CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html>     <html lang="en" dir="ltr" prefix="fb: https://ogp.me/ns/fb# og: https://ogp.me/ns#"> <head profile="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml/vocab"> <meta charset="utf-8" /><script type="text/javascript">(window.NREUM||(NREUM={})).init={ajax:{deny_list:["bam.nr-data.net"]}};(window.NREUM||(NREUM={})).loader_config={licenseKey:"NRJS-a197aaefa4068c388b6",applicationID:"1555785413"};;/*! For license information please see nr-loader-rum-1.281.0.min.js.LICENSE.txt */ (()=>{var e,t,r={122:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{a:()=>i});var n=r(944);function i(e,t){try{if(!e||"object"!=typeof e)return(0,n.R)(3);if(!t||"object"!=typeof t)return(0,n.R)(4);const r=Object.create(Object.getPrototypeOf(t),Object.getOwnPropertyDescriptors(t)),o=0===Object.keys(r).length?e:r;for(let a in o)if(void 0!==e[a])try{if(null===e[a]){r[a]=null;continue}Array.isArray(e[a])&&Array.isArray(t[a])?r[a]=Array.from(new Set([...e[a],...t[a]])):"object"==typeof e[a]&&"object"==typeof t[a]?r[a]=i(e[a],t[a]):r[a]=e[a]}catch(e){(0,n.R)(1,e)}return r}catch(e){(0,n.R)(2,e)}}},555:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{Vp:()=>c,fn:()=>s,x1:()=>u});var n=r(384),i=r(122);const o={beacon:n.NT.beacon,errorBeacon:n.NT.errorBeacon,licenseKey:void 0,applicationID:void 0,sa:void 0,queueTime:void 0,applicationTime:void 0,ttGuid:void 0,user:void 0,account:void 0,product:void 0,extra:void 0,jsAttributes:{},userAttributes:void 0,atts:void 0,transactionName:void 0,tNamePlain:void 0},a={};function s(e){try{const t=c(e);return!!t.licenseKey&&!!t.errorBeacon&&!!t.applicationID}catch(e){return!1}}function c(e){if(!e)throw new Error("All info objects require an agent identifier!");if(!a[e])throw new Error("Info for ".concat(e," was never set"));return a[e]}function u(e,t){if(!e)throw new Error("All info objects require an agent identifier!");a[e]=(0,i.a)(t,o);const r=(0,n.nY)(e);r&&(r.info=a[e])}},217:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{D0:()=>h,gD:()=>b,xN:()=>v});r(860).K7.genericEvents;const n="experimental.marks",i="experimental.measures",o="experimental.resources";var a=r(993);const s=e=>{if(!e||"string"!=typeof e)return!1;try{document.createDocumentFragment().querySelector(e)}catch{return!1}return!0};var c=r(614),u=r(944),l=r(384),d=r(122);const f="[data-nr-mask]",g=()=>{const e={feature_flags:[],experimental:{marks:!1,measures:!1,resources:!1},mask_selector:"*",block_selector:"[data-nr-block]",mask_input_options:{color:!1,date:!1,"datetime-local":!1,email:!1,month:!1,number:!1,range:!1,search:!1,tel:!1,text:!1,time:!1,url:!1,week:!1,textarea:!1,select:!1,password:!0}};return{ajax:{deny_list:void 0,block_internal:!0,enabled:!0,autoStart:!0},distributed_tracing:{enabled:void 0,exclude_newrelic_header:void 0,cors_use_newrelic_header:void 0,cors_use_tracecontext_headers:void 0,allowed_origins:void 0},get feature_flags(){return e.feature_flags},set feature_flags(t){e.feature_flags=t},generic_events:{enabled:!0,autoStart:!0},harvest:{interval:30},jserrors:{enabled:!0,autoStart:!0},logging:{enabled:!0,autoStart:!0,level:a.p_.INFO},metrics:{enabled:!0,autoStart:!0},obfuscate:void 0,page_action:{enabled:!0},page_view_event:{enabled:!0,autoStart:!0},page_view_timing:{enabled:!0,autoStart:!0},performance:{get capture_marks(){return e.feature_flags.includes(n)||e.experimental.marks},set capture_marks(t){e.experimental.marks=t},get capture_measures(){return e.feature_flags.includes(i)||e.experimental.measures},set capture_measures(t){e.experimental.measures=t},capture_detail:!0,resources:{get enabled(){return e.feature_flags.includes(o)||e.experimental.resources},set enabled(t){e.experimental.resources=t},asset_types:[],first_party_domains:[],ignore_newrelic:!0}},privacy:{cookies_enabled:!0},proxy:{assets:void 0,beacon:void 0},session:{expiresMs:c.wk,inactiveMs:c.BB},session_replay:{autoStart:!0,enabled:!1,preload:!1,sampling_rate:10,error_sampling_rate:100,collect_fonts:!1,inline_images:!1,fix_stylesheets:!0,mask_all_inputs:!0,get mask_text_selector(){return e.mask_selector},set mask_text_selector(t){s(t)?e.mask_selector="".concat(t,",").concat(f):""===t||null===t?e.mask_selector=f:(0,u.R)(5,t)},get block_class(){return"nr-block"},get ignore_class(){return"nr-ignore"},get mask_text_class(){return"nr-mask"},get block_selector(){return e.block_selector},set block_selector(t){s(t)?e.block_selector+=",".concat(t):""!==t&&(0,u.R)(6,t)},get mask_input_options(){return e.mask_input_options},set mask_input_options(t){t&&"object"==typeof t?e.mask_input_options={...t,password:!0}:(0,u.R)(7,t)}},session_trace:{enabled:!0,autoStart:!0},soft_navigations:{enabled:!0,autoStart:!0},spa:{enabled:!0,autoStart:!0},ssl:void 0,user_actions:{enabled:!0,elementAttributes:["id","className","tagName","type"]}}},p={},m="All configuration objects require an agent identifier!";function h(e){if(!e)throw new Error(m);if(!p[e])throw new Error("Configuration for ".concat(e," was never set"));return p[e]}function v(e,t){if(!e)throw new Error(m);p[e]=(0,d.a)(t,g());const r=(0,l.nY)(e);r&&(r.init=p[e])}function b(e,t){if(!e)throw new Error(m);var r=h(e);if(r){for(var n=t.split("."),i=0;i<n.length-1;i++)if("object"!=typeof(r=r[n[i]]))return;r=r[n[n.length-1]]}return r}},371:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{V:()=>f,f:()=>d});var n=r(122),i=r(384),o=r(154),a=r(324);let s=0;const c={buildEnv:a.F3,distMethod:a.Xs,version:a.xv,originTime:o.WN},u={customTransaction:void 0,disabled:!1,isolatedBacklog:!1,loaderType:void 0,maxBytes:3e4,onerror:void 0,ptid:void 0,releaseIds:{},appMetadata:{},session:void 0,denyList:void 0,timeKeeper:void 0,obfuscator:void 0,harvester:void 0},l={};function d(e){if(!e)throw new Error("All runtime objects require an agent identifier!");if(!l[e])throw new Error("Runtime for ".concat(e," was never set"));return l[e]}function f(e,t){if(!e)throw new Error("All runtime objects require an agent identifier!");l[e]={...(0,n.a)(t,u),...c},Object.hasOwnProperty.call(l[e],"harvestCount")||Object.defineProperty(l[e],"harvestCount",{get:()=>++s});const r=(0,i.nY)(e);r&&(r.runtime=l[e])}},324:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{F3:()=>i,Xs:()=>o,xv:()=>n});const n="1.281.0",i="PROD",o="CDN"},154:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{OF:()=>c,RI:()=>i,WN:()=>l,bv:()=>o,gm:()=>a,mw:()=>s,sb:()=>u});var n=r(863);const i="undefined"!=typeof window&&!!window.document,o="undefined"!=typeof WorkerGlobalScope&&("undefined"!=typeof self&&self instanceof WorkerGlobalScope&&self.navigator instanceof WorkerNavigator||"undefined"!=typeof globalThis&&globalThis instanceof WorkerGlobalScope&&globalThis.navigator instanceof WorkerNavigator),a=i?window:"undefined"!=typeof WorkerGlobalScope&&("undefined"!=typeof self&&self instanceof WorkerGlobalScope&&self||"undefined"!=typeof globalThis&&globalThis instanceof WorkerGlobalScope&&globalThis),s=Boolean("hidden"===a?.document?.visibilityState),c=/iPad|iPhone|iPod/.test(a.navigator?.userAgent),u=c&&"undefined"==typeof SharedWorker,l=((()=>{const e=a.navigator?.userAgent?.match(/Firefox[/\s](\d+\.\d+)/);Array.isArray(e)&&e.length>=2&&e[1]})(),Date.now()-(0,n.t)())},687:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{Ak:()=>c,Ze:()=>d,x3:()=>u});var n=r(836),i=r(606),o=r(860),a=r(646);const s={};function c(e,t){const r={staged:!1,priority:o.P3[t]||0};l(e),s[e].get(t)||s[e].set(t,r)}function u(e,t){e&&s[e]&&(s[e].get(t)&&s[e].delete(t),g(e,t,!1),s[e].size&&f(e))}function l(e){if(!e)throw new Error("agentIdentifier required");s[e]||(s[e]=new Map)}function d(e="",t="feature",r=!1){if(l(e),!e||!s[e].get(t)||r)return g(e,t);s[e].get(t).staged=!0,f(e)}function f(e){const t=Array.from(s[e]);t.every((([e,t])=>t.staged))&&(t.sort(((e,t)=>e[1].priority-t[1].priority)),t.forEach((([t])=>{s[e].delete(t),g(e,t)})))}function g(e,t,r=!0){const o=e?n.ee.get(e):n.ee,s=i.i.handlers;if(!o.aborted&&o.backlog&&s){if(r){const e=o.backlog[t],r=s[t];if(r){for(let t=0;e&&t<e.length;++t)p(e[t],r);Object.entries(r).forEach((([e,t])=>{Object.values(t||{}).forEach((t=>{t[0]?.on&&t[0]?.context()instanceof a.y&&t[0].on(e,t[1])}))}))}}o.isolatedBacklog||delete s[t],o.backlog[t]=null,o.emit("drain-"+t,[])}}function p(e,t){var r=e[1];Object.values(t[r]||{}).forEach((t=>{var r=e[0];if(t[0]===r){var n=t[1],i=e[3],o=e[2];n.apply(i,o)}}))}},836:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{P:()=>c,ee:()=>u});var n=r(384),i=r(990),o=r(371),a=r(646),s=r(607);const c="nr@context:".concat(s.W),u=function e(t,r){var n={},s={},l={},d=!1;try{d=16===r.length&&(0,o.f)(r).isolatedBacklog}catch(e){}var f={on:p,addEventListener:p,removeEventListener:function(e,t){var r=n[e];if(!r)return;for(var i=0;i<r.length;i++)r[i]===t&&r.splice(i,1)},emit:function(e,r,n,i,o){!1!==o&&(o=!0);if(u.aborted&&!i)return;t&&o&&t.emit(e,r,n);for(var a=g(n),c=m(e),l=c.length,d=0;d<l;d++)c[d].apply(a,r);var p=v()[s[e]];p&&p.push([f,e,r,a]);return a},get:h,listeners:m,context:g,buffer:function(e,t){const r=v();if(t=t||"feature",f.aborted)return;Object.entries(e||{}).forEach((([e,n])=>{s[n]=t,t in r||(r[t]=[])}))},abort:function(){f._aborted=!0,Object.keys(f.backlog).forEach((e=>{delete f.backlog[e]}))},isBuffering:function(e){return!!v()[s[e]]},debugId:r,backlog:d?{}:t&&"object"==typeof t.backlog?t.backlog:{},isolatedBacklog:d};return Object.defineProperty(f,"aborted",{get:()=>{let e=f._aborted||!1;return e||(t&&(e=t.aborted),e)}}),f;function g(e){return e&&e instanceof a.y?e:e?(0,i.I)(e,c,(()=>new a.y(c))):new a.y(c)}function p(e,t){n[e]=m(e).concat(t)}function m(e){return n[e]||[]}function h(t){return l[t]=l[t]||e(f,t)}function v(){return f.backlog}}(void 0,"globalEE"),l=(0,n.Zm)();l.ee||(l.ee=u)},646:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{y:()=>n});class n{constructor(e){this.contextId=e}}},908:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{d:()=>n,p:()=>i});var n=r(836).ee.get("handle");function i(e,t,r,i,o){o?(o.buffer([e],i),o.emit(e,t,r)):(n.buffer([e],i),n.emit(e,t,r))}},606:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{i:()=>o});var n=r(908);o.on=a;var i=o.handlers={};function o(e,t,r,o){a(o||n.d,i,e,t,r)}function a(e,t,r,i,o){o||(o="feature"),e||(e=n.d);var a=t[o]=t[o]||{};(a[r]=a[r]||[]).push([e,i])}},878:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";function n(e,t){return{capture:e,passive:!1,signal:t}}function i(e,t,r=!1,i){window.addEventListener(e,t,n(r,i))}function o(e,t,r=!1,i){document.addEventListener(e,t,n(r,i))}r.d(t,{DD:()=>o,jT:()=>n,sp:()=>i})},607:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{W:()=>n});const n=(0,r(566).bz)()},566:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{LA:()=>s,bz:()=>a});var n=r(154);const i="xxxxxxxx-xxxx-4xxx-yxxx-xxxxxxxxxxxx";function o(e,t){return e?15&e[t]:16*Math.random()|0}function a(){const e=n.gm?.crypto||n.gm?.msCrypto;let t,r=0;return e&&e.getRandomValues&&(t=e.getRandomValues(new Uint8Array(30))),i.split("").map((e=>"x"===e?o(t,r++).toString(16):"y"===e?(3&o()|8).toString(16):e)).join("")}function s(e){const t=n.gm?.crypto||n.gm?.msCrypto;let r,i=0;t&&t.getRandomValues&&(r=t.getRandomValues(new Uint8Array(e)));const a=[];for(var s=0;s<e;s++)a.push(o(r,i++).toString(16));return a.join("")}},614:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{BB:()=>a,H3:()=>n,g:()=>u,iL:()=>c,tS:()=>s,uh:()=>i,wk:()=>o});const n="NRBA",i="SESSION",o=144e5,a=18e5,s={STARTED:"session-started",PAUSE:"session-pause",RESET:"session-reset",RESUME:"session-resume",UPDATE:"session-update"},c={SAME_TAB:"same-tab",CROSS_TAB:"cross-tab"},u={OFF:0,FULL:1,ERROR:2}},863:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";function n(){return Math.floor(performance.now())}r.d(t,{t:()=>n})},944:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";function n(e,t){"function"==typeof console.debug&&console.debug("New Relic Warning: https://github.com/newrelic/newrelic-browser-agent/blob/main/docs/warning-codes.md#".concat(e),t)}r.d(t,{R:()=>n})},284:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{t:()=>c,B:()=>s});var n=r(836),i=r(154);const o="newrelic";const a=new Set,s={};function c(e,t){const r=n.ee.get(t);s[t]??={},e&&"object"==typeof e&&(a.has(t)||(r.emit("rumresp",[e]),s[t]=e,a.add(t),function(e={}){try{i.gm.dispatchEvent(new CustomEvent(o,{detail:e}))}catch(e){}}({loaded:!0})))}},990:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{I:()=>i});var n=Object.prototype.hasOwnProperty;function i(e,t,r){if(n.call(e,t))return e[t];var i=r();if(Object.defineProperty&&Object.keys)try{return Object.defineProperty(e,t,{value:i,writable:!0,enumerable:!1}),i}catch(e){}return e[t]=i,i}},389:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";function n(e,t=500,r={}){const n=r?.leading||!1;let i;return(...r)=>{n&&void 0===i&&(e.apply(this,r),i=setTimeout((()=>{i=clearTimeout(i)}),t)),n||(clearTimeout(i),i=setTimeout((()=>{e.apply(this,r)}),t))}}function i(e){let t=!1;return(...r)=>{t||(t=!0,e.apply(this,r))}}r.d(t,{J:()=>i,s:()=>n})},289:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{GG:()=>o,sB:()=>a});var n=r(878);function i(){return"undefined"==typeof document||"complete"===document.readyState}function o(e,t){if(i())return e();(0,n.sp)("load",e,t)}function a(e){if(i())return e();(0,n.DD)("DOMContentLoaded",e)}},384:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{NT:()=>o,US:()=>l,Zm:()=>a,bQ:()=>c,dV:()=>s,nY:()=>u,pV:()=>d});var n=r(154),i=r(863);const o={beacon:"bam.nr-data.net",errorBeacon:"bam.nr-data.net"};function a(){return n.gm.NREUM||(n.gm.NREUM={}),void 0===n.gm.newrelic&&(n.gm.newrelic=n.gm.NREUM),n.gm.NREUM}function s(){let e=a();return e.o||(e.o={ST:n.gm.setTimeout,SI:n.gm.setImmediate,CT:n.gm.clearTimeout,XHR:n.gm.XMLHttpRequest,REQ:n.gm.Request,EV:n.gm.Event,PR:n.gm.Promise,MO:n.gm.MutationObserver,FETCH:n.gm.fetch,WS:n.gm.WebSocket}),e}function c(e,t){let r=a();r.initializedAgents??={},t.initializedAt={ms:(0,i.t)(),date:new Date},r.initializedAgents[e]=t}function u(e){let t=a();return t.initializedAgents?.[e]}function l(e,t){a()[e]=t}function d(){return function(){let e=a();const t=e.info||{};e.info={beacon:o.beacon,errorBeacon:o.errorBeacon,...t}}(),function(){let e=a();const t=e.init||{};e.init={...t}}(),s(),function(){let e=a();const t=e.loader_config||{};e.loader_config={...t}}(),a()}},843:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{u:()=>i});var n=r(878);function i(e,t=!1,r,i){(0,n.DD)("visibilitychange",(function(){if(t)return void("hidden"===document.visibilityState&&e());e(document.visibilityState)}),r,i)}},434:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{Jt:()=>o,YM:()=>c});var n=r(836),i=r(607);const o="nr@original:".concat(i.W);var a=Object.prototype.hasOwnProperty,s=!1;function c(e,t){return e||(e=n.ee),r.inPlace=function(e,t,n,i,o){n||(n="");const a="-"===n.charAt(0);for(let s=0;s<t.length;s++){const c=t[s],u=e[c];l(u)||(e[c]=r(u,a?c+n:n,i,c,o))}},r.flag=o,r;function r(t,r,n,s,c){return l(t)?t:(r||(r=""),nrWrapper[o]=t,function(e,t,r){if(Object.defineProperty&&Object.keys)try{return Object.keys(e).forEach((function(r){Object.defineProperty(t,r,{get:function(){return e[r]},set:function(t){return e[r]=t,t}})})),t}catch(e){u([e],r)}for(var n in e)a.call(e,n)&&(t[n]=e[n])}(t,nrWrapper,e),nrWrapper);function nrWrapper(){var o,a,l,d;try{a=this,o=[...arguments],l="function"==typeof n?n(o,a):n||{}}catch(t){u([t,"",[o,a,s],l],e)}i(r+"start",[o,a,s],l,c);try{return d=t.apply(a,o)}catch(e){throw i(r+"err",[o,a,e],l,c),e}finally{i(r+"end",[o,a,d],l,c)}}}function i(r,n,i,o){if(!s||t){var a=s;s=!0;try{e.emit(r,n,i,t,o)}catch(t){u([t,r,n,i],e)}s=a}}}function u(e,t){t||(t=n.ee);try{t.emit("internal-error",e)}catch(e){}}function l(e){return!(e&&"function"==typeof e&&e.apply&&!e[o])}},993:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{ET:()=>o,p_:()=>i});var n=r(860);const i={ERROR:"ERROR",WARN:"WARN",INFO:"INFO",DEBUG:"DEBUG",TRACE:"TRACE"},o="log";n.K7.logging},969:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{TZ:()=>n,XG:()=>s,rs:()=>i,xV:()=>a,z_:()=>o});const n=r(860).K7.metrics,i="sm",o="cm",a="storeSupportabilityMetrics",s="storeEventMetrics"},630:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{T:()=>n});const n=r(860).K7.pageViewEvent},782:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{T:()=>n});const n=r(860).K7.pageViewTiming},344:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{G4:()=>i});var n=r(614);r(860).K7.sessionReplay;const i={RECORD:"recordReplay",PAUSE:"pauseReplay",REPLAY_RUNNING:"replayRunning",ERROR_DURING_REPLAY:"errorDuringReplay"};n.g.ERROR,n.g.FULL,n.g.OFF},234:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{W:()=>o});var n=r(836),i=r(687);class o{constructor(e,t){this.agentIdentifier=e,this.ee=n.ee.get(e),this.featureName=t,this.blocked=!1}deregisterDrain(){(0,i.x3)(this.agentIdentifier,this.featureName)}}},603:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{j:()=>K});var n=r(860),i=r(555),o=r(371),a=r(908),s=r(836),c=r(687),u=r(289),l=r(154),d=r(944),f=r(969),g=r(384),p=r(344);const m=["setErrorHandler","finished","addToTrace","addRelease","recordCustomEvent","addPageAction","setCurrentRouteName","setPageViewName","setCustomAttribute","interaction","noticeError","setUserId","setApplicationVersion","start",p.G4.RECORD,p.G4.PAUSE,"log","wrapLogger"],h=["setErrorHandler","finished","addToTrace","addRelease"];var v=r(863),b=r(614),y=r(993);var w=r(646),A=r(434);const R=new Map;function _(e,t,r,n){if("object"!=typeof t||!t||"string"!=typeof r||!r||"function"!=typeof t[r])return(0,d.R)(29);const i=function(e){return(e||s.ee).get("logger")}(e),o=(0,A.YM)(i),a=new w.y(s.P);a.level=n.level,a.customAttributes=n.customAttributes;const c=t[r]?.[A.Jt]||t[r];return R.set(c,a),o.inPlace(t,[r],"wrap-logger-",(()=>R.get(c))),i}function E(){const e=(0,g.pV)();m.forEach((t=>{e[t]=(...r)=>function(t,...r){let n=[];return Object.values(e.initializedAgents).forEach((e=>{e&&e.api?e.exposed&&e.api[t]&&n.push(e.api[t](...r)):(0,d.R)(38,t)})),n.length>1?n:n[0]}(t,...r)}))}const x={};function N(e,t,g=!1){t||(0,c.Ak)(e,"api");const m={};var w=s.ee.get(e),A=w.get("tracer");x[e]=b.g.OFF,w.on(p.G4.REPLAY_RUNNING,(t=>{x[e]=t}));var R="api-",E=R+"ixn-";function N(t,r,n,o){const a=(0,i.Vp)(e);return null===r?delete a.jsAttributes[t]:(0,i.x1)(e,{...a,jsAttributes:{...a.jsAttributes,[t]:r}}),j(R,n,!0,o||null===r?"session":void 0)(t,r)}function k(){}m.log=function(e,{customAttributes:t={},level:r=y.p_.INFO}={}){(0,a.p)(f.xV,["API/log/called"],void 0,n.K7.metrics,w),function(e,t,r={},i=y.p_.INFO){(0,a.p)(f.xV,["API/logging/".concat(i.toLowerCase(),"/called")],void 0,n.K7.metrics,e),(0,a.p)(y.ET,[(0,v.t)(),t,r,i],void 0,n.K7.logging,e)}(w,e,t,r)},m.wrapLogger=(e,t,{customAttributes:r={},level:i=y.p_.INFO}={})=>{(0,a.p)(f.xV,["API/wrapLogger/called"],void 0,n.K7.metrics,w),_(w,e,t,{customAttributes:r,level:i})},h.forEach((e=>{m[e]=j(R,e,!0,"api")})),m.addPageAction=j(R,"addPageAction",!0,n.K7.genericEvents),m.recordCustomEvent=j(R,"recordCustomEvent",!0,n.K7.genericEvents),m.setPageViewName=function(t,r){if("string"==typeof t)return"/"!==t.charAt(0)&&(t="/"+t),(0,o.f)(e).customTransaction=(r||"http://custom.transaction")+t,j(R,"setPageViewName",!0)()},m.setCustomAttribute=function(e,t,r=!1){if("string"==typeof e){if(["string","number","boolean"].includes(typeof t)||null===t)return N(e,t,"setCustomAttribute",r);(0,d.R)(40,typeof t)}else(0,d.R)(39,typeof e)},m.setUserId=function(e){if("string"==typeof e||null===e)return N("enduser.id",e,"setUserId",!0);(0,d.R)(41,typeof e)},m.setApplicationVersion=function(e){if("string"==typeof e||null===e)return N("application.version",e,"setApplicationVersion",!1);(0,d.R)(42,typeof e)},m.start=()=>{try{(0,a.p)(f.xV,["API/start/called"],void 0,n.K7.metrics,w),w.emit("manual-start-all")}catch(e){(0,d.R)(23,e)}},m[p.G4.RECORD]=function(){(0,a.p)(f.xV,["API/recordReplay/called"],void 0,n.K7.metrics,w),(0,a.p)(p.G4.RECORD,[],void 0,n.K7.sessionReplay,w)},m[p.G4.PAUSE]=function(){(0,a.p)(f.xV,["API/pauseReplay/called"],void 0,n.K7.metrics,w),(0,a.p)(p.G4.PAUSE,[],void 0,n.K7.sessionReplay,w)},m.interaction=function(e){return(new k).get("object"==typeof e?e:{})};const T=k.prototype={createTracer:function(e,t){var r={},i=this,o="function"==typeof t;return(0,a.p)(f.xV,["API/createTracer/called"],void 0,n.K7.metrics,w),g||(0,a.p)(E+"tracer",[(0,v.t)(),e,r],i,n.K7.spa,w),function(){if(A.emit((o?"":"no-")+"fn-start",[(0,v.t)(),i,o],r),o)try{return t.apply(this,arguments)}catch(e){const t="string"==typeof e?new Error(e):e;throw A.emit("fn-err",[arguments,this,t],r),t}finally{A.emit("fn-end",[(0,v.t)()],r)}}}};function j(e,t,r,i){return function(){return(0,a.p)(f.xV,["API/"+t+"/called"],void 0,n.K7.metrics,w),i&&(0,a.p)(e+t,[r?