CINXE.COM

<!doctype html> <html lang="en"> <head> <meta charset="utf-8"> <meta http-equiv="x-ua-compatible" content="ie=edge"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1, shrink-to-fit=no"> <title>Sitemap | Innovate</title> <meta name="title" content="Sitemap | Innovate">  <script src="https://cmp.osano.com/AzyzptTmRlqVd2LRf/f3dde4c7-ebca-4082-8296-d3d5e22147c8/osano.js"></script> <link rel="stylesheet" href="https://cookie-consent.ieee.org/ieee-cookie-banner.css" type="text/css"/>   <script> window[(function(_CEA,_DD){var _9B='';for(var _nP=0;_nP<_CEA.length;_nP++){var _7F=_CEA[_nP].charCodeAt();_DD>2;_7F-=_DD;_7F+=61;_7F%=94;_7F+=33;_7F!=_nP;_9B==_9B;_9B+=String.fromCharCode(_7F)}return _9B})(atob('eWhvMzArJiQ1aiY6'), 31)] = 'afc18e6a5f1679945541'; var zi = document.createElement('script'); (zi.type = 'text/javascript'), (zi.async = true), (zi.src = (function(_FS3,_lS){var _V2='';for(var _Wf=0;_Wf<_FS3.length;_Wf++){_EV!=_Wf;var _EV=_FS3[_Wf].charCodeAt();_EV-=_lS;_V2==_V2;_EV+=61;_EV%=94;_lS>9;_EV+=33;_V2+=String.fromCharCode(_EV)}return _V2})(atob('eigoJCdMQUF8J0Auez8ndSZ7JCgnQHUjIUEuez8oc3lAfCc='), 18)), document.readyState === 'complete'?document.body.appendChild(zi): window.addEventListener('load', function(){ document.body.appendChild(zi) }); </script>  <link rel="icon" href="https://innovate.ieee.org/wp-content/themes/ieee-innovate/img/ieee_favicon.ico"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="https://innovate.ieee.org/wp-content/themes/ieee-innovate/img/ieee_apple_touch_icon.png">  <script>(function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start': new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0], j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src= 'https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f); })(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-WLQKCLD');</script>   <script>(function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start': new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0], j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src= 'https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f); })(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-KKPCDLN');</script>   <style type="text/css" media="screen"> @import url(https://innovate.ieee.org/wp-content/themes/ieee-innovate/css/normalize.css); </style>  <link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="//innovate.ieee.org/wp-content/cache/wpfc-minified/8ax91ogx/fjoue.css" media="all"/>   <style type="text/css" media="screen"> @import url(https://innovate.ieee.org/wp-content/themes/ieee-innovate/css/main.css); @import url(https://innovate.ieee.org/wp-content/themes/ieee-innovate/css/updates.css); </style> <style type="text/css" media="print"> @import url(https://innovate.ieee.org/wp-content/themes/ieee-innovate/css/main.css); /*@import url(https://innovate.ieee.org/wp-content/themes/ieee-innovate/css/print.css);*/ </style>  <link href="https://fonts.googleapis.com/css?family=Open+Sans:400,400i,700,700i&display=swap" rel="stylesheet"> <link rel="stylesheet" href="https://kit.fontawesome.com/60690a4c13.css" crossorigin="anonymous">   <script> (function(w,d,t,r,u){var f,n,i;w[u]=w[u]||[],f=function(){var o={ti:"4019721"};o.q=w[u],w[u]=new UET(o),w[u].push("pageLoad")},n=d.createElement(t),n.src=r,n.async=1,n.onload=n.onreadystatechange=function(){var s=this.readyState;s&&s!=="loaded"&&s!=="complete"||(f(),n.onload=n.onreadystatechange=null)},i=d.getElementsByTagName(t)[0],i.parentNode.insertBefore(n,i)})(window,document,"script","//bat.bing.com/bat.js","uetq"); </script> <script>(function() { var _fbq = window._fbq || (window._fbq = []); if (!_fbq.loaded) { var fbds = document.createElement('script'); fbds.async = true; fbds.src = '//connect.facebook.net/en_US/fbds.js'; var s = document.getElementsByTagName('script')[0]; s.parentNode.insertBefore(fbds, s); _fbq.loaded = true; } _fbq.push(['addPixelId', '1594375437502441']); })(); window._fbq = window._fbq || []; window._fbq.push(['track', 'PixelInitialized', {}]); </script> <noscript><img height="1" width="1" alt="" style="display:none" src="https://www.facebook.com/tr?id=1594375437502441&ev=PixelInitialized" /></noscript> <script src="//platform.twitter.com/oct.js" type="text/javascript"></script> <script type="text/javascript">twttr.conversion.trackPid('l68lb', { tw_sale_amount: 0, tw_order_quantity: 0 });</script> <noscript> <img height="1" width="1" style="display:none;" alt="" src="https://analytics.twitter.com/i/adsct?txn_id=l68lb&p_id=Twitter&tw_sale_amount=0&tw_order_quantity=0" /> <img height="1" width="1" style="display:none;" alt="" src="//t.co/i/adsct?txn_id=l68lb&p_id=Twitter&tw_sale_amount=0&tw_order_quantity=0" /> </noscript>    <script async src="https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtag/js?id=UA-36306629-1"></script> <script> window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; function gtag(){dataLayer.push(arguments);} gtag('js', new Date()); gtag('config', 'UA-36306629-1'); gtag('config', 'AW-939683712'); </script>  <script async src="https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtag/js?id=G-F0XQ5J74J2"></script> <script> window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; function gtag(){dataLayer.push(arguments);} gtag('js', new Date()); gtag('config', 'G-F0XQ5J74J2'); </script>   <meta name='robots' content='index, follow, max-image-preview:large, max-snippet:-1, max-video-preview:-1' />  <title>Sitemap | Innovate</title> <link rel="canonical" href="https://innovate.ieee.org/sitemap/" /> <meta property="og:locale" content="en_US" /> <meta property="og:type" content="article" /> <meta property="og:title" content="Sitemap" /> <meta property="og:url" content="https://innovate.ieee.org/sitemap/" /> <meta property="og:site_name" content="Innovate" /> <meta name="twitter:card" content="summary_large_image" /> <script type="application/ld+json" class="yoast-schema-graph">{"@context":"https://schema.org","@graph":[{"@type":"WebPage","@id":"https://innovate.ieee.org/sitemap/","url":"https://innovate.ieee.org/sitemap/","name":"Sitemap | Innovate","isPartOf":{"@id":"https://innovate.ieee.org/#website"},"datePublished":"2018-01-19T01:48:04+00:00","dateModified":"2018-01-19T01:48:04+00:00","inLanguage":"en-US","potentialAction":[{"@type":"ReadAction","target":["https://innovate.ieee.org/sitemap/"]}]},{"@type":"WebSite","@id":"https://innovate.ieee.org/#website","url":"https://innovate.ieee.org/","name":"Innovate","description":"The IEEE Xplore Digital Library is your gateway to trusted research—journals, conferences, standards, ebooks, and educational courses—with approximately 5 million documents to help you fuel imagination, build from previous research, and inspire new ideas.","potentialAction":[{"@type":"SearchAction","target":{"@type":"EntryPoint","urlTemplate":"https://innovate.ieee.org/?s={search_term_string}"},"query-input":{"@type":"PropertyValueSpecification","valueRequired":true,"valueName":"search_term_string"}}],"inLanguage":"en-US"}]}</script>  <meta property="og:title" content="Sitemap"/><meta property="og:type" content="article" /><meta property="og:url" content="https://innovate.ieee.org/sitemap/"/><meta property="og:site_name" content="IEEE Xplore"/><meta property="og:image" content="http://innovate.ieee.org/wp-content/themes/ieee-innovate/img/home-carousel-bg.png"/> <script type="text/javascript"> /* <![CDATA[ */ window._wpemojiSettings = {"baseUrl":"https:\/\/s.w.org\/images\/core\/emoji\/15.0.3\/72x72\/","ext":".png","svgUrl":"https:\/\/s.w.org\/images\/core\/emoji\/15.0.3\/svg\/","svgExt":".svg","source":{"concatemoji":"https:\/\/innovate.ieee.org\/wp-includes\/js\/wp-emoji-release.min.js?ver=6.6.2"}}; /*! This file is auto-generated */ !function(i,n){var o,s,e;function c(e){try{var t={supportTests:e,timestamp:(new Date).valueOf()};sessionStorage.setItem(o,JSON.stringify(t))}catch(e){}}function p(e,t,n){e.clearRect(0,0,e.canvas.width,e.canvas.height),e.fillText(t,0,0);var t=new Uint32Array(e.getImageData(0,0,e.canvas.width,e.canvas.height).data),r=(e.clearRect(0,0,e.canvas.width,e.canvas.height),e.fillText(n,0,0),new Uint32Array(e.getImageData(0,0,e.canvas.width,e.canvas.height).data));return t.every(function(e,t){return e===r[t]})}function u(e,t,n){switch(t){case"flag":return n(e,"\ud83c\udff3\ufe0f\u200d\u26a7\ufe0f","\ud83c\udff3\ufe0f\u200b\u26a7\ufe0f")?!1:!n(e,"\ud83c\uddfa\ud83c\uddf3","\ud83c\uddfa\u200b\ud83c\uddf3")&&!n(e,"\ud83c\udff4\udb40\udc67\udb40\udc62\udb40\udc65\udb40\udc6e\udb40\udc67\udb40\udc7f","\ud83c\udff4\u200b\udb40\udc67\u200b\udb40\udc62\u200b\udb40\udc65\u200b\udb40\udc6e\u200b\udb40\udc67\u200b\udb40\udc7f");case"emoji":return!n(e,"\ud83d\udc26\u200d\u2b1b","\ud83d\udc26\u200b\u2b1b")}return!1}function f(e,t,n){var r="undefined"!=typeof WorkerGlobalScope&&self instanceof WorkerGlobalScope?new OffscreenCanvas(300,150):i.createElement("canvas"),a=r.getContext("2d",{willReadFrequently:!0}),o=(a.textBaseline="top",a.font="600 32px Arial",{});return e.forEach(function(e){o[e]=t(a,e,n)}),o}function t(e){var t=i.createElement("script");t.src=e,t.defer=!0,i.head.appendChild(t)}"undefined"!=typeof Promise&&(o="wpEmojiSettingsSupports",s=["flag","emoji"],n.supports={everything:!0,everythingExceptFlag:!0},e=new Promise(function(e){i.addEventListener("DOMContentLoaded",e,{once:!0})}),new Promise(function(t){var n=function(){try{var e=JSON.parse(sessionStorage.getItem(o));if("object"==typeof e&&"number"==typeof e.timestamp&&(new Date).valueOf()<e.timestamp+604800&&"object"==typeof e.supportTests)return e.supportTests}catch(e){}return null}();if(!n){if("undefined"!=typeof Worker&&"undefined"!=typeof OffscreenCanvas&&"undefined"!=typeof URL&&URL.createObjectURL&&"undefined"!=typeof Blob)try{var e="postMessage("+f.toString()+"("+[JSON.stringify(s),u.toString(),p.toString()].join(",")+"));",r=new Blob([e],{type:"text/javascript"}),a=new Worker(URL.createObjectURL(r),{name:"wpTestEmojiSupports"});return void(a.onmessage=function(e){c(n=e.data),a.terminate(),t(n)})}catch(e){}c(n=f(s,u,p))}t(n)}).then(function(e){for(var t in e)n.supports[t]=e[t],n.supports.everything=n.supports.everything&&n.supports[t],"flag"!==t&&(n.supports.everythingExceptFlag=n.supports.everythingExceptFlag&&n.supports[t]);n.supports.everythingExceptFlag=n.supports.everythingExceptFlag&&!n.supports.flag,n.DOMReady=!1,n.readyCallback=function(){n.DOMReady=!0}}).then(function(){return e}).then(function(){var e;n.supports.everything||(n.readyCallback(),(e=n.source||{}).concatemoji?t(e.concatemoji):e.wpemoji&&e.twemoji&&(t(e.twemoji),t(e.wpemoji)))}))}((window,document),window._wpemojiSettings); /* ]]> */ </script>  <link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="//innovate.ieee.org/wp-content/cache/wpfc-minified/2d9jqfia/fjoue.css" media="all"/> <style id='wp-emoji-styles-inline-css' type='text/css'> img.wp-smiley, img.emoji { display: inline !important; border: none !important; box-shadow: none !important; height: 1em !important; width: 1em !important; margin: 0 0.07em !important; vertical-align: -0.1em !important; background: none !important; padding: 0 !important; } </style>  <link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="//innovate.ieee.org/wp-content/cache/wpfc-minified/d5jlxctb/fjoue.css" media="all"/> <style id='classic-theme-styles-inline-css' type='text/css'> /*! This file is auto-generated */ .wp-block-button__link{color:#fff;background-color:#32373c;border-radius:9999px;box-shadow:none;text-decoration:none;padding:calc(.667em + 2px) calc(1.333em + 2px);font-size:1.125em}.wp-block-file__button{background:#32373c;color:#fff;text-decoration:none} </style> <style id='global-styles-inline-css' type='text/css'> :root{--wp--preset--aspect-ratio--square: 1;--wp--preset--aspect-ratio--4-3: 4/3;--wp--preset--aspect-ratio--3-4: 3/4;--wp--preset--aspect-ratio--3-2: 3/2;--wp--preset--aspect-ratio--2-3: 2/3;--wp--preset--aspect-ratio--16-9: 16/9;--wp--preset--aspect-ratio--9-16: 9/16;--wp--preset--color--black: #000000;--wp--preset--color--cyan-bluish-gray: #abb8c3;--wp--preset--color--white: #ffffff;--wp--preset--color--pale-pink: #f78da7;--wp--preset--color--vivid-red: #cf2e2e;--wp--preset--color--luminous-vivid-orange: #ff6900;--wp--preset--color--luminous-vivid-amber: #fcb900;--wp--preset--color--light-green-cyan: #7bdcb5;--wp--preset--color--vivid-green-cyan: #00d084;--wp--preset--color--pale-cyan-blue: #8ed1fc;--wp--preset--color--vivid-cyan-blue: #0693e3;--wp--preset--color--vivid-purple: #9b51e0;--wp--preset--gradient--vivid-cyan-blue-to-vivid-purple: linear-gradient(135deg,rgba(6,147,227,1) 0%,rgb(155,81,224) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--light-green-cyan-to-vivid-green-cyan: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(122,220,180) 0%,rgb(0,208,130) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--luminous-vivid-amber-to-luminous-vivid-orange: linear-gradient(135deg,rgba(252,185,0,1) 0%,rgba(255,105,0,1) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--luminous-vivid-orange-to-vivid-red: linear-gradient(135deg,rgba(255,105,0,1) 0%,rgb(207,46,46) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--very-light-gray-to-cyan-bluish-gray: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(238,238,238) 0%,rgb(169,184,195) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--cool-to-warm-spectrum: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(74,234,220) 0%,rgb(151,120,209) 20%,rgb(207,42,186) 40%,rgb(238,44,130) 60%,rgb(251,105,98) 80%,rgb(254,248,76) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--blush-light-purple: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(255,206,236) 0%,rgb(152,150,240) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--blush-bordeaux: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(254,205,165) 0%,rgb(254,45,45) 50%,rgb(107,0,62) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--luminous-dusk: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(255,203,112) 0%,rgb(199,81,192) 50%,rgb(65,88,208) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--pale-ocean: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(255,245,203) 0%,rgb(182,227,212) 50%,rgb(51,167,181) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--electric-grass: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(202,248,128) 0%,rgb(113,206,126) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--midnight: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(2,3,129) 0%,rgb(40,116,252) 100%);--wp--preset--font-size--small: 13px;--wp--preset--font-size--medium: 20px;--wp--preset--font-size--large: 36px;--wp--preset--font-size--x-large: 42px;--wp--preset--spacing--20: 0.44rem;--wp--preset--spacing--30: 0.67rem;--wp--preset--spacing--40: 1rem;--wp--preset--spacing--50: 1.5rem;--wp--preset--spacing--60: 2.25rem;--wp--preset--spacing--70: 3.38rem;--wp--preset--spacing--80: 5.06rem;--wp--preset--shadow--natural: 6px 6px 9px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.2);--wp--preset--shadow--deep: 12px 12px 50px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.4);--wp--preset--shadow--sharp: 6px 6px 0px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.2);--wp--preset--shadow--outlined: 6px 6px 0px -3px rgba(255, 255, 255, 1), 6px 6px rgba(0, 0, 0, 1);--wp--preset--shadow--crisp: 6px 6px 