CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html> <html class="client-nojs vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <title>Israel Putnam - Wikipedia</title> <script>(function(){var className="client-js vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available";var cookie=document.cookie.match(/(?:^|; )enwikimwclientpreferences=([^;]+)/);if(cookie){cookie[1].split('%2C').forEach(function(pref){className=className.replace(new RegExp('(^| )'+pref.replace(/-clientpref-\w+$|[^\w-]+/g,'')+'-clientpref-\\w+( |$)'),'$1'+pref+'$2');});}document.documentElement.className=className;}());RLCONF={"wgBreakFrames":false,"wgSeparatorTransformTable":["",""],"wgDigitTransformTable":["",""],"wgDefaultDateFormat":"dmy", "wgMonthNames":["","January","February","March","April","May","June","July","August","September","October","November","December"],"wgRequestId":"9dd6f5d8-22be-43ee-bafa-f6b2a3344c09","wgCanonicalNamespace":"","wgCanonicalSpecialPageName":false,"wgNamespaceNumber":0,"wgPageName":"Israel_Putnam","wgTitle":"Israel Putnam","wgCurRevisionId":1247575869,"wgRevisionId":1247575869,"wgArticleId":52904,"wgIsArticle":true,"wgIsRedirect":false,"wgAction":"view","wgUserName":null,"wgUserGroups":["*"],"wgCategories":["Articles with short description","Short description is different from Wikidata","Use American English from October 2022","All Wikipedia articles written in American English","Use mdy dates from April 2021","Pages using gadget WikiMiniAtlas","CS1 maint: unfit URL","Articles with Project Gutenberg links","Commons category link is on Wikidata","Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from the New International Encyclopedia", "Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from the 1911 Encyclopaedia Britannica with Wikisource reference","Wikipedia articles incorporating citation to the NSRW","Wikipedia articles incorporating citation to the NSRW with an wstitle parameter","Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from the Encyclopedia Americana with a Wikisource reference","Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from Collier's Encyclopedia","1718 births","1790 deaths","British America army officers","British military personnel of the French and Indian War","Continental Army generals","Continental Army officers from Connecticut","Military personnel from Connecticut","Military personnel from Massachusetts","People from colonial Connecticut","People of Connecticut in the American Revolution","People from Danvers, Massachusetts","People from Brooklyn, Connecticut","Putnam family"],"wgPageViewLanguage":"en","wgPageContentLanguage":"en","wgPageContentModel":"wikitext","wgRelevantPageName":"Israel_Putnam", "wgRelevantArticleId":52904,"wgIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRelevantPageIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRestrictionEdit":[],"wgRestrictionMove":[],"wgNoticeProject":"wikipedia","wgCiteReferencePreviewsActive":false,"wgFlaggedRevsParams":{"tags":{"status":{"levels":1}}},"wgMediaViewerOnClick":true,"wgMediaViewerEnabledByDefault":true,"wgPopupsFlags":0,"wgVisualEditor":{"pageLanguageCode":"en","pageLanguageDir":"ltr","pageVariantFallbacks":"en"},"wgMFDisplayWikibaseDescriptions":{"search":true,"watchlist":true,"tagline":false,"nearby":true},"wgWMESchemaEditAttemptStepOversample":false,"wgWMEPageLength":40000,"wgRelatedArticlesCompat":[],"wgCentralAuthMobileDomain":false,"wgEditSubmitButtonLabelPublish":true,"wgULSPosition":"interlanguage","wgULSisCompactLinksEnabled":false,"wgVector2022LanguageInHeader":true,"wgULSisLanguageSelectorEmpty":false,"wgWikibaseItemId":"Q622130","wgCheckUserClientHintsHeadersJsApi":["brands","architecture","bitness","fullVersionList","mobile","model","platform", "platformVersion"],"GEHomepageSuggestedEditsEnableTopics":true,"wgGETopicsMatchModeEnabled":false,"wgGEStructuredTaskRejectionReasonTextInputEnabled":false,"wgGELevelingUpEnabledForUser":false};RLSTATE={"ext.globalCssJs.user.styles":"ready","site.styles":"ready","user.styles":"ready","ext.globalCssJs.user":"ready","user":"ready","user.options":"loading","ext.cite.styles":"ready","skins.vector.search.codex.styles":"ready","skins.vector.styles":"ready","skins.vector.icons":"ready","jquery.makeCollapsible.styles":"ready","ext.wikimediamessages.styles":"ready","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript":"ready","ext.uls.interlanguage":"ready","wikibase.client.init":"ready","ext.wikimediaBadges":"ready"};RLPAGEMODULES=["ext.cite.ux-enhancements","mediawiki.page.media","ext.scribunto.logs","site","mediawiki.page.ready","jquery.makeCollapsible","mediawiki.toc","skins.vector.js","ext.centralNotice.geoIP","ext.centralNotice.startUp","ext.gadget.ReferenceTooltips","ext.gadget.switcher", "ext.gadget.WikiMiniAtlas","ext.urlShortener.toolbar","ext.centralauth.centralautologin","mmv.bootstrap","ext.popups","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.init","ext.visualEditor.targetLoader","ext.echo.centralauth","ext.eventLogging","ext.wikimediaEvents","ext.navigationTiming","ext.uls.interface","ext.cx.eventlogging.campaigns","ext.cx.uls.quick.actions","wikibase.client.vector-2022","ext.checkUser.clientHints","ext.growthExperiments.SuggestedEditSession","wikibase.sidebar.tracking"];</script> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.loader.impl(function(){return["user.options@12s5i",function($,jQuery,require,module){mw.user.tokens.set({"patrolToken":"+\\","watchToken":"+\\","csrfToken":"+\\"}); }];});});</script> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=ext.cite.styles%7Cext.uls.interlanguage%7Cext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript%7Cext.wikimediaBadges%7Cext.wikimediamessages.styles%7Cjquery.makeCollapsible.styles%7Cskins.vector.icons%2Cstyles%7Cskins.vector.search.codex.styles%7Cwikibase.client.init&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <script async="" src="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=startup&only=scripts&raw=1&skin=vector-2022"></script> <meta name="ResourceLoaderDynamicStyles" content=""> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=site.styles&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <meta name="generator" content="MediaWiki 1.44.0-wmf.4"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin-when-cross-origin"> <meta name="robots" content="max-image-preview:standard"> <meta name="format-detection" content="telephone=no"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/72/Israel_putnam_portrait.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="1200"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="1450"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Israel_putnam_portrait.jpg/800px-Israel_putnam_portrait.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="800"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="966"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Israel_putnam_portrait.jpg/640px-Israel_putnam_portrait.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="640"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="773"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=1120"> <meta property="og:title" content="Israel Putnam - Wikipedia"> <meta property="og:type" content="website"> <link rel="preconnect" href="//upload.wikimedia.org"> <link rel="alternate" media="only screen and (max-width: 640px)" href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Israel_Putnam"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/x-wiki" title="Edit this page" href="/w/index.php?title=Israel_Putnam&action=edit"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="/static/apple-touch/wikipedia.png"> <link rel="icon" href="/static/favicon/wikipedia.ico"> <link rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="/w/rest.php/v1/search" title="Wikipedia (en)"> <link rel="EditURI" type="application/rsd+xml" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=rsd"> <link rel="canonical" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Israel_Putnam"> <link rel="license" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/atom+xml" title="Wikipedia Atom feed" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:RecentChanges&feed=atom"> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//meta.wikimedia.org" /> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//login.wikimedia.org"> </head> <body class="skin--responsive skin-vector skin-vector-search-vue mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject mw-editable page-Israel_Putnam rootpage-Israel_Putnam skin-vector-2022 action-view"><a class="mw-jump-link" href="#bodyContent">Jump to content</a> <div class="vector-header-container"> <header class="vector-header mw-header"> <div class="vector-header-start"> <nav class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-main-menu-dropdown vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Main menu" > <label id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-label" for="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-menu mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-menu"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Main menu</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-main-menu" class="vector-main-menu vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-main-menu-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="main-menu-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-main-menu" data-pinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Main menu</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-navigation" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-navigation" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Navigation </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-mainpage-description" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Main_Page" title="Visit the main page [z]" accesskey="z"><span>Main page</span></a></li><li id="n-contents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents" title="Guides to browsing Wikipedia"><span>Contents</span></a></li><li id="n-currentevents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Current_events" title="Articles related to current events"><span>Current events</span></a></li><li id="n-randompage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:Random" title="Visit a randomly selected article [x]" accesskey="x"><span>Random article</span></a></li><li id="n-aboutsite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About" title="Learn about Wikipedia and how it works"><span>About Wikipedia</span></a></li><li id="n-contactpage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us" title="How to contact Wikipedia"><span>Contact us</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-interaction" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-interaction" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Contribute </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-help" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Contents" title="Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia"><span>Help</span></a></li><li id="n-introduction" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" title="Learn how to edit Wikipedia"><span>Learn to edit</span></a></li><li id="n-portal" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Community_portal" title="The hub for editors"><span>Community portal</span></a></li><li id="n-recentchanges" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChanges" title="A list of recent changes to Wikipedia [r]" accesskey="r"><span>Recent changes</span></a></li><li id="n-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_upload_wizard" title="Add images or other media for use on Wikipedia"><span>Upload file</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <a href="/wiki/Main_Page" class="mw-logo"> <img class="mw-logo-icon" src="/static/images/icons/wikipedia.png" alt="" aria-hidden="true" height="50" width="50"> <span class="mw-logo-container skin-invert"> <img class="mw-logo-wordmark" alt="Wikipedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"> <img class="mw-logo-tagline" alt="The Free Encyclopedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-tagline-en.svg" width="117" height="13" style="width: 7.3125em; height: 0.8125em;"> </span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-header-end"> <div id="p-search" role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-collapses vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box-auto-expand-width vector-search-box"> <a href="/wiki/Special:Search" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only search-toggle" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-search mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-search"></span> <span>Search</span> </a> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail cdx-typeahead-search--auto-expand-width"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="searchform" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div id="simpleSearch" class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Search Wikipedia" aria-label="Search Wikipedia" autocapitalize="sentences" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f" id="searchInput" > <span class="cdx-text-input__icon cdx-text-input__start-icon"></span> </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Special:Search"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Search</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-user-links vector-user-links-wide" aria-label="Personal tools"> <div class="vector-user-links-main"> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-preferences" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-userpage" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " title="Change the appearance of the page's font size, width, and color" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Appearance" > <label id="vector-appearance-dropdown-label" for="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-appearance mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-appearance"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Appearance</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en" class=""><span>Donate</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Israel+Putnam" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory" class=""><span>Create account</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Israel+Putnam" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o" class=""><span>Log in</span></a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="Log in and more options" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Personal tools" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-ellipsis mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-ellipsis"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Personal tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="User menu" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en"><span>Donate</span></a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Israel+Putnam" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-userAdd mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd"></span> <span>Create account</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Israel+Putnam" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>Log in</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Pages for logged out editors <a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" aria-label="Learn more about editing"><span>learn more</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyContributions" title="A list of edits made from this IP address [y]" accesskey="y"><span>Contributions</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyTalk" title="Discussion about edits from this IP address [n]" accesskey="n"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Contents" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Contents</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Early_life" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Early_life"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Early life</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Early_life-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Early_military_service" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Early_military_service"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Early military service</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Early_military_service-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-American_Revolutionary_War" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#American_Revolutionary_War"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>American Revolutionary War</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-American_Revolutionary_War-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle American Revolutionary War subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-American_Revolutionary_War-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Battle_of_Bunker_Hill" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Battle_of_Bunker_Hill"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Battle of Bunker Hill</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Battle_of_Bunker_Hill-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Long_Island_and_later_service" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Long_Island_and_later_service"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Long Island and later service</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Long_Island_and_later_service-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Personality_and_characteristics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Personality_and_characteristics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Personality and characteristics</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Personality_and_characteristics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Burial" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Burial"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Burial</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Burial-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Legacy,_namesakes,_and_honors" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Legacy,_namesakes,_and_honors"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Legacy, namesakes, and honors</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Legacy,_namesakes,_and_honors-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Bibliography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Israel Putnam</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 16 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-16" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">16 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A5%D8%B3%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%A6%D9%8A%D9%84_%D8%A8%D9%88%D8%AA%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%85" title="إسرائيل بوتنام – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="إسرائيل بوتنام" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%B0zrael_Patnem" title="İzrael Patnem – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="İzrael Patnem" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Israel_Putnam" title="Israel Putnam – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Israel Putnam" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Israel_Putnam" title="Israel Putnam – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Israel Putnam" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Israel_Putnam" title="Israel Putnam – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Israel Putnam" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Israel_Putnam" title="Israel Putnam – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Israel Putnam" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%B2%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%A6%DB%8C%D9%84_%D9%BE%D8%A7%D8%AA%D9%86%D9%85" title="ایزرائیل پاتنم – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="ایزرائیل پاتنم" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Israel_Putnam" title="Israel Putnam – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Israel Putnam" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%9D%B4%EC%A6%88%EB%A6%AC%EC%96%BC_%ED%8D%BC%ED%8A%B8%EB%84%98" title="이즈리얼 퍼트넘 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="이즈리얼 퍼트넘" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Israel_Putnam" title="Israel Putnam – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Israel Putnam" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%99%D7%A9%D7%A8%D7%90%D7%9C_%D7%A4%D7%98%D7%A0%D7%90%D7%9D" title="ישראל פטנאם – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="ישראל פטנאם" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%A4%E3%82%BA%E3%83%A9%E3%82%A8%E3%83%AB%E3%83%BB%E3%83%91%E3%83%83%E3%83%88%E3%83%8A%E3%83%A0" title="イズラエル・パットナム – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="イズラエル・パットナム" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Israel_Putnam" title="Israel Putnam – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Israel Putnam" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BD%D1%8D%D0%BC,_%D0%98%D0%B7%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%8D%D0%BB%D1%8C" title="Патнэм, Израэль – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Патнэм, Израэль" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Israel_Putnam" title="Israel Putnam – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Israel Putnam" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%BC%8A%E6%96%AF%E9%9B%B7%E5%B0%94%C2%B7%E5%B8%95%E7%89%B9%E5%8D%97" title="伊斯雷尔·帕特南 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="伊斯雷尔·帕特南" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q622130#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Israel_Putnam" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Article</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Talk:Israel_Putnam" rel="discussion" title="Discuss improvements to the content page [t]" accesskey="t"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Change language variant" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">English</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Views"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Israel_Putnam"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Israel_Putnam&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Edit</span></a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Israel_Putnam&action=history" title="Past revisions of this page [h]" accesskey="h"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Tools" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Tools</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="More options" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Actions </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Israel_Putnam"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Israel_Putnam&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Edit</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Israel_Putnam&action=history"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> General </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/Israel_Putnam" title="List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [j]" accesskey="j"><span>What links here</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChangesLinked/Israel_Putnam" rel="nofollow" title="Recent changes in pages linked from this page [k]" accesskey="k"><span>Related changes</span></a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard" title="Upload files [u]" accesskey="u"><span>Upload file</span></a></li><li id="t-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:SpecialPages" title="A list of all special pages [q]" accesskey="q"><span>Special pages</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Israel_Putnam&oldid=1247575869" title="Permanent link to this revision of this page"><span>Permanent link</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Israel_Putnam&action=info" title="More information about this page"><span>Page information</span></a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CiteThisPage&page=Israel_Putnam&id=1247575869&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Information on how to cite this page"><span>Cite this page</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FIsrael_Putnam"><span>Get shortened URL</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FIsrael_Putnam"><span>Download QR code</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Print/export </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:DownloadAsPdf&page=Israel_Putnam&action=show-download-screen" title="Download this page as a PDF file"><span>Download as PDF</span></a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Israel_Putnam&printable=yes" title="Printable version of this page [p]" accesskey="p"><span>Printable version</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> In other projects </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Israel_Putnam" hreflang="en"><span>Wikimedia Commons</span></a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q622130" title="Structured data on this page hosted by Wikidata [g]" accesskey="g"><span>Wikidata item</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">American military officer and landowner (1718–1790)</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"General Putnam" redirects here. