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href="/wiki/Help:%E6%96%B0%E6%89%8B%E5%85%A5%E9%97%A8" aria-label="了解有关编辑的更多信息"><span>了解详情</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E6%88%91%E7%9A%84%E8%B4%A1%E7%8C%AE" title="来自此IP地址的编辑列表[y]" accesskey="y"><span>贡献</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E6%88%91%E7%9A%84%E8%AE%A8%E8%AE%BA%E9%A1%B5" title="对于来自此IP地址编辑的讨论[n]" accesskey="n"><span>讨论</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="站点"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="目录" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">目录</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">移至侧栏</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">隐藏</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">序言</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-概念發展" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#概念發展"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>概念發展</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-概念發展-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-成因及徵兆" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#成因及徵兆"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>成因及徵兆</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-成因及徵兆-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>开关成因及徵兆子章节</span> </button> <ul id="toc-成因及徵兆-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-八項誘發團體迷思的前置因素" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#八項誘發團體迷思的前置因素"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>八項誘發團體迷思的前置因素</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-八項誘發團體迷思的前置因素-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-八項團體迷思的表現形式" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#八項團體迷思的表現形式"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>八項團體迷思的表現形式</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-八項團體迷思的表現形式-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-七項團體迷思對群體決策過程及結果的影響" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#七項團體迷思對群體決策過程及結果的影響"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>七項團體迷思對群體決策過程及結果的影響</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-七項團體迷思對群體決策過程及結果的影響-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-團體迷思的防範" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#團體迷思的防範"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>團體迷思的防範</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-團體迷思的防範-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-參見" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#參見"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>參見</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-參見-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-註釋" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#註釋"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>註釋</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-註釋-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-參考資料" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#參考資料"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>參考資料</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-參考資料-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-外部連結" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#外部連結"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>外部連結</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-外部連結-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="目录" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="开关目录" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">开关目录</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">團體迷思</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="前往另一种语言写成的文章。33种语言可用" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-33" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">33种语言</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D9%81%D9%83%D9%8A%D8%B1_%D8%AC%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B9%D9%8A" title="تفكير جماعي – 阿拉伯语" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="تفكير جماعي" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="阿拉伯语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pensament_de_grup" title="Pensament de grup – 加泰罗尼亚语" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Pensament de grup" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="加泰罗尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syndrom_skupinov%C3%A9ho_my%C5%A1len%C3%AD" title="Syndrom skupinového myšlení – 捷克语" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Syndrom skupinového myšlení" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="捷克语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meddwl_gr%C5%B5p" title="Meddwl grŵp – 威尔士语" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Meddwl grŵp" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="威尔士语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gruppet%C3%A6nkning" title="Gruppetænkning – 丹麦语" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Gruppetænkning" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="丹麦语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gruppendenken" title="Gruppendenken – 德语" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Gruppendenken" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="德语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Groupthink" title="Groupthink – 英语" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Groupthink" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="英语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kunpensado" title="Kunpensado – 世界语" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Kunpensado" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="世界语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pensamiento_de_grupo" title="Pensamiento de grupo – 西班牙语" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Pensamiento de grupo" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="西班牙语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talde-pentsamendu" title="Talde-pentsamendu – 巴斯克语" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Talde-pentsamendu" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="巴斯克语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%AF%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%87%E2%80%8C%D8%B2%D8%AF%DA%AF%DB%8C" title="گروه‌زدگی – 波斯语" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="گروه‌زدگی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="波斯语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ryhm%C3%A4ajattelu" title="Ryhmäajattelu – 芬兰语" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Ryhmäajattelu" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="芬兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pens%C3%A9e_de_groupe" title="Pensée de groupe – 法语" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Pensée de groupe" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="法语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pensamento_de_grupo" title="Pensamento de grupo – 加利西亚语" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Pensamento de grupo" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="加利西亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%97%D7%A9%D7%99%D7%91%D7%AA_%D7%99%D7%97%D7%93" title="חשיבת יחד – 希伯来语" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="חשיבת יחד" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="希伯来语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Csoportgondolkod%C3%A1s" title="Csoportgondolkodás – 匈牙利语" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Csoportgondolkodás" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="匈牙利语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pemikiran_kelompok" title="Pemikiran kelompok – 印度尼西亚语" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Pemikiran kelompok" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="印度尼西亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Groupthink" title="Groupthink – 意大利语" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Groupthink" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="意大利语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%9B%86%E5%9B%A3%E6%80%9D%E8%80%83" title="集団思考 – 日语" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="集団思考" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="日语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%A7%91%EB%8B%A8%EC%82%AC%EA%B3%A0" title="집단사고 – 韩语" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="집단사고" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="韩语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grupo-pensa" title="Grupo-pensa – 新共同語言" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Grupo-pensa" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="新共同語言" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingua Franca Nova</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Groepsdenken" title="Groepsdenken – 荷兰语" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Groepsdenken" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="荷兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gruppetenkning" title="Gruppetenkning – 书面挪威语" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Gruppetenkning" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="书面挪威语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syndrom_grupowego_my%C5%9Blenia" title="Syndrom grupowego myślenia – 波兰语" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Syndrom grupowego myślenia" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="波兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pensamento_de_grupo" title="Pensamento de grupo – 葡萄牙语" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Pensamento de grupo" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="葡萄牙语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D1%80%D1%83%D0%BF%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B5_%D0%BC%D1%8B%D1%88%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5" title="Групповое мышление – 俄语" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Групповое мышление" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="俄语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Groupthink" title="Groupthink – 斯洛伐克语" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Groupthink" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="斯洛伐克语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gruppt%C3%A4nkande" title="Grupptänkande – 瑞典语" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Grupptänkande" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="瑞典语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%94%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B8%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%A1" title="การคิดแบบติดกลุ่ม – 泰语" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="การคิดแบบติดกลุ่ม" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="泰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D1%80%D1%83%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B5_%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%8F" title="Групове мислення – 乌克兰语" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Групове мислення" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="乌克兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guruhli_fikrlash" title="Guruhli fikrlash – 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href="/w/index.php?title=Special:%E5%BC%95%E7%94%A8%E6%AD%A4%E9%A1%B5%E9%9D%A2&page=%E5%9C%98%E9%AB%94%E8%BF%B7%E6%80%9D&id=79962328&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="有关如何引用此页面的信息"><span>引用此页</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:URL%E7%BC%A9%E7%9F%AD%E7%A8%8B%E5%BA%8F&url=https%3A%2F%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2F%25E5%259C%2598%25E9%25AB%2594%25E8%25BF%25B7%25E6%2580%259D"><span>获取短链接</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2F%25E5%259C%2598%25E9%25AB%2594%25E8%25BF%25B7%25E6%2580%259D"><span>下载二维码</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-electronpdfservice-sidebar-portlet-heading" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-electronpdfservice-sidebar-portlet-heading" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> 打印/导出 </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="electron-print_pdf" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:DownloadAsPdf&page=%E5%9C%98%E9%AB%94%E8%BF%B7%E6%80%9D&action=show-download-screen"><span>下载为PDF</span></a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="javascript:print();" rel="alternate" title="本页面的可打印版本[p]" accesskey="p"><span>打印页面</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> 在其他项目中 </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Groupthink" hreflang="en"><span>维基共享资源</span></a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q751414" title="链接到连接的数据仓库项目[g]" accesskey="g"><span>维基数据项目</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="页面工具"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="外观"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">外观</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">移至侧栏</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">隐藏</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">维基百科，自由的百科全书</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="zh" dir="ltr"><p><b>團體迷思</b>（<a href="/wiki/%E8%8B%B1%E6%96%87" class="mw-redirect" title="英文">英文</a>：<span lang="en">Groupthink</span>，亦作<b>團體盲思</b>、<b>集體錯覺</b>）是一個<a href="/wiki/%E5%BF%83%E7%90%86%E5%AD%B8" class="mw-redirect" title="心理學">心理學</a>現象，指的是<a href="/wiki/%E5%9B%A2%E4%BD%93" class="mw-redirect" title="团体">團體</a>在決策過程中，由於成員傾向讓自己的觀點與團體一致，因而令整個團體缺乏不同的思考角度，不能進行<a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%A2%E8%A7%80" class="mw-redirect" title="客觀">客觀</a><a href="/wiki/%E5%88%86%E6%9E%90" title="分析">分析</a>。一些值得爭議的觀點、有創意的想法或客觀的意見不會有人提出，或是在提出之后，遭到其他团体成员的忽視及隔離。團體迷思可能導致團體作出不合理、甚至是很壞的決定。部份成員即使並不贊同團體的最終決定，但在團體迷思的影響下，也會順從團體。 </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="概念發展"><span id=".E6.A6.82.E5.BF.B5.E7.99.BC.E5.B1.95"></span>概念發展</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%9C%98%E9%AB%94%E8%BF%B7%E6%80%9D&action=edit&section=1" title="编辑章节：概念發展"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>一般認為團體迷思這個概念是由<a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%8E%E5%9C%8B" class="mw-redirect" title="美國">美國</a><a href="/wiki/%E5%BF%83%E7%90%86%E5%AD%B8" class="mw-redirect" title="心理學">心理學</a>家<a href="/wiki/%E6%AC%A7%E6%96%87%C2%B7%E8%8E%B1%E6%96%AF%E7%89%B9%C2%B7%E8%B4%BE%E5%B0%BC%E6%96%AF" title="欧文·莱斯特·贾尼斯">欧文·莱斯特·贾尼斯</a>首先提出。<sup id="cite_ref-Janis1971_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Janis1971-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>但William Safire於2004年8月8日《<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="紐約時報雜誌" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="New York Times Magazine"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/wiki/%E7%BA%BD%E7%BA%A6%E6%97%B6%E6%8A%A5%E6%9D%82%E5%BF%97" title="纽约时报杂志">紐約時報雜誌</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_Times_Magazine" class="extiw" title="en:New York Times Magazine"><span lang="en" dir="auto">New York Times Magazine</span></a></span>）</span></span>》（<i><span lang="en">New York Times Magazine</span></i>）撰文指出，團體迷思一詞實為<a href="/wiki/%E5%A8%81%E5%BB%89%C2%B7H%C2%B7%E6%80%80%E7%89%B9" title="威廉·H·怀特">威廉·H·懷特</a>於1952年在《<a href="/wiki/%E8%B2%A1%E5%AF%8C%E9%9B%9C%E8%AA%8C" class="mw-redirect" title="財富雜誌">財富雜誌</a>》中首先提出。<sup id="cite_ref-whyte_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-whyte-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>1972年，詹尼斯利用「團體迷思」一詞形容團體作出不合理決定的決策過程。詹氏對「團體迷思」的原定義為“一種思考<a href="/wiki/%E6%A8%A1%E5%BC%8F" title="模式">模式</a>，團體成員為維護<a href="/wiki/%E5%85%A7%E5%9C%98%E9%AB%94" class="mw-redirect" title="內團體">內團體</a>的凝聚力、追求團體和諧共識，而不能現實地評估其他可行辦法”<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。