(0,v.t)():performance.now(),...arguments],r?null:this,i,w),r?void 0:this}}function I(){r.e(296).then(r.bind(r,778)).then((({setAPI:t})=>{t(e),(0,c.Ze)(e,"api")})).catch((e=>{(0,d.R)(27,e),w.abort()}))}return["actionText","setName","setAttribute","save","ignore","onEnd","getContext","end","get"].forEach((e=>{T[e]=j(E,e,void 0,g?n.K7.softNav:n.K7.spa)})),m.setCurrentRouteName=g?j(E,"routeName",void 0,n.K7.softNav):j(R,"routeName",!0,n.K7.spa),m.noticeError=function(t,r){"string"==typeof t&&(t=new Error(t)),(0,a.p)(f.xV,["API/noticeError/called"],void 0,n.K7.metrics,w),(0,a.p)("err",[t,(0,v.t)(),!1,r,!!x[e]],void 0,n.K7.jserrors,w)},l.RI?(0,u.GG)((()=>I()),!0):I(),m}var k=r(217),T=r(122);const j={accountID:void 0,trustKey:void 0,agentID:void 0,licenseKey:void 0,applicationID:void 0,xpid:void 0},I={};var S=r(284);const O=e=>{const t=e.startsWith("http");e+="/",r.p=t?e:"https://"+e};let P=!1;function K(e,t={},r,n){let{init:a,info:c,loader_config:u,runtime:d={},exposed:f=!0}=t;d.loaderType=r;const p=(0,g.pV)();c||(a=p.init,c=p.info,u=p.loader_config),(0,k.xN)(e.agentIdentifier,a||{}),function(e,t){if(!e)throw new Error("All loader-config objects require an agent identifier!");I[e]=(0,T.a)(t,j);const r=(0,g.nY)(e);r&&(r.loader_config=I[e])}(e.agentIdentifier,u||{}),c.jsAttributes??={},l.bv&&(c.jsAttributes.isWorker=!0),(0,i.x1)(e.agentIdentifier,c);const m=(0,k.D0)(e.agentIdentifier),h=[c.beacon,c.errorBeacon];P||(m.proxy.assets&&(O(m.proxy.assets),h.push(m.proxy.assets)),m.proxy.beacon&&h.push(m.proxy.beacon),E(),(0,g.US)("activatedFeatures",S.B),e.runSoftNavOverSpa&&=!0===m.soft_navigations.enabled&&m.feature_flags.includes("soft_nav")),d.denyList=[...m.ajax.deny_list||[],...m.ajax.block_internal?h:[]],d.ptid=e.agentIdentifier,(0,o.V)(e.agentIdentifier,d),e.ee=s.ee.get(e.agentIdentifier),void 0===e.api&&(e.api=N(e.agentIdentifier,n,e.runSoftNavOverSpa)),void 0===e.exposed&&(e.exposed=f),P=!0}},374:(e,t,r)=>{r.nc=(()=>{try{return document?.currentScript?.nonce}catch(e){}return""})()},860:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{$J:()=>u,K7:()=>s,P3:()=>c,XX:()=>i,qY:()=>n,v4:()=>a});const n="events",i="jserrors",o="browser/blobs",a="rum",s={ajax:"ajax",genericEvents:"generic_events",jserrors:i,logging:"logging",metrics:"metrics",pageAction:"page_action",pageViewEvent:"page_view_event",pageViewTiming:"page_view_timing",sessionReplay:"session_replay",sessionTrace:"session_trace",softNav:"soft_navigations",spa:"spa"},c={[s.pageViewEvent]:1,[s.pageViewTiming]:2,[s.metrics]:3,[s.jserrors]:4,[s.spa]:5,[s.ajax]:6,[s.sessionTrace]:7,[s.softNav]:8,[s.sessionReplay]:9,[s.logging]:10,[s.genericEvents]:11},u={[s.pageViewEvent]:a,[s.pageViewTiming]:n,[s.ajax]:n,[s.spa]:n,[s.softNav]:n,[s.metrics]:i,[s.jserrors]:i,[s.sessionTrace]:o,[s.sessionReplay]:o,[s.logging]:"browser/logs",[s.genericEvents]:"ins"}}},n={};function i(e){var t=n[e];if(void 0!==t)return t.exports;var o=n[e]={exports:{}};return r[e](o,o.exports,i),o.exports}i.m=r,i.d=(e,t)=>{for(var r in t)i.o(t,r)&&!i.o(e,r)&&Object.defineProperty(e,r,{enumerable:!0,get:t[r]})},i.f={},i.e=e=>Promise.all(Object.keys(i.f).reduce(((t,r)=>(i.f[r](e,t),t)),[])),i.u=e=>"nr-rum-1.281.0.min.js",i.o=(e,t)=>Object.prototype.hasOwnProperty.call(e,t),e={},t="NRBA-1.281.0.PROD:",i.l=(r,n,o,a)=>{if(e[r])e[r].push(n);else{var s,c;if(void 0!==o)for(var u=document.getElementsByTagName("script"),l=0;l<u.length;l++){var d=u[l];if(d.getAttribute("src")==r||d.getAttribute("data-webpack")==t+o){s=d;break}}if(!s){c=!0;var f={296:"sha512-zqOtfbjYsGTkQScey1O8Hh9fA1+m2RFxLpfv7BWqqTivgQ6iM13v6QJ4d5xykyDwx1GoMFmngC4SKpFn6VciYg=="};(s=document.createElement("script")).charset="utf-8",s.timeout=120,i.nc&&s.setAttribute("nonce",i.nc),s.setAttribute("data-webpack",t+o),s.src=r,0!==s.src.indexOf(window.location.origin+"/")&&(s.crossOrigin="anonymous"),f[a]&&(s.integrity=f[a])}e[r]=[n];var g=(t,n)=>{s.onerror=s.onload=null,clearTimeout(p);var i=e[r];if(delete e[r],s.parentNode&&s.parentNode.removeChild(s),i&&i.forEach((e=>e(n))),t)return t(n)},p=setTimeout(g.bind(null,void 0,{type:"timeout",target:s}),12e4);s.onerror=g.bind(null,s.onerror),s.onload=g.bind(null,s.onload),c&&document.head.appendChild(s)}},i.r=e=>{"undefined"!=typeof Symbol&&Symbol.toStringTag&&Object.defineProperty(e,Symbol.toStringTag,{value:"Module"}),Object.defineProperty(e,"__esModule",{value:!0})},i.p="https://js-agent.newrelic.com/",(()=>{var e={374:0,840:0};i.f.j=(t,r)=>{var n=i.o(e,t)?e[t]:void 0;if(0!==n)if(n)r.push(n[2]);else{var o=new Promise(((r,i)=>n=e[t]=[r,i]));r.push(n[2]=o);var a=i.p+i.u(t),s=new Error;i.l(a,(r=>{if(i.o(e,t)&&(0!==(n=e[t])&&(e[t]=void 0),n)){var o=r&&("load"===r.type?"missing":r.type),a=r&&r.target&&r.target.src;s.message="Loading chunk "+t+" failed.\n("+o+": "+a+")",s.name="ChunkLoadError",s.type=o,s.request=a,n[1](s)}}),"chunk-"+t,t)}};var t=(t,r)=>{var n,o,[a,s,c]=r,u=0;if(a.some((t=>0!==e[t]))){for(n in s)i.o(s,n)&&(i.m[n]=s[n]);if(c)c(i)}for(t&&t(r);u<a.length;u++)o=a[u],i.o(e,o)&&e[o]&&e[o][0](),e[o]=0},r=self["webpackChunk:NRBA-1.281.0.PROD"]=self["webpackChunk:NRBA-1.281.0.PROD"]||[];r.forEach(t.bind(null,0)),r.push=t.bind(null,r.push.bind(r))})(),(()=>{"use strict";i(374);var e=i(944),t=i(344),r=i(566);class n{agentIdentifier;constructor(){this.agentIdentifier=(0,r.LA)(16)}#e(t,...r){if("function"==typeof this.api?.[t])return this.api[t](...r);(0,e.R)(35,t)}addPageAction(e,t){return this.#e("addPageAction",e,t)}recordCustomEvent(e,t){return this.#e("recordCustomEvent",e,t)}setPageViewName(e,t){return this.#e("setPageViewName",e,t)}setCustomAttribute(e,t,r){return this.#e("setCustomAttribute",e,t,r)}noticeError(e,t){return this.#e("noticeError",e,t)}setUserId(e){return this.#e("setUserId",e)}setApplicationVersion(e){return this.#e("setApplicationVersion",e)}setErrorHandler(e){return this.#e("setErrorHandler",e)}addRelease(e,t){return this.#e("addRelease",e,t)}log(e,t){return this.#e("log",e,t)}}class o extends n{#e(t,...r){if("function"==typeof this.api?.[t])return this.api[t](...r);(0,e.R)(35,t)}start(){return this.#e("start")}finished(e){return this.#e("finished",e)}recordReplay(){return this.#e(t.G4.RECORD)}pauseReplay(){return this.#e(t.G4.PAUSE)}addToTrace(e){return this.#e("addToTrace",e)}setCurrentRouteName(e){return this.#e("setCurrentRouteName",e)}interaction(){return this.#e("interaction")}wrapLogger(e,t,r){return this.#e("wrapLogger",e,t,r)}}var a=i(860),s=i(217);const c=Object.values(a.K7);function u(e){const t={};return c.forEach((r=>{t[r]=function(e,t){return!0===(0,s.gD)(t,"".concat(e,".enabled"))}(r,e)})),t}var l=i(603);var d=i(687),f=i(234),g=i(289),p=i(154),m=i(384);const h=e=>p.RI&&!0===(0,s.gD)(e,"privacy.cookies_enabled");function v(e){return!!(0,m.dV)().o.MO&&h(e)&&!0===(0,s.gD)(e,"session_trace.enabled")}var b=i(389);class y extends f.W{constructor(e,t,r=!0){super(e.agentIdentifier,t),this.auto=r,this.abortHandler=void 0,this.featAggregate=void 0,this.onAggregateImported=void 0,!1===e.init[this.featureName].autoStart&&(this.auto=!1),this.auto?(0,d.Ak)(e.agentIdentifier,t):this.ee.on("manual-start-all",(0,b.J)((()=>{(0,d.Ak)(e.agentIdentifier,this.featureName),this.auto=!0,this.importAggregator(e)})))}importAggregator(t,r={}){if(this.featAggregate||!this.auto)return;let n;this.onAggregateImported=new Promise((e=>{n=e}));const o=async()=>{let o;try{if(h(this.agentIdentifier)){const{setupAgentSession:e}=await i.e(296).then(i.bind(i,861));o=e(t)}}catch(t){(0,e.R)(20,t),this.ee.emit("internal-error",[t]),this.featureName===a.K7.sessionReplay&&this.abortHandler?.()}try{if(!this.#t(this.featureName,o))return(0,d.Ze)(this.agentIdentifier,this.featureName),void n(!1);const{lazyFeatureLoader:e}=await i.e(296).then(i.bind(i,103)),{Aggregate:a}=await e(this.featureName,"aggregate");this.featAggregate=new a(t,r),t.runtime.harvester.initializedAggregates.push(this.featAggregate),n(!0)}catch(t){(0,e.R)(34,t),this.abortHandler?.(),(0,d.Ze)(this.agentIdentifier,this.featureName,!0),n(!1),this.ee&&this.ee.abort()}};p.RI?(0,g.GG)((()=>o()),!0):o()}#t(e,t){switch(e){case a.K7.sessionReplay:return v(this.agentIdentifier)&&!!t;case a.K7.sessionTrace:return!!t;default:return!0}}}var w=i(630);class A extends y{static featureName=w.T;constructor(e,t=!0){super(e,w.T,t),this.importAggregator(e)}}var R=i(908),_=i(843),E=i(878),x=i(782),N=i(863);class k extends y{static featureName=x.T;constructor(e,t=!0){super(e,x.T,t),p.RI&&((0,_.u)((()=>(0,R.p)("docHidden",[(0,N.t)()],void 0,x.T,this.ee)),!0),(0,E.sp)("pagehide",(()=>(0,R.p)("winPagehide",[(0,N.t)()],void 0,x.T,this.ee))),this.importAggregator(e))}}var T=i(969);class j extends y{static featureName=T.TZ;constructor(e,t=!0){super(e,T.TZ,t),this.importAggregator(e)}}new class extends o{constructor(t){super(),p.gm?(this.features={},(0,m.bQ)(this.agentIdentifier,this),this.desiredFeatures=new Set(t.features||[]),this.desiredFeatures.add(A),this.runSoftNavOverSpa=[...this.desiredFeatures].some((e=>e.featureName===a.K7.softNav)),(0,l.j)(this,t,t.loaderType||"agent"),this.run()):(0,e.R)(21)}get config(){return{info:this.info,init:this.init,loader_config:this.loader_config,runtime:this.runtime}}run(){try{const t=u(this.agentIdentifier),r=[...this.desiredFeatures];r.sort(((e,t)=>a.P3[e.featureName]-a.P3[t.featureName])),r.forEach((r=>{if(!t[r.featureName]&&r.featureName!==a.K7.pageViewEvent)return;if(this.runSoftNavOverSpa&&r.featureName===a.K7.spa)return;if(!this.runSoftNavOverSpa&&r.featureName===a.K7.softNav)return;const n=function(e){switch(e){case a.K7.ajax:return[a.K7.jserrors];case a.K7.sessionTrace:return[a.K7.ajax,a.K7.pageViewEvent];case a.K7.sessionReplay:return[a.K7.sessionTrace];case a.K7.pageViewTiming:return[a.K7.pageViewEvent];default:return[]}}(r.featureName).filter((e=>!(e in this.features)));n.length>0&&(0,e.R)(36,{targetFeature:r.featureName,missingDependencies:n}),this.features[r.featureName]=new r(this)}))}catch(t){(0,e.R)(22,t);for(const e in this.features)this.features[e].abortHandler?.();const r=(0,m.Zm)();delete r.initializedAgents[this.agentIdentifier]?.api,delete r.initializedAgents[this.agentIdentifier]?.features,delete this.sharedAggregator;return r.ee.get(this.agentIdentifier).abort(),!1}}}({features:[A,k,j],loaderType:"lite"})})()})();</script> <link rel="shortcut icon" href="https://www.cam.ac.uk/sites/default/files/favicon.ico" type="image/vnd.microsoft.icon" /> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="https://www.cam.ac.uk/sites/all/themes/cam/apple-touch-icon.png" type="image/png" /> <meta name="description" content="Past figures honoured have included Albert Einstein, Max Planck, General Eisenhower and Field Marshal Montgomery, and more recently Mother Teresa, Barbara" /> <meta name="generator" content="Drupal 7 (https://www.drupal.org)" /> <link rel="canonical" href="https://www.cam.ac.uk/about-the-university/how-the-university-and-colleges-work/processes/honorary-degrees/selected-honorands" /> <link rel="shortlink" href="https://www.cam.ac.uk/node/74382" /> <meta property="og:site_name" content="University of Cambridge" /> <meta property="og:type" content="article" /> <meta property="og:url" content="https://www.cam.ac.uk/about-the-university/how-the-university-and-colleges-work/processes/honorary-degrees/selected-honorands" /> <meta property="og:title" content="Selected Honorands" /> <meta name="twitter:url" content="https://www.cam.ac.uk/about-the-university/how-the-university-and-colleges-work/processes/honorary-degrees/selected-honorands" /> <meta name="twitter:title" content="Selected Honorands" /> <meta name="twitter:description" content="Past figures honoured have included Albert Einstein, Max Planck, General Eisenhower and Field Marshal Montgomery, and more recently Mother Teresa, Barbara Castle and Nelson Mandela. HM Queen" /> <meta name="dc.date" content="2013-02-22" /> <meta name="date" content="2013-02-22" /> <title>Selected Honorands | University of Cambridge</title> <script type="text/javascript" src="//use.typekit.com/hyb5bko.js"></script> <script type="text/javascript">try{Typekit.load();}catch(e){}</script> <script type="text/javascript"> document.documentElement.className += " js";</script> <meta name="MobileOptimized" content="width"> <meta name="HandheldFriendly" content="true"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0"> <link type="text/css" rel="stylesheet" href="https://www.cam.ac.uk/sites/default/files/css/css_kShW4RPmRstZ3SpIC-ZvVGNFVAi0WEMuCnI0ZkYIaFw.css" media="all" /> <link type="text/css" rel="stylesheet" href="https://www.cam.ac.uk/sites/default/files/css/css_Y8NEY2YWUfa3u_TPeruukvJY8vHczXKZ3FDQlALbxi8.css" media="all" /> <link type="text/css" rel="stylesheet" href="https://www.cam.ac.uk/sites/default/files/css/css_QPWXQ53bw-8ZRYa7bTWIN6AFV_KNjH_KBxg-k6SsU8c.css" media="all" /> <link type="text/css" rel="stylesheet" href="https://www.cam.ac.uk/sites/default/files/css/css_wyhKruCHm-sO0XTQ_3mi6OYj06np5Qfg9lsmBw_nv7o.css" media="all" /> <link type="text/css" rel="stylesheet" href="https://www.cam.ac.uk/sites/default/files/css/css_wtj5TuO_PuMbSIQJRn6TSclKufTR0qLOQQwFKR0jPQw.css" media="all" /> <script defer="defer" src="https://www.cam.ac.uk/sites/default/files/google_tag/primary/google_tag.data_layer.js?sqlc59"></script> <script defer="defer" src="https://www.cam.ac.uk/sites/default/files/google_tag/primary/google_tag.script.js?sqlc59"></script> <script src="https://www.cam.ac.uk/profiles/cambridge/modules/contrib/jquery_update/replace/jquery/1.12/jquery.min.js?v=1.12.4"></script> <script src="https://www.cam.ac.uk/misc/jquery-extend-3.4.0.js?v=1.12.4"></script> <script src="https://www.cam.ac.uk/misc/jquery-html-prefilter-3.5.0-backport.js?v=1.12.4"></script> <script src="https://www.cam.ac.uk/misc/jquery.once.js?v=1.2"></script> <script src="https://www.cam.ac.uk/misc/drupal.js?sqlc59"></script> <script src="https://www.cam.ac.uk/profiles/cambridge/modules/contrib/jquery_update/js/jquery_browser.js?v=0.0.1"></script> <script src="https://www.cam.ac.uk/profiles/cambridge/modules/contrib/eu_cookie_compliance/js/jquery.cookie-1.4.1.min.js?v=1.4.1"></script> <script src="https://www.cam.ac.uk/profiles/cambridge/modules/contrib/entityreference/js/entityreference.js?sqlc59"></script> <script src="https://www.cam.ac.uk/sites/all/libraries/colorbox/jquery.colorbox-min.js?sqlc59"></script> <script src="https://www.cam.ac.uk/profiles/cambridge/modules/contrib/colorbox/js/colorbox.js?sqlc59"></script> <script src="https://www.cam.ac.uk/profiles/cambridge/modules/contrib/colorbox/styles/default/colorbox_style.js?sqlc59"></script> <script>window.euCookieComplianceLoadScripts = function(category) {if (category === "personalisation") {var scriptTag = document.createElement("script");scriptTag.src = "https:\/\/script.crazyegg.com\/pages\/scripts\/0017\/7935.js";document.body.appendChild(scriptTag);}if (category === "personalisation") {var scriptTag = document.createElement("script");scriptTag.src = "https:\/\/script.crazyegg.com\/pages\/versioned\/common-scripts\/11.1.68.js";document.body.appendChild(scriptTag);}if (category === "personalisation") {var scriptTag = document.createElement("script");scriptTag.src = "https:\/\/universityofcambridgeresearch.disqus.com\/embed.js";document.body.appendChild(scriptTag);}if (category === "personalisation") {var scriptTag = document.createElement("script");scriptTag.src = "https:\/\/www.googleoptimize.com\/optimize.js";document.body.appendChild(scriptTag);}if (category === "marketing") {var scriptTag = document.createElement("script");scriptTag.src = "https:\/\/www.cam.ac.uk\/sites\/www.cam.ac.uk\/files\/js\/js_yyaTXgbjPVILmiPS1N14s1EL5ooEJSKiPrybQD-pkbA.js";document.body.appendChild(scriptTag);}if (category === "marketing") {var scriptTag = document.createElement("script");scriptTag.src = "https:\/\/www.instagram.com\/static\/bundles\/es6\/EmbedSDK.js\/bf4a12bd69f3.js";document.body.appendChild(scriptTag);}if (category === "marketing") {var scriptTag = document.createElement("script");scriptTag.src = "https:\/\/www.instagram.com\/static\/bundles\/es6\/EmbedAsyncLogger.js\/cb2a557dff2e.js";document.body.appendChild(scriptTag);}if (category === "marketing") {var scriptTag = document.createElement("script");scriptTag.src = "https:\/\/www.instagram.com\/static\/bundles\/es6\/EmbedSimple.js\/2d3a8e380105.js";document.body.appendChild(scriptTag);}if (category === "marketing") {var scriptTag = document.createElement("script");scriptTag.src = "https:\/\/connect.facebook.net\/en_US\/sdk.js";document.body.appendChild(scriptTag);}if (category === "marketing") {var scriptTag = document.createElement("script");scriptTag.src = "https:\/\/ws.sharethis.com\/button\/async-buttons.js";document.body.appendChild(scriptTag);}if (category === "marketing") {var scriptTag = document.createElement("script");scriptTag.src = "https:\/\/ws.sharethis.com\/button\/buttons.js";document.body.appendChild(scriptTag);}if (category === "marketing") {var scriptTag = document.createElement("script");scriptTag.src = "https:\/\/platform.twitter.com\/widgets.js";document.body.appendChild(scriptTag);}if (category === "marketing") {var scriptTag = document.createElement("script");scriptTag.src = "https:\/\/platform.twitter.com\/js\/horizon_tweet.23850db1f381e00d7fe63ff5fc1a5a61.js";document.body.appendChild(scriptTag);}if (category === "marketing") {var scriptTag = document.createElement("script");scriptTag.src = "https:\/\/platform.twitter.com\/js\/timeline.2002b66aa236ee3e1e6728119a7c4b98.js";document.body.appendChild(scriptTag);}if (category === "marketing") {var scriptTag = document.createElement("script");scriptTag.src = "https:\/\/www.facebook.com\/common\/cavalry_endpoint.php";document.body.appendChild(scriptTag);}}</script> <script>window.eu_cookie_compliance_cookie_name = "uoc_cookie_choices";</script> <script defer="defer" src="https://www.cam.ac.uk/profiles/cambridge/modules/contrib/eu_cookie_compliance/js/eu_cookie_compliance.min.js?sqlc59"></script> <script src="https://www.cam.ac.uk/sites/all/themes/cam/assets/js/script.js?sqlc59"></script> <script src="https://www.cam.ac.uk/sites/all/themes/cam/assets/js/modernizr.js?sqlc59"></script> <script src="https://www.cam.ac.uk/sites/all/themes/cam/assets/js/ios.js?sqlc59"></script> <script>jQuery.extend(Drupal.settings, {"basePath":"\/","pathPrefix":"","setHasJsCookie":0,"ajaxPageState":{"theme":"cam","theme_token":"bgFAtbW1D-mfaRirVxzWEiTg1mhYlvBs9z-v7OyRNoU","js":{"https:\/\/www.cam.ac.uk\/sites\/default\/files\/google_tag\/primary\/google_tag.data_layer.js":1,"https:\/\/www.cam.ac.uk\/sites\/default\/files\/google_tag\/primary\/google_tag.script.js":1,"profiles\/cambridge\/modules\/contrib\/jquery_update\/replace\/jquery\/1.12\/jquery.min.js":1,"misc\/jquery-extend-3.4.0.js":1,"misc\/jquery-html-prefilter-3.5.0-backport.js":1,"misc\/jquery.once.js":1,"misc\/drupal.js":1,"profiles\/cambridge\/modules\/contrib\/jquery_update\/js\/jquery_browser.js":1,"profiles\/cambridge\/modules\/contrib\/eu_cookie_compliance\/js\/jquery.cookie-1.4.1.min.js":1,"profiles\/cambridge\/modules\/contrib\/entityreference\/js\/entityreference.js":1,"sites\/all\/libraries\/colorbox\/jquery.colorbox-min.js":1,"profiles\/cambridge\/modules\/contrib\/colorbox\/js\/colorbox.js":1,"profiles\/cambridge\/modules\/contrib\/colorbox\/styles\/default\/colorbox_style.js":1,"0":1,"1":1,"profiles\/cambridge\/modules\/contrib\/eu_cookie_compliance\/js\/eu_cookie_compliance.min.js":1,"sites\/all\/themes\/cam\/assets\/js\/script.js":1,"sites\/all\/themes\/cam\/assets\/js\/modernizr.js":1,"sites\/all\/themes\/cam\/assets\/js\/ios.js":1},"css":{"modules\/system\/system.base.css":1,"modules\/system\/system.menus.css":1,"modules\/system\/system.messages.css":1,"modules\/system\/system.theme.css":1,"modules\/aggregator\/aggregator.css":1,"profiles\/cambridge\/modules\/contrib\/calendar\/css\/calendar_multiday.css":1,"modules\/field\/theme\/field.css":1,"modules\/node\/node.css":1,"modules\/search\/search.css":1,"modules\/user\/user.css":1,"profiles\/cambridge\/modules\/contrib\/views\/css\/views.css":1,"profiles\/cambridge\/modules\/contrib\/ckeditor\/css\/ckeditor.css":1,"profiles\/cambridge\/modules\/contrib\/media\/modules\/media_wysiwyg\/css\/media_wysiwyg.base.css":1,"profiles\/cambridge\/modules\/contrib\/colorbox\/styles\/default\/colorbox_style.css":1,"profiles\/cambridge\/modules\/contrib\/ctools\/css\/ctools.css":1,"profiles\/cambridge\/modules\/contrib\/eu_cookie_compliance\/css\/eu_cookie_compliance.bare.css":1,"sites\/all\/themes\/cam\/system.menus.css":1,"sites\/all\/themes\/cam\/assets\/css\/tabs.css":1,"sites\/all\/themes\/cam\/assets\/css\/cam.css":1,"public:\/\/css_injector\/css_injector_2.css":1,"public:\/\/css_injector\/css_injector_12.css":1,"public:\/\/css_injector\/css_injector_32.css":1,"public:\/\/css_injector\/css_injector_41.css":1,"public:\/\/css_injector\/css_injector_81.css":1,"public:\/\/css_injector\/css_injector_91.css":1,"public:\/\/css_injector\/css_injector_121.css":1}},"colorbox":{"opacity":"0.85","current":"{current} of {total}","previous":"\u00ab Prev","next":"Next \u00bb","close":"Close","maxWidth":"98%","maxHeight":"98%","fixed":true,"mobiledetect":true,"mobiledevicewidth":"480px","file_public_path":"\/sites\/default\/files","specificPagesDefaultValue":"admin*\nimagebrowser*\nimg_assist*\nimce*\nnode\/add\/*\nnode\/*\/edit\nprint\/*\nprintpdf\/*\nsystem\/ajax\nsystem\/ajax\/*"},"eu_cookie_compliance":{"cookie_policy_version":"1.0.0","popup_enabled":1,"popup_agreed_enabled":0,"popup_hide_agreed":0,"popup_clicking_confirmation":false,"popup_scrolling_confirmation":false,"popup_html_info":"\u003Cdiv class=\u0022eu-cookie-compliance-banner eu-cookie-compliance-banner-info eu-cookie-compliance-banner--categories\u0022\u003E\n \u003Cdiv class=\u0022popup-content info\u0022\u003E\n \u003Cdiv id=\u0022popup-text\u0022\u003E\n \u003Ch2 class=\u0022cookie_heading\u0022\u003EYour cookie choices\u003C\/h2\u003E\u003Cp class=\u0022cookie_intro\u0022\u003ECookies are little files that we save on your device to remember your preferences. We use \u003Cspan class=\u0022cookie_intro_em\u0022\u003Enecessary\u003C\/span\u003E cookies to make our site work. We use \u003Cspan class=\u0022cookie_intro_em\u0022\u003Esite usage measurement\u003C\/span\u003E cookies to analyse anonymised usage patterns, to make our websites better for you.