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<span>History</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Genera" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Genera"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Genera</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Genera-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Genera subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Genera-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Calamopitys" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Calamopitys"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span><i>Calamopitys</i></span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Calamopitys-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Stenomyelon" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Stenomyelon"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span><i>Stenomyelon</i></span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Stenomyelon-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Diichnia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Diichnia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span><i>Diichnia</i></span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Diichnia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_form_genera" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_form_genera"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4</span> <span>Other form genera</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_form_genera-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a 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<div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Extinct family of flowing plants</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <table class="infobox biota" style="text-align: left; width: 200px; font-size: 100%"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="2" style="color:inherit; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(180,250,180)">Calamopityaceae<br /><div style="font-size: 85%;">Temporal range: <span class="noprint"><span style="display:inline-block;"></span><span style="display:inline-block;">Early Carboniferous</span> <span style="display:inline-block;"></span><div id="Timeline-row" style="margin: 4px auto 0; clear:both; width:220px; padding:0px; height:18px; overflow:visible; white-space:nowrap; border:1px #666; border-style:solid none; position:relative; z-index:0; font-size:97%;"> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; left:0px; width:207.23076923077px; padding-left:5px; text-align:left; background-color:rgb(254,217,106); background-image: linear-gradient(to right, rgba(255,255,255,1), rgba(254,217,106,1) 15%, rgba(254,217,106,1));"><a href="/wiki/Precambrian" title="Precambrian">PreꞒ</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(127,160,86); left:37.636923076923px; width:18.073846153846px;"><a href="/wiki/Cambrian" title="Cambrian">Ꞓ</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(0,146,112); left:55.710769230769px; width:14.08px;"><a href="/wiki/Ordovician" title="Ordovician">O</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(179,225,182); left:69.790769230769px; width:8.3261538461539px;"><a href="/wiki/Silurian" title="Silurian">S</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(203,140,55); left:78.116923076923px; width:20.409230769231px;"><a href="/wiki/Devonian" title="Devonian">D</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(103,165,153); left:98.526153846154px; width:20.307692307692px;"><a href="/wiki/Carboniferous" title="Carboniferous">C</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(240,64,40); left:118.83384615385px; width:15.907015384615px;"><a href="/wiki/Permian" title="Permian">P</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(129,43,146); left:134.74086153846px; width:17.092984615385px;"><a href="/wiki/Triassic" title="Triassic">T</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(52,178,201); left:151.83384615385px; width:19.089230769231px;"><a href="/wiki/Jurassic" title="Jurassic">J</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(127,198,78); left:170.92307692308px; width:26.738461538462px;"><a href="/wiki/Cretaceous" title="Cretaceous">K</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(253,154,82); left:197.66153846154px; width:14.543692307692px;"><a href="/wiki/Paleogene" title="Paleogene">Pg</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(255,230,25); left:212.20523076923px; width:6.9215384615385px;"><a href="/wiki/Neogene" title="Neogene">N</a></div> <div id="end-border" style="position:absolute; height:100%; background-color:#666; width:1px; left:219px"></div><div style="margin:0 auto; line-height:0; clear:both; width:220px; padding:0px; height:8px; overflow:visible; background-color:transparent; position:relative; top:-4px; z-index:100;"><div style="position:absolute; height:8px; left:98.526153846154px; width:12.150769230769px; background-color:#360; opacity:0.42;"></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:8px; left:98.526153846154px; width:12.083076923077px; background-color:#360; opacity:1;"></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:6px; top:1px; left:99.526153846154px; width:10.083076923077px; background-color:#6c3;"></div> </div> </div></span></div> </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: center"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:FossilFernLeavesPennsylvanianOhio.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/FossilFernLeavesPennsylvanianOhio.jpg/220px-FossilFernLeavesPennsylvanianOhio.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="149" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/FossilFernLeavesPennsylvanianOhio.jpg/330px-FossilFernLeavesPennsylvanianOhio.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/FossilFernLeavesPennsylvanianOhio.jpg/440px-FossilFernLeavesPennsylvanianOhio.