及後於1982年，詹尼斯再探究<a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%8E%E5%9C%8B" class="mw-redirect" title="美國">美國</a>入侵<a href="/wiki/%E8%B1%AC%E7%8E%80%E7%81%A3%E4%BA%8B%E4%BB%B6" class="mw-redirect" title="豬玀灣事件">豬玀灣事件</a>、偷襲<a href="/wiki/%E7%8F%8D%E7%8F%A0%E6%B8%AF%E4%BA%8B%E4%BB%B6" title="珍珠港事件">珍珠港事件</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E9%9F%93%E6%88%B0" class="mw-redirect" title="韓戰">韓戰</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E8%B6%8A%E6%88%B0" class="mw-redirect" title="越戰">越戰</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%A4%E5%B7%B4%E5%B0%8E%E5%BD%88%E5%8D%B1%E6%A9%9F" class="mw-redirect" title="古巴導彈危機">古巴導彈危機</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E9%A6%AC%E6%AD%87%E7%88%BE%E8%A8%88%E7%95%AB" class="mw-redirect" title="馬歇爾計畫">馬歇爾計畫</a>的發展、<a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%B4%E9%96%80%E4%BA%8B%E4%BB%B6" class="mw-redirect" title="水門事件">水門事件</a>等美國政府歷年外交決策事件，參照各個事件的<a href="/wiki/%E7%92%B0%E5%A2%83" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="環境">環境</a>、決策過程、決策結果，歸納出團體迷思的<a href="/wiki/%E6%A8%A1%E5%9E%8B" class="mw-disambig" title="模型">模型</a><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>；團體迷思模型包括八項誘發的前置因素、八項表現形式，及七項對群體決策過程及結果的影響。 </p><p>2004年，<a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%8E%E5%9C%8B%E5%8F%83%E8%AD%B0%E9%99%A2" class="mw-redirect" title="美國參議院">美國參議院</a><a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%8E%E5%9C%8B%E5%8F%83%E8%AD%B0%E9%99%A2%E6%83%85%E5%A0%B1%E5%A7%94%E5%93%A1%E6%9C%83" title="美國參議院情報委員會">情報委員會</a>發表的<a href="/wiki/%E4%BC%8A%E6%8B%89%E5%85%8B" title="伊拉克">伊拉克</a><a href="/wiki/%E6%83%85%E5%A0%B1" class="mw-redirect" title="情報">情報</a>失誤報告，嚴厲批評美國情報部門在<a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%8E%E4%BC%8A%E6%88%B0%E7%88%AD" class="mw-redirect" title="美伊戰爭">伊拉克戰爭</a>前，誇大伊拉克<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E8%A6%8F%E6%A8%A1%E6%AE%BA%E5%82%B7%E6%80%A7%E6%AD%A6%E5%99%A8" class="mw-redirect" title="大規模殺傷性武器">大規模殺傷性武器</a>的威脅。美國情報部門的過失，是歸咎於團體迷思。<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="成因及徵兆"><span id=".E6.88.90.E5.9B.A0.E5.8F.8A.E5.BE.B5.E5.85.86"></span>成因及徵兆</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%9C%98%E9%AB%94%E8%BF%B7%E6%80%9D&action=edit&section=2" title="编辑章节：成因及徵兆"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="八項誘發團體迷思的前置因素"><span id=".E5.85.AB.E9.A0.85.E8.AA.98.E7.99.BC.E5.9C.98.E9.AB.94.E8.BF.B7.E6.80.9D.E7.9A.84.E5.89.8D.E7.BD.AE.E5.9B.A0.E7.B4.A0"></span>八項誘發團體迷思的前置因素</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%9C%98%E9%AB%94%E8%BF%B7%E6%80%9D&action=edit&section=3" title="编辑章节：八項誘發團體迷思的前置因素"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ol><li>群體高度凝聚力</li> <li>群體隔絕外界資訊與分析</li> <li>命令式領導</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B1%BA%E7%AD%96%E8%AB%96" class="mw-redirect" title="決策論">決策方法</a>缺乏條理</li> <li>群體成員背景和<a href="/wiki/%E5%83%B9%E5%80%BC%E8%A7%80" title="價值觀">價值觀</a>的相似性</li> <li>來自外部威脅以及時間限制的壓力</li> <li>團體沒有信心尋求比領導所提出的更好的方案：可能因為領導具有強大影響力</li> <li>成員自尊心低落：可能由於剛經歷失敗</li></ol> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="八項團體迷思的表現形式"><span id=".E5.85.AB.E9.A0.85.E5.9C.98.E9.AB.94.E8.BF.B7.E6.80.9D.E7.9A.84.E8.A1.A8.E7.8F.BE.E5.BD.A2.E5.BC.8F"></span>八項團體迷思的表現形式</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%9C%98%E9%AB%94%E8%BF%B7%E6%80%9D&action=edit&section=4" title="编辑章节：八項團體迷思的表現形式"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ol><li>無懈可擊之錯覺：群體過份的自信和盲目的樂觀，忽視潛在的危險及警告，意識不到一種決策的危險性。</li> <li>集體合理化：群體通過集體將已經作出的決策合理化，忽視外來的挑戰。一旦群體作出了某個決策後，更多的是將<a href="/wiki/%E6%99%82%E9%96%93" class="mw-redirect" title="時間">時間</a>花在如何將決策合理化，而不是對它們重新審視和評價。</li> <li>對群體<a href="/wiki/%E9%81%93%E5%BE%B7" title="道德">道德</a>深信不疑：成員相信群體所做出的決策是正義的，不存在<a href="/wiki/%E5%80%AB%E7%90%86" class="mw-redirect" title="倫理">倫理</a>道德問題。因此忽視道德上的挑戰。</li> <li>對外偏見：傾向地認為任何反對他們的人或者群體都是邪惡和難以溝通協調，故此不屑與之爭論；或者認爲這些人或者群體過於軟弱、愚蠢、不能夠保護自己，認為自己群體既定的方案則會獲勝。</li> <li>對異議者施加壓力：群體不欣賞不同的意見和看法，對於懷疑群體立場和計劃的人，群體總是立即給予反擊，但常常不是以證據來反駁，取而代之的是冷嘲熱諷。爲了獲得群體的認可，多數人在面對這種嘲弄時會變得沒有了主見而與群體保持一致。</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%87%AA%E6%88%91%E5%AF%A9%E6%9F%A5" title="自我審查">自我審查</a>：成員對於議題有疑慮時總是保持沈默，忽視自己心中所產生的疑慮，認為自己沒有權力可以去質疑多數人的決定或智慧。</li> <li>全體一致的錯覺：這是群衆壓力和自我壓抑的結果，是使群體的意見看起來是一致的，並由此造成群體統一的錯覺。表面的一致性又會使群體決策合理化，這種由於缺乏不同的意見而造成的統一的錯覺，甚至可以使很多荒謬、罪惡的行動合理化。</li> <li>心靈守衛（"mindguards"）：某些成員會有意地扣留或者隱藏那些不利於群體決策的資訊和資料，或者是限制成員提出不同的意見，以此來保護決策的合法性和影響力。</li></ol> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="七項團體迷思對群體決策過程及結果的影響"><span id=".E4.B8.83.E9.A0.85.E5.9C.98.E9.AB.94.E8.BF.B7.E6.80.9D.E5.B0.8D.E7.BE.A4.E9.AB.94.E6.B1.BA.E7.AD.96.E9.81.8E.E7.A8.8B.E5.8F.8A.E7.B5.90.E6.9E.9C.E7.9A.84.E5.BD.B1.E9.9F.BF"></span>七項團體迷思對群體決策過程及結果的影響</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%9C%98%E9%AB%94%E8%BF%B7%E6%80%9D&action=edit&section=5" title="编辑章节：七項團體迷思對群體決策過程及結果的影響"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ol><li>不全面研究替代方案</li> <li>不全面研究決策目標</li> <li>不考慮既定選擇的風險</li> <li>資訊蒐集不良</li> <li>資訊處理過程有偏頗</li> <li>不重新評估當初放棄的選擇</li> <li>未制定突發情況的備用方案</li></ol> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="團體迷思的防範"><span id=".E5.9C.98.E9.AB.94.E8.BF.B7.E6.80.9D.E7.9A.84.E9.98.B2.E7.AF.84"></span>團體迷思的防範</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%9C%98%E9%AB%94%E8%BF%B7%E6%80%9D&action=edit&section=6" title="编辑章节：團體迷思的防範"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ol><li>群體成員懂得群體思維現象，其原因和後果；</li> <li>領導者應當保持公正，不要偏向任何立場，防止形成不成熟的傾向；</li> <li>領導者應該引導每一位成員對提出的意見進行批評性評價，應鼓勵提出反對意見和懷疑；</li> <li>應該指定一位或多位成員充當反對者的角色，專門提出反對意見；</li> <li>時常將群體分成小組，並將他們分別聚會擬議，然後再全體聚會交流分歧；</li> <li>如果問題涉及與對手群體的關係，則應花時間充分研究一切警告性資訊，並確認對方會採取的各種可能行動；</li> <li>預備決議後，應召開“第二次機會”會議，並要求每個成員提出自己的疑問；</li> <li>決議達成前，請群體之外的專家與會，並請他們對群體意見提出挑戰；</li> <li>每個群體成員都應當向可信賴的有關人士就群體意向交換意見，並將他們的反應反饋給群體；</li> <li>幾個不同的獨立小組，分別同時就有關問題進行決議（最後決議在此基礎上形成，以避免群體思維的不良影響）。