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class="page-actions-menu__list-item"> <a role="button" id="ca-edit" href="/w/index.php?title=Sprite_(computer_graphics)&action=edit" data-event-name="menu.edit" data-mw="interface" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet edit-page menu__item--page-actions-edit"> Edit </a> </li> </ul> </nav>  <div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="content"> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><script>function mfTempOpenSection(id){var block=document.getElementById("mf-section-"+id);block.className+=" open-block";block.previousSibling.className+=" open-block";}</script><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><section class="mf-section-0" id="mf-section-0"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For the technique of combining images into a single bitmap, see <a href="/wiki/Texture_atlas" title="Texture atlas">Texture atlas</a>. For the process of drawing sprites, see <a href="/wiki/Pixel_art" title="Pixel art">Pixel art</a>. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Sprite_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Sprite (disambiguation)">Sprite (disambiguation)</a>.</div> In <a href="/wiki/Computer_graphics" title="Computer graphics">computer graphics</a>, a sprite is a <a href="/wiki/Plane_(mathematics)" title="Plane (mathematics)">two-dimensional</a> <a href="/wiki/Bitmap" title="Bitmap">bitmap</a> that is integrated into a larger scene, most often in a 2D <a href="/wiki/Video_game" title="Video game">video game</a>. Originally, the term sprite referred to fixed-sized objects composited together, by hardware, with a background.<a href="#cite_note-dadgum-1">[1]</a> Use of the term has since become more general. <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Broforce_boss_sprites_2_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Broforce_boss_sprites_2_%28cropped%29.jpg/220px-Broforce_boss_sprites_2_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="145" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Broforce_boss_sprites_2_%28cropped%29.jpg/330px-Broforce_boss_sprites_2_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Broforce_boss_sprites_2_%28cropped%29.jpg/440px-Broforce_boss_sprites_2_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="968" data-file-height="637"></a><figcaption>Tank and rocket sprites from <a href="/wiki/Broforce" title="Broforce">Broforce</a></figcaption></figure> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist 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.sidebar-subgroup{width:100%;margin:0;border-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-left{float:left;clear:left;margin:0.5em 1em 1em 0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-none{float:none;clear:both;margin:0.5em 1em 1em 0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-outer-title{padding:0 0.4em 0.2em;font-size:125%;line-height:1.2em;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-top-image{padding:0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-top-caption,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-pretitle-with-top-image,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-caption{padding:0.2em 0.4em 0;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-pretitle{padding:0.4em 0.4em 0;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{padding:0.2em 0.8em;font-size:145%;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{padding:0.1em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-image{padding:0.2em 0.4em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-heading{padding:0.1em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-content{padding:0 0.5em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-content-with-subgroup{padding:0.1em 0.4em 0.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-above,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-below{padding:0.3em 0.8em;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-above,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-below{border-top:1px solid #aaa;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-navbar{text-align:right;font-size:115%;padding:0 0.4em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:left;font-weight:bold;line-height:1.6em;font-size:105%}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title-c{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:center;margin:0 3.3em}@media(max-width:640px){body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:100%!important;clear:both;float:none!important;margin-left:0!important;margin-right:0!important}}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .sidebar a>img{max-width:none!important}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style> Systems with hardware sprites include <a href="/wiki/Arcade_video_game" title="Arcade video game">arcade video games</a> of the 1970s and 1980s; <a href="/wiki/Game_consoles" class="mw-redirect" title="Game consoles">game consoles</a> including as the <a href="/wiki/Atari_VCS" class="mw-redirect" title="Atari VCS">Atari VCS</a> (1977), <a href="/wiki/ColecoVision" title="ColecoVision">ColecoVision</a> (1982), <a href="/wiki/Nintendo_Entertainment_System" title="Nintendo Entertainment System">Famicom</a> (1983), <a href="/wiki/Sega_Genesis" title="Sega Genesis">Genesis/Mega Drive</a> (1988); and <a href="/wiki/Home_computers" class="mw-redirect" title="Home computers">home computers</a> such as the <a href="/wiki/TI-99/4" class="mw-redirect" title="TI-99/4">TI-99/4</a> (1979), <a href="/wiki/Atari_8-bit_computers" title="Atari 8-bit computers">Atari 8-bit computers</a> (1979), <a href="/wiki/Commodore_64" title="Commodore 64">Commodore 64</a> (1982), <a href="/wiki/MSX" title="MSX">MSX</a> (1983), <a href="/wiki/Amiga" title="Amiga">Amiga</a> (1985), and <a href="/wiki/X68000" title="X68000">X68000</a> (1987). Hardware varies in the number of sprites supported, the size and colors of each sprite, and special effects such as scaling or reporting pixel-precise overlap. Hardware composition of sprites occurs as each <a href="/wiki/Scan_line" title="Scan line">scan line</a> is prepared for the video output device, such as a <a href="/wiki/Cathode-ray_tube" title="Cathode-ray tube">cathode-ray tube</a>, without involvement of the main <a href="/wiki/Central_processing_unit" title="Central processing unit">CPU</a> and without the need for a full-screen <a href="/wiki/Frame_buffer" class="mw-redirect" title="Frame buffer">frame buffer</a>.<a href="#cite_note-dadgum-1">[1]</a> Sprites can be positioned or altered by setting attributes used during the hardware composition process. The number of sprites which can be displayed per scan line is often lower than the total number of sprites a system supports. For example, the Texas Instruments <a href="/wiki/TMS9918" title="TMS9918">TMS9918</a> chip supports 32 sprites, but only four can appear on the same scan line. The CPUs in modern computers, video game consoles, and mobile devices are fast enough that bitmaps can be drawn into a frame buffer without special hardware assistance. Beyond that, <a href="/wiki/GPU" class="mw-redirect" title="GPU">GPUs</a> can render vast numbers of scaled, rotated, <a href="/wiki/Anti-aliased" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-aliased">anti-aliased</a>, partially translucent, very high resolution images in parallel with the CPU. <div id="toc" class="toc" role="navigation" aria-labelledby="mw-toc-heading"><input type="checkbox" role="button" id="toctogglecheckbox" class="toctogglecheckbox" style="display:none"><div class="toctitle" lang="en" dir="ltr"><h2 id="mw-toc-heading">Contents</h2><label class="toctogglelabel" for="toctogglecheckbox"></label></div> <ul> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="#Etymology">1 Etymology</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-2"><a href="#History">2 History</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-3"><a href="#Arcade_video_games">2.1 Arcade video games</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-4"><a href="#Home_systems">2.2 Home systems</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-5"><a href="#In_2.5D_and_3D_games">2.3 In 2.5D and 3D games</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-6"><a href="#Systems_with_hardware_sprites">3 Systems with hardware sprites</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-7"><a href="#See_also">4 See also</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-8"><a href="#References">5 References</a></li> </ul> </div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(1)"><h2 id="Etymology">Etymology</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Sprite_(computer_graphics)&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Etymology" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-1 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-1"> According to Karl Guttag, one of two engineers for the 1979 <a href="/wiki/TMS9918" title="TMS9918">Texas Instruments TMS9918</a> video display processor, this use of the word sprite came from David Ackley, a manager at TI.<a href="#cite_note-2">[2]</a> It was also used by <a href="/wiki/Danny_Hillis" title="Danny Hillis">Danny Hillis</a> at Texas Instruments in the late 1970s.<a href="#cite_note-3">[3]</a> The term was derived from the fact that sprites "float" on top of the background image without overwriting it, much like a ghost or <a href="/wiki/Sprite_(folklore)" title="Sprite (folklore)">mythological sprite</a>. Some hardware manufacturers used different terms, especially before sprite became common: Player/Missile Graphics was a term used by <a href="/wiki/Atari,_Inc." title="Atari, Inc.">Atari, Inc.</a> for hardware sprites in the <a href="/wiki/Atari_8-bit_computers" title="Atari 8-bit computers">Atari 8-bit computers</a> (1979) and <a href="/wiki/Atari_5200" title="Atari 5200">Atari 5200</a> console (1982).