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<span>Mythology and folklore</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mythology_and_folklore-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Historic_customs" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Historic_customs"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Historic customs</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Historic_customs-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Today" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Today"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Today</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Today-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Today subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Today-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Neopaganism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Neopaganism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Neopaganism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Neopaganism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Celtic_Reconstructionist" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Celtic_Reconstructionist"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1.1</span> <span>Celtic Reconstructionist</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Celtic_Reconstructionist-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Wicca" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Wicca"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1.2</span> <span>Wicca</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Wicca-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Lughnasadh</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 29 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-29" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">29 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lugnasad" title="Lugnasad – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Lugnasad" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lugnasad" title="Lugnasad – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Lugnasad" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lughnasadh" title="Lughnasadh – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Lughnasadh" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lughnasadh" title="Lughnasadh – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Lughnasadh" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/G%C5%B5yl_Galan_Awst" title="Gŵyl Galan Awst – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Gŵyl Galan Awst" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lughnasadh" title="Lughnasadh – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Lughnasadh" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9B%CE%BF%CF%8D%CE%BD%CE%B1%CF%83%CE%B1" title="Λούνασα – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Λούνασα" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lugnasad" title="Lugnasad – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Lugnasad" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lunaso" title="Lunaso – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Lunaso" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lughnasadh" title="Lughnasadh – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Lughnasadh" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lugnasad" title="Lugnasad – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Lugnasad" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lughnasadh" title="Lughnasadh – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Lughnasadh" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%A3%A8%EB%84%88%EC%84%9C" title="루너서 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="루너서" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lughnasadh" title="Lughnasadh – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Lughnasadh" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lughnasadh" title="Lughnasadh – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Lughnasadh" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9C%D7%95%D7%A0%D7%90%D7%A1%D7%94" title="לונאסה – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="לונאסה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lughnasadh" title="Lughnasadh – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Lughnasadh" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lunasa" title="Lunasa – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Lunasa" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingua Franca Nova</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lughnasad" title="Lughnasad – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Lughnasad" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lughnasadh" title="Lughnasadh – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Lughnasadh" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lugnasad" title="Lugnasad – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Lugnasad" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lugnasad" title="Lugnasad – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Lugnasad" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lughnasadh" title="Lughnasadh – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Lughnasadh" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lughnasadh" title="Lughnasadh – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Lughnasadh" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D1%83%D0%B3%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%B4" title="Лугнасад – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Лугнасад" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D1%83%D0%B3%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%B4" title="Лугнасад – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Лугнасад" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lughnasadh" title="Lughnasadh – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Lughnasadh" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D1%83%D0%B3%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%B4" title="Лугнасад – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Лугнасад" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%B1%90%E6%94%B6%E7%AF%80_(%E8%93%8B%E7%88%BE%E4%BA%BA)" title="豐收節 (蓋爾人) – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="豐收節 (蓋爾人)" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q543108#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Lughnasadh" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Article</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a 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class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Irish holiday and Gaelic harvest festival</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Lúnasa" redirects here. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/L%C3%BAnasa_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Lúnasa (disambiguation)">Lúnasa (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vevent"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above hd" style="background-color: lightsteelblue">Lughnasadh</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Also called</th><td class="infobox-data"><i>Lúnasa</i> (<a href="/wiki/Irish_language" title="Irish language">Modern Irish</a>)<br /><i>Lùnastal</i> (<a href="/wiki/Scottish_Gaelic" title="Scottish Gaelic">Scottish Gaelic</a>)<br /><i>Luanistyn</i> (<a href="/wiki/Manx_language" title="Manx language">Manx Gaelic</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Observed by</th><td class="infobox-data">Historically: <a href="/wiki/Gaels" title="Gaels">Gaels</a><br />Today: <a href="/wiki/Irish_people" title="Irish people">Irish people</a>, <a href="/wiki/Scottish_people" title="Scottish people">Scottish people</a>, <a href="/wiki/Manx_people" title="Manx people">Manx people</a>, <a href="/wiki/Celtic_Neopaganism" class="mw-redirect" title="Celtic Neopaganism">Celtic neopagans</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wicca" title="Wicca">Wiccans</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Type</th><td class="infobox-data">Cultural,<br />Pagan (<a href="/wiki/Celtic_polytheism" class="mw-redirect" title="Celtic polytheism">Celtic polytheism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Celtic_neopaganism" title="Celtic neopaganism">Celtic neopaganism</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Significance</th><td class="infobox-data summary">beginning of the harvest season</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Celebrations</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/First_Fruits" title="First Fruits">Offering of First Fruits</a>, feasting, <a href="/wiki/Handfasting_(Neopaganism)" class="mw-redirect" title="Handfasting (Neopaganism)">handfasting</a>, fairs, athletic contests</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Date</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/1_August" class="mw-redirect" title="1 August">1 August</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Related to</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Gathering_Day" title="Gathering Day">Calan Awst</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lammas" title="Lammas">Lammas</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Lughnasadh</b>, <b>Lughnasa</b> or <b>Lúnasa</b> (<span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'l' in 'lie'">l</span><span title="/uː/: 'oo' in 'goose'">uː</span><span title="'n' in 'nigh'">n</span><span title="/ə/: 'a' in 'about'">ə</span><span title="'s' in 'sigh'">s</span><span title="/ə/: 'a' in 'about'">ə</span></span>/</a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key" title="Help:Pronunciation respelling key"><i title="English pronunciation respelling"><span style="font-size:90%">LOO</span>-nə-sə</i></a>, <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small">Irish:</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="ga-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Irish" title="Help:IPA/Irish">[ˈl̪ˠuːnˠəsˠə]</a></span>) is a <a href="/wiki/Gaels" title="Gaels">Gaelic</a> festival marking the beginning of the harvest season. Historically, it was widely observed throughout Ireland, Scotland, and the <a href="/wiki/Isle_of_Man" title="Isle of Man">Isle of Man</a>. Traditionally, it is held on 1 August, or about halfway between the <a href="/wiki/Summer_solstice" title="Summer solstice">summer solstice</a> and <a href="/wiki/September_equinox" title="September equinox">autumn equinox</a>. In recent centuries, some celebrations have shifted to Sundays near this date. Lughnasadh is one of <a href="/wiki/Quarter_days" title="Quarter days">the four</a> Gaelic seasonal festivals, along with <a href="/wiki/Samhain" title="Samhain">Samhain</a>, <a href="/wiki/Imbolc" title="Imbolc">Imbolc</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Beltane" title="Beltane">Beltane</a>. It corresponds to the Welsh <span title="Welsh-language text"><i lang="cy">Gŵyl Awst</i></span> and the English <a href="/wiki/Lammas" title="Lammas">Lammas</a>. </p><p>Lughnasadh is mentioned in <a href="/wiki/Early_Irish_literature" title="Early Irish literature">early Irish literature</a> and has <a href="/wiki/Celtic_polytheism" class="mw-redirect" title="Celtic polytheism">pagan</a> origins. The festival is named after the god <a href="/wiki/Lugh" title="Lugh">Lugh</a>. In the Middle Ages, it involved great gatherings that included ceremonies, athletic contests (most notably the <a href="/wiki/Tailteann_Games_(ancient)" title="Tailteann Games (ancient)">Tailteann Games</a>), <a href="/wiki/Horse_racing" title="Horse racing">horse racing</a>, feasting, matchmaking, and trading. According to folklorist <a href="/wiki/M%C3%A1ire_MacNeill" title="Máire MacNeill">Máire MacNeill</a>, evidence suggests that the religious rites included an offering of the <a href="/wiki/First_Fruits" title="First Fruits">First Fruits</a>, a feast of the new food, the sacrifice of <a href="/wiki/Sacred_bull" title="Sacred bull">a bull</a>, and a ritual dance-play. In recent centuries, Lughnasadh gatherings have typically been held on top of hills and mountains, including many of the same activities. </p><p>The festival persisted widely until the 20th century, with the event being named <i>Garland Sunday</i>, <i>Bilberry Sunday</i>, <i>Mountain Sunday</i>, and <i><a href="/wiki/Crom_Dubh" title="Crom Dubh">Crom Dubh</a> Sunday</i>. The tradition of climbing hills and mountains at Lughnasadh has survived in some areas and is re-cast as a Christian pilgrimage. The best known is the <a href="/wiki/Reek_Sunday" title="Reek Sunday">Reek Sunday</a> pilgrimage to the top of <a href="/wiki/Croagh_Patrick" title="Croagh Patrick">Croagh Patrick</a> on the last Sunday in July. Several fairs are also believed to be survivors of Lughnasadh, such as the <a href="/wiki/Puck_Fair" title="Puck Fair">Puck Fair</a>. Since the late 20th century, <a href="/wiki/Celtic_Neopaganism" class="mw-redirect" title="Celtic Neopaganism">Celtic neopagans</a> have observed Lughnasadh, or something based on it, as a religious holiday. In some places, festival elements have been revived as a cultural event. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Contemporary_male_Corn_dolly.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Contemporary_male_Corn_dolly.jpg/170px-Contemporary_male_Corn_dolly.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="222" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Contemporary_male_Corn_dolly.jpg/255px-Contemporary_male_Corn_dolly.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Contemporary_male_Corn_dolly.jpg/340px-Contemporary_male_Corn_dolly.jpg 2x" data-file-width="743" data-file-height="969" /></a><figcaption>A modern Lughnasadh <a href="/wiki/Corn_dolly" title="Corn dolly">corn dolly</a> representing the god Lugh</figcaption></figure> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886046785">.mw-parser-output .toclimit-2 .toclevel-1 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-3 .toclevel-2 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-4 .toclevel-3 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-5 .toclevel-4 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-6 .toclevel-5 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-7 .toclevel-6 ul{display:none}</style><div class="toclimit-3"><meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Name">Name</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lughnasadh&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Name"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Old_Irish" title="Old Irish">Old Irish</a> the name was <span title="Old Irish (to 900)-language text"><i lang="sga">Lugnasad</i></span> (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1177148991"><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small">Modern Irish:</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="ga-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Irish" title="Help:IPA/Irish">[ˈl̪ˠʊɣnˠəsˠəd̪ˠ]</a></span>). This is a combination of <span title="Old Irish (to 900)-language text"><i lang="sga">Lug</i></span> (the god <a href="/wiki/Lugh" title="Lugh">Lugh</a>) and <span title="Old Irish (to 900)-language text"><i lang="sga">násad</i></span> (an assembly), which is unstressed when used as a suffix.<sup id="cite_ref-Foclóir_Dineen_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Foclóir_Dineen-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Another theory is that it originated from the word <i>nás</i> (death), rather than <i>násad</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Later spellings include <span title="Old Irish (to 900)-language text"><i lang="sga">Luᵹ̇nasaḋ</i></span>, <span title="Old Irish (to 900)-language text"><i lang="sga">Lughnasadh</i></span> and <span title="Old Irish (to 900)-language text"><i lang="sga">Lughnasa</i></span>. </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/Irish_language" title="Irish language">Modern Irish</a>, the spelling is <span title="Irish-language text"><i lang="ga">Lúnasa</i></span> <span class="IPA" lang="ga-fonipa" style="white-space:nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Irish" title="Help:IPA/Irish">[ˈl̪ˠuːnˠəsˠə]</a></span>, which is also the name for August. The <a href="/wiki/Genitive_case" title="Genitive case">genitive case</a> is also <span title="Irish-language text"><i lang="ga">Lúnasa</i></span> as in <span title="Irish-language text"><i lang="ga">Mí Lúnasa</i></span> (Month of August)<sup id="cite_ref-Foclóir_Dineen_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Foclóir_Dineen-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <span title="Irish-language text"><i lang="ga">Lá Lúnasa</i></span> (Day of Lúnasa).<sup id="cite_ref-the_pocket_oxford_irish_dictionary_bearla_gaeilge_gaeilge_be_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-the_pocket_oxford_irish_dictionary_bearla_gaeilge_gaeilge_be-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-focloir_poca_english_irish_irish_english_dictionary_gaeilge_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-focloir_poca_english_irish_irish_english_dictionary_gaeilge_-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In <a href="/wiki/Scottish_Gaelic" title="Scottish Gaelic">Modern Scottish Gaelic</a> (<span title="Scottish Gaelic-language text"><i lang="gd">Gàidhlig</i></span>), the festival and the month are both called <span title="Scottish Gaelic-language text"><i lang="gd">Lùnastal</i></span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="gd-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Scottish_Gaelic" title="Help:IPA/Scottish Gaelic">[ˈl̪ˠuːnəs̪t̪əl̪ˠ]</a></span>.<sup id="cite_ref-etymological_dictionary_of_scottish_gaelic_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-etymological_dictionary_of_scottish_gaelic-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In <a href="/wiki/Manx_Gaelic" class="mw-redirect" title="Manx Gaelic">Manx</a> (<span title="Manx-language text"><i lang="gv">Gaelg</i></span>), the festival and the month are both called <span title="Manx-language text"><i lang="gv">Luanistyn</i></span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="gv-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Manx" title="Help:IPA/Manx">[ˈluanɪstθən]</a></span>. The day itself may be called either <span title="Manx-language text"><i lang="gv">Laa Luanistyn</i></span> or <span title="Manx-language text"><i lang="gv">Laa Luanys</i></span>.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/Welsh_language" title="Welsh language">Welsh</a> (<span title="Welsh-language text"><i lang="cy">Cymraeg</i></span>), the day is known as <span title="Welsh-language text"><i lang="cy"><a href="/wiki/Calan_Awst" class="mw-redirect" title="Calan Awst">Calan Awst</a></i></span>, originally a <a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a> term,<sup id="cite_ref-a_dictionary_of_celtic_mythology_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-a_dictionary_of_celtic_mythology-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> meaning the <i>Calends of August</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-Foclóir_Dineen_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Foclóir_Dineen-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In <a href="/wiki/Breton_language" title="Breton language">Breton</a> (<span title="Breton-language text"><i lang="br">brezhoneg</i></span>), the day was known as <span title="Breton-language text"><i lang="br">Gouel Eost</i></span>,<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the <i>Feast of August</i>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Mythology_and_folklore">Mythology and folklore</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lughnasadh&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Mythology and folklore"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Testa_in_pietra_con_pi%C3%B9_facce,_da_corleck_hill,_co._di_cavan,_I-II_secolo_dc._03.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Testa_in_pietra_con_pi%C3%B9_facce%2C_da_corleck_hill%2C_co._di_cavan%2C_I-II_secolo_dc._03.jpg/220px-Testa_in_pietra_con_pi%C3%B9_facce%2C_da_corleck_hill%2C_co._di_cavan%2C_I-II_secolo_dc._03.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="251" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Testa_in_pietra_con_pi%C3%B9_facce%2C_da_corleck_hill%2C_co._di_cavan%2C_I-II_secolo_dc._03.jpg/330px-Testa_in_pietra_con_pi%C3%B9_facce%2C_da_corleck_hill%2C_co._di_cavan%2C_I-II_secolo_dc._03.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Testa_in_pietra_con_pi%C3%B9_facce%2C_da_corleck_hill%2C_co._di_cavan%2C_I-II_secolo_dc._03.jpg/440px-Testa_in_pietra_con_pi%C3%B9_facce%2C_da_corleck_hill%2C_co._di_cavan%2C_I-II_secolo_dc._03.