\u003Cbr \/\u003E\u003Cbr \/\u003EYou may choose to opt-in to use optional cookies for \u003Cspan class=\u0022cookie_intro_em\u0022\u003Epersonalisation\u003C\/span\u003E and to remember your \u003Cspan class=\u0022cookie_intro_em\u0022\u003Esocial marketing preferences\u003C\/span\u003E.\u003C\/p\u003E \u003Cbutton type=\u0022button\u0022 class=\u0022find-more-button eu-cookie-compliance-more-button\u0022\u003EGive me more information\u003C\/button\u003E\n \u003C\/div\u003E\n \u003Cdiv id=\u0022eu-cookie-compliance-categories\u0022 class=\u0022eu-cookie-compliance-categories\u0022\u003E\n \u003Cdiv class=\u0022eu-cookie-compliance-category\u0022\u003E\n \u003Cdiv\u003E\n \u003Cinput type=\u0022checkbox\u0022 name=\u0022cookie-categories\u0022 id=\u0022cookie-category-personalisation\u0022\n value=\u0022personalisation\u0022\n \u003E\n \u003Clabel for=\u0022cookie-category-personalisation\u0022\u003EPersonalisation settings\u003C\/label\u003E\n \u003C\/div\u003E\n \u003Cdiv class=\u0022eu-cookie-compliance-category-description\u0022\u003E\u0026nbsp;\u0026mdash;\u0026nbsp;these cookies allow you to tailor your experience\u003C\/div\u003E\n \u003C\/div\u003E\n \u003Cdiv class=\u0022eu-cookie-compliance-category\u0022\u003E\n \u003Cdiv\u003E\n \u003Cinput type=\u0022checkbox\u0022 name=\u0022cookie-categories\u0022 id=\u0022cookie-category-marketing\u0022\n value=\u0022marketing\u0022\n \u003E\n \u003Clabel for=\u0022cookie-category-marketing\u0022\u003ESocial marketing preferences\u003C\/label\u003E\n \u003C\/div\u003E\n \u003Cdiv class=\u0022eu-cookie-compliance-category-description\u0022\u003E\u0026nbsp;\u0026mdash;\u0026nbsp;these cookies do things like measure how you view media content on our website using third-party services and websites\u003C\/div\u003E\n \u003C\/div\u003E\n \u003Cdiv class=\u0022eu-cookie-compliance-categories-buttons\u0022\u003E\n \u003Cbutton type=\u0022button\u0022\n class=\u0022eu-cookie-compliance-save-preferences-button\u0022\u003ESave my choices\u003C\/button\u003E\n \u003C\/div\u003E\n \u003C\/div\u003E\n \n \u003Cdiv id=\u0022popup-buttons\u0022 class=\u0022eu-cookie-compliance-has-categories\u0022\u003E\n \u003Cbutton type=\u0022button\u0022 class=\u0022agree-button eu-cookie-compliance-default-button\u0022\u003EAccept all cookies\u003C\/button\u003E\n \u003Cbutton type=\u0022button\u0022 class=\u0022eu-cookie-withdraw-button eu-cookie-compliance-hidden\u0022 \u003EDecline optional cookies\u003C\/button\u003E\n \u003C\/div\u003E\n \u003C\/div\u003E\n\u003C\/div\u003E","use_mobile_message":false,"mobile_popup_html_info":"\u003Cdiv class=\u0022eu-cookie-compliance-banner eu-cookie-compliance-banner-info eu-cookie-compliance-banner--categories\u0022\u003E\n \u003Cdiv class=\u0022popup-content info\u0022\u003E\n \u003Cdiv id=\u0022popup-text\u0022\u003E\n \u003Ch2\u003EWe use cookies on this site to enhance your user experience\u003C\/h2\u003E\u003Cp\u003EBy tapping the Accept button, you agree to us doing so.\u003C\/p\u003E \u003Cbutton type=\u0022button\u0022 class=\u0022find-more-button eu-cookie-compliance-more-button\u0022\u003EGive me more information\u003C\/button\u003E\n \u003C\/div\u003E\n \u003Cdiv id=\u0022eu-cookie-compliance-categories\u0022 class=\u0022eu-cookie-compliance-categories\u0022\u003E\n \u003Cdiv class=\u0022eu-cookie-compliance-category\u0022\u003E\n \u003Cdiv\u003E\n \u003Cinput type=\u0022checkbox\u0022 name=\u0022cookie-categories\u0022 id=\u0022cookie-category-personalisation\u0022\n value=\u0022personalisation\u0022\n \u003E\n \u003Clabel for=\u0022cookie-category-personalisation\u0022\u003EPersonalisation settings\u003C\/label\u003E\n \u003C\/div\u003E\n \u003Cdiv class=\u0022eu-cookie-compliance-category-description\u0022\u003E\u0026nbsp;\u0026mdash;\u0026nbsp;these cookies allow you to tailor your experience\u003C\/div\u003E\n \u003C\/div\u003E\n \u003Cdiv class=\u0022eu-cookie-compliance-category\u0022\u003E\n \u003Cdiv\u003E\n \u003Cinput type=\u0022checkbox\u0022 name=\u0022cookie-categories\u0022 id=\u0022cookie-category-marketing\u0022\n value=\u0022marketing\u0022\n \u003E\n \u003Clabel for=\u0022cookie-category-marketing\u0022\u003ESocial marketing preferences\u003C\/label\u003E\n \u003C\/div\u003E\n \u003Cdiv class=\u0022eu-cookie-compliance-category-description\u0022\u003E\u0026nbsp;\u0026mdash;\u0026nbsp;these cookies do things like measure how you view media content on our website using third-party services and websites\u003C\/div\u003E\n \u003C\/div\u003E\n \u003Cdiv class=\u0022eu-cookie-compliance-categories-buttons\u0022\u003E\n \u003Cbutton type=\u0022button\u0022\n class=\u0022eu-cookie-compliance-save-preferences-button\u0022\u003ESave my choices\u003C\/button\u003E\n \u003C\/div\u003E\n \u003C\/div\u003E\n \n \u003Cdiv id=\u0022popup-buttons\u0022 class=\u0022eu-cookie-compliance-has-categories\u0022\u003E\n \u003Cbutton type=\u0022button\u0022 class=\u0022agree-button eu-cookie-compliance-default-button\u0022\u003EAccept all cookies\u003C\/button\u003E\n \u003Cbutton type=\u0022button\u0022 class=\u0022eu-cookie-withdraw-button eu-cookie-compliance-hidden\u0022 \u003EDecline optional cookies\u003C\/button\u003E\n \u003C\/div\u003E\n \u003C\/div\u003E\n\u003C\/div\u003E\n","mobile_breakpoint":"768","popup_html_agreed":"\u003Cdiv\u003E\n \u003Cdiv class=\u0022popup-content agreed\u0022\u003E\n \u003Cdiv id=\u0022popup-text\u0022\u003E\n \u003Ch2\u003EThank you for accepting cookies\u003C\/h2\u003E\u003Cp\u003EYou can now hide this message or find out more about cookies.\u003C\/p\u003E \u003C\/div\u003E\n \u003Cdiv id=\u0022popup-buttons\u0022\u003E\n \u003Cbutton type=\u0022button\u0022 class=\u0022hide-popup-button eu-cookie-compliance-hide-button\u0022\u003EHide\u003C\/button\u003E\n \u003Cbutton type=\u0022button\u0022 class=\u0022find-more-button eu-cookie-compliance-more-button-thank-you\u0022 \u003EMore info\u003C\/button\u003E\n \u003C\/div\u003E\n \u003C\/div\u003E\n\u003C\/div\u003E","popup_use_bare_css":1,"popup_height":"auto","popup_width":0,"popup_delay":1100,"popup_link":"\/about-this-site\/cookies","popup_link_new_window":1,"popup_position":null,"fixed_top_position":1,"popup_language":"en","store_consent":false,"better_support_for_screen_readers":1,"reload_page":1,"domain":"cam.ac.uk","domain_all_sites":1,"popup_eu_only_js":0,"cookie_lifetime":"366","cookie_session":false,"disagree_do_not_show_popup":0,"method":"categories","allowed_cookies":"X-Mapping-iejmlgke\r\nhas_js\r\n_ga\r\n_gat\r\n_gat_UA-1936439-1\r\n_ga_P8Q1QT5W4K\r\n_gat_shorthand\r\n_gid\r\nuoc_cookie_choices\r\n_cfduid\r\nPS_DEVICEFEATURES\r\nPS_LOGINLIST\r\nPS_TOKEN\r\nPS_TOKENEXPIRE\r\nps_theme\r\npsback\r\nlcsrftoken\r\ncstest-PORTAL-PSJSESSIONID\r\npersonalisation:_dc\r\npersonalisation:_qst\r\npersonalisation:cean\r\npersonalisation:experimentation_subject_id\r\npersonalisation:ce2ab\r\npersonalisation:_session\r\npersonalisation:lang\r\npersonalisation:csrftoken\r\npersonalisation:iutk\r\npersonalisation:aet-dismiss\r\npersonalisation:drafts.queue\r\npersonalisation:submitted_posts_cache\r\nmarketing:disqus_unique\r\nmarketing:sessionid\r\nmarketing:disqusauth\r\nmarketing:disqusauths\r\nmarketing:_jid\r\nmarketing:ig_cb\r\nmarketing:mid\r\nmarketing:_qca\r\nmarketing:cref\r\nmarketing:iutk\r\nmarketing:mc\r\nmarketing:guest_id\r\nmarketing:personalization_id\r\nmarketing:eu_cn\r\nmarketing:CONSENT\r\nmarketing:IDE\r\nmarketing:GPS\r\nmarketing:YSC\r\nmarketing:VISITOR_INFO1_LIVE\r\nmarketing:1P_JAR","withdraw_markup":"\u003Cbutton type=\u0022button\u0022 class=\u0022eu-cookie-withdraw-tab\u0022\u003EShow\/hide cookie settings\u003C\/button\u003E\n\u003Cdiv class=\u0022eu-cookie-withdraw-banner\u0022\u003E\n \u003Cdiv class=\u0022popup-content info\u0022\u003E\n \u003Cdiv id=\u0022popup-text\u0022\u003E\n \u003Ch2\u003EWe use cookies on this site to enhance your user experience\u003C\/h2\u003E\u003Cp\u003EYou have given your consent for us to set cookies.\u003C\/p\u003E \u003C\/div\u003E\n \u003Cdiv id=\u0022popup-buttons\u0022\u003E\n \u003Cbutton type=\u0022button\u0022 class=\u0022eu-cookie-withdraw-button\u0022\u003EDecline optional cookies\u003C\/button\u003E\n \u003C\/div\u003E\n \u003C\/div\u003E\n\u003C\/div\u003E\n","withdraw_enabled":false,"withdraw_button_on_info_popup":0,"cookie_categories":["personalisation","marketing"],"cookie_categories_details":{"personalisation":{"label":"Personalisation settings","description":"\u0026nbsp;\u0026mdash;\u0026nbsp;these cookies allow you to tailor your experience","machine_name":"personalisation","checkbox_default_state":"unchecked","weight":0},"marketing":{"label":"Social marketing preferences","description":"\u0026nbsp;\u0026mdash;\u0026nbsp;these cookies do things like measure how you view media content on our website using third-party services and websites","machine_name":"marketing","checkbox_default_state":"unchecked","weight":1}},"enable_save_preferences_button":1,"cookie_name":"uoc_cookie_choices","cookie_value_disagreed":"0","cookie_value_agreed_show_thank_you":"1","cookie_value_agreed":"2","containing_element":"body","automatic_cookies_removal":1,"close_button_action":"close_banner"}});</script>  </head> <body class="html not-front not-logged-in one-sidebar sidebar-first page-node page-node- page-node-74382 node-type-basic-page section-about-the-university" > <div class="region region-page-top"> <noscript aria-hidden="true"><iframe src="https://www.googletagmanager.com/ns.html?id=GTM-NV99KVN" height="0" width="0" style="display:none;visibility:hidden"></iframe></noscript> </div> <div id="page">  <header id="header" role="banner" class="cam-row cam-global-header"> <div class="cam-wrap clearfix"> <div id="global-header-controls" class="cam-header-container cam-column8"> <a href="/" title="Home" rel="home" id="logo" class="cam-main-logo"><img width="178px" src="https://www.cam.ac.uk/sites/default/files/logo.png" alt="Home" /></a>  <ul class="links cam-unstyled-list cam-horizontal-navigation cam-global-navigation" id="primary-nav"><li class="menu-636 first"><a href="/study-at-cambridge" title="">Study at Cambridge</a></li> <li class="menu-635"><a href="/about-the-university" title="">About the University</a></li> <li class="menu-467 last"><a href="/research?ucam-ref=global-header" title="">Research at Cambridge</a></li> </ul> </div> <div class="cam-column2"> <div class="cam-quicklinks"> <ul class="cam-unstyled-list cam-quicklinks-list cam-global-navigation-container column12 clearfix"><li class="menu__item is-leaf first leaf"><a href="https://www.cambridgestudents.cam.ac.uk/?ucam-ref=global-quick-links" title="" class="menu__link">For Cambridge students</a></li> <li class="menu__item is-leaf leaf"><a href="https://www.cam.ac.uk/for-staff?ucam-ref=global-quick-links" title="" class="menu__link">For staff</a></li> <li class="menu__item is-leaf leaf"><a href="https://www.alumni.cam.ac.uk?ucam-ref=global-quick-links" title="" class="menu__link">For alumni</a></li> <li class="menu__item is-leaf leaf"><a href="https://www.research-operations.admin.cam.ac.uk?ucam-ref=global-quick-links" title="" class="menu__link">For our researchers</a></li> <li class="menu__item is-leaf leaf"><a href="/business-and-enterprise?ucam-ref=global-quick-links" title="" class="menu__link">Business and enterprise</a></li> <li class="menu__item is-leaf leaf"><a href="/colleges-and-departments?ucam-ref=global-quick-links" title="" class="menu__link">Colleges and Departments</a></li> <li class="menu__item is-leaf leaf"><a href="https://www.philanthropy.cam.ac.uk?ucam-ref=global-quick-links" title="" class="menu__link">Give to Cambridge</a></li> <li class="menu__item is-leaf leaf"><a href="https://www.libraries.cam.ac.uk?ucam-ref=global-quick-links" title="" class="menu__link">Libraries</a></li> <li class="menu__item is-leaf last leaf"><a href="https://www.museums.cam.ac.uk?ucam-ref=global-quick-links" title="" class="menu__link">Museums and collections</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div class="cam-column2"> <form id="site-search-btn" class="cam-site-search" action="//search.cam.ac.uk/web?" method="GET" ><div> <div class="container-inline"> <div class="form-item form-type-textfield form-item-search-block-form"> <label class="visuallyhidden withcontrast" for="edit-search-block-form--2">Search </label> <input onfocus="if (this.value == 'Search') {this.value = '';}" onblur="if (this.value == '') {this.value = 'Search';}" type="text" id="edit-search-block-form--2" name="query" value="Search" size="15" maxlength="128" class="form-text" /> </div> <div class="form-actions form-wrapper" id="edit-actions"> <input type="image" id="edit-submit" alt="Search" name="submit" value="Search" src="/sites/all/themes/cam/assets/images/btn-search-header.png" class="form-submit" /></div> </div> </div> </form> </div> </div> </header>   <div class="cam-row cam-global-header cam-search-drawer"> <div class="cam-wrap clearfix"> <form action="//search.cam.ac.uk/web?" id="site-search-container" class="cam-site-search-form" method="GET"> <div class="cam-search-form-wrapper clearfix"> <label for='site-search-mobile-text' class='visuallyhidden'>Search</label> <input type="text" id="site-search-mobile-text" placeholder="Search" class="text" name="query"> <input type="image" alt="Search" src="/sites/all/themes/cam/assets/images/btn-search.png" class="cam-search-submit"> </div> </form> </div> </div>   <div class="cam-row cam-global-navigation-drawer"> <div class="cam-wrap clearfix"> <div class="cam-column12 cam-global-navigation-mobile-list cam-global-navigation-list"> <div id="study-at-cambridge" class="cam-global-navigation-outer clearfix"> <ul class="cam-unstyled-list cam-global-navigation-header-container"> <li><a href="/study-at-cambridge">Study at Cambridge</a></li> </ul> <div class="cam-column4"> <ul class="cam-global-navigation-container cam-unstyled-list cam-global-navigation-secondary-with-children"><li><a href="https://www.undergraduate.study.cam.ac.uk/?ucam-ref=global-header" title="Undergraduate study at the University of Cambridge" class="menu__link">Undergraduate</a><ul class="cam-unstyled-list local-dropdown-menu cam-global-navigation-tertiary"><li><a href="https://www.undergraduate.study.cam.ac.uk/courses?ucam-ref=global-header" title="" class="menu__link">Courses</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.undergraduate.study.cam.ac.uk/applying?ucam-ref=global-header" title="" class="menu__link">Applying</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.undergraduate.study.cam.ac.uk/events/cambridge-open-days?ucam-ref=global-header" title="" class="menu__link">Events and open days</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.undergraduate.study.cam.ac.uk/finance?ucam-ref=global-header" title="" class="menu__link">Fees and finance</a></li> </ul></li> </ul> </div> <div class="cam-column4"> <ul class="cam-global-navigation-container cam-unstyled-list cam-global-navigation-secondary-with-children"><li><a href="https://www.postgraduate.study.cam.ac.uk/?ucam-ref=global-header" title="" class="menu__link">Postgraduate</a><ul class="cam-unstyled-list local-dropdown-menu cam-global-navigation-tertiary"><li><a href="https://www.postgraduate.study.cam.ac.uk/courses?ucam-ref=global-header" title="" class="menu__link">Postgraduate courses</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.postgraduate.study.cam.ac.uk/application-process/how-do-i-apply?ucam-ref=global-header" title="" class="menu__link">How to apply</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.postgraduate.study.cam.ac.uk/funding?ucam-ref=global-header" title="" class="menu__link">Fees and funding</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.postgraduate.study.cam.ac.uk/events?ucam-ref=global-header" title="" class="menu__link">Postgraduate events</a></li> </ul></li> </ul> </div> <div class="cam-column4"> <ul class="cam-global-navigation-container cam-unstyled-list last"><li><a href="https://www.internationalstudents.cam.ac.uk/?ucam-ref=global-header" title="" class="menu__link">International students</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.ice.cam.ac.uk/?ucam-ref=global-header" title="" class="menu__link">Continuing education</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.cam.ac.uk/study-at-cambridge/executive-and-professional-education?ucam-ref=global-header" title="" class="menu__link">Executive and professional education</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.educ.cam.ac.uk/?ucam-ref=global-header" title="" class="menu__link">Courses in education</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="about-the-university" class="cam-global-navigation-outer clearfix"> <ul class="cam-unstyled-list cam-global-navigation-header-container"> <li><a href="/about-the-university">About the University</a></li> </ul> <div class="cam-column4"> <ul class="cam-global-navigation-container cam-unstyled-list"><li><a href="/about-the-university/how-the-university-and-colleges-work?ucam-ref=global-header" title="" class="menu__link">How the University and Colleges work</a></li> <li><a href="/about-the-university/term-dates-and-calendars?ucam-ref=global-header" title="" class="menu__link">Term dates</a></li> <li><a href="/about-the-university/history?ucam-ref=global-header" title="" class="menu__link">History</a></li> <li><a href="https://map.cam.ac.uk?ucam-ref=global-header" title="" class="menu__link">Map</a></li> <li><a href="/about-the-university/visiting-the-university?ucam-ref=global-header" title="" class="menu__link">Visiting the University</a></li> </ul> </div> <div class="cam-column4"> <ul class="cam-global-navigation-container cam-unstyled-list"><li><a href="/about-the-university/annual-reports?ucam-ref=global-header" title="" class="menu__link">Annual reports</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.equality.admin.cam.ac.uk/?ucam-ref=global-header" title="" class="menu__link">Equality and diversity</a></li> <li><a href="/news?ucam-ref=global-header" title="University news" class="menu__link">News</a></li> <li><a href="/a-global-university?ucam-ref=global-header" title="Cambridge is a global University" class="menu__link">A global university</a></li> </ul> </div> <div class="cam-column4"> <ul class="cam-global-navigation-container cam-unstyled-list"><li><a href="https://www.admin.cam.ac.uk/whatson/?ucam-ref=global-header" title="" class="menu__link">Events</a></li> <li><a href="/public-engagement?ucam-ref=global-header" title="" class="menu__link">Public engagement</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.jobs.cam.ac.uk/" title="" class="menu__link">Jobs</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.philanthropy.cam.ac.uk?ucam-ref=global-header" title="" class="menu__link">Give to Cambridge</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="research" class="cam-global-navigation-outer clearfix"> <ul class="cam-unstyled-list cam-global-navigation-header-container"> <li><a href="/research">Research at Cambridge</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="block-menu-block-5" class="block block-menu-block first last odd" role="navigation"> <div class="menu-block-wrapper menu-block-5 menu-name-menu-quick-links parent-mlid-0 menu-level-1"> <ul class="cam-unstyled-list cam-quicklinks-list cam-global-navigation-container "><li><a href="https://www.cambridgestudents.cam.ac.uk/?ucam-ref=global-quick-links" title="" class="menu__link">For Cambridge students</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.cam.ac.uk/for-staff?ucam-ref=global-quick-links" title="" class="menu__link">For staff</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.alumni.cam.ac.uk?ucam-ref=global-quick-links" title="" class="menu__link">For alumni</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.research-operations.admin.cam.ac.uk?ucam-ref=global-quick-links" title="" class="menu__link">For