0px rgba(0, 0, 0, 1);}:where(.is-layout-flex){gap: 0.5em;}:where(.is-layout-grid){gap: 0.5em;}body .is-layout-flex{display: flex;}.is-layout-flex{flex-wrap: wrap;align-items: center;}.is-layout-flex > :is(*, div){margin: 0;}body .is-layout-grid{display: grid;}.is-layout-grid > :is(*, div){margin: 0;}:where(.wp-block-columns.is-layout-flex){gap: 2em;}:where(.wp-block-columns.is-layout-grid){gap: 2em;}:where(.wp-block-post-template.is-layout-flex){gap: 1.25em;}:where(.wp-block-post-template.is-layout-grid){gap: 1.25em;}.has-black-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--black) !important;}.has-cyan-bluish-gray-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--cyan-bluish-gray) !important;}.has-white-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--white) !important;}.has-pale-pink-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--pale-pink) !important;}.has-vivid-red-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-red) !important;}.has-luminous-vivid-orange-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--luminous-vivid-orange) !important;}.has-luminous-vivid-amber-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--luminous-vivid-amber) !important;}.has-light-green-cyan-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--light-green-cyan) !important;}.has-vivid-green-cyan-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-green-cyan) !important;}.has-pale-cyan-blue-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--pale-cyan-blue) !important;}.has-vivid-cyan-blue-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-cyan-blue) !important;}.has-vivid-purple-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-purple) !important;}.has-black-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--black) !important;}.has-cyan-bluish-gray-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--cyan-bluish-gray) !important;}.has-white-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--white) !important;}.has-pale-pink-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--pale-pink) !important;}.has-vivid-red-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-red) !important;}.has-luminous-vivid-orange-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--luminous-vivid-orange) !important;}.has-luminous-vivid-amber-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--luminous-vivid-amber) !important;}.has-light-green-cyan-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--light-green-cyan) !important;}.has-vivid-green-cyan-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-green-cyan) !important;}.has-pale-cyan-blue-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--pale-cyan-blue) !important;}.has-vivid-cyan-blue-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-cyan-blue) !important;}.has-vivid-purple-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-purple) !important;}.has-black-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--black) !important;}.has-cyan-bluish-gray-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--cyan-bluish-gray) !important;}.has-white-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--white) !important;}.has-pale-pink-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--pale-pink) !important;}.has-vivid-red-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-red) !important;}.has-luminous-vivid-orange-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--luminous-vivid-orange) !important;}.has-luminous-vivid-amber-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--luminous-vivid-amber) !important;}.has-light-green-cyan-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--light-green-cyan) !important;}.has-vivid-green-cyan-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-green-cyan) !important;}.has-pale-cyan-blue-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--pale-cyan-blue) !important;}.has-vivid-cyan-blue-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-cyan-blue) !important;}.has-vivid-purple-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-purple) !important;}.has-vivid-cyan-blue-to-vivid-purple-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--vivid-cyan-blue-to-vivid-purple) !important;}.has-light-green-cyan-to-vivid-green-cyan-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--light-green-cyan-to-vivid-green-cyan) !important;}.has-luminous-vivid-amber-to-luminous-vivid-orange-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--luminous-vivid-amber-to-luminous-vivid-orange) !important;}.has-luminous-vivid-orange-to-vivid-red-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--luminous-vivid-orange-to-vivid-red) !important;}.has-very-light-gray-to-cyan-bluish-gray-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--very-light-gray-to-cyan-bluish-gray) !important;}.has-cool-to-warm-spectrum-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--cool-to-warm-spectrum) !important;}.has-blush-light-purple-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--blush-light-purple) !important;}.has-blush-bordeaux-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--blush-bordeaux) !important;}.has-luminous-dusk-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--luminous-dusk) !important;}.has-pale-ocean-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--pale-ocean) !important;}.has-electric-grass-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--electric-grass) !important;}.has-midnight-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--midnight) !important;}.has-small-font-size{font-size: var(--wp--preset--font-size--small) !important;}.has-medium-font-size{font-size: var(--wp--preset--font-size--medium) !important;}.has-large-font-size{font-size: var(--wp--preset--font-size--large) !important;}.has-x-large-font-size{font-size: var(--wp--preset--font-size--x-large) !important;} :where(.wp-block-post-template.is-layout-flex){gap: 1.25em;}:where(.wp-block-post-template.is-layout-grid){gap: 1.25em;} :where(.wp-block-columns.is-layout-flex){gap: 2em;}:where(.wp-block-columns.is-layout-grid){gap: 2em;} :root :where(.wp-block-pullquote){font-size: 1.5em;line-height: 1.6;} </style> <script src='//innovate.ieee.org/wp-content/cache/wpfc-minified/lmm6785a/fjoue.js' type="text/javascript"></script>   <script type="text/javascript" id="spotlight_script-js-extra"> /* <![CDATA[ */ var spotlight = {"nonce":"a121a4bd6e","ajax_url":"https:\/\/innovate.ieee.org\/wp-admin\/admin-ajax.php","query":{"page":"","pagename":"sitemap"}}; /* ]]> */ </script> <script src='//innovate.ieee.org/wp-content/cache/wpfc-minified/l1ys9dqf/fjoue.js' type="text/javascript"></script>     <script type="text/javascript" id="ieee_main-js-extra"> /* <![CDATA[ */ var ajax_object = {"ajax_url":"https:\/\/innovate.ieee.org\/wp-admin\/admin-ajax.php"}; /* ]]> */ </script> <script src='//innovate.ieee.org/wp-content/cache/wpfc-minified/17i6a38/fjoue.js' type="text/javascript"></script>  <script type="text/javascript" id="learn_more-js-extra"> /* <![CDATA[ */ var ajax_object = {"ajax_url":"https:\/\/innovate.ieee.org\/wp-admin\/admin-ajax.php"}; /* ]]> */ </script> <script src='//innovate.ieee.org/wp-content/cache/wpfc-minified/7o03f8s4/fjoue.js' type="text/javascript"></script>  <script></script><link rel="https://api.w.org/" href="https://innovate.ieee.org/wp-json/" /><link rel="alternate" title="JSON" type="application/json" href="https://innovate.ieee.org/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/311" /><link rel="EditURI" type="application/rsd+xml" title="RSD" href="https://innovate.ieee.org/xmlrpc.php?rsd" /> <link rel='shortlink' href='https://innovate.ieee.org/?p=311' /> <link rel="alternate" title="oEmbed (JSON)" type="application/json+oembed" href="https://innovate.ieee.org/wp-json/oembed/1.0/embed?url=https%3A%2F%2Finnovate.ieee.org%2Fsitemap%2F" /> <link rel="alternate" title="oEmbed (XML)" type="text/xml+oembed" href="https://innovate.ieee.org/wp-json/oembed/1.0/embed?url=https%3A%2F%2Finnovate.ieee.org%2Fsitemap%2F&format=xml" />   <script> "use strict"; !function() { var t = window.driftt = window.drift = window.driftt || []; if (!t.init) { if (t.invoked) return void (window.console && console.error && console.error("Drift snippet included twice.")); t.invoked = !0, t.methods = [ "identify", "config", "track", "reset", "debug", "show", "ping", "page", "hide", "off", "on" ], t.factory = function(e) { return function() { var n = Array.prototype.slice.call(arguments); return n.unshift(e), t.push(n), t; }; }, t.methods.forEach(function(e) { t[e] = t.factory(e); }), t.load = function(t) { var e = 3e5, n = Math.ceil(new Date() / e) * e, o = document.createElement("script"); o.type = "text/javascript", o.async = !0, o.crossorigin = "anonymous", o.src = "https://js.driftt.com/include/" + n + "/" + t + ".js"; var i = document.getElementsByTagName("script")[0]; i.parentNode.insertBefore(o, i); }; } }(); drift.SNIPPET_VERSION = '0.3.1'; drift.load('ebhzhv7ixcwa'); </script>   <script type="text/javascript"> var clicky_custom = clicky_custom || {}; clicky_custom.outbound_pattern = ['/go/','/out/']; </script> <script async src="//static.getclicky.com/101151160.js"></script>   <meta name="generator" content="Powered by WPBakery Page Builder - drag and drop page builder for WordPress."/> <style type="text/css" id="wp-custom-css"> #view-article { display: none!important; visibility: hidden!important; } </style> <noscript><style> .wpb_animate_when_almost_visible { opacity: 1; }</style></noscript> </head> <body class="page-template-default page page-id-311 wpb-js-composer js-comp-ver-7.9 vc_responsive">   <noscript><iframe src="https://www.googletagmanager.com/ns.html?id=GTM-WLQKCLD" height="0" width="0" style="display:none;visibility:hidden"></iframe></noscript>   <noscript><iframe src="https://www.googletagmanager.com/ns.html?id=GTM-KKPCDLN" height="0" width="0" style="display:none;visibility:hidden"></iframe></noscript>  <header class="new-header-home"> <section id="top-bar"> <div class="container"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-9 hidden-sm-down"> <ul class="nav top-bar"> <li class="nav-item"><a class="nav-link" href="http://www.ieee.org/" target="_blank" title="IEEE.org">IEEE.org</a></li> <li class="nav-item"><a class="nav-link" href="http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/Xplore/guesthome.jsp" target="_blank" title="IEEE Xplore Digital Library">IEEE <i>Xplore</i> Digital Library</a></li> <li class="nav-item"><a class="nav-link" href="http://standards.ieee.org/" target="_blank" title="IEEE Standards">IEEE Standards</a></li> <li class="nav-item"><a class="nav-link" href="http://spectrum.ieee.org/" target="_blank" title="IEEE Spectrum">IEEE Spectrum</a></li> <li class="nav-item"><a class="nav-link" href="http://www.ieee.org/sitemap.html" target="_blank" title="More Sites">More Sites</a></li> </ul>  </div>  <div class="col-sm-12 col-md-3"> <ul class="nav social float-right"> <li class="nav-item"><a class="social-link linkedin" href="https://www.linkedin.com/showcase/ieee-xplore" target="_blank" title="LinkedIn"><i class="fa-brands fa-linkedin-in" aria-hidden="true"></i></a></li> <li class="nav-item"><a class="social-link facebook" href="https://www.facebook.com/IEEEXploreDigitalLibrary/" target="_blank" title="Facebook"><i class="fa-brands fa-facebook-f" aria-hidden="true"></i></a></li> <li class="nav-item"><a class="social-link instagram" href="https://www.instagram.com/ieeexplore_org/" target="_blank" title="Instagram"><i class="fa-brands fa-instagram" aria-hidden="true"></i></a></li> <li class="nav-item"><a class="social-link twitter" href="https://twitter.com/IEEEXplore/" target="_blank" title="Twitter"><i class="fa-brands fa-x-twitter" aria-hidden="true"></i></a></li> <li class="nav-item"><a class="social-link youtube" href="https://www.youtube.com/c/ieeexploredigitallibrary" target="_blank" title="YouTube"><i class="fa-brands fa-youtube" aria-hidden="true"></i></a></li> </ul>  </div>  </div>  </div>  </section>  <section id="masthead"> <div class="container"> <div class="row top-secondry-logosec"> <div class="col-sm-12 col-md-9"> <a class="logo" href="https://innovate.ieee.org" title="IEEE Xplore Digital Library"><img src="https://innovate.ieee.org/wp-content/themes/ieee-innovate/img/ieee-xplore-newtag-logo2x.png" alt="IEEE Xplore Logo"></a> </div>  <div class="col-md-3 hidden-sm-down"> <a href="https://www.ieee.org/" target="_blank" title="IEEE"><img class="logo float-right" src="https://innovate.ieee.org/wp-content/themes/ieee-innovate/img/ieee-logo2x.png" alt="IEEE Logo"></a> </div>  </div>  <div class="row h-100-new"> <div class="col-12"> <nav class="navbar navbar-toggleable-md navbar-light lt-grey-bg p-0"> <button class="navbar-toggler" type="button" data-toggle="collapse" data-target="#mobile-menu" aria-controls="mobile-menu" aria-expanded="false" aria-label="Toggle navigation"> <span class="navbar-toggler-icon"></span> </button>  <div id="mobile-menu" class="collapse navbar-collapse"><ul id="menu-main-menu" class="navbar-nav mr-auto"><li itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://www.schema.org/SiteNavigationElement" id="menu-item-287" class="megamenu menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-has-children menu-item-287 nav-item dropdown"><a title="Browse by Content" href="#" data-toggle="dropdown" aria-haspopup="true" aria-expanded="false" class="dropdown-toggle nav-link" id="menu-item-dropdown-287">Browse by Content</a> <ul role="menu" class=" dropdown-menu" aria-labelledby="menu-item-dropdown-287"> <li itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://www.schema.org/SiteNavigationElement" id="menu-item-2182" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-post menu-item-has-children menu-item-2182 nav-item category-academic category-product-detail dropdown"><a title="IEEE Journals & Conference Proceedings" href="https://innovate.ieee.org/ieee-journals-conference-proceedings/" class="dropdown-item">IEEE Journals & Conferences</a> <ul role="menu" class=" dropdown-menu" aria-labelledby="menu-item-dropdown-287"> <li itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://www.schema.org/SiteNavigationElement" id="menu-item-2185" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-post menu-item-2185 nav-item category-academic category-corporations category-government category-individuals category-product-detail"><a title="IEEE/IET Electronic Library" href="https://innovate.ieee.org/ieee-electronic-library-iel/" class="dropdown-item">IEEE Electronic Library</a></li> <li itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://www.schema.org/SiteNavigationElement" id="menu-item-2184" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-post menu-item-2184 nav-item category-academic category-corporations category-government category-individuals category-product-detail"><a title="IEEE All-Society Periodicals Package" href="https://innovate.ieee.org/ieee-all-society-periodicals-package-aspp/" class="dropdown-item">IEEE All-Society Periodicals Package</a></li> <li itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://www.schema.org/SiteNavigationElement" id="menu-item-2187" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-post menu-item-2187 nav-item category-academic category-corporations category-government category-individuals