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2130" data-file-height="2430" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Corleck_Head" title="Corleck Head">Corleck Head</a> is a carved stone head with three faces associated with a site of Lughnasadh celebrations in Ireland. It dates from the 1st or 2nd century AD.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Irish_mythology" title="Irish mythology">Irish mythology</a>, Lughnasadh is said to have been founded by the god <a href="/wiki/Lugh" title="Lugh">Lugh</a> as a funeral feast and athletic competition—<a href="/wiki/Funeral_games" title="Funeral games">funeral games</a>—to commemorate the death of an earth goddess.<sup id="cite_ref-Hicks_Elder_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hicks_Elder-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Irish myths about Lughnasadh and Lughnasadh sites tend to feature a woman who is carried off or held against her will, and who dies of grief, shame, exhaustion, or unspecified natural causes.<sup id="cite_ref-Hicks_Elder_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hicks_Elder-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Parallels with the <a href="/wiki/Greek_mythology" title="Greek mythology">Greek</a> tale of <a href="/wiki/Persephone" title="Persephone">Persephone</a> have been noted.<sup id="cite_ref-Hicks_Elder_10-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hicks_Elder-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A story about the Lughnasadh site of <a href="/wiki/Teltown" title="Teltown">Tailtin</a> says the festival was founded by Lugh as funeral games in memory of his foster-mother <a href="/wiki/Tailtiu" title="Tailtiu">Tailtiu</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-monaghan297_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-monaghan297-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> She was said to have died of exhaustion after clearing the plains of Ireland for agriculture.<sup id="cite_ref-monaghan297_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-monaghan297-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Tailtiu may have been an earth goddess who represented the dying vegetation that fed mankind.<sup id="cite_ref-monaghan436_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-monaghan436-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Another tale, about the assembly site of <a href="/wiki/Naas" title="Naas">Naas</a>, says that Lugh founded the festival in memory of his two wives, the sisters Nás and Bói.<sup id="cite_ref-Hicks_Elder_10-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hicks_Elder-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> One theory is that it was a mourning (or wake) for the end of summer.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Folklorist Máire MacNeill extensively studied the later folklore and traditions of Lughnasadh. She concludes that the main theme is a struggle for the harvest between two gods. One god, usually called <a href="/wiki/Crom_Dubh" title="Crom Dubh">Crom Dubh</a> in later folklore, guards the grain as his treasure. The other god, Lugh, must seize it for mankind.<sup id="cite_ref-macneill416_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-macneill416-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sometimes, this was portrayed as a struggle over a woman called <a href="/wiki/Eithne" title="Eithne">Eithne</a>, who represents the grain. Lugh also fights and defeats a figure representing blight.<sup id="cite_ref-macneill416_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-macneill416-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> MacNeill says that these themes can be seen in earlier Irish mythology, particularly in the tale of Lugh defeating <a href="/wiki/Balor" title="Balor">Balor</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-macneill416_17-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-macneill416-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which seems to represent the overcoming of blight, drought and the scorching summer sun.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In surviving folklore, Lugh is usually replaced by <a href="/wiki/Saint_Patrick" title="Saint Patrick">Saint Patrick</a>, while Crom Dubh is a pagan chief who owns a granary or a bull and who opposes Patrick, but is overcome and <a href="/wiki/Conversion_to_Christianity" title="Conversion to Christianity">converted</a>. Crom Dubh is likely the same figure as <a href="/wiki/Crom_Cruach" title="Crom Cruach">Crom Cruach</a> and shares some traits with <a href="/wiki/The_Dagda" title="The Dagda">the Dagda</a> and <a href="/wiki/Donn" title="Donn">Donn</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-macneill416_17-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-macneill416-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He may be based on an underworld god like <a href="/wiki/Hades" title="Hades">Hades</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pluto_(mythology)" title="Pluto (mythology)">Pluto</a>, who kidnaps the grain goddess Persephone but is forced to let her return to the world above before harvest time.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Historic_customs">Historic customs</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lughnasadh&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Historic customs"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the Middle Ages, the <span title="Irish-language text"><i lang="ga"><a href="/wiki/Tailteann_Games_(ancient)" title="Tailteann Games (ancient)">Óenach Tailten</a></i></span> or <span title="Irish-language text"><i lang="ga">Áenach Tailten</i></span> (modern spelling: <span title="Irish-language text"><i lang="ga">Aonach Tailteann</i></span>) was held each Lughnasadh at <a href="/wiki/Telltown" class="mw-redirect" title="Telltown">Tailtin</a> in what is now <a href="/wiki/County_Meath" title="County Meath">County Meath</a>. According to medieval literature, kings attended this <i><a href="/wiki/%C3%93enach" class="mw-redirect" title="Óenach">óenach</a></i> and a truce was declared for its duration. It was similar to the <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Olympic_Games" title="Ancient Olympic Games">Ancient Olympic Games</a> and included ritual athletic and sporting contests, <a href="/wiki/Horse_racing" title="Horse racing">horse racing</a>, music and storytelling, trading, proclaiming laws and settling legal disputes, drawing-up contracts, and <a href="/wiki/Matchmaking" title="Matchmaking">matchmaking</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-monaghan297_11-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-monaghan297-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-kelly459_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kelly459-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At Tailtin, young couples entered into <a href="/wiki/Handfasting" title="Handfasting">trial marriages</a> by joining hands through a hole in a wooden door.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The trial marriage lasted a year and a day, at which time it could be made permanent or broken without consequences.<sup id="cite_ref-monaghan297_11-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-monaghan297-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-McNeill_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-McNeill-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Danaher_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Danaher-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Chadwick_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Chadwick-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After the 9th century the <span title="Irish-language text"><i lang="ga">Óenach Tailten</i></span> was celebrated irregularly and it gradually died out.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was revived for a period in the 20th century as the <a href="/wiki/Tailteann_Games_(Irish_Free_State)" title="Tailteann Games (Irish Free State)">Tailteann Games</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-McNeill_24-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-McNeill-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-MacKillop_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MacKillop-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Another Lughnasadh gathering, the <span title="Irish-language text"><i lang="ga">Óenach Carmain</i></span>, was held in what is now <a href="/wiki/County_Kildare" title="County Kildare">County Kildare</a>. <a href="/wiki/Carman" title="Carman">Carman</a> is also believed to have been a goddess, perhaps one with a similar tale as Tailtiu.<sup id="cite_ref-MacKillop_30-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MacKillop-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <span title="Irish-language text"><i lang="ga">Óenach Carmain</i></span> included a food market, a livestock market, and a market for foreign traders.<sup id="cite_ref-kelly459_21-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kelly459-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A 15th-century version of the Irish legend <i><a href="/wiki/Tochmarc_Emire" title="Tochmarc Emire">Tochmarc Emire</a></i> ("the Wooing of Emer") is one of the earliest documents to record these festivities.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>From the 18th century to the mid 20th century, many Lughnasadh customs and folklore were recorded. In 1962 <i>The Festival of Lughnasa</i>, a study of Lughnasadh by <a href="/wiki/Folkloristics" class="mw-redirect" title="Folkloristics">folklorist</a> <a href="/wiki/M%C3%A1ire_MacNeill" title="Máire MacNeill">Máire MacNeill</a>, was published.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> MacNeill studied surviving Lughnasadh customs and folklore as well as the earlier accounts and medieval writings about the festival. She concluded that the evidence testified to the existence of an ancient festival around 1 August that involved the following: </p> <blockquote><p>A solemn <a href="/wiki/First_Fruits" title="First Fruits">cutting of the first of the corn</a> of which an offering would be made to the deity by bringing it up to a high place and burying it; a meal of the new food and of <a href="/wiki/Bilberry" title="Bilberry">bilberries</a> of which everyone must partake; a sacrifice of a sacred bull, a feast of its flesh, with some ceremony involving its hide, and its replacement by a young bull; a ritual dance-play perhaps telling of a struggle for a goddess and a ritual fight; an installation of a [carved stone] head on top of the hill and a triumphing over it by an actor impersonating Lugh; another play representing the confinement by Lugh of the monster blight or famine; a three-day celebration presided over by the brilliant young god [Lugh] or his human representative. Finally, a ceremony indicating that the interregnum was over, and the chief god in his right place again.<sup id="cite_ref-macneill426_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-macneill426-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Croagh_Patrick_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1773515.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Croagh_Patrick_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1773515.jpg/220px-Croagh_Patrick_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1773515.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="145" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Croagh_Patrick_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1773515.jpg/330px-Croagh_Patrick_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1773515.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Croagh_Patrick_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1773515.jpg/440px-Croagh_Patrick_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1773515.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="676" /></a><figcaption>Pilgrims climbing <a href="/wiki/Croagh_Patrick" title="Croagh Patrick">Croagh Patrick</a> on <a href="/wiki/Reek_Sunday" title="Reek Sunday">Reek Sunday</a>. It is believed that climbing hills and mountains has formed a major part of the festival since ancient times, and the Reek Sunday pilgrimage is likely a continuation of this tradition.</figcaption></figure> <p>Many of the customs described by medieval writers survived into the modern era, though they were either Christianized or shorn of any pagan religious meaning. Lughnasadh occurred during a poor time of the year for the farming community when the old crops were done and the new ones not yet ready for harvest.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many of Ireland's prominent mountains and hills were climbed at Lughnasadh. Some of the treks were re-cast as Christian pilgrimages, the most well-known being <a href="/wiki/Reek_Sunday" title="Reek Sunday">Reek Sunday</a> – the yearly pilgrimage to the top of <a href="/wiki/Croagh_Patrick" title="Croagh Patrick">Croagh Patrick</a> in late July.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other hilltop gatherings were secular and attended mostly by the youth. On the <a href="/wiki/Mountains_of_the_Iveragh_Peninsula" class="mw-redirect" title="Mountains of the Iveragh Peninsula">Iveragh Peninsula</a>, a pilgrimage to the summit of <a href="/wiki/Drung_Hill" title="Drung Hill">Drung Hill</a> was part of local Lughnasadh celebrations until it died out around 1880.<sup id="cite_ref-Atlas_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Atlas-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In Ireland, <a href="/wiki/Bilberries" class="mw-redirect" title="Bilberries">bilberries</a> were gathered<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and there was eating, drinking, dancing, folk music, games and matchmaking, as well as athletic and sporting contests such as <a href="/wiki/Weight_throw" title="Weight throw">weight-throwing</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hurling" title="Hurling">hurling</a> and horse racing.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At some gatherings, everyone wore flowers while climbing the hill and then buried them at the summit as a sign that summer was ending.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In other places, the first sheaf of the harvest was buried.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There were also faction fights, whereby two groups of young men <a href="/wiki/Bataireacht" class="mw-redirect" title="Bataireacht">fought with sticks</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 18th-century <a href="/wiki/Lothian" title="Lothian">Lothian</a>, Scotland, rival groups of young men built towers of sods topped with a flag. For days, each group tried to sabotage the other's tower, and at Lughnasadh they met each other in 'battle'.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Bull sacrifices at Lughnasadh time were recorded as late as the 18th century at <a href="/wiki/Gaeltacht_Cois_Fharraige" class="mw-redirect" title="Gaeltacht Cois Fharraige">Cois Fharraige</a> in Ireland, where they were offered to Crom Dubh, and at <a href="/wiki/Loch_Maree" title="Loch Maree">Loch Maree</a> in Scotland, where they were offered to Saint <a href="/wiki/M%C3%A1el_Ruba" title="Máel Ruba">Máel Ruba</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Special meals were made with the first produce of the harvest.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the <a href="/wiki/Scottish_Highlands" title="Scottish Highlands">Scottish Highlands</a>, people made a special cake called the <span title="Scottish Gaelic-language text"><i lang="gd">lunastain</i></span>, which may have originated as an offering to the gods.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Another custom that Lughnasadh shared with Imbolc and Beltane was visiting <a href="/wiki/Holy_well" title="Holy well">holy wells</a>, some specifically <a href="/wiki/Clootie_well" title="Clootie well">clootie wells</a>. Visitors to these wells would pray for health while walking <a href="/wiki/Sunwise" title="Sunwise">sunwise</a> around the well; they would then leave offerings, typically coins or <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/clootie" class="extiw" title="wikt:clootie">clooties</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although <a href="/wiki/Bonfire" title="Bonfire">bonfires</a> were lit at some of the open-air gatherings in Ireland, they were rare and incidental to the celebrations.<sup id="cite_ref-hutton_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hutton-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Traditionally, Lughnasadh has always been reckoned as the first day of August.<sup id="cite_ref-Danaher166_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Danaher166-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In recent centuries, however, much of the gatherings and festivities shifted to the nearest Sundays – either the last Sunday in July or first Sunday in August. It is believed this is because the coming of the harvest was a busy time and the weather could be unpredictable, which meant work days were too important to give up. As Sunday would have been a day of rest anyway, it made sense to hold celebrations then. The festival may also have been affected by the <a href="/wiki/Adoption_of_the_Gregorian_calendar" title="Adoption of the Gregorian calendar">shift to the Gregorian calendar</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Danaher166_48-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Danaher166-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Lughnasadh was a time of unpredictable weather in Ireland. Heavy rains known as "Lammas floods" often coincided with beginning of August and were responsible for destroying the corn.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There are many folk sayings that relate to the unpredictable weather conditions during Lughnasadh and the importance of these conditions to the harvest: </p> <div class="poem"> <p>"...For Lammas floods, with crops oft havoc play,<br /> And e'en one swept the rustic bridge away."<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br /> "August needs the dew as much as men need bread.<br /> After Lammas corn ripens as much by night as by day."<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Today">Today</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lughnasadh&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Today"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In Ireland some of the mountain pilgrimages have survived. By far the most popular is the Reek Sunday pilgrimage at Croagh Patrick, which attracts tens of thousands of pilgrims each year. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Puck_Fair,_Killorglin,_Co._Kerry.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Puck_Fair%2C_Killorglin%2C_Co._Kerry.jpg/220px-Puck_Fair%2C_Killorglin%2C_Co._Kerry.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="143" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Puck_Fair%2C_Killorglin%2C_Co._Kerry.jpg/330px-Puck_Fair%2C_Killorglin%2C_Co._Kerry.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Puck_Fair%2C_Killorglin%2C_Co._Kerry.jpg/440px-Puck_Fair%2C_Killorglin%2C_Co._Kerry.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2500" data-file-height="1630" /></a><figcaption>The Puck Fair <i>circa</i> 1900, showing the feral goat (King Puck) atop his "throne"</figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Puck_Fair" title="Puck Fair">Puck Fair</a> is held each year in early August in the town of <a href="/wiki/Killorglin" title="Killorglin">Killorglin</a>, <a href="/wiki/County_Kerry" title="County Kerry">County Kerry</a>. It has been traced as far back as the 16th century but is believed to be a survival of a Lughnasadh festival.<sup id="cite_ref-monaghan297_11-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-monaghan297-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At the beginning of the three-day festival, a <a href="/wiki/Feral_goat" title="Feral goat">feral goat</a> is brought into the town and crowned "king", while a local girl is crowned "queen". The festival includes traditional music and dancing, a parade, <a href="/wiki/Handicraft" title="Handicraft">arts and crafts</a> workshops, a horse and cattle fair, and a market. It draws a great number of tourists each year.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In recent years, other towns in Ireland have begun holding yearly Lughnasa Festivals and Lughnasa Fairs. Like the Puck Fair, these often include traditional music and dancing, arts and crafts workshops, traditional storytelling, and markets. Such festivals have been held in <a href="/wiki/Gweedore" title="Gweedore">Gweedore</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Sligo" title="Sligo">Sligo</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Brandon,_County_Kerry" title="Brandon, County Kerry">Brandon</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Rathangan,_County_Kildare" title="Rathangan, County Kildare">Rathangan</a><sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and a number of other places. <a href="/wiki/Craggaunowen" title="Craggaunowen">Craggaunowen</a>, an open-air museum in <a href="/wiki/County_Clare" title="County Clare">County Clare</a>, hosts a yearly Lughnasa Festival at which historical re-enactors demonstrate elements of daily life in <a href="/wiki/Gaelic_Ireland" title="Gaelic Ireland">Gaelic Ireland</a>. It includes displays of replica clothing, artefacts, weapons and jewellery.