our researchers</a></li> <li><a href="/business-and-enterprise?ucam-ref=global-quick-links" title="" class="menu__link">Business and enterprise</a></li> <li><a href="/colleges-and-departments?ucam-ref=global-quick-links" title="" class="menu__link">Colleges and Departments</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.philanthropy.cam.ac.uk?ucam-ref=global-quick-links" title="" class="menu__link">Give to Cambridge</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.libraries.cam.ac.uk?ucam-ref=global-quick-links" title="" class="menu__link">Libraries</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.museums.cam.ac.uk?ucam-ref=global-quick-links" title="" class="menu__link">Museums and collections</a></li> </ul></div> </div> </div> </div>    <div class="cam-row cam-page-header cam-sub-section-page"> <div class="cam-wrap clearfix"> <div class="cam-column12"> <div class="cam-content-container"> <div itemscope class="easy-breadcrumb cam-breadcrumb" id="breadcrumb" itemtype="http://data-vocabulary.org/Breadcrumb"> <ul class="cam-unstyled-list cam-horizontal-navigation clearfix"> <li class="first-child"><span itemprop="title"><a href="/" class="easy-breadcrumb_segment easy-breadcrumb_segment-front campl-home ir">Home</a></span></li> <li><span itemprop="title"><a href="/about-the-university" class="easy-breadcrumb_segment easy-breadcrumb_segment-1">About the University</a></span></li> <li><span itemprop="title"><a href="/about-the-university/how-the-university-and-colleges-work" class="easy-breadcrumb_segment easy-breadcrumb_segment-2">How the University and Colleges work</a></span></li> <li><span itemprop="title"><a href="/about-the-university/how-the-university-and-colleges-work/processes" class="easy-breadcrumb_segment easy-breadcrumb_segment-3">Processes</a></span></li> <li><span itemprop="title"><a href="/about-the-university/how-the-university-and-colleges-work/processes/honorary-degrees" class="easy-breadcrumb_segment easy-breadcrumb_segment-4">Honorary degrees</a></span></li> <li><span class="easy-breadcrumb_segment easy-breadcrumb_segment-title" itemprop="title">Selected Honorands</span></li> </ul> </div> <p class="title cam-page-title">About the University</p> </div> </div> </div> </div>   <div class="cam-row cam-page-header">  <div class="region region-navigation"> <div id="block-menu-block-69" class="block block-menu-block mobile-navigation-3 first odd" role="navigation"> <div class="menu-block-wrapper menu-block-69 menu-name-menu-about-university parent-mlid-0 menu-level-1"> <div id="local-nav" class="cam-wrap clearfix cam-local-navigation"> <div class="cam-local-navigation-container cam-mobile"> <ul class="cam-unstyled-list cam-current"> <li><a href="/about-the-university" title="" class="menu__link">About the University</a></li> <li><a href="/about-the-university/cambridge-at-a-glance" class="menu__link">Cambridge at a glance</a></li> <li><a href="/about-the-university/how-the-university-and-colleges-work" class="menu__link is-active-trail active-trail">How the University and Colleges work</a><ul class="cam-unstyled-list local-dropdown-menu"><li><a href="/about-the-university/how-the-university-and-colleges-work" class="menu__link is-active-trail active-trail">How the University and Colleges work overview</a></li> <li><a href="/about-the-university/how-the-university-and-colleges-work/people" class="menu__link">People</a><ul class="cam-unstyled-list local-dropdown-menu"><li><a href="/about-the-university/how-the-university-and-colleges-work/people" class="menu__link">People overview</a></li> <li><a href="/about-the-university/how-the-university-and-colleges-work/people/chancellor" class="menu__link">Chancellor</a><ul class="cam-unstyled-list local-dropdown-menu"><li><a href="/about-the-university/how-the-university-and-colleges-work/people/chancellor" class="menu__link">Chancellor overview</a></li> <li><a href="/about-the-university/how-the-university-and-colleges-work/people/chancellor/election-of-the-next-chancellor" class="menu__link">Election of the next Chancellor</a><ul class="cam-unstyled-list local-dropdown-menu"><li><a href="/about-the-university/how-the-university-and-colleges-work/people/chancellor/election-of-the-next-chancellor" class="menu__link">Election of the next Chancellor overview</a></li> <li><a href="/about-the-university/how-the-university-and-colleges-work/people/chancellor/election-of-the-next-chancellor/how-to-register-for-online-voting" class="menu__link">How to register for online voting</a><ul class="cam-unstyled-list local-dropdown-menu"><li><a href="/about-the-university/how-the-university-and-colleges-work/people/chancellor/election-of-the-next-chancellor/how-to-register-for-online-voting" class="menu__link">How to register for online voting overview</a></li> <li><a href="/about-the-university/how-the-university-and-colleges-work/people/chancellor/election-of-the-next-chancellor/how-to-register-for-online-voting/college-contacts-for-signing-up-for-degrees-in-absence-at" class="menu__link">College contacts for signing up for degrees in absence at a degree ceremony on 11 April</a></li> <li><a href="/about-the-university/how-the-university-and-colleges-work/people/chancellor/election-of-the-next-chancellor/how-to-register-for-online-voting/full-list-of-qualifying-degrees" class="menu__link">Full list of qualifying degrees</a></li> </ul></li> <li><a href="/about-the-university/how-the-university-and-colleges-work/people/chancellor/election-of-the-next-chancellor/role-profile" class="menu__link">Role profile</a></li> <li><a href="/about-the-university/how-the-university-and-colleges-work/people/chancellor/election-of-the-next-chancellor/standing-for-election-nomination-process" class="menu__link">Standing for election (nomination process)</a></li> <li><a href="/about-the-university/how-the-university-and-colleges-work/people/chancellor/election-of-the-next-chancellor/the-voting-process" class="menu__link">The voting process</a></li> </ul></li> <li><a href="/about-the-university/how-the-university-and-colleges-work/people/chancellor/former-chancellors" class="menu__link">Former Chancellors</a></li> </ul></li> <li><a href="/about-the-university/how-the-university-and-colleges-work/people/vice-chancellor" class="menu__link">Vice-Chancellor</a><ul class="cam-unstyled-list local-dropdown-menu"><li><a href="/about-the-university/how-the-university-and-colleges-work/people/vice-chancellor" class="menu__link">Vice-Chancellor overview</a></li> <li><a href="/about-the-university/how-the-university-and-colleges-work/people/vice-chancellor/former-vice-chancellors" class="menu__link">Former Vice-Chancellors</a></li> <li><a href="/about-the-university/how-the-university-and-colleges-work/people/vice-chancellor/speeches" class="menu__link">Speeches</a><ul class="cam-unstyled-list local-dropdown-menu"><li><a href="/about-the-university/how-the-university-and-colleges-work/people/vice-chancellor/speeches" class="menu__link">Speeches overview</a></li> <li><a href="/about-the-university/how-the-university-and-colleges-work/people/vice-chancellor/speeches" title="" class="menu__link">List of speeches</a></li> </ul></li> </ul></li> <li><a href="/about-the-university/how-the-university-and-colleges-work/people/pro-vice-chancellors" class="menu__link">Pro-Vice-Chancellors</a></li> </ul></li> <li><a href="/about-the-university/how-the-university-and-colleges-work/governance" class="menu__link">Governance</a></li> <li><a href="/about-the-university/how-the-university-and-colleges-work/processes" class="menu__link is-active-trail active-trail">Processes</a><ul class="cam-unstyled-list local-dropdown-menu"><li><a href="/about-the-university/how-the-university-and-colleges-work/processes" class="menu__link is-active-trail active-trail">Processes overview</a></li> <li><a href="/about-the-university/how-the-university-and-colleges-work/processes/honorary-degrees" class="menu__link is-active-trail active-trail">Honorary degrees</a><ul class="cam-unstyled-list local-dropdown-menu"><li><a href="/about-the-university/how-the-university-and-colleges-work/processes/honorary-degrees" class="menu__link is-active-trail active-trail">Honorary degrees overview</a></li> <li><a href="/about-the-university/how-the-university-and-colleges-work/processes/honorary-degrees/the-nomination-and-approval-process" class="menu__link">The nomination and approval process</a></li> <li class = "cam-current-page" ><a href="/about-the-university/how-the-university-and-colleges-work/processes/honorary-degrees/selected-honorands" class="menu__link is-active-trail active-trail active">Selected Honorands</a></li> <li><a href="/about-the-university/how-the-university-and-colleges-work/processes/honorary-degrees/the-ceremony" class="menu__link">The ceremony</a></li> </ul></li> </ul></li> <li><a href="/about-the-university/how-the-university-and-colleges-work/glossary-of-cambridge-terminology" class="menu__link">Glossary of Cambridge terminology</a></li> <li><a href="/about-the-university/how-the-university-and-colleges-work/mission-and-core-values" class="menu__link">The University's mission and core values</a></li> <li><a href="/about-the-university/how-the-university-and-colleges-work/the-university-as-a-charity" class="menu__link">The University as a charity</a></li> <li><a href="/about-the-university/how-the-university-and-colleges-work/cambridge-university-endowment-fund" class="menu__link">Cambridge University Endowment Fund</a><ul class="cam-unstyled-list local-dropdown-menu"><li><a href="/about-the-university/how-the-university-and-colleges-work/cambridge-university-endowment-fund" class="menu__link">Cambridge University Endowment Fund overview</a></li> <li><a href="/about-the-university/how-the-university-and-colleges-work/cambridge-university-endowment-fund/the-investment-advisory-board" class="menu__link">The Investment Advisory Board</a></li> </ul></li> <li><a href="/about-the-university/how-the-university-and-colleges-work/central-bodies-and-main-associated-committees" class="menu__link">Central bodies and main associated committees</a></li> </ul></li> <li><a href="/about-the-university/term-dates-and-calendars" class="menu__link">Term dates</a></li> <li><a href="/about-the-university/visiting-the-university" class="menu__link">Visit us</a></li> <li><a href="/about-the-university/history" class="menu__link">History</a><ul class="cam-unstyled-list local-dropdown-menu"><li><a href="/about-the-university/history" class="menu__link">History overview</a></li> <li><a href="/about-the-university/history/legacies-of-enslavement" class="menu__link">Legacies of enslavement</a><ul class="cam-unstyled-list local-dropdown-menu"><li><a href="/about-the-university/history/legacies-of-enslavement" class="menu__link">Legacies of enslavement overview</a></li> <li><a href="/about-the-university/history/legacies-of-enslavement/vice-chancellors-response-to-the-report-of-the-legacies-of-enslavement-advisory-group" class="menu__link">Vice-Chancellor鈥檚 response to the Legacies of Enslavement Advisory Group's report</a></li> </ul></li> <li><a href="/about-the-university/history/the-coat-of-arms" class="menu__link">The coat of arms</a></li> </ul></li> <li><a href="/about-the-university/annual-reports" title="" class="menu__link">Annual reports</a><ul class="cam-unstyled-list local-dropdown-menu"><li><a href="/about-the-university/annual-reports" title="" class="menu__link">Annual reports overview</a></li> <li><a href="/about-the-university/annual-reports/2023-24-highlights" class="menu__link">2023-24 highlights</a></li> <li><a href="/about-the-university/annual-reports/financial-statements-for-the-year-ending-31-july-2024" class="menu__link">Financial statements 2023-24</a></li> <li><a href="/about-the-university/annual-reports/previous-reports-and-financial-statements" class="menu__link">Previous reports</a></li> </ul></li> <li><a href="/about-the-university/contact-the-university" class="menu__link">Contact us</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div id="block-menu-block-3" class="block block-menu-block last even" role="navigation"> <div class="menu-block-wrapper menu-block-3 menu-name-menu-about-university parent-mlid-0 menu-level-1"> <div id="local-nav" class="cam-wrap clearfix cam-local-navigation"> <div class="cam-local-navigation-container cam-mobile"> <ul class="cam-unstyled-list cam-current"> <li><a href="/about-the-university" title="" class="menu__link">About the University</a></li> <li><a href="/about-the-university/cambridge-at-a-glance" class="menu__link">Cambridge at a glance</a></li> <li><a href="/about-the-university/how-the-university-and-colleges-work" class="menu__link is-active-trail active-trail">How the University and Colleges work</a><ul class="cam-unstyled-list local-dropdown-menu"><li><a href="/about-the-university/how-the-university-and-colleges-work" class="menu__link is-active-trail active-trail">How the University and Colleges work overview</a></li> <li><a href="/about-the-university/how-the-university-and-colleges-work/people" class="menu__link">People</a></li> <li><a href="/about-the-university/how-the-university-and-colleges-work/governance" class="menu__link">Governance</a></li> <li><a href="/about-the-university/how-the-university-and-colleges-work/processes" class="menu__link is-active-trail active-trail">Processes</a></li> <li><a href="/about-the-university/how-the-university-and-colleges-work/glossary-of-cambridge-terminology" class="menu__link">Glossary of Cambridge terminology</a></li> <li><a href="/about-the-university/how-the-university-and-colleges-work/mission-and-core-values" class="menu__link">The University's mission and core values</a></li> <li><a href="/about-the-university/how-the-university-and-colleges-work/the-university-as-a-charity" class="menu__link">The University as a charity</a></li> <li><a href="/about-the-university/how-the-university-and-colleges-work/cambridge-university-endowment-fund" class="menu__link">Cambridge University Endowment Fund</a></li> <li><a href="/about-the-university/how-the-university-and-colleges-work/central-bodies-and-main-associated-committees" class="menu__link">Central bodies and main associated committees</a></li> </ul></li> <li><a href="/about-the-university/term-dates-and-calendars" class="menu__link">Term dates</a></li> <li><a href="/about-the-university/visiting-the-university" class="menu__link">Visit us</a></li> <li><a href="/about-the-university/history" class="menu__link">History</a><ul class="cam-unstyled-list local-dropdown-menu"><li><a href="/about-the-university/history" class="menu__link">History overview</a></li> <li><a href="/about-the-university/history/legacies-of-enslavement" class="menu__link">Legacies of enslavement</a></li> <li><a href="/about-the-university/history/the-coat-of-arms" class="menu__link">The coat of arms</a></li> </ul></li> <li><a href="/about-the-university/annual-reports" title="" class="menu__link">Annual reports</a><ul class="cam-unstyled-list local-dropdown-menu"><li><a href="/about-the-university/annual-reports" title="" class="menu__link">Annual reports overview</a></li> <li><a href="/about-the-university/annual-reports/2023-24-highlights" class="menu__link">2023-24 highlights</a></li> <li><a href="/about-the-university/annual-reports/financial-statements-for-the-year-ending-31-july-2024" class="menu__link">Financial statements 2023-24</a></li> <li><a href="/about-the-university/annual-reports/previous-reports-and-financial-statements" class="menu__link">Previous reports</a></li> </ul></li> <li><a href="/about-the-university/contact-the-university" class="menu__link">Contact us</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div>  <div class="cam-wrap clearfix cam-page-sub-title cam-recessed-sub-title"> <div class="cam-column3 cam-spacing-column">   </div> <div class="cam-column9"> <div class="cam-content-container"> <h1 class="cam-sub-title"> Selected Honorands </h1> </div> </div> </div> </div>     <div id="main" class="cam-row cam-content cam-recessed-content"> <div class="cam-wrap clearfix"> <div class='cam-column3'>  <section class="region region-sidebar-first column sidebar"> <div id="block-menu-block-10" class="block block-menu-block first last odd" role="navigation"> <div class="menu-block-wrapper menu-block-10 menu-name-menu-about-university parent-mlid-0 menu-level-1"> <div class="cam-tertiary-navigation"> <div class="cam-tertiary-navigation-structure"> <ul class="cam-unstyled-list cam-vertical-breadcrumb"> <li><a href="https://www.cam.ac.uk/about-the-university">About the University<span class="cam-vertical-breadcrumb-indicator"></span></a></li> <li><a href="https://www.cam.ac.uk/about-the-university/how-the-university-and-colleges-work">How the University and Colleges work<span class="cam-vertical-breadcrumb-indicator"></span></a></li><li><a href="https://www.cam.ac.uk/about-the-university/how-the-university-and-colleges-work/processes">Processes<span class="cam-vertical-breadcrumb-indicator"></span></a></li><li><a href="https://www.cam.ac.uk/about-the-university/how-the-university-and-colleges-work/processes/honorary-degrees">Honorary degrees<span class="cam-vertical-breadcrumb-indicator"></span></a></li> </ul> <ul class="cam-unstyled-list cam-vertical-breadcrumb-navigation"> <li class="menu__item is-leaf first leaf menu-mlid-1742" ><a href="/about-the-university/how-the-university-and-colleges-work/processes/honorary-degrees/the-nomination-and-approval-process" class="menu__link">The nomination and approval process</a></li> <li class="menu__item is-leaf is-active-trail is-active leaf active-trail active menu-mlid-1762" ><a href="/about-the-university/how-the-university-and-colleges-work/processes/honorary-degrees/selected-honorands" class="menu__link is-active-trail active-trail active">Selected Honorands</a></li> <li class="menu__item is-leaf last leaf menu-mlid-1752" ><a href="/about-the-university/how-the-university-and-colleges-work/processes/honorary-degrees/the-ceremony" class="menu__link">The ceremony</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </section>  </div> <div id="content" class="cam-column9 cam-main-content" role="main"> <a id="main-content"></a> <div style="text-align:center"> </div> <div class="cam-content-container"> <div class="field field-name-body field-type-text-with-summary field-label-hidden"><div class="field-items"><div class="field-item even"><p class="cam-section-landing-heading">Past figures honoured have included Albert Einstein, Max Planck, General Eisenhower and Field Marshal Montgomery, and more recently Mother Teresa, Barbara Castle and Nelson Mandela. HM Queen Elizabeth The Queen Mother was the first woman to be honoured, in 1948.