<a href="#cite_note-dere-4">[4]</a> The term reflects the use for both characters ("players") and smaller associated objects ("missiles") that share the same color. The earlier <a href="/wiki/Atari_2600" title="Atari 2600">Atari Video Computer System</a> and some Atari arcade games used player, missile, and ball. Stamp was used in some arcade hardware in the early 1980s, including <a href="/wiki/Ms._Pac-Man" title="Ms. Pac-Man">Ms. Pac-Man</a>.<a href="#cite_note-golson-5">[5]</a> Movable Object Block, or MOB, was used in <a href="/wiki/MOS_Technology" title="MOS Technology">MOS Technology</a>'s graphics chip literature. <a href="/wiki/Commodore_International" title="Commodore International">Commodore</a>, the main user of MOS chips and the owner of MOS for most of the chip maker's lifetime, instead used the term sprite for the Commodore 64. OBJs (short for objects) is used in the developer manuals for the <a href="/wiki/Nintendo_Entertainment_System" title="Nintendo Entertainment System">NES</a>, <a href="/wiki/Super_Nintendo_Entertainment_System" title="Super Nintendo Entertainment System">Super NES</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Game_Boy" title="Game Boy">Game Boy</a>. The region of <a href="/wiki/Video_random-access_memory" title="Video random-access memory">video RAM</a> used to store sprite attributes and coordinates is called OAM (Object Attribute Memory). This also applies to the <a href="/wiki/Game_Boy_Advance" title="Game Boy Advance">Game Boy Advance</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nintendo_DS" title="Nintendo DS">Nintendo DS</a>. </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(2)"><h2 id="History">History</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Sprite_(computer_graphics)&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: History" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-2 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-2"> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Arcade_video_games">Arcade video games</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Sprite_(computer_graphics)&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Arcade video games" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> The use of sprites originated with <a href="/wiki/Arcade_video_game" title="Arcade video game">arcade video games</a>. <a href="/wiki/Nolan_Bushnell" title="Nolan Bushnell">Nolan Bushnell</a> came up with the original concept when he developed the first arcade video game, <a href="/wiki/Computer_Space" title="Computer Space">Computer Space</a> (1971). Technical limitations made it difficult to adapt the <a href="/wiki/Early_mainframe_game" class="mw-redirect" title="Early mainframe game">early mainframe game</a> <a href="/wiki/Spacewar!" title="Spacewar!">Spacewar!</a> (1962), which performed an entire <a href="/wiki/Refresh_rate" title="Refresh rate">screen refresh</a> for every little movement, so he came up with a solution to the problem: controlling each individual game element with a dedicated <a href="/wiki/Transistor" title="Transistor">transistor</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Rockets" class="mw-redirect" title="Rockets">rockets</a> were essentially hardwired <a href="/wiki/Bitmaps" class="mw-redirect" title="Bitmaps">bitmaps</a> that moved around the screen independently of the background, an important innovation for producing screen images more efficiently and providing the basis for sprite graphics.<a href="#cite_note-6">[6]</a> The earliest video games to represent <a href="/wiki/Player_characters" class="mw-redirect" title="Player characters">player characters</a> as human player sprites were arcade <a href="/wiki/Sports_video_games" class="mw-redirect" title="Sports video games">sports video games</a>, beginning with <a href="/wiki/Taito" title="Taito">Taito</a>'s <a href="/wiki/TV_Basketball" class="mw-redirect" title="TV Basketball">TV Basketball</a>,<a href="#cite_note-7">[7]</a><a href="#cite_note-8">[8]</a><a href="#cite_note-9">[9]</a> released in April 1974 and licensed to <a href="/wiki/Midway_Manufacturing" class="mw-redirect" title="Midway Manufacturing">Midway Manufacturing</a> for release in North America.<a href="#cite_note-Akagi-10">[10]</a> Designed by <a href="/wiki/Tomohiro_Nishikado" title="Tomohiro Nishikado">Tomohiro Nishikado</a>, he wanted to move beyond simple <a href="/wiki/Pong" title="Pong">Pong</a>-style rectangles to character graphics, by rearranging the rectangle shapes into objects that look like <a href="/wiki/Basketball" title="Basketball">basketball</a> players and <a href="/wiki/Basketball_hoop" class="mw-redirect" title="Basketball hoop">basketball hoops</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Smith-11">[11]</a><a href="#cite_note-Nikkei-12">[12]</a> <a href="/wiki/Ramtek_(company)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ramtek (company)">Ramtek</a> released another sports video game in October 1974, Baseball,<a href="#cite_note-Akagi-10">[10]</a> which similarly displayed human-like characters.<a href="#cite_note-13">[13]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Namco_Galaxian" class="mw-redirect" title="Namco Galaxian">Namco Galaxian</a> <a href="/wiki/Arcade_system_board" class="mw-redirect" title="Arcade system board">arcade system board</a>, for the 1979 arcade game <a href="/wiki/Galaxian" title="Galaxian">Galaxian</a>, displays animated, multi-colored sprites over a scrolling background.<a href="#cite_note-14">[14]</a> It became the basis for <a href="/wiki/Nintendo" title="Nintendo">Nintendo</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Radar_Scope" title="Radar Scope">Radar Scope</a> and <a href="/wiki/Donkey_Kong_(arcade_game)" class="mw-redirect" title="Donkey Kong (arcade game)">Donkey Kong</a> arcade hardware and <a href="/wiki/Home_console" class="mw-redirect" title="Home console">home consoles</a> such as the <a href="/wiki/Nintendo_Entertainment_System" title="Nintendo Entertainment System">Nintendo Entertainment System</a>.<a href="#cite_note-15">[15]</a> According to Steve Golson from <a href="/wiki/General_Computer_Corporation" title="General Computer Corporation">General Computer Corporation</a>, the term "stamp" was used instead of "sprite" at the time.<a href="#cite_note-golson-5">[5]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Home_systems">Home systems</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Sprite_(computer_graphics)&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Home systems" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <a href="/wiki/Signetics" title="Signetics">Signetics</a> devised the first chips capable of generating sprite graphics (referred to as objects by Signetics) for home systems. The Signetics 2636 video processors were first used in the 1978 <a href="/wiki/1292_Advanced_Programmable_Video_System" title="1292 Advanced Programmable Video System">1292 Advanced Programmable Video System</a> and later in the 1979 <a href="/wiki/Elektor_TV_Games_Computer" title="Elektor TV Games Computer">Elektor TV Games Computer</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Atari_VCS" class="mw-redirect" title="Atari VCS">Atari VCS</a>, released in 1977, has a hardware sprite implementation where five graphical objects can be moved independently of the game playfield. The term sprite was not in use at the time. The VCS's sprites are called movable objects in the programming manual, further identified as two players, two missiles, and one ball.<a href="#cite_note-16">[16]</a> These each consist of a single row of pixels that are displayed on a <a href="/wiki/Scan_line" title="Scan line">scan line</a>. To produce a two-dimensional shape, the sprite's single-row bitmap is altered by software from one scan line to the next. The 1979 <a href="/wiki/Atari_8-bit_computers" title="Atari 8-bit computers">Atari 400 and 800</a> home computers have similar, but more elaborate, circuitry capable of moving eight single-color objects per scan line: four 8-bit wide players and four 2-bit wide missiles. Each is the full height of the display—a long, thin strip. <a href="/wiki/Direct_memory_access" title="Direct memory access">DMA</a> from a table in memory automatically sets the graphics pattern registers for each scan line. Hardware registers control the horizontal position of each player and missile. Vertical motion is achieved by moving the bitmap data within a player or missile's strip. The feature was called player/missile graphics by Atari. <a href="/wiki/Texas_Instruments" title="Texas Instruments">Texas Instruments</a> developed the <a href="/wiki/Texas_Instruments_TMS9918" class="mw-redirect" title="Texas Instruments TMS9918">TMS9918</a> chip with sprite support for its 1979 TI-99/4 home computer. An updated version is used in the 1981 <a href="/wiki/TI-99/4A" title="TI-99/4A">TI-99/4A</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="In_2.5D_and_3D_games">In 2.5D and 3D games</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Sprite_(computer_graphics)&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: In 2.5D and 3D games" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Anarch_short_gameplay.gif" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3a/Anarch_short_gameplay.gif" decoding="async" width="160" height="120" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="160" data-file-height="120"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 160px;height: 120px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3a/Anarch_short_gameplay.gif" data-width="160" data-height="120" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Player interactions with sprites in a 2.5D game</figcaption></figure> Sprites remained popular with the rise of <a href="/wiki/2.5D" title="2.5D">2.5D</a> games (those which recreate a 3D game space from a 2D map) in the late 1980s and early 1990s. A technique called <a href="/wiki/Billboarding" class="mw-redirect" title="Billboarding">billboarding</a> allows 2.5D games to keep onscreen sprites rotated toward the player view at all times. Some 2.5D games, such as 1993's <a href="/wiki/Doom_(1993_video_game)" title="Doom (1993 video game)">Doom</a>, allow the same entity to be represented by different sprites depending on its rotation relative to the viewer, furthering the illusion of 3D. Fully 