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class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="it" dir="ltr"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r133964453">.mw-parser-output .avviso .mbox-text-div>div,.mw-parser-output .avviso .mbox-text-full-div>div{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .avviso .mbox-image{flex-basis:52px;flex-grow:0;flex-shrink:0}.mw-parser-output .avviso .mbox-text-full-div .hide-when-compact{display:block}</style><div style="" class="ambox metadata plainlinks avviso avviso-contenuto"> <div class="avviso-immagine mbox-image noprint"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-4.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Niente fonti!"><img alt="Niente fonti!" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Question_book-4.svg/45px-Question_book-4.svg.png" decoding="async" width="45" height="35" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Question_book-4.svg/68px-Question_book-4.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Question_book-4.svg/90px-Question_book-4.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="262" data-file-height="204" /></a></span></div> <div class="avviso-testo mbox-text"> <div class="mbox-text-div"><b>Questa voce o sezione  sull'argomento biologia <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Uso_delle_fonti" title="Wikipedia:Uso delle fonti">non cita le fonti necessarie</a> o quelle presenti sono insufficienti</b>. <div class="hide-when-compact"> <div class="noprint"><hr />Puoi <a class="external text" href="https://it.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Variable_Number_of_Tandem_Repeat&action=edit">migliorare questa voce</a> aggiungendo citazioni da <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Fonti_attendibili" title="Wikipedia:Fonti attendibili">fonti attendibili</a> secondo le <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Uso_delle_fonti" title="Wikipedia:Uso delle fonti">linee guida sull'uso delle fonti</a>. Segui i suggerimenti del <a href="/wiki/Progetto:Biologia" title="Progetto:Biologia">progetto di riferimento</a>.</div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Biologia_molecolare" title="Biologia molecolare">biologia molecolare</a>, la sigla <b>VNTR</b> (dall'inglese <b>Variable Number of Tandem Repeats</b>, <i>numero variabile di ripetizioni in tandem</i>) viene utilizzata per indicare <a href="/wiki/Polimorfismo_(biologia)" title="Polimorfismo (biologia)">polimorfismi</a> del <a href="/wiki/DNA" title="DNA">DNA</a> in cui la differenza tra le diverse varianti non è data da un cambio <a href="/wiki/Nucleotide" title="Nucleotide">nucleotidico</a> (come è invece per i SNP - <a href="/wiki/Polimorfismo_a_singolo_nucleotide" title="Polimorfismo a singolo nucleotide">polimorfismi a singolo nucleotide</a> - o gli <a href="/wiki/RFLP" title="RFLP">RFLP</a>) ma dalla <a href="/wiki/Ripetizione_in_tandem" title="Ripetizione in tandem">ripetizione in tandem</a> di specifiche sequenze nucleotidiche. Le sequenze ripetute del nostro <a href="/wiki/Genoma" title="Genoma">genoma</a> sono diverse e di diversa origine e rappresentano circa il 44% del nostro DNA, quelle ripetute in <a href="/wiki/Tandem" title="Tandem">tandem</a> sono caratterizzate dal fatto che le unità di ripetizione si trovano adiacenti l'una all'altra mentre quelle che si definiscono <i>intersperse</i> possono anche trovarsi in punti distanti tra loro (ad esempio i <a href="/wiki/Retrotrasposone" title="Retrotrasposone">retrotrasposoni</a>). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Classificazione">Classificazione</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Variable_Number_of_Tandem_Repeat&veaction=edit&section=1" title="Modifica la sezione Classificazione" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifica</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Variable_Number_of_Tandem_Repeat&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section's source code: Classificazione"><span>modifica wikitesto</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In genere le VNTR vengono ulteriormente suddivise in due classi in base alla lunghezza dell'unità di ripetizione: </p> <ul><li>I <a href="/wiki/Minisatelliti" title="Minisatelliti">minisatelliti</a> hanno un'unità di ripetizione che varia tra 20 e 100 bp. Quindi la dimensione dell'<a href="/wiki/Allele" title="Allele">allele</a>, data dalla somma delle ripetizioni testa-coda, va dalle poche centinaia fino alle Kb di lunghezza. I minisatelliti si trovano prevalentemente a livello sub-<a href="/wiki/Telomero" title="Telomero">telomerico</a>. Essi rappresentano circa il 4% del DNA ripetuto in tandem.</li> <li>I <a href="/wiki/Microsatelliti" title="Microsatelliti">microsatelliti</a>, chiamati anche STR, o <a href="/wiki/STRP" class="mw-redirect" title="STRP">STRP</a> (<i>Short Tandem Repeat Polymorphism</i>), sono delle ripetizioni in tandem più piccole. L'unità di ripetizione più comune è tra 2 e i 4 nucleotidi. La dimensione degli alleli è minore rispetto ai minisatelliti e varia dalle 70 alle 400 paia di basi. Caratteristica dei microsatelliti è quella di essere ben distribuiti lungo il <a href="/wiki/Genoma" title="Genoma">genoma</a>. I microsatelliti che vengono utilizzati maggiormente nelle reazioni di <i>multiplexing</i> sono quelli che presentano un’unità di ripetizione a tre o quattro nucleotidi.