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losses</title> <meta name="description" content="Search results for: power losses"> <meta name="keywords" content="power losses"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1, minimum-scale=1, maximum-scale=1, user-scalable=no"> <meta charset="utf-8"> <link href="https://cdn.waset.org/favicon.ico" type="image/x-icon" rel="shortcut icon"> <link href="https://cdn.waset.org/static/plugins/bootstrap-4.2.1/css/bootstrap.min.css" rel="stylesheet"> <link href="https://cdn.waset.org/static/plugins/fontawesome/css/all.min.css" rel="stylesheet"> <link href="https://cdn.waset.org/static/css/site.css?v=150220211555" rel="stylesheet"> </head> <body> <header> <div class="container"> <nav class="navbar navbar-expand-lg navbar-light"> <a class="navbar-brand" href="https://waset.org"> <img src="https://cdn.waset.org/static/images/wasetc.png" alt="Open Science Research Excellence" title="Open Science Research Excellence" /> </a> <button class="d-block d-lg-none navbar-toggler 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id="custom-search-input"> <div class="input-group"> <i class="fas fa-search"></i> <input type="text" class="search-query" name="q" placeholder="Author, Title, Abstract, Keywords" value="power losses"> <input type="submit" class="btn_search" value="Search"> </div> </div> </form> </div> </div> <div class="row mt-3"> <div class="col-sm-3"> <div class="card"> <div class="card-body"><strong>Commenced</strong> in January 2007</div> </div> </div> <div class="col-sm-3"> <div class="card"> <div class="card-body"><strong>Frequency:</strong> Monthly</div> </div> </div> <div class="col-sm-3"> <div class="card"> <div class="card-body"><strong>Edition:</strong> International</div> </div> </div> <div class="col-sm-3"> <div class="card"> <div class="card-body"><strong>Paper Count:</strong> 7139</div> </div> </div> </div> <h1 class="mt-3 mb-3 text-center" style="font-size:1.6rem;">Search results for: power losses</h1> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">7139</span> Loss Analysis by Loading Conditions of Distribution Transformers </h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=A.%20Bozkurt">A. Bozkurt</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=C.%20Kocatepe"> C. Kocatepe</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=R.%20Yumurtaci"> R. Yumurtaci</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=%C4%B0.%20C.%20Tastan"> 陌. C. Tastan</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=G.%20Tulun"> G. Tulun</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Efficient use of energy, with the increase in demand of energy and also with the reduction of natural energy sources, has improved its importance in recent years. Most of the losses in the system from electricity produced until the point of consumption is mostly composed by the energy distribution system. In this study, analysis of the resulting loss in power distribution transformer and distribution power cable is realized which are most of the losses in the distribution system. Transformer losses in the real distribution system were analyzed by CYME Power Engineering Software program. These losses are disclosed for different voltage levels and different loading conditions. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=distribution%20system" title="distribution system">distribution system</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=distribution%20transformer" title=" distribution transformer"> distribution transformer</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=power%20cable" title=" power cable"> power cable</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=technical%20losses" title=" technical losses"> technical losses</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/32321/loss-analysis-by-loading-conditions-of-distribution-transformers" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/32321.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">652</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">7138</span> Effects of Compensation on Distribution System Technical Losses </h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=B.%20Kekezoglu">B. Kekezoglu</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=C.%20Kocatepe"> C. Kocatepe</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=O.%20Arikan"> O. Arikan</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Y.%20Hacialiefendioglu"> Y. Hacialiefendioglu</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=G.%20Ucar"> G. Ucar</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> One of the significant problems of energy systems is to supply economic and efficient energy to consumers. Therefore studies has been continued to reduce technical losses in the network. In this paper, the technical losses analyzed for a portion of European side of Istanbul MV distribution network for different compensation scenarios by considering real system and load data and results are presented. Investigated system is modeled with CYME Power Engineering Software and optimal capacity placement has been proposed to minimize losses. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=distribution%20system" title="distribution system">distribution system</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=optimal%20capacitor%20placement" title=" optimal capacitor placement"> optimal capacitor placement</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=reactive%20power%20compensation" title=" reactive power compensation"> reactive power compensation</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=technical%20losses" title=" technical losses"> technical losses</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/29818/effects-of-compensation-on-distribution-system-technical-losses" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/29818.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">674</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">7137</span> Advanced Hybrid Particle Swarm Optimization for Congestion and Power Loss Reduction in Distribution Networks with High Distributed Generation Penetration through Network Reconfiguration</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=C.%20Iraklis">C. Iraklis</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=G.%20Evmiridis"> G. Evmiridis</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=A.%20Iraklis"> A. Iraklis</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Renewable energy sources and distributed power generation units already have an important role in electrical power generation. A mixture of different technologies penetrating the electrical grid, adds complexity in the management of distribution networks. High penetration of distributed power generation units creates node over-voltages, huge power losses, unreliable power management, reverse power flow and congestion. This paper presents an optimization algorithm capable of reducing congestion and power losses, both described as a function of weighted sum. Two factors that describe congestion are being proposed. An upgraded selective particle swarm optimization algorithm (SPSO) is used as a solution tool focusing on the technique of network reconfiguration. The upgraded SPSO algorithm is achieved with the addition of a heuristic algorithm specializing in reduction of power losses, with several scenarios being tested. Results show significant improvement in minimization of losses and congestion while achieving very small calculation times. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=congestion" title="congestion">congestion</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=distribution%20networks" title=" distribution networks"> distribution networks</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=loss%20reduction" title=" loss reduction"> loss reduction</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=particle%20swarm%20optimization" title=" particle swarm optimization"> particle swarm optimization</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=smart%20grid" title=" smart grid"> smart grid</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/91520/advanced-hybrid-particle-swarm-optimization-for-congestion-and-power-loss-reduction-in-distribution-networks-with-high-distributed-generation-penetration-through-network-reconfiguration" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/91520.