</li></ol> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="參見"><span id=".E5.8F.83.E8.A6.8B"></span>參見</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%9C%98%E9%AB%94%E8%BF%B7%E6%80%9D&action=edit&section=7" title="编辑章节：參見"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%9A%E6%95%B0%E6%97%A0%E7%9F%A5" title="多数无知">多數無知</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%81%8E%E5%BA%A6%E7%A4%BE%E6%9C%83%E5%8C%96" title="過度社會化">過度社會化</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%8C%AF%E8%AA%A4%E5%85%B1%E8%AD%98%E6%95%88%E6%87%89" title="錯誤共識效應">錯誤共識效應</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%97%85%E9%BC%A0%E6%95%88%E6%87%89" title="旅鼠效應">旅鼠效應</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="註釋"><span id=".E8.A8.BB.E9.87.8B"></span>註釋</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%9C%98%E9%AB%94%E8%BF%B7%E6%80%9D&action=edit&section=8" title="编辑章节：註釋"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <small><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Janis1971-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Janis1971_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Janis, I. L. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100401033524/http://apps.olin.wustl.edu/faculty/macdonald/GroupThink.pdf">Groupthink</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</span>. Psychology Today. 1971-11, <b>5</b> (6): 43–46, 74–76. 原始内容存档于2010-04-01.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%9C%98%E9%AB%94%E8%BF%B7%E6%80%9D&rft.atitle=Groupthink&rft.aufirst=I.+L.&rft.aulast=Janis&rft.date=1971-11&rft.genre=article&rft.issue=6&rft.jtitle=Psychology+Today&rft.pages=43-46%2C+74-76&rft.volume=5&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fapps.olin.wustl.edu%2Ffaculty%2Fmacdonald%2FGroupThink.pdf&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-whyte-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-whyte_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news"><a href="/wiki/%E5%A8%81%E5%BB%89%C2%B7H%C2%B7%E6%80%80%E7%89%B9" title="威廉·H·怀特">Whyte, W. H., Jr.</a> Groupthink. <a href="/wiki/%E8%B2%A1%E5%AF%8C%E9%9B%9C%E8%AA%8C" class="mw-redirect" title="財富雜誌">fortune</a>. 1952-03: 114–117, 142, 146.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%9C%98%E9%AB%94%E8%BF%B7%E6%80%9D&rft.atitle=Groupthink&rft.aufirst=W.+H.%2C+Jr.&rft.aulast=Whyte&rft.date=1952-03&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=fortune&rft.pages=114-117%2C+142%2C+146&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news">Safire, William. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9C01E2DD173CF93BA3575BC0A9629C8B63">Groupthink</a>. The New York Times. 2004-08-08 <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">2012-02-02</span>]</span>. <q>If the committee's other conclusions are as outdated as its etymology, we're all in trouble. 'Groupthink' (one word, no hyphen) was the title of an article in Fortune magazine in March 1952 by William H. Whyte Jr. ... Whyte derided the notion he argued was held by a trained elite of Washington's 'social engineers.'</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%9C%98%E9%AB%94%E8%BF%B7%E6%80%9D&rft.atitle=Groupthink&rft.aufirst=William&rft.aulast=Safire&rft.date=2004-08-08&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fquery.nytimes.com%2Fgst%2Ffullpage.html%3Fres%3D9C01E2DD173CF93BA3575BC0A9629C8B63&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">英文原文：<span lang="en">a mode of thinking that people engage in when they are deeply involved in a cohesive in-group, when the members' strivings for unanimity override their motivation to realistically appraise alternative courses of action</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">對於團體迷思的模型中的前置因素，有多於一個的說法，但內容性質上是相類似的。本條目中前五項是較普遍的說法。而後三項則是從不同來源中歸納出來的說法。前置因素並不一定局限於只有八個說法。</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%8E%E5%9C%8B%E5%8F%83%E8%AD%B0%E9%99%A2" class="mw-redirect" title="美國參議院">美國參議院</a><a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%8E%E5%9C%8B%E5%8F%83%E8%AD%B0%E9%99%A2%E6%83%85%E5%A0%B1%E5%A7%94%E5%93%A1%E6%9C%83" title="美國參議院情報委員會">情報委員會</a>於<a href="/wiki/2004%E5%B9%B47%E6%9C%88" title="2004年7月">2004年7月</a>發表的<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://intelligence.senate.gov/conclusions.pdf">伊拉克情報失誤報告</a> <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" class="mw-redirect" title="Wayback Machine">互联网档案馆</a>的<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060308222122/http://intelligence.senate.gov/conclusions.pdf">存檔</a>，存档日期2006-03-08.提到“情報機關錯誤地集體假設伊拉克有發展大殺傷力<a href="/wiki/%E6%AD%A6%E5%99%A8" title="武器">武器</a>的計劃。這個團體迷思，誘導情報機構的分析、搜集和管理人員把模棱兩可的證據，當作顯示伊拉克擁有違禁武器的結論性證據，無視或輕視伊拉克沒有有效的大規模殺傷性武器專案的<a href="/wiki/%E8%AD%89%E6%93%9A" title="證據">證據</a>。