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Tecniche_di_analisi">Tecniche di analisi</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Variable_Number_of_Tandem_Repeat&veaction=edit&section=2" title="Modifica la sezione Tecniche di analisi" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifica</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Variable_Number_of_Tandem_Repeat&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section's source code: Tecniche di analisi"><span>modifica wikitesto</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>L'analisi delle VNTR viene solitamente eseguita tramite l'utilizzo di <a href="/wiki/Endonucleasi" title="Endonucleasi">endonucleasi</a> di restrizione che riconoscano siti di restrizione a monte e a valle della regione ripetuta. Sottoponendo i campioni di DNA contenenti le ripetizioni all'azione degli <a href="/wiki/Enzimi_di_restrizione" class="mw-redirect" title="Enzimi di restrizione">enzimi di restrizione</a> si otterranno quindi delle sequenze dalla lunghezza e quindi dal <a href="/wiki/Peso_molecolare" class="mw-redirect" title="Peso molecolare">peso molecolare</a> diverso a causa del diverso numero di ripetizioni, queste sono poi sottoposte ad una corsa elettroforetica che permette di separarle. Se vengono utilizzati marcatori che legano per esempio una regione a monte della ripetizione ogni individuo analizzato mostrerà due bande corrispondenti al diverso numero di ripetizioni sui due alleli considerati. Nel caso si utilizzino invece dei marcatori che riconoscono sequenze interne alla ripetizione, l'immagine della corsa <a href="/wiki/Elettroforesi" title="Elettroforesi">elettroforetica</a> risulterà più complessa dal momento che si sovrapporranno immagini di diversi microsatelliti da diverse parti del genoma; questa immagine complessa costituisce il cosiddetto <i><a href="/wiki/DNA_fingerprinting" class="mw-redirect" title="DNA fingerprinting">DNA fingerprinting</a></i>, una sorta di identificativo univoco dell'individuo utilizzato spesso per esempio nelle analisi forensi. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Voci_correlate">Voci correlate</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Variable_Number_of_Tandem_Repeat&veaction=edit&section=3" title="Modifica la sezione Voci correlate" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifica</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Variable_Number_of_Tandem_Repeat&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section's source code: Voci correlate"><span>modifica wikitesto</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Marcatore_genetico" class="mw-redirect" title="Marcatore genetico">Marcatore genetico</a></li></ul> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r141815314">.mw-parser-output .navbox{border:1px solid #aaa;clear:both;margin:auto;padding:2px;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox th{padding-left:1em;padding-right:1em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox>tbody>tr:first-child>th{background:#ccf;font-size:90%;width:100%;color:var(--color-base,black)}.mw-parser-output .navbox_navbar{float:left;margin:0;padding:0 10px 0 0;text-align:left;width:6em}.mw-parser-output .navbox_title{font-size:110%}.mw-parser-output .navbox_abovebelow{background:#ddf;font-size:90%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbox_group{background:#ddf;font-size:90%;padding:0 10px;white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output .navbox_list{font-size:90%;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox_list a{white-space:nowrap}html:not(.vector-feature-night-mode-enabled) .mw-parser-output .navbox_odd{background:#fdfdfd;color:var(--color-base,black)}html:not(.vector-feature-night-mode-enabled) .mw-parser-output .navbox_even{background:#f7f7f7;color:var(--color-base,black)}.mw-parser-output .navbox a.mw-selflink{color:var(--color-base,black)}.mw-parser-output .navbox_center{text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox_image{padding-left:7px;vertical-align:middle;width:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox .mw-collapsible-toggle{font-weight:normal;text-align:right;width:7em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox_image img{max-width:none!important}.mw-parser-output .subnavbox{margin:-3px;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .subnavbox_group{background:#e6e6ff;padding:0 10px}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbox>tbody>tr:first-child>th{background:var(--background-color-interactive)!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbox th{color:var(--color-base)!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbox_abovebelow,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbox_group{background:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle)!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .subnavbox_group{background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbox>tbody>tr:first-child>th{background:var(--background-color-interactive)!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbox th{color:var(--color-base)!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbox_abovebelow,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbox_group{background:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle)!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .subnavbox_group{background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle)!important}}</style><table class="navbox mw-collapsible mw-collapsed noprint metadata" id="navbox-Biologia_molecolare"><tbody><tr><th colspan="3"><div class="navbox_navbar"><div class="noprint plainlinks" style="background-color:transparent; padding:0; font-size:xx-small; color:var(--color-base, #000000); white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Template:Biologia_molecolare" title="Template:Biologia molecolare"><span title="Vai alla pagina del template">V</span></a> · <a href="/w/index.php?title=Discussioni_template:Biologia_molecolare&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Discussioni template:Biologia molecolare (la pagina non esiste)"><span title="Discuti del template">D</span></a> · <a class="external text" href="https://it.