NAFLD and diabetes mellitus | Nature Reviews Gastroenterology & Hepatology

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In this Review, Tilg and colleagues explore in detail the molecular mechanisms linking NAFLD and diabetes mellitus, and discuss clinical aspects arising from the interaction of both diseases. The liver constitutes a key organ in systemic metabolism, contributing substantially to the development of insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). The mechanisms underlying these processes are not entirely understood, but involve hepatic fat accumulation, alterations of energy metabolism and inflammatory signals derived from various cell types including immune cells. Lipotoxins, mitochondrial function, cytokines and adipocytokines have been proposed to play a major part in both NAFLD and T2DM. Patients with NAFLD are commonly insulin resistant. On the other hand, a large number of patients with T2DM develop NAFLD with its inflammatory complication, NASH. The high incidence of NASH in patients with T2DM leads to further complications, such as liver cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma, which are increasingly recognized. Therapeutic concepts such as thiazolidinediones (glitazones) for treating T2DM also show some efficacy in the treatment of NASH. 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In this Review, Tilg and colleagues explore in detail the molecular mechanisms linking NAFLD and diabetes mellitus, and discuss clinical aspects arising from the interaction of both diseases. The liver constitutes a key organ in systemic metabolism, contributing substantially to the development of insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). The mechanisms underlying these processes are not entirely understood, but involve hepatic fat accumulation, alterations of energy metabolism and inflammatory signals derived from various cell types including immune cells. Lipotoxins, mitochondrial function, cytokines and adipocytokines have been proposed to play a major part in both NAFLD and T2DM. Patients with NAFLD are commonly insulin resistant. On the other hand, a large number of patients with T2DM develop NAFLD with its inflammatory complication, NASH. 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u-float-left js-main-column" data-track-component="article body"> <article lang="en"> <div class="c-article-header"> <header> <ul class="c-article-identifiers" data-test="article-identifier"> <li class="c-article-identifiers__item" data-test="article-category">Review Article</li> <li class="c-article-identifiers__item">Published: <time datetime="2016-10-12">12 October 2016</time></li> </ul> <h1 class="c-article-title" data-test="article-title" data-article-title="">NAFLD and diabetes mellitus</h1> <ul class="c-article-author-list c-article-author-list--short" data-test="authors-list" data-component-authors-activator="authors-list"><li class="c-article-author-list__item"><a data-test="author-name" data-track="click" data-track-action="open author" data-track-label="link" href="#auth-Herbert-Tilg-Aff1" data-author-popup="auth-Herbert-Tilg-Aff1" data-author-search="Tilg, Herbert" data-corresp-id="c1">Herbert Tilg<svg width="16" height="16" focusable="false" role="img" aria-hidden="true" class="u-icon"><use xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="#icon-eds-i-mail-medium"></use></svg></a><sup class="u-js-hide"><a href="#Aff1">1</a></sup>, </li><li class="c-article-author-list__item"><a data-test="author-name" data-track="click" data-track-action="open author" data-track-label="link" href="#auth-Alexander_R_-Moschen-Aff1" data-author-popup="auth-Alexander_R_-Moschen-Aff1" data-author-search="Moschen, Alexander R.">Alexander R. Moschen</a><sup class="u-js-hide"><a href="#Aff1">1</a></sup> & </li><li class="c-article-author-list__item"><a data-test="author-name" data-track="click" data-track-action="open author" data-track-label="link" href="#auth-Michael-Roden-Aff2-Aff3-Aff4" data-author-popup="auth-Michael-Roden-Aff2-Aff3-Aff4" data-author-search="Roden, Michael" data-corresp-id="c2">Michael Roden<svg width="16" height="16" focusable="false" role="img" aria-hidden="true" class="u-icon"><use xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="#icon-eds-i-mail-medium"></use></svg></a><sup class="u-js-hide"><a href="#Aff2">2</a>,<a href="#Aff3">3</a>,<a href="#Aff4">4</a></sup> </li></ul> <p class="c-article-info-details" data-container-section="info"> <a data-test="journal-link" href="/nrgastro" data-track="click" data-track-action="journal homepage" data-track-category="article body" data-track-label="link"><i data-test="journal-title">Nature Reviews Gastroenterology & Hepatology</i></a> <b