category-product-detail"><a title="IEEE Proceedings Order Plans" href="https://innovate.ieee.org/ieee-proceedings-order-plans-pop-and-pop-all/" class="dropdown-item">IEEE Proceedings Order Plans</a></li> <li itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://www.schema.org/SiteNavigationElement" id="menu-item-2186" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-post menu-item-2186 nav-item category-academic category-corporations category-government category-individuals category-product-detail"><a title="IEEE Conference Proceedings Archive" href="https://innovate.ieee.org/ieee-conference-proceedings-archive/" class="dropdown-item">IEEE Conference Proceedings Archive</a></li> <li itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://www.schema.org/SiteNavigationElement" id="menu-item-2189" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-post menu-item-2189 nav-item category-corporations category-government category-individuals category-product-detail"><a title="IEEE Journals Library Plus" href="https://innovate.ieee.org/ieee-journals-library-plus/" class="dropdown-item">IEEE Journals Library Plus</a></li> <li itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://www.schema.org/SiteNavigationElement" id="menu-item-2188" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-post menu-item-2188 nav-item category-academic category-corporations category-government"><a title="IEEE Journals Archive" href="https://innovate.ieee.org/ieee-journals-archive/" class="dropdown-item">IEEE Journals Archive</a></li> <li itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://www.schema.org/SiteNavigationElement" id="menu-item-2190" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-post menu-item-2190 nav-item category-corporations category-government category-individuals category-product-detail"><a title="IEEE Conference Library Plus" href="https://innovate.ieee.org/ieee-conference-library-plus/" class="dropdown-item">IEEE Conference Library Plus</a></li> <li itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://www.schema.org/SiteNavigationElement" id="menu-item-2191" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-post menu-item-2191 nav-item category-corporations category-government category-individuals category-product-detail"><a title="IEEE Communications Library" href="https://innovate.ieee.org/ieee-communications-library/" class="dropdown-item">IEEE Communications Library</a></li> <li itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://www.schema.org/SiteNavigationElement" id="menu-item-2192" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-post menu-item-2192 nav-item category-corporations category-government category-individuals category-product-category"><a title="IEEE Enterprise" href="https://innovate.ieee.org/ieee-enterprise/" class="dropdown-item">IEEE Enterprise</a></li> <li itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://www.schema.org/SiteNavigationElement" id="menu-item-2193" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-post menu-item-2193 nav-item category-corporations category-government category-individuals category-product-detail"><a title="IEEE Power & Energy Library" href="https://innovate.ieee.org/ieee-power-energy-library/" class="dropdown-item">IEEE Power & Energy Library</a></li> </ul> </li> <li itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://www.schema.org/SiteNavigationElement" id="menu-item-2183" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-post menu-item-has-children menu-item-2183 nav-item category-product-detail dropdown"><a title="IEEE Standards" href="https://innovate.ieee.org/subscriptions-for-ieee-standards-and-related-content/" class="dropdown-item">IEEE Standards</a> <ul role="menu" class=" dropdown-menu" aria-labelledby="menu-item-dropdown-287"> <li itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://www.schema.org/SiteNavigationElement" id="menu-item-2194" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-post menu-item-2194 nav-item category-academic category-corporations category-government category-individuals category-product-category"><a title="IEEE Standards Online Collections" href="https://innovate.ieee.org/ieee-standards-online-collections/" class="dropdown-item">IEEE Standards Online Collections</a></li> <li itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://www.schema.org/SiteNavigationElement" id="menu-item-2195" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-post menu-item-2195 nav-item category-academic category-corporations category-government category-product-detail"><a title="IEEE Standards Select" href="https://innovate.ieee.org/ieee-standards-select/" class="dropdown-item">IEEE Standards Select</a></li> <li itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://www.schema.org/SiteNavigationElement" id="menu-item-8428" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-post menu-item-8428 nav-item category-corporations category-government category-individuals category-product-detail"><a title="National Electrical Safety Code® (NESC®) 2023" href="https://innovate.ieee.org/national-electrical-safety-code-2023-2/" class="dropdown-item">National Electrical Safety Code® (NESC®) 2023</a></li> <li itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://www.schema.org/SiteNavigationElement" id="menu-item-2196" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-post menu-item-2196 nav-item category-academic category-corporations category-government category-product-detail"><a title="IEEE Smart Grid Research" href="https://innovate.ieee.org/ieee-smart-grid-research/" class="dropdown-item">IEEE Smart Grid Research</a></li> <li itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://www.schema.org/SiteNavigationElement" id="menu-item-2197" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-post menu-item-2197 nav-item category-academic category-corporations category-government category-individuals category-product-detail"><a title="IEEE Synchrophasor TSS" href="https://innovate.ieee.org/ieee-synchrophasor-measurement-test-suite-specification-tss/" class="dropdown-item">IEEE Synchrophasor TSS</a></li> <li itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://www.schema.org/SiteNavigationElement" id="menu-item-593" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-593 nav-item"><a title="IEEE Technology Report on Wake-Up Radio" href="http://forms1.ieee.org/Wake-Up-Radio-tech-report.html" class="dropdown-item">IEEE Technology Report on Wake-Up Radio</a></li> </ul> </li> <li itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://www.schema.org/SiteNavigationElement" id="menu-item-2198" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-post menu-item-has-children menu-item-2198 nav-item category-academic category-corporations category-government category-individuals category-product-category dropdown"><a title="Educational Resources" href="https://innovate.ieee.org/educational-resources/" class="dropdown-item">Educational Resources</a> <ul role="menu" class=" dropdown-menu" aria-labelledby="menu-item-dropdown-287"> <li itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://www.schema.org/SiteNavigationElement" id="menu-item-2200" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-post menu-item-2200 nav-item category-academic category-corporations category-government category-individuals category-product-detail"><a title="IEEE eLearning Library" href="https://innovate.ieee.org/ieee-elearning-library/" class="dropdown-item">IEEE eLearning Library</a></li> <li itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://www.schema.org/SiteNavigationElement" id="menu-item-4606" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-post menu-item-4606 nav-item category-academic category-corporations category-government category-individuals category-product-detail"><a title="IEEE eLearning Library Course Programs" href="https://innovate.ieee.org/ieee-elearning-library-course-series-and-programs/" class="dropdown-item">IEEE eLearning Library Course Programs</a></li> <li itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://www.schema.org/SiteNavigationElement" id="menu-item-4603" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-post menu-item-4603 nav-item category-academic category-corporations category-government category-individuals category-product-detail"><a title="IEEE English for Technical Professionals™" href="https://innovate.ieee.org/ieee-english-for-technical-professionals/" class="dropdown-item">IEEE English for Technical Professionals™</a></li> <li itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://www.schema.org/SiteNavigationElement" id="menu-item-5332" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-post menu-item-5332 nav-item category-academic category-corporations category-government category-individuals category-product-detail"><a title="IEEE Resource Centers for Institutions" href="https://innovate.ieee.org/ieee-resource-centers/" class="dropdown-item">IEEE Resource Centers for Institutions</a></li> <li itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://www.schema.org/SiteNavigationElement" id="menu-item-8408" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-post menu-item-8408 nav-item category-academic category-carousel category-corporations category-government category-individuals category-product-detail"><a title="IEEE Professional Development Suite" href="https://innovate.ieee.org/ieee-professional-development-suite/" class="dropdown-item">IEEE Professional Development Suite</a></li> <li itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://www.schema.org/SiteNavigationElement" id="menu-item-4609" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-post menu-item-4609 nav-item category-academic category-corporations category-government category-individuals category-product-detail"><a title="IEEE | Rutgers Online Mini-MBA for Engineers" href="https://innovate.ieee.org/rutgers-mini-mba-for-engineers/" class="dropdown-item">IEEE | Rutgers Online Mini-MBA for Engineers</a></li> <li itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://www.schema.org/SiteNavigationElement" id="menu-item-8406" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-post menu-item-8406 nav-item category-academic category-corporations category-government category-individuals category-product-detail"><a title="IEEE Leading Technical Teams" href="https://innovate.ieee.org/leading-technical-teams/" class="dropdown-item">IEEE Leading Technical Teams</a></li> <li itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://www.schema.org/SiteNavigationElement" id="menu-item-8405" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-post menu-item-8405 nav-item category-home-page-blog category-academic category-corporations category-government category-individuals category-product-detail"><a title="Intensive Wireless Communications Course Series" href="https://innovate.ieee.org/intensive-wireless-communications-course/" class="dropdown-item">Intensive Wireless Communications Course Series</a></li> <li itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://www.schema.org/SiteNavigationElement" id="menu-item-8407" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-post menu-item-8407 nav-item category-academic category-corporations category-government category-individuals category-product-detail"><a title="Advanced Topics in Wireless Course Series" href="https://innovate.ieee.org/advanced-topics-in-wireless-course/" class="dropdown-item">Advanced Topics in Wireless Course Series</a></li> <li itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://www.schema.org/SiteNavigationElement" id="menu-item-8394" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-post menu-item-8394 nav-item category-home-page-article category-academic category-corporations category-government category-individuals category-product-detail"><a title="IEEE CertifAIEd™ Assessor Training Program" href="https://innovate.ieee.org/ieee-certifaied/" class="dropdown-item">IEEE CertifAIEd™ Assessor Training Program</a></li> <li itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://www.schema.org/SiteNavigationElement" id="menu-item-4608" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-4608 nav-item"><a title="Mars Space Colony: A Game of Standardization" href="http://forms1.ieee.org/Mars-Space-Colony-Standards-Game.html?LT=LG_WB__LM_Innovate_HP_Mars_Space_Top_Nav" class="dropdown-item">Mars Space Colony: A Game of Standardization</a></li> </ul> </li> <li itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://www.schema.org/SiteNavigationElement" id="menu-item-2203" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-post menu-item-has-children menu-item-2203 nav-item category-academic category-corporations category-government category-individuals category-product-category dropdown"><a title="eBooks Collections" href="https://innovate.ieee.org/ebook-collections/" class="dropdown-item">eBooks</a> <ul role="menu" class=" dropdown-menu" aria-labelledby="menu-item-dropdown-287"> <li itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://www.schema.org/SiteNavigationElement" id="menu-item-4535" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-post menu-item-4535 nav-item category-academic category-corporations category-government category-product-detail"><a title="Artech House eBooks Library" href="https://innovate.ieee.org/artech-house-ebooks/" class="dropdown-item">Artech House eBooks Library</a></li> <li itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://www.schema.org/SiteNavigationElement" id="menu-item-8456" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-post menu-item-8456 nav-item category-academic category-corporations category-government category-product-detail"><a title="De Gruyter AI & Data Science eBooks Library" href="https://innovate.ieee.org/degruyter-ebooks-library/" class="dropdown-item">De Gruyter AI & Data Science eBooks Library</a></li> <li itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://www.schema.org/SiteNavigationElement" id="menu-item-2204" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-post menu-item-2204 nav-item category-academic category-corporations category-government category-product-detail"><a title="IEEE-Wiley eBooks Library" href="https://innovate.ieee.org/ieee-wiley-ebooks-library/" class="dropdown-item">IEEE-Wiley eBooks Library</a></li> <li itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://www.schema.org/SiteNavigationElement" id="menu-item-7505" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-post menu-item-7505 nav-item category-academic category-government category-product-detail"><a title="Manning eBooks Library" href="https://innovate.ieee.org/manning-ebooks-library/" class="dropdown-item">Manning eBooks Library</a></li> <li itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://www.schema.org/SiteNavigationElement" id="menu-item-2205" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-post menu-item-2205 nav-item category-academic category-corporations category-government category-individuals category-product-detail"><a title="MIT Press eBooks Library" href="https://innovate.ieee.org/mit-press-ebooks-library-the-computing-engineering-collection/" class="dropdown-item">MIT Press eBooks Library</a></li> <li itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://www.schema.org/SiteNavigationElement" id="menu-item-2206" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-post menu-item-2206 nav-item category-academic category-corporations category-government category-individuals category-product-detail"><a title="Now Publishers Foundations & Trends® Technology eBooks" href="https://innovate.ieee.org/now-publishers-foundations-and-trends-technology-ebooks/" class="dropdown-item">Now Publishers Foundations & Trends® Technology eBooks</a></li> <li itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://www.schema.org/SiteNavigationElement" id="menu-item-7506" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-post menu-item-7506 nav-item category-academic category-corporations category-government category-product-detail"><a title="Packt eBooks Library" href="https://innovate.ieee.org/packt-ebooks-library/" class="dropdown-item">Packt eBooks Library</a></li> <li itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://www.schema.org/SiteNavigationElement" id="menu-item-5744" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-post menu-item-5744 nav-item category-academic category-corporations category-government category-product-detail"><a title="Princeton University Press eBooks Library" href="https://innovate.ieee.org/princeton-university-press-ebooks/" class="dropdown-item">Princeton University Press eBooks Library</a></li> <li itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://www.schema.org/SiteNavigationElement" id="menu-item-5006" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-post menu-item-5006 nav-item category-academic category-corporations category-government category-product-detail"><a title="River Publishers eBooks Library" href="https://innovate.ieee.org/river-publishers-ebooks/" class="dropdown-item">River Publishers eBooks Library</a></li> <li itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://www.schema.org/SiteNavigationElement" id="menu-item-4537" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-post menu-item-4537 nav-item category-academic category-corporations category-government category-individuals category-product-detail"><a title="SAE eBooks Library" href="https://innovate.ieee.org/sae-ebooks/" class="dropdown-item">SAE eBooks Library</a></li> <li itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://www.schema.org/SiteNavigationElement" id="menu-item-6429" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-post menu-item-6429 nav-item category-academic category-corporations category-government category-product-detail"><a title="Wiley Data and Cybersecurity eBooks Library" href="https://innovate.ieee.org/wiley-datasecurity-ebooks-library/" class="dropdown-item">Wiley Data and Cybersecurity eBooks Library</a></li> <li itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://www.schema.org/SiteNavigationElement" id="menu-item-8393" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-post menu-item-8393 nav-item category-academic category-corporations category-government category-product-detail"><a title="Wiley Semiconductors eBooks Library" href="https://innovate.ieee.org/wiley-semiconductors-ebooks-library/" class="dropdown-item">Wiley Semiconductors eBooks Library</a></li> <li itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://www.schema.org/SiteNavigationElement" id="menu-item-2207" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-post menu-item-2207 nav-item category-academic category-corporations category-government category-product-detail"><a title="IEEE-Wiley Telecommunications eBooks Library" href="https://innovate.ieee.org/wiley-telecommunications-ebooks-library/" class="dropdown-item">Wiley Telecommunications eBooks Library</a></li> <li itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://www.schema.org/SiteNavigationElement" id="menu-item-5389" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-post menu-item-5389 nav-item category-academic category-blog-category category-content category-corporations category-government category-product-detail"><a title="2024 eBook Frontlists" href="https://innovate.ieee.org/tentative-ebook-frontlists/" class="dropdown-item">2024 eBook Frontlists</a></li> </ul> </li> <li itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://www.schema.org/SiteNavigationElement" id="menu-item-2202" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-post menu-item-has-children menu-item-2202 nav-item category-academic category-corporations category-government category-individuals category-product-detail dropdown"><a title="Partner Content in IEEE Xplore" href="https://innovate.ieee.org/partner-content-in-ieee-xplore/" class="dropdown-item">Partner Content in IEEE <i>Xplore</i></a> <ul role="menu" class=" dropdown-menu" aria-labelledby="menu-item-dropdown-287"> <li itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://www.schema.org/SiteNavigationElement" id="menu-item-2208" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-post menu-item-2208 nav-item category-academic category-corporations category-government category-individuals category-product-category"><a title="MIT Press Journals Library—Computing & Engineering Collection" href="https://innovate.ieee.org/mit-press-journals-library-computing-engineering-collection/" class="dropdown-item">MIT Press Journals Library—Computing & Engineering Collection</a></li> <li itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://www.schema.org/SiteNavigationElement" id="menu-item-2211" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-post menu-item-2211 nav-item category-academic category-corporations category-government category-individuals category-product-detail"><a title="IBM Journal of Research & Development" href="https://innovate.ieee.org/ibm-journal-of-research-and-development/" class="dropdown-item">IBM Journal of Research & Development Archive</a></li> <li itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://www.schema.org/SiteNavigationElement" id="menu-item-2213" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-post menu-item-2213 nav-item category-academic category-corporations category-government category-individuals category-product-category category-product-detail"><a title="Bell Labs Technical Journal" href="https://innovate.ieee.org/bell-labs-technical-journal-archive/" class="dropdown-item">Bell Labs Technical Journal</a></li> <li itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://www.schema.org/SiteNavigationElement" id="menu-item-2214" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-post menu-item-2214 nav-item category-academic category-corporations category-government category-individuals category-product-detail"><a title="CABA Smart Grid Study" href="https://innovate.ieee.org/caba-impact-of-smart-grid-on-connected-homes-landmark-research-study/" class="dropdown-item">CABA Smart Grid Study</a></li> </ul> </li> <li itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://www.schema.org/SiteNavigationElement" id="menu-item-6296" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-post menu-item-has-children menu-item-6296 nav-item category-academic dropdown"><a title="Discovery & Analytics Solutions" href="https://innovate.ieee.org/discovery-solutions-for-industry/" class="dropdown-item">Discovery & Analytics Solutions</a> <ul role="menu" class=" dropdown-menu" aria-labelledby="menu-item-dropdown-287"> <li itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://www.schema.org/SiteNavigationElement" id="menu-item-6297" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-post menu-item-6297 nav-item category-corporations category-government category-product-detail"><a title="IEEE DiscoveryPoint for Communications™" href="https://innovate.ieee.org/ieee-discoverypoint-for-communications/" class="dropdown-item">IEEE DiscoveryPoint for Communications™</a></li> <li itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://www.schema.org/SiteNavigationElement" id="menu-item-7483" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-post menu-item-7483 nav-item category-academic category-corporations category-government category-individuals category-product-detail"><a title="National TransportationData & Analytics Solution" href="https://innovate.ieee.org/ntdas/" class="dropdown-item">National Transportation<br>Data & Analytics Solution</a></li> <li itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://www.schema.org/SiteNavigationElement" id="menu-item-8392" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-post menu-item-8392 nav-item category-home-page-featured-blog category-academic category-corporations category-government category-product-detail"><a title="IEEE 5G/6G Innovation Testbed™ (Beta)" href="https://innovate.ieee.org/ieee_5g_6g_innovation_testbed/" class="dropdown-item">IEEE 5G/6G Innovation Testbed™ (Beta)</a></li> </ul> </li> <li itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://www.schema.org/SiteNavigationElement" id="menu-item-2215" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-post menu-item-has-children menu-item-2215 nav-item category-academic category-corporations category-government category-highlight category-individuals dropdown"><a title="Open Science Solutions" href="https://innovate.ieee.org/open-science-solutions/" class="dropdown-item">Open Science Solutions</a> <ul role="menu" class=" dropdown-menu" aria-labelledby="menu-item-dropdown-287"> <li itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://www.schema.org/SiteNavigationElement" id="menu-item-3911" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-post menu-item-3911 nav-item category-academic category-corporations category-government category-individuals category-product-category category-product-detail"><a title="Code Ocean" href="https://innovate.ieee.org/ieee-code-ocean/" class="dropdown-item">Code Ocean</a></li> <li itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://www.schema.org/SiteNavigationElement" id="menu-item-5821" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-5821 nav-item"><a title="IEEE DataPort™" href="https://forms1.ieee.org/IEEE-DataPort.html?LT=LG_WB__LM_Innovate_HP_IEEE_DataPort_Top_Nav" class="dropdown-item">IEEE <i>DataPort</i>™</a></li> <li itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://www.schema.org/SiteNavigationElement" id="menu-item-4705" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-post menu-item-4705 nav-item category-academic category-corporations category-government category-individuals category-product-detail"><a title="TechRxiv™" href="https://innovate.ieee.org/techrxiv/" class="dropdown-item">TechRxiv™</a></li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://www.schema.org/SiteNavigationElement" id="menu-item-297" class="megamenu menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-has-children menu-item-297 nav-item dropdown"><a title="Subscription Options" href="#" data-toggle="dropdown" aria-haspopup="true" aria-expanded="false" class="dropdown-toggle nav-link" id="menu-item-dropdown-297">Subscription Options</a> <ul role="menu" class=" dropdown-menu" aria-labelledby="menu-item-dropdown-297"> <li itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://www.schema.org/SiteNavigationElement" id="menu-item-2808" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-2808 nav-item"><a title="Subscribe" href="/subscriptions-options/?LT=LG_WB__LM_Innovate_HP_Subscription_Options_Top_Nav" class="dropdown-item">Subscribe</a></li> <li itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://www.schema.org/SiteNavigationElement" id="menu-item-2218" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-post menu-item-2218 nav-item category-academic category-article-overview category-subscription-option"><a title="Academia" href="https://innovate.ieee.org/ieee-xplore-for-academia/" class="dropdown-item">Academia</a></li> <li itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://www.schema.org/SiteNavigationElement" id="menu-item-2219" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-post menu-item-2219 nav-item category-article-overview category-corporations category-subscription-option"><a title="Corporations" href="https://innovate.ieee.org/ieee-xplore-for-corporations-work-groups/" class="dropdown-item">Corporations</a></li> <li itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://www.schema.org/SiteNavigationElement" id="menu-item-2220" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-post menu-item-2220 nav-item category-article-overview category-government category-subscription-option"><a title="Government" href="https://innovate.ieee.org/ieee-xplore-for-government/" class="dropdown-item">Government</a></li> <li itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://www.schema.org/SiteNavigationElement" id="menu-item-2221" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-post menu-item-2221 nav-item category-article-overview category-individuals category-subscription-option"><a title="Individuals" href="https://innovate.ieee.org/ieee-xplore-for-individuals/" class="dropdown-item">Individuals</a></li> </ul> </li> <li itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://www.schema.org/SiteNavigationElement" id="menu-item-298" class="megamenu menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-has-children menu-item-298 nav-item dropdown"><a title="About" href="#" data-toggle="dropdown" aria-haspopup="true" aria-expanded="false" class="dropdown-toggle nav-link" id="menu-item-dropdown-298">About</a> <ul role="menu" class=" dropdown-menu" aria-labelledby="menu-item-dropdown-298"> <li itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://www.schema.org/SiteNavigationElement" id="menu-item-4308" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-4308 nav-item"><a title="About IEEE Xplore" href="https://innovate.ieee.org/about-the-ieee-xplore-digital-library/" class="dropdown-item">About IEEE <i>Xplore</i></a></li> <li itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://www.schema.org/SiteNavigationElement" id="menu-item-2223" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-post menu-item-2223 nav-item category-corporations category-highlight category-individuals"><a title="Content by Industry" href="https://innovate.ieee.org/content-by-industry/" class="dropdown-item">Content by Industry</a></li> <li itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://www.schema.org/SiteNavigationElement" id="menu-item-2224" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-post menu-item-2224 nav-item category-corporations category-featured-content-academic category-featured-content-corporations category-featured-content-government category-featured-content-individuals category-government category-highlight category-individuals"><a title="Customer Success Stories" href="https://innovate.ieee.org/customer-success-stories/" class="dropdown-item">Customer Success Stories</a></li> </ul> </li> <li itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://www.schema.org/SiteNavigationElement" id="menu-item-299" class="megamenu menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-has-children menu-item-299 nav-item dropdown"><a title="Resources" href="#" data-toggle="dropdown" aria-haspopup="true" aria-expanded="false" class="dropdown-toggle nav-link" id="menu-item-dropdown-299">Resources</a> <ul