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="1350" /></a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="color:inherit; min-width:15em; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(180,250,180)"><a href="/wiki/Taxonomy_(biology)" title="Taxonomy (biology)">Scientific classification</a> <span class="plainlinks taxobox-edit-taxonomy skin-invert" style="font-size:smaller; float:right; padding-right:0.4em; margin-left:-3em;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Template:Taxonomy/Calamopityaceae" title="Edit this classification"><img alt="Edit this classification" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg/23px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg/30px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></span> </th></tr> <tr> <td>Kingdom: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Plant" title="Plant">Plantae</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>Clade</i>: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Vascular_plant" title="Vascular plant">Tracheophytes</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Division: </td> <td><span style="font-style:normal;font-weight:normal;">†</span><a href="/wiki/Pteridospermatophyta" title="Pteridospermatophyta">Pteridospermatophyta</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Order: </td> <td><span style="font-style:normal;font-weight:normal;">†</span><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Calamopityales</a><br /><small>Němejc, 1963</small> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Family: </td> <td><span style="font-style:normal;font-weight:normal;">†</span><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Calamopityaceae</a><br /><small>Solms, 1896</small> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="color:inherit; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(180,250,180)"><a href="/wiki/Synonym_(taxonomy)" title="Synonym (taxonomy)">Synonyms</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: left"> <ul><li><b>Calamopityaea</b> Scott, 1909</li> <li><b>Stenomyeleae</b> Scott, 1923</li></ul> </td></tr> </tbody></table><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238732961">@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox.biota tr{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox.biota img{background:transparent}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox.biota tr{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox.biota img{background:white}}.mw-parser-output .infobox.biota .taxobox-edit-taxonomy img{background:transparent!important}body.skin-vector .mw-parser-output table.biota.infobox{margin-top:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output table.biota.infobox tr.taxonrow td{padding:2px 10px}</style> <p><b>Calamopityaceae</b> is the largest <a href="/wiki/Family_(biology)" title="Family (biology)">family</a> of the division of extinct seed-bearing plants (<a href="/wiki/Spermatophyte" class="mw-redirect" title="Spermatophyte">spermatophytes</a>) known as <a href="/wiki/Pteridospermatophyta" title="Pteridospermatophyta">Pteridospermatophyta</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:1_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is the only family in the monotypic order <b>Calamopityales</b>.<sup id="cite_ref-Taylor_09_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Taylor_09-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This family is characterized by its <a href="/wiki/Petiole_(botany)" title="Petiole (botany)">petioles</a> and specific <a href="/wiki/Wood" title="Wood">wood</a> pattern, and it grew only in the <a href="/wiki/Paleozoic" title="Paleozoic">Paleozoic</a> era, specifically in North America and Europe.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:2_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:3_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Three <a href="/wiki/Form_genera" class="mw-redirect" title="Form genera">form genera</a> within the family are diagnosed by their stem structure: <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Calamopitys&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Calamopitys (page does not exist)">Calamopitys</a></i>, <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Stenomyelon&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Stenomyelon (page does not exist)">Stenomyelon</a></i>, and <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Diichinia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Diichinia (page does not exist)">Diichinia</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was named by <a href="/wiki/Solms-Laubach" title="Solms-Laubach">Solms-Laubach</a> in 1896. Since then, its genera have been added to and grouped differently.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Morphology">Morphology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Calamopityaceae&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Morphology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Calamopityaceae is the largest family in Pteriodspermatophyta.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This family is composed of <a href="/wiki/Gymnosperm" title="Gymnosperm">gymnosperms</a>, and because of their stem structure discovered through <a href="/wiki/Fossil" title="Fossil">fossil</a> rocks, they are considered to be in this division.<sup id="cite_ref-:5_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, nothing is known of their reproductive organs, but they are classified as seed plants based on their similarities to the <a href="/wiki/Lyginopteridaceae" title="Lyginopteridaceae">Lyginopteridaceae</a> and Medullasaceae families within Pteriodspermatophyta.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Calamopityaceae resemble Lyginopteridaceae and Medullasaceae in the monoxylic wood structures in their <a href="/wiki/Plant_stem" title="Plant stem">stem</a>; this structure suggests the stem (diameter less than 1.5 cm) was narrow during the Calamopityaceae plant lifetime.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:5_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Only some petiole tissue has been found; it is classified to be of the genus <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kalymma&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kalymma (page does not exist)">Kalymma</a></i> and suggests the plant had large fronds.