data-test="journal-volume"><span class="u-visually-hidden">volume</span> 14</b>, <span class="u-visually-hidden">pages </span>32–42 (<span data-test="article-publication-year">2017</span>)<a href="#citeas" class="c-article-info-details__cite-as u-hide-print" data-track="click" data-track-action="cite this article" data-track-label="link">Cite this article</a> </p> <div class="c-article-metrics-bar__wrapper u-clear-both"> <ul class="c-article-metrics-bar u-list-reset"> <li class=" c-article-metrics-bar__item" data-test="access-count"> <p class="c-article-metrics-bar__count">22k <span class="c-article-metrics-bar__label">Accesses</span></p> </li> <li class="c-article-metrics-bar__item" data-test="citation-count"> <p class="c-article-metrics-bar__count">707 <span class="c-article-metrics-bar__label">Citations</span></p> </li> <li class="c-article-metrics-bar__item" data-test="altmetric-score"> <p class="c-article-metrics-bar__count">134 <span class="c-article-metrics-bar__label">Altmetric</span></p> </li> <li class="c-article-metrics-bar__item"> <p class="c-article-metrics-bar__details"><a href="/articles/nrgastro.2016.147/metrics" data-track="click" data-track-action="view metrics" data-track-label="link" rel="nofollow">Metrics <span class="u-visually-hidden">details</span></a></p> </li> </ul> </div> </header> <div class="u-js-hide" data-component="article-subject-links"> <h3 class="c-article__sub-heading">Subjects</h3> <ul class="c-article-subject-list"> <li class="c-article-subject-list__subject"><a href="/subjects/insulin-signalling" data-track="click" data-track-action="view subject" data-track-label="link">Insulin signalling</a></li><li class="c-article-subject-list__subject"><a href="/subjects/metabolic-syndrome" data-track="click" data-track-action="view subject" data-track-label="link">Metabolic syndrome</a></li><li class="c-article-subject-list__subject"><a href="/subjects/non-alcoholic-fatty-liver-disease" data-track="click" data-track-action="view subject" data-track-label="link">Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease</a></li><li class="c-article-subject-list__subject"><a href="/subjects/non-alcoholic-steatohepatitis" data-track="click" data-track-action="view subject" data-track-label="link">Non-alcoholic steatohepatitis</a></li><li class="c-article-subject-list__subject"><a href="/subjects/type-2-diabetes-mellitus" data-track="click" data-track-action="view subject" data-track-label="link">Type 2 diabetes</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div class="c-article-body"> <section aria-labelledby="Abs1" data-title="Key Points" lang="en"><div class="c-article-section" id="Abs1-section"><h2 class="c-article-section__title js-section-title js-c-reading-companion-sections-item" id="Abs1">Key Points</h2><div class="c-article-section__content" id="Abs1-content"> <ul class="u-list-style-bullet"> <li> <p>As a result of increased prevalence, NAFLD and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) are of increasing clinical relevance worldwide</p> </li> <li> <p>The liver has a key role in the pathophysiology of T2DM, as this organ contributes substantially to the development of insulin resistance</p> </li> <li> <p>Rates of NAFLD, NASH, liver cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma in patients with T2DM are rapidly rising</p> </li> <li> <p>Medications used in the treatment of T2DM are also effective in the therapy of NASH</p> </li> </ul> </div></div></section><section aria-labelledby="Abs3" data-title="Abstract" lang="en"><div class="c-article-section" id="Abs3-section"><h2 class="c-article-section__title js-section-title js-c-reading-companion-sections-item" id="Abs3">Abstract</h2><div class="c-article-section__content" id="Abs3-content"><p>The liver constitutes a key organ in systemic metabolism, contributing substantially to the development of insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). The mechanisms underlying these processes are not entirely understood, but involve hepatic fat accumulation, alterations of energy metabolism and inflammatory signals derived from various cell types including immune cells. Lipotoxins, mitochondrial function, cytokines and adipocytokines have been proposed to play a major part in both NAFLD and T2DM. Patients with NAFLD are commonly insulin resistant. On the other hand, a large number of patients with T2DM develop NAFLD with its inflammatory complication, NASH. The high incidence of NASH in patients with T2DM leads to further complications, such as liver cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma, which are increasingly recognized. Therapeutic concepts such as thiazolidinediones (glitazones) for treating T2DM also show some efficacy in the treatment of NASH. 