3D games usually present world objects as <a href="/wiki/3D_modeling" title="3D modeling">3D models</a>, but sprites are supported in some 3D <a href="/wiki/Game_engine" title="Game engine">game engines</a>, such as <a href="/wiki/GoldSrc" title="GoldSrc">GoldSrc</a><a href="#cite_note-17">[17]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Unreal_Engine" title="Unreal Engine">Unreal</a>,<a href="#cite_note-18">[18]</a> and may be billboarded or locked to fixed orientations. Sprites remain useful for small details, <a href="/wiki/Particle_system" title="Particle system">particle effects</a>, and other applications where the lack of a third dimension is not a major detriment. </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(3)"><h2 id="Systems_with_hardware_sprites">Systems with hardware sprites</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Sprite_(computer_graphics)&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Systems with hardware sprites" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-3 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-3"> These are base hardware specs and do not include additional programming techniques, such as using <a href="/wiki/Raster_interrupt" title="Raster interrupt">raster interrupts</a> to repurpose sprites mid-frame. <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <table class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align: center;"> <caption> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>System</th> <th>Sprite hardware</th> <th>Introduced</th> <th>Sprites on screen</th> <th>Sprites per scan line</th> <th>Max. <a href="/wiki/Texel_(graphics)" title="Texel (graphics)">texels</a> on line</th> <th><a href="/wiki/Texture_mapping" title="Texture mapping">Texture</a> width</th> <th>Texture height</th> <th>Colors</th> <th>Zoom</th> <th><a href="/wiki/Rotation" title="Rotation">Rotation</a></th> <th><a href="/wiki/Collision_detection" title="Collision detection">Collision detection</a></th> <th><a href="/wiki/Transparency_(graphic)" title="Transparency (graphic)">Transparency</a></th> <th>Source </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Amstrad_CPC" title="Amstrad CPC">Amstrad Plus</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/ASIC" class="mw-redirect" title="ASIC">ASIC</a></td> <td>1990</td> <td>16</td> <td>16</td> <td>?</td> <td>16</td> <td>16</td> <td>15</td> <td style="background:#FFB; color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-partial">2, 4× vertical, 2, 4× horizontal</td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No</td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Chroma_key" title="Chroma key">Color key</a></td> <td><a href="#cite_note-19">[19]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Atari_2600" title="Atari 2600">Atari 2600</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Television_Interface_Adaptor" title="Television Interface Adaptor">TIA</a></td> <td>1977</td> <td>5</td> <td>5</td> <td>19</td> <td>1, 8</td> <td>262</td> <td>1</td> <td style="background:#FFB; color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-partial">2, 4, 8× horizontal</td> <td style="background:#FFB; color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-partial">Horizontal mirroring</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</td> <td>Color key</td> <td><a href="#cite_note-20">[20]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Atari_8-bit_computers" title="Atari 8-bit computers">Atari 8-bit computers</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/CTIA_and_GTIA" title="CTIA and GTIA">GTIA</a>/<a href="/wiki/ANTIC" title="ANTIC">ANTIC</a></td> <td>1979</td> <td>8</td> <td>8</td> <td>40</td> <td>2, 8</td> <td>128, 256</td> <td>1</td> <td style="background:#FFB; color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-partial">2× vertical, 2, 4× horizontal</td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</td> <td>Color key</td> <td><a href="#cite_note-21">[21]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Commodore_64" title="Commodore 64">Commodore 64</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/MOS_Technology_VIC-II" title="MOS Technology VIC-II">VIC-II</a></td> <td>1982</td> <td>8</td> <td>8</td> <td>96, 192</td> <td>12, 24</td> <td>21</td> <td>1, 3</td> <td style="background:#FFB; color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-partial">2× integer</td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</td> <td>Color key</td> <td><a href="#cite_note-22">[22]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Amiga_Original_Chip_Set" title="Amiga Original Chip Set">Amiga (OCS)</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Original_Amiga_chipset#Denise" class="mw-redirect" title="Original Amiga chipset">Denise</a></td> <td>1985</td> <td>8, can be reused horizontally per 4 pixel increments</td> <td>Arbitrary, 8 unique</td> <td>Arbitrary</td> <td>16</td> <td>Arbitrary</td> <td>3, 15</td> <td style="background:#FFB; color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-partial">Vertical by display list</td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</td> <td>Color key</td> <td><a href="#cite_note-23">[23]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Amiga_Advanced_Graphics_Architecture" title="Amiga Advanced Graphics Architecture">Amiga (AGA)</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Lisa_(computer_chip)" class="mw-redirect" title="Lisa (computer chip)">Lisa</a></td> <td>1992</td> <td>8, can be reused horizontally per 2 pixel increments</td> <td>Arbitrary, 8 unique</td> <td>Arbitrary</td> <td>16, 32, 64</td> <td>Arbitrary</td> <td>3, 15</td> <td style="background:#FFB; color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-partial">Vertical by display list</td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</td> <td>Color key</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/ColecoVision" title="ColecoVision">ColecoVision</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/TMS9918" title="TMS9918">TMS9918A</a></td> <td>1983</td> <td>32</td> <td>4</td> <td>64</td> <td>8, 16</td> <td>8, 16</td> <td>1</td> <td style="background:#FFB; color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-partial">2× integer</td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No</td> <td style="background:#FFB; color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-partial">Partial</td> <td>Color key</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/TI-99/4A" title="TI-99/4A">TI-99/4 & 4A</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/TMS9918" title="TMS9918">TMS9918</a></td> <td>1979</td> <td>32</td> <td>4</td> <td>64</td> <td>8, 16</td> <td>8, 16</td> <td>1</td> <td style="background:#FFB; color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-partial">2× integer</td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No</td> <td style="background:#FFB; color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-partial">Partial</td> <td>Color key</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Gameduino</td> <td></td> <td>2011</td> <td>256</td> <td>96</td> <td>1,536</td> <td>16</td> <td>16</td> <td>255</td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</td> <td>Color key</td> <td><a href="#cite_note-24">[24]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Intellivision" title="Intellivision">Intellivision</a></td> <td>STIC AY-3-8900</td> <td>1979</td> <td>8</td> <td>8</td> <td>64</td> <td>8</td> <td>8,16</td> <td>1</td> <td style="background:#FFB; color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-partial">2, 4, 8× vertical, 2× horizontal</td> <td style="background:#FFB; color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-partial">Horizontal and vertical mirroring</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</td> <td>Color key</td> <td><a href="#cite_note-25">[25]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/MSX" title="MSX">MSX</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/TMS9918" title="TMS9918">TMS9918A</a></td> <td>1983</td> <td>32</td> <td>4</td> <td>64</td> <td>8, 16</td> <td>8, 16</td> <td>1</td> <td style="background:#FFB; color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-partial">2× integer</td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No</td> <td style="background:#FFB; color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-partial">Partial</td> <td>Color key</td> <td><a href="#cite_note-26">[26]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/MSX#MSX2" title="MSX">MSX2</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Yamaha_V9938" title="Yamaha V9938">Yamaha V9938</a></td> <td>1986</td> <td>32</td> <td>8</td> <td>128</td> <td>8, 16</td> <td>8,16</td> <td>1, 3, 7, 15 per line</td> <td style="background:#FFB; color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-partial">2× integer</td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No</td> <td style="background:#FFB; color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-partial">Partial</td> <td>Color key</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/MSX#MSX2.2B" title="MSX">MSX2+</a> / <a href="/wiki/MSX#MSX_turboR" title="MSX">MSX turbo R</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Yamaha_V9958" title="Yamaha V9958">Yamaha V9958</a></td> <td>1988</td> <td>32</td> <td>8</td> <td>128</td> <td>8,16</td> <td>8,16</td> <td>1, 3, 7, 15 per line</td> <td style="background:#FFB; color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-partial">2× integer</td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No</td> <td style="background:#FFB; color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-partial">Partial</td> <td>Color key</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Namco_Pac-Man" class="mw-redirect" title="Namco Pac-Man">Namco Pac-Man</a> (arcade)</td> <td>TTL</td> <td>1980</td> <td>6</td> <td>6</td> <td>96</td> <td>16</td> <td>16</td> <td>3</td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No</td> <td style="background:#FFB; color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-partial">Horizontal and vertical