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:3_5-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> To identify a genus within this family, this petiole structure and monoxylic wood must be present, as well as a much larger cortex than vascular cylinder.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_4-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> No fossil evidence has been found to describe on their seed and pollen (reproductive) organs, and therefore the species within this family show more variance than other families.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:3_5-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Gymnosperm" title="Gymnosperm">Gymnosperms</a>, including those that are extinct, can be classified by their wood: monoxylic vs pycnoxylic.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Monoxylic wood is soft and spongy and has a large pith and cortex.<sup id="cite_ref-:5_6-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Pycnoxylic wood, which is more dense with less pith and cortex, is more commercially used.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The three genera of Calamopityaceae, <i>Calamopitys, Stenomyelon,</i> and <i>Diichnia</i>, show monoxylic wood stem patterns, and this is considered to be an essential classification of the family Calamopityaceae (hence why <i>Bilignea, Eristophyton, Endoxylon,</i> and <i>Shenoxylon</i> were removed from this family).<sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Origins">Origins</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Calamopityaceae&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Origins"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Calamopityaceae fossils have been found in North America and Europe, and they have been dated back to the <a href="/wiki/Paleozoic" title="Paleozoic">Paleozoic</a> era, specifically the Upper <a href="/wiki/Devonian" title="Devonian">Devonian</a> and Lower <a href="/wiki/Carboniferous" title="Carboniferous">Carboniferous</a> (<a href="/wiki/Mississippian_(geology)" title="Mississippian (geology)">Mississippian</a>) periods.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_5-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:5_6-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Being from this early period, Calamopityaceae are significant as an example of some of the earliest seed plants and ancestors of angiosperms.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_4-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:3_5-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Examples_of_specific_varieties_and_discoveries">Examples of specific varieties and discoveries</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Calamopityaceae&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Examples of specific varieties and discoveries"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><i>Stenomyelon tuedianum</i>: <a href="/wiki/Calciferous_sandstone" title="Calciferous sandstone">Calciferous</a> Sandstone Series of Britain, 1912<sup id="cite_ref-:3_5-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><i>Diichnia kentuckiensis</i> and <i>Diichnia readii</i>: <a href="/wiki/New_Albany_Shale" title="New Albany Shale">New Albany Shale</a> of Kentucky, 1937<sup id="cite_ref-:3_5-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><i>Calamopitys embergeri</i>: Mid-Tournaisian of France, 1970<sup id="cite_ref-:3_5-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><i>Calamopitys americana</i>: America, 1914<sup id="cite_ref-:3_5-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Calamopityaceae&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1856, the Austrian <a href="/wiki/Paleontologist" class="mw-redirect" title="Paleontologist">paleontologist</a>, <a href="/wiki/Franz_Unger" title="Franz Unger">Franz Joseph Andreas Nicolaus Unger</a>, was the first to find <i>Calamopitys</i>, a genus of Calamopityaceae.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This genus, which later was the root for the family name, was found in the <a href="/wiki/Thuringian_Forest" title="Thuringian Forest">Thuringian Forest</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Forty years later, the family was named Calamopityaceae by Solms-Laubach. </p><p>Though the original genera, <i>Calamopitys</i>, <i>Stenomyelon</i>, and <i>Diichnia</i>, still remain under this family classification, there have been historical additions to these groupings. Because the family is defined loosely on stem structure with nothing known about the foliage and reproductive structure, different genera have been added and removed from this family.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_5-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Four more genera, <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bilignea&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bilignea (page does not exist)">Bilignea</a></i>, <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Eristophyton&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Eristophyton (page does not exist)">Eristophyton</a></i>, <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Endoxylon&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Endoxylon (page does not exist)">Endoxylon</a></i>, and <i>Sphenoxylon</i>, were added to the family in 1936. These genera were classified by their pycnoxylic secondary wood pattern. In 1953, they were removed from the family with the intention of keeping the family composed of genera with monoxylic secondary wood.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Like many "seed ferns", the affinities of the Calamopityales are unclear. Meyen (1984) placed them within the class <a href="/wiki/Ginkgoopsida" title="Ginkgoopsida">Ginkgoopsida</a>, which also includes <a href="/wiki/Ginkgo" title="Ginkgo">ginkgos</a>. Apart from <i>Calamopitys</i> and <i>Stenomyelon</i>, he also placed the genera <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lyrasperma&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lyrasperma (page does not exist)">Lyrasperma</a></i>, <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Deltasperma&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Deltasperma (page does not exist)">Deltasperma</a></i>, <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Eosperma&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Eosperma (page does not exist)">Eosperma</a></i>, and <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kalymma&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kalymma (page does not exist)">Kalymma</a></i> within Calamopityaceae.