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1733137271, embedded_user: 'null' } }); </script> <div> <div id="MagazineFulltextArticleBodySuffix"><section aria-labelledby="Bib1" data-title="References"><div class="c-article-section" id="Bib1-section"><h2 class="c-article-section__title js-section-title js-c-reading-companion-sections-item" id="Bib1">References</h2><div class="c-article-section__content" id="Bib1-content"><div data-container-section="references"><ol class="c-article-references" data-track-component="outbound reference" data-track-context="references section"><li class="c-article-references__item js-c-reading-companion-references-item" data-counter="1"><p class="c-article-references__text" id="ref-CR1">Ratziu, V., Goodman, Z. & Sanyal, A. 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Moschen</p></li><li id="Aff2"><p class="c-article-author-affiliation__address">Department of Endocrinology and Diabetology, Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine University, c/o Auf'm Hennekamp 65, Düsseldorf, 40225, Germany</p><p class="c-article-author-affiliation__authors-list">Michael Roden</p></li><li id="Aff3"><p class="c-article-author-affiliation__address">Institute for Clinical Diabetology, German Diabetes Center, Leibniz Center for Diabetes Research, Heinrich-Heine University, c/o Auf'm Hennekamp 65, Düsseldorf, 40225, Germany</p><p class="c-article-author-affiliation__authors-list">Michael Roden</p></li><li id="Aff4"><p class="c-article-author-affiliation__address">German Center of Diabetes Research, Ingolstädter Landstraße 1, München-Neuherberg, 85764, Germany</p><p class="c-article-author-affiliation__authors-list">Michael Roden</p></li></ol><div class="u-js-hide u-hide-print" data-test="author-info"><span class="c-article__sub-heading">Authors</span><ol class="c-article-authors-search u-list-reset"><li id="auth-Herbert-Tilg-Aff1"><span class="c-article-authors-search__title u-h3 js-search-name">Herbert Tilg</span><div class="c-article-authors-search__list"><div class="c-article-authors-search__item c-article-authors-search__list-item--left"><a href="/search?author=Herbert%20Tilg" class="c-article-button" data-track="click" data-track-action="author link - publication" data-track-label="link" rel="nofollow">View author publications</a></div><div class="c-article-authors-search__item c-article-authors-search__list-item--right"><p class="search-in-title-js c-article-authors-search__text">You can also search for this author in <span class="c-article-identifiers"><a class="c-article-identifiers__item" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=search&term=Herbert%20Tilg" data-track="click" data-track-action="author link - pubmed" data-track-label="link" rel="nofollow">PubMed</a><span class="u-hide"> </span><a class="c-article-identifiers__item" href="http://scholar.google.co.uk/scholar?as_q=&num=10&btnG=Search+Scholar&as_epq=&as_oq=&as_eq=&as_occt=any&as_sauthors=%22Herbert%20Tilg%22&as_publication=&as_ylo=&as_yhi=&as_allsubj=all&hl=en" data-track="click" data-track-action="author link - scholar" data-track-label="link" rel="nofollow">Google Scholar</a></span></p></div></div></li><li id="auth-Alexander_R_-Moschen-Aff1"><span class="c-article-authors-search__title u-h3 js-search-name">Alexander R. 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A.R.M., H.T. and M.R. contributed to discussion of content, and wrote, reviewed and edited the manuscript before submission.</p><h3 class="c-article__sub-heading" id="corresponding-author">Corresponding authors</h3><p id="corresponding-author-list">Correspondence to <a id="corresp-c1" href="mailto:herbert.tilg@i-med.ac.at">Herbert Tilg</a> or <a id="corresp-c2" href="mailto:michael.roden@ddz.uni-duesseldorf.de">Michael Roden</a>.</p></div></div></section><section data-title="Ethics declarations"><div class="c-article-section" id="ethics-section"><h2 class="c-article-section__title js-section-title js-c-reading-companion-sections-item" id="ethics">Ethics declarations</h2><div class="c-article-section__content" id="ethics-content"> <h3 class="c-article__sub-heading">Competing interests</h3> <p>The authors declare no competing financial interests.