</p> <h2 class="cam-section-landing-heading">Selected honorands聽by theme</h2> <p>In more recent years, recipients have included:</p> <h3>Royalty</h3> <ul> <li>Their Majesties The King and Queen of Spain (1988)</li> </ul> <h3>Heads of State, political and international leaders</h3> <ul> <li>His Excellency聽Ant贸nio Guterres聽(2021)</li> <li>His Excellency Ban Ki-moon (2016)</li> <li>Senator George Mitchell (2010)</li> <li>The Baroness Williams of Crosby (2009)</li> <li>Prime Minister Manmohan Singh of India (2006)</li> <li>President Kim Dae-Jung of South Korea (2001)</li> <li>Chancellor Helmut Kohl of Germany (1998)</li> <li>President Cardoso of Brazil (1997)</li> <li>The Baroness Boothroyd (1994)</li> <li>President Richard von Weizsacker of Germany (1994)</li> <li>President Shankar Sharma of India (1993)</li> <li>President Mary Robinson of Eire (1991)</li> <li>His Excellency Perez de Cuellar (1989)</li> </ul> <h3>Leadership and聽public service</h3> <ul> <li>The Baroness (Doreen) Lawrence of Clarendon (2019)</li> <li>Lord (Adair) Turner of Ecchinswell (2017)</li> <li>The Baroness (Tanni) Grey-Thompson (2016)</li> </ul> <h3>Law</h3> <ul> <li>Justice Albie Sachs (2014)</li> <li>The Lord Judge (2012)</li> <li>Judge Shirin Ebadi (2011)</li> <li>The Baroness Hale of Richmond (2005)</li> <li>The Lord Woolf (2002)</li> <li>The Baroness Butler-Sloss (2000)</li> <li>Dame Rosalyn Higgins (1996)</li> <li>Sir Robert Jennings (1993)</li> <li>The Lord Mackay of Clashfern (1989)</li> </ul> <h3>Science and mathematics</h3> <ul> <li>Dr (Dame) Jane Goodall (2019)</li> <li>Professor Dame Frances Ashcroft (2018)</li> <li>Sophie Wilson (2017)</li> <li>The Lord Rees of Ludlow (2014)</li> <li>Dr Catherine Cesarsky (2014)</li> <li>Professor Daniel Kahneman (2013)</li> <li>Professor Ada Yonath (2013)</li> <li>Professor Roger Tsien (2012)</li> <li>Professor Peter Higgs (2012)</li> <li>Sir Andrew Wiles (2010)</li> <li>Professor Elizabeth Blackburn (2009)</li> <li>Sir John Gurdon (2007)</li> <li>Professor Edward Witten (2006)</li> <li>Professor Carl Djerassi (2005)</li> <li>Sir Paul Nurse (2003)</li> <li>Sir John Sulston (2003)</li> <li>Sir Robert Edwards (2001)</li> <li>The Honourable Miriam Rothschild (1999)</li> <li>Sir Aaron Klug (1998)</li> <li>Dame Jocelyn Bell Burnell (1996)</li> <li>Professor Stephen Hawking (1989)</li> </ul> <h3>Religion</h3> <ul> <li>Rabbi The Baroness (Julia) Neuberger (2015)</li> <li>Anita Lasker Wallfisch (2011)</li> <li>His Highness The Aga Khan (2009)</li> <li>Archbishop John Sentamu (2008)</li> <li>Archbishop Rowan Williams(2006)</li> <li>Archbishop Desmond Tutu (1999)</li> <li>Chief Rabbi Dr Jonathan Sacks (1993)</li> </ul> <h3>Arts,聽humanities and economics</h3> <ul> <li>Professor Marilynne Robinson (2019)</li> <li>Sir Mark Elder (2019)</li> <li>Professor Ira Katznelson (2018)</li> <li>Professor Joanna MacGregor (2016)</li> <li>Sir John Eliot Gardiner (2015)</li> <li>Sir Ian McKellen (2014)</li> <li>Professor Joseph Stiglitz (2013)</li> <li>Dame Hilary Mantel (2013)</li> <li>Mario Vargas Llosa (2013)</li> <li>Alfred Brendel (2012)</li> <li>Sir Trevor Nunn (2011)</li> <li>Sir Geoffrey Hill (2010)</li> <li>Professor Amartya Sen (2009)</li> <li>Sir Peter Maxwell Davies (2009)</li> <li>The Baroness O鈥橬eill of Bengarve (2007)</li> <li>David Hockney (2007)</li> <li>The Lord Stern (2007)</li> <li>Dame Margaret Drabble (2006)</li> <li>Dr Louis Cha (2005)</li> <li>Sir Quentin Blake (2004)</li> <li>Sir Peter Hall (2003)</li> <li>Dame Antonia Byatt (1999)</li> <li>Dame Kiri Te Kanawa (1997)</li> <li>Dr Jonathan Miller (1996)</li> <li>Professor Noam Chomsky (1995)</li> <li>Bridget Riley (1995)</li> <li>Jessye Norman (1989)</li> </ul> <h3>Business and industry</h3> <ul> <li>Dame Stephanie Shirley (2017)</li> <li>The Baroness (Helena) Morrissey (2016)</li> <li>Dr Yusuf Hamied (2014)</li> <li>Ratan Tata (2010)</li> <li>Bill and Melinda Gates (2009)</li> <li>Gordon Moore (1999)</li> <li>Sir Paul Judge (1995)</li> <li>Sir John Bradfield (1992)</li> </ul> <h2>List of all honorands since 1977</h2> <h3>2024</h3> <table align="" left=""> <caption>Honorary graduates for 2024</caption> <thead> <tr> <th col="" scope="">Name</th> <th col="" scope="">Degree</th> <th col="" scope="">Year</th> </tr> </thead> <tbody> <tr itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Person"> <td itemprop="name">Carol Black</td> <td>Doctor of Medical Science</td> <td>2024</td> </tr> <tr itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Person"> <td itemprop="name">Stephen Stahl</td> <td>Doctor of Medical Science</td> <td>2024</td> </tr> <tr itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Person"> <td itemprop="name">Adele Diamond</td> <td>Doctor of Science</td> <td>2024</td> </tr> <tr itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Person"> <td itemprop="name">Carol Robinson</td> <td>Doctor of Science</td> <td>2024</td> </tr> <tr itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Person"> <td itemprop="name">Kip Thorne</td> <td>Doctor of Science</td> <td>2024</td> </tr> <tr itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Person"> <td itemprop="name">Michael Ignatieff</td> <td>Doctor of Letters</td> <td>2024</td> </tr> <tr itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Person"> <td itemprop="name">Murray Perahia</td> <td>Doctor of Music</td> <td>2024</td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <h3>2023</h3> <table align="" left=""> <caption>Honorary graduates for 2023</caption> <thead> <tr> <th col="" scope="">Name</th> <th col="" scope="">Degree</th> <th col="" scope="">Year</th> </tr> </thead> <tbody> <tr itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Person"> <td itemprop="name">Stephen J Toope</td> <td>Doctor of Law</td> <td>2023</td> </tr> <tr itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Person"> <td itemprop="name">Ravinder Maini</td> <td>Doctor of Medical Science</td> <td>2023</td> </tr> <tr itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Person"> <td itemprop="name">Chris Frith</td> <td>Doctor of Science</td> <td>2023</td> </tr> <tr itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Person"> <td itemprop="name">Julia Slingo</td> <td>Doctor of Science</td> <td>2023</td> </tr> <tr itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Person"> <td itemprop="name">John C Taylor</td> <td>Doctor of Science</td> <td>2023</td> </tr> <tr itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Person"> <td itemprop="name">Linda Colley</td> <td>Doctor of Letters</td> <td>2023</td> </tr> <tr itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Person"> <td itemprop="name">Lida Lopes Cardozo Kindersley</td> <td>Doctor of Letters</td> <td>2023</td> </tr> <tr itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Person"> <td itemprop="name">Chi-chi Nwanoku</td> <td>Doctor of Music</td> <td>2023</td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <h3>2022</h3> <table align="" left=""> <caption>Honorary graduates for 2022</caption> <thead> <tr> <th col="" scope="">Name</th> <th col="" scope="">Degree</th> <th col="" scope="">Year</th> </tr> </thead> <tbody> <tr itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Person"> <td itemprop="name">Kwame Anthony Appiah</td> <td>Doctor of Letters</td> <td>2022</td> </tr> <tr itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Person"> <td itemprop="name">Wole Soyinka</td> <td>Doctor of Letters</td> <td>2022</td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <h3>2021</h3> <table align="" left=""> <caption>Honorary graduates for 2021</caption> <thead> <tr> <th col="" scope="">Name</th> <th col="" scope="">Degree</th> <th col="" scope="">Year</th> </tr> </thead> <tbody> <tr itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Person"> <td itemprop="name">Ant贸nio Guterres</td> <td>Doctor of Law</td> <td>2021</td> </tr> <tr itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Person"> <td itemprop="name">Edith Heard*</td> <td>Doctor of Science</td> <td>2021</td> </tr> <tr itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Person"> <td itemprop="name">Roger Penrose*</td> <td>Doctor of Science</td> <td>2021</td> </tr> <tr itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Person"> <td itemprop="name">Elizabeth Jane Robertson*</td> <td>Doctor of Science</td> <td>2021</td> </tr> <tr itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Person"> <td itemprop="name">John Ernest Walker*</td> <td>Doctor of Science</td> <td>2021</td> </tr> <tr itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Person"> <td itemprop="name">Henry Louis Gates Jr*</td> <td>Doctor of Letters</td> <td>2021</td> </tr> <tr itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Person"> <td itemprop="name">Simon Michael Schama*</td> <td>Doctor of Letters</td> <td>2021</td> </tr> <tr itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Person"> <td itemprop="name">Alison May Smith*</td> <td>Doctor of Letters</td> <td>2021</td> </tr> <tr itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Person"> <td itemprop="name">Judith Weir*</td> <td>Doctor of Music</td> <td>2021</td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p>Exceptionally, degrees formally conferred in absence but then celebrated ceremonially in 2022</p> <h3>2020</h3> <p>No degrees conferred</p> <h3>2019</h3> <table align="" left=""> <caption>Honorary graduates for 2019</caption> <thead> <tr> <th col="" scope="">Name</th> <th col="" scope="">Degree</th> <th col="" scope="">Year</th> </tr> </thead> <tbody> <tr itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Person"> <td itemprop="name">Baroness (Doreen) Lawrence of Clarendon</td> <td>Doctor of Law</td> <td>2019</td> </tr> <tr itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Person"> <td itemprop="name">Rosemary Cramp</td> <td>Doctor of Science</td> <td>2019</td> </tr> <tr itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Person"> <td itemprop="name">Jane Goodall</td> <td>Doctor of Science</td> <td>2019</td> </tr> <tr itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Person"> <td itemprop="name">Michael Levitt</td> <td>Doctor of Science</td> <td>2019</td> </tr> <tr itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Person"> <td itemprop="name">Angus Deaton</td> <td>Doctor of Letters</td> <td>2019</td> </tr> <tr itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Person"> <td itemprop="name">Marilynne Robinson</td> <td>Doctor of Letters</td> <td>2019</td> </tr> <tr itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Person"> <td itemprop="name">Mark Elder</td> <td>Doctor of Music</td> <td>2019</td> </tr> <tr itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Person"> <td itemprop="name">Joan Winterkorn</td> <td>Master of Arts</td> <td>2019</td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <h3>2018</h3> <table align="" left=""> <caption>Honorary graduates for 2018</caption> <thead> <tr> <th col="" scope="">Name</th> <th col="" scope="">Degree</th> <th col="" scope="">Year</th> </tr> </thead> <tbody> <tr itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Person"> <td itemprop="name">Leszek Borysiewicz</td> <td>Doctor of Law</td> <td>2018</td> </tr> <tr itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Person"> <td itemprop="name">Frances Ashcroft</td> <td>Doctor of Medical</td> <td>2018</td> </tr> <tr itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Person"> <td itemprop="name">Emmanuelle Marie Charpentier</td> <td>Doctor of Science</td> <td>2018</td> </tr> <tr itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Person"> <td itemprop="name">Venkatraman Ramakrishnan</td> <td>Doctor of Science</td> <td>2018</td> </tr> <tr itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Person"> <td itemprop="name">Michael Edwards</td> <td>Doctor of Letters</td> <td>2018</td> </tr> <tr itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Person"> <td itemprop="name">Robert Evans</td> <td>Doctor of Letters</td> <td>2018</td> </tr> <tr itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Person"> <td itemprop="name">Ira Katznelson</td> <td>Doctor of Letters</td> <td>2018</td> </tr> <tr itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Person"> <td itemprop="name">Joyce Reynolds</td> <td>Doctor of Letters</td> <td>2018</td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <h3>2017</h3> <table align="" left=""> <caption>Honorary graduates for 2017</caption> <thead> <tr> <th col="" scope="">Name</th> <th col="" scope="">Degree</th> <th col="" scope="">Year</th> </tr> </thead> <tbody> <tr itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Person"> <td itemprop="name">Malcolm Grant</td> <td>Doctor of Law</td> <td>2017</td> </tr> <tr itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Person"> <td itemprop="name">Lord (Adair) Turner of Ecchinswell</td> <td>Doctor of Law</td> <td>2017</td> </tr> <tr itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Person"> <td itemprop="name">Jean-Marie Lehn</td> <td>Doctor of Science</td> <td>2017</td> </tr> <tr itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Person"> <td itemprop="name">Eric Maskin</td> <td>Doctor of Science</td> <td>2017</td> </tr> <tr itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Person"> <td itemprop="name">Janet Rossant</td> <td>Doctor of Science</td> <td>2017</td> </tr> <tr itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Person"> <td itemprop="name">Stephanie Shirley</td> <td>Doctor of Science</td> <td>2017</td> </tr> <tr itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Person"> <td itemprop="name">Sophie Wilson</td> <td>Doctor of Science</td> <td>2017</td> </tr> <tr itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Person"> <td itemprop="name">Manuel Castells</td> <td>Doctor of Letters</td> <td>2017</td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <h3>2016</h3> <table align="" left=""> <caption>Honorary graduates for 2016</caption> <thead> <tr> <th col="" scope="">Name</th> <th col="" scope="">Degree</th> <th col="" scope="">Year</th> </tr> </thead> <tbody> <tr itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Person"> <td itemprop="name">Ban Ki-moon</td> <td>Doctor of Law</td> <td>2016</td> </tr> <tr itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Person"> <td itemprop="name">Baroness (Tanni) Grey-Thompson</td> <td>Doctor of Law</td> <td>2016</td> </tr> <tr itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Person"> <td itemprop="name">Helena Morrissey</td> <td>Doctor of Law</td> <td>2016</td> </tr> <tr itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Person"> <td itemprop="name">Keith Peters</td> <td>Doctor of Medical</td> <td>2016</td> </tr> <tr itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Person"> <td itemprop="name">Jonathan Ive</td> <td>Doctor of Science</td> <td>2016</td> </tr> <tr itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Person"> <td itemprop="name">Nicholas Hytner</td> <td>Doctor of Letters</td> <td>2016</td> </tr> <tr itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Person"> <td itemprop="name">Nicholas Serota</td> <td>Doctor of Letters</td> <td>2016</td> </tr> <tr itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Person"> <td itemprop="name">Joanna MacGregor</td> <td>Doctor of Music</td> <td>2016</td> </tr> <tr itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Person"> <td itemprop="name">Hugh Duberly</td> <td>Master of Arts</td> <td>2016</td> </tr> <tr itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Person"> <td itemprop="name">Susan Edwards</td> <td>Master of Arts</td> <td>2016</td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <h3>2015</h3> <table align="" left=""> <caption>Honorary graduates for 2015</caption> <thead> <tr> <th col="" scope="">Name</th> <th col="" scope="">Degree</th> <th col="" scope="">Year</th> </tr> </thead> <tbody> <tr itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Person"> <td itemprop="name">Baroness (Julia) Neuberger</td> <td>Doctor of Divinity</td> <td>2015</td> </tr> <tr itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Person"> <td itemprop="name">Hisashi Owada</td> <td>Doctor of Law</td> <td>2015</td> </tr> <tr itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Person"> <td itemprop="name">James Mirrlees</td> <td>Doctor of Science</td> <td>2015</td> </tr> <tr itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Person"> <td itemprop="name">Michael Rawlins</td> <td>Doctor of Science</td> <td>2015</td> </tr> <tr itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Person"> <td itemprop="name">Neil MacGregor</td> <td>Doctor of Letters</td> <td>2015</td> </tr> <tr itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Person"> <td itemprop="name">Paula Rego</td> <td>Doctor of Letters</td> <td>2015</td> </tr> <tr itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Person"> <td itemprop="name">Judith Jarvis Thomson</td> <td>Doctor of Letters</td> <td>2015</td> </tr> <tr itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Person"> <td itemprop="name">John Eliot Gardiner</td> <td>Doctor of Music</td> <td>2015</td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <h3>2014</h3> <table align="" left=""> <caption>Honorary graduates for 2014</caption> <thead> <tr> <th col="" scope="">Name</th> <th col="" scope="">Degree</th> <th col="" scope="">Year</th> </tr> </thead> <tbody> <tr itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Person"> <td itemprop="name">Albie Sachs</td> <td>Doctor of Law</td> <td>2014</td> </tr> <tr itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Person"> <td itemprop="name">Catherine Cesarsky</td> <td>Doctor of Science</td> <td>2014</td> </tr> <tr itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Person"> <td itemprop="name">Yusuf Hamied</td> <td>Doctor of Science</td> <td>2014</td> </tr> <tr itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Person"> <td itemprop="name">Dan McKenzie</td> <td>Doctor of Science</td> <td>2014</td> </tr> <tr itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Person"> <td itemprop="name">Lord (Martin) Rees of Ludlow</td> <td>Doctor of Science</td> <td>2014</td> </tr> <tr itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Person"> <td itemprop="name">Ian McKellen</td> <td>Doctor of Letters</td> <td>2014</td> </tr> <tr itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Person"> <td itemprop="name">Mitsuko Uchida</td> <td>Doctor of Music</td> <td>2014</td> </tr> <tr itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Person"> <td itemprop="name">Joy Seddon</td> <td>Master of Arts</td> <td>2014</td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <h3>2013</h3> <table align="" left=""> <caption>Honorary graduates for 2013</caption> <thead> <tr> <th col="" scope="">Name</th> <th col="" scope="">Degree</th> <th col="" scope="">Year</th> </tr> </thead> <tbody> <tr itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Person"> <td itemprop="name">Daniel Kahneman</td> <td>Doctor of Science</td> <td>2013</td> </tr> <tr itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Person"> <td itemprop="name">Joseph Stiglitz</td> <td>Doctor of Science</td> <td>2013</td> </tr> <tr itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Person"> <td itemprop="name">Harold Varmus</td> <td>Doctor of Science</td> <td>2013</td> </tr> <tr itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Person"> <td itemprop="name">Ada Yonath</td> <td>Doctor of Science</td> <td>2013</td> </tr> <tr itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Person"> <td itemprop="name">John Elliott</td> <td>Doctor of Letters</td> <td>2013</td> </tr> <tr itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Person"> <td itemprop="name">Hilary Mantel</td> <td>Doctor of Letters</td> <td>2013</td> </tr> <tr itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Person"> <td itemprop="name">Jonathan Spence</td> <td>Doctor of Letters</td> <td>2013</td> </tr> <tr itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Person"> <td itemprop="name">Mario Vargas Llosa</td> <td>Doctor of Letters</td> <td>2013</td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <h3>2012</h3> <table align="" left=""> <caption>Honorary graduates for 2012</caption> <thead> <tr> <th col="" scope="">Name</th> <th col="" scope="">Degree</th> <th col="" scope="">Year</th> </tr> </thead> <tbody> <tr itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Person"> <td itemprop="name">Lord (Igor) Judge</td> <td>Doctor of Law</td> <td>2012</td> </tr> <tr itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Person"> <td itemprop="name">Brigitte Askonas</td> <td>Doctor of Science</td> <td>2012</td> </tr> <tr itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Person"> <td itemprop="name">Uta Frith</td> <td>Doctor of Science</td> <td>2012</td> </tr> <tr itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Person"> <td itemprop="name">Richard Gardner</td> <td>Doctor of Science</td> <td>2012</td> </tr> <tr itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Person"> <td itemprop="name">Peter Higgs</td> <td>Doctor of Science</td> <td>2012</td> </tr> <tr itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Person"> <td itemprop="name">Roger Tsien</td> <td>Doctor of Science</td> <td>2012</td> </tr> <tr itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Person"> <td itemprop="name">Phillip King</td> <td>Doctor of Letters</td> <td>2012</td> </tr> <tr itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Person"> <td itemprop="name">Alfred Brendel</td> <td>Doctor of Music</td> <td>2012</td> </tr> <tr itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Person"> <td itemprop="name">Raymond Murphy</td> <td>Master of Arts</td> <td>2012</td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <h3>2011</h3> <table align="" left=""> <caption>Honorary graduates for 2011</caption> <thead> <tr> <th col="" scope="">Name</th> <th col="" scope="">Degree</th> <th col="" scope="">Year</th> </tr> </thead> <tbody> <tr itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Person"> <td itemprop="name">Anita Lasker Wallfisch</td> <td>Doctor of Divinity</td> <td>2011</td> </tr> <tr itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Person"> <td itemprop="name">Shirin Ebadi</td> <td>Doctor of Law</td> <td>2011</td> </tr> <tr itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Person"> <td itemprop="name">Martin John Evans</td> <td>Doctor of Law*</td> <td>2011</td> </tr> <tr itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Person"> <td itemprop="name">Alison Fettes Richard</td> <td>Doctor of Law</td> <td>2011</td> </tr> <tr itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Person"> <td itemprop="name">Mildred Spiewak Dresselhaus</td> <td>Doctor of Science</td> <td>2011</td> </tr> <tr itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Person"> <td itemprop="name">Peter Mansfield</td> <td>Doctor of Science</td> <td>2011</td> </tr> <tr itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Person"> <td itemprop="name">Trevor Nunn</td> <td>Doctor of Letters</td> <td>2011</td> </tr> <tr itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Person"> <td