分析人員把有疑問的情報資訊，誇大成伊拉克擁有大規模殺傷性武器的證明。”</span> </li> </ol></small> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="參考資料"><span id=".E5.8F.83.E8.80.83.E8.B3.87.E6.96.99"></span>參考資料</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%9C%98%E9%AB%94%E8%BF%B7%E6%80%9D&action=edit&section=9" title="编辑章节：參考資料"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Baron, R. S. (2005年). <i>So Right It's Wrong: Groupthink and the Ubiquitous Nature of Polarized Group Decision Making</i>，載Zanna, Mark P編：<i>Advances in experimental social psychology</i>,第37期 (219-253頁).美國加州聖迭戈：Elsevier Academic Press.</li> <li>Janis, I. (1972年). <i>Victims of Groupthink: A Psychological Study of Foreign-Policy Decisions and Fiascoes</i>.波士頓：Houghton Mifflin. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/0395140447" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 0395140447</a></li> <li>Janis, I. & Mann, L. (1977年). <i>Decision Making: A Psychological Analysis of Conflict, Choice and Commitment</i>.紐約：The Free Press.</li> <li>Schwartz, John & Wald, Matthew L.: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060525130125/http://www.mindfully.org/Reform/2003/Smart-People-Dumber9mar03.htm">Smart People Working Collectively can be Dumber Than the Sum of their Brains: "Groupthink" Is 30 Years Old, and Still Going Strong</a>.載《<a href="/wiki/%E7%B4%90%E7%B4%84%E6%99%82%E5%A0%B1" class="mw-redirect" title="紐約時報">紐約時報</a>》，2003年3月9日</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="外部連結"><span id=".E5.A4.96.E9.83.A8.E9.80.A3.E7.B5.90"></span>外部連結</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%9C%98%E9%AB%94%E8%BF%B7%E6%80%9D&action=edit&section=10" title="编辑章节：外部連結"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060308222122/http://intelligence.senate.gov/conclusions.pdf">美國參議院情報委員會：2004年7月《伊拉克情報失誤報告》</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060217092510/http://www.probe.org/content/view/1088/162/">JFK and Groupthink: Lessons in Decision Making</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jciie.ciie.org.tw/Vol20_No6/pdf/91100-10.pdf">從團體迷思現象的觀點探索國內廠商投資大陸之決策過程</a><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:%E5%A4%B1%E6%95%88%E9%93%BE%E6%8E%A5" title="Wikipedia:失效链接"><span title="自2017年12月失效">永久失效連結</span></a>]</span></sup></li></ul> <p><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://mathsball.blogspot.com.es/2013/10/breakfast-at-les-deux-magots.html">一个实际的例子群体思维<span style="font-family: sans-serif; cursor: default; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d); font-size: 0.8em; bottom: 0.1em; font-weight: bold;" title="英語">（英文）</span></a> 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dir="auto">Proscription</span></a></span>）</span></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E9%98%B6%E7%BA%A7%E6%95%8C%E4%BA%BA" title="阶级敌人">阶级敌人</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%9B%BD%E5%AE%B6%E5%85%AC%E6%95%8C" title="国家公敌">国家公敌</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%99%B6%E7%89%87%E6%94%BE%E9%80%90%E5%88%B6" title="陶片放逐制">陶片放逐制</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E9%BB%91%E5%90%8D%E5%96%AE" title="黑名單">黑名單</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%96%E6%B6%88%E6%96%87%E5%8C%96" title="取消文化">取消文化</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%A1%E6%9F%A5%E5%88%B6%E5%BA%A6" title="审查制度">審查制度</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%95%E5%A4%96%E4%B9%8B%E5%BE%92" title="法外之徒">法外之徒</a> <ul><li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="公民死亡" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Civil death"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%85%AC%E6%B0%91%E6%AD%BB%E4%BA%A1&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="公民死亡（页面不存在）">公民死亡</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civil_death" class="extiw" title="en:Civil death"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Civil death</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="不法之徒 (德国)" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Vogelfrei"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%B8%8D%E6%B3%95%E4%B9%8B%E5%BE%92_(%E5%BE%B7%E5%9B%BD)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="不法之徒 (德国)（页面不存在）">不法之徒</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vogelfrei" class="extiw" title="en:Vogelfrei"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Vogelfrei</span></a></span>）</span></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="全民公敌 (社会学)" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Public enemy"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%85%A8%E6%B0%91%E5%85%AC%E6%95%8C_(%E7%A4%BE%E4%BC%9A%E5%AD%A6)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="全民公敌 (社会学)（页面不存在）">全民公敌</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_enemy" class="extiw" title="en:Public enemy"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Public