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A classification scheme by Doweld (2001) considered Calamopityales to be an <i><a href="/wiki/Incertae_sedis" title="Incertae sedis">incertae sedis</a></i> order within the phylum "Moresnetiophyta". Doweld also listed <a href="/w/index.php?title=Buteoxylaceae&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Buteoxylaceae (page does not exist)">Buteoxylaceae</a> <small>Barnard & Long 1973</small><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as a synonym of Calamopityaceae, implying that its constituent fossil wood genera (<i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Buteoxylon&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Buteoxylon (page does not exist)">Buteoxylon</a></i> and <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Triradioxylon&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Triradioxylon (page does not exist)">Triradioxylon</a></i>) should be referred to Calamopityaceae. This would additionally require treating the order <a href="/w/index.php?title=Buteoxylonales&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Buteoxylonales (page does not exist)">Buteoxylonales</a> as a synonym of Calamopityales.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>Stenomyelon</i> has been compared favorably to <i>Buteoxylon</i> in more recent studies as well.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Genera">Genera</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Calamopityaceae&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Genera"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Three genera of fossil wood are currently classified as belonging to the family Calamopityaceae, and their differences are distinguished by their decreasing primary xylem from <i>Stenomyelon</i>, to <i>Calamopitys</i>, to <i>Diichnia</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Additionally, <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Galtiera&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Galtiera (page does not exist)">Galtiera</a></i>, <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Triichnia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Triichnia (page does not exist)">Triichnia</a></i>, and <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bostonia_(genus)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bostonia (genus) (page does not exist)">Bostonia</a></i> are classified within the family by some authors,<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Faironia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Faironia (page does not exist)">Faironia</a></i><sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chapelia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Chapelia (page does not exist)">Chapelia</a></i><sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> may also have affinities with the family. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Calamopitys"><i>Calamopitys</i></h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Calamopityaceae&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Calamopitys"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Type_species" title="Type species">Type species</a> - <i>Calamopitys saturnii</i><sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>There are six species within this genus, and it has the most species of any Calamopityaceae genera.<sup id="cite_ref-:5_6-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although <i>Eristophyton</i> is sometimes considered to be a subgenus under this genus, the distinction between pycnoxylic and monoxylic secondary wood maintains these genera as separate.<sup id="cite_ref-:5_6-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In terms of structure, these plants under this genera have narrow stems with diameter 2–3 cm (or larger in <i>C. embergeri</i> and <i>C. schweitzeri</i>).<sup id="cite_ref-:3_5-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Stenomyelon"><i>Stenomyelon</i></h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Calamopityaceae&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Stenomyelon"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Type species - <i>Stenomyelon tuedianum</i><sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Originally known as "Tweed Mill fossil", this genus consists of fewer species than <i>Calamopitys</i>, but in addition to <i>S. tuedianum</i>, species include <i>S. primaevum</i>, <i>S. heterangioides,</i> and <i>S. muratum.</i><sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Diichnia"><i>Diichnia</i></h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Calamopityaceae&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Diichnia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Type species - <i>Diichnia kentuckiensis</i><sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Species of this genus are classified based on the characteristics of the smallest primary xylem of Calamopityaceae and a five-angled pith, as seen in the stem cross-section.<sup id="cite_ref-:5_6-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These characteristics separate this genus from the other genera. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Other_form_genera">Other form genera</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Calamopityaceae&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Other form genera"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Non-wood form genera referred to Calamopityaceae include:<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dolichosperma&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dolichosperma (page does not exist)">Dolichosperma</a></i> (ovulate organ)</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Eurystoma&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Eurystoma (page does not exist)">Eurystoma</a></i> (ovulate organ)</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lyrasperma&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lyrasperma (page does not exist)">Lyrasperma</a></i> (ovulate organ)</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kalymma&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kalymma (page does not exist)">Kalymma</a></i> (foliage)</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sphenopteridium&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sphenopteridium (page does not exist)">Sphenopteridium</a></i> (foliage)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Calamopityaceae&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-:0-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_1-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_1-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_1-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_1-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_1-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_1-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_1-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_1-10"><sup><i><b>k</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_1-11"><sup><i><b>l</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_1-12"><sup><i><b>m</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFK.Kumar.2006" class="citation book cs1">K., Sinha, A.; Kumar., Anil (2006-01-01). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/857708675"><i>Botany for degree students : Gymnosperms</i></a>. S Chand. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9788121926188" title="Special:BookSources/9788121926188"><bdi>9788121926188</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/857708675">857708675</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Botany+for+degree+students+%3A+Gymnosperms.&rft.pub=S+Chand&rft.date=2006-01-01&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F857708675&rft.isbn=9788121926188&rft.aulast=K.&rft.aufirst=Sinha%2C+A.&rft.au=Kumar.%2C+Anil&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldcat.org%2Foclc%2F857708675&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACalamopityaceae" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:1_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSingh2006" class="citation book cs1">Singh, V. P. (2006-01-01). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=F6B_xHO-IpoC&q=calamopityaceae&pg=PA118"><i>Gymnosperm (naked seeds plant) : structure and development</i></a>. Sarup & Sons. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9788176256711" title="Special:BookSources/9788176256711"><bdi>9788176256711</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Gymnosperm+%28naked+seeds+plant%29+%3A+structure+and+development&rft.pub=Sarup+%26+Sons&rft.date=2006-01-01&rft.isbn=9788176256711&rft.aulast=Singh&rft.aufirst=V.+P.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DF6B_xHO-IpoC%26q%3Dcalamopityaceae%26pg%3DPA118&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACalamopityaceae" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Taylor_09-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Taylor_09_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTaylor,_Edith_L.Taylor,_Thomas_N.Krings,_Michael2009" class="citation book cs1">Taylor, Edith L.; Taylor, Thomas N.; Krings, Michael (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=_29tNNeQKeMC&q=Protolepidodendrales"><i>Paleobotany: The Biology and Evolution of Fossil Plants</i></a>. Academic Press. pp. 271–74. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780080557830" title="Special:BookSources/9780080557830"><bdi>9780080557830</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Paleobotany%3A+The+Biology+and+Evolution+of+Fossil+Plants&rft.pages=271-74&rft.pub=Academic+Press&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=9780080557830&rft.au=Taylor%2C+Edith+L.&rft.au=Taylor%2C+Thomas+N.&rft.au=Krings%2C+Michael&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D_29tNNeQKeMC%26q%3DProtolepidodendrales&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACalamopityaceae" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:2-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:2_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_4-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_4-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_4-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHottonStein1994" class="citation journal cs1">Hotton, Carol; Stein, William (1994-03-01). "An Ontogenetic Model for the Mississippian Seed Plant Family Calamopityaceae". <i>International Journal of Plant Sciences</i>. <b>155</b> (2): 119–142. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1086%2F297152">10.1086/297152</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2995557">2995557</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:85151157">85151157</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=International+Journal+of+Plant+Sciences&rft.atitle=An+Ontogenetic+Model+for+the+Mississippian+Seed+Plant+Family+Calamopityaceae&rft.volume=155&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=119-142&rft.date=1994-03-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A85151157%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F2995557%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1086%2F297152&rft.aulast=Hotton&rft.aufirst=Carol&rft.au=Stein%2C+William&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACalamopityaceae" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:3-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:3_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:3_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:3_5-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:3_5-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:3_5-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:3_5-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:3_5-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:3_5-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:3_5-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:3_5-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:3_5-10"><sup><i><b>k</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:3_5-11"><sup><i><b>l</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTaylorTaylorKrings2009" class="citation