itemprop="name">Colin Davis</td> <td>Doctor of Music</td> <td>2011</td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <h3>2010</h3> <table align="" left=""> <caption>Honorary graduates for 2010</caption> <thead> <tr> <th col="" scope="">Name</th> <th col="" scope="">Degree</th> <th col="" scope="">Year</th> </tr> </thead> <tbody> <tr itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Person"> <td itemprop="name">George John Mitchell</td> <td>Doctor of Law</td> <td>2010</td> </tr> <tr itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Person"> <td itemprop="name">Ratan Naval Tata</td> <td>Doctor of Law</td> <td>2010</td> </tr> <tr itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Person"> <td itemprop="name">Louise Napier Johnson</td> <td>Doctor of Science</td> <td>2010</td> </tr> <tr itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Person"> <td itemprop="name">Andrew John Wiles</td> <td>Doctor of Science</td> <td>2010</td> </tr> <tr itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Person"> <td itemprop="name">Geoffrey William Hill</td> <td>Doctor of Letters</td> <td>2010</td> </tr> <tr itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Person"> <td itemprop="name">Richard Sennett</td> <td>Doctor of Letters</td> <td>2010</td> </tr> <tr itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Person"> <td itemprop="name">Harrison Birtwistle</td> <td>Doctor of Music</td> <td>2010</td> </tr> <tr itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Person"> <td itemprop="name">Evelyn Elizabeth Ann Glennie</td> <td>Doctor of Music</td> <td>2010</td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <h3>2009</h3> <table align="" left=""> <caption>Honorary graduates for 2009</caption> <thead> <tr> <th col="" scope="">Name</th> <th col="" scope="">Degree</th> <th col="" scope="">Year</th> </tr> </thead> <tbody> <tr itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Person"> <td itemprop="name">His Highness Prince Karim al Hussaini Aga Khan</td> <td>Doctor of Divinity</td> <td>2009</td> </tr> <tr itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Person"> <td itemprop="name">Melinda French Gates</td> <td>Doctor of Law</td> <td>2009</td> </tr> <tr itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Person"> <td itemprop="name">William Henry Gates III</td> <td>Doctor of Law</td> <td>2009</td> </tr> <tr itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Person"> <td itemprop="name">Baroness (Shirley) Williams of Crosby</td> <td>Doctor of Law</td> <td>2009</td> </tr> <tr itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Person"> <td itemprop="name">Elizabeth Helen Blackburn</td> <td>Doctor of Science</td> <td>2009</td> </tr> <tr itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Person"> <td itemprop="name">Wallace Smith Broecker</td> <td>Doctor of Science</td> <td>2009</td> </tr> <tr itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Person"> <td itemprop="name">Peter Robert Crane</td> <td>Doctor of Science</td> <td>2009</td> </tr> <tr itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Person"> <td itemprop="name">Amartya Kumar Sen</td> <td>Doctor of Letters</td> <td>2009</td> </tr> <tr itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Person"> <td itemprop="name">Wang Gungwu</td> <td>Doctor of Letters</td> <td>2009</td> </tr> <tr itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Person"> <td itemprop="name">Peter Maxwell Davies</td> <td>Doctor of Music</td> <td>2009</td> </tr> <tr itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Person"> <td itemprop="name">Allan Brigham</td> <td>Master of Arts</td> <td>2009</td> </tr> <tr itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Person"> <td itemprop="name">Miles Hunt-Davis</td> <td>Master of Arts</td> <td>2009</td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <h3>2008</h3> <table align="" left=""> <caption>Honorary graduates for 2008</caption> <thead> <tr> <th col="" scope="">Name</th> <th col="" scope="">Degree</th> <th col="" scope="">Year</th> </tr> </thead> <tbody> <tr itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Person"> <td itemprop="name">John Tucker Mugabi Sentamu</td> <td>Doctor of Divinity</td> <td>2008</td> </tr> <tr itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Person"> <td itemprop="name">David Gross</td> <td>Doctor of Science</td> <td>2008</td> </tr> <tr itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Person"> <td itemprop="name">Ralph Harry Robins</td> <td>Doctor of Science</td> <td>2008</td> </tr> <tr itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Person"> <td itemprop="name">Herman Waldmann</td> <td>Doctor of Science</td> <td>2008</td> </tr> <tr itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Person"> <td itemprop="name">Christopher Jarvis Haley Hogwood</td> <td>Doctor of Music</td> <td>2008</td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <h3>2007</h3> <table align="" left=""> <caption>Honorary graduates for 2007</caption> <thead> <tr> <th col="" scope="">Name</th> <th col="" scope="">Degree</th> <th col="" scope="">Year</th> </tr> </thead> <tbody> <tr itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Person"> <td itemprop="name">Hans Martin Blix</td> <td>Doctor of Law</td> <td>2007</td> </tr> <tr itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Person"> <td itemprop="name">Ann Cotton</td> <td>Doctor of Law</td> <td>2007</td> </tr> <tr itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Person"> <td itemprop="name">Baroness (Onora Sylvia) O'Neill of Bengarve</td> <td>Doctor of Law</td> <td>2007</td> </tr> <tr itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Person"> <td itemprop="name">Nicholas Herbert Stern</td> <td>Doctor of Science</td> <td>2007</td> </tr> <tr itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Person"> <td itemprop="name">John Bertrand Gurdon</td> <td>Doctor of Science</td> <td>2007</td> </tr> <tr itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Person"> <td itemprop="name">Richard Erskine Frere Leakey</td> <td>Doctor of Letters</td> <td>2007</td> </tr> <tr itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Person"> <td itemprop="name">David Hockney</td> <td>Doctor of Letters</td> <td>2007</td> </tr> <tr itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Person"> <td itemprop="name">(Muriel) Claire Tomalin</td> <td>Doctor of Letters</td> <td>2007</td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <h3>2006</h3> <table align="" left=""> <caption>Honorary graduates for 2006</caption> <thead> <tr> <th col="" scope="">Name</th> <th col="" scope="">Degree</th> <th col="" scope="">Year</th> </tr> </thead> <tbody> <tr itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Person"> <td itemprop="name">Rowan Douglas Williams</td> <td>Doctor of Divinity</td> <td>2006</td> </tr> <tr itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Person"> <td itemprop="name">Mervyn Allister King</td> <td>Doctor of Law</td> <td>2006</td> </tr> <tr itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Person"> <td itemprop="name">Njabulo Simakahle Ndebele</td> <td>Doctor of Law</td> <td>2006</td> </tr> <tr itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Person"> <td itemprop="name">Manmohan Singh</td> <td>Doctor of Law</td> <td>2006</td> </tr> <tr itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Person"> <td itemprop="name">Charles Marstiller Vest</td> <td>Doctor of Law</td> <td>2006</td> </tr> <tr itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Person"> <td itemprop="name">Edward Witten</td> <td>Doctor of Science</td> <td>2006</td> </tr> <tr itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Person"> <td itemprop="name">Ahmed Zewail</td> <td>Doctor of Science</td> <td>2006</td> </tr> <tr itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Person"> <td itemprop="name">Margaret Drabble</td> <td>Doctor of Letters</td> <td>2006</td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <h3>2005</h3> <table align="" left=""> <caption>Honorary graduates for 2005</caption> <thead> <tr> <th col="" scope="">Name</th> <th col="" scope="">Degree</th> <th col="" scope="">Year</th> </tr> </thead> <tbody> <tr itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Person"> <td itemprop="name">Baroness (Brenda Marjorie) Hale of Richmond</td> <td>Doctor of Law</td> <td>2005</td> </tr> <tr itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Person"> <td itemprop="name">Brian Edward Urquhart</td> <td>Doctor of Law</td> <td>2005</td> </tr> <tr itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Person"> <td itemprop="name">Carl Djerassi</td> <td>Doctor of Science</td> <td>2005</td> </tr> <tr itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Person"> <td itemprop="name">Louis Cha</td> <td>Doctor of Letters</td> <td>2005</td> </tr> <tr itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Person"> <td itemprop="name">David Crystal</td> <td>Doctor of Letters</td> <td>2005</td> </tr> <tr itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Person"> <td itemprop="name">David Hare</td> <td>Doctor of Letters</td> <td>2005</td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <h3>2004</h3> <table align="" left=""> <caption>Honorary graduates for 2004</caption> <thead> <tr> <th col="" scope="">Name</th> <th col="" scope="">Degree</th> <th col="" scope="">Year</th> </tr> </thead> <tbody> <tr itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Person"> <td itemprop="name">Margaret Joan Anstee</td> <td>Doctor of Law</td> <td>2004</td> </tr> <tr itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Person"> <td itemprop="name">Lord (Alec Nigel) Broers</td> <td>Doctor of Law</td> <td>2004</td> </tr> <tr itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Person"> <td itemprop="name">Howard Robert Horvitz</td> <td>Doctor of Science</td> <td>2004</td> </tr> <tr itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Person"> <td itemprop="name">David John Weatherall</td> <td>Doctor of Science</td> <td>2004</td> </tr> <tr itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Person"> <td itemprop="name">Quentin Saxton Blake</td> <td>Doctor of Letters</td> <td>2004</td> </tr> <tr itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Person"> <td itemprop="name">Peter Robert Lamont Brown</td> <td>Doctor of Letters</td> <td>2004</td> </tr> <tr itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Person"> <td itemprop="name">David Lockwood</td> <td>Doctor of Letters</td> <td>2004</td> </tr> <tr itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Person"> <td itemprop="name">John Philip William Dankworth</td> <td>Doctor of Music</td> <td>2004</td> </tr> <tr itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Person"> <td itemprop="name">Cleo Laine</td> <td>Doctor of Music</td> <td>2004</td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <h3>2003</h3> <table align="" left=""> <caption>Honorary graduates for 2003</caption> <thead> <tr> <th col="" scope="">Name</th> <th col="" scope="">Degree</th> <th col="" scope="">Year</th> </tr> </thead> <tbody> <tr itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Person"> <td itemprop="name">Olga Kennard</td> <td>Doctor of Law</td> <td>2003</td> </tr> <tr itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Person"> <td itemprop="name">Stroud Francis Charles (Toby) Milsom</td> <td>Doctor of Law</td> <td>2003</td> </tr> <tr itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Person"> <td itemprop="name">Alan Graham Macdiarmid</td> <td>Doctor of Science</td> <td>2003</td> </tr> <tr itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Person"> <td itemprop="name">Paul Maxime Nurse</td> <td>Doctor of Science</td> <td>2003</td> </tr> <tr itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Person"> <td itemprop="name">John Edward Sulston</td> <td>Doctor of Science</td> <td>2003</td> </tr> <tr itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Person"> <td itemprop="name">Anthony Mark David Gormley</td> <td>Doctor of Letters</td> <td>2003</td> </tr> <tr itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Person"> <td itemprop="name">Peter Reginald Frederick Hall</td> <td>Doctor of Letters</td> <td>2003</td> </tr> <tr itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Person"> <td itemprop="name">John Adams</td> <td>Doctor of Music</td> <td>2003</td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <h3>2002</h3> <table align="" left=""> <caption>Honorary graduates for 2002</caption> <thead> <tr> <th col="" scope="">Name</th> <th col="" scope="">Degree</th> <th col="" scope="">Year</th> </tr> </thead> <tbody> <tr itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Person"> <td itemprop="name">Harry Kenneth Woolf</td> <td>Doctor of Law</td> <td>2002</td> </tr> <tr itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Person"> <td itemprop="name">Rhoda Mary Dorsey</td> <td>Doctor of Law</td> <td>2002</td> </tr> <tr itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Person"> <td itemprop="name">Mary Brenda Hesse</td> <td>Doctor of Science</td> <td>2002</td> </tr> <tr itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Person"> <td itemprop="name">Richard Timothy Hunt</td> <td>Doctor of Science</td> <td>2002</td> </tr> <tr itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Person"> <td itemprop="name">Marjorie McCallum Chibnall</td> <td>Doctor of Letters</td> <td>2002</td> </tr> <tr itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Person"> <td itemprop="name">Bernard Arthur Owen Williams</td> <td>Doctor of Letters</td> <td>2002</td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <h3>2001</h3> <table align="" left=""> <caption>Honorary graduates for 2001</caption> <thead> <tr> <th col="" scope="">Name</th> <th col="" scope="">Degree</th> <th col="" scope="">Year</th> </tr> </thead> <tbody> <tr itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Person"> <td itemprop="name">Sydney Brenner</td> <td>Doctor of Law</td> <td>2001</td> </tr> <tr itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Person"> <td itemprop="name">Kim Dae-Jung</td> <td>Doctor of Law</td> <td>2001</td> </tr> <tr itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Person"> <td itemprop="name">Mamphele Aletta Ramphele</td> <td>Doctor of Law</td> <td>2001</td> </tr> <tr itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Person"> <td itemprop="name">Robert Geoffrey Edwards</td> <td>Doctor of Science</td> <td>2001</td> </tr> <tr itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Person"> <td itemprop="name">Samuel Frederick Edwards</td> <td>Doctor of Science</td> <td>2001</td> </tr> <tr itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Person"> <td itemprop="name">John Anthony Pople</td> <td>Doctor of Science</td> <td>2001</td> </tr> <tr itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Person"> <td itemprop="name">Margaret Attwood</td> <td>Doctor of Letters</td> <td>2001</td> </tr> <tr itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Person"> <td itemprop="name">Michael Frayn</td> <td>Doctor of Letters</td> <td>2001</td> </tr> <tr itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Person"> <td itemprop="name">David Kellogg Lewis</td> <td>Doctor of Letters</td> <td>2001</td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <h3>2000</h3> <table align="" left=""> <caption>Honorary graduates for 2000</caption> <thead> <tr> <th col="" scope="">Name</th> <th col="" scope="">Degree</th> <th col="" scope="">Year</th> </tr> </thead> <tbody> <tr itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Person"> <td itemprop="name">Peter Michael Beckwith</td> <td>Doctor of Law</td> <td>2000</td> </tr> <tr itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Person"> <td itemprop="name">Elizabeth Butler-Sloss</td> <td>Doctor of Law</td> <td>2000</td> </tr> <tr itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Person"> <td itemprop="name">Edward Alan John George</td> <td>Doctor of Law</td> <td>2000</td> </tr> <tr itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Person"> <td itemprop="name">Brenda Milner</td> <td>Doctor of Law*</td> <td>2000</td> </tr> <tr itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Person"> <td itemprop="name">Elias James Corey</td> <td>Doctor of Science</td> <td>2000</td> </tr> <tr itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Person"> <td itemprop="name">Gurdev Singh Khush</td> <td>Doctor of Science</td> <td>2000</td> </tr> <tr itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Person"> <td itemprop="name">Denis Rooke</td> <td>Doctor of Science</td> <td>2000</td> </tr> <tr itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Person"> <td itemprop="name">Tom Stoppard</td> <td>Doctor of Letters</td> <td>2000</td> </tr> <tr itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Person"> <td itemprop="name">Alexander Goehr</td> <td>Doctor of Music</td> <td>2000</td> </tr> <tr itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Person"> <td itemprop="name">David Rubio</td> <td>Master of Arts</td> <td>2000</td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <h3>1999</h3> <table align="" left=""> <caption>Honorary graduates for 1999</caption> <thead> <tr> <th col="" scope="">Name</th> <th col="" scope="">Degree</th> <th col="" scope="">Year</th> </tr> </thead> <tbody> <tr itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Person"> <td itemprop="name">Desmond Mpilo Tutu</td> <td>Doctor of Divinity</td> <td>1999</td> </tr> <tr itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Person"> <td itemprop="name">Li Ka-Shing</td> <td>Doctor of Law</td> <td>1999</td> </tr> <tr itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Person"> <td itemprop="name">Sadako Ogata</td> <td>Doctor of Law</td> <td>1999</td> </tr> <tr itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Person"> <td itemprop="name">Miriam Louisa Rothschild</td> <td>Doctor of Science</td> <td>1999</td> </tr> <tr itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Person"> <td itemprop="name">C茅sar Milstein</td> <td>Doctor of Science</td> <td>1999</td> </tr> <tr itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Person"> <td itemprop="name">Gordon Moore</td> <td>Doctor of Science</td> <td>1999</td> </tr> <tr itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Person"> <td itemprop="name">Antonia Susan Byatt</td> <td>Doctor of Letters</td> <td>1999</td> </tr> <tr itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Person"> <td itemprop="name">J眉rgen Habermas</td> <td>Doctor of Letters</td> <td>1999</td> </tr> <tr itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Person"> <td itemprop="name">Colin Alexander St John Wilson</td> <td>Doctor of Letters</td> <td>1999</td> </tr> <tr itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Person"> <td itemprop="name">Sheila Overhill</td> <td>Master of Arts</td> <td>1999</td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <h3>1988</h3> <table align="" left=""> <caption>Honorary graduates for 1988</caption> <thead> <tr> <th col="" scope="">Name</th> <th col="" scope="">Degree</th> <th col="" scope="">Year</th> </tr> </thead> <tbody> <tr itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Person"> <td itemprop="name">Baroness (Barbara Anne) Castle of Blackburn</td> <td>Doctor of Law</td> <td>1998</td> </tr> <tr itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Person"> <td itemprop="name">Helmut Kohl</td> <td>Doctor of Law</td> <td>1998</td> </tr> <tr itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Person"> <td itemprop="name">Aaron Klug</td> <td>Doctor of Law</td> <td>1998</td> </tr> <tr itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Person"> <td itemprop="name">Raymond Sackler</td> <td>Doctor of Law</td> <td>1998</td> </tr> <tr itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Person"> <td itemprop="name">Rita Levi-Montalcini</td> <td>Doctor of Science</td> <td>1998</td> </tr> <tr itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Person"> <td itemprop="name">Anne Laura McLaren</td> <td>Doctor of Science</td> <td>1998</td> </tr> <tr itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Person"> <td itemprop="name">Natalie Zemon Davis</td> <td>Doctor of Letters</td> <td>1998</td> </tr> <tr itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Person"> <td itemprop="name">Henry William Rawson Wade</td> <td>Doctor of Letters</td> <td>1998</td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <h3>1997</h3> <table align="" left=""> <caption>Honorary graduates for 1997</caption> <thead> <tr> <th col="" scope="">Name</th> <th col="" scope="">Degree</th> <th col="" scope="">Year</th> </tr> </thead> <tbody> <tr itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Person"> <td itemprop="name">Wolfhart Ulrich Pannenburg</td> <td>Doctor of Divinity</td> <td>1997</td> </tr> <tr itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Person"> <td itemprop="name">Fernando Henrique