enemy</span></a></span>）</span></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">群体压力</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%9E%E7%9C%BE%E6%95%88%E6%87%89" title="從眾效應">從眾效應</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%9B%86%E4%BD%93%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89" title="集体主义">集体主义</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%B9%B3%E8%87%BA%E9%A9%85%E9%80%90" title="平臺驅逐">平台驱逐</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B4%97%E8%85%A6" title="洗腦">洗腦</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%97%E6%95%99%E6%95%99%E7%BE%A9" class="mw-redirect" title="宗教教義">宗教教義</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E8%87%AA%E6%AE%BA%E6%A8%A1%E4%BB%BF" title="自殺模仿">自殺模仿</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%94%99%E5%A4%B1%E6%81%90%E6%83%A7%E7%97%87" title="错失恐惧症">错失恐惧症</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">團體迷思</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%91%E6%97%8F%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9" title="民族主義">民族主義</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%84%9B%E5%9C%8B%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9" title="愛國主義">愛國主義</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%90%8C%E5%84%95%E5%A3%93%E5%8A%9B" title="同儕壓力">同儕壓力</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="戏弄" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Teasing"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%88%8F%E5%BC%84&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="戏弄（页面不存在）">戏弄</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teasing" class="extiw" title="en:Teasing"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Teasing</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="社會影響力" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Social influence"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%A4%BE%E6%9C%83%E5%BD%B1%E9%9F%BF%E5%8A%9B&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="社會影響力（页面不存在）">社會影響力</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_influence" class="extiw" title="en:Social influence"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Social influence</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%9A%E6%95%B0%E6%97%A0%E7%9F%A5" title="多数无知">多数无知</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%91%E4%B8%BB" title="民主">民主</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%94%BF%E6%B2%BB%E5%AE%A3%E4%BC%A0" title="政治宣传">政治宣传</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%81%9A%E6%97%97%E6%95%88%E5%BA%94" title="聚旗效应">聚旗效应</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%A4%BE%E6%9C%83%E5%8C%96" title="社會化">社會化</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B2%89%E9%BB%98%E8%9E%BA%E6%97%8B" title="沉默螺旋">沉默的螺旋</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%9A%E6%95%B8%E4%BA%BA%E6%9A%B4%E6%94%BF" title="多數人暴政">多數人暴政</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%B4%B1%E6%B0%91" title="贱民">贱民</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%B4%A2%E9%A6%AC%E9%87%8C%E5%88%A4%E5%AE%98%E6%94%BF%E6%B2%BB" title="索馬里判官政治">索馬里判官政治</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%9B%86%E9%AB%94%E6%AC%BA%E5%87%8C" title="集體欺凌">集體欺凌</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">个人压力</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E6%8E%A7%E5%88%B6%E7%8B%82" title="控制狂">控制狂</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%BC%BA%E8%BF%AB%E5%9E%8B%E4%BA%BA%E6%A0%BC%E9%9A%9C%E7%A2%8D" title="强迫型人格障碍">强迫型人格障碍</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">自我确认</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="顺从 (心理学)" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Compliance (psychology)"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%A1%BA%E4%BB%8E_(%E5%BF%83%E7%90%86%E5%AD%A6)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="顺从 (心理学)（页面不存在）">顺从</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Compliance_(psychology)" class="extiw" title="en:Compliance (psychology)"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Compliance (psychology)</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="反信号" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Countersignaling"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8F%8D%E4%BF%A1%E5%8F%B7&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="反信号（页面不存在）">反信号</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Countersignaling" class="extiw" title="en:Countersignaling"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Countersignaling</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="随大溜" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Herd behavior"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%9A%8F%E5%A4%A7%E6%BA%9C&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="随大溜（页面不存在）">随大溜</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herd_behavior" class="extiw" title="en:Herd behavior"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Herd behavior</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="内化 (社会学)" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Internalisation (sociology)"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%86%85%E5%8C%96_(%E7%A4%BE%E4%BC%9A%E5%AD%A6)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="内化 (社会学)（页面不存在）">内化</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internalisation_(sociology)" class="extiw" title="en:Internalisation (sociology)"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Internalisation (sociology)</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="社会证明" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Social