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">445</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">7136</span> Switching Losses in Power Electronic Converter of Switched Reluctance Motor</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Ali%20Asghar%20Memon">Ali Asghar Memon</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> A cautious and astute selection of switching devices used in power electronic converters of a switched reluctance (SR) motor is required. It is a matter of choice of best switching devices with respect to their switching ability rather than fulfilling the number of switches. This paper highlights the computational determination of switching losses comprising of switch-on, switch-off and conduction losses respectively by using experimental data in simulation model of a SR machine. The finding of this research is helpful for proper selection of electronic switches and suitable converter topology for switched reluctance motor. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=converter" title="converter">converter</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=operating%20modes" title=" operating modes"> operating modes</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=switched%20reluctance%20motor" title=" switched reluctance motor"> switched reluctance motor</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=switching%20losses" title=" switching losses"> switching losses</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/35250/switching-losses-in-power-electronic-converter-of-switched-reluctance-motor" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/35250.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">507</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">7135</span> Global Voltage Harmonic Index for Measuring Harmonic Situation of Power Grids: A Focus on Power Transformers</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Alireza%20Zabihi">Alireza Zabihi</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Saeed%20Peyghami"> Saeed Peyghami</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Hossein%20Mokhtari"> Hossein Mokhtari</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> With the increasing deployment of renewable power plants, such as solar and wind, it is crucial to measure the harmonic situation of the grid. This paper proposes a global voltage harmonic index to measure the harmonic situation of the power grid with a focus on power transformers. The power electronics systems used to connect these plants to the network can introduce harmonics, leading to increased losses, reduced efficiency, false operation of protective relays, and equipment damage due to harmonic intensifications. The proposed index considers the losses caused by harmonics in power transformers which are of great importance and value to the network, providing a comprehensive measure of the harmonic situation of the grid. The effectiveness of the proposed index is evaluated on a real-world distribution network, and the results demonstrate its ability to identify the harmonic situation of the network, particularly in relation to power transformers. The proposed index provides a comprehensive measure of the harmonic situation of the grid, taking into account the losses caused by harmonics in power transformers. The proposed index has the potential to support power companies in optimizing their power systems and to guide researchers in developing effective mitigation strategies for harmonics in the power grid. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=global%20voltage%20harmonic%20index" title="global voltage harmonic index">global voltage harmonic index</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=harmonics" title=" harmonics"> harmonics</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=power%20grid" title=" power grid"> power grid</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=power%20quality" title=" power quality"> power quality</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=power%20transformers" title=" power transformers"> power transformers</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=renewable%20energy" title=" renewable energy"> renewable energy</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/169470/global-voltage-harmonic-index-for-measuring-harmonic-situation-of-power-grids-a-focus-on-power-transformers" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/169470.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">127</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">7134</span> Power Circuit Schemes in AC Drive is Made by Condition of the Minimum Electric Losses</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=M.%20A.%20Grigoryev">M. A. Grigoryev</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=A.%20N.%20Shishkov"> A. N. Shishkov</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=D.%20A.%20Sychev"> D. A. Sychev</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The article defines the necessity of choosing the optimal power circuits scheme of the electric drive with field regulated reluctance machine. The specific weighting factors are calculation, the linear regression dependence of specific losses in semiconductor frequency converters are presented depending on the values of the rated current. It is revealed that with increase of the carrier frequency PWM improves the output current waveform, but increases the loss, so you will need depending on the task in a certain way to choose from the carrier frequency. For task of optimization by criterion of the minimum electrical losses regression dependence of the electrical losses in the frequency converter circuit at a frequency of a PWM signal of 0 Hz. The surface optimization criterion is presented depending on the rated output torque of the motor and number of phases. In electric drives with field regulated reluctance machine with at low output power optimization criterion appears to be the worst for multiphase circuits. With increasing output power this trend hold true, but becomes insignificantly different optimal solutions for three-phase and multiphase circuits. This is explained to the linearity of the dependence of the electrical losses from the current. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=field%20regulated%20reluctance%20machine" title="field regulated reluctance machine">field regulated reluctance machine</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=the%20electrical%20losses" title=" the electrical losses"> the electrical losses</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=multiphase%20power%20circuit" title=" multiphase power circuit"> multiphase power circuit</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=the%20surface%20optimization%20criterion" title=" the surface optimization criterion"> the surface optimization criterion</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/46140/power-circuit-schemes-in-ac-drive-is-made-by-condition-of-the-minimum-electric-losses" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/46140.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">295</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">7133</span> Optimal Capacitor Placement in Distribution Systems </h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Sana%20Ansari">Sana Ansari</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Sirus%20Mohammadi"> Sirus Mohammadi </a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> In distribution systems, shunt capacitors are used to reduce power losses, to improve voltage profile, and to increase the maximum flow through cables and transformers. This paper presents a new method to determine the optimal locations and economical sizing of fixed and/or switched shunt capacitors with a view to power losses reduction and voltage stability enhancement. General Algebraic Modeling System (GAMS) has been used to solve the maximization modules using the MINOS optimization software with Linear Programming (LP). The proposed method is tested on 33 node distribution system and the results show that the algorithm suitable for practical implementation on real systems with any size. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=power%20losses" title="power losses">power losses</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=voltage%20stability" title=" voltage stability"> voltage stability</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=radial%20distribution%20systems" title=" radial distribution systems"> radial distribution systems</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=capacitor" title=" capacitor"> capacitor</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/19576/optimal-capacitor-placement-in-distribution-systems" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/19576.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">647</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">7132</span> Distributed Energy Storage as a Potential Solution to Electrical Network Variance</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=V.%20Rao">V. Rao</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=A.