role="menu" class=" dropdown-menu" aria-labelledby="menu-item-dropdown-299"> <li itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://www.schema.org/SiteNavigationElement" id="menu-item-2227" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-post menu-item-2227 nav-item category-academic category-uncategorized"><a title="Improve Return on Investment" href="https://innovate.ieee.org/improve-roi-through-smarter-research-with-the-ieee-xplore-digital-library/" class="dropdown-item">Improve Return on Investment</a></li> <li itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://www.schema.org/SiteNavigationElement" id="menu-item-321" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-321 nav-item"><a title="Search IEEE Xplore" href="https://innovate.ieee.org/xplore-search/" class="dropdown-item">Search IEEE <i>Xplore</i></a></li> <li itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://www.schema.org/SiteNavigationElement" id="menu-item-4310" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-4310 nav-item"><a title="Contact Us" href="/contact-us/?LT=LG_WB__CU_Innovate_HP_Contact_Us_Top_Nav" class="dropdown-item">Contact Us</a></li> <li itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://www.schema.org/SiteNavigationElement" id="menu-item-2226" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-post menu-item-2226 nav-item category-academic category-corporations category-government category-highlight category-individuals"><a title="Support & Training" href="https://innovate.ieee.org/ieee-xplore-support-and-training/" class="dropdown-item">Support and Training</a></li> <li itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://www.schema.org/SiteNavigationElement" id="menu-item-2225" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-post menu-item-2225 nav-item category-academic category-corporations category-government category-highlight category-individuals"><a title="Recommend to Your Manager" href="https://innovate.ieee.org/recommend-an-ieee-subscription-to-your-manager/" class="dropdown-item">Recommend to Your Manager</a></li> </ul> </li> <li itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://www.schema.org/SiteNavigationElement" id="menu-item-2148" class="megamenu menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-has-children menu-item-2148 nav-item dropdown"><a title="What’s New" href="#" data-toggle="dropdown" aria-haspopup="true" aria-expanded="false" class="dropdown-toggle nav-link" id="menu-item-dropdown-2148">What’s New</a> <ul role="menu" class=" dropdown-menu" aria-labelledby="menu-item-dropdown-2148"> <li itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://www.schema.org/SiteNavigationElement" id="menu-item-574" class="menu-item menu-item-type-taxonomy menu-item-object-category menu-item-574 nav-item"><a title="IEEE Xplore News" href="https://innovate.ieee.org/whats-new/" class="dropdown-item">IEEE <i>Xplore</i> News</a></li> <li itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://www.schema.org/SiteNavigationElement" id="menu-item-5630" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-post menu-item-5630 nav-item category-academic category-whats-new category-corporations category-featured-content category-featured-content-academic category-featured-content-corporations category-featured-content-government category-featured-content-individuals category-features category-government category-individuals category-updates"><a title="IEEE Webinars & Virtual Events" href="https://innovate.ieee.org/free-webinars-from-ieee/" class="dropdown-item">IEEE Webinars & Virtual Events</a></li> <li itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://www.schema.org/SiteNavigationElement" id="menu-item-2149" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-2149 nav-item"><a title="Innovation Spotlight" href="/innovation-spotlight/" class="dropdown-item">Innovation Spotlight</a></li> <li itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://www.schema.org/SiteNavigationElement" id="menu-item-3244" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-3244 nav-item"><a title="IEEE Impact on New Patents" href="https://innovate.ieee.org/top-patenting-organizations-rely-on-ieee-research/" class="dropdown-item">IEEE Impact on New Patents</a></li> </ul> </li> </ul></div> <div class="btn-group hidden-md-down search" id="search-dropdown-container"> <button class="btn btn-md dropdown-toggle" type="button" data-toggle="dropdown" aria-haspopup="true" aria-expanded="false" ><i class="fa fa-search"></i></button> <div class="dropdown-menu dropdown-menu-right"> <form class="form-inline" action="https://innovate.ieee.org"> <input class="form-control" type="text" name="s" id="search-field" placeholder="Search"> <button class="btn" type="submit"><i class="fa fa-search"></i></button> </form> </div>  </div>  <form class="form-inline hidden-lg-up mobile-search" action="https://innovate.ieee.org"> <input class="form-control" type="text" name="s" placeholder="Search"> <button class="btn" type="submit"><i class="fa fa-search"></i></button> </form>    <button type="button" id="learn-more" class="btn btn-secondary learn-more" data-toggle="modal" data-target="#learn-more-modal">Learn More</button> </nav>  </div>  </div>  </div>  </section>  </header> <div id="content"> <section id="breadcrumbs"> <div class="container"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-12 col-md-8"> <ol class="breadcrumb"> <li class="breadcrumb-item"><a href="https://innovate.ieee.org" title="Home"><i class="fa fa-home"></i></a></li> <li class="breadcrumb-item"><a href="https://innovate.ieee.org/sitemap/" title="Sitemap">Sitemap</a></li> </ol>  </div> <div class="col-sm-12 col-md-4"> <ul class="share-page float-right"> <li class="share-page-item"><a href="#" id="print-page" title="Print Current Page"><i class="fa fa-print"></i>Print Page</a></li> <li class="share-page-item"><a href="#" id="email-page" title="Email Current Page" data-toggle="modal" data-target="#email-page-modal"><i class="fa fa-envelope-o"></i>Email Page</a></li> </ul>  </div> </div>  </div>  </section>  <section id="inner-content"> <div class="container"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-12 col-md-8 flex-last"> <div id="main-content"> <h1 class="post-title"> <a href="https://innovate.ieee.org/sitemap/">Sitemap</a></h1> <div class="post-content"> <div id="site-map" class="site-map-container"><ul id="menu-main-menu-1" class="site-map"><li class="megamenu menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-has-children menu-item-287"><a title="Browse by Content">Browse by Content</a> <ul class="sub-menu"> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-post menu-item-has-children menu-item-2182 category-academic category-product-detail"><a title="IEEE Journals & Conference Proceedings" href="https://innovate.ieee.org/ieee-journals-conference-proceedings/">IEEE Journals & Conferences</a> <ul class="sub-menu"> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-post menu-item-2185 category-academic category-corporations category-government category-individuals category-product-detail"><a title="IEEE/IET Electronic Library" href="https://innovate.ieee.org/ieee-electronic-library-iel/">IEEE Electronic Library</a></li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-post menu-item-2184 category-academic category-corporations category-government category-individuals category-product-detail"><a title="IEEE All-Society Periodicals Package" href="https://innovate.ieee.org/ieee-all-society-periodicals-package-aspp/">IEEE All-Society Periodicals Package</a></li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-post menu-item-2187 category-academic category-corporations category-government category-individuals category-product-detail"><a title="IEEE Proceedings Order Plans" href="https://innovate.ieee.org/ieee-proceedings-order-plans-pop-and-pop-all/">IEEE Proceedings Order Plans</a></li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-post menu-item-2186 category-academic category-corporations category-government category-individuals category-product-detail"><a title="IEEE Conference Proceedings Archive" href="https://innovate.ieee.org/ieee-conference-proceedings-archive/">IEEE Conference Proceedings Archive</a></li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-post menu-item-2189 category-corporations category-government category-individuals category-product-detail"><a title="IEEE Journals Library Plus" href="https://innovate.ieee.org/ieee-journals-library-plus/">IEEE Journals Library Plus</a></li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-post menu-item-2188 category-academic category-corporations category-government"><a title="IEEE Journals Archive" href="https://innovate.ieee.org/ieee-journals-archive/">IEEE Journals Archive</a></li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-post menu-item-2190 category-corporations category-government category-individuals category-product-detail"><a title="IEEE Conference Library Plus" href="https://innovate.ieee.org/ieee-conference-library-plus/">IEEE Conference Library Plus</a></li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-post menu-item-2191 category-corporations category-government category-individuals category-product-detail"><a title="IEEE Communications Library" href="https://innovate.ieee.org/ieee-communications-library/">IEEE Communications Library</a></li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-post menu-item-2192 category-corporations category-government category-individuals category-product-category"><a title="IEEE Enterprise" href="https://innovate.ieee.org/ieee-enterprise/">IEEE Enterprise</a></li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-post menu-item-2193 category-corporations category-government category-individuals category-product-detail"><a title="IEEE Power & Energy Library" href="https://innovate.ieee.org/ieee-power-energy-library/">IEEE Power & Energy Library</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-post menu-item-has-children menu-item-2183 category-product-detail"><a title="IEEE Standards" href="https://innovate.ieee.org/subscriptions-for-ieee-standards-and-related-content/">IEEE Standards</a> <ul class="sub-menu"> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-post menu-item-2194 category-academic category-corporations category-government category-individuals category-product-category"><a title="IEEE Standards Online Collections" href="https://innovate.ieee.org/ieee-standards-online-collections/">IEEE Standards Online Collections</a></li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-post menu-item-2195 category-academic category-corporations category-government category-product-detail"><a title="IEEE Standards Select" href="https://innovate.ieee.org/ieee-standards-select/">IEEE Standards Select</a></li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-post menu-item-8428 category-corporations category-government category-individuals category-product-detail"><a href="https://innovate.ieee.org/national-electrical-safety-code-2023-2/">National Electrical Safety Code® (NESC®) 2023</a></li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-post menu-item-2196 category-academic category-corporations category-government category-product-detail"><a title="IEEE Smart Grid Research" href="https://innovate.ieee.org/ieee-smart-grid-research/">IEEE Smart Grid Research</a></li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-post menu-item-2197 category-academic category-corporations category-government category-individuals category-product-detail"><a title="IEEE Synchrophasor TSS" href="https://innovate.ieee.org/ieee-synchrophasor-measurement-test-suite-specification-tss/">IEEE Synchrophasor TSS</a></li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-593"><a title="IEEE Technology Report on Wake-Up Radio" href="http://forms1.ieee.org/Wake-Up-Radio-tech-report.html">IEEE Technology Report on Wake-Up Radio</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-post menu-item-has-children menu-item-2198 category-academic category-corporations category-government category-individuals category-product-category"><a title="Educational Resources" href="https://innovate.ieee.org/educational-resources/">Educational Resources</a> <ul class="sub-menu"> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-post menu-item-2200 category-academic category-corporations category-government category-individuals category-product-detail"><a title="IEEE eLearning Library" href="https://innovate.ieee.org/ieee-elearning-library/">IEEE eLearning Library</a></li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-post menu-item-4606 category-academic category-corporations category-government category-individuals category-product-detail"><a href="https://innovate.ieee.org/ieee-elearning-library-course-series-and-programs/">IEEE eLearning Library Course Programs</a></li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-post menu-item-4603 category-academic category-corporations category-government category-individuals category-product-detail"><a href="https://innovate.ieee.org/ieee-english-for-technical-professionals/">IEEE English for Technical Professionals™</a></li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-post menu-item-5332 category-academic category-corporations category-government category-individuals category-product-detail"><a href="https://innovate.ieee.org/ieee-resource-centers/">IEEE Resource Centers for Institutions</a></li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-post menu-item-8408 category-academic category-carousel category-corporations category-government category-individuals category-product-detail"><a href="https://innovate.ieee.org/ieee-professional-development-suite/">IEEE Professional Development Suite</a></li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-post menu-item-4609 category-academic category-corporations category-government category-individuals category-product-detail"><a href="https://innovate.ieee.org/rutgers-mini-mba-for-engineers/">IEEE | Rutgers Online Mini-MBA for Engineers</a></li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-post menu-item-8406 category-academic category-corporations category-government category-individuals category-product-detail"><a href="https://innovate.ieee.org/leading-technical-teams/">IEEE Leading Technical Teams</a></li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-post menu-item-8405 category-home-page-blog category-academic category-corporations category-government category-individuals category-product-detail"><a href="https://innovate.ieee.org/intensive-wireless-communications-course/">Intensive Wireless Communications Course Series</a></li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-post menu-item-8407 category-academic category-corporations category-government category-individuals category-product-detail"><a href="https://innovate.ieee.org/advanced-topics-in-wireless-course/">Advanced Topics in Wireless Course Series</a></li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-post menu-item-8394 category-home-page-article category-academic category-corporations category-government category-individuals category-product-detail"><a href="https://innovate.ieee.org/ieee-certifaied/">IEEE CertifAIEd™ Assessor