</p> </div></div></section><section data-title="PowerPoint slides"><div class="c-article-section" id="Sec14-section"><h2 class="c-article-section__title js-section-title js-c-reading-companion-sections-item" id="Sec14">PowerPoint slides</h2><div class="c-article-section__content" id="Sec14-content"><div data-test="supplementary-info"><div id="figshareContainer" class="c-article-figshare-container" data-test="figshare-container"></div><div class="c-article-supplementary__item" data-test="supp-item" id="MOESM6"><h3 class="c-article-supplementary__title u-h3"><a class="print-link" data-track="click" data-track-action="view supplementary info" data-test="supp-info-link" data-track-label="powerpoint slide for fig. 1" href="https://static-content.springer.com/esm/art%3A10.1038%2Fnrgastro.2016.147/MediaObjects/41575_2017_BFnrgastro2016147_MOESM6_ESM.ppt" data-supp-info-image="">PowerPoint slide for Fig. 1</a></h3></div><div class="c-article-supplementary__item" data-test="supp-item" id="MOESM7"><h3 class="c-article-supplementary__title u-h3"><a class="print-link" data-track="click" data-track-action="view supplementary info" data-test="supp-info-link" data-track-label="powerpoint slide for fig. 2" href="https://static-content.springer.com/esm/art%3A10.1038%2Fnrgastro.2016.147/MediaObjects/41575_2017_BFnrgastro2016147_MOESM7_ESM.ppt" data-supp-info-image="">PowerPoint slide for Fig. 2</a></h3></div><div class="c-article-supplementary__item" data-test="supp-item" id="MOESM8"><h3 class="c-article-supplementary__title u-h3"><a class="print-link" data-track="click" data-track-action="view supplementary info" data-test="supp-info-link" data-track-label="powerpoint slide for fig. 3" href="https://static-content.springer.com/esm/art%3A10.1038%2Fnrgastro.2016.147/MediaObjects/41575_2017_BFnrgastro2016147_MOESM8_ESM.ppt" data-supp-info-image="">PowerPoint slide for Fig. 3</a></h3></div><div class="c-article-supplementary__item" data-test="supp-item" id="MOESM9"><h3 class="c-article-supplementary__title u-h3"><a class="print-link" data-track="click" data-track-action="view supplementary info" data-test="supp-info-link" data-track-label="powerpoint slide for table 1" href="https://static-content.springer.com/esm/art%3A10.1038%2Fnrgastro.2016.147/MediaObjects/41575_2017_BFnrgastro2016147_MOESM9_ESM.ppt" data-supp-info-image="">PowerPoint slide for Table 1</a></h3></div></div></div></div></section><section data-title="Rights and permissions"><div class="c-article-section" id="rightslink-section"><h2 class="c-article-section__title js-section-title js-c-reading-companion-sections-item" id="rightslink">Rights and permissions</h2><div class="c-article-section__content" id="rightslink-content"><p class="c-article-rights"><a data-track="click" data-track-action="view rights and permissions" data-track-label="link" href="https://s100.copyright.com/AppDispatchServlet?title=NAFLD%20and%20diabetes%20mellitus&author=Herbert%20Tilg%20et%20al&contentID=10.1038%2Fnrgastro.2016.147&copyright=Springer%20Nature%20Limited&publication=1759-5045&publicationDate=2016-10-12&publisherName=SpringerNature&orderBeanReset=true">Reprints and permissions</a></p></div></div></section><section aria-labelledby="article-info" data-title="About this article"><div class="c-article-section" id="article-info-section"><h2 class="c-article-section__title js-section-title js-c-reading-companion-sections-item" id="article-info">About this article</h2><div class="c-article-section__content" id="article-info-content"><div class="c-bibliographic-information"><div class="u-hide-print c-bibliographic-information__column c-bibliographic-information__column--border"><a data-crossmark="10.1038/nrgastro.2016.147" target="_blank" rel="noopener" href="https://crossmark.crossref.org/dialog/?doi=10.1038/nrgastro.2016.147" data-track="click" data-track-action="Click Crossmark" data-track-label="link" data-test="crossmark"><img loading="lazy" width="57" height="81" alt="Check for updates. 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id="citeas">Cite this article</h3><p class="c-bibliographic-information__citation">Tilg, H., Moschen, A. & Roden, M. NAFLD and diabetes mellitus. <i>Nat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol</i> <b>14</b>, 32–42 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1038/nrgastro.2016.147</p><p class="c-bibliographic-information__download-citation u-hide-print"><a data-test="citation-link" data-track="click" data-track-action="download article citation" data-track-label="link" data-track-external="" rel="nofollow" href="https://citation-needed.springer.com/v2/references/10.1038/nrgastro.2016.147?format=refman&flavour=citation">Download citation<svg width="16" height="16" focusable="false" role="img" aria-hidden="true" class="u-icon"><use xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="#icon-eds-i-download-medium"></use></svg></a></p><ul class="c-bibliographic-information__list" data-test="publication-history"><li class="c-bibliographic-information__list-item"><p>Published<span class="u-hide">: </span><span class="c-bibliographic-information__value"><time datetime="2016-10-12">12 October 2016</time></span></p></li><li 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