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/General_Putnam_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="General Putnam (disambiguation)">General Putnam (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard" style="width:25.5em;border-spacing:2px;"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:125%; background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;"><div style="display:inline-block" class="fn">Israel Putnam</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image" style="border-bottom: 1px solid #aaa;; line-height: 1.5em"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Israel_putnam_portrait.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Israel_putnam_portrait.jpg/220px-Israel_putnam_portrait.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="266" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Israel_putnam_portrait.jpg/330px-Israel_putnam_portrait.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Israel_putnam_portrait.jpg/440px-Israel_putnam_portrait.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1182" data-file-height="1428" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption" style="font-size: 100%">Major General Israel Putnam</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em">Nickname(s)</th><td class="infobox-data nickname">"Old Put"</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em">Born</th><td class="infobox-data"><span style="display:none">(<span class="bday">1718-01-07</span>)</span>January 7, 1718<br /><a href="/wiki/Danvers,_Massachusetts" title="Danvers, Massachusetts">Danvers</a>, <a href="/wiki/Province_of_Massachusetts_Bay" title="Province of Massachusetts Bay">Province of Massachusetts Bay</a>, <a href="/wiki/British_America" title="British America">British America</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">May 29, 1790<span style="display:none">(1790-05-29)</span> (aged 72)<br /><a href="/wiki/Brooklyn,_Connecticut" title="Brooklyn, Connecticut">Brooklyn, Connecticut</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em">Buried</th><td class="infobox-data"><div style="display:inline" class="label"><a href="/wiki/Israel_Putnam_Monument" title="Israel Putnam Monument">Israel Putnam Monument</a>, Brooklyn, Connecticut</div> <span class="geo-inline"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Israel_Putnam&params=41_47_11_N_71_56_59_W_"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">41°47′11″N</span> <span class="longitude">71°56′59″W</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">41.78639°N 71.94972°W</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">41.78639; -71.94972</span></span></span></a></span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em">Allegiance</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Flag_of_Great_Britain_%281707%E2%80%931800%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Great_Britain_%281707%E2%80%931800%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Flag_of_Great_Britain_%281707%E2%80%931800%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Great_Britain_%281707%E2%80%931800%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Flag_of_Great_Britain_%281707%E2%80%931800%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Great_Britain_%281707%E2%80%931800%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Great_Britain" title="Kingdom of Great Britain">Kingdom of Great Britain</a><br /><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281777%E2%80%931795%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281777%E2%80%931795%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281777%E2%80%931795%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281777%E2%80%931795%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281777%E2%80%931795%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281777%E2%80%931795%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States of America</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em">Service <wbr />/ branch</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/British_Army" title="British Army">British Army</a><br />(Connecticut Militia)<br /><a href="/wiki/Continental_Army" title="Continental Army">Continental Army</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em">Years of service</th><td class="infobox-data">1755–176?, 1775-1779</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em">Rank</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Major_(rank)" title="Major (rank)">Major</a> (G.B.)<br /><a href="/wiki/Major_general" title="Major general">Major general</a> (U.S.)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em">Battles / wars</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/French_and_Indian_War" title="French and Indian War">French and Indian War</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Pontiac%27s_War" title="Pontiac's War">Pontiac's War</a><br /><a href="/wiki/American_Revolutionary_War" title="American Revolutionary War">American Revolutionary War</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em">Spouse(s)</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1151524712">.mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin2px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-2px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin3px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-3px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-display-ws{display:inline;white-space:nowrap}</style> <div class="marriage-display-ws"><div style="display:inline-block;line-height:normal;margin-top:1px;white-space:normal;">Hannah Pope</div> <div class="marriage-line-margin2px"></div> <div style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:1px;"></div>(<abbr title="married">m.</abbr> 1739; died 1765)<wbr /></div><br /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1151524712"> <div class="marriage-display-ws"><div style="display:inline-block;line-height:normal;">Deborah Lothrop</div> <div style="display:inline-block;"></div>(<abbr title="married">m.</abbr> 1767)<wbr /></div><sup id="cite_ref-Bragg_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bragg-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em">Signature</th><td class="infobox-data"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Israel_Putnam_signature.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Israel_Putnam_signature.svg/100px-Israel_Putnam_signature.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="21" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Israel_Putnam_signature.svg/150px-Israel_Putnam_signature.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Israel_Putnam_signature.svg/200px-Israel_Putnam_signature.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="585" data-file-height="120" /></a></span></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Israel Putnam</b> (January 7, 1718 – May 29, 1790), popularly known as "<b>Old Put</b>", was an American military officer and landowner who fought with distinction at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Bunker_Hill" title="Battle of Bunker Hill">Battle of Bunker Hill</a> during the <a href="/wiki/American_Revolutionary_War" title="American Revolutionary War">American Revolutionary War</a> (1775–1783). He also served as an officer with <a href="/wiki/Rogers%27_Rangers" title="Rogers' Rangers">Rogers' Rangers</a> during the <a href="/wiki/French_and_Indian_War" title="French and Indian War">French and Indian War</a> (1754–1763), when he was captured by <a href="/wiki/Mohawk_people" title="Mohawk people">Mohawk</a> warriors. He was saved from the ritual burning given to enemies by the intervention of French officer Molang, with whom the Mohawks were allied. Putnam's courage and fighting spirit became known far beyond his home of <a href="/wiki/Connecticut" title="Connecticut">Connecticut</a>'s borders through the circulation of folk legends in the American colonies and states celebrating his exploits. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_life">Early life</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Israel_Putnam&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Early life"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Israel_putnam_birthplace.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Israel_putnam_birthplace.jpg/220px-Israel_putnam_birthplace.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="176" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Israel_putnam_birthplace.jpg/330px-Israel_putnam_birthplace.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Israel_putnam_birthplace.jpg/440px-Israel_putnam_birthplace.jpg 2x" data-file-width="9528" data-file-height="7640" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/General_Israel_Putnam_House" title="General Israel Putnam House">Israel Putnam's birthplace</a>, Danvers, Massachusetts; the house still stands and is owned by the Danvers Historical Society.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:1911-08-12_MA_Danvers_Birth_Room,_Gen._Israel_Putnam_01.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/1911-08-12_MA_Danvers_Birth_Room%2C_Gen._Israel_Putnam_01.jpg/220px-1911-08-12_MA_Danvers_Birth_Room%2C_Gen._Israel_Putnam_01.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="142" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/1911-08-12_MA_Danvers_Birth_Room%2C_Gen._Israel_Putnam_01.jpg/330px-1911-08-12_MA_Danvers_Birth_Room%2C_Gen._Israel_Putnam_01.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/1911-08-12_MA_Danvers_Birth_Room%2C_Gen._Israel_Putnam_01.jpg/440px-1911-08-12_MA_Danvers_Birth_Room%2C_Gen._Israel_Putnam_01.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6501" data-file-height="4205" /></a><figcaption>Birth room of General Putnam in Danvers, Massachusetts</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Major_Israel_Putnam_in_British_Uniform_1758.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Major_Israel_Putnam_in_British_Uniform_1758.jpg/220px-Major_Israel_Putnam_in_British_Uniform_1758.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="286" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Major_Israel_Putnam_in_British_Uniform_1758.jpg/330px-Major_Israel_Putnam_in_British_Uniform_1758.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Major_Israel_Putnam_in_British_Uniform_1758.jpg/440px-Major_Israel_Putnam_in_British_Uniform_1758.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1470" data-file-height="1908" /></a><figcaption>Major Israel Putnam in British uniform, 1758</figcaption></figure> <p>Putnam was born in 1718 in Salem Village (now <a href="/wiki/Danvers,_Massachusetts" title="Danvers, Massachusetts">Danvers</a>), <a href="/wiki/Massachusetts" title="Massachusetts">Massachusetts</a> to Joseph and Elizabeth (Porter) Putnam, a prosperous farming <a href="/wiki/Puritan" class="mw-redirect" title="Puritan">Puritan</a> <a href="/wiki/Putnam_family" title="Putnam family">family</a>. His parents had opposed the <a href="/wiki/Salem_witch_trials" title="Salem witch trials">Salem witch trials</a> in the 1690s.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Putnam moved west in 1740 at age 22 to <a href="/wiki/Mortlake,_Connecticut" title="Mortlake, Connecticut">Mortlake, Connecticut</a><sup id="cite_ref-McCullough_Book_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-McCullough_Book-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (today <a href="/wiki/Brooklyn,_Connecticut" title="Brooklyn, Connecticut">Brooklyn</a>) where land was cheaper.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He killed a wolf in 1743 with the help of a group of farmers from Mortlake seeking to safeguard their sheep. They tracked the wolf to its den and tried sending in their dogs, but all the dogs returned frightened or injured by the wolf. They tried smoking out the wolf and burning sulfur at the mouth of the cave, all to no avail. After Putnam arrived, he tried getting his dog to enter the den, with no luck. He also tried to get his servant to enter with a torch and gun to shoot the wolf. His servant refused, as did all the other farmers. Putnam then reportedly crawled into the den with a torch, a musket loaded with buckshot, and his feet secured with rope to be quickly pulled out. While in the den, he killed the wolf.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHubbard201714-18_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHubbard201714-18-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In celebration of the event, Putnam was carried in a torch-lit procession through Pomfret in a celebration that lasted until about midnight. He earned the nicknames "Wolf Putnam" and "Old Wolf Put", which stayed with him for decades afterward.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHubbard201715,_16,_17,_18_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHubbard201715,_16,_17,_18-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELivingston190111-16_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELivingston190111-16-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHumphreys185510-20_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHumphreys185510-20-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A section of <a href="/wiki/Mashamoquet_Brook_State_Park" title="Mashamoquet Brook State Park">Mashamoquet Brook State Park</a> in Pomfret, including the den, is named "<a href="/wiki/Israel_Putnam_Wolf_Den" title="Israel Putnam Wolf Den">Israel Putnam Wolf Den</a>". The name "Wolf Den Road" in adjacent Brooklyn also attests to the days of wolves.<sup id="cite_ref-Bragg_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bragg-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Putnam married twice, first to Hannah Pope in 1739, the mother of his children.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHubbard201711,_14_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHubbard201711,_14-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Two years after her death in 1765, he married Deborah Lothrop.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHubbard201749-50_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHubbard201749-50-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_military_service">Early military service</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Israel_Putnam&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Early military service"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Putnam was one of the first men in Connecticut in 1755 to sign up to serve as a private in the militia in the <a href="/wiki/French_and_Indian_War" title="French and Indian War">French and Indian War</a> at age 37. Over the course of the war, he was promoted to second lieutenant, captain, major, lieutenant colonel, and colonel.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENelson201199-100_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENelson201199-100-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHubbard201721_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHubbard201721-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELivingston190117-20,_30,_44_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELivingston190117-20,_30,_44-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHumphreys185522,_39,_107,_121_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHumphreys185522,_39,_107,_121-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He served with <a href="/wiki/Robert_Rogers_(British_Army_officer)" title="Robert Rogers (British Army officer)">Robert Rogers</a>, who gained fame as the commander of <a href="/wiki/Rogers%27_Rangers" title="Rogers' Rangers">Rogers' Rangers</a>, and the two of them had various exploits together, in one of which Putnam saved Rogers' life.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHubbard201723,_24_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHubbard201723,_24-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Putnam's reputation for courage was made famous by his participation in the war. It was said that "Rogers always sent, but Putnam led his men to action."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHubbard201737,_38_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHubbard201737,_38-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELivingston190189_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELivingston190189-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1757, the Rangers were stationed on an island off <a href="/wiki/Fort_Edward_(village),_New_York" title="Fort Edward (village), New York">Fort Edward</a>. The following February, Putnam and his Rangers were still on <a href="/wiki/Rogers_Island_(New_York)" title="Rogers Island (New York)">Roger's Island</a> when fire broke out in the row of barracks nearest the magazine. The danger of an explosion was imminent, but Putnam took a position on the roof and poured bucket after bucket of water upon the flames, only descending when the buildings fell only a few feet from the magazine. In spite of his severe wounds, he continued to fight the fire, dashing water upon the magazine until the fire was under control. He was laid up for a month due to burns and exposure.<sup id="cite_ref-Bragg_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bragg-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Rescue_of_Israel_Putnam.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/89/Rescue_of_Israel_Putnam.jpg/230px-Rescue_of_Israel_Putnam.jpg" decoding="async" width="230" height="199" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/89/Rescue_of_Israel_Putnam.jpg/345px-Rescue_of_Israel_Putnam.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/89/Rescue_of_Israel_Putnam.jpg/460px-Rescue_of_Israel_Putnam.jpg 2x" data-file-width="760" data-file-height="659" /></a><figcaption>Rescue of Major Israel Putnam near Glens Falls, 1758</figcaption></figure> <p>Putnam was captured on August 8, 1758, by <a href="/wiki/Kahnawake" title="Kahnawake">Kahnawake</a> Indians from a mission settlement south of Montreal during a military campaign near Crown Point in <a href="/wiki/Province_of_New_York" title="Province of New York">New York</a>. He was saved from being ritually burned alive by a rainstorm and the last-minute intervention of a French officer.<sup id="cite_ref-Francis_Parkman_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Francis_Parkman-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1759, Putnam led a regiment into The Valley of Death in <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Ticonderoga_(1759)" title="Battle of Ticonderoga (1759)">the attack</a> on <a href="/wiki/Fort_Ticonderoga" title="Fort Ticonderoga">Fort Carillon</a> and he was with the British army that marched on <a href="/wiki/Montreal" title="Montreal">Montreal</a> in 1760. In 1762, he survived a shipwreck during the <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Havana" title="Siege of Havana">British expedition against Cuba</a> that led to the capture of <a href="/wiki/Havana" title="Havana">Havana</a>. Putnam is believed to have brought back Cuban tobacco seeds to <a href="/wiki/New_England" title="New England">New England</a>, which he planted in the <a href="/wiki/Hartford,_Connecticut" title="Hartford, Connecticut">Hartford</a> area. This reportedly resulted in the development of the renowned <a href="/wiki/Connecticut_shade_tobacco" title="Connecticut shade tobacco">Connecticut Wrapper</a>. In 1763, during <a href="/wiki/Pontiac%27s_Rebellion" class="mw-redirect" title="Pontiac's Rebellion">Pontiac's Rebellion</a>, Putnam was sent with reinforcements to relieve <a href="/wiki/Pontiac_(Ottawa_leader)" class="mw-redirect" title="Pontiac (Ottawa leader)">Chief Pontiac</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Fort_Detroit" title="Siege of Fort Detroit">siege of Fort Detroit</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHubbard201748-49_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHubbard201748-49-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After the war, he returned to his homestead, a remnant of which exists today as <a href="/wiki/Putnam_Farm" title="Putnam Farm">Putnam Farm</a> in Brooklyn, Connecticut. Putnam publicly professed his Christian faith following the <a href="/wiki/Seven_Years%27_War" title="Seven Years' War">Seven Years' War</a> in 1765 and joined the <a href="/wiki/Congregational_church" class="mw-redirect" title="Congregational church">Congregational Church</a> in his town.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was among those who objected to British tax action policies. Around the time of the <a href="/wiki/Stamp_Act_1765" title="Stamp Act 1765">Stamp Act</a> crisis in 1766, he was elected to the <a href="/wiki/Connecticut_General_Assembly" title="Connecticut General Assembly">Connecticut General Assembly</a> and was one of the founders of the state's chapter of the <a href="/wiki/Sons_of_Liberty" title="Sons of Liberty">Sons of Liberty</a>. In the fall of 1765, he threatened Governor <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Fitch_(governor)" title="Thomas Fitch (governor)">Thomas Fitch</a> over this issue. He said that Fitch's house "will be leveled with the dust in five minutes" if Fitch did not turn over the stamp tax paper to the Sons of Liberty.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="American_Revolutionary_War">American Revolutionary War</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Israel_Putnam&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: American Revolutionary War"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Battle_of_Bunker_Hill">Battle of Bunker Hill</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Israel_Putnam&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Battle of Bunker Hill"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>By the eve of the <a href="/wiki/American_Revolution" title="American Revolution">American Revolution</a>, Putnam had become a relatively prosperous farmer and tavern keeper, with more than a local reputation for his previous exploits. On April 20, 1775, while plowing one of his fields with his son, he received news of the <a href="/wiki/Battles_of_Lexington_and_Concord" title="Battles of Lexington and Concord">Battle of Lexington and Concord</a> that started the war the day before. He literally "came off the plow", leaving it in the field and riding 100 miles (160 km) in eight hours, reaching <a href="/wiki/Cambridge,_Massachusetts" title="Cambridge, Massachusetts">Cambridge</a> the next day and offering his services to the Patriot cause. Putnam was named a major general, making him second in rank to General <a href="/wiki/Artemas_Ward" title="Artemas Ward">Artemas Ward</a> in the Army of Observation, which preceded the founding of the <a href="/wiki/Continental_Army" title="Continental Army">Continental Army</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Ferling15_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ferling15-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Putnam was one of the primary figures at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Bunker_Hill" title="Battle of Bunker Hill">Battle of Bunker Hill</a> in June 1775, both in its planning and on the battlefield. During the battle, Putnam may have ordered <a href="/wiki/William_Prescott" title="William Prescott">William Prescott</a> to tell his troops, "Don't fire until you see the whites of their eyes." It is debated exactly who said these words first; they are attributed to a number of officers.