Training Program</a></li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-4608"><a href="http://forms1.ieee.org/Mars-Space-Colony-Standards-Game.html?LT=LG_WB__LM_Innovate_HP_Mars_Space_Top_Nav">Mars Space Colony: A Game of Standardization</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-post menu-item-has-children menu-item-2203 category-academic category-corporations category-government category-individuals category-product-category"><a title="eBooks Collections" href="https://innovate.ieee.org/ebook-collections/">eBooks</a> <ul class="sub-menu"> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-post menu-item-4535 category-academic category-corporations category-government category-product-detail"><a href="https://innovate.ieee.org/artech-house-ebooks/">Artech House eBooks Library</a></li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-post menu-item-8456 category-academic category-corporations category-government category-product-detail"><a href="https://innovate.ieee.org/degruyter-ebooks-library/">De Gruyter AI & Data Science eBooks Library</a></li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-post menu-item-2204 category-academic category-corporations category-government category-product-detail"><a title="IEEE-Wiley eBooks Library" href="https://innovate.ieee.org/ieee-wiley-ebooks-library/">IEEE-Wiley eBooks Library</a></li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-post menu-item-7505 category-academic category-government category-product-detail"><a href="https://innovate.ieee.org/manning-ebooks-library/">Manning eBooks Library</a></li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-post menu-item-2205 category-academic category-corporations category-government category-individuals category-product-detail"><a title="MIT Press eBooks Library" href="https://innovate.ieee.org/mit-press-ebooks-library-the-computing-engineering-collection/">MIT Press eBooks Library</a></li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-post menu-item-2206 category-academic category-corporations category-government category-individuals category-product-detail"><a title="Now Publishers Foundations & Trends® Technology eBooks" href="https://innovate.ieee.org/now-publishers-foundations-and-trends-technology-ebooks/">Now Publishers Foundations & Trends® Technology eBooks</a></li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-post menu-item-7506 category-academic category-corporations category-government category-product-detail"><a href="https://innovate.ieee.org/packt-ebooks-library/">Packt eBooks Library</a></li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-post menu-item-5744 category-academic category-corporations category-government category-product-detail"><a href="https://innovate.ieee.org/princeton-university-press-ebooks/">Princeton University Press eBooks Library</a></li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-post menu-item-5006 category-academic category-corporations category-government category-product-detail"><a href="https://innovate.ieee.org/river-publishers-ebooks/">River Publishers eBooks Library</a></li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-post menu-item-4537 category-academic category-corporations category-government category-individuals category-product-detail"><a href="https://innovate.ieee.org/sae-ebooks/">SAE eBooks Library</a></li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-post menu-item-6429 category-academic category-corporations category-government category-product-detail"><a href="https://innovate.ieee.org/wiley-datasecurity-ebooks-library/">Wiley Data and Cybersecurity eBooks Library</a></li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-post menu-item-8393 category-academic category-corporations category-government category-product-detail"><a href="https://innovate.ieee.org/wiley-semiconductors-ebooks-library/">Wiley Semiconductors eBooks Library</a></li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-post menu-item-2207 category-academic category-corporations category-government category-product-detail"><a title="IEEE-Wiley Telecommunications eBooks Library" href="https://innovate.ieee.org/wiley-telecommunications-ebooks-library/">Wiley Telecommunications eBooks Library</a></li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-post menu-item-5389 category-academic category-blog-category category-content category-corporations category-government category-product-detail"><a href="https://innovate.ieee.org/tentative-ebook-frontlists/">2024 eBook Frontlists</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-post menu-item-has-children menu-item-2202 category-academic category-corporations category-government category-individuals category-product-detail"><a title="Partner Content in IEEE Xplore" href="https://innovate.ieee.org/partner-content-in-ieee-xplore/">Partner Content in IEEE <i>Xplore</i></a> <ul class="sub-menu"> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-post menu-item-2208 category-academic category-corporations category-government category-individuals category-product-category"><a title="MIT Press Journals Library—Computing & Engineering Collection" href="https://innovate.ieee.org/mit-press-journals-library-computing-engineering-collection/">MIT Press Journals Library—Computing & Engineering Collection</a></li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-post menu-item-2211 category-academic category-corporations category-government category-individuals category-product-detail"><a title="IBM Journal of Research & Development" href="https://innovate.ieee.org/ibm-journal-of-research-and-development/">IBM Journal of Research & Development Archive</a></li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-post menu-item-2213 category-academic category-corporations category-government category-individuals category-product-category category-product-detail"><a title="Bell Labs Technical Journal" href="https://innovate.ieee.org/bell-labs-technical-journal-archive/">Bell Labs Technical Journal</a></li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-post menu-item-2214 category-academic category-corporations category-government category-individuals category-product-detail"><a title="CABA Smart Grid Study" href="https://innovate.ieee.org/caba-impact-of-smart-grid-on-connected-homes-landmark-research-study/">CABA Smart Grid Study</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-post menu-item-has-children menu-item-6296 category-academic"><a href="https://innovate.ieee.org/discovery-solutions-for-industry/">Discovery & Analytics Solutions</a> <ul class="sub-menu"> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-post menu-item-6297 category-corporations category-government category-product-detail"><a href="https://innovate.ieee.org/ieee-discoverypoint-for-communications/">IEEE DiscoveryPoint for Communications™</a></li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-post menu-item-7483 category-academic category-corporations category-government category-individuals category-product-detail"><a href="https://innovate.ieee.org/ntdas/">National Transportation<br>Data & Analytics Solution</a></li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-post menu-item-8392 category-home-page-featured-blog category-academic category-corporations category-government category-product-detail"><a href="https://innovate.ieee.org/ieee_5g_6g_innovation_testbed/">IEEE 5G/6G Innovation Testbed™ (Beta)</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-post menu-item-has-children menu-item-2215 category-academic category-corporations category-government category-highlight category-individuals"><a title="Open Science Solutions" href="https://innovate.ieee.org/open-science-solutions/">Open Science Solutions</a> <ul class="sub-menu"> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-post menu-item-3911 category-academic category-corporations category-government category-individuals category-product-category category-product-detail"><a href="https://innovate.ieee.org/ieee-code-ocean/">Code Ocean</a></li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-5821"><a href="https://forms1.ieee.org/IEEE-DataPort.html?LT=LG_WB__LM_Innovate_HP_IEEE_DataPort_Top_Nav">IEEE <i>DataPort</i>™</a></li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-post menu-item-4705 category-academic category-corporations category-government category-individuals category-product-detail"><a href="https://innovate.ieee.org/techrxiv/">TechRxiv™</a></li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="megamenu menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-has-children menu-item-297"><a title="Subscription Options">Subscription Options</a> <ul class="sub-menu"> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-2808"><a href="/subscriptions-options/?LT=LG_WB__LM_Innovate_HP_Subscription_Options_Top_Nav">Subscribe</a></li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-post menu-item-2218 category-academic category-article-overview category-subscription-option"><a title="Academia" href="https://innovate.ieee.org/ieee-xplore-for-academia/">Academia</a></li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-post menu-item-2219 category-article-overview category-corporations category-subscription-option"><a title="Corporations" href="https://innovate.ieee.org/ieee-xplore-for-corporations-work-groups/">Corporations</a></li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-post menu-item-2220 category-article-overview category-government category-subscription-option"><a title="Government" href="https://innovate.ieee.org/ieee-xplore-for-government/">Government</a></li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-post menu-item-2221 category-article-overview category-individuals category-subscription-option"><a title="Individuals" href="https://innovate.ieee.org/ieee-xplore-for-individuals/">Individuals</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="megamenu menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-has-children menu-item-298"><a title="About">About</a> <ul class="sub-menu"> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-4308"><a href="https://innovate.ieee.org/about-the-ieee-xplore-digital-library/">About IEEE <i>Xplore</i></a></li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-post menu-item-2223 category-corporations category-highlight category-individuals"><a title="Content by Industry" href="https://innovate.ieee.org/content-by-industry/">Content by Industry</a></li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-post menu-item-2224 category-corporations category-featured-content-academic category-featured-content-corporations category-featured-content-government category-featured-content-individuals category-government category-highlight category-individuals"><a title="Customer Success Stories" href="https://innovate.ieee.org/customer-success-stories/">Customer Success Stories</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="megamenu menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-has-children menu-item-299"><a title="Resources">Resources</a> <ul class="sub-menu"> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-post menu-item-2227 category-academic category-uncategorized"><a title="Improve Return on Investment" href="https://innovate.ieee.org/improve-roi-through-smarter-research-with-the-ieee-xplore-digital-library/">Improve Return on Investment</a></li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-321"><a title="Search IEEE Xplore" href="https://innovate.ieee.org/xplore-search/">Search IEEE <i>Xplore</i></a></li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-4310"><a href="/contact-us/?LT=LG_WB__CU_Innovate_HP_Contact_Us_Top_Nav">Contact Us</a></li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-post menu-item-2226 category-academic category-corporations category-government category-highlight category-individuals"><a title="Support & Training" href="https://innovate.ieee.org/ieee-xplore-support-and-training/">Support and Training</a></li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-post menu-item-2225 category-academic category-corporations category-government category-highlight category-individuals"><a title="Recommend to Your Manager" href="https://innovate.ieee.org/recommend-an-ieee-subscription-to-your-manager/">Recommend to Your Manager</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="megamenu menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-has-children menu-item-2148"><a title="What’s New">What’s New</a> <ul class="sub-menu"> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-taxonomy menu-item-object-category menu-item-574"><a title="IEEE Xplore News" href="https://innovate.ieee.org/whats-new/">IEEE <i>Xplore</i> News</a></li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-post menu-item-5630 category-academic category-whats-new category-corporations category-featured-content category-featured-content-academic category-featured-content-corporations category-featured-content-government category-featured-content-individuals category-features category-government category-individuals category-updates"><a href="https://innovate.ieee.org/free-webinars-from-ieee/">IEEE Webinars & Virtual Events</a></li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-2149"><a title="Innovation Spotlight" href="/innovation-spotlight/">Innovation Spotlight</a></li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-3244"><a href="https://innovate.ieee.org/top-patenting-organizations-rely-on-ieee-research/">IEEE Impact on New Patents</a></li> </ul> </li> </ul></div> </div> </div>  </div> <div class="col-sm-12 col-md-4 flex-first left-sidebar"> <div id="sidebar"> <div class="widget-odd widget-first widget-1 widget"><div class="widget-title">Next Steps</div><div class="menu-next-steps-container"><ul id="menu-next-steps" class="menu"><li id="menu-item-4297" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-4297"><a href="https://innovate.ieee.org/contact-us/?LT=LG_WB_Innovate_CU_Next_Steps_Contact_Us">Contact Us</a></li> <li id="menu-item-4298" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-4298"><a href="https://innovate.ieee.org/request-a-quote/?LT=LG_WB_Innovate_RFQ_Next_Steps_Request_Quote">Request a Quote</a></li> <li id="menu-item-4299" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-4299"><a href="https://innovate.ieee.org/see-if-your-organization-or-institution-qualifies-for-a-free-trial-of-ieee-xplore/?LT=LG_WB_Innovate_FT_Next_Steps_Request_Trial">Request a Free Organizational Trial</a></li> <li id="menu-item-2807" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-2807"><a href="https://innovate.ieee.org/subscriptions-options/?LT=LG_WB_Innovate_SUB_Next_Steps_Request_Subscription">Request a Subscription for your Organization</a></li> </ul></div></div><div class="widget-even widget-last widget-2 filter-widget widget"><div class="filter-widget-heading">Filter by Featured Category</div><div class="filter-widget-item "><a href="https://innovate.ieee.org/whats-new/?f_widget=1&f_cats=9&f_tags=">Content</a></div><div class="filter-widget-item "><a href="https://innovate.ieee.org/whats-new/?f_widget=1&f_cats=7&f_tags=">Features</a></div><div class="filter-widget-item "><a href="https://innovate.ieee.org/whats-new/?f_widget=1&f_cats=24&f_tags=">Updates</a></div><div