorldCat</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/132201666">Germany</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n50011701">United States</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb119137581">France</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb119137581">BnF data</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=js20060205017&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX891363">Spain</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p071414819">Netherlands</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007376795905171">Israel</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://opac.kbr.be/LIBRARY/doc/AUTHORITY/14060392">Belgium</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Academics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ci.nii.ac.jp/author/DA0716560X?l=en">CiNii</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Artists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.getty.edu/vow/ULANFullDisplay?find=&role=&nation=&subjectid=500126109">ULAN</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://musicbrainz.org/artist/b6b4aac3-47e2-4295-8353-8805cea06447">MusicBrainz</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://rkd.nl/en/explore/artists/307495">RKD Artists</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://kulturnav.org/38ab4585-5ddb-4ffc-b153-1e28e2eef6f5">KulturNav</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.moma.org/artists/32323">Museum of Modern Art</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.musee-orsay.fr/en/ressources/repertoire-artistes-personnalites/116165">Musée d'Orsay</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-digitale-bibliothek.de/person/gnd/132201666">DDB</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/026999676">IdRef</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://snaccooperative.org/ark:/99166/w62v2tvz">SNAC</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Winsor_McCay&oldid=1241652772">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Winsor_McCay&oldid=1241652772</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" 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