mirroring</td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No</td> <td>Color key</td> <td><a href="#cite_note-27">[27]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/TurboGrafx-16" title="TurboGrafx-16">TurboGrafx-16</a></td> <td>HuC6270A</td> <td>1987</td> <td>64</td> <td>16</td> <td>256</td> <td>16, 32</td> <td>16, 32, 64</td> <td>15</td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No</td> <td style="background:#FFB; color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-partial">Horizontal and vertical mirroring</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</td> <td>Color key</td> <td><a href="#cite_note-28">[28]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Namco_Galaxian" class="mw-redirect" title="Namco Galaxian">Namco Galaxian</a> (arcade)</td> <td>TTL</td> <td>1979</td> <td>7</td> <td>7</td> <td>112</td> <td>16</td> <td>16</td> <td>3</td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No</td> <td style="background:#FFB; color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-partial">Horizontal and vertical mirroring</td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No</td> <td>Color key</td> <td><a href="#cite_note-29">[29]</a><a href="#cite_note-30">[30]</a><a href="#cite_note-31">[31]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Nintendo" title="Nintendo">Nintendo</a> <a href="/wiki/Donkey_Kong_(arcade_game)" class="mw-redirect" title="Donkey Kong (arcade game)">Donkey Kong</a>, <a href="/wiki/Radar_Scope" title="Radar Scope">Radar Scope</a> (arcade)</td> <td></td> <td>1979</td> <td>128</td> <td>16</td> <td>256</td> <td>16</td> <td>16</td> <td>3</td> <td style="background:#FFB; color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-partial">Integer</td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</td> <td>Color key</td> <td><a href="#cite_note-32">[32]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Nintendo_DS#Technical_specifications" title="Nintendo DS">Nintendo DS</a></td> <td>Integrated PPU</td> <td>2004</td> <td>128</td> <td>128</td> <td>1,210</td> <td>8, 16, 32, 64</td> <td>8, 16, 32, 64</td> <td>65,536</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes"><a href="/wiki/Affine_transformation" title="Affine transformation">Affine</a></td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes"><a href="/wiki/Affine_transformation" title="Affine transformation">Affine</a></td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No</td> <td>Color key, blending</td> <td><a href="#cite_note-33">[33]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Nintendo_Entertainment_System_technical_specifications" class="mw-redirect" title="Nintendo Entertainment System technical specifications">NES/Famicom</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Ricoh" title="Ricoh">Ricoh</a> <a href="/wiki/Picture_Processing_Unit" class="mw-redirect" title="Picture Processing Unit">RP2C0x PPU</a></td> <td>1983</td> <td>64</td> <td>8</td> <td>64</td> <td>8</td> <td>8, 16</td> <td>3</td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No</td> <td style="background:#FFB; color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-partial">Horizontal and vertical mirroring</td> <td style="background:#FFB; color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-partial">Partial</td> <td>Color key</td> <td><a href="#cite_note-34">[34]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Game_Boy" title="Game Boy">Game Boy</a></td> <td>Integrated PPU</td> <td>1989</td> <td>40</td> <td>10</td> <td>80</td> <td>8</td> <td>8, 16</td> <td>3</td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No</td> <td style="background:#FFB; color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-partial">Horizontal and vertical mirroring</td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No</td> <td>Color key</td> <td><a href="#cite_note-35">[35]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Game_Boy_Advance" title="Game Boy Advance">Game Boy Advance</a></td> <td>Integrated PPU</td> <td>2001</td> <td>128</td> <td>128</td> <td>1210</td> <td>8, 16, 32, 64</td> <td>8, 16, 32, 64</td> <td>15, 255</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes"><a href="/wiki/Affine_transformation" title="Affine transformation">Affine</a></td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes"><a href="/wiki/Affine_transformation" title="Affine transformation">Affine</a></td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No</td> <td>Color key, blending</td> <td><a href="#cite_note-36">[36]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Master_System" title="Master System">Master System</a>, <a href="/wiki/Game_Gear" title="Game Gear">Game Gear</a></td> <td>YM2602B VDP (TMS9918-derived)</td> <td>1985</td> <td>64</td> <td>8</td> <td>128</td> <td>8, 16</td> <td>8, 16</td> <td>15</td> <td style="background:#FFB; color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-partial">2× integer, 2× vertical</td> <td style="background:#FFB; color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-partial">Background tile mirroring</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</td> <td>Color key</td> <td><a href="#cite_note-37">[37]</a><a href="#cite_note-38">[38]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Sega_Genesis" title="Sega Genesis">Genesis / Mega Drive</a></td> <td>YM7101 VDP (SMS VDP-derived)</td> <td>1988</td> <td>80</td> <td>20</td> <td>320</td> <td>8, 16, 24, 32</td> <td>8, 16, 24, 32</td> <td>15</td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No</td> <td style="background:#FFB; color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-partial">Horizontal and vertical mirroring</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</td> <td>Color key</td> <td><a href="#cite_note-39">[39]</a><a href="#cite_note-40">[40]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Sega_OutRun" class="mw-redirect" title="Sega OutRun">Sega OutRun</a> (arcade)</td> <td></td> <td>1986</td> <td>128</td> <td>128</td> <td>1600</td> <td>8 to 512</td> <td>8 to 256</td> <td>15</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes"><a href="/wiki/Anisotropic" class="mw-redirect" title="Anisotropic">Anisotropic</a></td> <td style="background:#FFB; color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-partial">Horizontal and vertical mirroring</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</td> <td>Alpha</td> <td><a href="#cite_note-41">[41]</a><a href="#cite_note-42">[42]</a><a href="#cite_note-43">[43]</a><a href="#cite_note-44">[44]</a><a href="#cite_note-45">[45]</a><a href="#cite_note-46">[46]</a><a href="#cite_note-47">[47]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/X68000" title="X68000">X68000</a></td> <td>Cynthia jr. (original), Cynthia (later models)</td> <td>1987</td> <td>128</td> <td>32</td> <td>512</td> <td>16</td> <td>16</td> <td>15</td> <td style="background:#FFB; color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-partial">2× integer</td> <td style="background:#FFB; color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-partial">Horizontal and vertical mirroring</td> <td style="background:#FFB; color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-partial">Partial</td> <td>Color key</td> <td><a href="#cite_note-48">[48]</a><a href="#cite_note-49">[49]</a><a href="#cite_note-50">[50]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Neo_Geo_(console)#Display" class="mw-redirect" title="Neo Geo (console)">Neo Geo</a></td> <td>LSPC2-A2</td> <td>1990</td> <td>384</td> <td>96</td> <td>1536</td> <td>16</td> <td>16 to 512</td> <td>15</td> <td style="background:#FFB; color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-partial">Sprite shrinking</td> <td style="background:#FFB; color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-partial">Horizontal and vertical mirroring</td> <td style="background:#FFB; color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-partial">Partial</td> <td>Color key</td> <td><a href="#cite_note-51">[51]</a><a href="#cite_note-52">[52]</a><a href="#cite_note-53">[53]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Super_Nintendo_Entertainment_System_technical_specifications" class="mw-redirect" title="Super Nintendo Entertainment System technical specifications">Super NES / Super Famicom</a></td> <td>S-PPU1, S-PPU2</td> <td>1990</td> <td>128</td> <td>34</td> <td>256</td> <td>8, 16, 32, 64</td> <td>8, 16, 32, 64</td> <td>15</td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No</td> <td style="background:#FFB; color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-partial">Horizontal and vertical mirroring</td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No</td> <td>Color key, averaging</td> <td><a href="#cite_note-54">[54]</a> </td></tr> <tr class="sortbottom"> <th>System</th> <th>Sprite hardware</th> <th>Introduced</th> <th>Sprites on screen</th> <th>Sprites on line</th> <th>Max. <a href="/wiki/Texel_(graphics)" title="Texel (graphics)">texels</a> on line</th> <th><a href="/wiki/Texture_mapping" title="Texture mapping">Texture</a> width</th> <th>Texture height</th> <th>Colors</th> <th>Hardware zoom</th> <th><a href="/wiki/Rotation" title="Rotation">Rotation</a></th> <th><a href="/wiki/Collision_detection" title="Collision detection">Collision detection</a></th> <th><a href="/wiki/Transparency_(graphic)" title="Transparency (graphic)">Transparency</a></th> <th>Source </th></tr></tbody></table> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(4)"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Sprite_(computer_graphics)&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: See also" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-4 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-4"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2.5D" title="2.5D">2.5D</a></li></ul> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(5)"><h2 id="References">References</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Sprite_(computer_graphics)&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: References" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-5 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-5"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-dadgum-1">^ <a href="#cite_ref-dadgum_1-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-dadgum_1-1">b</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFHague" class="citation web cs1">Hague, James. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://prog21.dadgum.com/181.html">"Why Do Dedicated Game Consoles Exist?"</a>. Programming in the 21st Century. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180423173142/http://prog21.dadgum.com/181.html">Archived</a> from the original on 2018-04-23. Retrieved 2019-09-02.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Programming+in+the+21st+Century&rft.atitle=Why+Do+Dedicated+Game+Consoles+Exist%3F&rft.aulast=Hague&rft.aufirst=James&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fprog21.dadgum.com%2F181.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASprite+%28computer+graphics%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGuttag2011" class="citation web cs1">Guttag, KArl (December 6, 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://kguttag.com/2011/12/06/first-be-useful-home-computers-and-pico-projectors/">"First, Be Useful (Home computers and Pico Projectors)"</a>. KGOnTech.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=KGOnTech&rft.atitle=First%2C+Be+Useful+%28Home+computers+and+Pico+Projectors%29&rft.date=2011-12-06&rft.aulast=Guttag&rft.aufirst=KArl&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fkguttag.com%2F2011%2F12%2F06%2Ffirst-be-useful-home-computers-and-pico-projectors%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASprite+%28computer+graphics%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJohnstone2003" class="citation book cs1">Johnstone, Bob (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=UsWRDjcuao8C&q=daniel+hillis+sprites&pg=PA108">Never Mind the Laptops: Kids, Computers, and the Transformation of Learning</a>. iUniverse. p. 108. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0595288427" title="Special:BookSources/978-0595288427"><bdi>978-0595288427</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Never+Mind+the+Laptops%3A+Kids%2C+Computers%2C+and+the+Transformation+of+Learning&rft.pages=108&rft.pub=iUniverse&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0595288427&rft.aulast=Johnstone&rft.aufirst=Bob&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DUsWRDjcuao8C%26q%3Ddaniel%2Bhillis%2Bsprites%26pg%3DPA108&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASprite+%28computer+graphics%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-dere-4"><a href="#cite_ref-dere_4-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.atariarchives.org/dere/chapt04.php">"De Re Atari"</a>. 1981. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170731041803/http://www.atariarchives.org/dere/chapt04.php">Archived</a> from the original on 2017-07-31. Retrieved 2017-08-10.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=De+Re+Atari&rft.date=1981&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.atariarchives.org%2Fdere%2Fchapt04.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASprite+%28computer+graphics%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-golson-5">^ <a href="#cite_ref-golson_5-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-golson_5-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation audio-visual cs1">Steve Golson (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gdcvault.com/play/1023366/Classic-Game-Postmortem-Ms-Pac">Classic Game Postmortem: 'Ms. Pac-Man'</a> (Conference). <a href="/wiki/Game_Developers_Conference" title="Game Developers Conference">Game Developers Conference</a>. Event occurs at 20:30. Retrieved 2017-01-26. <q>[…] 6 moving characters, what you would call today "sprites" we called them "stamps" back then, […].</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Classic+Game+Postmortem%3A+%27Ms.+Pac-Man%27&rft.pub=Game+Developers+Conference&rft.date=2016&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.gdcvault.com%2Fplay%2F1023366%2FClassic-Game-Postmortem-Ms-Pac&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASprite+%28computer+graphics%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSwalwellWilson2015" class="citation book cs1">Swalwell, Melanie; Wilson, Jason (12 May 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=BbW_DUV-pP4C&pg=PA110">The Pleasures of Computer Gaming: Essays on Cultural History, Theory and Aesthetics</a>. <a href="/wiki/McFarland_%26_Company" title="McFarland & Company">McFarland & Company</a>. pp. 109–10. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7864-5120-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7864-5120-3"><bdi>978-0-7864-5120-3</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210516025657/https://books.google.com/books?id=BbW_DUV-pP4C&pg=PA110">Archived</a> from the original on 16 May 2021. Retrieved 16 May 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Pleasures+of+Computer+Gaming%3A+Essays+on+Cultural+History%2C+Theory+and+Aesthetics&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E109-%3C%2Fspan%3E10&rft.pub=McFarland+%26+Company&rft.date=2015-05-12&rft.isbn=978-0-7864-5120-3&rft.aulast=Swalwell&rft.aufirst=Melanie&rft.au=Wilson%2C+Jason&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DBbW_DUV-pP4C%26pg%3DPA110&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASprite+%28computer+graphics%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFColbyJohnsonColby2021" class="citation book cs1">Colby, Richard; Johnson, Matthew S. S.; Colby, Rebekah Shultz (27 January 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=vZoXEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA130">The Ethics of Playing, Researching, and Teaching Games in the Writing Classroom</a>. <a href="/wiki/Springer_Nature" title="Springer Nature">Springer Nature</a>. p. 130. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-030-63311-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-030-63311-0"><bdi>978-3-030-63311-0</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210503195104/https://books.google.com/books?id=vZoXEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA130">Archived</a> from the original on 3 May 2021. Retrieved 3 May 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Ethics+of+Playing%2C+Researching%2C+and+Teaching+Games+in+the+Writing+Classroom&rft.pages=130&rft.pub=Springer+Nature&rft.date=2021-01-27&rft.isbn=978-3-030-63311-0&rft.aulast=Colby&rft.aufirst=Richard&rft.au=Johnson%2C+Matthew+S.+S.&rft.au=Colby%2C+Rebekah+Shultz&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DvZoXEAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA130&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASprite+%28computer+graphics%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://allincolorforaquarter.blogspot.co.uk/2013/11/video-game-firsts.html">Video Game Firsts</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171105041440/http://allincolorforaquarter.blogspot.co.uk/2013/11/video-game-firsts.html">Archived</a> 2017-11-05 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, The Golden Age Arcade Historian (November 22, 2013) </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://flyers.arcade-museum.com/?page=wide-flyer&db=videodb&id=4036&image=2">Basketball Flyer</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140708201534/http://flyers.arcade-museum.com/?page=wide-flyer&db=videodb&id=4036&image=2">Archived</a> 2014-07-08 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> (1974), Arcade Flyer Museum </li> <li id="cite_note-Akagi-10">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Akagi_10-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Akagi_10-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAkagi2006" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Akagi, Masumi (13 October 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/ArcadeGameList1971-2005/page/n41/mode/2up">アーケードTVゲームリスト国内•海外編(1971-2005)</a> [Arcade TV Game List: Domestic • Overseas Edition (1971-2005)] (in Japanese). Japan: Amusement News Agency. pp. 40–1, 51, 129. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-4990251215" title="Special:BookSources/978-4990251215"><bdi>978-4990251215</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%E3%82%A2%E3%83%BC%E3%82%B1%E3%83%BC%E3%83%89TV%E3%82%B2%E3%83%BC%E3%83%A0%E3%83%AA%E3%82%B9%E3%83%88%E5%9B%BD%E5%86%85%E2%80%A2%E6%B5%B7%E5%A4%96%E7%B7%A8%281971-2005%29&rft.place=Japan&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E40-%3C%2Fspan%3E1%2C+51%2C+129&rft.pub=Amusement+News+Agency&rft.date=2006-10-13&rft.isbn=978-4990251215&rft.aulast=Akagi&rft.aufirst=Masumi&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2FArcadeGameList1971-2005%2Fpage%2Fn41%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASprite+%28computer+graphics%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Smith-11"><a href="#cite_ref-Smith_11-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSmith2019" class="citation book cs1">Smith, Alexander (19 November 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Cxy_DwAAQBAJ&pg=PT191">They Create Worlds: The Story of the People and Companies That Shaped the Video Game Industry, Vol. I: 1971-1982</a>. <a href="/wiki/CRC_Press" title="CRC Press">CRC Press</a>. pp. 191–95. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-429-75261-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-429-75261-2"><bdi>978-0-429-75261-2</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210502064515/https://books.google.com/books?id=Cxy_DwAAQBAJ&pg=PT191">Archived</a> from the original on 2 May 2021. Retrieved 16 May 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=They+Create+Worlds%3A+The+Story+of+the+People+and+Companies+That+Shaped+the+Video+Game+Industry%2C+Vol.