class="filter-widget-heading">Filter by Industry Type</div><div class="filter-widget-item "><a href="https://innovate.ieee.org/whats-new/?f_widget=1&f_cats=1&f_tags=">Academic</a></div><div class="filter-widget-item "><a href="https://innovate.ieee.org/whats-new/?f_widget=1&f_cats=2&f_tags=">Corporations</a></div><div class="filter-widget-item "><a href="https://innovate.ieee.org/whats-new/?f_widget=1&f_cats=3&f_tags=">Government</a></div><div class="filter-widget-heading">Filter by Most Featured Tags</div><div class="filter-widget-item "><a href="https://innovate.ieee.org/whats-new/?f_widget=1&f_cats=&f_tags=206">AI</a></div><div class="filter-widget-item "><a href="https://innovate.ieee.org/whats-new/?f_widget=1&f_cats=&f_tags=560">COVID-19</a></div><div class="filter-widget-item "><a href="https://innovate.ieee.org/whats-new/?f_widget=1&f_cats=&f_tags=28">ebooks</a></div><div class="filter-widget-item "><a href="https://innovate.ieee.org/whats-new/?f_widget=1&f_cats=&f_tags=125">eLearning</a></div><div class="filter-widget-item "><a href="https://innovate.ieee.org/whats-new/?f_widget=1&f_cats=&f_tags=91">free webinar</a></div><div class="filter-widget-item "><a href="https://innovate.ieee.org/whats-new/?f_widget=1&f_cats=&f_tags=51">webinar</a></div><div class="filter-widget-clear"><a href="https://innovate.ieee.org/whats-new/"><i class="fa fa-times" aria-hidden="true"></i> Clear Filters</a></div></div> </div>  </div> </div>  </div>  </section>  </div>  <footer class="lt-grey-bg"> <div id="footer-widgets"> <div class="container"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-12 col-md-3"> <div class="widget-odd widget-last widget-first widget-1 footer-widget"><h6 class="footer-widget-title">Subscription Options</h6><div class="menu-subscription-options-container"><ul id="menu-subscription-options" class="menu"><li id="menu-item-3596" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-post menu-item-3596 category-academic category-article-overview category-subscription-option"><a href="https://innovate.ieee.org/ieee-xplore-for-academia/">Academic</a></li> <li id="menu-item-3597" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-post menu-item-3597 category-article-overview category-corporations category-subscription-option"><a href="https://innovate.ieee.org/ieee-xplore-for-corporations-work-groups/">Corporate</a></li> <li id="menu-item-3598" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-post menu-item-3598 category-article-overview category-government category-subscription-option"><a href="https://innovate.ieee.org/ieee-xplore-for-government/">Government</a></li> <li id="menu-item-3599" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-post menu-item-3599 category-article-overview category-individuals category-subscription-option"><a href="https://innovate.ieee.org/ieee-xplore-for-individuals/">Individuals</a></li> </ul></div></div> </div> <div class="col-sm-12 col-md-3"> <div class="widget-odd widget-last widget-first widget-1 footer-widget"><h6 class="footer-widget-title">What’s New</h6><div class="menu-whats-new-container"><ul id="menu-whats-new" class="menu"><li id="menu-item-3600" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-3600"><a href="/whats-new/">IEEE <em>Xplore</em> News</a></li> <li id="menu-item-3601" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-3601"><a href="/innovation-spotlight/">Innovation Spotlight</a></li> <li id="menu-item-5835" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-5835"><a href="https://innovate.ieee.org/top-patenting-organizations-rely-on-ieee-research/">IEEE Impact on New Patents</a></li> <li id="menu-item-3792" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-3792"><a target="_blank" rel="noopener" href="https://forms1.ieee.org/Newsletter-sign-up.html?LT=LG_WB_Innovate_SU_Newsletter_Footer">Sign-Up for Newsletter</a></li> </ul></div></div> </div> <div class="col-sm-12 col-md-3"> <div class="widget-odd widget-last widget-first widget-1 footer-widget"><h6 class="footer-widget-title">Resources</h6><div class="menu-resources-container"><ul id="menu-resources" class="menu"><li id="menu-item-3603" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-post menu-item-3603 category-academic category-corporations category-government category-highlight category-individuals"><a href="https://innovate.ieee.org/ieee-xplore-support-and-training/">Support and Training</a></li> <li id="menu-item-3712" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-post menu-item-3712 category-academic category-corporations category-government category-highlight category-individuals"><a title="Recommend an IEEE subscription to your Manager" href="https://innovate.ieee.org/recommend-an-ieee-subscription-to-your-manager/">Recommend to Your Manager</a></li> <li id="menu-item-3713" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-post menu-item-3713 category-academic category-uncategorized"><a title="Improve ROI with the IEEE Xplore Digital Library" href="https://innovate.ieee.org/improve-roi-through-smarter-research-with-the-ieee-xplore-digital-library/">Improve Return on Investment</a></li> <li id="menu-item-3714" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-3714"><a href="https://innovate.ieee.org/xplore-search/">Search IEEE <i>Xplore</i></a></li> </ul></div></div> </div> <div class="col-sm-12 col-md-3"> <div class="widget_text widget-odd widget-last widget-first widget-1 footer-widget"><h6 class="footer-widget-title">Connect</h6><div class="textwidget custom-html-widget"><ul class="nav social"> <li class="nav-item"><a class="social-link linkedin" href="https://www.linkedin.com/showcase/ieee-xplore" target="_blank" title="LinkedIn" rel="noopener"><i class="fa-brands fa-linkedin-in" aria-hidden="true"></i></a></li> <li class="nav-item"><a class="social-link facebook" href="https://www.facebook.com/IEEEXploreDigitalLibrary/" target="_blank" title="Facebook" rel="noopener"><i class="fa-brands fa-facebook-f" aria-hidden="true"></i></a></li> <li class="nav-item"><a class="social-link instagram" href="https://www.instagram.com/ieeexplore_org/" target="_blank" title="Instagram" rel="noopener"><i class="fa-brands fa-instagram" aria-hidden="true"></i></a></li> <li class="nav-item"><a class="social-link twitter" href="https://twitter.com/IEEEXplore/" target="_blank" title="Twitter" rel="noopener"><i class="fa-brands fa-x-twitter" aria-hidden="true"></i></a></li> <li class="nav-item"><a class="social-link youtube" href="https://www.youtube.com/c/ieeexploredigitallibrary" target="_blank" title="YouTube" rel="noopener"><i class="fa-brands fa-youtube" aria-hidden="true"></i></a></li> </ul> <a class="btn btn-outline-primary" href="https://innovate.ieee.org/contact-us/?LT=LG_WB_Innovate_CU_Contact_Us_Footer" title="Contact Us">Contact Us</a></div></div> </div> </div>  </div>  </div>  <div id="footer-nav"> <div class="container"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-12"> <ul class="nav footer"> <li class="nav-item"><a class="nav-link" href="/" title="Home">Home</a></li> <li class="nav-item"><a class="nav-link" href="/sitemap/" title="Sitemap">Sitemap</a></li> <li class="nav-item"><a class="nav-link" href="https://innovate.ieee.org/contact-us/" target="_blank" title="Contact & Support">Contact & Support</a></li> <li class="nav-item"><a class="nav-link" href="https://www.ieee.org/accessibility-statement.html" target="_blank" title="Accessibility">Accessibility</a></li> <li class="nav-item"><a class="nav-link" href="http://www.ieee.org/p9-26.html" target="_blank" title="Nondiscrimination Policy">Nondiscrimination Policy</a></li> <li class="nav-item"><a class="nav-link" href="https://secure.ethicspoint.com/domain/media/en/gui/20410/index.html" target="_blank" title="IEEE Ethics Reporting">IEEE Ethics Reporting</a></li> <li class="nav-item"><a class="nav-link" href="http://www.ieee.org/security_privacy.html" target="_blank" title="IEEE Privacy Policy">IEEE Privacy Policy</a></li> </ul>  </div> </div>  </div>  </div>  <div id="copyright"> <div class="container"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-12"> <p>© Copyright 2024 IEEE – All rights reserved. Use of this website signifies your agreement to the <a href="http://www.ieee.org/site_terms_conditions.html" target="_blank" title="IEEE Terms and Disclosures">IEEE Terms and Disclosures</a>.</p> <p>A not-for-profit organization, IEEE is the world's largest technical professional organization dedicated to advancing technology for the benefit of humanity.</p> </div> </div>  </div>  </div>  </footer>   <div id="learn-more-modal" class="modal fade" tabindex="-1" role="dialog" aria-labelledby="learn-more-modal" aria-hidden="true"> <div class="modal-dialog modal-lg" role="document"> <div class="modal-content"> <div class="modal-header"> <h5 class="modal-title" id="learn-more-label">Learn More</h5> <button type="button" class="close" data-dismiss="modal" aria-label="Close"> <span aria-hidden="true">×</span> </button> </div>  <div class="modal-body"> <div id="learn-more-form-entry"> <p>If you would like to learn more about the IEEE <em>Xplore</em> Digital Library, please fill out the form below to receive the latest information.</p> <p><em>Fields marked with an asterisk are required.</em></p> <form id="learn-more-form" action=""> <div id="learn-more-carousel" class="carousel slide" data-ride="false" data-interval="false"> <div class="carousel-inner" role="listbox"> <div class="carousel-item active"> <div class="form-group"> <label for="FirstName">First Name <span class="required">*</span></label> <input type="text" class="form-control required" name="FirstName" id="FirstName"> </div> <div class="form-group"> <label for="LastName">Last Name <span class="required">*</span></label> <input type="text" class="form-control required" name="LastName" id="LastName"> </div> <div class="form-group"> <label for="Title">Job Title <span class="required">*</span></label> <input type="text" class="form-control required" name="Title" id="Title"> </div> <div class="form-group"> <label for="Email">Work Email Address <span class="required">*</span></label> <input type="text" class="form-control required" name="Email" id="Email"> </div> <div class="form-group"> <label for="Company">Organization Name <span class="required">*</span></label> <input type="text" class="form-control required" name="Company" id="Company"> </div> <div class="form-group"> <label for="Country">Country/Nation <span class="required">*</span></label> <select name="Country_Nation__c" id="Country" class="form-control required"> <option value="">Select...</option> <option value="Afghanistan">Afghanistan</option> <option value="Albania">Albania</option> <option value="Algeria">Algeria</option> <option value="American Samoa">American Samoa</option> <option value="Andorra">Andorra</option> <option value="Angola">Angola</option> <option value="Anguilla">Anguilla</option> <option value="Antarctica">Antarctica</option> <option value="Antigua">Antigua</option> <option value="Argentina">Argentina</option> <option value="Armenia">Armenia</option> <option value="Aruba">Aruba</option> <option value="Australia">Australia</option> <option value="Austria">Austria</option> <option value="Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</option> <option value="Bahamas">Bahamas</option> <option value="Bahrain">Bahrain</option> <option value="Bangladesh">Bangladesh</option> <option value="Barbados">Barbados</option> <option value="Barbuda">Barbuda</option> <option value="Belarus">Belarus</option> <option value="Belgium">Belgium</option> <option value="Belize">Belize</option> <option value="Benin">Benin</option> <option value="Bermuda">Bermuda</option> <option value="Bhutan">Bhutan</option> <option value="Bolivia">Bolivia</option> <option value="Bonaire, Sint Eustatius, Saba">Bonaire, Sint Eustatius, Saba</option> <option value="Bosnia & Herzegovina">Bosnia & Herzegovina</option> <option value="Botswana">Botswana</option> <option value="Bouvet Island">Bouvet Island</option> <option value="Brazil">Brazil</option> <option value="British Indian Ocean Territory">British Indian Ocean Territory</option> <option value="Brunei Darussalam">Brunei Darussalam</option> <option value="Bulgaria">Bulgaria</option> <option value="Burkina Faso">Burkina Faso</option> <option value="Burundi">Burundi</option> <option value="Cambodia">Cambodia</option> <option value="Cameroon">Cameroon</option> <option value="Canada">Canada</option> <option value="Cape Verde">Cape Verde</option> <option value="Carriacou">Carriacou</option> <option value="Cayman Islands">Cayman Islands</option> <option value="Central African Republic">Central African Republic</option> <option value="Chad">Chad</option> <option value="Chile">Chile</option> <option value="China">China</option> <option value="Christmas Island">Christmas Island</option> <option value="Cocos (Keeling) Islands">Cocos (Keeling) Islands</option> <option value="Colombia">Colombia</option> <option value="Comoros">Comoros</option> <option value="Congo (Brazzaville)">Congo (Brazzaville)</option> <option value="Congo (Kinshasa)">Congo (Kinshasa)</option> <option value="Cook Islands">Cook Islands</option> <option value="Costa Rica">Costa Rica</option> <option value="Cote D'Ivoire">Cote D'Ivoire</option> <option value="Croatia">Croatia</option> <option value="Cuba">Cuba</option> <option value="Curacao">Curacao</option> <option value="Cyprus">Cyprus</option> <option value="Czech Republic">Czech Republic</option> <option value="Denmark">Denmark</option> <option value="Djibouti">Djibouti</option> <option value="Dominica">Dominica</option> <option value="Dominican Republic">Dominican Republic</option> <option value="East Timor">East Timor</option> <option value="Ecuador">Ecuador</option> <option value="Egypt">Egypt</option> <option value="El Salvador">El Salvador</option> <option value="Equatorial Guinea">Equatorial Guinea</option> <option value="Eritrea">Eritrea</option> <option value="Estonia">Estonia</option> <option value="Ethiopia">Ethiopia</option> <option value="Falkland Islands (Malvinas)">Falkland Islands (Malvinas)</option> <option value="Faroe Islands">Faroe Islands</option> <option value="Fiji">Fiji</option> <option value="Finland">Finland</option> <option value="France">France</option> <option value="French Guiana">French Guiana</option> <option value="French Polynesia">French Polynesia</option> <option value="French Southern Territories">French Southern Territories</option> <option value="Gabon">Gabon</option> <option value="Gambia">Gambia</option> <option value="Georgia">Georgia</option> <option value="Germany">Germany</option> <option value="Ghana">Ghana</option> <option value="Gibraltar">Gibraltar</option> <option value="Greece">Greece</option> <option value="Greenland">Greenland</option> <option value="Grenada">Grenada</option> <option value="Guadeloupe">Guadeloupe</option> <option value="Guam">Guam</option> <option value="Guatemala">Guatemala</option> <option value="Guinea">Guinea</option> <option value="Guyana">Guyana</option> <option value="Haiti">Haiti</option> <option value="Heard Island and McDonald Islands">Heard Island and McDonald Islands</option> <option value="Holy See (Vatican City State)">Holy See (Vatican City State)</option> <option