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHubbard201797_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHubbard201797-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This command has since become one of the American Revolution's notable quotations. It was given to make the best use of the low ammunition stocks that the troops had.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHubbard201790_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHubbard201790-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the planning for the Battle of Bunker Hill, Putnam was likely the one who argued in favor of also fortifying the adjacent hill, which later became known as "<a href="/wiki/Bunker_Hill_Monument" title="Bunker Hill Monument">Breed's Hill</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBorneman2014350_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBorneman2014350-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPhilbrick2013198_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPhilbrick2013198-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This hill was closer to Boston, and from the hill cannons could fire on the British forces in Boston, forcing them to come out and attack the hill.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKetchum196359-60,_84_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKetchum196359-60,_84-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The British soldiers were mowed down as they marched toward the American fortifications. However, the Americans ran out of powder and were eventually forced to retreat. American casualties were 449, while British casualties were 1,054. By the standard of the day the Americans lost, since they gave up the ground. However, Continental Army Brigadier General <a href="/wiki/Nathanael_Greene" title="Nathanael Greene">Nathanael Greene</a> wrote to his brother that "I wish we could sell them another hill, at the same price."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHubbard201795_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHubbard201795-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBorneman2014351-352_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBorneman2014351-352-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKetchum1963122-123,_161-162_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKetchum1963122-123,_161-162-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Years after the battle, and after Putnam's death, he was accused by <a href="/wiki/Henry_Dearborn" title="Henry Dearborn">Henry Dearborn</a> of failing to supply reinforcements and even of cowardice during the battle. The accusations created a long-standing <a href="/wiki/Dearborn-Putnam_controversy" class="mw-redirect" title="Dearborn-Putnam controversy">controversy</a> among veterans, family, friends, and historians.<sup id="cite_ref-Purcell_pp.164-168_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Purcell_pp.164-168-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> People were shocked by the rancor of the attack, and this prompted a forceful response from defenders of Putnam, including such notables as <a href="/wiki/John_Adams" title="John Adams">John</a> and <a href="/wiki/Abigail_Adams" title="Abigail Adams">Abigail Adams</a>. Historian Harold Murdock wrote that Dearborn's account "abounds in absurd misstatements and amazing flights of imagination." The Dearborn attack received considerable attention because at the time he was in the middle of controversy himself. He had been relieved of one of the top commands in the <a href="/wiki/War_of_1812" title="War of 1812">War of 1812</a> due to his mistakes. He had also been nominated to serve as <a href="/wiki/U.S._Secretary_of_War" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. Secretary of War">U.S. Secretary of War</a> by President <a href="/wiki/James_Monroe" title="James Monroe">James Monroe</a>, but was rejected by the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate" title="United States Senate">United States Senate</a> (which was the first time that the Senate had voted against confirming a presidential cabinet choice).<sup id="cite_ref-Purcell_pp.164-168_32-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Purcell_pp.164-168-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKetchum196378_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKetchum196378-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHubbard2017191,_192_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHubbard2017191,_192-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Long_Island_and_later_service">Long Island and later service</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Israel_Putnam&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Long Island and later service"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Israel_Putnam.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Israel_Putnam.jpg/220px-Israel_Putnam.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="135" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Israel_Putnam.jpg/330px-Israel_Putnam.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Israel_Putnam.jpg/440px-Israel_Putnam.jpg 2x" data-file-width="486" data-file-height="299" /></a><figcaption>Letter from Israel Putnam to <a href="/wiki/Israel_Shreve" title="Israel Shreve">Israel Shreve</a>, 1777</figcaption></figure> <p>On June 14, 1775, the <a href="/wiki/Continental_Congress" title="Continental Congress">Continental Congress</a> voted to create the <a href="/wiki/Continental_Army" title="Continental Army">Continental Army</a>. <a href="/wiki/George_Washington" title="George Washington">George Washington</a> was chosen as Commander-in-Chief, with Putnam and three others appointed as <a href="/wiki/Major_general" title="Major general">major generals</a> under Washington. Of the votes, only Washington and Putnam were unanimous.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHubbard2017104_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHubbard2017104-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELivingston1901205_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELivingston1901205-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After Bunker Hill,<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Washington arrived and Putnam served under him in the <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Boston" title="Siege of Boston">Siege of Boston</a>. Due largely to the ingenious efforts of <a href="/wiki/Henry_Knox" title="Henry Knox">Henry Knox</a> and Putnam's cousin <a href="/wiki/Rufus_Putnam" title="Rufus Putnam">Rufus Putnam</a>, the British were forced to abandon Boston.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHubbard2017158_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHubbard2017158-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPhilbrick2013274-277_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPhilbrick2013274-277-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELivingston1901269-270_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELivingston1901269-270-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Putnam subsequently served as temporary commander of the American forces in <a href="/wiki/New_York_City" title="New York City">New York</a> while waiting for Washington's arrival there on April 13, 1776. Putnam's fortunes declined at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Long_Island" title="Battle of Long Island">Battle of Long Island</a> in August 1776, where he was forced to effect a hasty retreat from the British. Some in the <a href="/wiki/Second_Continental_Congress" title="Second Continental Congress">Second Continental Congress</a> blamed Putnam for the defeat, but Washington, who was in overall command and witnessed the battle, did not.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHubbard2017120-126_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHubbard2017120-126-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELivingston1901303-304_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELivingston1901303-304-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENelson201115-16_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENelson201115-16-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>It is possible that Putnam's efforts saved Washington's life or prevented his capture. As Senator <a href="/wiki/Daniel_Patrick_Moynihan" title="Daniel Patrick Moynihan">Daniel Patrick Moynihan</a> described it, "...it could be argued that we owe our national existence to the fortifications which General Israel Putnam threw up in April 1776 on the <a href="/wiki/Buttermilk_Channel" title="Buttermilk Channel">Buttermilk Channel</a> side [of <a href="/wiki/Governors_Island" title="Governors Island">Governors Island</a>, New York]... [British troops] landed on Long Island and headed for George Washington and his army. He had to flee, and he made it because Putnam's artillery firing on <a href="/wiki/Brooklyn_Heights" title="Brooklyn Heights">Brooklyn Heights</a>, over the Buttermilk Channel, held Howe back just long enough for Washington to escape to Manhattan and for the Revolutionary War to proceed."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHubbard2017121_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHubbard2017121-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>With future Vice President <a href="/wiki/Aaron_Burr" title="Aaron Burr">Aaron Burr</a> in his charge, Putnam was fooled in October 1777 by a feint executed by British troops under the command of General <a href="/wiki/Henry_Clinton_(British_Army_officer,_born_1730)" title="Henry Clinton (British Army officer, born 1730)">Sir Henry Clinton</a>, making way for Clinton's <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Forts_Clinton_and_Montgomery" title="Battle of Forts Clinton and Montgomery">capture</a> of <a href="/wiki/Fort_Montgomery_(Hudson_River)" title="Fort Montgomery (Hudson River)">Fort Montgomery</a> and <a href="/wiki/Fort_Clinton" title="Fort Clinton">Fort Clinton</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Mark_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mark-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As was standard procedure, Putnam was relieved of command and brought before a court of inquiry for these losses. It was ascertained that the events in question were the result of a lack of men, not of the fault of any commander, and he was exonerated of any wrongdoing.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Putnam had personal friendships and deep respect for many of his British former comrades in arms in the French and Indian War, who were now his enemies. While in command in New York, there were several occasions on which he showed personal courtesies, such as providing newspapers to read or medical attention, to British officers who had become his prisoners of war. This offended many New Yorkers. He also showed an "unconquerable aversion" to many of those who were entrusted with the disposal of Tory property who Putnam felt were instead embezzling the funds. This also led to Putnam becoming unpopular with many influential New Yorkers, who complained to Washington.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHubbard2017147_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHubbard2017147-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHumphreys1855238-240_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHumphreys1855238-240-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELivingston1901368-369_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELivingston1901368-369-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Washington had also lost some of his faith in Putnam, due to an incident in which Putnam delayed in forwarding troops to Washington when first ordered to do so. One possible explanation was that his wife, mistaken for dead, had apparently been buried alive, expiring in the casket after burial. The grave was later exhumed, and it is possible that Putnam learned of the tragic error at the time he received Washington's order.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHubbard2017149–153_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHubbard2017149–153-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Regardless, Washington felt he could not have Putnam in charge of troops in New York without the support of that state, and transferred Putnam to recruiting duties in Connecticut after the court of inquiry finished its investigation of the loss of Forts Montgomery and Clinton. Putnam was later put in command of the Eastern Division, consisting of three brigades of <a href="/wiki/2nd_New_Hampshire_Regiment" title="2nd New Hampshire Regiment">New Hampshire</a> and Connecticut troops. In 1779, he was put in command of the right wing of the army, which included the Virginia, Maryland, and Pennsylvania divisions.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELivingston1901396_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELivingston1901396-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During the winter of 1778–1779, Putnam and his troops were encamped at the site now preserved as the <a href="/wiki/Putnam_Memorial_State_Park" title="Putnam Memorial State Park">Putnam Memorial State Park</a> in <a href="/wiki/Redding,_Connecticut" title="Redding, Connecticut">Redding, Connecticut</a>. On February 26, 1779, Putnam escaped from the British, riding down a steep slope in <a href="/wiki/Greenwich,_Connecticut" title="Greenwich, Connecticut">Greenwich, Connecticut</a>, for which he became famous.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A <a href="/wiki/Equestrian_statue_of_Israel_Putnam" title="Equestrian statue of Israel Putnam">statue commemorating this escape</a> was erected at Putnam Memorial State Park.<sup id="cite_ref-historyofredding_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-historyofredding-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In December 1779, Putnam suffered a paralyzing <a href="/wiki/Stroke" title="Stroke">stroke</a>, which ended his military service.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHubbard2017173_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHubbard2017173-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Personality_and_characteristics">Personality and characteristics</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Israel_Putnam&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Personality and characteristics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Israel Putnam did not fit the stereotype of the taciturn <a href="/wiki/New_Englanders" title="New Englanders">New Englander</a>. He was a gregarious tavern-keeper, a very industrious farmer, and an aggressive soldier, always looking for an excuse to discipline his soldiers. His farm was one of the most productive in the area (he bought out his partner and paid off his mortgage after only two years).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHubbard201712_56-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHubbard201712-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In battle, he would lead from the front, not from behind.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHubbard201737,_95,_99,_127_57-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHubbard201737,_95,_99,_127-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHumphreys185589_58-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHumphreys185589-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After hours, he would lead his comrades in singing the popular drinking songs of the day.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHubbard2017228_59-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHubbard2017228-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Putnam served as Washington's second in command, and the two shared some key characteristics that other general officers of the time did not. Neither one of them had as much education as elite people of the era had. Putnam's lack of education and unsophisticated manner prompted a captured <a href="/wiki/Hessian_(soldier)" title="Hessian (soldier)">Hessian</a> officer to comment that "This old gray-beard may be a good honest man, but nobody but the rebels would have made him a general." Some of America's proper Philadelphians agreed.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELivingston1901336_60-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELivingston1901336-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, the common soldier admired Putnam's courage and could see from his many visible battle scars that he knew what it was like to be on the front lines. They knew that he had achieved his position through first-hand experience, rather than just education or family connections. Historian <a href="/wiki/Nathaniel_Philbrick" title="Nathaniel Philbrick">Nathaniel Philbrick</a> says flatly that "Israel Putnam was the provincial army's most beloved officer."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPhilbrick2013182_62-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPhilbrick2013182-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHubbard201739,_41,_48,_70,_75,_76,_105,_106,_107,_151,_174,_175_63-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHubbard201739,_41,_48,_70,_75,_76,_105,_106,_107,_151,_174,_175-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELivingston1901177,_198,_253,_295,_417_65-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELivingston1901177,_198,_253,_295,_417-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Putnam, whose spelling was a language all its own, nevertheless had a way with words. Both Washington and Putnam had to use their words to put down mutinies (on separate occasions) by their long-suffering, disgruntled troops. Biographer <a href="/wiki/David_Humphreys_(soldier)" title="David Humphreys (soldier)">David Humphreys</a>, who witnessed the Putnam event, wrote about it as follows: </p><p>"The troops who had been badly fed, badly cloathed and worse paid ... formed the design of marching to <a href="/wiki/Hartford" class="mw-redirect" title="Hartford">Hartford</a>, where the General Assembly was then in session, and of demanding redress at the point of the bayonet. Word having been brought to General Putnam that the second Brigade was under arms for this purpose, he mounted his horse, galloped to the Cantonment and thus addressed them: </p><p>"'My brave lads, whither are you going? Do you intend to desert your Officers and to invite the enemy to follow you into the country? Whose cause have you been fighting and suffering so long in, is it not your own? Have you no property, no parents, wives or children? You have behaved like men so far – all the world is full of your praises – and posterity will stand astonished at your deeds: but not if you spoil all at last. Don't you consider how much the country is distressed by the war, and that your officers have not been any better paid than yourselves? But we all expect better times and that the Country will do us ample justice. Let us all stand by one another then and fight it out like brave Soldiers. Think what a shame it would be for Connecticut men to run away from their officers.'"<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHubbard2017161,_162_66-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHubbard2017161,_162-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHumphreys1855242-246_67-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHumphreys1855242-246-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELivingston1901384-385_68-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELivingston1901384-385-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Putnam's speech worked. After he finished, "he directed the acting Major of Brigade to give the word for them to shoulder, march to their Regimental parades, and lodge arms. All of which they executed with promptitude and apparent good humor."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHubbard2017161,_162_66-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHubbard2017161,_162-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHumphreys1855242-246_67-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHumphreys1855242-246-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELivingston1901384-385_68-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELivingston1901384-385-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After hearing of the mutiny, Washington wrote to Putnam commending him for his success in quelling it. Putnam wrote to Washington that the incident had "not been repeated, or attended with any farther ill consequences.".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHubbard2017161,_162_66-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHubbard2017161,_162-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Both Washington and Putnam were aggressive by nature and did not hesitate to put themselves in harm's way if that was what was called for in battle. Both were fearless or at least able to function calmly while bullets whizzed around them. Yet, each was nevertheless able to calculate risk and make decisions accordingly. After leading inexperienced men in a successful engagement while being bombarded with cannonballs, Putnam commented, "I wish we could have something of the kind to do every day; it would teach our men how little danger there is from cannon balls, for though they have sent a great many at us, nobody has been hurt by them."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHubbard201744,_77,_79,_118,_119,_157_69-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHubbard201744,_77,_79,_118,_119,_157-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELivingston1901204_70-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELivingston1901204-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPhilbrick2013186_71-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPhilbrick2013186-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Putnam has been criticized by historians as having not been a great strategic thinker, and during one of the planning sessions during the <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Boston" title="Siege of Boston">siege of Boston</a> with Washington and his senior officers, Putnam grew tired of the endless discussion, and went to the window and started observing the British. Washington invited him back to the planning table, and Putnam responded, "Oh, my dear General, you may plan the battle to suit yourself, and I will fight it."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELivingston1901270_72-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELivingston1901270-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHubbard2017119_73-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHubbard2017119-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>However, Putnam was not without the ability to foresee both effective battlefield strategy and the big picture. He ordered his men to aim for the British officers, knowing the crippling effect it would have. He knew the value of inoculating the American troops against <a href="/wiki/Small_pox" class="mw-redirect" title="Small pox">small pox</a>, and the tendency of nervous soldiers to fire too soon and aim too high (possibly thus the orders to not fire until "you see the whites of their eyes" and to "Take aim at the waistbands.").