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A similar event has been held each year at <a href="/wiki/Carrickfergus_Castle" title="Carrickfergus Castle">Carrickfergus Castle</a> in <a href="/wiki/County_Antrim" title="County Antrim">County Antrim</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2011 <a href="/wiki/RT%C3%89" title="RTÉ">RTÉ</a> broadcast a <i>Lughnasa Live</i> television program from Craggaunowen.<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the Irish diaspora survivals of the Lughnasadh festivities are often seen by some families still choosing August as the traditional time for family reunions and parties, though due to modern work schedules these events have sometimes been moved to adjacent secular holidays, such as the <a href="/wiki/Fourth_of_July" class="mw-redirect" title="Fourth of July">Fourth of July</a> in the United States.<sup id="cite_ref-McNeill_24-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-McNeill-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Danaher_25-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Danaher-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The festival is referenced in the 1990 play <i><a href="/wiki/Dancing_at_Lughnasa" title="Dancing at Lughnasa">Dancing at Lughnasa</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Brian_Friel" title="Brian Friel">Brian Friel</a>, which was adapted into a <a href="/wiki/Dancing_at_Lughnasa_(film)" title="Dancing at Lughnasa (film)">1998 film of the same name</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Neopaganism">Neopaganism</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lughnasadh&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Neopaganism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Lughnasadh, or similar festivities based on it, is observed by some <a href="/wiki/Modern_Paganism" class="mw-redirect" title="Modern Paganism">modern Pagans</a> in general and <a href="/wiki/Celtic_neopaganism" title="Celtic neopaganism">Celtic neopagans</a> in particular. Despite their common name, such Lughnasadh celebrations can differ widely. Some attempt to emulate the historic festival as much as possible,<sup id="cite_ref-Gallagher_61-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gallagher-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> while others (such as <a href="/wiki/Wicca" title="Wicca">Wiccans</a>) base their celebrations on various festivals, the Gaelic festival being only one of them.<sup id="cite_ref-Adler1_62-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Adler1-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-McColman1_63-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-McColman1-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Neopagans usually celebrate Lughnasadh on 1 August in the Northern Hemisphere and 1 February in the Southern Hemisphere, often beginning their festivities at sunset the evening before.<sup id="cite_ref-SpiralDance_64-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SpiralDance-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some neopagans celebrate it at the astronomical midpoint between the summer solstice and autumn equinox, or the full moon nearest this point.<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2022, this astronomical midpoint falls on 7 August (Northern hemisphere) or 4 February (Southern hemisphere).<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Celtic_Reconstructionist">Celtic Reconstructionist</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lughnasadh&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Celtic Reconstructionist"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Celtic_Reconstructionist_Paganism" class="mw-redirect" title="Celtic Reconstructionist Paganism">Celtic Reconstructionist pagans</a> strive to <a href="/wiki/Polytheistic_reconstructionism" title="Polytheistic reconstructionism">reconstruct</a> <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Celtic_religion" title="Ancient Celtic religion">ancient Celtic religion</a>. Their practices are based on research and historical accounts,<sup id="cite_ref-Gallagher_61-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gallagher-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but may be modified slightly to suit modern life. They avoid <a href="/wiki/Religious_syncretism" title="Religious syncretism">syncretic</a> or <a href="/wiki/Eclectic_paganism" title="Eclectic paganism">eclectic</a> approaches that combine traditions from different cultures.<sup id="cite_ref-McColman2_71-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-McColman2-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Celtic Reconstructionists who follow Gaelic traditions tend to celebrate <span title="Irish-language text"><span lang="ga" style="font-style: normal;">Lughnasadh</span></span> at the time of "first fruits", or on the full moon nearest this time. In the <a href="/wiki/Northeastern_United_States" title="Northeastern United States">Northeastern United States</a>, this is often the time of the <a href="/wiki/Blueberry" title="Blueberry">blueberry</a> harvest, while in the <a href="/wiki/Pacific_Northwest" title="Pacific Northwest">Pacific Northwest</a> the <a href="/wiki/Blackberries" class="mw-redirect" title="Blackberries">blackberries</a> are often the festival fruit.<sup id="cite_ref-Danaher_25-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Danaher-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-McColman2_71-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-McColman2-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In Celtic Reconstructionism, <span title="Irish-language text"><span lang="ga" style="font-style: normal;">Lughnasadh</span></span> is seen as a time to give thanks to the spirits and deities for the beginning of the harvest season, and to propitiate them with offerings and prayers not to harm the still-ripening crops. The god <span title="Irish-language text"><span lang="ga" style="font-style: normal;"><a href="/wiki/Lugh" title="Lugh">Lugh</a></span></span> is honoured by many at this time, and gentle rain on the day of the festival is seen as his presence and his bestowing of blessings. Many Celtic Reconstructionists also honour the goddess <a href="/wiki/Tailtiu" title="Tailtiu">Tailtiu</a> at <span title="Irish-language text"><span lang="ga" style="font-style: normal;">Lughnasadh</span></span>, and may seek to keep the <span title="Irish-language text"><i lang="ga"><a href="/wiki/Cailleach" title="Cailleach">Cailleachan</a></i></span> from damaging the crops, much in the way appeals are made to <span title="Irish-language text"><span lang="ga" style="font-style: normal;">Lugh</span></span>.<sup id="cite_ref-Danaher_25-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Danaher-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-McColman2_71-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-McColman2-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Bonewits_72-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bonewits-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-McNeill2_73-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-McNeill2-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Wicca">Wicca</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lughnasadh&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Wicca"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Wicca" title="Wicca">Wiccans</a> use the names "Lughnasadh" or "<a href="/wiki/Lammas" title="Lammas">Lammas</a>" for the first of their autumn harvest festivals. It is one of the eight yearly "Sabbats" of their <a href="/wiki/Wheel_of_the_Year" title="Wheel of the Year">Wheel of the Year</a>, following Midsummer and preceding Mabon. It is seen as one of the two most auspicious times for <a href="/wiki/Handfasting_(Neopaganism)" class="mw-redirect" title="Handfasting (Neopaganism)">handfasting</a>, the other being at Beltane.<sup id="cite_ref-Farrar_74-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Farrar-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some Wiccans mark the holiday by baking a figure of the "corn god" in bread, and then symbolically sacrificing and eating it.<sup id="cite_ref-SpiralDance_64-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SpiralDance-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lughnasadh&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aonach" title="Aonach">Aonach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_calendar" title="Celtic calendar">Celtic calendar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaelic_calendar" class="mw-redirect" title="Gaelic calendar">Gaelic calendar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wheel_of_the_Year" title="Wheel of the Year">Wheel of the Year</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solar_term" title="Solar term">Solar term</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Fruits" title="First Fruits">First Fruits</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lughnasadh&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width reflist-columns-2"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Foclóir_Dineen-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Foclóir_Dineen_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Foclóir_Dineen_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Foclóir_Dineen_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFDineen1927" class="citation book cs1">Dineen, Patrick S. (1927). <i>Foclóir Gaeďilge agus Béarla an Irish–English Dictionary</i>. Dublin and Cork, Ireland: The Educational Company of Ireland, Ltd.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Focl%C3%B3ir+Gae%C4%8Filge+agus+B%C3%A9arla+an+Irish%E2%80%93English+Dictionary&rft.place=Dublin+and+Cork%2C+Ireland&rft.pub=The+Educational+Company+of+Ireland%2C+Ltd&rft.date=1927&rft.aulast=Dineen&rft.aufirst=Patrick+S.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALughnasadh" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilliams2018" class="citation book cs1">Williams, Mark (4 December 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=C3SYDwAAQBAJ&dq=DIL+death+meaning+n%C3%A1s&pg=PA24"><i>Ireland's Immortals: A History of the Gods of Irish Myth</i></a>. Princeton University Press. p. 24. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-691-18304-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-691-18304-6"><bdi>978-0-691-18304-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ireland%27s+Immortals%3A+A+History+of+the+Gods+of+Irish+Myth&rft.pages=24&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=2018-12-04&rft.isbn=978-0-691-18304-6&rft.aulast=Williams&rft.aufirst=Mark&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DC3SYDwAAQBAJ%26dq%3DDIL%2Bdeath%2Bmeaning%2Bn%25C3%25A1s%26pg%3DPA24&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALughnasadh" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-the_pocket_oxford_irish_dictionary_bearla_gaeilge_gaeilge_be-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-the_pocket_oxford_irish_dictionary_bearla_gaeilge_gaeilge_be_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGrundyCróinín,_BreandánO_Croinin2000" class="citation book cs1">Grundy, Valerie; Cróinín, Breandán, Ó; O Croinin, Breandan (2000). <i>The Oxford pocket Irish dictionary: Béarla–Gaeilge, Gaeilge–Béarla / English–Irish, Irish–English</i>. <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. p. 479. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-860254-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-860254-5"><bdi>0-19-860254-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+pocket+Irish+dictionary%3A+B%C3%A9arla%E2%80%93Gaeilge%2C+Gaeilge%E2%80%93B%C3%A9arla+%2F+English%E2%80%93Irish%2C+Irish%E2%80%93English&rft.pages=479&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=0-19-860254-5&rft.aulast=Grundy&rft.aufirst=Valerie&rft.au=Cr%C3%B3in%C3%ADn%2C+Breand%C3%A1n%2C+%C3%93&rft.au=O+Croinin%2C+Breandan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALughnasadh" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-focloir_poca_english_irish_irish_english_dictionary_gaeilge_-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-focloir_poca_english_irish_irish_english_dictionary_gaeilge_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFO'Donaill1992" class="citation book cs1">O'Donaill, Niall (1992). <i>Focloir Poca English – Irish / Irish – English Dictionary – Gaeilge / Bearla</i> (Irish ed.). French European Publications. pp. 809, 811. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8288-1708-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-8288-1708-1"><bdi>0-8288-1708-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Focloir+Poca+English+%E2%80%93+Irish+%2F+Irish+%E2%80%93+English+Dictionary+%E2%80%93+Gaeilge+%2F+Bearla&rft.pages=809%2C+811&rft.edition=Irish&rft.pub=French+European+Publications&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=0-8288-1708-1&rft.aulast=O%27Donaill&rft.aufirst=Niall&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALughnasadh" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-etymological_dictionary_of_scottish_gaelic-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-etymological_dictionary_of_scottish_gaelic_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMacbain1998" class="citation book cs1">Macbain, Alexander (1998). <i>Etymological dictionary of Scottish-Gaelic</i>. <a href="/wiki/New_York_City" title="New York City">New York City</a>: Hippocrene Books. p. 236. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7818-0632-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-7818-0632-1"><bdi>0-7818-0632-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Etymological+dictionary+of+Scottish-Gaelic&rft.place=New+York+City&rft.pages=236&rft.pub=Hippocrene+Books&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=0-7818-0632-1&rft.aulast=Macbain&rft.aufirst=Alexander&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALughnasadh" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKelly" class="citation web cs1">Kelly, Phil. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120604150115/http://www.gaelg.iofm.net/DICTIONARY/engman.pdf">"English/Manx Dictionary"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. mannin.info. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gaelg.iofm.net/DICTIONARY/engman.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 4 June 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 April</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=English%2FManx+Dictionary&rft.pub=mannin.info&rft.aulast=Kelly&rft.aufirst=Phil&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.gaelg.iofm.net%2FDICTIONARY%2Fengman.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALughnasadh" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-a_dictionary_of_celtic_mythology-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-a_dictionary_of_celtic_mythology_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMacKillop1998" class="citation book cs1">MacKillop, James (1998). <i>Dictionary of Celtic mythology</i>. Oxford University Press. p. 72. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-280120-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-280120-1"><bdi>0-19-280120-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dictionary+of+Celtic+mythology&rft.pages=72&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=0-19-280120-1&rft.aulast=MacKillop&rft.aufirst=James&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALughnasadh" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLoth1898" class="citation book cs1">Loth, Joseph (1898). <i>Annales de Bretagne</i>. p. 260.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Annales+de+Bretagne&rft.pages=260&rft.date=1898&rft.aulast=Loth&rft.aufirst=Joseph&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALughnasadh" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <a href="/wiki/Eamonn_P._Kelly" title="Eamonn P. Kelly"> Kelly, Eamonn</a>. "The Iron Age". In Ó Floinn, Raghnal; Wallace, Patrick (eds). Treasures of the National Museum of Ireland: Irish Antiquities. National Museum of Ireland, 2002. p. 142. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7171-2829-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7171-2829-7">978-0-7171-2829-7</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hicks_Elder-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Hicks_Elder_10-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hicks_Elder_10-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hicks_Elder_10-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hicks_Elder_10-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHicksElder2003" class="citation journal cs1">Hicks, Ronald; Elder, Laura (September 2003). "Festivals, Deaths, and the Sacred Landscape of Ancient Ireland". <i><a href="/wiki/Journal_of_Indo-European_Studies" title="Journal of Indo-European Studies">Journal of Indo-European Studies</a></i>. <b>31</b> (3): 307–336.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Indo-European+Studies&rft.atitle=Festivals%2C+Deaths%2C+and+the+Sacred+Landscape+of+Ancient+Ireland&rft.volume=31&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=307-336&rft.date=2003-09&rft.aulast=Hicks&rft.aufirst=Ronald&rft.au=Elder%2C+Laura&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALughnasadh" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-monaghan297-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-monaghan297_11-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-monaghan297_11-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-monaghan297_11-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-monaghan297_11-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-monaghan297_11-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Monaghan, pp.297–299</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.irishtimes.com/culture/books/the-story-of-la-lughnasa-first-day-of-ireland-s-ancient-harvest-festival-1.3582934">"The story of La Lughnasa, first day of Ireland's ancient harvest festival"</a>. <i>The Irish Times</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 July</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Irish+Times&rft.atitle=The+story+of+La+Lughnasa%2C+first+day+of+Ireland%27s+ancient+harvest+festival&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.irishtimes.com%2Fculture%2Fbooks%2Fthe-story-of-la-lughnasa-first-day-of-ireland-s-ancient-harvest-festival-1.3582934&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALughnasadh" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-monaghan436-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-monaghan436_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Monaghan, pp.436–437</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCoffey1912" class="citation book cs1">Coffey, George (1912). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=5xctAAAAYAAJ&q=lugh+commemoration+nas"><i>New Grange (Brugh Na Boinne) and Other Incised Tumuli in Ireland: The Influence of Crete and the Ægean in the Extreme West of Europe in Early Times</i></a>. Hodges, Figgis, & Company, Limited. p. 26.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=New+Grange+%28Brugh+Na+Boinne%29+and+Other+Incised+Tumuli+in+Ireland%3A+The+Influence+of+Crete+and+the+%C3%86gean+in+the+Extreme+West+of+Europe+in+Early+Times&rft.pages=26&rft.pub=Hodges%2C+Figgis%2C+%26+Company%2C+Limited&rft.date=1912&rft.aulast=Coffey&rft.aufirst=George&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D5xctAAAAYAAJ%26q%3Dlugh%2Bcommemoration%2Bnas&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALughnasadh" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLeviton2006" class="citation book cs1">Leviton, Richard (16 November 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=VQiNBAAAQBAJ&dq=LUGH'S+FIRST+WIVES&pg=PA275"><i>The Geomantic Year: A Calendar of Earth-Focused Festivals That Align the Planet with the Galaxy</i></a>. iUniverse. p. 275. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-595-86056-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-595-86056-2"><bdi>978-0-595-86056-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Geomantic+Year%3A+A+Calendar+of+Earth-Focused+Festivals+That+Align+the+Planet+with+the+Galaxy&rft.pages=275&rft.pub=iUniverse&rft.date=2006-11-16&rft.isbn=978-0-595-86056-2&rft.aulast=Leviton&rft.aufirst=Richard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DVQiNBAAAQBAJ%26dq%3DLUGH%27S%2BFIRST%2BWIVES%26pg%3DPA275&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALughnasadh" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFranklinMason2001" class="citation book cs1">Franklin, Anna; Mason, Paul (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=oH77QJewHQIC&dq=lughnasa+mourning&pg=PA79"><i>Lammas: Celebrating Fruits of the First Harvest</i></a>. Llewellyn Worldwide. p. 79. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7387-0094-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7387-0094-6"><bdi>978-0-7387-0094-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Lammas%3A+Celebrating+Fruits+of+the+First+Harvest&rft.pages=79&rft.pub=Llewellyn+Worldwide&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-7387-0094-6&rft.aulast=Franklin&rft.aufirst=Anna&rft.au=Mason%2C+Paul&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DoH77QJewHQIC%26dq%3Dlughnasa%2Bmourning%26pg%3DPA79&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALughnasadh" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-macneill416-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-macneill416_17-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-macneill416_17-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-macneill416_17-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-macneill416_17-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">MacNeill, Máire. <i>The Festival of Lughnasa</i>. p.416</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Mac Gabhann, Seamus. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://eprints.maynoothuniversity.ie/770/1/Landsmarks.pdf">"Landmarks of the people: Meath and Cavan places prominent in Lughnasa mythology and folklore"</a>. <i>Ríocht na Midhe</i>, 11. Meath Archaeological & Historical Society, 2000. pp.236–237</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ó hÓgáin, Dáithí. <i>Fionn Mac Cumhaill: Images of the Gaelic Hero</i>. Gill & MacMillan, 1988. p.11</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Anna Franklin & Paul Mason. <i>Lammas: Celebrating Fruits of the First Harvest</i>. Llewellyn Worldwide, 2001. p.238</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-kelly459-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-kelly459_21-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-kelly459_21-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Kelly, Fergus. <i>Early Irish Farming</i>. <a href="/wiki/Dublin_Institute_for_Advanced_Studies" title="Dublin Institute for Advanced Studies">Dublin Institute for Advanced Studies</a>, 1997. p.459</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Patterson, Nerys. <i>Cattle-lords and Clansmen: The Social Structure of Early Ireland</i>. University of Notre Dame Press, 1994. p.145</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Monaghan, p.444</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-McNeill-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-McNeill_24-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-McNeill_24-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-McNeill_24-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcNeill1959" class="citation book cs1">McNeill, F. Marian (1959). <i>The Silver Bough</i>. Vol. 2. <a href="/wiki/Glasgow" title="Glasgow">Glasgow</a>: William MacLellan. pp. 94–101. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-85335-162-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-85335-162-7"><bdi>0-85335-162-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Silver+Bough&rft.place=Glasgow&rft.pages=94-101&rft.pub=William+MacLellan&rft.date=1959&rft.isbn=0-85335-162-7&rft.aulast=McNeill&rft.aufirst=F.+Marian&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALughnasadh" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Danaher-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Danaher_25-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Danaher_25-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Danaher_25-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Danaher_25-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDanaher1972" class="citation book cs1">Danaher, Kevin (1972). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/yearinireland00kevi/page/167"><i>The Year in Ireland: Irish Calendar Customs</i></a>. Dublin: Mercier. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/yearinireland00kevi/page/167">167–186</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-85635-093-2" title="Special:BookSources/1-85635-093-2"><bdi>1-85635-093-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Year+in+Ireland%3A+Irish+Calendar+Customs&rft.place=Dublin&rft.pages=167-186&rft.pub=Mercier&rft.date=1972&rft.isbn=1-85635-093-2&rft.aulast=Danaher&rft.aufirst=Kevin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fyearinireland00kevi%2Fpage%2F167&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALughnasadh" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Chadwick-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Chadwick_26-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChadwick1970" class="citation book cs1">Chadwick, Nora (1970). <i>The Celts</i>. Penguin. p. 181. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-14-021211-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-14-021211-6"><bdi>0-14-021211-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Celts&rft.pages=181&rft.pub=Penguin&rft.date=1970&rft.isbn=0-14-021211-6&rft.aulast=Chadwick&rft.aufirst=Nora&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALughnasadh" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFO'DonovanO'CurryHancockO'Mahony2000" class="citation book cs1">O'Donovan, J; O'Curry, E; Hancock, W. N.; O'Mahony, T (2000). <a href="/wiki/Alexander_George_Richey" title="Alexander George Richey">Richey, A. 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Hein. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-57588-572-7" title="Special:BookSources/1-57588-572-7"><bdi>1-57588-572-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ancient+laws+of+Ireland%2C+published+under+direction+of+the+Commissioners+for+Publishing+the+Ancient+Laws+and+Institutes+of+Ireland&rft.place=Buffalo%2C+New+York&rft.pub=W.S.+Hein&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=1-57588-572-7&rft.aulast=O%27Donovan&rft.aufirst=J&rft.au=O%27Curry%2C+E&rft.au=Hancock%2C+W.+N.&rft.au=O%27Mahony%2C+T&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALughnasadh" class="Z3988"></span> (Originally published: Dublin: A. Thom, 1865–1901. Alternatively known as <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">Hiberniae leges et institutiones antiquae</i></span>.)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.llewellyn.com/journal/article/2514">"Llewellyn Worldwide – Articles: Traditional Lughnasadh with a Modern Twist"</a>. <i>www.llewellyn.com</i>. 22 June 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 August</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.llewellyn.com&rft.atitle=Llewellyn+Worldwide+%E2%80%93+Articles%3A+Traditional+Lughnasadh+with+a+Modern+Twist&rft.date=2015-06-22&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.llewellyn.com%2Fjournal%2Farticle%2F2514&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALughnasadh" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKoch2006" class="citation book cs1">Koch, John T. (2006). <i>Celtic Culture: A Historical Encyclopedia</i>. pp. 1201–02.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Celtic+Culture%3A+A+Historical+Encyclopedia&rft.pages=1201-02&rft.date=2006&rft.aulast=Koch&rft.aufirst=John+T.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALughnasadh" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-MacKillop-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-MacKillop_30-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-MacKillop_30-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMacKillop1998" class="citation book cs1">MacKillop, James (1998). <i>A Dictionary of Celtic Mythology</i>. Oxford University Press. pp. 309–10, 395–6, 76, 20. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-280120-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-280120-1"><bdi>0-19-280120-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Dictionary+of+Celtic+Mythology&rft.pages=309-10%2C+395-6%2C+76%2C+20&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=0-19-280120-1&rft.aulast=MacKillop&rft.aufirst=James&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALughnasadh" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBlumberg2016" class="citation news cs1">Blumberg, Antonia (29 July 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.huffingtonpost.com/entry/8-facts-to-know-about-lughnasadh-pagan-harvest-festival_us_579a832ee4b08a8e8b5d6134">"8 Facts To Know About Lughnasadh, Pagan Harvest Festival"</a>. <i>Huffington Post</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 August</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Huffington+Post&rft.atitle=8+Facts+To+Know+About+Lughnasadh%2C+Pagan+Harvest+Festival&rft.date=2016-07-29&rft.aulast=Blumberg&rft.aufirst=Antonia&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.huffingtonpost.com%2Fentry%2F8-facts-to-know-about-lughnasadh-pagan-harvest-festival_us_579a832ee4b08a8e8b5d6134&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALughnasadh" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fourcourtspress.ie/books/new-year-folder-3/the-festival-of-lughnasa/">"Four Courts Press | The Festival of Lughnasa"</a>. <i>www.fourcourtspress.ie</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 August</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.fourcourtspress.ie&rft.atitle=Four+Courts+Press+%7C+The+Festival+of+Lughnasa&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.fourcourtspress.ie%2Fbooks%2Fnew-year-folder-3%2Fthe-festival-of-lughnasa%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALughnasadh" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-macneill426-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-macneill426_33-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">MacNeill, Máire. <i>The Festival of Lughnasa: A Study of the Survival of the Celtic Festival of the Beginning of Harvest</i>. Oxford University Press, 1962. p.426</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.duchas.ie/en/cbes/4493739/4415638/4529000">"Gráinseach Ailt an Chaistín (St. Johnston) | The Schools' Collection"</a>. <i>dúchas.ie</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Syracuse University Press, 1999. pp.234–236</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Gallagher-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Gallagher_61-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Gallagher_61-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGallagherAshcraft2006" class="citation book cs1">Gallagher, Eugene V.; Ashcraft, W. Michael (2006). <i>Introduction to new and alternative religions in America</i>. <a href="/wiki/Westport,_Connecticut" title="Westport, Connecticut">Westport, Connecticut</a>: Greenwood Press. p. 178. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-275-98713-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-275-98713-2"><bdi>0-275-98713-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Introduction+to+new+and+alternative+religions+in+America&rft.place=Westport%2C+Connecticut&rft.pages=178&rft.pub=Greenwood+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=0-275-98713-2&rft.aulast=Gallagher&rft.aufirst=Eugene+V.&rft.au=Ashcraft%2C+W.+Michael&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALughnasadh" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Adler1-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Adler1_62-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAdler1979" class="citation book cs1">Adler, Margot (1979). <i>Drawing Down the Moon: Witches, Druids, Goddess-Worshippers, and Other Pagans in America Today</i>. <a href="/wiki/Boston" title="Boston">Boston</a>: Beacon Press. p. 397. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8070-3237-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-8070-3237-9"><bdi>0-8070-3237-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Drawing+Down+the+Moon%3A+Witches%2C+Druids%2C+Goddess-Worshippers%2C+and+Other+Pagans+in+America+Today&rft.place=Boston&rft.pages=397&rft.pub=Beacon+Press&rft.date=1979&rft.isbn=0-8070-3237-9&rft.aulast=Adler&rft.aufirst=Margot&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALughnasadh" class="Z3988"></span> – Excerpts from Manhattan Pagan Way Beltane ritual script, 1978</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-McColman1-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-McColman1_63-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcColman2003" class="citation book cs1">McColman, Carl (2003). <i>Complete Idiot's Guide to Celtic Wisdom</i>. Alpha Press. p. 51. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-02-864417-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-02-864417-4"><bdi>0-02-864417-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Complete+Idiot%27s+Guide+to+Celtic+Wisdom&rft.pages=51&rft.pub=Alpha+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=0-02-864417-4&rft.aulast=McColman&rft.aufirst=Carl&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALughnasadh" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-SpiralDance-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-SpiralDance_64-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-SpiralDance_64-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStarhawk1989" class="citation book cs1">Starhawk (1989) [1979]. <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/spiraldancerebir00star"><i>The Spiral Dance: A Rebirth of the Ancient Religion of the Great Goddess</i></a></span> (Revised ed.). Harper and Row. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/spiraldancerebir00star/page/191">191–2</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-06-250814-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-06-250814-8"><bdi>0-06-250814-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Spiral+Dance%3A+A+Rebirth+of+the+Ancient+Religion+of+the+Great+Goddess&rft.pages=191-2&rft.edition=Revised&rft.pub=Harper+and+Row&rft.date=1989&rft.isbn=0-06-250814-8&rft.au=Starhawk&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fspiraldancerebir00star&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALughnasadh" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDrury2009" class="citation book cs1">Drury, Nevill (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=rwzttsI9-NwC&pg=PA63">"The Modern Magical Revival: Esbats and Sabbats"</a>. In Pizza, Murphy; Lewis, James R (eds.). <i>Handbook of Contemporary Paganism</i>. <a href="/wiki/Leiden" title="Leiden">Leiden</a>, <a href="/wiki/Netherlands" title="Netherlands">Netherlands</a>: <a href="/wiki/Brill_Publishers" title="Brill Publishers">Brill Publishers</a>. pp. 63–67. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789004163737" title="Special:BookSources/9789004163737"><bdi>9789004163737</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Modern+Magical+Revival%3A+Esbats+and+Sabbats&rft.btitle=Handbook+of+Contemporary+Paganism&rft.place=Leiden%2C+Netherlands&rft.pages=63-67&rft.pub=Brill+Publishers&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=9789004163737&rft.aulast=Drury&rft.aufirst=Nevill&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DrwzttsI9-NwC%26pg%3DPA63&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALughnasadh" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHume1997" class="citation book cs1">Hume, Lynne (1997). <i>Witchcraft and Paganism in Australia</i>. Melbourne: Melbourne University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780522847826" title="Special:BookSources/9780522847826"><bdi>9780522847826</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Witchcraft+and+Paganism+in+Australia&rft.place=Melbourne&rft.pub=Melbourne+University+Press&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=9780522847826&rft.aulast=Hume&rft.aufirst=Lynne&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALughnasadh" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVos2002" class="citation book cs1">Vos, Donna (2002). <i>Dancing Under an African Moon: Paganism and Wicca in South Africa</i>. <a href="/wiki/Cape_Town" title="Cape Town">Cape Town</a>: Zebra Press. pp. 79–86. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781868726530" title="Special:BookSources/9781868726530"><bdi>9781868726530</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dancing+Under+an+African+Moon%3A+Paganism+and+Wicca+in+South+Africa&rft.place=Cape+Town&rft.pages=79-86&rft.pub=Zebra+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=9781868726530&rft.aulast=Vos&rft.aufirst=Donna&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALughnasadh" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBodsworth2003" class="citation book cs1">Bodsworth, Roxanne T. (2003). <i>Sunwyse: Celebrating the Sacred Wheel of the Year in Australia</i>. Victoria, Australia: Hihorse Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780909223038" title="Special:BookSources/9780909223038"><bdi>9780909223038</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sunwyse%3A+Celebrating+the+Sacred+Wheel+of+the+Year+in+Australia&rft.place=Victoria%2C+Australia&rft.pub=Hihorse+Publishing&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=9780909223038&rft.aulast=Bodsworth&rft.aufirst=Roxanne+T.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALughnasadh" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.archaeoastronomy.com/seasons.html">"Equinoxes, Solstice, Cross Quarters shown as seasonal cusps, worshipped by pagans and later religious holidays"</a>. Archaeoastronomy.com<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 March</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Equinoxes%2C+Solstice%2C+Cross+Quarters+shown+as+seasonal+cusps%2C+worshipped+by+pagans+and+later+religious+holidays&rft.pub=Archaeoastronomy.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.archaeoastronomy.com%2Fseasons.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALughnasadh" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.archaeoastronomy.com/2022.html">"2022 Equinox, Solstice & Cross-Quarter Moments"</a>. archaeoastronomy<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 July</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=2022+Equinox%2C+Solstice+%26+Cross-Quarter+Moments&rft.pub=archaeoastronomy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.archaeoastronomy.com%2F2022.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALughnasadh" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-McColman2-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-McColman2_71-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-McColman2_71-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-McColman2_71-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">McColman (2003) pp. 12, 51</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bonewits-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Bonewits_72-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBonewits2006" class="citation book cs1">Bonewits, Isaac (2006). <i>Bonewits's Essential Guide to Druidism</i>. New York: Kensington Publishing Group. pp. 186–7, 128–140. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8065-2710-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-8065-2710-2"><bdi>0-8065-2710-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Bonewits%27s+Essential+Guide+to+Druidism&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=186-7%2C+128-140&rft.pub=Kensington+Publishing+Group&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=0-8065-2710-2&rft.aulast=Bonewits&rft.aufirst=Isaac&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALughnasadh" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-McNeill2-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-McNeill2_73-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcNeill1957" class="citation book cs1">McNeill, F. Marian (1957). <i>The Silver Bough</i>. Vol. 1. <a href="/wiki/Glasgow" title="Glasgow">Glasgow</a>: William MacLellan. p. 119. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-85335-161-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-85335-161-9"><bdi>0-85335-161-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Silver+Bough&rft.place=Glasgow&rft.pages=119&rft.pub=William+MacLellan&rft.date=1957&rft.isbn=0-85335-161-9&rft.aulast=McNeill&rft.aufirst=F.+Marian&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALughnasadh" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Farrar-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Farrar_74-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFarrar198" class="citation book cs1">Farrar, Janet & Stewart (198). <i>Eight Sabbats for Witches</i>. Phoenix Publishing. pp. 102–3, 106. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-919345-26-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-919345-26-3"><bdi>0-919345-26-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Eight+Sabbats+for+Witches&rft.pages=102-3%2C+106&rft.pub=Phoenix+Publishing&rft.date=198&rft.isbn=0-919345-26-3&rft.aulast=Farrar&rft.aufirst=Janet+%26+Stewart&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALughnasadh" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lughnasadh&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCarmichael1992" class="citation book cs1">Carmichael, Alexander (1992). <i><a href="/wiki/Carmina_Gadelica" title="Carmina Gadelica">Carmina Gadelica</a></i>. Lindisfarne Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-940262-50-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-940262-50-9"><bdi>0-940262-50-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Carmina+Gadelica&rft.pub=Lindisfarne+Press&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=0-940262-50-9&rft.aulast=Carmichael&rft.aufirst=Alexander&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALughnasadh" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDanaher1962" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Kevin_Danaher" title="Kevin Danaher">Danaher, Kevin</a> (1962). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/yearinireland00kevi"><i>The Year in Ireland</i></a></span>. Irish Books & Media. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-937702-13-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-937702-13-7"><bdi>0-937702-13-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Year+in+Ireland&rft.pub=Irish+Books+%26+Media&rft.date=1962&rft.isbn=0-937702-13-7&rft.aulast=Danaher&rft.aufirst=Kevin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fyearinireland00kevi&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALughnasadh" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMacKillop1998" class="citation book cs1">MacKillop, James (1998). <i>Dictionary of Celtic Mythology</i>. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-280120-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-280120-1"><bdi>0-19-280120-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dictionary+of+Celtic+Mythology&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=0-19-280120-1&rft.aulast=MacKillop&rft.aufirst=James&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALughnasadh" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMacNeill2008" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/M%C3%A1ire_MacNeill" title="Máire MacNeill">MacNeill, Máire</a> (2008) [1962]. <i>The Festival of Lughnasa</i>. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-906426-10-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-906426-10-4"><bdi>978-0-906426-10-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Festival+of+Lughnasa&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-906426-10-4&rft.aulast=MacNeill&rft.aufirst=M%C3%A1ire&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALughnasadh" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcNeill1959" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/F._Marian_McNeill" title="F. Marian McNeill">McNeill, F. Marian</a> (1959). <i>The Silver Bough</i>. Vol. 1–4. Glasgow: William MacLellan.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Silver+Bough&rft.place=Glasgow&rft.pub=William+MacLellan&rft.date=1959&rft.aulast=McNeill&rft.aufirst=F.+Marian&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALughnasadh" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMelia1978" class="citation journal cs1">Melia, Daniel F. (January 1978). "The Grande Troménie at Locronan: A major Breton Lughnasa celebration". <i>The Journal of American Folklore</i>. <b>91</b> (359): 528–542. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F539572">10.2307/539572</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/539572">539572</a>.</cite><span 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href="/wiki/%C4%92ostre" title="Ēostre">Ostara</a></i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beltane" title="Beltane">Beltane</a>/<span title="Welsh-language text"><i lang="cy"><a href="/wiki/Calan_Mai" title="Calan Mai">Calan Mai</a></i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Summer_solstice" title="Summer solstice">Summer solstice</a>/<a href="/wiki/Midsummer" title="Midsummer">Midsummer</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Lughnasadh</a>/<span title="Welsh-language text"><i lang="cy"><a href="/wiki/Lammas" title="Lammas">Calan Awst</a></i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/September_equinox" title="September equinox">Autumnal equinox</a>/<a href="/wiki/Mabon_(Wicca)" class="mw-redirect" title="Mabon (Wicca)">Mabon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samhain" title="Samhain">Samhain</a>/<span title="Welsh-language text"><i lang="cy"><a href="/wiki/Calan_Gaeaf" title="Calan Gaeaf">Calan Gaeaf</a></i></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link 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style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Peoples" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Celts" title="Celts">Peoples</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_ancient_Celtic_peoples_and_tribes" title="List of ancient Celtic peoples and tribes">Ancient Celtic ethnic groups</a><br />(<a href="/wiki/Names_of_the_Celts" title="Names of the Celts">Names</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Belgae" title="Belgae">Belgae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_Britons" title="Celtic Britons">Britons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caledonians" title="Caledonians">Caledonians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celtiberians" title="Celtiberians">Celtiberians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaels" title="Gaels">Gaels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gallaeci" title="Gallaeci">Gallaeci</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gauls" title="Gauls">Gauls</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galatians_(people)" title="Galatians (people)">Galatians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helvetii" title="Helvetii">Helvetii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lepontii" title="Lepontii">Lepontii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noricum" title="Noricum">Noricum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volcae" title="Volcae">Volcae</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Celts_(modern)" title="Celts (modern)">Modern Celtic ethnic groups</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bretons" title="Bretons">Bretons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cornish_people" title="Cornish people">Cornish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welsh_people" title="Welsh people">Welsh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaels" title="Gaels">Gaels</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Irish_people" title="Irish people">Irish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manx_people" title="Manx people">Manx</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_people" title="Scottish people">Scots</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Celtic diaspora</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cornish_diaspora" title="Cornish diaspora">Cornish diaspora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_diaspora" title="Irish diaspora">Irish diaspora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_diaspora" title="Scottish diaspora">Scottish diaspora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welsh_diaspora" class="mw-redirect" title="Welsh diaspora">Welsh diaspora</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related ethnic groups</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Celtic" title="Anglo-Celtic">Anglo-Celtic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Breton_Americans" title="Breton Americans">Breton Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cornish_Americans" title="Cornish Americans">Cornish Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/English_people" title="English people">English people</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_people" title="Irish people">Irish people</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="8" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Celtic_round_dogs.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Celtic_round_dogs.svg/100px-Celtic_round_dogs.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Celtic_round_dogs.svg/150px-Celtic_round_dogs.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Celtic_round_dogs.svg/200px-Celtic_round_dogs.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1400" data-file-height="1400" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Studies" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Celtic_studies" title="Celtic studies">Studies</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Places</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gaelic_Ireland" title="Gaelic Ireland">Gaelic Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D%C3%A1l_Riata" title="Dál Riata">Dálriata</a> / <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Alba" title="Kingdom of Alba">Alba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Iron_Age" title="British Iron Age">Iron Age Britain</a> / <a href="/wiki/Brigantia_(ancient_region)" title="Brigantia (ancient region)">Brigantia (ancient region)</a> / <a href="/wiki/Roman_Britain" title="Roman Britain">Roman Britain</a> / <a href="/wiki/Sub-Roman_Britain" title="Sub-Roman Britain">Sub-Roman Britain</a> / <a href="/wiki/Dumnonia" title="Dumnonia">Dumnonia</a> / <a href="/wiki/Hen_Ogledd" title="Hen Ogledd">Hen Ogledd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaul" title="Gaul">Iron Age Gaul</a> / <a href="/wiki/Roman_Gaul" title="Roman Gaul">Roman Gaul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Britonia" title="Britonia">Britonia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Armorica" title="Armorica">Armorica</a> / <a href="/wiki/Domnon%C3%A9e" title="Domnonée">Domnonée</a> / <a href="/wiki/Brittany" title="Brittany">Brittany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gallaecia" title="Gallaecia">Gallaecia</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cisalpine_Gaul" title="Cisalpine Gaul">Cisalpine Gaul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_settlement_of_Southeast_Europe" title="Celtic settlement of Southeast Europe">Balkans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celts_in_Transylvania" title="Celts in Transylvania">Transylvania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galatia" title="Galatia">Galatia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Ancient religion</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Celtic_paganism" title="Proto-Celtic paganism">Proto-Celtic religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Celtic_religion" title="Ancient Celtic religion">Celtic polytheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_deities" title="Celtic deities">Celtic deities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_Animism" title="Celtic Animism">Celtic Animism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_mythology" title="Celtic mythology">Celtic mythology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_Christianity" title="Celtic Christianity">Celtic Christianity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_Rite" title="Celtic Rite">Celtic Rites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_stone_idols" title="Celtic stone idols">Celtic stone idolss</a>* <a href="/wiki/Druid" title="Druid">Druids</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insular_Monasticism" class="mw-redirect" title="Insular Monasticism">Monasticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romano-Celtic_temple" title="Romano-Celtic temple">Romano-Celtic temple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Celtic_pagan_practices" title="Template:Celtic pagan practices">Practices</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Mythology</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Irish_mythology" title="Irish mythology">Irish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_mythology" title="Scottish mythology">Scottish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welsh_mythology" title="Welsh mythology">Welsh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matter_of_Britain" title="Matter of Britain">British</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Breton_mythology" title="Breton mythology">Breton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cornish_mythology" title="Cornish mythology">Cornish</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Society</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bard" title="Bard">Bard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brehon" title="Brehon">Brehon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_calendar" title="Celtic calendar">Celtic calendar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Celtic_festivals" title="List of Celtic festivals">Celtic festivals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Celtic_women" title="Ancient Celtic women">Celtic women</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celticisation" title="Celticisation">Celticisation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chief_of_the_Name" title="Chief of the Name">Chief of the Name</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Derbfine" title="Derbfine">Derbfine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Druid" title="Druid">Druid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_clan_chief" title="Scottish clan chief">Clan chief</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaelicisation" title="Gaelicisation">Gaelicisation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_Irish_astrology" title="Early Irish astrology">Gaelic astrology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/F%C3%A1inne" title="Fáinne">Fáinne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fili" class="mw-redirect" title="Fili">Fili</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_law" title="Celtic law">Law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tanistry" title="Tanistry">Tanistry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seancha%C3%AD" title="Seanchaí">Seanchaí</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sept" title="Sept">Sept</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T%C3%BAath" title="Túath">Túath</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vates" title="Vates">Vates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_warfare" class="mw-redirect" title="Celtic warfare">Warfare</a> (<a href="/wiki/Gaelic_warfare" title="Gaelic warfare">Gaelic</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_coinage" title="Celtic coinage">Coinage</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Modern_Celts" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Celts_(modern)" title="Celts (modern)">Modern Celts</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_Revival" title="Celtic Revival">Celtic Revival</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_nations" title="Celtic nations">Celtic nations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pan-Celticism" title="Pan-Celticism">Pan-Celticism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_Congress" title="Celtic Congress">Celtic Congress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_League" title="Celtic League">Celtic League</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_union" title="Celtic union">Celtic union</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_music" title="Celtic music">Music</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_rock" title="Celtic rock">Rock</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Celtic_Christianity" title="Neo-Celtic Christianity">Neo-Christianity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_neopaganism" title="Celtic neopaganism">Neopaganism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_Wicca" title="Celtic Wicca">Celtic Wicca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Druidry_(modern)" title="Druidry (modern)">Neo-Druidism</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Nations" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Celtic_nations" title="Celtic nations">Nations</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Celtic_League" title="Celtic League">Celtic League</a> definition</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brittany" title="Brittany">Brittany</a> (<span title="Breton-language text"><i lang="br">Breizh</i></span>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cornwall" title="Cornwall">Cornwall</a> (<span title="Cornish-language text"><i lang="kw">Kernow</i></span>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ireland" title="Ireland">Ireland</a> (<span title="Irish-language text"><i lang="ga">Éire</i></span>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isle_of_Man" title="Isle of Man">Isle of Man</a> (<span title="Manx-language text"><i lang="gv">Mannin</i></span>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scotland" title="Scotland">Scotland</a> (<span title="Scottish Gaelic-language text"><i lang="gd">Alba</i></span>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wales" title="Wales">Wales</a> (<span title="Welsh-language text"><i lang="cy">Cymru</i></span>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other claimants</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nova_Scotia" title="Nova Scotia">Nova Scotia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/England" title="England">England</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Y_Wladfa" title="Y Wladfa">Y Wladfa</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Culture" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Culture</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Celtic_literature" title="Celtic literature">Literature</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Matter_of_Britain" title="Matter of Britain">Arthurian Legend</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_bardic_poetry" title="Irish bardic poetry">Bardic Poetry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Breton_literature" title="Breton literature">Breton literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cornish_literature" title="Cornish literature">Cornish literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_literature" title="Irish literature">Irish literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manx_literature" title="Manx literature">Manx literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_literature" title="Scottish literature">Scottish literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welsh-language_literature" title="Welsh-language literature">Welsh-language literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welsh_literature_in_English" title="Welsh literature in English">Welsh literature in English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_Irish_literature" title="Early Irish literature">Early Irish literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_annals" title="Irish annals">Irish annals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaelic_literature" title="Gaelic literature">Gaelic literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_Gaelic_literature" title="Scottish Gaelic literature">Scottish Gaelic literature</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National cultures</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Brittany" title="Culture of Brittany">Brittany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Cornwall" title="Culture of Cornwall">Cornwall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Ireland" title="Culture of Ireland">Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_the_Isle_of_Man" title="Culture of the Isle of Man">Isle of Man</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Scotland" title="Culture of Scotland">Scotland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Wales" title="Culture of Wales">Wales</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Celtic_art" title="Celtic art">Art</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bell_shrine" title="Bell shrine">Bell shrines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_brooch" title="Celtic brooch">Brooches</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dragonesque_brooch" title="Dragonesque