book cs1">Taylor, Edith; Taylor, Thomas; Krings, Michael (2009). <i>Paleobotany: The Biology and Evolution of Fossil Plants (2)</i>. Academic Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780123739728" title="Special:BookSources/9780123739728"><bdi>9780123739728</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Paleobotany%3A+The+Biology+and+Evolution+of+Fossil+Plants+%282%29&rft.pub=Academic+Press&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=9780123739728&rft.aulast=Taylor&rft.aufirst=Edith&rft.au=Taylor%2C+Thomas&rft.au=Krings%2C+Michael&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACalamopityaceae" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:5-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:5_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:5_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:5_6-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:5_6-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:5_6-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:5_6-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:5_6-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFArnold2013" class="citation book cs1">Arnold, Chester A. (2013-04-16). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=syR9CgAAQBAJ&q=calamopityaceae&pg=PT262"><i>An Introduction to Paleobotany</i></a>. Read Books Ltd. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781447495093" title="Special:BookSources/9781447495093"><bdi>9781447495093</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=An+Introduction+to+Paleobotany&rft.pub=Read+Books+Ltd&rft.date=2013-04-16&rft.isbn=9781447495093&rft.aulast=Arnold&rft.aufirst=Chester+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DsyR9CgAAQBAJ%26q%3Dcalamopityaceae%26pg%3DPT262&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACalamopityaceae" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:4-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:4_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:4_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBhatnagarMoitra1996" class="citation book cs1">Bhatnagar, S. P.; Moitra, Alok (1996-01-01). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=4dvyNckni8wC&q=pycnoxylic&pg=PA4"><i>Gymnosperms</i></a>. New Age International. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9788122407921" title="Special:BookSources/9788122407921"><bdi>9788122407921</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Gymnosperms&rft.pub=New+Age+International&rft.date=1996-01-01&rft.isbn=9788122407921&rft.aulast=Bhatnagar&rft.aufirst=S.+P.&rft.au=Moitra%2C+Alok&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D4dvyNckni8wC%26q%3Dpycnoxylic%26pg%3DPA4&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACalamopityaceae" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMeyen1984" class="citation journal cs1">Meyen, Sergei V. 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style="width:1%;text-align: left;"><i>Calamopityaceae</i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Wikidata" title="Wikidata">Wikidata</a>: <span class="uid"><span class="external"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25060013" class="extiw" title="wikidata:Q25060013">Q25060013</a></span></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Global_Biodiversity_Information_Facility" title="Global Biodiversity Information Facility">GBIF</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gbif.org/species/4907642">4907642</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Interim_Register_of_Marine_and_Nonmarine_Genera" title="Interim Register of Marine and Nonmarine Genera">IRMNG</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.irmng.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=111804">111804</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Open_Tree_of_Life" title="Open Tree of Life">Open Tree of Life</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://tree.opentreeoflife.org/taxonomy/browse?id=5154118">5154118</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Paleobiology_Database" title="Paleobiology Database">Paleobiology Database</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://paleobiodb.org/classic/basicTaxonInfo?taxon_no=55194">55194</a></span></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left;"><i>Calamopityales</i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Wikidata" title="Wikidata">Wikidata</a>: <span class="uid"><span class="external"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1026226" class="extiw" title="wikidata:Q1026226">Q1026226</a></span></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Wikispecies" title="Wikispecies">Wikispecies</a>: <span class="uid"><span class="external"><a href="https://species.wikimedia.org/wiki/Calamopityales" class="extiw" title="wikispecies:Calamopityales">Calamopityales</a></span></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Encyclopedia_of_Life" title="Encyclopedia of Life">EoL</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://eol.org/pages/42185032">42185032</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Interim_Register_of_Marine_and_Nonmarine_Genera" title="Interim Register of Marine and Nonmarine Genera">IRMNG</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.irmng.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=11201">11201</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Open_Tree_of_Life" title="Open Tree of Life">Open Tree of Life</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://tree.opentreeoflife.org/taxonomy/browse?id=5279249">5279249</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Paleobiology_Database" title="Paleobiology Database">Paleobiology Database</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://paleobiodb.org/classic/basicTaxonInfo?taxon_no=157157">157157</a></span></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" 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