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class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Grey literature</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 26 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-26" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">26 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A3%D8%AF%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%AA_%D8%B1%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%AF%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="أدبيات رمادية – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="أدبيات رمادية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Literatura_grisa" title="Literatura grisa – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Literatura grisa" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%A0ed%C3%A1_literatura" title="Šedá literatura – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Šedá literatura" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gr%C3%A5_publikation" title="Grå publikation – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Grå publikation" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graue_Literatur" title="Graue Literatur – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Graue Literatur" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%93%CE%BA%CF%81%CE%AF%CE%B6%CE%B1_%CE%B2%CE%B9%CE%B2%CE%BB%CE%B9%CE%BF%CE%B3%CF%81%CE%B1%CF%86%CE%AF%CE%B1" title="Γκρίζα βιβλιογραφία – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Γκρίζα βιβλιογραφία" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Literatura_gris" title="Literatura gris – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Literatura gris" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Literatura_gris" title="Literatura gris – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Literatura gris" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%AF%D8%A8%DB%8C%D8%A7%D8%AA_%D8%AE%D8%A7%DA%A9%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%B1%DB%8C" title="ادبیات خاکستری – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="ادبیات خاکستری" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Litt%C3%A9rature_grise" title="Littérature grise – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Littérature grise" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%9A%8C%EC%83%89_%EB%AC%B8%ED%97%8C" title="회색 문헌 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="회색 문헌" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%84%D5%B8%D5%AD%D6%80%D5%A1%D5%A3%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B5%D5%B6_%D5%A3%D6%80%D5%A1%D5%AF%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A9%D5%B5%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B6" title="Մոխրագույն գրականություն – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Մոխրագույն գրականություն" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siva_literatura" title="Siva literatura – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Siva literatura" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sastra_abu-abu" title="Sastra abu-abu – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Sastra abu-abu" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Letteratura_grigia" title="Letteratura grigia – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Letteratura grigia" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A1%D7%A4%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%AA_%D7%90%D7%A4%D7%95%D7%A8%D7%94" title="ספרות אפורה – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="ספרות אפורה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sastera_kelabu" title="Sastera kelabu – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Sastera kelabu" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%81%B0%E8%89%B2%E6%96%87%E7%8C%AE" title="灰色文献 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="灰色文献" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Szara_literatura" title="Szara literatura – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Szara literatura" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Literatura_cinzenta" title="Literatura cinzenta – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Literatura cinzenta" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Серая литература – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Серая литература" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Literatura_gri" title="Literatura gri – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Literatura gri" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%B0_%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Сива литература – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Сива литература" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siva_literatura" title="Siva literatura – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Siva literatura" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gr%C3%A5_litteratur" title="Grå litteratur – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Grå litteratur" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%81%B0%E8%89%B2%E6%96%87%E7%8D%BB" title="灰色文獻 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="灰色文獻" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a 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dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Documents and research not produced for commercial or academic journal purposes</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Gender_studies_grey_literature.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Part of a library bookshelf, of which two shelves are depicted. The top shelf does not contain any books, only a sign which, in Danish, reads "gender studies – handbook collection – grey materials". The bottom shelf contains a series of folders and ring binders." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Gender_studies_grey_literature.jpg/290px-Gender_studies_grey_literature.jpg" decoding="async" width="290" height="218" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Gender_studies_grey_literature.jpg/435px-Gender_studies_grey_literature.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Gender_studies_grey_literature.jpg/580px-Gender_studies_grey_literature.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4608" data-file-height="3456" /></a><figcaption>A <a href="/wiki/Bookcase" title="Bookcase">library shelf</a> stocked with grey literature relevant to the field of <a href="/wiki/Gender_studies" title="Gender studies">gender studies</a> such as women's college programs and papers from <a href="/wiki/International_Women%27s_Day" title="International Women's Day">International Women's Day</a> events.</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Grey literature</b> (or <b>gray literature</b>) is materials and research produced by organizations outside of the traditional <a href="/wiki/Publishing" title="Publishing">commercial</a> or <a href="/wiki/Academic_publishing" title="Academic publishing">academic publishing</a> and distribution channels. Common grey literature publication types include reports (<a href="/wiki/Annual_report" title="Annual report">annual</a>, research, <a href="/wiki/Technical_report" title="Technical report">technical</a>, project, etc.), <a href="/wiki/Working_paper" title="Working paper">working papers</a>, government documents, <a href="/wiki/White_paper" title="White paper">white papers</a> and <a href="/wiki/Evaluation" title="Evaluation">evaluations</a>. Organizations that produce grey literature include government departments and agencies, civil society or <a href="/wiki/Non-governmental_organization" title="Non-governmental organization">non-governmental organizations</a>, academic centres and departments, and private companies and consultants. </p><p>Grey literature may be difficult to discover, access, and evaluate, but this can be addressed through the formulation of sound search strategies. Grey literature may be made available to the public, or distributed privately within organizations or groups, and may lack a systematic means of distribution and collection. The standard of quality, review and production of grey literature can vary considerably. </p><p>Other terms used for this material include <i>report literature</i>, <i>government publications</i>, <i>policy documents</i>, <i>fugitive literature</i>, <i>non-conventional literature</i>, <i>unpublished literature</i>, <i>non-traditional publications</i>, and <i>ephemeral publications</i>. With the introduction of desktop publishing and the Internet, new terms include <i>electronic publications</i>, <i>online publications</i>, <i>online resources</i>, <i>open-access research</i>, and <i>digital documents</i>. </p><p>Though the concept is difficult to define, the term grey literature is an agreed collective term that researchers and information professionals can use to discuss this distinct but disparate group of resources. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Definitions">Definitions</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Grey_literature&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Definitions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>While a hazy definition of "grey literature" had existed previously, the term is generally understood to have been coined by the researcher <a href="/w/index.php?title=Charles_P._Auger&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Charles P. Auger (page does not exist)">Charles P. Auger</a>, who wrote <i>Use of Reports Literature</i> in 1975.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The literature he referred to consisted of intelligence reports and notes on atomic research produced in vast quantities by the <a href="/wiki/Allies_of_World_War_II" title="Allies of World War II">Allied Forces</a> during <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>. In a conference held by the British Lending Library Division in 1978, Auger used the term "grey literature" to describe the concept for the first time.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His concepts focused upon a "vast body of documents" with "continuing increasing quantity" that were characterized by the "difficulty it presents to the librarian". Auger described the documentation as having great ambiguity between temporary character and durability, and by a growing impact on scientific research. While acknowledging the challenges of reports literature, he recognized that it held a number of advantages "over other means of dissemination, including greater speed, greater flexibility and the opportunity to go into considerable detail if necessary". Auger considered reports a "half-published" communication medium with a "complex interrelationship [to] scientific journals". In 1989 Auger published the second edition of <i>The Documentation of the European Communities: A Guide</i>, which contained the first usage of the term "grey literature" in a published work.<sup id="cite_ref-Augered_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Augered-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The "Luxembourg definition", discussed and approved at the Third International Conference on Grey Literature in 1997, defined grey literature as "that which is produced on all levels of government, academics, business and industry in print and electronic formats, but which is not controlled by commercial publishers". In 2004, at the Sixth Conference in <a href="/wiki/New_York_City" title="New York City">New York City</a>, a postscript was added to the definition for purposes of clarification: grey literature is "...not controlled by commercial publishers, i.e., where publishing is not the primary activity of the producing body".<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This definition is now widely accepted by the scholarly community. </p><p>The U.S. Interagency Gray Literature Working Group (IGLWG), in its "Gray Information Functional Plan" of 1995, defined grey literature as "foreign or domestic open source material that usually is available through specialized channels and may not enter normal channels or systems of publication, distribution, bibliographic control, or acquisition by booksellers or subscription agents". Thus grey literature is usually inaccessible through relevant reference tools such as databases and indexes, which rely upon the reporting of subscription agents. </p><p> In 2010, D.J. Farace and J. Schöpfel pointed out that existing definitions of grey literature were predominantly economic, and argued that in a changing research environment, with new channels of scientific communication, grey literature needed a new conceptual framework.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They proposed the "Prague definition" as follows:<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style></p><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Grey literature stands for manifold document types produced on all levels of government, academics, business and industry in print and electronic formats that are protected by intellectual property rights, of sufficient quality to be collected and preserved by library holdings or institutional repositories, but not controlled by commercial publishers i.e., where publishing is not the primary activity of the producing body.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>Due to the rapid increase <a href="/wiki/Web_publishing" class="mw-redirect" title="Web publishing">web publishing</a> and access to documents, the focus of grey literature has shifted to quality, <a href="/wiki/Intellectual_property" title="Intellectual property">intellectual property</a>, curation, and accessibility. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Publication_types">Publication types</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Grey_literature&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Publication types"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The term <i>grey literature</i> acts as a collective noun to refer to a large number of publications types produced by organizations for various reasons. These include research and project reports, annual or activity reports, <a href="/wiki/Theses" class="mw-redirect" title="Theses">theses</a>, <a href="/wiki/Conference_proceedings" title="Conference proceedings">conference proceedings</a>, <a href="/wiki/Preprints" class="mw-redirect" title="Preprints">preprints</a>, <a href="/wiki/Working_paper" title="Working paper">working papers</a>, <a href="/wiki/Newsletters" class="mw-redirect" title="Newsletters">newsletters</a>, technical reports, recommendations and <a href="/wiki/Technical_standard" title="Technical standard">technical standards</a>, <a href="/wiki/Patents" class="mw-redirect" title="Patents">patents</a>, technical notes, data and statistics, presentations, field notes, laboratory research books, academic <a href="/wiki/Courseware" class="mw-redirect" title="Courseware">courseware</a>, lecture notes, evaluations, and many more. The international network <a href="/wiki/Grey_Literature_Network_Service" title="Grey Literature Network Service">GreyNet</a> maintains an online listing of document types.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Organizations produce grey literature as a means of encapsulating, storing and sharing information for their own use, and for wider distribution. This can take the form of a record of data and information on a site or project (archaeological records, survey data, working papers); sharing information on how and why things occurred (technical reports and specifications, briefings, evaluations, project reports); describing and advocating for changes to public policy, practice or legislation (white papers, discussion papers, submissions); meeting statutory or other requirements for information sharing or management (annual reports, consultation documents); and many other reasons. </p><p>Organizations are often looking to create the required output, sharing it with relevant parties quickly and easily, without the delays and restrictions of academic journal and book publishing. Often there is little incentive or justification for organizations or individuals to publish in academic journals and books, and often no need to charge for access to organizational outputs.