<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENelson2011274-275_74-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENelson2011274-275-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHubbard201788,_140_75-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHubbard201788,_140-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBorneman2014368_76-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBorneman2014368-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELivingston1901228_77-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELivingston1901228-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Putnam had a feel for the common soldier and how to make good use of him. He knew that a soldier was not worried about his head, but if his body was protected with earthworks, he would "fight forever." Putnam also understood that a retreat could be a very effective tactic. "Let me pick my officers, and I would not fear to meet [the enemy] with half the number... I would fight them on the retreat, and every stone wall we passed should be lined with their dead ... our men are lighter of foot, they understand their grounds and how to take advantage of them…"<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHubbard201776,_82,_83_79-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHubbard201776,_82,_83-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELivingston1901212_80-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELivingston1901212-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>For one who was not supposed to be much of a strategic thinker, in some cases he was more prescient than his fellow generals. In discussion with <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Warren" title="Joseph Warren">Joseph Warren</a> and General <a href="/wiki/Artemas_Ward" title="Artemas Ward">Artemas Ward</a> before the Battle of Bunker Hill, Putnam advocated aggressive action against the British. Ward replied that "As peace and reconciliation is what we seek for, would it not be better to act only on the defensive and give no unnecessary provocation?" Putnam turned to Warren and said with emphasis, "You know, Dr. Warren, we shall have no peace worth anything, till we gain it by the sword."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHubbard201778_81-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHubbard201778-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Shortly after Washington took command at Cambridge in 1775, he and the other generals hoped for a speedy resolution of the war. On one occasion with them gathered around his dinner table, Washington offered a toast: "A speedy and honorable peace." A few days later, Putnam offered a different one: "A long and moderate war." The sober and seldom-smiling Washington laughed out loud. Washington addressed Putnam, "You are the last man, General Putnam, from whom I should have expected such a toast, you who are always urging vigorous measures, to plead now for a long, and what is still more extraordinary, a moderate, war, seems strange indeed." Putnam replied that a false peace would divide Americans and not be long-lasting. Putnam went on, "I expect nothing but a long war, and I would have it a moderate one, that we may hold out till the mother country becomes willing to cast us off forever."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELivingston1901256-257_82-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELivingston1901256-257-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHubbard201755_83-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHubbard201755-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Revolutionary War would drag on for eight-and-a-half years, the longest in United States history until the <a href="/wiki/Vietnam_War" title="Vietnam War">Vietnam War</a>. Washington did not soon forget Putnam's prescient toast. For years after, he more than once reminded Putnam of it.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELivingston1901256-257_82-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELivingston1901256-257-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHubbard201755_83-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHubbard201755-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Burial">Burial</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Israel_Putnam&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Burial"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Israel_Putnam_Monument,_Brooklyn_Connecticut.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Israel_Putnam_Monument%2C_Brooklyn_Connecticut.jpg/180px-Israel_Putnam_Monument%2C_Brooklyn_Connecticut.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="270" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Israel_Putnam_Monument%2C_Brooklyn_Connecticut.jpg/270px-Israel_Putnam_Monument%2C_Brooklyn_Connecticut.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Israel_Putnam_Monument%2C_Brooklyn_Connecticut.jpg/360px-Israel_Putnam_Monument%2C_Brooklyn_Connecticut.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="3000" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Israel_Putnam_Monument" title="Israel Putnam Monument">Israel Putnam Monument</a>, Brooklyn Connecticut</figcaption></figure> <p>Putnam died in <a href="/wiki/Brooklyn,_Connecticut" title="Brooklyn, Connecticut">Brooklyn, Connecticut</a>, in 1790. He was buried in an above-ground tomb in the town's South Cemetery. He is honored with an <a href="/wiki/Israel_Putnam_Monument" title="Israel Putnam Monument">equestrian monument</a> near his original burial site on Canterbury Road (Route 169).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHubbard2017197_84-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHubbard2017197-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Over the years, souvenir hunters removed fragments of the headstone of his tomb and eventually the marble marker became badly mutilated, and the overall condition of the tomb was deemed unsuitable for General Putnam's remains; it was removed for safekeeping to the <a href="/wiki/Connecticut_State_Capitol" title="Connecticut State Capitol">Connecticut State Capitol</a> in Hartford. Sculptor <a href="/wiki/Karl_Gerhardt" title="Karl Gerhardt">Karl Gerhardt</a>, who designed the nearby Soldiers' and Sailors' Monument as well as Civil War monuments in New York and New Jersey, was chosen to create a monument to house Putnam's remains. In 1888, Putnam's remains were removed from the Brooklyn cemetery and reinterred in a sarcophagus in the base, and the original headstone inscription was recreated on the monument.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHubbard2017196_85-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHubbard2017196-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Legacy,_namesakes,_and_honors"><span id="Legacy.2C_namesakes.2C_and_honors"></span>Legacy, namesakes, and honors</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Israel_Putnam&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Legacy, namesakes, and honors"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Statue_of_Israel_Putnam_by_John_Quincy_Adams_Ward_in_Bushnell_Park,_Hartford,_CT_-_January_2016.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Statue_of_Israel_Putnam_by_John_Quincy_Adams_Ward_in_Bushnell_Park%2C_Hartford%2C_CT_-_January_2016.JPG/180px-Statue_of_Israel_Putnam_by_John_Quincy_Adams_Ward_in_Bushnell_Park%2C_Hartford%2C_CT_-_January_2016.JPG" decoding="async" width="180" height="241" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Statue_of_Israel_Putnam_by_John_Quincy_Adams_Ward_in_Bushnell_Park%2C_Hartford%2C_CT_-_January_2016.JPG/270px-Statue_of_Israel_Putnam_by_John_Quincy_Adams_Ward_in_Bushnell_Park%2C_Hartford%2C_CT_-_January_2016.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Statue_of_Israel_Putnam_by_John_Quincy_Adams_Ward_in_Bushnell_Park%2C_Hartford%2C_CT_-_January_2016.JPG/360px-Statue_of_Israel_Putnam_by_John_Quincy_Adams_Ward_in_Bushnell_Park%2C_Hartford%2C_CT_-_January_2016.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1712" data-file-height="2288" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Statue_of_Israel_Putnam" title="Statue of Israel Putnam">Statue of Israel Putnam</a> by <a href="/wiki/John_Quincy_Adams_Ward" title="John Quincy Adams Ward">John Quincy Adams Ward</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ann_Hall,_General_Israel_Putnam_(copy_after_painting_by_John_Trumball),_undated.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Ann_Hall%2C_General_Israel_Putnam_%28copy_after_painting_by_John_Trumball%29%2C_undated.jpg/180px-Ann_Hall%2C_General_Israel_Putnam_%28copy_after_painting_by_John_Trumball%29%2C_undated.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="213" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Ann_Hall%2C_General_Israel_Putnam_%28copy_after_painting_by_John_Trumball%29%2C_undated.jpg/270px-Ann_Hall%2C_General_Israel_Putnam_%28copy_after_painting_by_John_Trumball%29%2C_undated.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Ann_Hall%2C_General_Israel_Putnam_%28copy_after_painting_by_John_Trumball%29%2C_undated.jpg/360px-Ann_Hall%2C_General_Israel_Putnam_%28copy_after_painting_by_John_Trumball%29%2C_undated.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1201" data-file-height="1422" /></a><figcaption><i>Posthumous Portrait of General Israel Putnam</i> by <a href="/wiki/Ann_Hall" title="Ann Hall">Ann Hall</a>, after painting by <a href="/wiki/John_Trumbull" title="John Trumbull">John Trumbull</a>, undated. Watercolor and sepia wash on parchment, 4 1/2 x 3 1/2 in., presently unlocated.</figcaption></figure> <p>Putnam's birthplace in Danvers, Massachusetts, now known as the <a href="/wiki/General_Israel_Putnam_House" title="General Israel Putnam House">Putnam House</a>, has been designated and preserved as a historic structure. His Connecticut farmhouse on <a href="/wiki/Putnam_Farm" title="Putnam Farm">Putnam Farm</a> still stands today and is listed on the <a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places" title="National Register of Historic Places">National Register of Historic Places</a>. A <a href="/wiki/Statue_of_Israel_Putnam" title="Statue of Israel Putnam">statue of Israel Putnam</a> stands in Hartford's <a href="/wiki/Bushnell_Park" title="Bushnell Park">Bushnell Park</a>, near the <a href="/wiki/Connecticut_State_Capitol" title="Connecticut State Capitol">Connecticut State Capitol</a>. It was sculpted by <a href="/wiki/John_Quincy_Adams_Ward" title="John Quincy Adams Ward">John Quincy Adams Ward</a> in 1873 and presented to the city in 1874.<sup id="cite_ref-86" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Numerous places bear his name, including nine <a href="/wiki/County_(United_States)" title="County (United States)">counties</a>, starting with <a href="/wiki/Putnam_County,_New_York" title="Putnam County, New York">Putnam County, New York</a>, which embraces the east bank of the Hudson Highlands where he once held command. Towns in New York and Connecticut are also named for him. His many namesakes include: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Putnam_County,_Georgia" title="Putnam County, Georgia">Putnam County, Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Putnam_County,_Illinois" title="Putnam County, Illinois">Putnam County, Illinois</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Putnam_County,_Indiana" title="Putnam County, Indiana">Putnam County, Indiana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Putnam_County,_Missouri" title="Putnam County, Missouri">Putnam County, Missouri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Putnam_County,_New_York" title="Putnam County, New York">Putnam County, New York</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Putnam_County,_Ohio" title="Putnam County, Ohio">Putnam County, Ohio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Putnam_County,_Tennessee" title="Putnam County, Tennessee">Putnam County, Tennessee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Putnam_County,_West_Virginia" title="Putnam County, West Virginia">Putnam County, West Virginia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Putnam,_Connecticut" title="Putnam, Connecticut">Putnam, Connecticut</a><sup id="cite_ref-87" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Putnam,_New_York" title="Putnam, New York">Putnam, New York</a></li> <li>Israel Putnam Refectory, a dining hall at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Connecticut" title="University of Connecticut">University of Connecticut</a></li> <li>East Putnam Avenue in <a href="/wiki/Greenwich,_Connecticut" title="Greenwich, Connecticut">Greenwich, Connecticut</a>, named for his path of retreat from the British</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Putnam_Cottage" title="Putnam Cottage">Putnam's cottage</a>, an 18th-century residence that may have served as a tavern at the time of his escape, located on East Putnam Avenue in Greenwich</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Putnam_Farm" title="Putnam Farm">Putnam Farm</a>, the remnant of Putnam's original 500-acre holding in Brooklyn, Connecticut</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Putnam_Memorial_State_Park" title="Putnam Memorial State Park">Putnam Memorial State Park</a>, the oldest state park in Connecticut, where an <a href="/wiki/Equestrian_statue_of_Israel_Putnam" title="Equestrian statue of Israel Putnam">Equestrian statue of Israel Putnam</a> by <a href="/wiki/Anna_Hyatt_Huntington" title="Anna Hyatt Huntington">Anna Hyatt Huntington</a> was dedicated in 1969</li> <li>Putnam Avenue, in <a href="/wiki/Port_Chester,_New_York" title="Port Chester, New York">Port Chester, New York</a>, a continuation of the avenue of the same name in Greenwich, Connecticut.</li> <li>Putnam Drive, in <a href="/wiki/Port_Chester,_New_York" title="Port Chester, New York">Port Chester, New York</a></li> <li>Putnam Avenue in <a href="/wiki/Hamden,_Connecticut" title="Hamden, Connecticut">Hamden, Connecticut</a></li> <li>Putnam Avenue in <a href="/wiki/Hurricane,_West_Virginia" title="Hurricane, West Virginia">Hurricane, West Virginia</a></li> <li>Putnam Avenue in <a href="/wiki/Brooklyn" title="Brooklyn">Brooklyn, New York</a></li> <li>Putnam Street in <a href="/wiki/Scranton,_Pennsylvania" title="Scranton, Pennsylvania">Scranton, Pennsylvania</a></li> <li>Putnam Street in <a href="/wiki/Olean,_New_York" title="Olean, New York">Olean, New York</a></li> <li>Putnam Pond and Putnam Creek in <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ticonderoga_and_Crown_Point,_NY&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ticonderoga and Crown Point, NY (page does not exist)">Ticonderoga and Crown Point, NY</a></li> <li>Putnam Place in the <a href="/wiki/The_Bronx" title="The Bronx">Bronx, New York</a>, which stands among other local neighborhood streets named for figures from the Revolutionary War and War of 1812</li> <li>Israel Putnam Brown Ale, a beer brewed by Black Pond Brews of <a href="/wiki/Danielson,_Connecticut" title="Danielson, Connecticut">Danielson, Connecticut</a><sup id="cite_ref-88" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Putnam Avenue in <a href="/wiki/Cambridge,_Massachusetts" title="Cambridge, Massachusetts">Cambridge, Massachusetts</a><sup id="cite_ref-89" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Putnam Engine & Hose Co., No. 2, a Company of the Port Chester, New York Fire Department organized in 1854</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roxbury_Russet" title="Roxbury Russet">Putnam Russet Apple</a>. Putnam had a very successful farm in Brooklyn, Connecticut, which was known for its apples and sheep. The farmhouse at Putnam Farm still stands, and the Putnam Russet is still grown by farmers of heirloom apple varieties.</li> <li>Putnam Pond, a body of water (and adjacent campground) near <a href="/wiki/Ticonderoga,_New_York" title="Ticonderoga, New York">Ticonderoga, New York</a>, known locally as "Putt's Pond"</li> <li>Several ships including the <a href="/wiki/USS_General_Putnam" title="USS General Putnam">USS <i>General Putnam</i></a></li></ul> <p>Putnam has been featured in numerous biographies and works of fiction, including an 1876 biography by <a href="/wiki/Increase_N._Tarbox" title="Increase N. Tarbox">Increase N. Tarbox</a>, a historian, theologian, and author,<sup id="cite_ref-90" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and as the name of the first motel visited by the characters in the 1992 motion picture <i><a href="/wiki/My_Cousin_Vinny" title="My Cousin Vinny">My Cousin Vinny</a></i>. He also appeared in <i><a href="/wiki/Assassin%27s_Creed_III" title="Assassin's Creed III">Assassin's Creed III</a></i> in a minor role. </p><p>His descendant <a href="/wiki/John_Day_Putnam" title="John Day Putnam">John Day Putnam</a> became a member of the <a href="/wiki/Wisconsin_State_Assembly" title="Wisconsin State Assembly">Wisconsin State Assembly</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-91" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Israel_Putnam&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Bragg-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Bragg_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bragg_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bragg_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Bragg">Bragg, Essay</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFRoot1901" class="citation book cs1">Root, Mary Philotheta, ed. (1901). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=wQgWAAAAYAAJ"><i>Chapter Sketches, Connecticut Daughters of the American Revolution: Patron Saints</i></a>. Connecticut Daughters of the American Revolution. p. 127<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 23,</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Chapter+Sketches%2C+Connecticut+Daughters+of+the+American+Revolution%3A+Patron+Saints&rft.pages=127&rft.pub=Connecticut+Daughters+of+the+American+Revolution&rft.date=1901&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DwQgWAAAAYAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIsrael+Putnam" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-McCullough_Book-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-McCullough_Book_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#McCullough">McCullough, 2005</a>, pp. 34–35</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Tarbox">Tarbox, 1876</a>, p. 36</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHubbard201714-18-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHubbard201714-18_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHubbard2017">Hubbard 2017</a>, p. 14-18.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHubbard201715,_16,_17,_18-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHubbard201715,_16,_17,_18_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHubbard2017">Hubbard 2017</a>, p. 15, 16, 17, 18.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELivingston190111-16-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELivingston190111-16_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLivingston1901">Livingston 1901</a>, p. 11-16.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHumphreys185510-20-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHumphreys185510-20_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHumphreys1855">Humphreys 1855</a>, p. 10-20.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Putnam, Daniel. <i>Memoirs of the Life, Adventures and Military Exploits of Israel Putnam,</i> pp.7-10, Mack & Andrus, Ithaca, New York, 1834.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHubbard201711,_14-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHubbard201711,_14_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHubbard2017">Hubbard 2017</a>, p. 11, 14.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHubbard201749-50-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHubbard201749-50_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHubbard2017">Hubbard 2017</a>, p. 49-50.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENelson201199-100-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENelson201199-100_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNelson2011">Nelson 2011</a>, p. 99-100.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHubbard201721-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHubbard201721_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHubbard2017">Hubbard 2017</a>, p. 21.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELivingston190117-20,_30,_44-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELivingston190117-20,_30,_44_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLivingston1901">Livingston 1901</a>, p. 17-20, 30, 44.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHumphreys185522,_39,_107,_121-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHumphreys185522,_39,_107,_121_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHumphreys1855">Humphreys 1855</a>, p. 22, 39, 107, 121.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHubbard201723,_24-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHubbard201723,_24_16-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHubbard2017">Hubbard 2017</a>, p. 23, 24.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHubbard201737,_38-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHubbard201737,_38_17-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHubbard2017">Hubbard 2017</a>, p. 37, 38.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELivingston190189-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELivingston190189_18-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLivingston1901">Livingston 1901</a>, p. 89.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Francis_Parkman-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Francis_Parkman_19-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Parkman">Parkman, 1922</a>, pp. 458–461</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHubbard201748-49-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHubbard201748-49_20-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHubbard2017">Hubbard 2017</a>, p. 48-49.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Tarbox">Tarbox, 1876</a>, p. 66</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Humphreys">Humphreys, 1804</a>, p. 285</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ferling15-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Ferling15_23-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Ferling15">Ferling, 2015</a>, pp. 127–129</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHubbard201797-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHubbard201797_24-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHubbard2017">Hubbard 2017</a>, p. 97.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHubbard201790-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHubbard201790_25-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHubbard2017">Hubbard 2017</a>, p. 90.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBorneman2014350-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBorneman2014350_26-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBorneman2014">Borneman 2014</a>, p. 350.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPhilbrick2013198-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPhilbrick2013198_27-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPhilbrick2013">Philbrick 2013</a>, p. 198.