brooch">Dragonesque</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carnyx" title="Carnyx">Carnyx</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_cross" title="Celtic cross">Celtic cross</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_knot" title="Celtic knot">Knotwork</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High_cross" title="High cross">High crosses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insular_art" title="Insular art">Insular art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interlace_(art)" title="Interlace (art)">Interlace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_leaf-crown" title="Celtic leaf-crown">Leaf-crowns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_maze" title="Celtic maze">Mazes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pictish_stone" title="Pictish stone">Pictish stones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Torc" title="Torc">Torcs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Triskelion" title="Triskelion">Triple spiral</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Clothing</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_Dress" class="mw-redirect" title="Celtic Dress">Celtic Dress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_clothing" title="Irish clothing">Gaelic clothing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Highland_dress" title="Highland dress">Highland dress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tartan" title="Tartan">Tartan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Regional cultures</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gaelic_Ireland" title="Gaelic Ireland">Gaelic culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_Highlands" title="Scottish Highlands">Highland culture</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Celtic_music" title="Celtic music">Music</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Celtic_music" title="Ancient Celtic music">Ancient Celtic music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Brittany" title="Music of Brittany">Breton Folk music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaelic_folk_music" title="Gaelic folk music">Gaelic music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_traditional_music" title="Irish traditional music">Irish folk music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_folk_music" title="Scottish folk music">Scottish folk music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welsh_folk_music" title="Welsh folk music">Welsh folk music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sean-n%C3%B3s_singing" title="Sean-nós singing">Sean-nós singing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carnyx" title="Carnyx">Carnyx</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="National_music_scenes" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National music scenes</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Brittany" title="Music of Brittany">Brittany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Cornwall" title="Music of Cornwall">Cornwall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Folk_music_of_Ireland" class="mw-redirect" title="Folk music of Ireland">Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_the_Isle_of_Man" title="Music of the Isle of Man">Isle of Man</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Scotland" title="Music of Scotland">Scotland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Wales" title="Music of Wales">Wales</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Celtic_festivals" title="List of Celtic festivals">Festivals</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_calendar" title="Celtic calendar">Calendar</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Samhain" title="Samhain">Samhain</a>/<a href="/wiki/Calan_Gaeaf" title="Calan Gaeaf">Calan Gaeaf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imbolc" title="Imbolc">Imbolc</a>/<a href="/wiki/G%C5%B5yl_Fair_y_Canhwyllau" title="Gŵyl Fair y Canhwyllau">Gŵyl Fair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beltane" title="Beltane">Beltane</a>/<a href="/wiki/Calan_Mai" title="Calan Mai">Calan Mai</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Lughnasadh</a>/<a href="/wiki/Gathering_Day" title="Gathering Day">Calan Awst</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Festival_Interceltique_de_Lorient" title="Festival Interceltique de Lorient">Festival Interceltique de Lorient</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pan_Celtic_Festival" title="Pan Celtic Festival">Pan Celtic Festival</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hebridean_Celtic_Festival" title="Hebridean Celtic Festival">Hebridean Celtic Festival</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_Connections" title="Celtic Connections">Celtic Connections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_Media_Festival" title="Celtic Media Festival">Celtic Media Festival</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eisteddfod" title="Eisteddfod">Eisteddfod</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sport</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bando_(sport)" title="Bando (sport)">Bando</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Bataireacht" class="mw-redirect" title="Bataireacht">Bataireacht</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Camogie" title="Camogie">Camogie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cammag" title="Cammag">Cammag</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Cnapan" title="Cnapan">Cnapan</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cornish_hurling" title="Cornish hurling">Cornish hurling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cornish_wrestling" title="Cornish wrestling">Cornish wrestling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Curling" title="Curling">Curling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaelic_football" title="Gaelic football">Gaelic football</a> (<a href="/wiki/Ladies%27_Gaelic_football" title="Ladies' Gaelic football">Ladies'</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaelic_handball" title="Gaelic handball">Gaelic handball</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gouren" title="Gouren">Gouren</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rounders" title="Rounders">Rounders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Highland_games" title="Highland games">Highland games</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hurling" title="Hurling">Hurling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_road_bowling" title="Irish road bowling">Road bowls</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shinty" title="Shinty">Shinty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welsh_handball" title="Welsh handball">Welsh handball</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Politics" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Politics</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Nationalism</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Breton_nationalism" title="Breton nationalism">Breton nationalism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Breton_nationalism" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Breton nationalism">history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reunification_of_Brittany" title="Reunification of Brittany">reunification</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cornish_nationalism" title="Cornish nationalism">Cornish nationalism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Constitutional_status_of_Cornwall" title="Constitutional status of Cornwall">status</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_nationalism" title="Irish nationalism">Irish nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manx_nationalism" class="mw-redirect" title="Manx nationalism">Isle of Man</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitutional_status_of_Orkney,_Shetland_and_the_Western_Isles" title="Constitutional status of Orkney, Shetland and the Western Isles">Constitutional status of Orkney, Shetland and the Western Isles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_nationalism" title="Scottish nationalism">Scottish nationalism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_national_identity" title="Scottish national identity">national identity</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welsh_nationalism" title="Welsh nationalism">Welsh nationalism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Welsh_national_identity" class="mw-redirect" title="Welsh national identity">national identity</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Autonomy</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cornish_devolution" title="Cornish devolution">Cornish devolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_devolution" title="Scottish devolution">Scottish devolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welsh_devolution" title="Welsh devolution">Welsh devolution</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Independence</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Breton_independence" class="mw-redirect" title="Breton independence">Breton independence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_independence" title="Scottish independence">Scottish independence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welsh_independence" title="Welsh independence">Welsh independence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Ireland" title="United Ireland">United Ireland</a> and <a href="/wiki/Irish_republicanism" title="Irish republicanism">Irish republicanism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Pan-Celticism" title="Pan-Celticism">Pan-Celticism</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_League" title="Celtic League">Celtic League</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_Congress" title="Celtic Congress">Celtic Congress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_Revival" title="Celtic Revival">Celtic Revival</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_society" title="Celtic society">Celtic society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_unity" class="mw-redirect" title="Celtic unity">Celtic unity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Columba_Project" title="Columba Project">Columba Project</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Languages" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Celtic_languages" title="Celtic languages">Languages</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Brittonic_languages" title="Brittonic languages">Brittonic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Breton_language" title="Breton language">Breton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cornish_language" title="Cornish language">Cornish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welsh_language" title="Welsh language">Welsh</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Goidelic_languages" title="Goidelic languages">Goidelic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Irish_language" title="Irish language">Irish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manx_language" title="Manx language">Manx</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_Gaelic" title="Scottish Gaelic">Scottish Gaelic</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Mixed_language" title="Mixed language">Mixed</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shelta" title="Shelta">Shelta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bungi_dialect" title="Bungi dialect">Bungi Creole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beurla_Reagaird" title="Beurla Reagaird">Beurla Reagaird</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Continental_Celtic_languages" title="Continental Celtic languages">Ancient Celtic languages</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Extinct_language" title="Extinct language">Extinct</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Celtic_language" title="Proto-Celtic language">Proto-Celtic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Common_Brittonic" title="Common Brittonic">Proto-Brittonic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Primitive_Irish" title="Primitive Irish">Proto-Goidelic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celtiberian_language" title="Celtiberian language">Celtiberian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaulish" title="Gaulish">Gaulish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galatian_language" title="Galatian language">Galatian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gallaecian_language" title="Gallaecian language">Gallaecian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lepontic_language" title="Lepontic language">Lepontic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noric_language" title="Noric language">Noric</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cumbric" title="Cumbric">Cumbric</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pictish_language" title="Pictish language">Pictish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hispano-Celtic_languages" title="Hispano-Celtic languages">Hispano-Celtic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cisalpine_Gaulish" title="Cisalpine Gaulish">Cisalpine Gaulish</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Scottish_Gaelic" title="Scottish Gaelic">Scottish Gaelic</a> dialects</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arran_Gaelic" title="Arran Gaelic">Arran Gaelic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deeside_Gaelic" title="Deeside Gaelic">Deeside Gaelic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galwegian_Gaelic" title="Galwegian Gaelic">Galwegian Gaelic</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Law_and_Warfare" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Celtic_law" title="Celtic law">Law</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Celtic_warfare" title="Ancient Celtic warfare">Warfare</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Celtic_law" title="Celtic law">Law</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Early_Irish_law" title="Early Irish law">Early Irish law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyfraith_Hywel" title="Cyfraith Hywel">Cyfraith Hywel</a> (Medieval Welsh law)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Scots_law" title="History of Scots law">Early Scots law</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Celtic_warfare" title="Ancient Celtic warfare">Warfare</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gaelic_warfare" title="Gaelic warfare">Gaelic warfare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cateran" title="Cateran">Ceathairne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kern_(soldier)" title="Kern (soldier)">Ceithearn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fianna" title="Fianna">Fianna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaesatae" title="Gaesatae">Gaesatae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gallowglass" title="Gallowglass">Gallóglaigh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hobelar" title="Hobelar">Hobelar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Redshank_(soldier)" title="Redshank (soldier)">Redshanks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trimarcisia" title="Trimarcisia">Trimarcisia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Lists" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Lists</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ancient_Celtic_peoples_and_tribes" title="List of ancient Celtic peoples and tribes">Tribes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Celtic_deities" title="List of Celtic deities">Deities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_English_words_of_Celtic_origin" title="Lists of English words of Celtic origin">Celtic words in English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Spanish_words_of_Celtic_origin" title="List of Spanish words of Celtic origin">– in Spanish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Galician_words_of_Celtic_origin" title="List of Galician words of Celtic origin">– in Galician</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_French_words_of_Gaulish_origin" title="List of French words of Gaulish origin">Gaulish words in French</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Celtic_place_names_in_Galicia" title="List of Celtic place names in Galicia">Celtic place names in Galicia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Celtic_place_names_in_Italy" title="List of Celtic place names in Italy">– in Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Celtic_place_names_in_Portugal" title="List of Celtic place names in Portugal">– in Portugal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Portal:Celts" title="Portal:Celts">Celts portal</a></li> <li><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Triple-Spiral-4turns_green_transparent.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Triple-Spiral-4turns_green_transparent.svg/16px-Triple-Spiral-4turns_green_transparent.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Triple-Spiral-4turns_green_transparent.svg/24px-Triple-Spiral-4turns_green_transparent.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Triple-Spiral-4turns_green_transparent.svg/32px-Triple-Spiral-4turns_green_transparent.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="639" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Topics_in_Celtic_mythology" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Celtic_mythology_topics" title="Template:Celtic mythology topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Celtic_mythology_topics" title="Template talk:Celtic mythology topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Celtic_mythology_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Celtic mythology topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Topics_in_Celtic_mythology" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Topics in <a href="/wiki/Celtic_mythology" title="Celtic mythology">Celtic mythology</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Creation" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Creation</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Beira_(mythology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Beira (mythology)">Beira</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cailleach" title="Cailleach">Cailleach</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Ancient_Gaulish_and_Brythonic_deities" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Template:Gaulish-Brythonic_mythology" title="Template:Gaulish-Brythonic mythology">Ancient Gaulish and Brythonic deities</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abandinus" title="Abandinus">Abandinus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abellio" title="Abellio">Abellio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abnoba" title="Abnoba">Abnoba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adsullata" title="Adsullata">Adsullata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agron%C4%81" class="mw-redirect" title="Agronā">Agronā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alaunus" title="Alaunus">Alaunus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alisanos" title="Alisanos">Alisanos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ambisagrus" title="Ambisagrus">Ambisagrus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancamna" title="Ancamna">Ancamna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancasta" title="Ancasta">Ancasta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andarta" title="Andarta">Andarta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andraste" title="Andraste">Andraste</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anextiomarus" title="Anextiomarus">Anextiomarus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arduinna" title="Arduinna">Arduinna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arnemetia" title="Arnemetia">Arnemetia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Artio" title="Artio">Artio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arvernus" title="Arvernus">Arvernus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matronae_Aufaniae" title="Matronae Aufaniae">Aufaniae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aveta" title="Aveta">Aveta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belatucadros" title="Belatucadros">Belatucadros</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belenus" title="Belenus">Belenus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belisama" title="Belisama">Belisama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bergusia" title="Bergusia">Bergusia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bormana" title="Bormana">Bormana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Borvo" title="Borvo">Borvo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bricta" title="Bricta">Bricta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brigantia_(goddess)" title="Brigantia (goddess)">Brigantia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Britannia" title="Britannia">Britannia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buxenus" title="Buxenus">Buxenus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Camma" title="Camma">Camma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Camulus" title="Camulus">Camulus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cathubodua" title="Cathubodua">Cathubodua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cernunnos" title="Cernunnos">Cernunnos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cissonius" title="Cissonius">Cissonius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clota" title="Clota">Clota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cocidius" title="Cocidius">Cocidius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Condatis" title="Condatis">Condatis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ialonus_Contrebis" title="Ialonus Contrebis">Contrebis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coventina" title="Coventina">Coventina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Damona" title="Damona">Damona</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latis" title="Latis">Dea Latis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dea_Matrona" title="Dea Matrona">Dea Matrona</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D%C4%ABs_Pater" class="mw-redirect" title="Dīs Pater">Dīs Pater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Divona" title="Divona">Divona</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dusios" title="Dusios">Dusios</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epona" title="Epona">Epona</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erecura" title="Erecura">Erecura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Esus" title="Esus">Esus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fagus_(god)" title="Fagus (god)">Fagus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grannus" title="Grannus">Grannus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hooded_Spirits" title="Hooded Spirits">Hooded Spirits</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erecura" title="Erecura">Herecura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Icaunis" title="Icaunis">Icaunus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Icovellauna" title="Icovellauna">Icovellauna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inciona" title="Inciona">Inciona</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Litavis" title="Litavis">Litavis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loucetios" title="Loucetios">Loucetios</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lugus" title="Lugus">Lugus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luxovius" title="Luxovius">Luxovius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maponos" title="Maponos">Maponos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matres_and_Matronae" title="Matres and Matronae">Matres</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nantosuelta" title="Nantosuelta">Nantosuelta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naria" title="Naria">Naria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nemetona" title="Nemetona">Nemetona</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nemausus" title="Nemausus">Nemausus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicnevin" title="Nicnevin">Nicnevin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nodens" title="Nodens">Nodens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ogmios" title="Ogmios">Ogmios</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ricagambeda" title="Ricagambeda">Ricagambeda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ritona" title="Ritona">Ritona</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robor" title="Robor">Robor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rosmerta" title="Rosmerta">Rosmerta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rudianos" title="Rudianos">Rudianos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Segomo" title="Segomo">Segomo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Senuna" title="Senuna">Senua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sequana" title="Sequana">Sequana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sirona_(goddess)" title="Sirona (goddess)">Sirona</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smertrios" title="Smertrios">Smertrios</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sucellus" title="Sucellus">Sucellus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suleviae" title="Suleviae">Suleviae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sulis" title="Sulis">Sulis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/River_Thames" title="River Thames">Tamesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taranis" title="Taranis">Taranis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toutatis" title="Toutatis">Toutatis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Verbeia" title="Verbeia">Verbeia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Visucius" title="Visucius">Visucius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vosegus" title="Vosegus">Vosegus</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Irish_mythological_characters" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Irish mythological characters</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abarta" title="Abarta">Abartach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abhean" title="Abhean">Abhean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aengus" title="Aengus">Aengus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cormac_mac_Airt" title="Cormac mac Airt">Alastir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aoi_Mac_Ollamain" title="Aoi Mac Ollamain">Ai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aibell" title="Aibell">Aibell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aimend" title="Aimend">Aimend</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%81ine" title="Áine">Áine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Airmed" title="Airmed">Airmed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anu_(Irish_goddess)" title="Anu (Irish goddess)">Anu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Badb" title="Badb">Badb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balor" title="Balor">Balor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/B%C3%A1n%C3%A1nach" title="Bánánach">Bánánach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banba" title="Banba">Banba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beag" title="Beag">Beag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/B%C3%A9%E1%B8%83inn" title="Béḃinn">Béḃinn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/B%C3%A9_Chuille" title="Bé Chuille">Bé Chuille</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bir%C3%B3g" title="Biróg">Birog</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boann" title="Boann">Boann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bodb_Derg" title="Bodb Derg">Bodb Derg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tuatha_D%C3%A9_Danann" title="Tuatha Dé Danann">Brea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brigid" title="Brigid">Breg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bres" title="Bres">Bres</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brigid" title="Brigid">Brigid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cailleach" title="Cailleach">Bronach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buarainech" class="mw-redirect" title="Buarainech">Buarainech</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caer_Ibormeith" title="Caer Ibormeith">Caer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canola_(mythology)" title="Canola (mythology)">Canola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carman" title="Carman">Carman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crom_Cruach" title="Crom Cruach">Cenn Cruaich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cessair" title="Cessair">Cessair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cethlenn" title="Cethlenn">Cethlenn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cian" title="Cian">Cian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cl%C3%ADodhna" title="Clíodhna">Cliodhna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fomorians" title="Fomorians">Corb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Creidhne" title="Creidhne">Creidhne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crom_Cruach" title="Crom Cruach">Crom Cruach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C%C3%BA_Ro%C3%AD" title="Cú Roí">Cú Roí mac Daire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Dagda" title="The Dagda">The Dagda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Danu_(Irish_goddess)" title="Danu (Irish goddess)">Danu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donn" title="Donn">Donn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dian_Cecht" title="Dian Cecht">Dian Cecht</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elatha" title="Elatha">Elatha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89ta%C3%ADn" title="Étaín">Étaín</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethniu" title="Ethniu">Ethniu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_group" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethnic group">Ethne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89riu" title="Ériu">Ériu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fand" title="Fand">Fand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fionnuala" title="Fionnuala">Fionnuala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/F%C3%B3dla" title="Fódla">Fódla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goibniu" title="Goibniu">Goibniu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lir" title="Lir">Lir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luchtaine" title="Luchtaine">Luchtaine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lugh" title="Lugh">Lugh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macha" title="Macha">Macha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manann%C3%A1n_mac_Lir" title="Manannán mac Lir">Manannán mac Lir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miach" title="Miach">Miach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Midir" title="Midir">Midir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mug_Ruith" title="Mug Ruith">Mog Ruith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Morr%C3%ADgan" title="The Morrígan">Morrígan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neit" title="Neit">Neit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nemain" title="Nemain">Nemain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niamh_(mythology)" title="Niamh (mythology)">Niamh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuada_Airgetl%C3%A1m" title="Nuada Airgetlám">Nuada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ogma" title="Ogma">Ogma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plor_na_mBan" title="Plor na mBan">Plor na mBan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sheela_na_gig" title="Sheela na gig">Sheela na gig</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tailtiu" title="Tailtiu">Tailtiu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tethra" title="Tethra">Tethra</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Irish_rulers_and_warriors" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Irish rulers and warriors</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ca%C3%ADlte_mac_R%C3%B3n%C3%A1in" title="Caílte mac Rónáin">Caílte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conall_Cernach" title="Conall Cernach">Conall Cernach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conchobar_mac_Nessa" title="Conchobar mac Nessa">Conchobar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Con%C3%A1n_mac_Morna" title="Conán mac Morna">Conán mac Morna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conn_of_the_Hundred_Battles" title="Conn of the Hundred Battles">Conn of the Hundred Battles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cormac_mac_Airt" title="Cormac mac Airt">Cormac mac Airt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C%C3%BA_Chulainn" title="Cú Chulainn">Cúchulainn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cumhall" title="Cumhall">Cumhal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deichtine" title="Deichtine">Deichtine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deirdre" title="Deirdre">Deirdre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diarmuid_Ua_Duibhne" title="Diarmuid Ua Duibhne">Diarmuid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emer" title="Emer">Emer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ferdiad" title="Ferdiad">Ferdiad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fergus_mac_R%C3%B3ich" title="Fergus mac Róich">Fergus mac Róich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fionn_mac_Cumhaill" title="Fionn mac Cumhaill">Fionn mac Cumhaill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lugaid" title="Lugaid">Lugaid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medb" title="Medb">Medb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ois%C3%ADn" title="Oisín">Oisín</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oscar_(Irish_mythology)" title="Oscar (Irish mythology)">Oscar</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Scottish_mythological_creatures" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Scottish mythological creatures</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Beasts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gigelorum" title="Gigelorum">Gigelorum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loch_Ness_Monster" title="Loch Ness Monster">Loch Ness Monster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Lyon-Bowes,_Master_of_Glamis_(born_1821)" title="Thomas Lyon-Bowes, Master of Glamis (born 1821)">Monster of Glamis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wulver" title="Wulver">Wulver</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Birds</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Boobrie" title="Boobrie">Boobrie</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Fairies/Spirits</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bean-nighe" title="Bean-nighe">Bean-nighe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bodach" title="Bodach">Bodach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brownie_(folklore)" title="Brownie (folklore)">Brownie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caoineag" title="Caoineag">Caoineag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cat-s%C3%ACth" title="Cat-sìth">Cat-sìth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Changeling" title="Changeling">Changeling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C%C3%B9-s%C3%ACth" title="Cù-sìth">Cù-sìth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dunnie" title="Dunnie">Dunnie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Each-uisge" title="Each-uisge">Each-uisge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghillie_Dhu" title="Ghillie Dhu">Ghillie Dhu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glaistig" title="Glaistig">Glaistig</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maggy_Moulach" title="Maggy Moulach">Meg Mullach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuckelavee" title="Nuckelavee">Nuckelavee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Selkie" title="Selkie">Selkie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seonaidh" title="Seonaidh">Seonaidh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shellycoat" title="Shellycoat">Shellycoat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wirry-cow" title="Wirry-cow">Wirry-cow</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Fish</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ceasg" title="Ceasg">Ceasg</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Gnomes</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pech_(mythology)" title="Pech (mythology)">Peck</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Goblins</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bauchan" title="Bauchan">Bauchan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Scottish_rulers_and_warriors" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Scottish rulers and warriors</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/A%C3%ADfe" title="Aífe">Aífe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Connla" title="Connla">Connla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sc%C3%A1thach" title="Scáthach">Scáthach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uathach" title="Uathach">Uathach</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Welsh_mythological_characters" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Welsh mythological characters</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amaethon" title="Amaethon">Amaethon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arawn" title="Arawn">Arawn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arianrhod" title="Arianrhod">Arianrhod</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/King_Arthur" title="King Arthur">King Arthur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afallach" title="Afallach">Afallach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beli_Mawr" title="Beli Mawr">Beli Mawr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blodeuwedd" title="Blodeuwedd">Blodeuwedd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Br%C3%A2n_the_Blessed" title="Brân the Blessed">Brân the Blessed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Branwen" title="Branwen">Branwen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cassivellaunus" title="Cassivellaunus">Caswallawn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ceridwen" title="Ceridwen">Ceridwen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cigfa" title="Cigfa">Cigfa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Creiddylad" title="Creiddylad">Creiddylad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culhwch" title="Culhwch">Culhwch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyhyraeth" title="Cyhyraeth">Cyhyraeth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_David" title="Saint David">Dewi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D%C3%B4n" title="Dôn">Dôn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dwynwen" title="Dwynwen">Dwyn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dylan_ail_Don" title="Dylan ail Don">Dylan Ail Don</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Efnysien" title="Efnysien">Efnysien</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Elen" title="Saint Elen">Elen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Euroswydd" title="Euroswydd">Euroswydd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gofannon" title="Gofannon">Gofannon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gwydion" title="Gwydion">Gwydion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gwyn_ap_Nudd" title="Gwyn ap Nudd">Gwyn ap Nudd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hafgan" title="Hafgan">Hafgan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lleu_Llaw_Gyffes" title="Lleu Llaw Gyffes">Lleu Llaw Gyffes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ll%C5%B7r" title="Llŷr">Llŷr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lludd_Llaw_Eraint" title="Lludd Llaw Eraint">Lludd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mabon_ap_Modron" title="Mabon ap Modron">Mabon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manawydan" title="Manawydan">Manawydan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Math_fab_Mathonwy" title="Math fab Mathonwy">Math fab Mathonwy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modron" title="Modron">Modron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nisien" title="Nisien">Nisien</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leodegrance" class="mw-redirect" title="Leodegrance">Ogyruan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olwen" title="Olwen">Olwen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Penarddun" title="Penarddun">Penarddun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pryderi" title="Pryderi">Pryderi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pwyll" title="Pwyll">Pwyll</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhiannon" title="Rhiannon">Rhiannon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taliesin" title="Taliesin">Taliesin</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Welsh_mythological_creatures" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Welsh