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Indeed, some information organizations may be required to make certain information and documents public. On the other hand, grey literature is not necessarily always free, with some resources, such as market reports, selling for thousands of dollars. However, this is the exception and on the whole grey literature, while costly to produce, is usually made available for free. </p><p>While research and production quality may be extremely high (with organizational reputation vested in the end product), the producing body, not being a formal publisher, generally lacks the channels for extensive distribution and bibliographic control.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Information and research professionals generally draw a distinction between <a href="/wiki/Ephemera" title="Ephemera">ephemera</a> and grey literature. However, there are certain overlaps between the two media and they undoubtedly share common frustrations such as bibliographic control issues. Unique written documents such as <a href="/wiki/Manuscript" title="Manuscript">manuscripts</a> and <a href="/wiki/Archive" title="Archive">archives</a>, and personal communications, are not usually considered to fall under the heading of grey literature, although they again share some of the same problems of control and access. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Impact">Impact</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Grey_literature&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Impact"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The relative importance of grey literature is largely dependent on research disciplines and subjects, on methodological approaches, and on the sources they use. In some fields, especially in the life sciences and medical sciences, there has been a traditional preference for only using <a href="/wiki/Scholarly_peer_review" title="Scholarly peer review">peer-reviewed</a> academic journals, but studies of methodological quality and reliability have found that "reliability of published research works in several fields may be decreasing with increasing journal rank",<sup id="cite_ref-Brembs2018_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Brembs2018-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> contrary to widespread expectations.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In other fields, such as agriculture, aeronautics and the engineering sciences in general, grey literature resources tend to predominate. In the last few decades, <a href="/wiki/Systematic_reviews" class="mw-redirect" title="Systematic reviews">systematic literature reviews</a> in health and medicine have established the importance of discovering and analyzing grey literature as part of the <a href="/wiki/Evidence-based_medicine" title="Evidence-based medicine">evidence base</a> and in order to avoid publication bias.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Grey literature is particularly important as a means of distributing scientific and technical and public policy and practice information.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Professionals insist on its importance for two main reasons: research results are often more detailed in reports, doctoral theses and conference proceedings than in journals, and they are distributed in these forms up to 12 or even 18 months before being published elsewhere.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some results simply are not published anywhere else. </p><p>In particular, public administrations and public and industrial research laboratories produce a great deal of "grey" material, often for internal and in some cases "restricted" dissemination.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The notion of <a href="/wiki/Evidence-based_policy" title="Evidence-based policy">evidence-based policy</a> has also seen some recognition of the importance of grey literature as part of the evidence base; however, the term is not yet widely used in public policy and the social sciences more broadly. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Problems">Problems</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Grey_literature&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Problems"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>For a number of reasons, discovery, access, evaluation and curation of grey literature pose a number of difficulties. Generally, grey literature lacks any strict or meaningful bibliographic control. Basic information such as authors, publication dates and publishing or corporate bodies may not be easily identified. Similarly, the nonprofessional <a href="/wiki/Page_layout" title="Page layout">layouts</a> and formats, low print runs and non-conventional channels of distribution make the organized collection of grey literature a challenge compared to <a href="/wiki/Academic_journal" title="Academic journal">journals</a> and <a href="/wiki/Book" title="Book">books</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Augered_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Augered-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Although grey literature is often discussed with reference to scientific research, it is by no means restricted to any one field. Outside the <a href="/wiki/Hard_and_soft_science" title="Hard and soft science">hard sciences</a>, it presents significant challenges in <a href="/wiki/Archaeology" title="Archaeology">archaeology</a> where site surveys and <a href="/wiki/Excavation_(archaeology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Excavation (archaeology)">excavation</a> reports, containing unique data, have frequently been produced and circulated in informal "grey" formats. </p><p>Some of the problems of accessing grey literature have decreased since the late 1990s as government, professional, business and university bodies have increasingly published their reports and other official or review documents online. The informal nature of grey literature has meant that it has become more numerous as the technology that allows people to create documentation has improved. Less expensive and more sophisticated printers increased the ease of creating grey literature. And the ability to post documents on the internet has resulted in a tremendous boom. The impact of this trend has been greatly boosted since the early 2000s, as the growth of major search engines has made retrieving grey literature simultaneously easier and more cluttered.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Grey reports are thus far more easily found online than they were, often at no cost to access. Most users of reports and other grey documents have migrated to using online copies, and efforts by libraries to collect hard-copy versions have generally declined in consequence. </p><p>However, many problems remain because originators often fail to produce online reports or publications to an adequate bibliographic standard (often omitting a publication date, for instance). Documents are often not assigned permanent <a href="/wiki/Uniform_resource_locator" class="mw-redirect" title="Uniform resource locator">URLs</a> or <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">DOI</a> numbers, or stored in <a href="/wiki/Institutional_repository" title="Institutional repository">electronic depositories</a>, so that <a href="/wiki/Link_rot" title="Link rot">link rot</a> can develop within citations, reference lists, databases and websites. <a href="/wiki/Copyright" title="Copyright">Copyright</a> law and the copyrighted status of many reports inhibits their downloading and electronic storage and there is a lack of large scale collecting of digital grey literature. Securing long-term access to and management of grey literature in the digital era thus remains a considerable problem. </p><p>The amount of digital grey literature now available also poses a problem for finding relevant resources and to be able to assess their credibility and quality given the number of resources now available. At the same time a great deal of grey literature remains hidden, either not made public or not made discoverable via search engines. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Databases">Databases</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Grey_literature&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Databases"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:STAR_NLP_Framework_for_Grey_Literature.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/STAR_NLP_Framework_for_Grey_Literature.svg/220px-STAR_NLP_Framework_for_Grey_Literature.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="156" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/STAR_NLP_Framework_for_Grey_Literature.svg/330px-STAR_NLP_Framework_for_Grey_Literature.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/STAR_NLP_Framework_for_Grey_Literature.svg/440px-STAR_NLP_Framework_for_Grey_Literature.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1052" data-file-height="744" /></a><figcaption>The STAR NLP Framework for Grey Literature</figcaption></figure> <p>Various databases and libraries collect and make available print and digital grey literature; however, the cost and difficulty of finding and cataloguing grey literature mean that it is still difficult to find large collections. The <a href="/wiki/British_Library" title="British Library">British Library</a> began collecting print grey literature in the post-WWII period and now has an extensive collection of print resources. <a href="/wiki/Analysis_%26_Policy_Observatory" title="Analysis & Policy Observatory">Analysis & Policy Observatory</a> has an extensive collection of grey literature on a wide range of public policy issues, <a href="/wiki/ArXiv" title="ArXiv">ArXiv</a> is a collection of preprints on physics and other sciences, and <a href="/wiki/RePEc" class="mw-redirect" title="RePEc">RePEc</a> is a collection of economics working papers. </p><p>Many university libraries provide subject guides that give information on grey literature and suggestions for databases. <a href="/wiki/Registry_of_Open_Access_Repositories" title="Registry of Open Access Repositories">ROAR</a> and <a href="/wiki/OpenDOAR" title="OpenDOAR">OpenDOAR</a> are directories of open access <a href="/wiki/Institutional_repository" title="Institutional repository">institutional repositories</a> and subject repositories, many of which contain some grey literature. Several <a href="/wiki/Academic_search_engines" class="mw-redirect" title="Academic search engines">academic search engines</a> exist to combine the <a href="/wiki/Open_data" title="Open data">open data</a> provided by such <a href="/wiki/Open_archive" class="mw-redirect" title="Open archive">open archives</a> through <a href="/wiki/OAI-PMH" class="mw-redirect" title="OAI-PMH">OAI-PMH</a>, as well as records from publishers deposited in <a href="/wiki/CrossRef" class="mw-redirect" title="CrossRef">CrossRef</a> and other sources. They include <a href="/wiki/BASE_(search_engine)" title="BASE (search engine)">BASE</a>, <a href="/wiki/CORE_(research_service)" title="CORE (research service)">CORE</a> and Unpaywall, which indexes over 20 million <a href="/wiki/Open_access" title="Open access">open access</a> publications as of 2020.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Resources_and_advocacy">Resources and advocacy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Grey_literature&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Resources and advocacy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The annual international grey literature conference series has been organized since 1993 by the Europe-based organization <a href="/wiki/Grey_Literature_Network_Service" title="Grey Literature Network Service">GreyNet</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Research in this field of information has been systematically documented and archived via the International Conference on Grey Literature series.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Grey_Literature_Network_Service" title="Grey Literature Network Service">Greynet</a> also produces a journal on grey literature and has been a key advocate for the recognition and study of grey literature, particularly in library and information sciences, <i>The Grey Journal</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>The Grey Journal</i> appears three times a year –in spring, summer, and autumn. Each issue in a volume is thematic and deals with one or more related topics in the field of grey literature. <i>The Grey Journal</i> appears both in print and electronic formats. The electronic version on article level is available via EBSCO's LISTA-FT Database (<a href="/wiki/EBSCO_Publishing" class="mw-redirect" title="EBSCO Publishing">EBSCO Publishing</a>). <i>The Grey Journal</i> is indexed by <a href="/wiki/Scopus" title="Scopus">Scopus</a> and others. </p><p>On 16 May 2014, the <i>Pisa Declaration on Policy Development for Grey Literature Resources</i> was ratified and published.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Grey_literature&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239009302">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Books-aj.svg_aj_ashton_01.svg/32px-Books-aj.svg_aj_ashton_01.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Books-aj.svg_aj_ashton_01.svg/47px-Books-aj.svg_aj_ashton_01.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Books-aj.svg_aj_ashton_01.svg/63px-Books-aj.svg_aj_ashton_01.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="309" data-file-height="274" /></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Literature" title="Portal:Literature">Literature portal</a></span></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alternative_media" title="Alternative media">Alternative media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Association_for_Grey_Literature_Exploitation" title="European Association for Grey Literature Exploitation">European Association for Grey Literature Exploitation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grey_Literature_International_Steering_Committee" title="Grey Literature International Steering Committee">Grey Literature International Steering Committee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grey_Literature_Network_Service" title="Grey Literature Network Service">Grey Literature Network Service</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OpenSIGLE" title="OpenSIGLE">OpenSIGLE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paraliterature" title="Paraliterature">Paraliterature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/System_for_Information_on_Grey_Literature_in_Europe" title="System for Information on Grey Literature in Europe">System for Information on Grey Literature in Europe</a></li></ul> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Grey_literature&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFAuger1975" class="citation book cs1">Auger, C.P., ed. (1975). <i>Use of Reports Literature</i>. London: Butterworth. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-408-70666-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-408-70666-7"><bdi>978-0-408-70666-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Use+of+Reports+Literature&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Butterworth&rft.date=1975&rft.isbn=978-0-408-70666-7&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGrey+literature" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRucinski2015" class="citation journal cs1">Rucinski, Taryn (2015). "The elephant in the room: toward a definition of grey legal literature". <i>Law Library Journal</i>. <b>107</b> (4): 543–559. <a href="/wiki/SSRN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="SSRN (identifier)">SSRN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2708884">2708884</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Law+Library+Journal&rft.atitle=The+elephant+in+the+room%3A+toward+a+definition+of+grey+legal+literature&rft.volume=107&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=543-559&rft.date=2015&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpapers.ssrn.com%2Fsol3%2Fpapers.cfm%3Fabstract_id%3D2708884%23id-name%3DSSRN&rft.aulast=Rucinski&rft.aufirst=Taryn&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGrey+literature" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Augered-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Augered_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Augered_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAuger1989" class="citation book cs1">Auger, C.P., ed. (1989). <i>Information Sources in Grey Literature</i> (2nd ed.). London: Bowker-Saur. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-86291-871-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-86291-871-2"><bdi>978-0-86291-871-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Information+Sources+in+Grey+Literature&rft.place=London&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Bowker-Saur&rft.date=1989&rft.isbn=978-0-86291-871-2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGrey+literature" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchöpfelFarace2010" class="citation book cs1">Schöpfel, J.; Farace, D.J. (2010). "Grey Literature". In Bates, M.J.; Maack, M.N. (eds.). <i>Encyclopedia of Library and Information Sciences</i> (3rd ed.). Boca Raton, Fla.: CRC Press. pp. 2029–2039. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8493-9712-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8493-9712-7"><bdi>978-0-8493-9712-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Grey+Literature&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+Library+and+Information+Sciences&rft.place=Boca+Raton%2C+Fla.&rft.pages=2029-2039&rft.edition=3rd&rft.pub=CRC+Press&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0-8493-9712-7&rft.aulast=Sch%C3%B6pfel&rft.aufirst=J.&rft.au=Farace%2C+D.J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGrey+literature" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFaraceSchöpfel2010" class="citation book cs1">Farace, Dominic J; Schöpfel, Joachim, eds. (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.doabooks.org/doab?func=search&query=rid:21338"><i>Grey Literature in Library and Information Studies</i></a>. K. G. Saur. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1515%2F9783598441493">10.1515/9783598441493</a>. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12657%2F45661">20.500.12657/45661</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-598-11793-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-598-11793-0"><bdi>978-3-598-11793-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Grey+Literature+in+Library+and+Information+Studies&rft.pub=K.+G.+Saur&rft.date=2010&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F20.500.12657%2F45661&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1515%2F9783598441493&rft.isbn=978-3-598-11793-0&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.doabooks.org%2Fdoab%3Ffunc%3Dsearch%26query%3Drid%3A21338&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGrey+literature" class="Z3988"></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (December 2022)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchöpfel2011" class="citation journal cs1">Schöpfel, Joachim (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/sic_00581570/">"Towards a Prague Definition of Grey Literature"</a>. <i>The Grey Journal</i>. <b>7</b> (1): 5–18. <a href="/wiki/Institut_de_l%27information_scientifique_et_technique" title="Institut de l'information scientifique et technique">INIST</a><span class="nowrap"> </span><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pascal-francis.inist.fr/vibad/index.php?action=getRecordDetail&idt=24025689">24025689</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Grey+Journal&rft.atitle=Towards+a+Prague+Definition+of+Grey+Literature&rft.volume=7&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=5-18&rft.date=2011&rft.aulast=Sch%C3%B6pfel&rft.aufirst=Joachim&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhal.archives-ouvertes.fr%2Fsic_00581570%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGrey+literature" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.greynet.org/greysourceindex/documenttypes.html">"Grey Literature – GreySource, A Selection of Web-based Resources in Grey Literature"</a>. Greynet.org<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2013-06-26</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Grey+Literature+%E2%80%93+GreySource%2C+A+Selection+of+Web-based+Resources+in+Grey+Literature&rft.pub=Greynet.org&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.greynet.org%2Fgreysourceindex%2Fdocumenttypes.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGrey+literature" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFeatherSturges2003" class="citation book cs1">Feather, John; Sturges, Paul (2003-09-02). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/internationalenc00john"><i>International Encyclopedia of Information and Library Science</i></a></span>. Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-134-51320-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-134-51320-8"><bdi>978-1-134-51320-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=International+Encyclopedia+of+Information+and+Library+Science&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2003-09-02&rft.isbn=978-1-134-51320-8&rft.aulast=Feather&rft.aufirst=John&rft.au=Sturges%2C+Paul&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Finternationalenc00john&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGrey+literature" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLawrenceHoughtonThomas2014" class="citation journal cs1">Lawrence, Amanda; Houghton, John; Thomas, Julian (2014). "Where is the evidence: realising the value of grey literature for public policy and practice". Swinburne Institute for Social Research. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.4225%2F50%2F5580B1E02DAF9">10.4225/50/5580B1E02DAF9</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Where+is+the+evidence%3A+realising+the+value+of+grey+literature+for+public+policy+and+practice&rft.date=2014&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.4225%2F50%2F5580B1E02DAF9&rft.aulast=Lawrence&rft.aufirst=Amanda&rft.au=Houghton%2C+John&rft.au=Thomas%2C+Julian&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGrey+literature" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_journal" title="Template:Cite journal">cite journal</a>}}</code>: </span><span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment">Cite journal requires <code class="cs1-code">|journal=</code> (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#missing_periodical" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Brembs2018-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Brembs2018_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrembs2018" class="citation journal cs1">Brembs, Björn (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5826185">"Prestigious Science Journals Struggle to Reach Even Average Reliability"</a>. <i>Frontiers in Human Neuroscience</i>. <b>12</b>: 37. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3389%2Ffnhum.2018.00037">10.3389/fnhum.2018.00037</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5826185">5826185</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29515380">29515380</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Frontiers+in+Human+Neuroscience&rft.atitle=Prestigious+Science+Journals+Struggle+to+Reach+Even+Average+Reliability&rft.volume=12&rft.pages=37&rft.date=2018&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC5826185%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F29515380&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3389%2Ffnhum.2018.00037&rft.aulast=Brembs&rft.aufirst=Bj%C3%B6rn&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC5826185&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGrey+literature" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTriggleMacDonaldTriggleGrierson2022" class="citation journal cs1">Triggle, Chris R; MacDonald, Ross; Triggle, David J.; Grierson, Donald (2022-04-03). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://zenodo.org/record/7365191">"Requiem for impact factors and high publication charges"</a>. <i>Accountability in Research</i>. <b>29</b> (3): 133–164. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F08989621.2021.1909481">10.1080/08989621.2021.1909481</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33787413">33787413</a>. <q>One might expect, therefore, that a high JIF factor indicates a higher standard of interest, accuracy and reliability of papers published therein. This is sometimes true but unfortunately is certainly not always the case (Brembs 2018, 2019). Thus, Björn Brembs (2019) concluded: "There is a growing body of evidence against our subjective notion of more prestigious journals publishing 'better' science. 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See <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.greynet.org/thegreyjournal.html">http://www.greynet.org/thegreyjournal.html</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://greyguide.isti.cnr.it/index.php/greyguideportal/pisa-declaration/pisa-declaration-22-language">"Pisa Declaration"</a>. <i>Grey Guide</i>. May 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2020-02-11</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Grey+Guide&rft.atitle=Pisa+Declaration&rft.date=2014-05&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fgreyguide.isti.cnr.it%2Findex.php%2Fgreyguideportal%2Fpisa-declaration%2Fpisa-declaration-22-language&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGrey+literature" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Grey_literature&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBraunHopkins1995" class="citation journal cs1">Braun, Janice; Hopkins, Lola Raykovic (19 July 1995). "Collection-Level Cataloging, Indexing, and Preservation of the Hoover Institution Pamphlet Collection on Revolutionary Change in Twentieth Century Europe". <i>Technical Services Quarterly</i>. <b>12</b> (4): 1–8. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1300%2FJ124v12n04_01">10.1300/J124v12n04_01</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Technical+Services+Quarterly&rft.atitle=Collection-Level+Cataloging%2C+Indexing%2C+and+Preservation+of+the+Hoover+Institution+Pamphlet+Collection+on+Revolutionary+Change+in+Twentieth+Century+Europe&rft.volume=12&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=1-8&rft.date=1995-07-19&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1300%2FJ124v12n04_01&rft.aulast=Braun&rft.aufirst=Janice&rft.au=Hopkins%2C+Lola+Raykovic&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGrey+literature" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Cedefop; Eurolib. "EU grey literature: long-term preservation, access, and discovery". Luxembourg: Publications Office of the European Union, 2012. Available: <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.cedefop.europa.eu/EN/Files/6115_en.pdf">http://www.cedefop.europa.eu/EN/Files/6115_en.pdf</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChildressJul2003" class="citation journal cs1">Childress, Eric; Jul, Eric (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1300/J141v06n03_02">"Going grey: Grey literature and metadata"</a>. <i>Journal of Internet Cataloging</i>. <b>6</b> (3): 3–6. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1300%2FJ141v06n03_02">10.1300/J141v06n03_02</a> (inactive 1 November 2024).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Internet+Cataloging&rft.atitle=Going+grey%3A+Grey+literature+and+metadata&rft.volume=6&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=3-6&rft.date=2003&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1300%2FJ141v06n03_02&rft.aulast=Childress&rft.aufirst=Eric&rft.au=Jul%2C+Eric&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.tandfonline.com%2Fdoi%2Fabs%2F10.1300%2FJ141v06n03_02&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGrey+literature" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_journal" title="Template:Cite journal">cite journal</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of November 2024 (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_DOI_inactive_as_of_November_2024" title="Category:CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of November 2024">link</a>)</span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDenda2002" class="citation journal cs1">Denda, Kayo (June 2002). 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Radim Bacuvcik VeRBuM, Zlin CZ.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchöpfel2006" class="citation journal cs1">Schöpfel, Joachim (2006). 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"Collecting and Managing Popular Culture Material: Minor League Team Publications as "Fringe" Material at the National Baseball Hall of Fame Library". <i>Collection Management</i>. <b>27</b> (2): 3–21. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1300%2FJ105v27n02_02">10.1300/J105v27n02_02</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:143397777">143397777</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Collection+Management&rft.atitle=Collecting+and+Managing+Popular+Culture+Material%3A+Minor+League+Team+Publications+as+%22Fringe%22+Material+at+the+National+Baseball+Hall+of+Fame+Library&rft.volume=27&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=3-21&rft.date=2002-06&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1300%2FJ105v27n02_02&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A143397777%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Seeman&rft.aufirst=Corey&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGrey+literature" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSharmaNandan2020" class="citation journal cs1">Sharma, Jagdish; Nandan, Poonam (2020). "Grey Literature in Health Science Libraries and Indian Institute of Technology Libraries". <i>SRELS Journal of Information Management</i>. <b>57</b> (2): 76–83. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.17821%2Fsrels%2F2020%2Fv57i2%2F150546">10.17821/srels/2020/v57i2/150546</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:229143632">229143632</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=SRELS+Journal+of+Information+Management&rft.atitle=Grey+Literature+in+Health+Science+Libraries+and+Indian+Institute+of+Technology+Libraries&rft.volume=57&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=76-83&rft.date=2020&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.17821%2Fsrels%2F2020%2Fv57i2%2F150546&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A229143632%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Sharma&rft.aufirst=Jagdish&rft.au=Nandan%2C+Poonam&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGrey+literature" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSulouffBellBridenFrontz2005" class="citation journal cs1">Sulouff, Pat; Bell, Suzanne; Briden, Judi; Frontz, Stephanie; Marshall, Ann (1 July 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.5860%2Fcrln.66.7.7475">"Learning about grey literature by interviewing subject librarians: A study at the University of Rochester"</a>. <i>College & Research Libraries News</i>. <b>66</b> (7): 510–515. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.5860%2Fcrln.66.7.7475">10.5860/crln.66.7.7475</a></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=College+%26+Research+Libraries+News&rft.atitle=Learning+about+grey+literature+by+interviewing+subject+librarians%3A+A+study+at+the+University+of+Rochester&rft.volume=66&rft.issue=7&rft.pages=510-515&rft.date=2005-07-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.5860%2Fcrln.66.7.7475&rft.aulast=Sulouff&rft.aufirst=Pat&rft.au=Bell%2C+Suzanne&rft.au=Briden%2C+Judi&rft.au=Frontz%2C+Stephanie&rft.au=Marshall%2C+Ann&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.5860%252Fcrln.66.7.7475&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGrey+literature" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>White, Herbert. 