%20Bedford"> A. Bedford</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> As the efficient performance of national grid becomes increasingly important to maintain the electrical network stability, the balance between the generation and the demand must be effectively maintained. To do this, any losses that occur in the power network must be reduced by compensating for it. In this paper, one of the main cause for the losses in the network is identified as the variance, which hinders the grid鈥檚 power carrying capacity. The reason for the variance in the grid is investigated and identified as the rise in the integration of renewable energy sources (RES) such as wind and solar power. The intermittent nature of these RES along with fluctuating demands gives rise to variance in the electrical network. The losses that occur during this process is estimated by analyzing the network鈥檚 power profiles. Whilst researchers have identified different ways to tackle this problem, little consideration is given to energy storage. This paper seeks to redress this by considering the role of energy storage systems as potential solutions to reduce variance in the network. The implementation of suitable energy storage systems based on different applications is presented in this paper as part of variance reduction method and thus contribute towards maintaining a stable and efficient grid operation. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=energy%20storage" title="energy storage">energy storage</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=electrical%20losses" title=" electrical losses"> electrical losses</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=national%20grid" title=" national grid"> national grid</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=renewable%20energy" title=" renewable energy"> renewable energy</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=variance" title=" variance"> variance</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/89734/distributed-energy-storage-as-a-potential-solution-to-electrical-network-variance" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/89734.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">317</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">7131</span> Optimal Capacitor Placement in Distribution Using Cuckoo Optimization Algorithm</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Ali%20Ravangard">Ali Ravangard</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=S.%20Mohammadi"> S. Mohammadi</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Shunt Capacitors have several uses in the electric power systems. They are utilized as sources of reactive power by connecting them in line-to-neutral. Electric utilities have also connected capacitors in series with long lines in order to reduce its impedance. This is particularly common in the transmission level, where the lines have length in several hundreds of kilometers. However, this post will generally discuss shunt capacitors. In distribution systems, shunt capacitors are used to reduce power losses, to improve voltage profile, and to increase the maximum flow through cables and transformers. This paper presents a new method to determine the optimal locations and economical sizing of fixed and/or switched shunt capacitors with a view to power losses reduction and voltage stability enhancement. For solving the problem, a new enhanced cuckoo optimization algorithm is presented.The proposed method is tested on distribution test system and the results show that the algorithm suitable for practical implementation on real systems with any size. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=capacitor%20placement" title="capacitor placement">capacitor placement</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=power%20losses" title=" power losses"> power losses</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=voltage%20stability" title=" voltage stability"> voltage stability</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=radial%20distribution%20systems" title=" radial distribution systems"> radial distribution systems</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/44037/optimal-capacitor-placement-in-distribution-using-cuckoo-optimization-algorithm" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/44037.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">377</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">7130</span> Unbalanced Distribution Optimal Power Flow to Minimize Losses with Distributed Photovoltaic Plants </h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Malinwo%20Estone%20Ayikpa">Malinwo Estone Ayikpa</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Electric power systems are likely to operate with minimum losses and voltage meeting international standards. This is made possible generally by control actions provide by automatic voltage regulators, capacitors and transformers with on-load tap changer (OLTC). With the development of photovoltaic (PV) systems technology, their integration on distribution networks has increased over the last years to the extent of replacing the above mentioned techniques. The conventional analysis and simulation tools used for electrical networks are no longer able to take into account control actions necessary for studying distributed PV generation impact. This paper presents an unbalanced optimal power flow (OPF) model that minimizes losses with association of active power generation and reactive power control of single-phase and three-phase PV systems. Reactive power can be generated or absorbed using the available capacity and the adjustable power factor of the inverter. The unbalance OPF is formulated by current balance equations and solved by primal-dual interior point method. Several simulation cases have been carried out varying the size and location of PV systems and the results show a detailed view of the impact of PV distributed generation on distribution systems. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=distribution%20system" title="distribution system">distribution system</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=loss" title=" loss"> loss</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=photovoltaic%20generation" title=" photovoltaic generation"> photovoltaic generation</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=primal-dual%20interior%20point%20method" title=" primal-dual interior point method"> primal-dual interior point method</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/65488/unbalanced-distribution-optimal-power-flow-to-minimize-losses-with-distributed-photovoltaic-plants" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/65488.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">332</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">7129</span> Control Methods Used to Minimize Losses in High-Speed Electrical Machines</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Mohammad%20Hedar">Mohammad Hedar</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> This paper presents selected topics from the area of high-speed electrical machine control with a focus on loss minimization. It focuses on pulse amplitude modulation (PAM) set-up in order to minimize the inrush current peak. An overview of these machines and the control topologies that have been used with these machines are reported. The critical problem that happens when controlling a high-speed electrical motor is the high current peak in the start-up process, which will cause high power-losses. The main goal of this paper is to clarify how the inrush current peak can be minimized in the start-up process. PAM control method is proposed to use in the frequency inverter, simulation results for PAM & PWM control method, and steps to improve the PAM control are reported. The simulations were performed with data for PMSM (nominal speed: 25 000 min-1, power: 3.1 kW, load: 1.2 Nm). <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=control%20topology" title="control topology">control topology</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=frequency%20inverter" title=" frequency inverter"> frequency inverter</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=high-speed%20electrical%20machines" title=" high-speed electrical machines"> high-speed electrical machines</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=PAM" title=" PAM"> PAM</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=power%20losses" title=" power losses"> power losses</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=PWM" title=" PWM"> PWM</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/131889/control-methods-used-to-minimize-losses-in-high-speed-electrical-machines" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/131889.