+I%3A+1971-1982&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E191-%3C%2Fspan%3E95&rft.pub=CRC+Press&rft.date=2019-11-19&rft.isbn=978-0-429-75261-2&rft.aulast=Smith&rft.aufirst=Alexander&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DCxy_DwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT191&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASprite+%28computer+graphics%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Nikkei-12"><a href="#cite_ref-Nikkei_12-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080323064622/http://trendy.nikkeibp.co.jp/article/special/20080318/1008218/">"スペースインベーダー・今明かす開発秘話――開発者・西角友宏氏、タイトー・和田洋一社長対談"</a> [Space Invader, Development Secret Story Revealed Now―Interview With Developer Tomohiro Nishikado, Taito President Yoichi Wada]. <a href="/wiki/The_Nikkei" title="The Nikkei">The Nikkei</a> (in Japanese). March 21, 2008. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://trendy.nikkeibp.co.jp/article/special/20080318/1008218/">the original</a> on March 23, 2008. Retrieved 3 May 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Nikkei&rft.atitle=%E3%82%B9%E3%83%9A%E3%83%BC%E3%82%B9%E3%82%A4%E3%83%B3%E3%83%99%E3%83%BC%E3%83%80%E3%83%BC%E3%83%BB%E4%BB%8A%E6%98%8E%E3%81%8B%E3%81%99%E9%96%8B%E7%99%BA%E7%A7%98%E8%A9%B1%E2%80%95%E2%80%95%E9%96%8B%E7%99%BA%E8%80%85%E3%83%BB%E8%A5%BF%E8%A7%92%E5%8F%8B%E5%AE%8F%E6%B0%8F%E3%80%81%E3%82%BF%E3%82%A4%E3%83%88%E3%83%BC%E3%83%BB%E5%92%8C%E7%94%B0%E6%B4%8B%E4%B8%80%E7%A4%BE%E9%95%B7%E5%AF%BE%E8%AB%87&rft.date=2008-03-21&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ftrendy.nikkeibp.co.jp%2Farticle%2Fspecial%2F20080318%2F1008218%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASprite+%28computer+graphics%29" class="Z3988"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://shmuplations.com/spaceinvaders/">"Space Invaders – 30th Anniversary Developer Interview"</a>. Shmuplations.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Shmuplations&rft.atitle=Space+Invaders+%E2%80%93+30th+Anniversary+Developer+Interview&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fshmuplations.com%2Fspaceinvaders%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASprite+%28computer+graphics%29" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThorpe2014" class="citation magazine cs1">Thorpe, Nick (March 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/retro_gamer/RetroGamer_127/page/26/mode/2up">"The 70s: The Genesis of an Industry"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Retro_Gamer" title="Retro Gamer">Retro Gamer</a>. 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Retrieved October 31, 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=epicgames.com&rft.atitle=How+to+import+and+use+Paper+2D+Sprites+in+Unreal+Engine&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdev.epicgames.com%2Fdocumentation%2Fen-us%2Funreal-engine%2Fhow-to-import-and-use-paper-2d-sprites-in-unreal-engine&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASprite+%28computer+graphics%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://cpcwiki.eu/index.php/Plus">"Plus - CPCWiki"</a>. Cpcwiki.eu. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110720154941/http://cpcwiki.eu/index.php/Plus">Archived</a> from the original on 2011-07-20. Retrieved 2009-11-29.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Plus+-+CPCWiki&rft.pub=Cpcwiki.eu&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcpcwiki.eu%2Findex.php%2FPlus&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASprite+%28computer+graphics%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.atariarchives.org/dev/tia/description.php">"Television Interface Adaptor"</a>. AtariArchives.com. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100825163151/http://www.atariarchives.org/dev/tia/description.php">Archived</a> from the original on 2010-08-25. Retrieved 2011-02-06.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Television+Interface+Adaptor&rft.pub=AtariArchives.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.atariarchives.org%2Fdev%2Ftia%2Fdescription.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASprite+%28computer+graphics%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.atarihq.com/5200/5200faq/04_02.html">"Atari 5200 FAQ - Hardware Overview"</a>. AtariHQ.com. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110514110844/http://www.atarihq.com/5200/5200faq/04_02.html">Archived</a> from the original on 2011-05-14. Retrieved 2011-02-06.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Atari+5200+FAQ+-+Hardware+Overview&rft.pub=AtariHQ.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.atarihq.com%2F5200%2F5200faq%2F04_02.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASprite+%28computer+graphics%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060830024142/http://www.minet.uni-jena.de/~andreasg/c64/vic_artikel/vic_article_1.htm">"The MOS 6567/6569 video controller (VIC-II) and its application in the Commodore 64"</a>. Archived from the original on August 30, 2006. Retrieved 2006-01-08.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+MOS+6567%2F6569+video+controller+%28VIC-II%29+and+its+application+in+the+Commodore+64&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.minet.uni-jena.de%2F~andreasg%2Fc64%2Fvic_artikel%2Fvic_article_1.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASprite+%28computer+graphics%29" class="Z3988"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_web" title="Template:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_bot:_original_URL_status_unknown" title="Category:CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown">link</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://amigadev.elowar.com/read/ADCD_2.1/Hardware_Manual_guide/node00AE.html">"Amiga Hardware Reference Manual 4: sprite hardware"</a>. 1989. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170814170220/http://amigadev.elowar.com/read/ADCD_2.1/Hardware_Manual_guide/node00AE.html">Archived</a> from the original on 2017-08-14. Retrieved 2017-05-23.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Amiga+Hardware+Reference+Manual+4%3A+sprite+hardware&rft.date=1989&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Famigadev.elowar.com%2Fread%2FADCD_2.1%2FHardware_Manual_guide%2Fnode00AE.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASprite+%28computer+graphics%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://gameduino.com/">"Gameduino Specifications"</a>. excamera.com. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211213052910/https://excamera.com/sphinx/gameduino3/">Archived</a> from the original on 2021-12-13. Retrieved 2011-06-13.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Gameduino+Specifications&rft.pub=excamera.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fgameduino.com%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASprite+%28computer+graphics%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://wiki.intellivision.us/index.php?title=STIC">"STIC - Intellivision Wiki"</a>. wiki.intellivision.us. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180709215702/http://wiki.intellivision.us/index.php?title=STIC">Archived</a> from the original on 9 July 2018. Retrieved 15 March 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=wiki.intellivision.us&rft.atitle=STIC+-+Intellivision+Wiki&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwiki.intellivision.us%2Findex.php%3Ftitle%3DSTIC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASprite+%28computer+graphics%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170814231446/https://emu-docs.org/VDP%20TMS9918/Datasheets/TMS9918.pdf">TEXAS INSTRUMENTS 9900: TMS9918A/TMS9928AITMS9929A Video Display Processors</a> (PDF). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://emu-docs.org/VDP%20TMS9918/Datasheets/TMS9918.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 2017-08-14. Retrieved 2011-07-05.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=TEXAS+INSTRUMENTS+9900%3A+TMS9918A%2FTMS9928AITMS9929A+Video+Display+Processors&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Femu-docs.org%2FVDP%2520TMS9918%2FDatasheets%2FTMS9918.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASprite+%28computer+graphics%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMontfortBogost2009" class="citation book cs1">Montfort, Nick; Bogost, Ian (9 January 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=DqePfdz_x6gC&pg=PA68">Racing the Beam: The Atari Video Computer System</a>. MIT Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780262261524" title="Special:BookSources/9780262261524"><bdi>9780262261524</bdi></a> – via Google Books.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Racing+the+Beam%3A+The+Atari+Video+Computer+System&rft.pub=MIT+Press&rft.date=2009-01-09&rft.isbn=9780262261524&rft.aulast=Montfort&rft.aufirst=Nick&rft.au=Bogost%2C+Ian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DDqePfdz_x6gC%26pg%3DPA68&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASprite+%28computer+graphics%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.chibiakumas.com/6502/platform4.php#LessonP33">"Learn Multi platform 6502 Assembly Programming... 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Retrieved 2021-12-04.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Learn+Multi+platform+6502+Assembly+Programming...+For+Monsters%21+Platform+Specific+Series&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.chibiakumas.com%2F6502%2Fplatform4.php%23LessonP33&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASprite+%28computer+graphics%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://github.com/mamedev/mame/blob/master/src/mame/video/galaxian.cpp">"Galaxian-derived video hardware"</a>. <a href="/wiki/GitHub" title="GitHub">GitHub</a>. <a href="/wiki/MAME" title="MAME">MAME</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171130235821/https://github.com/mamedev/mame/blob/master/src/mame/video/galaxian.cpp">Archived</a> from the original on November 30, 2017. 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Retrieved 2011-07-05.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Sega+Master+System+VDP+documentation&rft.au=Charles+MacDonald&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcgfm2.emuviews.com%2Ftxt%2Fmsvdp.txt&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASprite+%28computer+graphics%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.smspower.org/uploads/Development/richard.txt">"Sega Master System Technical Information"</a> (TXT). Smspower.org. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190624130810/http://www.smspower.org/uploads/Development/richard.txt">Archived</a> from the original on 2019-06-24. Retrieved 2016-11-28.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Smspower.org&rft.atitle=Sega+Master+System+Technical+Information&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.smspower.org%2Fuploads%2FDevelopment%2Frichard.txt&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASprite+%28computer+graphics%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20050122094914/http://fly.hiwaay.net/~jfrohwei/sega/genesis.html">"Sega Programming FAQ October 18, 1995, Sixth Edition - Final"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://fly.hiwaay.net/~jfrohwei/sega/genesis.html">the original</a> on January 22, 2005. Retrieved 2015-12-10.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Sega+Programming+FAQ+October+18%2C+1995%2C+Sixth+Edition+-+Final&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ffly.hiwaay.net%2F~jfrohwei%2Fsega%2Fgenesis.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASprite+%28computer+graphics%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStaff2015" class="citation web cs1">Staff, Polygon (2015-02-03). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.polygon.com/features/2015/2/3/7952705/sega-genesis-masami-ishikawa">"How Sega built the Genesis"</a>. Polygon. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151103090922/http://www.polygon.com/features/2015/2/3/7952705/sega-genesis-masami-ishikawa">Archived</a> from the original on 2015-11-03. Retrieved 2016-11-28.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=How+Sega+built+the+Genesis&rft.pub=Polygon&rft.date=2015-02-03&rft.aulast=Staff&rft.aufirst=Polygon&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.polygon.com%2Ffeatures%2F2015%2F2%2F3%2F7952705%2Fsega-genesis-masami-ishikawa&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASprite+%28computer+graphics%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://system16.com/hardware.php?id=697">"Sega Out Run Hardware (Sega)"</a>. System 16. 2016-03-31. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161128203655/http://system16.com/hardware.php?id=697">Archived</a> from the original on 2016-11-28. Retrieved 2016-11-28.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Sega+Out+Run+Hardware+%28Sega%29&rft.pub=System+16&rft.date=2016-03-31&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fsystem16.com%2Fhardware.php%3Fid%3D697&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASprite+%28computer+graphics%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20141121130850/https://github.com/mamedev/mame/blob/master/src/mame/drivers/segaorun.c">"mame/segaorun.c at master · mamedev/mame · GitHub"</a>. github.com. 21 November 2014. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://github.com/mamedev/mame/blob/master/src/mame/drivers/segaorun.c">the original</a> on 21 November 2014. Retrieved 15 March 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=github.com&rft.atitle=mame%2Fsegaorun.c+at+master+%C2%B7+mamedev%2Fmame+%C2%B7+GitHub&rft.date=2014-11-21&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fgithub.com%2Fmamedev%2Fmame%2Fblob%2Fmaster%2Fsrc%2Fmame%2Fdrivers%2Fsegaorun.c&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASprite+%28computer+graphics%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20010227042525/http://emustatus.rainemu.com/games/outrun.htm">"Out Run"</a>. 2001-02-27. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://emustatus.rainemu.com/games/outrun.htm">the original</a> on 2001-02-27. Retrieved 2016-11-28.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Out+Run&rft.date=2001-02-27&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Femustatus.rainemu.com%2Fgames%2Foutrun.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASprite+%28computer+graphics%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.system16.com/hardware.php?id=697">"Out Run Hardware (Sega)"</a>. System 16. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161128203655/http://system16.com/hardware.php?id=697">Archived</a> from the original on 2016-11-28. Retrieved 2009-11-29.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Out+Run+Hardware+%28Sega%29&rft.pub=System+16&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.system16.com%2Fhardware.php%3Fid%3D697&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASprite+%28computer+graphics%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.coinop.org/kb_dl.aspx/KB/faqs/faq-sega%20outrun.html">"Version 0.3 - 7th February 1998"</a>. Coinop.org. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160514060702/http://www.coinop.org/kb_dl.aspx/KB/faqs/faq-sega%20outrun.html">Archived</a> from the original on 2016-05-14. Retrieved 2016-11-28.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Coinop.org&rft.atitle=Version+0.3+-+7th+February+1998&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.coinop.org%2Fkb_dl.aspx%2FKB%2Ffaqs%2Ffaq-sega%2520outrun.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASprite+%28computer+graphics%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160125144902/http://imame4all.googlecode.com/svn-history/r146/Reloaded/trunk/src/mame/video/segaic16.c">"Sega 16-bit common hardware"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://imame4all.googlecode.com/svn-history/r146/Reloaded/trunk/src/mame/video/segaic16.c">the original</a> on 2016-01-25. Retrieved 2016-02-09.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Sega+16-bit+common+hardware&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fimame4all.googlecode.com%2Fsvn-history%2Fr146%2FReloaded%2Ftrunk%2Fsrc%2Fmame%2Fvideo%2Fsegaic16.c&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASprite+%28computer+graphics%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140318183606/http://cgfm2.emuviews.com/txt/loftech.txt">"Sega "X-Board" hardware notes"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://cgfm2.emuviews.com/txt/loftech.txt">the original</a> (TXT) on 2014-03-18. Retrieved 2016-11-28.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Sega+%22X-Board%22+hardware+notes&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcgfm2.emuviews.com%2Ftxt%2Floftech.txt&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASprite+%28computer+graphics%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://museum.ipsj.or.jp/en/computer/personal/0038.html">"X68000-Computer Museum"</a>. Museum.ipsj.or.jp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141002234300/http://museum.ipsj.or.jp/en/computer/personal/0038.html">Archived</a> from the original on 2014-10-02. Retrieved 2016-11-28.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Museum.ipsj.or.jp&rft.atitle=X68000-Computer+Museum&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmuseum.ipsj.or.jp%2Fen%2Fcomputer%2Fpersonal%2F0038.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASprite+%28computer+graphics%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20141121130816/https://github.com/mamedev/mame/blob/master/src/mess/video/x68k.c">"mame/x68k.c at master · mamedev/mame · GitHub"</a>. github.com. 21 November 2014. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://github.com/mamedev/mame/blob/master/src/mess/video/x68k.c">the original</a> on 21 November 2014. Retrieved 15 March 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=github.com&rft.atitle=mame%2Fx68k.c+at+master+%C2%B7+mamedev%2Fmame+%C2%B7+GitHub&rft.date=2014-11-21&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fgithub.com%2Fmamedev%2Fmame%2Fblob%2Fmaster%2Fsrc%2Fmess%2Fvideo%2Fx68k.c&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASprite+%28computer+graphics%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYoshida2001" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Yoshida, Koichi (12 September 2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www2.tky.3web.ne.jp/~yosshin/my_works/postmortem.html">"超連射68K 開発後記"</a>. Yosshin's web page (in Japanese). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190512090239/http://www2.tky.3web.ne.jp/~yosshin/my_works/postmortem.html">Archived</a> from the original on 12 May 2019. Retrieved 2016-11-28.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Yosshin%27s+web+page&rft.atitle=%E8%B6%85%E9%80%A3%E5%B0%8468K+%E9%96%8B%E7%99%BA%E5%BE%8C%E8%A8%98&rft.date=2001-09-12&rft.aulast=Yoshida&rft.aufirst=Koichi&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww2.tky.3web.ne.jp%2F~yosshin%2Fmy_works%2Fpostmortem.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASprite+%28computer+graphics%29" class="Z3988"> (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://shmuplations.com/chorensha68k/">Translation</a> by Shmuplations. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190702153846/http://shmuplations.com/chorensha68k/">Archived</a> 2019-07-02 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>). </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://furrtek.free.fr/noclass/neogeo/mvstech.txt">"Neo-Geo MVS Hardware Notes"</a> (TXT). Furrtek.free.fr. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180916101030/http://furrtek.free.fr/noclass/neogeo/mvstech.txt">Archived</a> from the original on 2018-09-16. Retrieved 2016-11-28.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Furrtek.free.fr&rft.atitle=Neo-Geo+MVS+Hardware+Notes&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ffurrtek.free.fr%2Fnoclass%2Fneogeo%2Fmvstech.txt&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASprite+%28computer+graphics%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://furrtek.free.fr/noclass/neogeo/NeoGeoPM.pdf">"Neo-Geo Programming Manual"</a> (PDF). Furrtek.free.fr. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161206012848/http://furrtek.free.fr/noclass/neogeo/NeoGeoPM.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 2016-12-06. Retrieved 2016-11-28.