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKetchum196359-60,_84-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKetchum196359-60,_84_28-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKetchum1963">Ketchum 1963</a>, p. 59-60, 84.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHubbard201795-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHubbard201795_29-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHubbard2017">Hubbard 2017</a>, p. 95.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBorneman2014351-352-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBorneman2014351-352_30-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBorneman2014">Borneman 2014</a>, p. 351-352.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKetchum1963122-123,_161-162-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKetchum1963122-123,_161-162_31-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKetchum1963">Ketchum 1963</a>, p. 122-123, 161-162.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Purcell_pp.164-168-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Purcell_pp.164-168_32-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Purcell_pp.164-168_32-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Purcell">Purcell, 2010</a>, pp. 164–168</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKetchum196378-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKetchum196378_33-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKetchum1963">Ketchum 1963</a>, p. 78.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Murdock, Harold. <i>Bunker Hill, Notes and Queries on a Famous Battle</i>, Kessinger Publishing, LLC, 2010. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1163174912" title="Special:BookSources/1163174912">1163174912</a>,</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHubbard2017191,_192-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHubbard2017191,_192_35-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHubbard2017">Hubbard 2017</a>, p. 191, 192.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHubbard2017104-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHubbard2017104_36-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHubbard2017">Hubbard 2017</a>, p. 104.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELivingston1901205-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELivingston1901205_37-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLivingston1901">Livingston 1901</a>, p. 205.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFischer" class="citation book cs1">Fischer, David Hackett. <i>Washington's Crossing</i>. p. 209.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Washington%27s+Crossing&rft.pages=209&rft.aulast=Fischer&rft.aufirst=David+Hackett&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIsrael+Putnam" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHubbard2017158-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHubbard2017158_39-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHubbard2017">Hubbard 2017</a>, p. 158.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPhilbrick2013274-277-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPhilbrick2013274-277_40-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPhilbrick2013">Philbrick 2013</a>, p. 274-277.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELivingston1901269-270-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELivingston1901269-270_41-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLivingston1901">Livingston 1901</a>, p. 269-270.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHubbard2017120-126-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHubbard2017120-126_42-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHubbard2017">Hubbard 2017</a>, p. 120-126.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELivingston1901303-304-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELivingston1901303-304_43-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLivingston1901">Livingston 1901</a>, p. 303-304.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENelson201115-16-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENelson201115-16_44-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNelson2011">Nelson 2011</a>, p. 15-16.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHubbard2017121-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHubbard2017121_45-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHubbard2017">Hubbard 2017</a>, p. 121.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Mark-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Mark_46-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Mark">Mark, Journal of the American Revolution</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Humphreys">Humphreys, 1804</a>, p. 326</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHubbard2017147-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHubbard2017147_48-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHubbard2017">Hubbard 2017</a>, p. 147.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHumphreys1855238-240-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHumphreys1855238-240_49-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHumphreys1855">Humphreys 1855</a>, p. 238-240.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELivingston1901368-369-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELivingston1901368-369_50-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLivingston1901">Livingston 1901</a>, p. 368-369.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHubbard2017149–153-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHubbard2017149–153_51-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHubbard2017">Hubbard 2017</a>, p. 149–153.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELivingston1901396-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELivingston1901396_52-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLivingston1901">Livingston 1901</a>, p. 396.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWhite" class="citation web cs1">White, Carl. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120424210758/http://www.greenwichlibrary.org/blog/historically_speaking/2010/08/all-downhill-for-general-israel-putnam-literally-and-figuratively.html">"All "Downhill" For General Israel Putnam (Literally and Figuratively)"</a>. <i>Greenwich Library website</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.greenwichlibrary.org/blog/historically_speaking/2010/08/all-downhill-for-general-israel-putnam-literally-and-figuratively.html">the original</a> on April 24, 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 5,</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Greenwich+Library+website&rft.atitle=All+%22Downhill%22+For+General+Israel+Putnam+%28Literally+and+Figuratively%29&rft.aulast=White&rft.aufirst=Carl&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.greenwichlibrary.org%2Fblog%2Fhistorically_speaking%2F2010%2F08%2Fall-downhill-for-general-israel-putnam-literally-and-figuratively.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIsrael+Putnam" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-historyofredding-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-historyofredding_54-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.historyofredding.com/June2008Newsletter2.pdf">"History of Redding website"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. historyofredding.com<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 16,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=History+of+Redding+website&rft.pub=historyofredding.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.historyofredding.com%2FJune2008Newsletter2.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIsrael+Putnam" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHubbard2017173-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHubbard2017173_55-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHubbard2017">Hubbard 2017</a>, p. 173.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHubbard201712-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHubbard201712_56-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHubbard2017">Hubbard 2017</a>, p. 12.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHubbard201737,_95,_99,_127-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHubbard201737,_95,_99,_127_57-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHubbard2017">Hubbard 2017</a>, p. 37, 95, 99, 127.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHumphreys185589-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHumphreys185589_58-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHumphreys1855">Humphreys 1855</a>, p. 89.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHubbard2017228-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHubbard2017228_59-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHubbard2017">Hubbard 2017</a>, p. 228.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELivingston1901336-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELivingston1901336_60-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLivingston1901">Livingston 1901</a>, p. 336.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Langguth, A. J. <i>Patriots: The Men Who Started the American Revolution,</i> p. 425, Simon and Schuster Paperbacks, New York, New York, 1988. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-671-52375-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-671-52375-6">978-0-671-52375-6</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPhilbrick2013182-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPhilbrick2013182_62-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPhilbrick2013">Philbrick 2013</a>, p. 182.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHubbard201739,_41,_48,_70,_75,_76,_105,_106,_107,_151,_174,_175-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHubbard201739,_41,_48,_70,_75,_76,_105,_106,_107,_151,_174,_175_63-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHubbard2017">Hubbard 2017</a>, p. 39, 41, 48, 70, 75, 76, 105, 106, 107, 151, 174, 175.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Miller, John C. <i>Origins of the American Revolution,</i> pp. 398, 430, Little Brown and Company, Boston, Massachusetts, 1943.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELivingston1901177,_198,_253,_295,_417-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELivingston1901177,_198,_253,_295,_417_65-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLivingston1901">Livingston 1901</a>, p. 177, 198, 253, 295, 417.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHubbard2017161,_162-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHubbard2017161,_162_66-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHubbard2017161,_162_66-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHubbard2017161,_162_66-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHubbard2017">Hubbard 2017</a>, p. 161, 162.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHumphreys1855242-246-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHumphreys1855242-246_67-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHumphreys1855242-246_67-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHumphreys1855">Humphreys 1855</a>, p. 242-246.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELivingston1901384-385-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELivingston1901384-385_68-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELivingston1901384-385_68-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLivingston1901">Livingston 1901</a>, p. 384-385.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHubbard201744,_77,_79,_118,_119,_157-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHubbard201744,_77,_79,_118,_119,_157_69-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHubbard2017">Hubbard 2017</a>, p. 44, 77, 79, 118, 119, 157.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELivingston1901204-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELivingston1901204_70-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLivingston1901">Livingston 1901</a>, p. 204.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPhilbrick2013186-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPhilbrick2013186_71-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPhilbrick2013">Philbrick 2013</a>, p. 186.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELivingston1901270-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELivingston1901270_72-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLivingston1901">Livingston 1901</a>, p. 270.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHubbard2017119-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHubbard2017119_73-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHubbard2017">Hubbard 2017</a>, p. 119.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENelson2011274-275-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENelson2011274-275_74-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNelson2011">Nelson 2011</a>, p. 274-275.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHubbard201788,_140-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHubbard201788,_140_75-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHubbard2017">Hubbard 2017</a>, p. 88, 140.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBorneman2014368-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBorneman2014368_76-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBorneman2014">Borneman 2014</a>, p. 368.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELivingston1901228-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELivingston1901228_77-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLivingston1901">Livingston 1901</a>, p. 228.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Thompson, John M. <i>The Revolutionary War,</i> p. 38, National Geographic Society, Washington, D.C., 2004. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7922-6734-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-7922-6734-6">0-7922-6734-6</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHubbard201776,_82,_83-79"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHubbard201776,_82,_83_79-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHubbard2017">Hubbard 2017</a>, p. 76, 82, 83.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELivingston1901212-80"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELivingston1901212_80-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLivingston1901">Livingston 1901</a>, p. 212.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHubbard201778-81"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHubbard201778_81-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHubbard2017">Hubbard 2017</a>, p. 78.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELivingston1901256-257-82"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELivingston1901256-257_82-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELivingston1901256-257_82-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLivingston1901">Livingston 1901</a>, p. 256-257.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHubbard201755-83"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHubbard201755_83-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHubbard201755_83-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHubbard2017">Hubbard 2017</a>, p. 55.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHubbard2017197-84"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHubbard2017197_84-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHubbard2017">Hubbard 2017</a>, p. 197.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHubbard2017196-85"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHubbard2017196_85-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHubbard2017">Hubbard 2017</a>, p. 196.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-86"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-86">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hartfordpreservation.org/monuments/">"Hartford War Monuments - REVOLUTIONARY WAR - ISRAEL PUTNAM"</a>. <i>Hartford Preservation Alliance, Hartford War Monuments</i>. Hartford Preservation Alliance<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 23,</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Hartford+Preservation+Alliance%2C+Hartford+War+Monuments&rft.atitle=Hartford+War+Monuments+-+REVOLUTIONARY+WAR+-+ISRAEL+PUTNAM&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hartfordpreservation.org%2Fmonuments%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIsrael+Putnam" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-87"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-87">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=qoEyAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA334"><i>The Connecticut Magazine: An Illustrated Monthly</i></a>. Connecticut Magazine Company. 1903. p. 334.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Connecticut+Magazine%3A+An+Illustrated+Monthly&rft.pages=334&rft.pub=Connecticut+Magazine+Company&rft.date=1903&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DqoEyAQAAMAAJ%26pg%3DPA334&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIsrael+Putnam" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-88"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-88">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTeam" class="citation web cs1">Team, The Untappd. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://untappd.com/blackpondbrews">"Black Pond Brews"</a>. <i>Untappd</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 24,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Untappd&rft.atitle=Black+Pond+Brews&rft.aulast=Team&rft.aufirst=The+Untappd&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Funtappd.com%2Fblackpondbrews&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIsrael+Putnam" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-89"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-89">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160611063708/http://www.cambridgehistory.org/content/streets-cambridge-some-accounts-their-origin-and-history">"The Streets of Cambridge- Some Accounts of Their Origin And History | The Cambridge Historical Society"</a>. <i>www.cambridgehistory.org</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cambridgehistory.org/content/streets-cambridge-some-accounts-their-origin-and-history">the original</a> on June 11, 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 26,</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.cambridgehistory.org&rft.atitle=The+Streets+of+Cambridge-+Some+Accounts+of+Their+Origin+And+History+%7C+The+Cambridge+Historical+Society&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cambridgehistory.org%2Fcontent%2Fstreets-cambridge-some-accounts-their-origin-and-history&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIsrael+Putnam" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-90"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-90">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Tarbox">Tarbox, 1876</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-91"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-91">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><i>THE BLUE BOOK OF THE STATE OF WISCONSIN</i>. 1883. p. 501.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=THE+BLUE+BOOK+OF+THE+STATE+OF+WISCONSIN&rft.pages=501&rft.date=1883&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIsrael+Putnam" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Israel_Putnam&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBorneman2014" class="citation book cs1">Borneman, Walter R. (2014). <i>American Spring: Lexington, Concord, and the Road to Revolution (book)</i>. New York, Boston, London: Little, Brown and Company. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-316-22102-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-316-22102-3"><bdi>978-0-316-22102-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=American+Spring%3A+Lexington%2C+Concord%2C+and+the+Road+to+Revolution+%28book%29&rft.place=New+York%2C+Boston%2C+London&rft.pub=Little%2C+Brown+and+Company&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-0-316-22102-3&rft.aulast=Borneman&rft.aufirst=Walter+R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIsrael+Putnam" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="Cray" class="citation book cs1">Cray, Robert E. (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160505163651/http://www.wsc.mass.edu/mhj/pdfs/Cray%20winter%202001%20combined.pdf"><i>Bunker Hill Refought: Memory Wars and Partisan Conflicts, 1775-1825</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Historical Journal of Massachusetts. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wsc.mass.edu/mhj/pdfs/Cray%20winter%202001%20combined.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on May 5, 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 26,</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Bunker+Hill+Refought%3A+Memory+Wars+and+Partisan+Conflicts%2C+1775-1825&rft.pub=Historical+Journal+of+Massachusetts&rft.date=2001&rft.aulast=Cray&rft.aufirst=Robert+E.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.wsc.mass.edu%2Fmhj%2Fpdfs%2FCray%2520winter%25202001%2520combined.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIsrael+Putnam" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="Ferling15" class="citation book cs1">Ferling, John (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=P0fCBwAAQBAJ&q=putnam"><i>Whirlwind, The American Revolution and the War That Won it</i></a>. Bloomsbury Press, New York, London. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781620401736" title="Special:BookSources/9781620401736"><bdi>9781620401736</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Whirlwind%2C+The+American+Revolution+and+the+War+That+Won+it&rft.pub=Bloomsbury+Press%2C+New+York%2C+London&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=9781620401736&rft.aulast=Ferling&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DP0fCBwAAQBAJ%26q%3Dputnam&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIsrael+Putnam" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHubbard2017" class="citation book cs1">Hubbard, Robert Ernest (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=XwPFDgAAQBAJ"><i>Major General Israel Putnam: Hero of the American Revolution</i></a>. Jefferson, North Carolina: <a href="/wiki/McFarland_%26_Company" title="McFarland & Company">McFarland & Company</a>. p. 256. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4766-6453-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4766-6453-8"><bdi>978-1-4766-6453-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Major+General+Israel+Putnam%3A+Hero+of+the+American+Revolution&rft.place=Jefferson%2C+North+Carolina&rft.pages=256&rft.pub=McFarland+%26+Company&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=978-1-4766-6453-8&rft.aulast=Hubbard&rft.aufirst=Robert+Ernest&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DXwPFDgAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIsrael+Putnam" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHumphreys1804" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/David_Humphreys_(soldier)" title="David Humphreys (soldier)">Humphreys, David</a> (1804). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/miscellaneouswo00washgoog"><i>The Miscellaneous Works of David Humphreys: Late Minister Plenipotentiary to the Court of Madrid</i></a>. T. and J. Swords.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Miscellaneous+Works+of+David+Humphreys%3A+Late+Minister+Plenipotentiary+to+the+Court+of+Madrid&rft.pub=T.+and+J.+Swords&rft.date=1804&rft.aulast=Humphreys&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fmiscellaneouswo00washgoog&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIsrael+Putnam" class="Z3988"></span>, 394 pages</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHumphreys1855" class="citation book cs1">Humphreys, David (1855). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/miscellaneouswo00washgoog"><i>Life of Israel Putnam, Major-General in the Army of the United States</i></a>. New York, New York: Sheldon, Lamport & Blakeman.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Life+of+Israel+Putnam%2C+Major-General+in+the+Army+of+the+United+States&rft.place=New+York%2C+New+York&rft.pub=Sheldon%2C+Lamport+%26+Blakeman&rft.date=1855&rft.aulast=Humphreys&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fmiscellaneouswo00washgoog&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIsrael+Putnam" class="Z3988"></span>, 394 pages</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="Bragg" class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070124103559/http://www.connecticutsar.org/patriots/putnam_israel.htm">"Israel Putnam - Sons of the American Revolution, Connecticut | Bragg, Fanny Greye"</a>. connecticutsar.org. Archived from the original on January 24, 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 16,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Israel+Putnam+-+Sons+of+the+American+Revolution%2C+Connecticut+%26%23124%3B+Bragg%2C+Fanny+Greye&rft.pub=connecticutsar.org&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.connecticutsar.org%2Fpatriots%2Fputnam_israel.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIsrael+Putnam" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_web" title="Template:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: unfit URL (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_unfit_URL" title="Category:CS1 maint: unfit URL">link</a>)</span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKetchum1963" class="citation book cs1">Ketchum, Richard M. (1963). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=fFnUxwEACAAJ"><i>The Battle for Bunker Hill</i></a>. London, England: The Cresset Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Battle+for+Bunker+Hill&rft.place=London%2C+England&rft.pub=The+Cresset+Press&rft.date=1963&rft.aulast=Ketchum&rft.aufirst=Richard+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DfFnUxwEACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIsrael+Putnam" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="ketchum" class="citation book cs1">Ketchum, Richard (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=KaIFyovYmrkC"><i>Decisive Day: The Battle for Bunker Hill</i></a>. Pickle Partners Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8050-6099-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8050-6099-7"><bdi>978-0-8050-6099-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Decisive+Day%3A+The+Battle+for+Bunker+Hill&rft.pub=Pickle+Partners+Publishing&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-0-8050-6099-7&rft.aulast=Ketchum&rft.aufirst=Richard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DKaIFyovYmrkC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIsrael+Putnam" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLivingston1901" class="citation book cs1">Livingston, William Farrand (1901). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=xjNCAAAAIAAJ"><i>Israel Putnam: Pioneer, Ranger and Major General, 1718-1790</i></a>. New York and London: Putnam's Sons. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780598058287" title="Special:BookSources/9780598058287"><bdi>9780598058287</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Israel+Putnam%3A+Pioneer%2C+Ranger+and+Major+General%2C+1718-1790&rft.place=New+York+and+London&rft.pub=Putnam%27s+Sons&rft.date=1901&rft.isbn=9780598058287&rft.aulast=Livingston&rft.aufirst=William+Farrand&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DxjNCAAAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIsrael+Putnam" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="Mark" class="citation web cs1">Mark, Steven Paul (November 20, 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://allthingsliberty.com/2013/11/little-late-battle-hudson-highlands/">"Too Little Too Late: Battle Of The Hudson Highlands"</a>. Journal of the American Revolution<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 20,</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Too+Little+Too+Late%3A+Battle+Of+The+Hudson+Highlands&rft.pub=Journal+of+the+American+Revolution&rft.date=2013-11-20&rft.aulast=Mark&rft.aufirst=Steven+Paul&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fallthingsliberty.com%2F2013%2F11%2Flittle-late-battle-hudson-highlands%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIsrael+Putnam" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="McCullough" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/David_McCullough" title="David McCullough">McCullough, David</a> (2005). <i><a href="/wiki/1776_(book)" title="1776 (book)">1776</a></i>. New York, NY: Simon & Schuster. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7432-2671-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7432-2671-4"><bdi>978-0-7432-2671-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=1776&rft.place=New+York%2C+NY&rft.pub=Simon+%26+Schuster&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-7432-2671-4&rft.aulast=McCullough&rft.aufirst=David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIsrael+Putnam" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNelson2011" class="citation book cs1">Nelson, James L. (2011). <i>With Fire and Sword: the Battle of Bunker Hill and the Beginning of the American Revolution</i>. New York, New York: St. Martin's Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-312-57644-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-312-57644-8"><bdi>978-0-312-57644-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=With+Fire+and+Sword%3A+the+Battle+of+Bunker+Hill+and+the+Beginning+of+the+American+Revolution&rft.place=New+York%2C+New+York&rft.pub=St.+Martin%27s+Press&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-0-312-57644-8&rft.aulast=Nelson&rft.aufirst=James+L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIsrael+Putnam" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="Parkman" class="citation book cs1">Parkman, Francis (1922). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=cWNIAAAAYAAJ&q=Montcalm+and+Wolfe+Volume+1&pg=PP8"><i>Montcalm and Wolfe, Vol. 1</i></a>. Little Brown & Co. – via Googlebooks.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Montcalm+and+Wolfe%2C+Vol.+1&rft.pub=Little+Brown+%26+Co.&rft.date=1922&rft.aulast=Parkman&rft.aufirst=Francis&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DcWNIAAAAYAAJ%26q%3DMontcalm%2Band%2BWolfe%2BVolume%2B1%26pg%3DPP8&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIsrael+Putnam" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPhilbrick2013" class="citation book cs1">Philbrick, Nathaniel (2013). <i>Bunker Hill: A City, a Siege, a Revolution</i>. New York, New York: Viking Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-670-02544-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-670-02544-2"><bdi>978-0-670-02544-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Bunker+Hill%3A+A+City%2C+a+Siege%2C+a+Revolution&rft.place=New+York%2C+New+York&rft.pub=Viking+Press&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-0-670-02544-2&rft.aulast=Philbrick&rft.aufirst=Nathaniel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIsrael+Putnam" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="Purcell" class="citation book cs1">Purcell, Sarah J. (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ipfXUo66O5wC&q=Henry+dearborn+-+Israel+Putnam+controversy"><i>Sealed with Blood: War, Sacrifice, and Memory in Revolutionary America</i></a>. University of Pennsylvania Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780812203028" title="Special:BookSources/9780812203028"><bdi>9780812203028</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sealed+with+Blood%3A+War%2C+Sacrifice%2C+and+Memory+in+Revolutionary+America&rft.pub=University+of+Pennsylvania+Press&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=9780812203028&rft.aulast=Purcell&rft.aufirst=Sarah+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DipfXUo66O5wC%26q%3DHenry%2Bdearborn%2B-%2BIsrael%2BPutnam%2Bcontroversy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIsrael+Putnam" class="Z3988"></span>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ipfXUo66O5wC&q=dearborn">pages covering account</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="Tarbox" class="citation book cs1">Tarbox, Increase N. (1876). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/lifeisraelputna00tarbgoog"><i>Life of Israel Putnam ("Old Put"): Major-general in the Continental Army</i></a>. Lockwood, Brooks. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/lifeisraelputna00tarbgoog/page/n50">38</a>. <q>israel putnam, increase tarbox.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Life+of+Israel+Putnam+%28%22Old+Put%22%29%3A+Major-general+in+the+Continental+Army&rft.pages=38&rft.pub=Lockwood%2C+Brooks&rft.date=1876&rft.aulast=Tarbox&rft.aufirst=Increase+N.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Flifeisraelputna00tarbgoog&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIsrael+Putnam" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Israel_Putnam&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li class="mw-empty-elt"></li> <li><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1041539562">.mw-parser-output .citation{word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}</style><span class="citation gutenberg"> <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://gutenberg.org/ebooks/17049">"Old Put" The Patriot</a></i> at <a href="/wiki/Project_Gutenberg" title="Project Gutenberg">Project Gutenberg</a></span> (a biography by <a href="/wiki/Frederick_Albion_Ober" class="mw-redirect" title="Frederick Albion Ober">Frederick Albion Ober</a>)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.greenwichtime.com/default/article/Violent-war-mural-may-not-go-back-to-school-114473.php">"'Violent' war mural may not go back to school"</a>, <i>Greenwich Time</i>, 5 June 2006</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tfaoi.com/aa/5aa/5aa363c.htm">"Heroic America – James Daugherty's Mural Drawings from the 1930s"</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Israel_Putnam&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:_Israel_Putnam" class="extiw" title="commons:Category: Israel Putnam">Israel Putnam</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239009302">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Flag_of_Connecticut.svg/32px-Flag_of_Connecticut.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="25" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Flag_of_Connecticut.svg/48px-Flag_of_Connecticut.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Flag_of_Connecticut.svg/64px-Flag_of_Connecticut.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="330" data-file-height="260" /></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Connecticut" title="Portal:Connecticut">Connecticut portal</a></span></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/69/P_vip.svg/28px-P_vip.svg.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/69/P_vip.svg/41px-P_vip.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/69/P_vip.svg/55px-P_vip.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1911" data-file-height="1944" /></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Biography" title="Portal:Biography">Biography portal</a></span></li></ul> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060404194948/http://www.israelputnam.com/index.html">Israel Putnam Website</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wikisource-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/15px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/23px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/30px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></a></span> Texts on Wikisource: <ul><li>"<a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/General_Putnam" class="extiw" title="s:General Putnam">General Putnam</a>", a poem by <a href="/wiki/Lydia_Sigourney" title="Lydia Sigourney">Lydia Sigourney</a> (1859)</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFiske1900" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/John_Fiske_(philosopher)" title="John Fiske (philosopher)">Fiske, John</a> (1900). "<a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Appletons%27_Cyclop%C3%A6dia_of_American_Biography/Putnam,_Israel" class="extiw" title="s:Appletons' Cyclopædia of American Biography/Putnam, Israel">Putnam, Israel</a>". <i><a href="/wiki/Appletons%27_Cyclop%C3%A6dia_of_American_Biography" title="Appletons' Cyclopædia of American Biography">Appletons' Cyclopædia of American Biography</a></i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Putnam%2C+Israel&rft.btitle=Appletons%27+Cyclop%C3%A6dia+of+American+Biography&rft.date=1900&rft.aulast=Fiske&rft.aufirst=John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIsrael+Putnam" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">"<a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_New_International_Encyclop%C3%A6dia/Putnam,_Israel" class="extiw" title="s:The New International Encyclopædia/Putnam, Israel">Putnam, Israel</a>". <i><a href="/wiki/New_International_Encyclopedia" class="mw-redirect" title="New International Encyclopedia">New International Encyclopedia</a></i>. 1905.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Putnam%2C+Israel&rft.btitle=New+International+Encyclopedia&rft.date=1905&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIsrael+Putnam" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">"<a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Putnam,_Israel" class="extiw" title="s:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Putnam, Israel">Putnam, Israel</a>". <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i> (11th ed.). 1911.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Putnam%2C+Israel&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.edition=11th&rft.date=1911&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIsrael+Putnam" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">"<a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_New_Student%27s_Reference_Work/Putnam,_Israel" class="extiw" title="s:The New Student's Reference Work/Putnam, Israel">Putnam, Israel</a>". <i><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_New_Student%27s_Reference_Work" class="extiw" title="s:The New Student's Reference Work">The New Student's Reference Work</a></i>. 1914.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Putnam%2C+Israel&rft.btitle=The+New+Student%27s+Reference+Work&rft.date=1914&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIsrael+Putnam" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">"<a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_Encyclopedia_Americana_(1920)/Putnam,_Israel" class="extiw" title="s:The Encyclopedia Americana (1920)/Putnam, Israel">Putnam, Israel</a>". <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclopedia_Americana" title="Encyclopedia Americana">Encyclopedia Americana</a></i>. 1920.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Putnam%2C+Israel&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+Americana&rft.date=1920&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIsrael+Putnam" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">"<a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Collier%27s_New_Encyclopedia_(1921)/Putnam,_Israel" class="extiw" title="s:Collier's New Encyclopedia (1921)/Putnam, Israel">Putnam, Israel</a>". <i><a href="/wiki/Collier%27s_Encyclopedia" title="Collier's Encyclopedia">Collier's New Encyclopedia</a></i>. 1921.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Putnam%2C+Israel&rft.btitle=Collier%27s+New+Encyclopedia&rft.date=1921&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIsrael+Putnam" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.masshist.org/bh/putnambio.html">The Massachusetts Historical Society</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.putnamcottage.org">Putnam Cottage Historic House Museum</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140114185804/http://www.danvershistory.org/buildings/putnam.html">Danvers Historical Society webpage</a> - owner of the <a href="/wiki/General_Israel_Putnam_House" title="General Israel Putnam House">General Israel Putnam House</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="American_Revolutionary_War" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:American_Revolutionary_War" title="Template:American Revolutionary War"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:inherit">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:American_Revolutionary_War" title="Template talk:American Revolutionary War"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:inherit">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:American_Revolutionary_War" title="Special:EditPage/Template:American Revolutionary War"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:inherit">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="American_Revolutionary_War" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/American_Revolutionary_War" title="American Revolutionary War">American Revolutionary War</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><div id="Origins_of_the_American_Revolution" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Origins of the <a href="/wiki/American_Revolution" title="American Revolution">American Revolution</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.0em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Philosophy</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_Enlightenment" title="American Enlightenment">American Enlightenment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Locke" title="John Locke">John Locke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colonial_history_of_the_United_States" title="Colonial history of the United States">Colonial history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_the_United_States" title="Liberalism in the United States">Liberalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republicanism_in_the_United_States" title="Republicanism in the United States">Republicanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_religion_in_the_United_States" title="Freedom of religion in the United States">Freedom of religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rights_of_Englishmen" title="Rights of Englishmen">Rights of Englishmen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/No_taxation_without_representation" title="No taxation without representation">No taxation without representation</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Common_Sense" title="Common Sense">Common Sense</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spirit_of_%2776_(sentiment)" title="Spirit of '76 (sentiment)">Spirit of '76</a></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/All_men_are_created_equal" title="All men are created equal">All men are created equal</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Life,_Liberty_and_the_pursuit_of_Happiness" title="Life, Liberty and the pursuit of Happiness">Life, Liberty and the pursuit of Happiness</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Consent_of_the_governed" title="Consent of the governed">Consent of the governed</a>"</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Expansionism" title="Expansionism">Expansionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Settler_colonialism" title="Settler colonialism">Settler colonialism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.0em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Royalists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pitt%E2%80%93Newcastle_ministry" title="Pitt–Newcastle ministry">Pitt–Newcastle ministry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bute_ministry" title="Bute ministry">Bute ministry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grenville_ministry" title="Grenville ministry">Grenville ministry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Rockingham_ministry" title="First Rockingham ministry">First Rockingham ministry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chatham_ministry" title="Chatham ministry">Chatham ministry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grafton_ministry" title="Grafton ministry">Grafton ministry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_ministry" title="North ministry">North ministry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Rockingham_ministry" title="Second Rockingham ministry">Second Rockingham ministry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shelburne_ministry" title="Shelburne ministry">Shelburne ministry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fox%E2%80%93North_coalition" title="Fox–North coalition">Fox–North coalition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loyalist_(American_Revolution)" title="Loyalist (American Revolution)">Loyalists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Loyalist" title="Black Loyalist">Black Loyalist</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.0em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Related British<br />Acts of Parliament</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Navigation_Acts" title="Navigation Acts">Navigation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iron_Act" title="Iron Act">Iron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Molasses_Act" title="Molasses Act">Molasses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Proclamation_of_1763" title="Royal Proclamation of 1763">Royal Proclamation of 1763</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sugar_Act" title="Sugar Act">Sugar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Currency_Act" title="Currency Act">Currency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quartering_Acts" title="Quartering Acts">Quartering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stamp_Act_1765" title="Stamp Act 1765">Stamp</a> up i.p.o</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Declaratory_Act" title="Declaratory Act">Declaratory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Townshend_Acts" title="Townshend Acts">Townshend</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tea_Act" title="Tea Act">Tea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quebec_Act" title="Quebec Act">Quebec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intolerable_Acts" title="Intolerable Acts">Intolerable</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conciliatory_Resolution" title="Conciliatory Resolution">Conciliatory Resolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Restraining_Acts_1775" title="Restraining Acts 1775">Restraining</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proclamation_of_Rebellion" title="Proclamation of Rebellion">Proclamation of Rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prohibitory_Act" title="Prohibitory Act">Prohibitory</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.0em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Colonials</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Loyal_Nine" title="Loyal Nine">Loyal Nine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stamp_Act_Congress" title="Stamp Act Congress">Stamp Act Congress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Declaration_of_Rights_and_Grievances" title="Declaration of Rights and Grievances">Declaration of Rights and Grievances</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virginia_Association" title="Virginia Association">Virginia Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daughters_of_Liberty" title="Daughters of Liberty">Daughters of Liberty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sons_of_Liberty" title="Sons of Liberty">Sons of