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">120</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">7128</span> The Electric Car Wheel Hub Motor Work Analysis with the Use of 2D FEM Electromagnetic Method and 3D CFD Thermal Simulations</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Piotr%20Dukalski">Piotr Dukalski</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Bartlomiej%20Bedkowski"> Bartlomiej Bedkowski</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Tomasz%20Jarek"> Tomasz Jarek</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Tomasz%20Wolnik"> Tomasz Wolnik</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The article is concerned with the design of an electric in wheel hub motor installed in an electric car with two-wheel drive. It presents the construction of the motor on the 3D cross-section model. Work simulation of the motor (applicated to Fiat Panda car) and selected driving parameters such as driving on the road with a slope of 20%, driving at maximum speed, maximum acceleration of the car from 0 to 100 km/h are considered by the authors in the article. The demand for the drive power taking into account the resistance to movement was determined for selected driving conditions. The parameters of the motor operation and the power losses in its individual elements, calculated using the FEM 2D method, are presented for the selected car driving parameters. The calculated power losses are used in 3D models for thermal calculations using the CFD method. Detailed construction of thermal models with materials data, boundary conditions and losses calculated using the FEM 2D method are presented in the article. The article presents and describes calculated temperature distributions in individual motor components such as winding, permanent magnets, magnetic core, body, cooling system components. Generated losses in individual motor components and their impact on the limitation of its operating parameters are described by authors. Attention is paid to the losses generated in permanent magnets, which are a source of heat as the removal of which from inside the motor is difficult. Presented results of calculations show how individual motor power losses, generated in different load conditions while driving, affect its thermal state. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=electric%20car" title="electric car">electric car</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=electric%20drive" title=" electric drive"> electric drive</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=electric%20motor" title=" electric motor"> electric motor</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=thermal%20calculations" title=" thermal calculations"> thermal calculations</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=wheel%20hub%20motor" title=" wheel hub motor"> wheel hub motor</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/93181/the-electric-car-wheel-hub-motor-work-analysis-with-the-use-of-2d-fem-electromagnetic-method-and-3d-cfd-thermal-simulations" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/93181.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">174</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">7127</span> Magnetomechanical Effects on MnZn Ferrites</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Ibrahim%20Ellithy">Ibrahim Ellithy</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Mauricio%20Esguerra"> Mauricio Esguerra</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q="></a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Rewanth%20Radhakrishnan">Rewanth Radhakrishnan</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> In this study, the effects of hydrostatic stress on the magnetic properties of MnZn ferrite rings of different power grades, were measured and analyzed in terms of the magneto-mechanical effect on core losses was modeled via the Hodgdon-Esguerra hysteresis model. The results show excellent agreement with the model and a correlation between the permeability drop and the core loss increase in dependence of the material grade properties. These results emphasize the vulnerabilities of MnZn ferrites when subjected to mechanical perturbations, especially in real-world scenarios like under-road embedding for WPT. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=hydrostatic%20stress" title="hydrostatic stress">hydrostatic stress</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=power%20ferrites" title=" power ferrites"> power ferrites</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=core%20losses" title=" core losses"> core losses</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=wireless%20power%20transfer" title=" wireless power transfer"> wireless power transfer</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/172172/magnetomechanical-effects-on-mnzn-ferrites" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/172172.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">70</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">7126</span> A Succinct Method for Allocation of Reactive Power Loss in Deregulated Scenario</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=J.%20S.%20Savier">J. S. Savier</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Real power is the component power which is converted into useful energy whereas reactive power is the component of power which cannot be converted to useful energy but it is required for the magnetization of various electrical machineries. If the reactive power is compensated at the consumer end, the need for reactive power flow from generators to the load can be avoided and hence the overall power loss can be reduced. In this scenario, this paper presents a succinct method called JSS method for allocation of reactive power losses to consumers connected to radial distribution networks in a deregulated environment. The proposed method has the advantage that no assumptions are made while deriving the reactive power loss allocation method. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=deregulation" title="deregulation">deregulation</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=reactive%20power%20loss%20allocation" title=" reactive power loss allocation"> reactive power loss allocation</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=radial%20distribution%20systems" title=" radial distribution systems"> radial distribution systems</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=succinct%20method" title=" succinct method"> succinct method</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/47667/a-succinct-method-for-allocation-of-reactive-power-loss-in-deregulated-scenario" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/47667.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">376</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">7125</span> Three Phase PWM Inverter for Low Rating Energy Efficient Systems</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Nelson%20Lujara">Nelson Lujara</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The paper presents a practical three-phase PWM inverter suitable for low voltage, low rating energy efficient systems. The work in the paper is conducted with the view to establishing the significance of the loss contribution from the PWM inverter in the determination of the complete losses of a photovoltaic (PV) array-powered induction motor drive water pumping system. Losses investigated include; conduction and switching loss of the devices and gate drive losses. It is found that the PWM inverter operates at a reasonable variable efficiency that does not fall below 92% depending on the load. The results between the simulated and experimental results for the system with or without a maximum power tracker (MPT) compares very well, within an acceptable range of 2% margin. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=energy" title="energy">energy</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=inverter" title=" inverter"> inverter</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=losses" title=" losses"> losses</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=photovoltaic" title=" photovoltaic"> photovoltaic</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/26717/three-phase-pwm-inverter-for-low-rating-energy-efficient-systems" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/26717.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">640</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">7124</span> Attitudinal Change: A Major Therapy for Non鈥揟echnical Losses in the Nigerian Power Sector</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Fina%20O.%20Faithpraise">Fina O. Faithpraise</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Effiong%20O.%20Obisung"> Effiong O. Obisung</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Azele%20E.%20Peter"> Azele E. Peter</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Chris%20R.