value="Honduras">Honduras</option> <option value="Hong Kong">Hong Kong</option> <option value="Hungary">Hungary</option> <option value="Iceland">Iceland</option> <option value="India">India</option> <option value="Indonesia">Indonesia</option> <option value="Iran">Iran</option> <option value="Iraq">Iraq</option> <option value="Ireland">Ireland</option> <option value="Israel">Israel</option> <option value="Italy">Italy</option> <option value="Jamaica">Jamaica</option> <option value="Japan">Japan</option> <option value="Jordan">Jordan</option> <option value="Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</option> <option value="Kenya">Kenya</option> <option value="Kiribati">Kiribati</option> <option value="Korea, Republic of">Korea, Republic of</option> <option value="Kosovo">Kosovo</option> <option value="Kuwait">Kuwait</option> <option value="Kyrgyzstan">Kyrgyzstan</option> <option value="Laos">Laos</option> <option value="Latvia">Latvia</option> <option value="Lebanon">Lebanon</option> <option value="Lesotho">Lesotho</option> <option value="Liberia">Liberia</option> <option value="Libyan Arab Jamahiriya">Libyan Arab Jamahiriya</option> <option value="Liechtenstein">Liechtenstein</option> <option value="Lithuania">Lithuania</option> <option value="Luxembourg">Luxembourg</option> <option value="Macao">Macao</option> <option value="Macedonia">Macedonia</option> <option value="Madagascar">Madagascar</option> <option value="Malawi">Malawi</option> <option value="Malaysia">Malaysia</option> <option value="Maldives">Maldives</option> <option value="Mali">Mali</option> <option value="Malta">Malta</option> <option value="Marshall Islands">Marshall Islands</option> <option value="Martinique">Martinique</option> <option value="Mauritania">Mauritania</option> <option value="Mauritius">Mauritius</option> <option value="Mayotte">Mayotte</option> <option value="Mexico">Mexico</option> <option value="Micronesia (Federated States of)">Micronesia (Federated States of)</option> <option value="Moldova">Moldova</option> <option value="Monaco">Monaco</option> <option value="Mongolia">Mongolia</option> <option value="Montenegro">Montenegro</option> <option value="Montserrat">Montserrat</option> <option value="Morocco">Morocco</option> <option value="Mozambique">Mozambique</option> <option value="Mustique">Mustique</option> <option value="Myanmar">Myanmar</option> <option value="Namibia">Namibia</option> <option value="Nauru">Nauru</option> <option value="Nepal">Nepal</option> <option value="Netherlands">Netherlands</option> <option value="New Caledonia">New Caledonia</option> <option value="New Zealand">New Zealand</option> <option value="Nicaragua">Nicaragua</option> <option value="Niger">Niger</option> <option value="Nigeria">Nigeria</option> <option value="Niue">Niue</option> <option value="Norfolk Island">Norfolk Island</option> <option value="Northern Mariana Islands">Northern Mariana Islands</option> <option value="North Korea">North Korea</option> <option value="Norway">Norway</option> <option value="Oman">Oman</option> <option value="Pakistan">Pakistan</option> <option value="Palau">Palau</option> <option value="Palestine">Palestine</option> <option value="Panama">Panama</option> <option value="Papua New Guinea">Papua New Guinea</option> <option value="Paraguay">Paraguay</option> <option value="Peru">Peru</option> <option value="Philippines">Philippines</option> <option value="Pitcairn">Pitcairn</option> <option value="Poland">Poland</option> <option value="Portugal">Portugal</option> <option value="Qatar">Qatar</option> <option value="Reunion">Reunion</option> <option value="Romania">Romania</option> <option value="Russian Federation">Russian Federation</option> <option value="Rwanda">Rwanda</option> <option value="Saint Helena">Saint Helena</option> <option value="Saint Kitts & Nevis">Saint Kitts & Nevis</option> <option value="Saint Lucia">Saint Lucia</option> <option value="Saint Pierre and Miquelon">Saint Pierre and Miquelon</option> <option value="Saint Vincent and the Grenadines">Saint Vincent and the Grenadines</option> <option value="Samoa">Samoa</option> <option value="San Marino">San Marino</option> <option value="Sao Tome and Principe">Sao Tome and Principe</option> <option value="Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</option> <option value="Scotland">Scotland</option> <option value="Senegal">Senegal</option> <option value="Serbia">Serbia</option> <option value="Seychelles">Seychelles</option> <option value="Sierra Leone">Sierra Leone</option> <option value="Sikkim">Sikkim</option> <option value="Singapore">Singapore</option> <option value="Sint Maarten">Sint Maarten</option> <option value="Slovakia">Slovakia</option> <option value="Slovenia">Slovenia</option> <option value="Solomon Islands">Solomon Islands</option> <option value="Somalia">Somalia</option> <option value="South Africa">South Africa</option> <option value="South Georgia and the South Sandwich Isl">South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands </option> <option value="Spain">Spain</option> <option value="Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</option> <option value="St. Vincent">St. Vincent</option> <option value="Sudan">Sudan</option> <option value="Suriname">Suriname</option> <option value="Svalbard and Jan Mayen Islands">Svalbard and Jan Mayen Islands</option> <option value="Swaziland">Swaziland</option> <option value="Sweden">Sweden</option> <option value="Switzerland">Switzerland</option> <option value="Syrian Arab Republic">Syrian Arab Republic</option> <option value="Taiwan">Taiwan</option> <option value="Tajikistan">Tajikistan</option> <option value="Tanzania">Tanzania</option> <option value="Thailand">Thailand</option> <option value="Tibet">Tibet</option> <option value="Togo">Togo</option> <option value="Tonga">Tonga</option> <option value="Trinidad & Tobago">Trinidad & Tobago</option> <option value="Tunisia">Tunisia</option> <option value="Turkey">Turkey</option> <option value="Turkmenistan">Turkmenistan</option> <option value="Turks and Caicos Islands">Turks and Caicos Islands</option> <option value="Tuvalu">Tuvalu</option> <option value="Uganda">Uganda</option> <option value="Ukraine">Ukraine</option> <option value="United Arab Emirates">United Arab Emirates</option> <option value="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</option> <option value="United States">United States</option> <option value="United States Minor Outlying Islands">United States Minor Outlying Islands </option> <option value="Uruguay">Uruguay</option> <option value="Uzbekistan">Uzbekistan</option> <option value="Vanuatu">Vanuatu</option> <option value="Venezuela">Venezuela</option> <option value="Viet Nam">Viet Nam</option> <option value="Virgin Islands, British">Virgin Islands, British</option> <option value="Wallis and Futuna">Wallis and Futuna</option> <option value="Western Sahara">Western Sahara</option> <option value="Yemen">Yemen</option> <option value="Zambia">Zambia</option> <option value="Zimbabwe">Zimbabwe</option> </select> </div> <div class="form-group"> <input id="Privacy_Policy_Consent__c" type="checkbox" class="required" name="Privacy_Policy_Consent__c" autocomplete="off"> <label for="Privacy_Policy_Consent__c">I have read and accept <a href="https://www.ieee.org/security-privacy.html" target="_ieee_privacy_new_window">IEEE Privacy Policy</a>.</label> <input type="hidden" id="Date_Consent_Received__c" name="Date_Consent_Received__c" value=""> </div> <button type="button" id="learn-more-next" class="btn btn-primary">Next »</button> </div> <div class="carousel-item"> <div class="form-group"> <label for="City_or_Town__c">City/Town</label> <input type="text" class="form-control" name="City_or_Town__c" id="City_or_Town__c"> </div> <div class="form-group hidden" id="country-province-dd"> <label for="State_or_Province__c">State/Province</label> <select name="State_or_Province__c" id="State_or_Province__c" class="form-control"> </select> </div> <div class="form-group"> <label for="Phone">Phone</label> <input type="text" class="form-control" name="Phone" id="Phone"> </div>  <div class="form-group"> <label for="Content_of_Interest__c">Content of Interest</label> <select id="Content_of_Interest__c" class="form-control" name="Content_of_Interest__c"> <option value="Select from below" selected="selected">Select...</option> <option value="Conferences">Conferences</option> <option value="Discovery & Analytics Solutions">Discovery & Analytics Solutions</option> <option value="eBooks Collections">eBooks Collections</option> <option value="Journals">Journals</option> <option value="Online Learning">Online Learning</option> <option value="Standards">Standards</option> </select> </div> <div class="form-group"> <input id="Have_a_rep_contact_me" type="checkbox" name="Have_a_rep_contact_me" autocomplete="off"> <label for="Have_a_rep_contact_me">I would like to be contacted by a Content Specialist.</label> </div> <input type="hidden" id="leadSource" name="leadSource" value="Web-LM"> <button type="button" id="learn-more-prev" class="btn btn-primary">« Back</button> <button type="submit" id="learn-more-submit" class="btn btn-primary">Submit</button> </div> </div> </div> </form> </div> <div id="learn-more-form-success"> <p>Thank you for your information. We will be contacting you soon.</p> <button type="button" class="btn btn-primary" data-dismiss="modal">Close</button> </div> </div>  </div>  </div>  </div>  <div id="email-page-modal" class="modal fade" tabindex="-1" role="dialog" aria-labelledby="email-page-modal" aria-hidden="true"> <div class="modal-dialog modal-md" role="document"> <div class="modal-content"> <div class="modal-header"> <h5 class="modal-title" id="email-page-label">Email Page</h5> <button type="button" class="close" data-dismiss="modal" aria-label="Close"> <span aria-hidden="true">×</span> </button> </div>  <div class="modal-body"> <script src="https://innovate.ieee.org/wp-content/themes/ieee-innovate/js/email-page-form.js"></script> <div id="email-page-form-entry"> <p>Please fill out the following information:</p> <form id="email-page-form" action=""> <div class="form-group"> <label for="name">Your Name: <span class="required">*</span></label> <input type="text" class="form-control" name="name" id="name" maxlength="15"> </div> <div class="form-group"> <label for="email">Your E-mail: <span class="required">*</span></label> <input type="email" class="form-control" name="email" id="email"> </div> <div class="form-group"> <label for="to_emails">Send to E-mail(s) - Separated by commas: <span class="required">*</span></label> <input type="text" class="form-control" name="to_emails" id="to_emails"> </div> <div class="g-recaptcha" id="email-form-recaptcha"></div> <button type="submit" class="btn btn-primary">Submit</button> </form> <p>See the <a href="https://www.ieee.org/security_privacy.html" target="_blank" title="Privacy Policy">IEEE Privacy Policy</a>.</p> </div> <div id="email-page-form-success"> <p>Thank you! Your email has been sent.</p> <button type="button" class="btn btn-primary" data-dismiss="modal">Close</button> </div> </div>  </div>  </div>  </div>   <script type="text/javascript"> wt_domain = '//statse.webtrendslive.com'; wt_dcsid = 'dcs4bnh61100008e080rgsz2g_9e6m'; </script> <script src="https://innovate.ieee.org/wp-content/themes/ieee-innovate/js/vendor/webtrends.js" type="text/javascript"></script> <script type="text/javascript"> //<![CDATA[ var _tag=new WebTrends(); //]]> </script> <script type="text/javascript"> //<![CDATA[ _tag.dcsCustom=function(){ // Add custom parameters here. //_tag.DCSext.param_name=param_value; } _tag.dcsCollect(); //]]> </script> <noscript> <div><img alt="DCSIMG" id="DCSIMG" width="1" height="1" src='//statse.webtrendslive.com/dcs4bnh61100008e080rgsz2g_9e6m/njs.gif?dcsuri=/nojavascript&WT.js=No&DCS.dcscfg=1&WT.tv=9.4.0&dcssip=www.ieee.org'/></div> </noscript>  <script src="https://innovate.ieee.org/wp-content/themes/ieee-innovate/js/vendor/jquery.cookie.js" type="text/javascript"></script>  <script type="text/javascript"> (function() { var didInit = false; function initMunchkin() { if(didInit === false) { didInit = true; Munchkin.init('682-UPB-550'); } } var s = document.createElement('script'); s.type = 'text/javascript'; s.async = true; s.src = '//munchkin.marketo.net/munchkin.js'; s.onreadystatechange = function() { if (this.readyState == 'complete' || this.readyState == 'loaded') { initMunchkin(); } }; s.onload = initMunchkin; document.getElementsByTagName('head')[0].appendChild(s); })(); </script>   <script src="https://innovate.ieee.org/wp-content/themes/ieee-innovate/js/vendor/mktoFormSupport.js" type="text/javascript"></script>  <script type="text/javascript"> var cookieDomain = "ieee.org"; var refer = document.referrer; var LeadTrackingParameter = "LT"; var LeadTracking = getUrlParameter(LeadTrackingParameter); if (typeof LeadTracking != 'undefined' && null != LeadTracking && LeadTracking != '') { jQuery.cookie('LT', LeadTracking, {expires: 730, path: '\/', domain: cookieDomain}); } function getUrlParameter(key){ var result = new RegExp(key + "=([^&]*)", "i").exec(window.location.search); return result && unescape(result[1]) || ""; } </script>    <script type="text/javascript"> _linkedin_partner_id = "103787"; window._linkedin_data_partner_ids = window._linkedin_data_partner_ids || []; window._linkedin_data_partner_ids.push(_linkedin_partner_id); </script><script type="text/javascript"> (function(){var s = document.getElementsByTagName("script")[0]; var b = document.createElement("script"); b.type = "text/javascript";b.async = true; b.src = "https://snap.licdn.com/li.lms-analytics/insight.min.js"; s.parentNode.insertBefore(b, s);})(); </script> <noscript> <img height="1" width="1" style="display:none;" alt="" src="https://dc.ads.linkedin.com/collect/?pid=103787&fmt=gif" /> </noscript>   <script> (function(d,b,a,s,e){var t=b.createElement(a), fs=b.getElementsByTagName(a)[0];t.async=1;t.id=e;t.src=s; fs.parentNode.insertBefore(t,fs);}) (window,document,'script','https://tag.demandbase.com/895a2952.min.js','demandbase_js_lib'); </script> <script></script> <script type="text/javascript"> _linkedin_partner_id = "407265"; window._linkedin_data_partner_ids = window._linkedin_data_partner_ids || []; window._linkedin_data_partner_ids.push(_linkedin_partner_id); </script><script type="text/javascript"> (function(){var s = document.getElementsByTagName("script")[0]; var b = document.createElement("script"); b.type = "text/javascript";b.async = true; b.src = "https://snap.licdn.com/li.lms-analytics/insight.min.js"; s.parentNode.insertBefore(b, s);})(); </script> <noscript> <img height="1" width="1" style="display:none;" alt="" src="https://dc.ads.linkedin.com/collect/?pid=407265&fmt=gif" /> </noscript>   <script> var reCaptchaCallback = function() { var recaptchas = document.querySelectorAll('div[class=g-recaptcha]'); for( i = 0; i < recaptchas.length; i++) { grecaptcha.render( recaptchas[i].id, { 'sitekey' : '6Lc9Ro4UAAAAAJDQuT9jU6iU-xieW2zTFyJYUjKG', }); } }; jQuery.ajax({ url: '//www.recaptcha.net/recaptcha/api.js?onload=reCaptchaCallback&render=explicit', dataType: 'script' }); </script> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://www.bugherd.com/sidebarv2.js?apikey=8z5xwf0yp0xsdo7rixroxg" async="true"></script> </body> </html>