Cardoso</td> <td>Doctor of Law</td> <td>1997</td> </tr> <tr itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Person"> <td itemprop="name">John Cowdery Kendrew</td> <td>Doctor of Law</td> <td>1997</td> </tr> <tr itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Person"> <td itemprop="name">David John Sainsbury</td> <td>Doctor of Law</td> <td>1997</td> </tr> <tr itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Person"> <td itemprop="name">David Glyndwr Tudor Williams</td> <td>Doctor of Law</td> <td>1997</td> </tr> <tr itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Person"> <td itemprop="name">Ray Milton Dolby</td> <td>Doctor of Science</td> <td>1997</td> </tr> <tr itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Person"> <td itemprop="name">Clifford Geertz</td> <td>Doctor of Letters</td> <td>1997</td> </tr> <tr itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Person"> <td itemprop="name">Helen Hennessy Vendler</td> <td>Doctor of Letters</td> <td>1997</td> </tr> <tr itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Person"> <td itemprop="name">Kiri Te Kanawa</td> <td>Doctor of Music</td> <td>1997</td> </tr> <tr itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Person"> <td itemprop="name">Michael James Petty</td> <td>Master of Arts</td> <td>1997</td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <h3>1996</h3> <table align="" left=""> <caption>Honorary graduates for 1996</caption> <thead> <tr> <th col="" scope="">Name</th> <th col="" scope="">Degree</th> <th col="" scope="">Year</th> </tr> </thead> <tbody> <tr itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Person"> <td itemprop="name">Anthony of Sourozh</td> <td>Doctor of Divinity</td> <td>1996</td> </tr> <tr itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Person"> <td itemprop="name">Alan Howard Cotterell</td> <td>Doctor of Law</td> <td>1996</td> </tr> <tr itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Person"> <td itemprop="name">Rosalyn Higgins</td> <td>Doctor of Law</td> <td>1996</td> </tr> <tr itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Person"> <td itemprop="name">Nelson Rolihlahla Mandela</td> <td>Doctor of Law</td> <td>1996</td> </tr> <tr itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Person"> <td itemprop="name">Arthur Gregory George Marshall</td> <td>Doctor of Law</td> <td>1996</td> </tr> <tr itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Person"> <td itemprop="name">Hamish Walter Hyslop Maxwell</td> <td>Doctor of Law</td> <td>1996</td> </tr> <tr itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Person"> <td itemprop="name">Susan Jocelyn Bell Burnell</td> <td>Doctor of Science</td> <td>1996</td> </tr> <tr itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Person"> <td itemprop="name">Anthony Hewish</td> <td>Doctor of Science</td> <td>1996</td> </tr> <tr itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Person"> <td itemprop="name">Jonathan Wolfe Miller</td> <td>Doctor of Letters</td> <td>1996</td> </tr> <tr itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Person"> <td itemprop="name">Winton Basil Dean</td> <td>Doctor of Music</td> <td>1996</td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <h3>1995</h3> <table align="" left=""> <caption>Honorary graduates for 1995</caption> <thead> <tr> <th col="" scope="">Name</th> <th col="" scope="">Degree</th> <th col="" scope="">Year</th> </tr> </thead> <tbody> <tr itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Person"> <td itemprop="name">Paul Rupert Judge</td> <td>Doctor of Law</td> <td>1995</td> </tr> <tr itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Person"> <td itemprop="name">Lord (Peter Raymond) Oliver of Aylmerton</td> <td>Doctor of Law</td> <td>1995</td> </tr> <tr itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Person"> <td itemprop="name">Jacques Friedel</td> <td>Doctor of Science</td> <td>1995</td> </tr> <tr itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Person"> <td itemprop="name">Sheila Patricia Violet Sherlock</td> <td>Doctor of Science</td> <td>1995</td> </tr> <tr itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Person"> <td itemprop="name">Avram Noam Chomsky</td> <td>Doctor of Letters</td> <td>1995</td> </tr> <tr itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Person"> <td itemprop="name">Bridget Louise Riley</td> <td>Doctor of Letters</td> <td>1995</td> </tr> <tr itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Person"> <td itemprop="name">Keith Vivian Thomas</td> <td>Doctor of Letters</td> <td>1995</td> </tr> <tr itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Person"> <td itemprop="name">Glanville Llewellyn Williams</td> <td>Doctor of Letters</td> <td>1995</td> </tr> <tr itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Person"> <td itemprop="name">Winifred Muriel McDonald</td> <td>Master of Arts</td> <td>1995</td> </tr> <tr itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Person"> <td itemprop="name">Sumio Saito</td> <td>Master of Arts</td> <td>1995</td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <h3>1994</h3> <table align="" left=""> <caption>Honorary graduates for 1994</caption> <thead> <tr> <th col="" scope="">Name</th> <th col="" scope="">Degree</th> <th col="" scope="">Year</th> </tr> </thead> <tbody> <tr itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Person"> <td itemprop="name">Robert Henry Alexander Eames</td> <td>Doctor of Divinity</td> <td>1994</td> </tr> <tr itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Person"> <td itemprop="name">Betty Boothroyd</td> <td>Doctor of Law</td> <td>1994</td> </tr> <tr itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Person"> <td itemprop="name">George Adrian Hayhurst Cadbury</td> <td>Doctor of Law</td> <td>1994</td> </tr> <tr itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Person"> <td itemprop="name">Jocelyn Edward Salis</td> <td>Doctor of Law</td> <td>1994</td> </tr> <tr itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Person"> <td itemprop="name">Richard Von Weizs脙陇cker</td> <td>Doctor of Law</td> <td>1994</td> </tr> <tr itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Person"> <td itemprop="name">Douglas Andrew Kilgour Black</td> <td>Doctor of Science</td> <td>1994</td> </tr> <tr itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Person"> <td itemprop="name">Nevill Francis Mott</td> <td>Doctor of Science</td> <td>1994</td> </tr> <tr itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Person"> <td itemprop="name">Margaret Natalie Cross Smith</td> <td>Doctor of Letters</td> <td>1994</td> </tr> <tr itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Person"> <td itemprop="name">Claudio Abbado</td> <td>Doctor of Music</td> <td>1994</td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <h3>1993</h3> <table align="" left=""> <caption>Honorary graduates for 1993</caption> <thead> <tr> <th col="" scope="">Name</th> <th col="" scope="">Degree</th> <th col="" scope="">Year</th> </tr> </thead> <tbody> <tr itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Person"> <td itemprop="name">Jonathan Henry Sacks</td> <td>Doctor of Divinity</td> <td>1993</td> </tr> <tr itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Person"> <td itemprop="name">Philip Grierson</td> <td>Doctor of Law</td> <td>1993</td> </tr> <tr itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Person"> <td itemprop="name">Robert Yewdall Jennings</td> <td>Doctor of Law</td> <td>1993</td> </tr> <tr itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Person"> <td itemprop="name">David Kwok Po Li</td> <td>Doctor of Law</td> <td>1993</td> </tr> <tr itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Person"> <td itemprop="name">Lord (George) Porter of Luddenham</td> <td>Doctor of Law</td> <td>1993</td> </tr> <tr itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Person"> <td itemprop="name">Shankar Dayal Sharma</td> <td>Doctor of Law</td> <td>1993</td> </tr> <tr itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Person"> <td itemprop="name">Margaret Elizabeth Harvey Turner-Warwick</td> <td>Doctor of Science</td> <td>1993</td> </tr> <tr itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Person"> <td itemprop="name">James Dewey Watson</td> <td>Doctor of Science</td> <td>1993</td> </tr> <tr itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Person"> <td itemprop="name">Maurice Vincent Wilkes</td> <td>Doctor of Science</td> <td>1993</td> </tr> <tr itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Person"> <td itemprop="name">Jean Iris Murdoch</td> <td>Doctor of Letters</td> <td>1993</td> </tr> <tr itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Person"> <td itemprop="name">Eric Silk</td> <td>Master of Arts</td> <td>1993</td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <h3>1992</h3> <table align="" left=""> <caption>Honorary graduates for 1992</caption> <thead> <tr> <th col="" scope="">Name</th> <th col="" scope="">Degree</th> <th col="" scope="">Year</th> </tr> </thead> <tbody> <tr itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Person"> <td itemprop="name">John Richard Grenfell Bradfield</td> <td>Doctor of Law</td> <td>1992</td> </tr> <tr itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Person"> <td itemprop="name">Geoffrey Rudolph Elton</td> <td>Doctor of Law</td> <td>1992</td> </tr> <tr itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Person"> <td itemprop="name">Luigi Luca Cavalli-Sforza</td> <td>Doctor of Science</td> <td>1992</td> </tr> <tr itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Person"> <td itemprop="name">Godfrey Newbold Hounsfield</td> <td>Doctor of Science</td> <td>1992</td> </tr> <tr itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Person"> <td itemprop="name">Jacques Derrida</td> <td>Doctor of Letters</td> <td>1992</td> </tr> <tr itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Person"> <td itemprop="name">Nadine Gordimer</td> <td>Doctor of Letters</td> <td>1992</td> </tr> <tr itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Person"> <td itemprop="name">Ninette de Valois</td> <td>Doctor of Music</td> <td>1992</td> </tr> <tr itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Person"> <td itemprop="name">Charles Rosen</td> <td>Doctor of Music</td> <td>1992</td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <h3>1991</h3> <table align="" left=""> <caption>Honorary graduates for 1991</caption> <thead> <tr> <th col="" scope="">Name</th> <th col="" scope="">Degree</th> <th col="" scope="">Year</th> </tr> </thead> <tbody> <tr itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Person"> <td itemprop="name">Alan Lloyd Hodgkin</td> <td>Doctor of Law</td> <td>1991</td> </tr> <tr itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Person"> <td itemprop="name">Lionel Alexander Bethune (Alastair) Pilkington</td> <td>Doctor of Law</td> <td>1991</td> </tr> <tr itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Person"> <td itemprop="name">Mary Robinson</td> <td>Doctor of Law</td> <td>1991</td> </tr> <tr itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Person"> <td itemprop="name">Dorothy Enid Cole Wedderburn</td> <td>Doctor of Law</td> <td>1991</td> </tr> <tr itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Person"> <td itemprop="name">Paul Erdos</td> <td>Doctor of Science</td> <td>1991</td> </tr> <tr itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Person"> <td itemprop="name">Pierre-Gilles de Gennes</td> <td>Doctor of Science</td> <td>1991</td> </tr> <tr itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Person"> <td itemprop="name">Alec Guinness</td> <td>Doctor of Letters</td> <td>1991</td> </tr> <tr itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Person"> <td itemprop="name">Stefan Heym</td> <td>Doctor of Letters</td> <td>1991</td> </tr> <tr itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Person"> <td itemprop="name">John Leslie Martin</td> <td>Doctor of Letters</td> <td>1991</td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <h3>1990</h3> <table align="" left=""> <caption>Honorary graduates for 1990</caption> <thead> <tr> <th col="" scope="">Name</th> <th col="" scope="">Degree</th> <th col="" scope="">Year</th> </tr> </thead> <tbody> <tr itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Person"> <td itemprop="name">David Stuart Sheppard</td> <td>Doctor of Divinity</td> <td>1990</td> </tr> <tr itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Person"> <td itemprop="name">Derek John Harford Worlock</td> <td>Doctor of Divinity</td> <td>1990</td> </tr> <tr itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Person"> <td itemprop="name">Robin Brunskill Cooke</td> <td>Doctor of Law</td> <td>1990</td> </tr> <tr itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Person"> <td itemprop="name">Helen Suzman</td> <td>Doctor of Law</td> <td>1990</td> </tr> <tr itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Person"> <td itemprop="name">Charles William Oatley</td> <td>Doctor of Science</td> <td>1990</td> </tr> <tr itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Person"> <td itemprop="name">Lord (Francis Leonard) Tombs of Brailes</td> <td>Doctor of Science</td> <td>1990</td> </tr> <tr itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Person"> <td itemprop="name">Georges Michel Claude Duby</td> <td>Doctor of Letters</td> <td>1990</td> </tr> <tr itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Person"> <td itemprop="name">Andrew Ronald Blackwood</td> <td>Master of Arts</td> <td>1990</td> </tr> <tr itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Person"> <td itemprop="name">Alfred Harry King</td> <td>Master of Arts</td> <td>1990</td> </tr> <tr itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Person"> <td itemprop="name">Leslie Robert Peters</td> <td>Master of Arts</td> <td>1990</td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <h3>1989</h3> <table align="" left=""> <caption>Honorary graduates for 1989</caption> <thead> <tr> <th col="" scope="">Name</th> <th col="" scope="">Degree</th> <th col="" scope="">Year</th> </tr> </thead> <tbody> <tr itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Person"> <td itemprop="name">Martin Hengel</td> <td>Doctor of Divinity</td> <td>1989</td> </tr> <tr itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Person"> <td itemprop="name">Lord (James Peter Hymers) Mackay of Clashfern</td> <td>Doctor of Law</td> <td>1989</td> </tr> <tr itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Person"> <td itemprop="name">Javier P茅rez de Cu茅llar</td> <td>Doctor of Law</td> <td>1989</td> </tr> <tr itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Person"> <td itemprop="name">Baroness (Sue) Ryder of Warsaw</td> <td>Doctor of Law</td> <td>1989</td> </tr> <tr itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Person"> <td itemprop="name">Herchel Smith</td> <td>Doctor of Science</td> <td>1989</td> </tr> <tr itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Person"> <td itemprop="name">Stephen William Hawking</td> <td>Doctor of Science</td> <td>1989</td> </tr> <tr itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Person"> <td itemprop="name">Richard Charles Cobb</td> <td>Doctor of Letters</td> <td>1989</td> </tr> <tr itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Person"> <td itemprop="name">Jessye Norman</td> <td>Doctor of Music</td> <td>1989</td> </tr> <tr itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Person"> <td itemprop="name">Flora Eileen McLeod Carey</td> <td>Master of Arts</td> <td>1989</td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <h3>1988</h3> <table align="" left=""> <caption>Honorary graduates for 1988</caption> <thead> <tr> <th col="" scope="">Name</th> <th col="" scope="">Degree</th> <th col="" scope="">Year</th> </tr> </thead> <tbody> <tr itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Person"> <td itemprop="name">Charles Francis Digby Moule</td> <td>Doctor of Divinity</td> <td>1988</td> </tr> <tr itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Person"> <td itemprop="name">Lord (Donald Oliver) Soper</td> <td>Doctor of Divinity</td> <td>1988</td> </tr> <tr itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Person"> <td itemprop="name">Alice Rosemary Murray</td> <td>Doctor of Law</td> <td>1988</td> </tr> <tr itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Person"> <td itemprop="name">Baroness (Beryl Catherine) Platt of Writtle</td> <td>Doctor of Law</td> <td>1988</td> </tr> <tr itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Person"> <td itemprop="name">King of Spain Juan Carlos I</td> <td>Doctor of Law</td> <td>1988</td> </tr> <tr itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Person"> <td itemprop="name">Queen of Spain Sofia</td> <td>Doctor of Law</td> <td>1988</td> </tr> <tr itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Person"> <td itemprop="name">Philip Vallentine Tobias</td> <td>Doctor of Science</td> <td>1988</td> </tr> <tr itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Person"> <td itemprop="name">Kenneth Ewart Boulding</td> <td>Doctor of Science</td> <td>1988</td> </tr> <tr itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Person"> <td itemprop="name">Alfred Alistair Cooke</td> <td>Doctor of Letters</td> <td>1988</td> </tr> <tr itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Person"> <td itemprop="name">Elisabeth Frink</td> <td>Doctor of Letters</td> <td>1988</td> </tr> <tr itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Person"> <td itemprop="name">Kenneth Oliver Rickson</td> <td>Master of Arts</td> <td>1988</td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <h3>1987</h3> <table align="" left=""> <caption>Honorary graduates for 1987</caption> <thead> <tr> <th col="" scope="">Name</th> <th col="" scope="">Degree</th> <th col="" scope="">Year</th> </tr> </thead> <tbody> <tr itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Person"> <td itemprop="name">John Henry Harvey-Jones</td> <td>Doctor of Law</td> <td>1987</td> </tr> <tr itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Person"> <td itemprop="name">Alexander John Mackenzie Stuart</td> <td>Doctor of Law</td> <td>1987</td> </tr> <tr itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Person"> <td itemprop="name">Wilhelm Sigmund Feldberg</td> <td>Doctor of Science</td> <td>1987</td> </tr> <tr itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Person"> <td itemprop="name">Mary Douglas Leakey</td> <td>Doctor of Science</td> <td>1987</td> </tr> <tr itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Person"> <td itemprop="name">Rex Edward Richards</td> <td>Doctor of Science</td> <td>1987</td> </tr> <tr itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Person"> <td itemprop="name">William Owen Chadwick</td> <td>Doctor of Letters</td> <td>1987</td> </tr> <tr itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Person"> <td itemprop="name">Carlos Fuentes</td> <td>Doctor of Letters</td> <td>1987</td> </tr> <tr itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Person"> <td itemprop="name">Witold Lutoslawski</td> <td>Doctor of Music</td> <td>1987</td> </tr> <tr itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Person"> <td itemprop="name">Charles Bernard Denston</td> <td>Master of Arts</td> <td>1987</td> </tr> <tr itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Person"> <td itemprop="name">Frank Robert Collieson</td> <td>Master of Arts</td> <td>1987</td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <h3>1986</h3> <table align="" left=""> <caption>Honorary graduates for 1986</caption> <thead> <tr> <th col="" scope="">Name</th> <th col="" scope="">Degree</th> <th col="" scope="">Year</th> </tr> </thead> <tbody> <tr itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Person"> <td itemprop="name">Cicely Saunders</td> <td>Doctor of Law</td> <td>1986</td> </tr> <tr itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Person"> <td itemprop="name">Andr茅 Robert Tunc</td> <td>Doctor of Law</td> <td>1986</td> </tr> <tr itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Person"> <td itemprop="name">Frank Albert Cotton</td> <td>Doctor of Science</td> <td>1986</td> </tr> <tr itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Person"> <td itemprop="name">Arnold Alexander Hall</td> <td>Doctor of Science</td> <td>1986</td> </tr> <tr itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Person"> <td itemprop="name">Walter Munk</td> <td>Doctor of Science</td> <td>1986</td> </tr> <tr itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Person"> <td itemprop="name">Edward James Hughes</td> <td>Doctor of Letters</td> <td>1986</td> </tr> <tr itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Person"> <td itemprop="name">Gregory Vlastos</td> <td>Doctor of Letters</td> <td>1986</td> </tr> <tr itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Person"> <td itemprop="name">George