proof"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%A4%BE%E4%BC%9A%E8%AF%81%E6%98%8E&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="社会证明（页面不存在）">社会证明</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_proof" class="extiw" title="en:Social proof"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Social proof</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="服从 (人类行为)" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Obedience (human behavior)"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%9C%8D%E4%BB%8E_(%E4%BA%BA%E7%B1%BB%E8%A1%8C%E4%B8%BA)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="服从 (人类行为)（页面不存在）">服从</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Obedience_(human_behavior)" class="extiw" title="en:Obedience (human behavior)"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Obedience (human behavior)</span></a></span>）</span></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">著名实验和设计</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E5%B8%8C%E4%BB%8E%E4%BC%97%E5%AE%9E%E9%AA%8C" title="阿希从众实验">阿希从众实验</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%B1%B3%E7%88%BE%E6%A0%BC%E5%80%AB%E5%AF%A6%E9%A9%97" title="米爾格倫實驗">米尔格拉姆实验</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%96%AF%E5%9D%A6%E7%A6%8F%E7%9B%91%E7%8B%B1%E5%AE%9E%E9%AA%8C" title="斯坦福监狱实验">斯坦福监狱实验</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%86%E5%BD%A2%E7%9B%91%E7%8B%B1" title="圆形监狱">圆形监狱</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">反从众行为</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%8D%E7%8B%AC%E8%A3%81%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89" class="mw-redirect" title="反独裁主义">反独裁主义</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%8D%E7%A4%BE%E6%9C%83%E8%A1%8C%E7%82%BA" title="反社會行為">反社會行為</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%85%AC%E6%B0%91%E4%B8%8D%E6%9C%8D%E5%BE%9E" title="公民不服從">公民不服從</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%96%E7%95%8C%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89" title="世界主义">世界主义</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%96%87%E5%8C%96%E5%B9%B2%E6%93%BE" title="文化干擾">文化干扰</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%B6%8A%E8%BD%A8%E7%A4%BE%E4%BC%9A%E5%AD%A6" title="越轨社会学">越轨社会学</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%8A%98%E8%A1%B7%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9" title="折衷主義">折衷主義</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="古怪 (行为)" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Eccentricity (behavior)"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8F%A4%E6%80%AA_(%E8%A1%8C%E4%B8%BA)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="古怪 (行为)（页面不存在）">古怪</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eccentricity_(behavior)" class="extiw" title="en:Eccentricity (behavior)"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Eccentricity (behavior)</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="个性" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Idiosyncrasy"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/wiki/%E5%80%8B%E6%80%A7" class="mw-redirect" title="個性">个性</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idiosyncrasy" class="extiw" title="en:Idiosyncrasy"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Idiosyncrasy</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AA%E4%BA%BA%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89" title="个人主义">个人主义</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%88%89%E4%BA%8B" title="舉事">舉事</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%AE%BD%E5%88%BA" title="讽刺">讽刺</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="冲击价值" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Shock value"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%86%B2%E5%87%BB%E4%BB%B7%E5%80%BC&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="冲击价值（页面不存在）">冲击价值</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shock_value" class="extiw" title="en:Shock value"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Shock value</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B5%81%E4%BA%A1" title="流亡">流亡</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%A5%9E%E5%9C%A3%E7%9A%84%E4%BA%BA" title="神圣的人">神圣的人</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%8C%81%E4%B8%8D%E5%90%8C%E6%94%BF%E8%A7%81%E8%80%85" title="持不同政见者">持不同政见者</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%8D%E5%8F%97%E6%AD%A1%E8%BF%8E%E4%BA%BA%E7%89%A9" title="不受歡迎人物">不受歡迎人物</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1&useformat=desktop" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">检索自“<a dir="ltr" href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=團體迷思&oldid=79962328">https://zh.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=團體迷思&oldid=79962328</a>”</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E9%A1%B5%E9%9D%A2%E5%88%86%E7%B1%BB" title="Special:页面分类">分类</a>：<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:%E4%BB%8E%E4%BC%97%E8%A1%8C%E4%B8%BA" title="Category:从众行为">从众行为</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:%E7%BE%A4%E4%BD%93%E8%BF%87%E7%A8%8B" title="Category:群体过程">群体过程</a></li><li><a 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