Liberty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patriot_(American_Revolution)" title="Patriot (American Revolution)">Patriots</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Patriot" title="Black Patriot">Black Patriots</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Committees_of_correspondence" title="Committees of correspondence">Committees of correspondence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Committee_of_safety_(American_Revolution)" title="Committee of safety (American Revolution)">Committees of safety</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Letters_from_a_Farmer_in_Pennsylvania" title="Letters from a Farmer in Pennsylvania">Letters from a Farmer in Pennsylvania</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Massachusetts_Circular_Letter" title="Massachusetts Circular Letter">Massachusetts Circular Letter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suffolk_Resolves" title="Suffolk Resolves">Suffolk Resolves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Continental_Congress" title="First Continental Congress">First Continental Congress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Continental_Association" title="Continental Association">Continental Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minutemen" title="Minutemen">Minutemen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Provincial_Congress" title="Provincial Congress">Provincial Congress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Continental_Congress" title="Second Continental Congress">Second Continental Congress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Colonies" title="United Colonies">United Colonies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olive_Branch_Petition" title="Olive Branch Petition">Olive Branch Petition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Declaration_of_the_Causes_and_Necessity_of_Taking_Up_Arms" title="Declaration of the Causes and Necessity of Taking Up Arms">Declaration of the Causes and Necessity of Taking Up Arms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Committee_of_Secret_Correspondence" title="Committee of Secret Correspondence">Committee of Secret Correspondence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Halifax_Resolves" title="Halifax Resolves">Halifax Resolves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lee_Resolution" title="Lee Resolution">Lee Resolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Declaration_of_Independence" title="United States Declaration of Independence">Declaration of Independence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Model_Treaty" title="Model Treaty">Model Treaty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Articles_of_Confederation" title="Articles of Confederation">Articles of Confederation</a> and <a href="/wiki/Perpetual_Union" title="Perpetual Union">Perpetual Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Congress_of_the_Confederation" title="Congress of the Confederation">Confederation Congress</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.0em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Events</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/French_and_Indian_War" title="French and Indian War">French and Indian War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Paris_(1763)" title="Treaty of Paris (1763)">Treaty of Paris (1763)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boston_Massacre" title="Boston Massacre">Boston Massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_credit_crisis_of_1772%E2%80%931773" title="British credit crisis of 1772–1773">British credit crisis of 1772–1773</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaspee_affair" title="Gaspee affair">Gaspee affair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hutchinson_letters_affair" title="Hutchinson letters affair">Hutchinson letters affair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boston_Tea_Party" title="Boston Tea Party">Boston Tea Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philadelphia_Tea_Party" title="Philadelphia Tea Party">Philadelphia Tea Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Powder_Alarm" title="Powder Alarm">Powder Alarm</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><div id="*_Combatants_*_Campaigns_*_Theaters_*_Battles_*_Events_*_Colonies" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"> <ul><li>Combatants</li> <li>Campaigns</li> <li>Theaters</li> <li>Battles</li> <li>Events</li> <li>Colonies</li></ul> </div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.0em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Combatants</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/United_Colonies" title="United Colonies">United Colonies</a>/<a href="/wiki/Thirteen_Colonies" title="Thirteen Colonies">Thirteen Colonies</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Continental_Congress" title="Continental Congress">Continental Congress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Continental_Army" title="Continental Army">Army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Continental_Navy" title="Continental Navy">Navy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Continental_Marines" title="Continental Marines">Marines</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Great_Britain" title="Kingdom of Great Britain">Kingdom of Great Britain</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_Great_Britain" title="Parliament of Great Britain">Parliament</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Army#Early_British_Empire" title="British Army">British Army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Navy#1707–1815" title="Royal Navy">Royal Navy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germans_in_the_American_Revolution#European_allies_of_Britain" title="Germans in the American Revolution">European allies of King George III</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Colonial allies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/France_in_the_American_Revolutionary_War" title="France in the American Revolutionary War">France</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Alliance_(1778)" title="Treaty of Alliance (1778)">Franco-American Treaty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Army" title="French Army">Army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Navy" title="French Navy">Navy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roderigue_Hortalez_and_Company" title="Roderigue Hortalez and Company">Hortalez et Cie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germans_in_the_American_Revolution#American_and_European_supporters_of_Congress" title="Germans in the American Revolution">German supporters of Congress</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.0em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Campaigns and<br />theaters</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Boston_campaign" title="Boston campaign">Boston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Invasion_of_Quebec_(1775)" title="Invasion of Quebec (1775)">Quebec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nova_Scotia_in_the_American_Revolution" title="Nova Scotia in the American Revolution">Nova Scotia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_York_and_New_Jersey_campaign" title="New York and New Jersey campaign">New York and New Jersey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saratoga_campaign" title="Saratoga campaign">Saratoga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philadelphia_campaign" title="Philadelphia campaign">Philadelphia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_theater_of_the_American_Revolutionary_War" title="Northern theater of the American Revolutionary War">Northern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_theater_of_the_American_Revolutionary_War_after_Saratoga" title="Northern theater of the American Revolutionary War after Saratoga">Northern after Saratoga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_theater_of_the_American_Revolutionary_War" title="Southern theater of the American Revolutionary War">Southern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_theater_of_the_American_Revolutionary_War" title="Western theater of the American Revolutionary War">Western</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yorktown_campaign" title="Yorktown campaign">Yorktown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naval_battles_of_the_American_Revolutionary_War" title="Naval battles of the American Revolutionary War">Naval battles</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.0em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Major <a href="/wiki/List_of_American_Revolutionary_War_battles" title="List of American Revolutionary War battles">battles</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battles_of_Lexington_and_Concord" title="Battles of Lexington and Concord">Lexington and Concord</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Boston" title="Siege of Boston">Boston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capture_of_Fort_Ticonderoga" title="Capture of Fort Ticonderoga">Capture of Fort Ticonderoga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Bunker_Hill" title="Battle of Bunker Hill">Bunker Hill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Quebec_(1775)" title="Battle of Quebec (1775)">Quebec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Valcour_Island" title="Battle of Valcour Island">Valcour Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Long_Island" title="Battle of Long Island">Long Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Harlem_Heights" title="Battle of Harlem Heights">Harlem Heights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Fort_Washington" title="Battle of Fort Washington">Fort Washington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Trenton" title="Battle of Trenton">Trenton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Assunpink_Creek" title="Battle of the Assunpink Creek">Assunpink Creek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Princeton" title="Battle of Princeton">Princeton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Fort_Ticonderoga_(1777)" title="Siege of Fort Ticonderoga (1777)">Siege of Fort Ticonderoga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Bennington" title="Battle of Bennington">Bennington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battles_of_Saratoga" title="Battles of Saratoga">Saratoga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Brandywine" title="Battle of Brandywine">Brandywine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Germantown" title="Battle of Germantown">Germantown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Monmouth" title="Battle of Monmouth">Monmouth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_St._Lucia" title="Battle of St. Lucia">St. Lucia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Grenada" title="Battle of Grenada">Grenada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Stony_Point" title="Battle of Stony Point">Stony Point</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sullivan_Expedition" title="Sullivan Expedition">Sullivan Expedition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Savannah" title="Siege of Savannah">Savannah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Siege_of_Gibraltar" title="Great Siege of Gibraltar">Gibraltar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Cape_St._Vincent_(1780)" title="Battle of Cape St. Vincent (1780)">Cape St. Vincent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Charleston" title="Siege of Charleston">Charleston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Connecticut_Farms" title="Battle of Connecticut Farms">Connecticut Farms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Springfield" title="Battle of Springfield">Springfield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Camden" title="Battle of Camden">Camden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Kings_Mountain" title="Battle of Kings Mountain">Kings Mountain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Cowpens" title="Battle of Cowpens">Cowpens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Pensacola" title="Siege of Pensacola">Pensacola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Guilford_Court_House" title="Battle of Guilford Court House">Guilford Court House</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lochry%27s_Defeat" title="Lochry's Defeat">Lochry's Defeat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Chesapeake" title="Battle of the Chesapeake">Chesapeake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Yorktown" title="Siege of Yorktown">Yorktown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Saintes" title="Battle of the Saintes">The Saintes</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.0em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Other events</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Staten_Island_Peace_Conference" title="Staten Island Peace Conference">Staten Island Peace Conference</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sint_Eustatius#"First_Salute"" title="Sint Eustatius">"First Salute"</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Washington%27s_crossing_of_the_Delaware_River" title="George Washington's crossing of the Delaware River">Washington's crossing of the Delaware River</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conway_Cabal" title="Conway Cabal">Conway Cabal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valley_Forge" title="Valley Forge">Valley Forge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franco-American_alliance" title="Franco-American alliance">Entry of France into war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carlisle_Peace_Commission" title="Carlisle Peace Commission">Carlisle Peace Commission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gordon_Riots" title="Gordon Riots">Gordon Riots</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pennsylvania_Line_Mutiny" title="Pennsylvania Line Mutiny">Pennsylvania Mutiny of 1781</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capture_of_Sint_Eustatius" title="Capture of Sint Eustatius">Sint Eustatius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Newburgh_Conspiracy" title="Newburgh Conspiracy">Newburgh Conspiracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pennsylvania_Mutiny_of_1783" title="Pennsylvania Mutiny of 1783">Pennsylvania Mutiny of 1783</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.0em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Related conflicts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cherokee%E2%80%93American_wars" title="Cherokee–American wars">Cherokee–American wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fourth_Anglo-Dutch_War" title="Fourth Anglo-Dutch War">Fourth Anglo-Dutch War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Anglo-Mysore_War" title="Second Anglo-Mysore War">Second Anglo-Mysore War</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.0em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Involvement <span class="nobold">(by <br />colony or location)</span></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Thirteen_Colonies" title="Thirteen Colonies">Rebel colonies</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Connecticut#The_American_Revolution_(1775–1789)" title="History of Connecticut">Connecticut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delaware_Line" title="Delaware Line">Delaware</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgia_in_the_American_Revolution" title="Georgia in the American Revolution">Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maryland_in_the_American_Revolution" title="Maryland in the American Revolution">Maryland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Massachusetts#Revolutionary_Massachusetts:_1760s–1780s" title="History of Massachusetts">Massachusetts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_New_Hampshire#Revolution:_1775–1815" title="History of New Hampshire">New Hampshire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Jersey_in_the_American_Revolution" title="New Jersey in the American Revolution">New Jersey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_York_in_the_American_Revolution" class="mw-redirect" title="New York in the American Revolution">New York</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Carolina_in_the_American_Revolution#American_Revolution" class="mw-redirect" title="North Carolina in the American Revolution">North Carolina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pennsylvania_in_the_American_Revolution" title="Pennsylvania in the American Revolution">Pennsylvania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhode_Island_in_the_American_Revolution#Revolutionary_era_1775-1790" class="mw-redirect" title="Rhode Island in the American Revolution">Rhode Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Carolina_in_the_American_Revolution" title="South Carolina in the American Revolution">South Carolina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virginia_in_the_American_Revolution#American_Revolution" title="Virginia in the American Revolution">Virginia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Loyal colonies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/East_Florida" title="East Florida">East Florida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nova_Scotia#17th_and_18th_centuries" title="Nova Scotia">Nova Scotia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Province_of_Quebec_(1763%E2%80%931791)" title="Province of Quebec (1763–1791)">Quebec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Florida" title="West Florida">West Florida</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><div id="Leaders" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Leaders</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.0em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">British</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.0em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Military</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mariot_Arbuthnot" title="Mariot Arbuthnot">Arbuthnot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Brant" title="Joseph Brant">Brant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Burgoyne" title="John Burgoyne">Burgoyne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Campbell,_of_Strachur" title="John Campbell, of Strachur">Campbell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guy_Carleton,_1st_Baron_Dorchester" title="Guy Carleton, 1st Baron Dorchester">Carleton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Clinton_(British_Army_officer,_born_1730)" title="Henry Clinton (British Army officer, born 1730)">Clinton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Cornwallis,_1st_Marquess_Cornwallis" title="Charles Cornwallis, 1st Marquess Cornwallis">Cornwallis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simon_Fraser_of_Lovat" title="Simon Fraser of Lovat">Fraser</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Gage" title="Thomas Gage">Gage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Graves,_1st_Baron_Graves" title="Thomas Graves, 1st Baron Graves">Graves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Howe,_1st_Earl_Howe" title="Richard Howe, 1st Earl Howe">Richard Howe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Howe,_5th_Viscount_Howe" title="William Howe, 5th Viscount Howe">William Howe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_von_Knyphausen" title="Wilhelm von Knyphausen">Knyphausen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Rodney,_1st_Baron_Rodney" title="George Rodney, 1st Baron Rodney">Rodney</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.0em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Civilian</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/George_III" title="George III">King George III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeffery_Amherst,_1st_Baron_Amherst" title="Jeffery Amherst, 1st Baron Amherst">Amherst</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Barrington,_2nd_Viscount_Barrington" title="William Barrington, 2nd Viscount Barrington">Barrington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Germain,_1st_Viscount_Sackville" title="George Germain, 1st Viscount Sackville">Germain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederick_North,_Lord_North" title="Frederick North, Lord North">North</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Watson-Wentworth,_2nd_Marquess_of_Rockingham" title="Charles Watson-Wentworth, 2nd Marquess of Rockingham">Rockingham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Montagu,_4th_Earl_of_Sandwich" title="John Montagu, 4th Earl of Sandwich">Sandwich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Petty,_2nd_Earl_of_Shelburne" title="William Petty, 2nd Earl of Shelburne">Shelburne</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.0em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Colonial</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.0em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Military</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/George_Washington" title="George Washington">Washington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Alexander,_Lord_Stirling" title="William Alexander, Lord Stirling">Alexander</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethan_Allen" title="Ethan Allen">Allen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benedict_Arnold" title="Benedict Arnold">Arnold</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Barry_(naval_officer)" title="John Barry (naval officer)">Barry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Claghorn" title="George Claghorn">Claghorn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Rogers_Clark" title="George Rogers Clark">Clark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_Leb%C3%A8gue_Duportail" title="Louis Lebègue Duportail">Duportail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horatio_Gates" title="Horatio Gates">Gates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nathanael_Greene" title="Nathanael Greene">Greene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Hamilton" title="Alexander Hamilton">Hamilton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Esek_Hopkins" title="Esek Hopkins">Hopkins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Paul_Jones" title="John Paul Jones">Jones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_de_Kalb" title="Johann de Kalb">de Kalb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Knox" title="Henry Knox">Knox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gilbert_du_Motier,_Marquis_de_Lafayette" title="Gilbert du Motier, Marquis de Lafayette">Lafayette</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Lee_(general)" title="Charles Lee (general)">Charles Lee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Lincoln" title="Benjamin Lincoln">Lincoln</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hugh_Mercer" title="Hugh Mercer">Mercer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Montgomery" title="Richard Montgomery">Montgomery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Nicholson" title="Samuel Nicholson">Nicholson</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Putnam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caesar_Rodney" title="Caesar Rodney">Rodney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_St._Clair" title="Arthur St. Clair">St. Clair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philip_Schuyler" title="Philip Schuyler">Schuyler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Wilhelm_von_Steuben" title="Friedrich Wilhelm von Steuben">von Steuben</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Sullivan_(general)" title="John Sullivan (general)">Sullivan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Artemas_Ward" title="Artemas