%20Chatwin"> Chris R. Chatwin</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> This study investigates and identifies consumer attitude as a major influence that results in non-technical losses in the Nigerian electricity supply sector. This discovery is revealed by the combination of quantitative and qualitative research to complete a survey. The dataset employed is a simple random sampling of households using electricity (public power supply), and the number of units chosen is based on statistical power analysis. The units were subdivided into two categories (household with and without electrical meters). The hypothesis formulated was tested and analyzed using a chi-square statistical method. The results obtained shows that the critical value for the household with electrical prepared meter (EPM) was (9.488 < 427.4) and those without electrical prepared meter (EPMn) was (9.488 < 436.1) with a p-value of 0.01%. The analysis demonstrated so far established the real-time position, which shows that the wrong attitude towards handling the electricity supplied (not turning off light bulbs and electrical appliances when not in use within the rooms and outdoors within 12 hours of the day) characterized the non-technical losses in the power sector. Therefore the adoption of efficient lighting attitudes in individual households as recommended by the researcher is greatly encouraged. The results from this study should serve as a model for energy efficiency and use for the improvement of electricity consumption as well as a stable economy. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=attitudinal%20change" title="attitudinal change">attitudinal change</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=household" title=" household"> household</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=non-technical%20losses" title=" non-technical losses"> non-technical losses</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=prepared%20meter" title=" prepared meter"> prepared meter</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/97815/attitudinal-change-a-major-therapy-for-non-technical-losses-in-the-nigerian-power-sector" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/97815.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">179</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">7123</span> Optimization Method of Dispersed Generation in Electrical Distribution Systems </h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Mahmoud%20Samkan">Mahmoud Samkan</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Dispersed Generation (DG) is a promising solution to many power system problems such as voltage regulation and power loss. This paper proposes a heuristic two-step method to optimize the location and size of DG for reducing active power losses and, therefore, improve the voltage profile in radial distribution networks. In addition to a DG placed at the system load gravity center, this method consists in assigning a DG to each lateral of the network. After having determined the central DG placement, the location and size of each lateral DG are predetermined in the first step. The results are then refined in the second step. This method is tested for 33-bus system for 100% DG penetration. The results obtained are compared with those of other methods found in the literature. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=optimal%20location" title="optimal location">optimal location</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=optimal%20size" title=" optimal size"> optimal size</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=dispersed%20generation%20%28DG%29" title=" dispersed generation (DG)"> dispersed generation (DG)</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=radial%20distribution%20networks" title=" radial distribution networks"> radial distribution networks</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=reducing%20losses" title=" reducing losses"> reducing losses</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/36660/optimization-method-of-dispersed-generation-in-electrical-distribution-systems" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/36660.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">443</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">7122</span> Power Flow and Modal Analysis of a Power System Including Unified Power Flow Controller</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Djilani%20Kobibi%20Youcef%20Islam">Djilani Kobibi Youcef Islam</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Hadjeri%20Samir"> Hadjeri Samir</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Djehaf%20Mohamed%20Abdeldjalil"> Djehaf Mohamed Abdeldjalil</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The Flexible AC Transmission System (FACTS) technology is a new advanced solution that increases the reliability and provides more flexibility, controllability, and stability of a power system. The Unified Power Flow Controller (UPFC), as the most versatile FACTS device for regulating power flow, is able to control respectively transmission line real power, reactive power, and node voltage. The main purpose of this paper is to analyze the effect of the UPFC on the load flow, the power losses, and the voltage stability using NEPLAN software modules, Newton-Raphson load flow is used for the power flow analysis and the modal analysis is used for the study of the voltage stability. The simulation was carried out on the IEEE 14-bus test system. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=FACTS" title="FACTS">FACTS</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=load%20flow" title=" load flow"> load flow</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=modal%20analysis" title=" modal analysis"> modal analysis</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=UPFC" title=" UPFC"> UPFC</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=voltage%20stability" title=" voltage stability"> voltage stability</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/41037/power-flow-and-modal-analysis-of-a-power-system-including-unified-power-flow-controller" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/41037.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">516</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">7121</span> Combined Power Supply at Well Drilling in Extreme Climate Conditions</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=V.%20Morenov">V. Morenov</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=E.%20Leusheva"> E. Leusheva</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Power supplying of well drilling on oil and gas fields at ambient air low temperatures is characterized by increased requirements of electric and heat energy. Power costs for heating of production facilities, technological and living objects may several times exceed drilling equipment electric power consumption. Power supplying of prospecting and exploitation drilling objects is usually done by means of local electric power structures based on diesel power stations. In the meantime, exploitation of oil fields is accompanied by vast quantities of extracted associated petroleum gas, and while developing gas fields there are considerable amounts of natural gas and gas condensate. In this regard implementation of gas-powered self-sufficient power units functioning on produced crude products for power supplying is seen as most potential. For these purposes gas turbines (GT) or gas reciprocating engines (GRE) may be used. In addition gas-powered units are most efficiently used in cogeneration mode - combined heat and power production. Conducted research revealed that GT generate more heat than GRE while producing electricity. One of the latest GT design are microturbines (MT) - devices that may be efficiently exploited in combined heat and power mode. In conditions of ambient air low temperatures and high velocity wind sufficient heat supplying is required for both technological process, specifically for drilling mud heating, and for maintaining comfortable working conditions at the rig. One of the main heat regime parameters are the heat losses. Due to structural peculiarities of the rig most of the heat losses occur at cold air infiltration through the technological apertures and hatchways and heat transition of isolation constructions. Also significant amount of heat is required for working temperature sustaining of the drilling mud. Violation of circulation thermal regime may lead to ice build-up on well surfaces and ice blockages in armature elements. That is why it is important to ensure heating of the drilling mud chamber according to ambient air temperature. Needed heat power will be defined by heat losses of the chamber. Noting heat power required for drilling structure functioning, it is possible to create combined heat and power complex based on MT for satisfying consumer power needs and at the same time lowering power generation costs. As a result, combined power supplying scheme for multiple well drilling utilizing heat of MT flue gases was developed. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=combined%20heat" title="combined heat">combined heat</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=combined%20power" title=" combined power"> combined power</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=drilling" title=" drilling"> drilling</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=electric%20supply" title=" electric supply"> electric supply</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=gas-powered%20units" title=" gas-powered units"> gas-powered units</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=heat%20supply" title=" heat supply"> heat supply</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/28894/combined-power-supply-at-well-drilling-in-extreme-climate-conditions" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/28894.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">578</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">7120</span> Reduction of High-Frequency Planar Transformer Conduction Losses Using a Planar Litz Wire Structure</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Hamed%20Belloumi">Hamed Belloumi</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Amira%20Zouaoui"> Amira Zouaoui</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Ferid%20kourda"> Ferid kourda</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> A new trend in power converters is to design planar transformer that aim for low profile. However, at high frequency, the planar transformer ac losses become significant due to the proximity and skin effects. In this paper, the design and implementation of a novel planar Litz conductor is presented in order to equalize the flux linkage and improving the current distribution. The developed PCB litz wire structure minimizes the losses in a similar way to the conventional multi stranded Litz wires. In order to further illustrate the eddy current effect in different arrangements, a Finite-Element Analysis (FEA) tool is used to analyze current distribution inside the conductors. Finally, the proposed planar transformer has been integrated in an electronic stage to test at high signal levels. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=planar%20transformer" title="planar transformer">planar transformer</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=finite-element%20analysis" title=" finite-element analysis"> finite-element analysis</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=winding%20losses" title=" winding losses"> winding losses</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=planar%20Litz%20wire" title=" planar Litz wire"> planar Litz wire</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/7425/reduction-of-high-frequency-planar-transformer-conduction-losses-using-a-planar-litz-wire-structure" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/7425.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">400</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">7119</span> Loss Allocation in Radial Distribution Networks for Loads of Composite Types</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Sumit%20Banerjee">Sumit Banerjee</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Chandan%20Kumar%20Chanda"> Chandan Kumar Chanda</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The paper presents allocation of active power losses and energy losses to consumers connected to radial distribution networks in a deregulated environment for loads of composite types. A detailed comparison among four algorithms, namely quadratic loss allocation, proportional loss allocation, pro rata loss allocation and exact loss allocation methods are presented. Quadratic and proportional loss allocations are based on identifying the active and reactive components of current in each branch and the losses are allocated to each consumer, pro rata loss allocation method is based on the load demand of each consumer and exact loss allocation method is based on the actual contribution of active power loss by each consumer. The effectiveness of the proposed comparison among four algorithms for composite load is demonstrated through an example. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=composite%20type" title="composite type">composite type</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=deregulation" title=" deregulation"> deregulation</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=loss%20allocation" title=" loss allocation"> loss allocation</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=radial%20distribution%20networks" title=" radial distribution networks"> radial distribution networks</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/42700/loss-allocation-in-radial-distribution-networks-for-loads-of-composite-types" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/42700.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">286</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">7118</span> Enhance Power Quality by HVDC System, Comparison Technique between HVDC and HVAC Transmission Systems</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Smko%20Zangana">Smko Zangana</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Ergun%20Ercelebi"> Ergun Ercelebi</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The alternating current is the main power in all industries and other aspects especially for the short and mid distances, but as far as long a distance which exceeds 500 KMs, using the alternating current technically will face many difficulties and more costs because it's difficult to control the current and also other restrictions. Therefore, recently those reasons led to building transmission lines HVDC to transmit power for long distances. This document presents technical comparison and assessments for power transmission system among distances either ways and studying the stability of the system regarding the proportion of losses in the actual power sent and received between both sides in different systems and also categorizing filters used in the HVDC system and its impact and effect on reducing Harmonic in the power transmission. MATLAB /Simulink simulation software is used to simulate both HVAC & HVDC power transmission system topologies. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=HVAC%20power%20system" title="HVAC power system">HVAC power system</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=HVDC%20power%20system" title=" HVDC power system"> HVDC power system</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=power%20system%20simulation%20%28MATLAB%29" title=" power system simulation (MATLAB)"> power system simulation (MATLAB)</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=the%20alternating%20current" title=" the alternating current"> the alternating current</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=voltage%20stability" title=" voltage stability"> voltage stability</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/45736/enhance-power-quality-by-hvdc-system-comparison-technique-between-hvdc-and-hvac-transmission-systems" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/45736.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">366</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">7117</span> Modeling of Transformer Winding for Transients: Frequency-Dependent Proximity and Skin Analysis</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Yazid%20%20Alkraimeen">Yazid Alkraimeen</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Precise prediction of dielectric stresses and high voltages of power transformers require the accurate calculation of frequency-dependent parameters. A lack of accuracy can result in severe damages to transformer windings. Transient conditions is stuided by digital computers, which require the implementation of accurate models. This paper analyzes the computation of frequency-dependent skin and proximity losses included in the transformer winding model, using analytical equations and Finite Element Method (FEM). A modified formula to calculate the proximity and the skin losses is presented. The results of the frequency-dependent parameter calculations are verified using the Finite Element Method. The time-domain transient voltages are obtained using Numerical Inverse Laplace Transform. The results show that the classical formula for proximity losses is overestimating the transient voltages when compared with the results obtained from the modified method on a simple transformer geometry. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=fast%20front%20transients" title="fast front transients">fast front transients</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=proximity%20losses" title=" proximity losses"> proximity losses</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=transformer%20winding%20modeling" title=" transformer winding modeling"> transformer winding modeling</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=skin%20losses" title=" skin losses"> skin losses</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/118676/modeling-of-transformer-winding-for-transients-frequency-dependent-proximity-and-skin-analysis" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/118676.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">139</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">7116</span> Research Trends in High Voltage Power Transmission</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Tlotlollo%20Sidwell%20Hlalele">Tlotlollo Sidwell Hlalele</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Shengzhi%20Du"> Shengzhi Du</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> High voltage transmission is the most pivotal process in the electrical power industry. It requires a robust infrastructure that can last for decades without causing impairment in human life. Due to the so-called global warming, power transmission system has started to experience some challenges which could presumably escalate more in future. These challenges are earthquake resistance, transmission power losses, and high electromagnetic field. In this paper, research efforts aim to address these challenges are discussed. We focus in particular on the research in regenerative electric energy such as: wind, hydropower, biomass and sea-waves based on the energy storage and transmission possibility. We conclude by drawing attention to specific areas that we believe need more research. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=power%20transmission" title="power transmission">power transmission</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=regenerative%20energy" title=" regenerative energy"> regenerative energy</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=power%20quality" title=" power quality"> power quality</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=energy%20storage" title=" energy storage"> energy storage</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/10164/research-trends-in-high-voltage-power-transmission" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/10164.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">351</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">7115</span> Minimization of Switching Losses in Cascaded Multilevel Inverters Using Efficient Sequential Switching Hybrid-Modulation Techniques</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=P.%20Satish%20Kumar">P. Satish Kumar</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=K.%20Ramakrishna"> K. Ramakrishna</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Ch.%20Lokeshwar%20Reddy"> Ch. Lokeshwar Reddy</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=G.%20Sridhar"> G. Sridhar</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> This paper presents two different sequential switching hybrid-modulation strategies and implemented for cascaded multilevel inverters. Hybrid modulation strategies represent the combinations of Fundamental-Frequency Pulse Width Modulation (FFPWM) and Multilevel Sinusoidal-Modulation (MSPWM) strategies, and are designed for performance of the well-known Alternative Phase Opposition Disposition (APOD), Phase Shifted Carrier (PSC). The main characteristics of these modulations are the reduction of switching losses with good harmonic performance, balanced power loss dissipation among the devices with in a cell, and among the series-connected cells. The feasibility of these modulations is verified through spectral analysis, power loss analysis and simulation. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=cascaded%20multilevel%20inverters" title="cascaded multilevel inverters">cascaded multilevel inverters</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=hybrid%20modulation" title=" hybrid modulation"> hybrid modulation</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=power%20loss%20analysis" title=" power loss analysis"> power loss analysis</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=pulse%20width%20modulation" title=" pulse width modulation"> pulse width modulation</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/7094/minimization-of-switching-losses-in-cascaded-multilevel-inverters-using-efficient-sequential-switching-hybrid-modulation-techniques" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/7094.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">537</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">7114</span> Design of Active Power Filters for Harmonics on Power System and Reducing Harmonic Currents</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=D%C3%BCzg%C3%BCn%20Akmaz">D眉zg眉n Akmaz</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=H%C3%BCseyin%20Eri%C5%9Fti"> H眉seyin Eri艧ti</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> In the last few years, harmonics have been occurred with the increasing use of nonlinear loads, and these harmonics have been an ever increasing problem for the line systems. This situation importantly affects the quality of power and gives large losses to the network. An efficient way to solve these problems is providing harmonic compensation through parallel active power filters. Many methods can be used in the control systems of the parallel active power filters which provide the compensation. These methods efficiently affect the performance of the active power filters. For this reason, the chosen control method is significant. In this study, Fourier analysis (FA) control method and synchronous reference frame (SRF) control method are discussed. These control methods are designed for both eliminate harmonics and perform reactive power compensation in MATLAB/Simulink pack program and are tested. The results have been compared for each two methods. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=parallel%20active%20power%20filters" title="parallel active power filters">parallel active power filters</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=harmonic%20compensation" title=" harmonic compensation"> harmonic compensation</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=power%20quality" title=" power quality"> power quality</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=harmonics" title=" harmonics"> harmonics</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/11639/design-of-active-power-filters-for-harmonics-on-power-system-and-reducing-harmonic-currents" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/11639.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">459</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">7113</span> Increasing Power Transfer Capacity of Distribution Networks Using Direct Current Feeders</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Akim%20Borbuev">Akim Borbuev</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Francisco%20de%20Le%C3%B3n"> Francisco de Le贸n</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Economic and population growth in densely-populated urban areas introduce major challenges to distribution system operators, planers, and designers. To supply added loads, utilities are frequently forced to invest in new distribution feeders. However, this is becoming increasingly more challenging due to space limitations and rising installation costs in urban settings. This paper proposes the conversion of critical alternating current (ac) distribution feeders into direct current (dc) feeders to increase the power transfer capacity by a factor as high as four. Current trends suggest that the return of dc transmission, distribution, and utilization are inevitable. Since a total system-level transformation to dc operation is not possible in a short period of time due to the needed huge investments and utility unreadiness, this paper recommends that feeders that are expected to exceed their limits in near future are converted to dc. The increase in power transfer capacity is achieved through several key differences between ac and dc power transmission systems. First, it is shown that underground cables can be operated at higher dc voltage than the ac voltage for the same dielectric stress in the insulation. Second, cable sheath losses, due to induced voltages yielding circulation currents, that can be as high as phase conductor losses under ac operation, are not present under dc. Finally, skin and proximity effects in conductors and sheaths do not exist in dc cables. The paper demonstrates that in addition to the increased power transfer capacity utilities substituting ac feeders by dc feeders could benefit from significant lower costs and reduced losses. Installing dc feeders is less expensive than installing new ac feeders even when new trenches are not needed. Case studies using the IEEE 342-Node Low Voltage Networked Test System quantify the technical and economic benefits of dc feeders. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=DC%20power%20systems" title="DC power systems">DC power systems</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=distribution%20feeders" title=" distribution feeders"> distribution feeders</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=distribution%20networks" title=" distribution networks"> distribution networks</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=power%20transfer%20capacity" title=" power transfer capacity"> power transfer capacity</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/122717/increasing-power-transfer-capacity-of-distribution-networks-using-direct-current-feeders" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/122717.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">128</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">7112</span> A Comprehensive Evaluation of IGBTs Performance under Zero Current Switching</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Ly.%20Benbahouche">Ly. Benbahouche</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Currently, several soft switching topologies have been studied to achieve high power switching efficiency, reduced cost, improved reliability and reduced parasites. It is well known that improvement in power electronics systems always depend on advanced in power devices. The IGBT has been successfully used in a variety of switching applications such as motor drives and appliance control because of its superior characteristics. The aim of this paper is focuses on simulation and explication of the internal dynamics of IGBTs behaviour under the most popular soft switching schemas that is Zero Current Switching (ZCS) environments. The main purpose of this paper is to point out some mechanisms relating to current tail during the turn-off and examination of the response at turn-off with variation of temperature, inductance L, snubber capacitors Cs, and bus voltage in order to achieve an improved understanding of internal carrier dynamics. It is shown that the snubber capacitor, the inductance and even the temperature controls the magnitude and extent of the tail current, hence the turn-off time (switching speed of the device). Moreover, it has also been demonstrated that the ZCS switching can be utilized efficiently to improve and reduce the power losses as well as the turn-off time. Furthermore, the turn-off loss in ZCS was found to depend on the time of switching of the device. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=PT-IGBT" title="PT-IGBT">PT-IGBT</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=ZCS" title=" ZCS"> ZCS</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=turn-off%20losses" title=" turn-off losses"> turn-off losses</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=dV%2Fdt" title=" dV/dt"> dV/dt</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/6516/a-comprehensive-evaluation-of-igbts-performance-under-zero-current-switching" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/6516.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">316</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">7111</span> Performance Analysis of Different Power Electronics Structures for Electric Vehicles (EVs)</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Sekkak%20Abdelmalek">Sekkak Abdelmalek</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The aim of this paper is to establish an energy balance of the drivetrain of a low power electric vehicle (around ten kilowatts). The study is based on two topologies of power electronics converter, the voltage source inverter and cascaded H-Bridge inverter. For each of these solutions, two voltage levels are studied for the drivetrain. At first a discussion of cascaded H-Bridge inverters will be performed on the potential benefits of this structure for its use to other functions such as macroscopic batteries management system. In a second step, the performances of the traction chain are compared according to the structure of the power converter and the voltage level of the traction chain. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=power%20electronics" title="power electronics">power electronics</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=static%20converters" title=" static converters"> static converters</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=cascaded%20H-Bridge" title=" cascaded H-Bridge"> cascaded H-Bridge</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=traction%20chain" title=" traction chain"> traction chain</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=efficiency" title=" efficiency"> efficiency</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=losses" title=" losses"> losses</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=batteries%20balancing" title=" batteries balancing"> batteries balancing</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/7220/performance-analysis-of-different-power-electronics-structures-for-electric-vehicles-evs" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/7220.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">512</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">7110</span> Flexible Alternative Current Transmission System Impact on Grid Stability and Power Markets</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Abdulrahman%20M.%20Alsuhaibani">Abdulrahman M. Alsuhaibani</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Martin%20Maken"> Martin Maken</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> FACTS devices have great influence on the grid stability and power markets price. Recently, there is intent to integrate a large scale of renewable energy sources to the power system which in turn push the power system to operate closer to the security limits. This paper discusses the power system stability and reliability improvement that could be achieved by using FACTS. There is a comparison between FACTS devices to evaluate their performance for different functions. A case study has also been made about its effect on reducing generation cost and minimizing transmission losses which have good impact on efficient and economic operation of electricity markets <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=FACTS" title="FACTS">FACTS</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=grid%20stability" title=" grid stability"> grid stability</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=spot%20price" title=" spot price"> spot price</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=OPF" title=" OPF"> OPF</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/150397/flexible-alternative-current-transmission-system-impact-on-grid-stability-and-power-markets" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/150397.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">159</span> </span> </div> </div> <ul class="pagination"> <li class="page-item disabled"><span class="page-link">&lsaquo;</span></li> <li class="page-item active"><span class="page-link">1</span></li> <li class="page-item"><a class="page-link" href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=power%20losses&page=2">2</a></li> <li class="page-item"><a class="page-link" href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=power%20losses&page=3">3</a></li> <li class="page-item"><a class="page-link" href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=power%20losses&page=4">4</a></li> <li class="page-item"><a class="page-link" href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=power%20losses&page=5">5</a></li> <li class="page-item"><a class="page-link" href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=power%20losses&page=6">6</a></li> <li class="page-item"><a class="page-link" href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=power%20losses&page=7">7</a></li> <li class="page-item"><a class="page-link" href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=power%20losses&page=8">8</a></li> <li class="page-item"><a class="page-link" href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=power%20losses&page=9">9</a></li> <li class="page-item"><a class="page-link" href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=power%20losses&page=10">10</a></li> <li class="page-item disabled"><span class="page-link">...</span></li> <li class="page-item"><a class="page-link" href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=power%20losses&page=237">237</a></li> <li class="page-item"><a class="page-link" href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=power%20losses&page=238">238</a></li> <li class="page-item"><a class="page-link" href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=power%20losses&page=2" rel="next">&rsaquo;</a></li> </ul> </div> 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