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:Biologia_molecolare&action=edit"><span title="Modifica il template. 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padding:0; font-size:xx-small; color:var(--color-base, #000000); white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Template:Genetica" title="Template:Genetica"><span title="Vai alla pagina del template">V</span></a> · <a href="/wiki/Discussioni_template:Genetica" title="Discussioni template:Genetica"><span title="Discuti del template">D</span></a> · <a class="external text" href="https://it.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:Genetica&action=edit"><span title="Modifica il template. Usa l'anteprima prima di salvare">M</span></a></div></div><span class="navbox_title"><a href="/wiki/Genetica" title="Genetica">Genetica</a></span></th></tr><tr><th colspan="1" class="navbox_group">Materiale genetico</th><td colspan="1" class="navbox_list navbox_odd"><a href="/wiki/Nucleotide" title="Nucleotide">Nucleotidi</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Base_azotata" title="Base azotata">Basi azotate</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Acidi_nucleici" title="Acidi nucleici">Acidi nucleici</a> <small>(<a href="/wiki/DNA" title="DNA">DNA</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/RNA" title="RNA">RNA</a>)</small><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Cromosoma" title="Cromosoma">Cromosomi</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Genoma" title="Genoma">Genoma</a></td><td rowspan="4" class="navbox_image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:ChromosomeArt.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/ChromosomeArt.jpg/60px-ChromosomeArt.jpg" decoding="async" width="60" height="104" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/ChromosomeArt.jpg/90px-ChromosomeArt.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/ChromosomeArt.jpg/120px-ChromosomeArt.jpg 2x" data-file-width="135" data-file-height="235" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th colspan="1" class="navbox_group">Concetti chiave</th><td colspan="1" class="navbox_list navbox_even"><a href="/wiki/Gene" title="Gene">Gene</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Codice_genetico" title="Codice genetico">Codice genetico</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Allele" title="Allele">Allele</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Locus_genico" title="Locus genico">Locus</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Ereditariet%C3%A0_genetica" title="Ereditarietà genetica">Ereditarietà genetica</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Diversit%C3%A0_genetica" title="Diversità genetica">Diversità genetica</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Mutazione_genetica" title="Mutazione genetica">Mutazione genetica</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Variabilit%C3%A0_genetica" class="mw-redirect" title="Variabilità genetica">Variabilità genetica</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="1" class="navbox_group">Campi della genetica</th><td colspan="1" class="navbox_list navbox_odd"><a href="/wiki/Genetica_formale" title="Genetica formale">Genetica formale</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Genetica_molecolare" title="Genetica molecolare">Genetica molecolare</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Genetica_delle_popolazioni" title="Genetica delle popolazioni">Genetica delle popolazioni</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Genomica" title="Genomica">Genomica</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Genetica_umana" title="Genetica umana">Genetica umana</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Epigenetica" title="Epigenetica">Epigenetica</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="1" class="navbox_group">Genetisti</th><td colspan="1" class="navbox_list navbox_even"><a href="/wiki/Gregor_Mendel" title="Gregor Mendel">Gregor Mendel</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Hunt_Morgan" title="Thomas Hunt Morgan">Thomas Hunt Morgan</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Ronald_Fisher" title="Ronald Fisher">Ronald Fisher</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Frederick_Griffith" title="Frederick Griffith">Frederick Griffith</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Erwin_Chargaff" title="Erwin Chargaff">Erwin Chargaff</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Barbara_McClintock" title="Barbara McClintock">Barbara McClintock</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/James_Dewey_Watson" title="James Dewey Watson">James Watson</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Francis_Crick" title="Francis Crick">Francis Crick</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Rosalind_Franklin" title="Rosalind Franklin">Rosalind Franklin</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Alec_Jeffreys" title="Alec Jeffreys">Alec Jeffreys</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="noprint" style="width:100%; 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