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Furrtek.free.fr&rft.atitle=Neo-Geo+Programming+Manual&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ffurrtek.free.fr%2Fnoclass%2Fneogeo%2FNeoGeoPM.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASprite+%28computer+graphics%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.neo-geo.com/wiki/index.php?title=Neo-Geo_Big_List_of_Debug_Dipswitches">"Big List of Debug Dipswitches"</a>. Neo-Geo. 2014-07-09. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161128134201/http://www.neo-geo.com/wiki/index.php?title=Neo-Geo_Big_List_of_Debug_Dipswitches">Archived</a> from the original on 2016-11-28. Retrieved 2016-11-28.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Big+List+of+Debug+Dipswitches&rft.pub=Neo-Geo&rft.date=2014-07-09&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.neo-geo.com%2Fwiki%2Findex.php%3Ftitle%3DNeo-Geo_Big_List_of_Debug_Dipswitches&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASprite+%28computer+graphics%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211204193150/https://megacatstudios.com/blogs/retro-development/snes-sprite-engine-design-guidelines">"snes sprite engine design guide"</a>. 30 March 2021. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://megacatstudios.com/blogs/retro-development/snes-sprite-engine-design-guidelines">the original</a> on 2021-12-04.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=snes+sprite+engine+design+guide&rft.date=2021-03-30&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmegacatstudios.com%2Fblogs%2Fretro-development%2Fsnes-sprite-engine-design-guidelines&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASprite+%28computer+graphics%29" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div></div>    </section></div> <noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=mobile&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sprite_(computer_graphics)&oldid=1274377305">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sprite_(computer_graphics)&oldid=1274377305</a>"</div></div> </div> <div class="post-content" id="page-secondary-actions"> </div> </main> <footer class="mw-footer minerva-footer" role="contentinfo"> <a class="last-modified-bar" href="/w/index.php?title=Sprite_(computer_graphics)&action=history"> <div class="post-content last-modified-bar__content"> Last edited on 7 February 2025, at 00:43 </div> </a> <div class="post-content footer-content"> <div id='mw-data-after-content'> <div class="read-more-container"></div> </div> <div id="p-lang"> <h4>Languages</h4> <section> <ul id="p-variants" class="minerva-languages"></ul> <ul class="minerva-languages"><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D9%82%D8%B4_%D9%85%D8%AA%D8%AD%D8%B1%D9%83_(%D8%B1%D8%B3%D9%88%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%AA_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AD%D8%A7%D8%B3%D9%88%D8%A8)" title="نقش متحرك (رسومات الحاسوب) – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="نقش متحرك (رسومات الحاسوب)" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sprayt_(komp%C3%BCter_qrafikas%C4%B1)" title="Sprayt (kompüter qrafikası) – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Sprayt (kompüter qrafikası)" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B9%D1%82_(%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%BF%D1%8E%D1%82%D1%8A%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%84%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0)" title="Спрайт (компютърна графика) – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Спрайт (компютърна графика)" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sprite_(videojocs)" title="Sprite (videojocs) – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Sprite (videojocs)" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sprite_(po%C4%8D%C3%ADta%C4%8Dov%C3%A1_grafika)" title="Sprite (počítačová grafika) – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Sprite (počítačová grafika)" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sprite_(computergrafik)" title="Sprite (computergrafik) – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Sprite (computergrafik)" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sprite_(Computergrafik)" title="Sprite (Computergrafik) – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Sprite (Computergrafik)" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sprite_(videojuegos)" title="Sprite (videojuegos) – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Sprite (videojuegos)" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sprite_(jeu_vid%C3%A9o)" title="Sprite (jeu vidéo) – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Sprite (jeu vidéo)" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%8A%A4%ED%94%84%EB%9D%BC%EC%9D%B4%ED%8A%B8_(%EC%BB%B4%ED%93%A8%ED%84%B0_%EA%B7%B8%EB%9E%98%ED%94%BD%EC%8A%A4)" title="스프라이트 (컴퓨터 그래픽스) – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="스프라이트 (컴퓨터 그래픽스)" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sprite_(grafika_komputer)" title="Sprite (grafika komputer) – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Sprite (grafika komputer)" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sprite_(informatica)" title="Sprite (informatica) – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Sprite (informatica)" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B9%D1%82" title="Спрайт – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Спрайт" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Қазақша</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spraits_(datorgrafika)" title="Spraits (datorgrafika) – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Spraits (datorgrafika)" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sprite_(informatika)" title="Sprite (informatika) – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Sprite (informatika)" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sprite_(computer)" title="Sprite (computer) – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Sprite (computer)" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%B9%E3%83%97%E3%83%A9%E3%82%A4%E3%83%88_(%E6%98%A0%E5%83%8F%E6%8A%80%E8%A1%93)" title="スプライト (映像技術) – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="スプライト (映像技術)" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sprite_(datagrafikk)" title="Sprite (datagrafikk) – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Sprite (datagrafikk)" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sprite" title="Sprite – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Sprite" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sprite_(computa%C3%A7%C3%A3o_gr%C3%A1fica)" title="Sprite (computação gráfica) – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Sprite (computação gráfica)" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B9%D1%82_(%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%BF%D1%8C%D1%8E%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%84%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0)" title="Спрайт (компьютерная графика) – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Спрайт (компьютерная графика)" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sprite-grafiikka" title="Sprite-grafiikka – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Sprite-grafiikka" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sprite_(datorgrafik)" title="Sprite (datorgrafik) – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Sprite (datorgrafik)" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%AA%E0%B9%84%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%95%E0%B9%8C_(%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%A7%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%9F%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%AA%E0%B9%8C)" title="สไปรต์ (คอมพิวเตอร์กราฟิกส์) – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="สไปรต์ (คอมพิวเตอร์กราฟิกส์)" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sprite_(bilgisayar_grafi%C4%9Fi)" title="Sprite (bilgisayar grafiği) – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Sprite (bilgisayar grafiği)" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B9%D1%82_(%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%BF%27%D1%8E%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%84%D1%96%D0%BA%D0%B0)" title="Спрайт (комп'ютерна графіка) – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Спрайт (комп'ютерна графіка)" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%BE%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%A6%D9%B9_(%DA%A9%D9%85%D9%BE%DB%8C%D9%88%D9%B9%D8%B1_%DA%AF%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%81%DA%A9%D8%B3)" title="سپرائٹ (کمپیوٹر گرافکس) – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="سپرائٹ (کمپیوٹر گرافکس)" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target">اردو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sprite_(%C4%91%E1%BB%93_h%E1%BB%8Da_m%C3%A1y_t%C3%ADnh)" title="Sprite (đồ họa máy tính) – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Sprite (đồ họa máy tính)" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%B2%BE%E9%9D%88%E5%9C%96" title="精靈圖 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="精靈圖" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">粵語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%B2%BE%E7%81%B5%E5%9B%BE" title="精灵图 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="精灵图" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">中文</a></li></ul> </section> </div> <div class="minerva-footer-logo"><img src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" alt="Wikipedia" width="120" height="18" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"/> </div> <ul id="footer-info" class="footer-info hlist hlist-separated"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 7 February 2025, at 00:43 (UTC).</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Content is available under <a class="external" rel="nofollow" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en">CC BY-SA 4.0</a> unless otherwise noted.</li> </ul> <ul id="footer-places" 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