Albert Clarke</td> <td>Master of Arts</td> <td>1986</td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <h3>1985</h3> <table align="" left=""> <caption>Honorary graduates for 1985</caption> <thead> <tr> <th col="" scope="">Name</th> <th col="" scope="">Degree</th> <th col="" scope="">Year</th> </tr> </thead> <tbody> <tr itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Person"> <td itemprop="name">Hans K眉ng</td> <td>Doctor of Divinity</td> <td>1985</td> </tr> <tr itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Person"> <td itemprop="name">Shridath Surendranath Ramphal</td> <td>Doctor of Law</td> <td>1985</td> </tr> <tr itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Person"> <td itemprop="name">Baroness (Barbara Frances) Wootton of Abinger</td> <td>Doctor of Law</td> <td>1985</td> </tr> <tr itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Person"> <td itemprop="name">Peter Dennis Mitchell</td> <td>Docor of Science</td> <td>1985</td> </tr> <tr itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Person"> <td itemprop="name">Abdus Salam</td> <td>Doctor of Science</td> <td>1985</td> </tr> <tr itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Person"> <td itemprop="name">Kenneth Joseph Arrow</td> <td>Doctor of Letters</td> <td>1985</td> </tr> <tr itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Person"> <td itemprop="name">Anthony Alfred Caro</td> <td>Doctor of Letters</td> <td>1985</td> </tr> <tr itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Person"> <td itemprop="name">Nino Pirrotta</td> <td>Doctor of Music</td> <td>1985</td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <h3>1984</h3> <table align="" left=""> <caption>Honorary graduates for 1984</caption> <thead> <tr> <th col="" scope="">Name</th> <th col="" scope="">Degree</th> <th col="" scope="">Year</th> </tr> </thead> <tbody> <tr itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Person"> <td itemprop="name">John Stapylton Habgood</td> <td>Doctor of Divinity</td> <td>1984</td> </tr> <tr itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Person"> <td itemprop="name">Thijmen Koopmans</td> <td>Doctor of Law</td> <td>1984</td> </tr> <tr itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Person"> <td itemprop="name">Lord (Geoffrey Dawson) Lane</td> <td>Doctor of Law</td> <td>1984</td> </tr> <tr itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Person"> <td itemprop="name">Michael Francis Atiyah</td> <td>Doctor of Science</td> <td>1984</td> </tr> <tr itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Person"> <td itemprop="name">David Frederick Attenborough</td> <td>Doctor of Science</td> <td>1984</td> </tr> <tr itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Person"> <td itemprop="name">Jorge Luis Borges</td> <td>Doctor of Letters</td> <td>1984</td> </tr> <tr itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Person"> <td itemprop="name">Robert Syme</td> <td>Doctor of Letters</td> <td>1984</td> </tr> <tr itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Person"> <td itemprop="name">Janet Abbott Baker</td> <td>Doctor of Music</td> <td>1984</td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <h3>1983</h3> <table align="" left=""> <caption>Honorary graduates for 1983</caption> <thead> <tr> <th col="" scope="">Name</th> <th col="" scope="">Degree</th> <th col="" scope="">Year</th> </tr> </thead> <tbody> <tr itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Person"> <td itemprop="name">Viscount (Robert Andrew) Caldecote</td> <td>Doctor of Law</td> <td>1983</td> </tr> <tr itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Person"> <td itemprop="name">Paul Mellon</td> <td>Doctor of Law</td> <td>1983</td> </tr> <tr itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Person"> <td itemprop="name">Helmut Schmidt</td> <td>Doctor of Law</td> <td>1983</td> </tr> <tr itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Person"> <td itemprop="name">Frederick Sanger</td> <td>Doctor of Science</td> <td>1983</td> </tr> <tr itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Person"> <td itemprop="name">Marthe Louise Vogt</td> <td>Doctor of Science</td> <td>1983</td> </tr> <tr itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Person"> <td itemprop="name">Bernhard Bischoff</td> <td>Doctor of Letters</td> <td>1983</td> </tr> <tr itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Person"> <td itemprop="name">Vidiadhar Surajprasad Naipaul</td> <td>Doctor of Letters</td> <td>1983</td> </tr> <tr itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Person"> <td itemprop="name">Elliott Cook Carter</td> <td>Doctor of Music</td> <td>1983</td> </tr> <tr itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Person"> <td itemprop="name">Norman Charles Buck</td> <td>Master of Arts</td> <td>1983</td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <h3>1982</h3> <table align="" left=""> <caption>Honorary graduates for 1982</caption> <thead> <tr> <th col="" scope="">Name</th> <th col="" scope="">Degree</th> <th col="" scope="">Year</th> </tr> </thead> <tbody> <tr itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Person"> <td itemprop="name">Lord (Cyril Barnet) Salmon of Sandwich</td> <td>Doctor of Law</td> <td>1982</td> </tr> <tr itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Person"> <td itemprop="name">Leonard Gordon Wolfson</td> <td>Doctor of Law</td> <td>1982</td> </tr> <tr itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Person"> <td itemprop="name">Manfred Eigen</td> <td>Doctor of Science</td> <td>1982</td> </tr> <tr itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Person"> <td itemprop="name">Stanley George Hooker</td> <td>Doctor of Science</td> <td>1982</td> </tr> <tr itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Person"> <td itemprop="name">Ernst Mayr</td> <td>Doctor of Science</td> <td>1982</td> </tr> <tr itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Person"> <td itemprop="name">Barbara McClintock</td> <td>Doctor of Science</td> <td>1982</td> </tr> <tr itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Person"> <td itemprop="name">Sydney Morris Cockerell</td> <td>Doctor of Letters</td> <td>1982</td> </tr> <tr itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Person"> <td itemprop="name">Joseph Needham</td> <td>Doctor of Letters</td> <td>1982</td> </tr> <tr itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Person"> <td itemprop="name">Franco Venturi</td> <td>Doctor of Letters</td> <td>1982</td> </tr> <tr itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Person"> <td itemprop="name">Cecil Frederick Coote</td> <td>Master of Arts</td> <td>1982</td> </tr> <tr itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Person"> <td itemprop="name">William Arthur Reeve</td> <td>Master of Arts</td> <td>1982</td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <h3>1981</h3> <table align="" left=""> <caption>Honorary graduates for 1981</caption> <thead> <tr> <th col="" scope="">Name</th> <th col="" scope="">Degree</th> <th col="" scope="">Year</th> </tr> </thead> <tbody> <tr itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Person"> <td itemprop="name">Robert Alexander Kennedy Runcie</td> <td>Doctor of Divinity</td> <td>1981</td> </tr> <tr itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Person"> <td itemprop="name">Lord (Peter Alexander Rupert) Carrington</td> <td>Doctor of Law</td> <td>1981</td> </tr> <tr itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Person"> <td itemprop="name">David Daube</td> <td>Doctor of Law</td> <td>1981</td> </tr> <tr itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Person"> <td itemprop="name">George Evelyn Hutchinson</td> <td>Doctor of Science</td> <td>1981</td> </tr> <tr itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Person"> <td itemprop="name">Max Ferdinand Perutz</td> <td>Doctor of Science</td> <td>1981</td> </tr> <tr itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Person"> <td itemprop="name">Raymond Claude Ferdinand Aron</td> <td>Doctor of Letters</td> <td>1981</td> </tr> <tr itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Person"> <td itemprop="name">Helen Louise Gardner</td> <td>Doctor of Letters</td> <td>1981</td> </tr> <tr itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Person"> <td itemprop="name">George Edward Charles Porter</td> <td>Master of Arts</td> <td>1981</td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <h3>1980</h3> <table align="" left=""> <caption>Honorary graduates for 1980</caption> <thead> <tr> <th col="" scope="">Name</th> <th col="" scope="">Degree</th> <th col="" scope="">Year</th> </tr> </thead> <tbody> <tr itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Person"> <td itemprop="name">Paul Joseph James Martin</td> <td>Doctor of Law</td> <td>1980</td> </tr> <tr itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Person"> <td itemprop="name">Simone Annie Veil</td> <td>Doctor of Law</td> <td>1980</td> </tr> <tr itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Person"> <td itemprop="name">Murray Gell-Mann</td> <td>Doctor of Science</td> <td>1980</td> </tr> <tr itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Person"> <td itemprop="name">Bernard Katz</td> <td>Doctor of Science</td> <td>1980</td> </tr> <tr itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Person"> <td itemprop="name">Karl Raimund Popper</td> <td>Doctor of Letters</td> <td>1980</td> </tr> <tr itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Person"> <td itemprop="name">Pierre Boulez</td> <td>Doctor of Music</td> <td>1980</td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <h3>1979</h3> <table align="" left=""> <caption>Honorary graduates for 1979</caption> <thead> <tr> <th col="" scope="">Name</th> <th col="" scope="">Degree</th> <th col="" scope="">Year</th> </tr> </thead> <tbody> <tr itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Person"> <td itemprop="name">George Basil Hume</td> <td>Doctor of Divinity</td> <td>1979</td> </tr> <tr itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Person"> <td itemprop="name">Frederick Sydney Dainton</td> <td>Doctor of Law</td> <td>1979</td> </tr> <tr itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Person"> <td itemprop="name">Gordon William Humphreys Richardson</td> <td>Doctor of Law</td> <td>1979</td> </tr> <tr itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Person"> <td itemprop="name">Percy Edward Kent</td> <td>Doctor of Science</td> <td>1979</td> </tr> <tr itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Person"> <td itemprop="name">Hans Adolf Krebs</td> <td>Doctor of Science</td> <td>1979</td> </tr> <tr itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Person"> <td itemprop="name">Lord (Alexander Robert) Todd</td> <td>Doctor of Science</td> <td>1979</td> </tr> <tr itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Person"> <td itemprop="name">John Richard Hicks</td> <td>Doctor of Letters</td> <td>1979</td> </tr> <tr itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Person"> <td itemprop="name">Nikolaus Bernhard Leon Pevsner</td> <td>Doctor of Letters</td> <td>1979</td> </tr> <tr itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Person"> <td itemprop="name">Norman Cyril Rayner</td> <td>Master of Arts</td> <td>1979</td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <h3>1978</h3> <table align="" left=""> <caption>Honorary graduates for 1978</caption> <thead> <tr> <th col="" scope="">Name</th> <th col="" scope="">Degree</th> <th col="" scope="">Year</th> </tr> </thead> <tbody> <tr itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Person"> <td itemprop="name">Peter Knight Walker</td> <td>Doctor of Divinity</td> <td>1978</td> </tr> <tr itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Person"> <td itemprop="name">Kingman Brewster</td> <td>Doctor of Law</td> <td>1978</td> </tr> <tr itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Person"> <td itemprop="name">Herbert Lionel Adolphus Hart</td> <td>Doctor of Law</td> <td>1978</td> </tr> <tr itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Person"> <td itemprop="name">Stephan George Kuttner</td> <td>Doctor of Law</td> <td>1978</td> </tr> <tr itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Person"> <td itemprop="name">George Douglas Hutton Bell</td> <td>Doctor of Science</td> <td>1978</td> </tr> <tr itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Person"> <td itemprop="name">Andrew Fielding Huxley</td> <td>Doctor of Science</td> <td>1978</td> </tr> <tr itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Person"> <td itemprop="name">Jean-Pierre Serre</td> <td>Doctor of Science</td> <td>1978</td> </tr> <tr itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Person"> <td itemprop="name">Thomas Humphrey Marshall</td> <td>Doctor of Letters</td> <td>1978</td> </tr> <tr itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Person"> <td itemprop="name">Willard Van Orman Quine</td> <td>Doctor of Letters</td> <td>1978</td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <h3>1977</h3> <table align="" left=""> <caption>Honorary graduates for 1977</caption> <thead> <tr> <th col="" scope="">Name</th> <th col="" scope="">Degree</th> <th col="" scope="">Year</th> </tr> </thead> <tbody> <tr itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Person"> <td itemprop="name">Mother Teresa</td> <td>Doctor of Divinity</td> <td>1977</td> </tr> <tr itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Person"> <td itemprop="name">Otto Kahn-Freund</td> <td>Doctor of Law</td> <td>1977</td> </tr> <tr itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Person"> <td itemprop="name">Ivor Armstrong Richards</td> <td>Doctor of Law</td> <td>1977</td> </tr> <tr itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Person"> <td itemprop="name">John Bardeen</td> <td>Doctor of Science</td> <td>1977</td> </tr> <tr itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Person"> <td itemprop="name">Edward John Mostyn Bowlby</td> <td>Doctor of Science</td> <td>1977</td> </tr> <tr itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Person"> <td itemprop="name">William Empson</td> <td>Doctor of Letters</td> <td>1977</td> </tr> <tr itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Person"> <td itemprop="name">Gordon Randolph Willey</td> <td>Doctor of Letters</td> <td>1977</td> </tr> <tr itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Person"> <td itemprop="name">George William Copp</td> <td>Master of Arts</td> <td>1977</td> </tr> </tbody> </table> </div></div></div><div style="clear:both;"></div> </div>   </div> </div> </div>   <div class="cam-row cam-local-footer"> <div class="cam-wrap clearfix"> <div class="cam-column3 cam-footer-navigation"> </div> <div class="cam-column3 cam-footer-navigation"> </div> <div class="cam-column3 cam-footer-navigation"> </div> <div class="cam-column3 cam-footer-navigation last"> <div class="cam-content-container cam-navigation-list"> <h3 class="block__title block-title"><a href="/about-this-site/connect-with-us" class="block-title-link">Connect with us</a></h3> <ul class="cam-global-footer-links"> <li><a class="cam-social-media-icon cam-facebook-icon" href="https://www.facebook.com/cambridge.university">Facebook</a></li> <li><a class="cam-social-media-icon cam-instagram-icon" href="https://www.instagram.com/cambridgeuniversity/">Instagram</a></li> <li><a class="cam-social-media-icon cam-linkedin-icon" href="https://www.linkedin.com/school/4522">LinkedIn</a></li> <li><a class="cam-social-media-icon cam-twitter-icon" href="https://twitter.com/cambridge_uni">X</a></li> <li><a class="cam-social-media-icon cam-youtube-icon" href="https://www.youtube.com/cambridgeuniversity">YouTube</a></li> </ul> </div>  </div> </div> </div> <div class="cam-row cam-global-footer"> <div class="cam-wrap clearfix"> <div id="block-menu-menu-global-footer-with-logo" class="cam-column3 cam-footer-navigation" role="navigation"> <div class="cam-content-container cam-footer-logo"> <a href="https://www.cam.ac.uk"><img class="cam-scale-with-grid" src="https://www.cam.ac.uk/sites/default/files/logo.png" width="178" alt="Cambridge University" /></a> <p> © 2025 University of Cambridge</p> <ul class="cam-unstyled-list cam-global-footer-links"><li><a href="/about-the-university/contact-the-university?ucam-ref=global-footer" title="" class="menu__link">Contact the University</a></li> <li><a href="/about-this-site/accessibility" title="" class="menu__link">Accessibility statement</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.information-compliance.admin.cam.ac.uk/foi?ucam-ref=global-footer" title="" class="menu__link">Freedom of information</a></li> <li><a href="/about-this-site/privacy-policy?ucam-ref=global-footer" title="" class="menu__link">Privacy policy and cookies</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.governanceandcompliance.admin.cam.ac.uk/governance-and-strategy/anti-slavery-and-anti-trafficking?ucam-ref=global-footer" title="Modern Slavery Act Transparency Statement" class="menu__link">Statement on Modern Slavery</a></li> <li><a href="/about-this-site/terms-and-conditions?ucam-ref=global-footer" title="" class="menu__link">Terms and conditions</a></li> <li><a href="/university-a-z?ucam-ref=global-footer" title="" class="menu__link">University A-Z</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="block-menu-menu-global-footer-study-at-camb" class="cam-column3 cam-footer-navigation" role="navigation"> <div class="cam-content-container cam-navigation-list"> <div class="link-list"> <h3><a href="/study-at-cambridge?ucam-ref=global-footer" title="" class="menu__link">Study at Cambridge</a></h3> <ul class="cam-unstyled-list menu"><li><a href="https://www.undergraduate.study.cam.ac.uk/?ucam-ref=global-footer" title="" class="menu__link">Undergraduate</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.postgraduate.study.cam.ac.uk/?ucam-ref=global-footer" title="" class="menu__link">Postgraduate</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.ice.cam.ac.uk/?ucam-ref=global-footer" title="" class="menu__link">Continuing education</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.cam.ac.uk/study-at-cambridge/executive-and-professional-education/?ucam-ref=global-footer" title="" class="menu__link">Executive and professional education</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.educ.cam.ac.uk/?ucam-ref=global-footer" title="" class="menu__link">Courses in education</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="block-menu-menu-global-footer-about-uni" class="cam-column3 cam-footer-navigation" role="navigation"> <div class="cam-content-container cam-navigation-list"> <div class="link-list"> <h3><a href="/about-the-university?ucam-ref=global-footer" title="" class="menu__link">About the University</a></h3> <ul class="cam-unstyled-list menu"><li><a href="/about-the-university/how-the-university-and-colleges-work?ucam-ref=global-footer" title="" class="menu__link">How the University and Colleges work</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.philanthropy.cam.ac.uk/give-now?ucam-ref=global-footer" title="" class="menu__link">Give to Cambridge</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.cam.ac.uk/jobs" title="" class="menu__link">Jobs</a></li> <li><a href="https://map.cam.ac.uk/?ucam-ref=global-footer" title="" class="menu__link">Maps</a></li> <li><a href="/about-the-university/visiting-the-university?ucam-ref=global-footer" title="" class="menu__link">Visiting the University</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.cambridge.org/?ucam-ref=global-footer" title="" class="menu__link">Cambridge University Press & Assessment</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="block-menu-menu-global-footer-research" class="cam-column3 cam-footer-navigation" role="navigation"> <div class="cam-content-container cam-navigation-list"> <div class="link-list"> <h3><a href="/research?ucam-ref=global-footer" title="" class="menu__link">Research at Cambridge</a></h3> <ul class="cam-unstyled-list menu"><li><a href="/research/news?ucam-ref=global-footer" title="" class="menu__link">Research news</a></li> <li><a href="/research/research-at-cambridge?ucam-ref=global-footer" title="" class="menu__link">About research at Cambridge</a></li> <li><a href="/public-engagement?ucam-ref=global-footer" title="" class="menu__link">Public engagement</a></li> <li><a href="/research/spotlights-on?ucam-ref=global-footer" title="" class="menu__link">Spotlight on...</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div>  </div> <script type="text/javascript">window.NREUM||(NREUM={});NREUM.info={"beacon":"bam.nr-data.net","licenseKey":"NRJS-a197aaefa4068c388b6","applicationID":"1555785413","transactionName":"M1BXZEBZWUNTAk0NWQoaYEJbFxhZXAVcHBgUXUU=","queueTime":0,"applicationTime":10,"atts":"HxdUEghDSk0=","errorBeacon":"bam.nr-data.net","agent":""}</script></body> </html>