1984. <i>Managing the Special Library</i>. White Plains, N. Y.: Knowledge Industries Publications, Inc.</li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Grey_literature&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1250146164">.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-abovebelow{padding:0.75em 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-abovebelow>b{display:block}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-text>ul{border-top:1px solid #aaa;padding:0.75em 0;width:217px;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-text>ul>li{min-height:31px}.mw-parser-output .sister-logo{display:inline-block;width:31px;line-height:31px;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .sister-link{display:inline-block;margin-left:4px;width:182px;vertical-align:middle}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div role="navigation" aria-labelledby="sister-projects" class="side-box metadata side-box-right sister-box sistersitebox plainlinks"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-abovebelow"> <b>Grey literature</b> at Wikipedia's <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Wikimedia_sister_projects" title="Wikipedia:Wikimedia sister projects"><span id="sister-projects">sister projects</span></a></div> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><ul><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/27px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/41px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/54px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="391" data-file-height="391" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/grey_literature" class="extiw" title="wikt:grey literature">Definitions</a> from Wiktionary</span></li><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/20px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/40px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Grey_literature" class="extiw" title="c:Category:Grey literature">Media</a> from Commons</span></li><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/27px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/41px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/54px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1050" data-file-height="590" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1148359" class="extiw" title="d:Q1148359">Data</a> from Wikidata</span></li></ul></div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060927105150/http://ssrc.tums.ac.ir/systematicreview/Searching.asp">About grey literature in medical systematic reviews</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.greynet.org/">GreyNet International</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.science.gov/">Science.gov</a>: a gateway to over 50 million pages of authoritative selected science information provided by U.S. government agencies, including research and development results.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140514171345/http://www.scienceaccelerator.gov/">Science Accelerator</a> searches science, including R&D results, project descriptions, accomplishments, and more, via resources made available by the Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), U.S. Department of Energy</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.osti.gov/graylit/">The GrayLIT network: A science portal of technical reports</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071028164338/http://www.osti.gov/graylit/">Archived</a> 2007-10-28 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. From the Office of Scientific & Technical Information at the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Energy" title="United States Department of Energy">United States Department of Energy</a>.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ads.ahds.ac.uk/catalogue/library/greylit/index.cfm">Grey Literature Library for UK Archaeology</a></li> <li>The <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.emeraldinsight.com/journals.htm?issn=1466-6189">International Journal on Grey Literature</a></i> published one volume in 2000. Content may be limited to subscribers.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.opengrey.eu">OpenGrey Repository, formerly OpenSIGLE</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": 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.navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Academic_publishing" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Academic_publishing" title="Template:Academic publishing"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Academic_publishing" title="Template talk:Academic publishing"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Academic_publishing" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Academic publishing"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Academic_publishing" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Academic_publishing" title="Academic publishing">Academic publishing</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Journals</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Academic_journal" title="Academic journal">Academic journal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scientific_journal" title="Scientific journal">Scientific journal</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Public_health_journal" title="Public health journal">Public health</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Papers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Academic_publishing#Scholarly_paper" title="Academic publishing">Paper</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abstract_(summary)" title="Abstract (summary)">Abstract</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Review_article" title="Review article">Review article</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Position_paper" title="Position paper">Position paper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Literature_review" title="Literature review">Literature review</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Grey literature</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Working_paper" title="Working paper">Working paper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_paper" title="White paper">White paper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Technical_report" title="Technical report">Technical report</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Annual_report" title="Annual report">Annual report</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pamphlet" title="Pamphlet">Pamphlet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Essay" title="Essay">Essay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open-notebook_science" title="Open-notebook science">Lab notes</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other publication types</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Thesis" title="Thesis">Thesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Collection_of_articles" title="Collection of articles">Collection of articles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patent" title="Patent">Patent</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biological_patent" title="Biological patent">Biological</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chemical_patent" title="Chemical patent">Chemical</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book" title="Book">Book</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Monograph" title="Monograph">Monograph</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chapter_(books)" title="Chapter (books)">Chapter</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poster_session" title="Poster session">Poster session</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conference_proceedings" title="Conference