Ward">Ward</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anthony_Wayne" title="Anthony Wayne">Wayne</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.0em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Civilian</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/John_Adams" title="John Adams">John Adams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Adams" title="Samuel Adams">Samuel Adams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Carroll_of_Carrollton" title="Charles Carroll of Carrollton">Carroll</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Dickinson" title="John Dickinson">Dickinson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Franklin" title="Benjamin Franklin">Franklin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Hancock" title="John Hancock">Hancock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Hanson" title="John Hanson">Hanson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patrick_Henry" title="Patrick Henry">Henry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Huntington_(Connecticut_politician)" title="Samuel Huntington (Connecticut politician)">Huntington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Jay" title="John Jay">Jay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Jefferson" title="Thomas Jefferson">Jefferson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Laurens" title="Henry Laurens">Laurens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Henry_Lee" title="Richard Henry Lee">Richard Henry Lee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_McKean" title="Thomas McKean">McKean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Morris_(financier)" title="Robert Morris (financier)">Morris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Revere" title="Paul Revere">Revere</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Rush" title="Benjamin Rush">Rush</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Witherspoon" title="John Witherspoon">Witherspoon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.0em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Colonial allies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="French" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.0em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">French</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Louis_XVI" title="Louis XVI">Louis XVI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Beaumarchais" title="Pierre Beaumarchais">Beaumarchais</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Henri_Hector,_Count_of_Estaing" title="Charles Henri Hector, Count of Estaing">d'Estaing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Joseph_Paul_de_Grasse" title="François Joseph Paul de Grasse">de Grasse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luc_Urbain_du_Bou%C3%ABxic,_comte_de_Guichen" title="Luc Urbain du Bouëxic, comte de Guichen">de Guichen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anne-C%C3%A9sar_de_La_Luzerne" title="Anne-César de La Luzerne">Luzerne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Baptiste_Donatien_de_Vimeur,_comte_de_Rochambeau" title="Jean-Baptiste Donatien de Vimeur, comte de Rochambeau">de Rochambeau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Andr%C3%A9_de_Suffren" title="Pierre André de Suffren">Suffren</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Gravier,_comte_de_Vergennes" title="Charles Gravier, comte de Vergennes">Vergennes</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><div id="Aftermath" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Aftermath</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Society_of_the_Cincinnati" title="Society of the Cincinnati">Society of the Cincinnati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Paris_(1783)" title="Treaty of Paris (1783)">Treaty of Paris (1783)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evacuation_Day_(New_York)" title="Evacuation Day (New York)">Evacuation Day (1783)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ratification_Day_(United_States)" title="Ratification Day (United States)">Ratification Day (1784)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitutional_Convention_(United_States)" title="Constitutional Convention (United States)">Constitutional Convention</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Federalist_Papers" title="The Federalist Papers">The Federalist Papers</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_the_United_States" title="Constitution of the United States">Constitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Bill_of_Rights" title="United States Bill of Rights">Bill of Rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shays%27s_Rebellion" title="Shays's Rebellion">Shays's Rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jay_Treaty" title="Jay Treaty">Jay Treaty</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><div id="*_Related_topics" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"> <ul><li>Related topics</li></ul> </div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.0em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Military</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prisoners_of_war_in_the_American_Revolutionary_War" title="Prisoners of war in the American Revolutionary War">Prisoners</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turtle_(submersible)" title="Turtle (submersible)">The <i>Turtle</i></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.0em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Political</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Founding_Fathers_of_the_United_States" title="Founding Fathers of the United States">Founding Fathers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diplomacy_in_the_American_Revolutionary_War" title="Diplomacy in the American Revolutionary War">Diplomacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberty_Tree" title="Liberty Tree">Liberty Tree</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yankee_Doodle" title="Yankee Doodle">Yankee Doodle</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.0em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Other topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_American_Revolution" title="Timeline of the American Revolution">Timeline of the American Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Americans_in_the_Revolutionary_War" title="African Americans in the Revolutionary War">African Americans in the Revolutionary War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dogs_in_the_American_Revolutionary_War" title="Dogs in the American Revolutionary War">Dogs in the American Revolutionary War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intelligence_in_the_American_Revolutionary_War" title="Intelligence in the American Revolutionary War">Intelligence in the American Revolutionary War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_the_American_Revolution" title="Women in the American Revolution">Women in the American Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Financial_costs_of_the_American_Revolutionary_War" title="Financial costs of the American Revolutionary War">Financial costs of the war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Continental_currency_banknotes" title="Continental currency banknotes">Continental currency banknotes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Continental_Currency_dollar_coin" title="Continental Currency dollar coin">Continental Currency dollar coin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertas_Americana" title="Libertas Americana">Libertas Americana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commemoration_of_the_American_Revolution" title="Commemoration of the American Revolution">Commemoration</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_films_about_the_American_Revolution" title="List of films about the American Revolution">film</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_television_series_and_miniseries_about_the_American_Revolution" title="List of television series and miniseries about the American Revolution">television</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_plays_and_musicals_about_the_American_Revolution" title="List of plays and musicals about the American Revolution">theater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Independence_Day_(United_States)" title="Independence Day (United States)">Independence Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patriots%27_Day" title="Patriots' Day">Patriots' Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/General_Pulaski_Memorial_Day" title="General Pulaski Memorial Day">Pulaski Memorial Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidents%27_Day" title="Presidents' Day">Washington's Birthday</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jefferson%27s_Birthday" title="Jefferson's Birthday">Jefferson's Birthday</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Von_Steuben_Day" title="Von Steuben Day">Von Steuben Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minor_American_Revolution_holidays" title="Minor American Revolution holidays">Minor holidays</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Centennial_Exposition" title="Centennial Exposition">Centennial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sesquicentennial_Exposition" title="Sesquicentennial Exposition">Sesquicentennial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Bicentennial" title="United States Bicentennial">Bicentennial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Semiquincentennial" title="United States Semiquincentennial">Semiquincentennial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Children_of_the_American_Revolution" title="Children of the American Revolution">Children of the American Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daughters_of_the_American_Revolution" title="Daughters of the American Revolution">Daughters of the American Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sons_of_the_American_Revolution" title="Sons of the American Revolution">Sons of the American Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sons_of_the_Revolution" title="Sons of the Revolution">Sons of the Revolution</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charters_of_Freedom" title="Charters of Freedom">Charters of Freedom Rotunda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Museum_of_the_American_Revolution" title="Museum of the American Revolution">Museum of the American Revolution</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q622130#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q622130#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q622130#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000122766953">ISNI</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/13614611">VIAF</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/58565/">FAST</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJhmH9g3D3pWmVrCHVYpT3">WorldCat</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/1013696360">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n80097864">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb15148105s">France</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb15148105s">BnF data</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p22674664X">Netherlands</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007275416805171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-biographie.de/pnd1013696360.html?language=en">Deutsche Biographie</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-digitale-bibliothek.de/person/gnd/1013696360">DDB</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalog.archives.gov/id/10569586">NARA</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://snaccooperative.org/ark:/99166/w64j0pxz">SNAC</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Israel_Putnam&oldid=1247575869">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Israel_Putnam&oldid=1247575869</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1718_births" title="Category:1718 births">1718 births</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1790_deaths" title="Category:1790 deaths">1790 deaths</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:British_America_army_officers" title="Category:British America army officers">British America army officers</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:British_military_personnel_of_the_French_and_Indian_War" title="Category:British military personnel of the French and Indian War">British military personnel of the French and Indian War</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Continental_Army_generals" title="Category:Continental Army generals">Continental Army generals</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Continental_Army_officers_from_Connecticut" title="Category:Continental Army officers from Connecticut">Continental Army officers from Connecticut</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Military_personnel_from_Connecticut" title="Category:Military personnel from Connecticut">Military personnel from Connecticut</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Military_personnel_from_Massachusetts" title="Category:Military personnel from Massachusetts">Military personnel from Massachusetts</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:People_from_colonial_Connecticut" title="Category:People from colonial Connecticut">People from colonial Connecticut</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:People_of_Connecticut_in_the_American_Revolution" title="Category:People of Connecticut in the American Revolution">People of Connecticut in the American Revolution</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:People_from_Danvers,_Massachusetts" title="Category:People from Danvers, Massachusetts">People from Danvers, Massachusetts</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:People_from_Brooklyn,_Connecticut" title="Category:People from Brooklyn, Connecticut">People from Brooklyn, Connecticut</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Putnam_family" title="Category:Putnam family">Putnam family</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_is_different_from_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description is different from Wikidata">Short description is different from Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Use_American_English_from_October_2022" title="Category:Use American English from October 2022">Use American English from October 2022</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_Wikipedia_articles_written_in_American_English" title="Category:All Wikipedia articles written in American English">All Wikipedia articles written in American English</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Use_mdy_dates_from_April_2021" title="Category:Use mdy dates from April 2021">Use mdy dates from April 2021</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pages_using_gadget_WikiMiniAtlas" title="Category:Pages using gadget WikiMiniAtlas">Pages using gadget WikiMiniAtlas</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_unfit_URL" title="Category:CS1 maint: unfit URL">CS1 maint: unfit URL</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_Project_Gutenberg_links" title="Category:Articles with Project Gutenberg links">Articles with Project Gutenberg links</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Commons_category_link_is_on_Wikidata" title="Category:Commons category link is on Wikidata">Commons category link is on Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_articles_incorporating_a_citation_from_the_New_International_Encyclopedia" title="Category:Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from the New International Encyclopedia">Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from the New International Encyclopedia</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_articles_incorporating_a_citation_from_the_1911_Encyclopaedia_Britannica_with_Wikisource_reference" title="Category:Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from the 1911 Encyclopaedia Britannica with Wikisource reference">Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from the 1911 Encyclopaedia Britannica with Wikisource reference</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_articles_incorporating_citation_to_the_NSRW" title="Category:Wikipedia articles incorporating citation to the NSRW">Wikipedia articles incorporating citation to the NSRW</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_articles_incorporating_citation_to_the_NSRW_with_an_wstitle_parameter" title="Category:Wikipedia articles incorporating citation to the NSRW with an wstitle parameter">Wikipedia articles incorporating citation to the NSRW with an wstitle parameter</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_articles_incorporating_a_citation_from_the_Encyclopedia_Americana_with_a_Wikisource_reference" title="Category:Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from the Encyclopedia Americana with a Wikisource reference">Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from the Encyclopedia Americana with a Wikisource reference</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_articles_incorporating_a_citation_from_Collier%27s_Encyclopedia" title="Category:Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from Collier's Encyclopedia">Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from Collier's Encyclopedia</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 24 September 2024, at 22:48<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms_of_Use" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms of Use">Terms of Use</a> and <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy policy">Privacy Policy</a>. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/">Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.</a>, a non-profit organization.</li> </ul> <ul id="footer-places"> <li id="footer-places-privacy"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy">Privacy policy</a></li> <li id="footer-places-about"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About">About Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-disclaimers"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:General_disclaimer">Disclaimers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-contact"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us">Contact Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-wm-codeofconduct"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal_Code_of_Conduct">Code of Conduct</a></li> <li id="footer-places-developers"><a href="https://developer.wikimedia.org">Developers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-statslink"><a href="https://stats.wikimedia.org/#/en.wikipedia.org">Statistics</a></li> <li id="footer-places-cookiestatement"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Cookie_statement">Cookie statement</a></li> <li id="footer-places-mobileview"><a href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Israel_Putnam&mobileaction=toggle_view_mobile" class="noprint stopMobileRedirectToggle">Mobile view</a></li> </ul> <ul id="footer-icons" class="noprint"> <li id="footer-copyrightico"><a href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/static/images/footer/wikimedia-button.svg" width="84" height="29" alt="Wikimedia Foundation" loading="lazy"></a></li> <li id="footer-poweredbyico"><a href="https://www.mediawiki.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/w/resources/assets/poweredby_mediawiki.svg" alt="Powered by MediaWiki" width="88" height="31" loading="lazy"></a></li> </ul> </footer> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-settings" id="p-dock-bottom"> <ul></ul> </div><script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-f69cdc8f6-phpnv","wgBackendResponseTime":192,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"1.510","walltime":"1.796","ppvisitednodes":{"value":10114,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":256208,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":26274,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":20,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":10,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":1,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":146901,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":1,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 1523.827 1 -total"," 21.19% 322.827 72 Template:Sfn"," 16.71% 254.577 1 Template:Reflist"," 16.43% 250.289 1 Template:Infobox_military_person"," 15.98% 243.469 1 Template:Infobox"," 13.51% 205.929 19 Template:Cite_book"," 10.44% 159.043 1 Template:American_Revolutionary_War"," 10.22% 155.750 1 Template:Navbox_with_collapsible_groups"," 6.67% 101.613 2 Template:Marriage"," 6.03% 91.817 1 Template:Short_description"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"0.889","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":13545432,"limit":52428800},"limitreport-logs":"table#1 {\n}\n\"\"\ntable#1 {\n}\n\"\"\nanchor_id_list = table#1 {\n [\"Bragg\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBorneman2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFChisholm1911\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFischer\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFiske1900\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHubbard2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHumphreys1804\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHumphreys1855\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKetchum1963\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLivingston1901\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNelson2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPhilbrick2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRines1920\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRoot1901\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTeam\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWhite\"] = 1,\n [\"Cray\"] = 1,\n [\"Ferling15\"] = 1,\n [\"Mark\"] = 1,\n [\"McCullough\"] = 1,\n [\"Parkman\"] = 1,\n [\"Purcell\"] = 1,\n [\"Tarbox\"] = 1,\n [\"ketchum\"] = 1,\n}\ntemplate_list = table#1 {\n [\"!\"] = 1,\n [\"American Revolutionary War\"] = 1,\n [\"Authority control\"] = 1,\n [\"Birth date\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite Americana\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite Appletons'\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite Collier's\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite EB1911\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite NIE\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite NSRW\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite book\"] = 19,\n [\"Cite web\"] = 7,\n [\"Commons category\"] = 1,\n [\"Convert\"] = 1,\n [\"Coord\"] = 1,\n [\"DEFAULTSORT:Putnam, Israel\"] = 1,\n [\"Death date and age\"] = 1,\n [\"Flag\"] = 2,\n [\"Gutenberg\"] = 1,\n [\"ISBN\"] = 3,\n [\"Infobox military person\"] = 1,\n [\"Marriage\"] = 2,\n [\"Portal\"] = 1,\n [\"Redirect\"] = 1,\n [\"Reflist\"] = 1,\n [\"Sfn\"] = 72,\n [\"Short description\"] = 1,\n [\"Use American English\"] = 1,\n [\"Use mdy dates\"] = 1,\n [\"Wikisource-inline\"] = 1,\n}\narticle_whitelist = table#1 {\n}\n"},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-web.codfw.main-f69cdc8f6-gqt92","timestamp":"20241122140727","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"Israel Putnam","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Israel_Putnam","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q622130","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q622130","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2002-05-22T08:18:30Z","dateModified":"2024-09-24T22:48:36Z","image":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/7\/72\/Israel_putnam_portrait.jpg","headline":"American Revolutionary War general (1718\u20131790)"}</script> </body> </html>