proceedings">Proceedings</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Impact and ranking</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acknowledgment_index" title="Acknowledgment index">Acknowledgment index</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Altmetrics" title="Altmetrics">Altmetrics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Article-level_metrics" title="Article-level metrics">Article-level metrics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Author-level_metrics" title="Author-level metrics">Author-level metrics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bibliometrics" title="Bibliometrics">Bibliometrics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Citation_impact" title="Citation impact">Citation impact</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Citation_index" title="Citation index">Citation index</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Journal_ranking" title="Journal ranking">Journal ranking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eigenfactor" title="Eigenfactor">Eigenfactor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/H-index" title="H-index">h-index</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Impact_factor" title="Impact factor">Impact factor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SCImago_Journal_Rank" title="SCImago Journal Rank">SCImago Journal Rank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scientometrics" title="Scientometrics">Scientometrics</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Reform and access</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Academic_journal_publishing_reform" title="Academic journal publishing reform">Academic journal publishing reform</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_access" title="Open access">Open access</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Open_access_citation_advantage" title="Open access citation advantage">Citation advantage</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serials_crisis" title="Serials crisis">Serials crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sci-Hub" title="Sci-Hub">Sci-Hub</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ICanHazPDF" title="ICanHazPDF">#ICanHazPDF</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Versioning</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Preprint" title="Preprint">Preprint</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postprint" title="Postprint">Postprint</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Version_of_record" title="Version of record">Version of record</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erratum" title="Erratum">Erratum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Retraction_in_academic_publishing" title="Retraction in academic publishing">Retraction</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_academic_databases_and_search_engines" title="List of academic databases and search engines">Indexes and search engines</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Google_Scholar" title="Google Scholar">Google Scholar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AMiner_(database)" title="AMiner (database)">AMiner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BASE_(search_engine)" title="BASE (search engine)">BASE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CORE_(research_service)" title="CORE (research service)">CORE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semantic_Scholar" title="Semantic Scholar">Semantic Scholar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scopus" title="Scopus">Scopus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Web_of_Science" title="Web of Science">Web of Science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paperity" title="Paperity">Paperity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OpenAlex" title="OpenAlex">OpenAlex</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Imprint_(trade_name)" title="Imprint (trade name)">Imprint</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scientific_writing" title="Scientific writing">Scientific writing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peer_review" title="Peer review">Peer review</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scholarly_communication" title="Scholarly communication">Scholarly communication</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scientific_literature" title="Scientific literature">Scientific literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Learned_society" title="Learned society">Learned society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_research" title="Open research">Open research</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_scientific_data" title="Open scientific data">Open scientific data</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ORCID" title="ORCID">ORCID</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electronic_publishing" title="Electronic publishing">Electronic publishing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ingelfinger_rule" title="Ingelfinger rule">Ingelfinger rule</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Least_publishable_unit" title="Least publishable unit">Least publishable unit</a></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Publish_or_perish" title="Publish or perish">Publish or perish</a>"</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Lists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_academic_journals" title="Lists of academic journals">Academic journals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_scientific_journals" title="List of scientific journals">Scientific journals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_open-access_journals" title="List of open-access journals">Open-access journals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_academic_databases_and_search_engines" title="List of academic databases and search engines">Academic databases and search engines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_university_presses" title="List of university presses">University presses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Copyright_policies_of_academic_publishers" title="Copyright policies of academic publishers">Copyright policies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_academic_publishers_by_preprint_policy" title="List of academic publishers by preprint policy">Preprint policies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_style_guides#Academic" title="List of style guides">Style/formatting guides</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Academic_publishing" title="Category:Academic publishing">Category:Academic publishing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Scientific_documents" title="Category:Scientific documents">Category:Scientific documents</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1148359#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1148359#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1148359#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, 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class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Littérature grise"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12203527x">BnF data</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="šedá literatura"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ph536672&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX535529">Spain</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007536836505171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalog.archives.gov/id/10633174">NARA</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Grey_literature&oldid=1254909581">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Grey_literature&oldid=1254909581</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Grey_literature" title="Category:Grey literature">Grey literature</a></li><li><a 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