mythological creatures</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Beasts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/C%C5%B5n_Annwn" title="Cŵn Annwn">Cŵn Annwn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gwyllgi" title="Gwyllgi">Gwyllgi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Birds</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adar_Llwch_Gwin" title="Adar Llwch Gwin">Adar Llwch Gwin</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Tylwyth_Teg" title="Tylwyth Teg">Fairies/Spirits</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bendith_y_Mamau" class="mw-redirect" title="Bendith y Mamau">Bendith y Mamau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brenin_Llwyd" title="Brenin Llwyd">Brenin Llwyd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyhyraeth" title="Cyhyraeth">Cyhyraeth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gwragedd_Annwn" title="Gwragedd Annwn">Gwragedd Annwn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gwyllion" title="Gwyllion">Gwyllion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tylwyth_Teg" title="Tylwyth Teg">Tylwyth Teg</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sea and lake creatures</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Afanc" title="Afanc">Afanc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ceffyl_D%C5%B5r" title="Ceffyl Dŵr">Ceffyl Dŵr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_leaper" class="mw-redirect" title="Water leaper">Llamhigyn y Dŵr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morgens" class="mw-redirect" title="Morgens">Morgens</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Giants_(Welsh_folklore)" title="Giants (Welsh folklore)">Cewri</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ysbaddaden_Bencawr" class="mw-redirect" title="Ysbaddaden Bencawr">Ysbaddaden Bencawr</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Goblins</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Coblynau" class="mw-redirect" title="Coblynau">Coblynau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pwca" class="mw-redirect" title="Pwca">Pwca</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Locations" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Locations</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Annwn" title="Annwn">Annwn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mag_Mell" title="Mag Mell">Mag Mell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aos_S%C3%AD#The_sídhe:_abodes_of_the_aes_sídhe" title="Aos Sí">Sídhe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T%C3%ADr_na_n%C3%93g" title="Tír na nÓg">Tír na nÓg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tory_Hill" class="mw-redirect" title="Tory Hill">Drom Asail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brasil_(mythical_island)" title="Brasil (mythical island)">Hy-Brasil</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Weapons" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Weapons</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Excalibur" title="Excalibur">Caledfwlch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thirteen_Treasures_of_the_Island_of_Britain#The_Dyrnwyn_of_Rhydderch_Hael" title="Thirteen Treasures of the Island of Britain">Dyrnwyn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Four_Treasures_of_the_Tuatha_D%C3%A9_Danann" title="Four Treasures of the Tuatha Dé Danann">Claíomh Solais</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fragarach" title="Fragarach">Fragarach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G%C3%A1e_Bulg" title="Gáe Bulg">Gáe Bulg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spear_of_Lugh" class="mw-redirect" title="Spear of Lugh">Spear Lúin</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Festivals" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Festivals</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Samhain" title="Samhain">Samhain</a>/<a href="/wiki/Calan_Gaeaf" title="Calan Gaeaf">Calan Gaeaf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imbolc" title="Imbolc">Imbolc</a>/<a href="/wiki/G%C5%B5yl_Fair_y_Canhwyllau" title="Gŵyl Fair y Canhwyllau">Gŵyl Fair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beltane" title="Beltane">Beltane</a>/<a href="/wiki/Calan_Mai" title="Calan Mai">Calan Mai</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Lughnasadh</a>/<a href="/wiki/Gathering_Day" title="Gathering Day">Calan Awst</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Neopagan_witchcraft" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Neopagan_witchcraft" title="Template:Neopagan witchcraft"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Neopagan_witchcraft" title="Template talk:Neopagan witchcraft"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Neopagan_witchcraft" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Neopagan witchcraft"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Neopagan_witchcraft" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Neopagan_witchcraft" title="Neopagan witchcraft">Neopagan witchcraft</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">History</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Wicca" title="History of Wicca">History of Wicca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Etymology_of_Wicca" title="Etymology of Wicca">Etymology of Wicca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modern_pagan_views_on_LGBT_people#Wicca" title="Modern pagan views on LGBT people">Wicca and LGBT people</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Dettmer_v._Landon" title="Dettmer v. Landon">Dettmer v. Landon</a></i></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="10" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Pentacle_(fixed_width).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Pentacle_%28fixed_width%29.svg/90px-Pentacle_%28fixed_width%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="90" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Pentacle_%28fixed_width%29.svg/135px-Pentacle_%28fixed_width%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Pentacle_%28fixed_width%29.svg/180px-Pentacle_%28fixed_width%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="16" data-file-height="16" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Traditions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/British_Traditional_Wicca" class="mw-redirect" title="British Traditional Wicca">British Traditional</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alexandrian_Wicca" title="Alexandrian Wicca">Alexandrian Wicca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Algard_Wicca" class="mw-redirect" title="Algard Wicca">Algard Wicca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blue_Star_Wicca" title="Blue Star Wicca">Blue Star Wicca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Valley_Wicca" title="Central Valley Wicca">Central Valley Wicca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chthonioi_Alexandrian_Wicca" title="Chthonioi Alexandrian Wicca">Chthonioi Alexandrian Wicca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gardnerian_Wicca" title="Gardnerian Wicca">Gardnerian Wicca</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1734_Tradition" title="1734 Tradition">1734 Tradition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_Wicca" title="Celtic Wicca">Celtic Wicca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Church_and_School_of_Wicca" title="Church and School of Wicca">Church and School of Wicca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cochrane%27s_Craft" title="Cochrane's Craft">Cochrane's Craft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raymond_Howard_(Wiccan)" title="Raymond Howard (Wiccan)">Coven of Atho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dianic_Wicca" title="Dianic Wicca">Dianic Wicca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Faery_Wicca" title="Faery Wicca">Faery Wicca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feri_Tradition" title="Feri Tradition">Feri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgian_Wicca" title="Georgian Wicca">Georgian Wicca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Odyssean_Wicca" title="Odyssean Wicca">Odyssean Wicca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reclaiming_(Neopaganism)" title="Reclaiming (Neopaganism)">Reclaiming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seax-Wica" title="Seax-Wica">Seax-Wica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stregheria" title="Stregheria">Stregheria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Universal_Eclectic_Wicca" title="Universal Eclectic Wicca">Universal Eclectic Wicca</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Notable<br />figures</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gerald_Gardner" title="Gerald Gardner">Gerald Gardner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doreen_Valiente" title="Doreen Valiente">Doreen Valiente</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alex_Sanders_(Wiccan)" title="Alex Sanders (Wiccan)">Alex Sanders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maxine_Sanders" title="Maxine Sanders">Maxine Sanders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sybil_Leek" title="Sybil Leek">Sybil Leek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edith_Woodford-Grimes" title="Edith Woodford-Grimes">Dafo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Margot_Adler" title="Margot Adler">Margot Adler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victor_Henry_Anderson" title="Victor Henry Anderson">Victor Anderson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eleanor_Bone" title="Eleanor Bone">Artemis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gavin_Bone" title="Gavin Bone">Gavin Bone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lois_Bourne" title="Lois Bourne">Lois Bourne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jack_L._Bracelin" title="Jack L. Bracelin">Jack Bracelin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raymond_Buckland" title="Raymond Buckland">Raymond Buckland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eddie_Buczynski" title="Eddie Buczynski">Eddie Buczynski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zsuzsanna_Budapest" title="Zsuzsanna Budapest">Zsuzsanna Budapest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Cardell" title="Charles Cardell">Charles Cardell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ipsita_Roy_Chakraverti" title="Ipsita Roy Chakraverti">Ipsita Roy Chakraverti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patricia_Crowther_(Wiccan)" title="Patricia Crowther (Wiccan)">Patricia Crowther</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vivianne_Crowley" title="Vivianne Crowley">Vivianne Crowley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Cochrane_(witch)" title="Robert Cochrane (witch)">Robert Cochrane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scott_Cunningham" title="Scott Cunningham">Scott Cunningham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phyllis_Curott" title="Phyllis Curott">Phyllis Curott</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cerridwen_Fallingstar" title="Cerridwen Fallingstar">Cerridwen Fallingstar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Janet_Farrar" title="Janet Farrar">Janet Farrar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stewart_Farrar" title="Stewart Farrar">Stewart Farrar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raven_Grimassi" title="Raven Grimassi">Raven Grimassi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gavin_Frost" class="mw-redirect" title="Gavin Frost">Gavin Frost</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yvonne_Frost" class="mw-redirect" title="Yvonne Frost">Yvonne Frost</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philip_Heselton" title="Philip Heselton">Philip Heselton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederic_Lamond_(Wiccan)" title="Frederic Lamond (Wiccan)">Frederic Lamond</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rosaleen_Norton" title="Rosaleen Norton">Rosaleen Norton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silver_RavenWolf" title="Silver RavenWolf">Silver RavenWolf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Starhawk" title="Starhawk">Starhawk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Bearwalker_Wilson" title="Joseph Bearwalker Wilson">Joseph Wilson</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Deities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Triple_Goddess_(Neopaganism)" title="Triple Goddess (Neopaganism)">Triple Goddess</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horned_God" title="Horned God">Horned God</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_Man" title="Green Man">Green Man</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Green_man_(spirit_of_nature)" class="mw-redirect" title="Green man (spirit of nature)">Spirit of nature</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holly_King_and_Oak_King" title="Holly King and Oak King">Holly King / Oak King</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mother_goddess" title="Mother goddess">Mother goddess</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Key<br />concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wicca" title="Wicca">Wicca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wiccan_morality" title="Wiccan morality">Wiccan morality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wiccan_Rede" title="Wiccan Rede">Wiccan Rede</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rule_of_Three_(Wicca)" title="Rule of Three (Wicca)">Rule of Three</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wiccan_views_of_divinity" title="Wiccan views of divinity">Wiccan views of divinity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coven" title="Coven">Coven</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Craft_name" title="Craft name">Craft name</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magic_(supernatural)" title="Magic (supernatural)">Magic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Witchcraft" title="Witchcraft">Witchcraft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_magic" title="White magic">White magic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Otherworld" title="Otherworld">Otherworld</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Summerland" title="The Summerland">The Summerland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reincarnation" title="Reincarnation">Reincarnation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karma" title="Karma">Karma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skyclad_(Neopaganism)" title="Skyclad (Neopaganism)">Skyclad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Summoner_(Wicca)" title="Summoner (Wicca)">Summoner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Watchtower_(magic)" title="Watchtower (magic)">Watchtower</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Familiar" title="Familiar">Familiar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Animism" title="Animism">Animism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Rites<br /> and ritual</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Drawing_down_the_Moon_(ritual)" title="Drawing down the Moon (ritual)">Drawing down the Moon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_rite" title="Great rite">Great rite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Handfasting" title="Handfasting">Handfasting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wiccaning" title="Wiccaning">Wiccaning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fivefold_kiss" title="Fivefold kiss">Fivefold kiss</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magic_circle" title="Magic circle">Magic circle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cone_of_power" title="Cone of power">Cone of power</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herbal_medicine" title="Herbal medicine">Herbal medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scrying" title="Scrying">Scrying</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Incantation" title="Incantation">Spellwork / Incantation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banishing" title="Banishing">Banishing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Divination" title="Divination">Divination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Invocation" title="Invocation">Invocation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Initiation" title="Initiation">Initiation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rite_of_passage" title="Rite of passage">Rite of passage</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Eko_Eko_Azarak" title="Eko Eko Azarak">Eko Eko Azarak</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solitary_practitioner" title="Solitary practitioner">Solitary practitioner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spiral_dance" title="Spiral dance">Spiral dance</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Holidays</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wheel_of_the_Year" title="Wheel of the Year">Wheel of the Year</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solstice" title="Solstice">Solstice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Equinox" title="Equinox">Equinox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imbolc" title="Imbolc">Imbolc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C4%92ostre" title="Ēostre">Ostara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beltane" title="Beltane">Beltane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Midsummer" title="Midsummer">Midsummer</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Lughnasadh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wheel_of_the_Year#Autumnal_equinox_(Mabon)" title="Wheel of the Year">Mabon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samhain" title="Samhain">Samhain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yule" title="Yule">Yule</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Esbat" title="Esbat">Esbat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wild_Hunt#In_modern_Paganism" title="Wild Hunt">Wild Hunt</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Paraphernalia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Magical_tools_in_Wicca" title="Magical tools in Wicca">Magical tools in Wicca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Altar_(Wicca)" title="Altar (Wicca)">Altar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amulet" title="Amulet">Amulet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Athame" title="Athame">Athame</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Altar_bell" title="Altar bell">Bell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Besom" title="Besom">Besom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boline" title="Boline">Boline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Shadows" title="Book of Shadows">Book of Shadows</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Candle" title="Candle">Candles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cauldron" title="Cauldron">Cauldron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Censer" title="Censer">Censer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chalice#Wicca" title="Chalice">Chalice/Goblet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drinking_horn" title="Drinking horn">Horn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Incense" title="Incense">Incense</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parchment" title="Parchment">Parchment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pentacle" title="Pentacle">Pentacle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Runic_magic#Modern_systems" title="Runic magic">Runes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scourge" title="Scourge">Scourge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Figurine" title="Figurine">Statue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Talisman" title="Talisman">Talisman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tarot" title="Tarot">Tarot deck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wand" title="Wand">Wand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Witch%27s_ladder" title="Witch's ladder">Witch's ladder</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Literature</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Aradia,_or_the_Gospel_of_the_Witches" title="Aradia, or the Gospel of the Witches">Aradia, or the Gospel of the Witches</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Meaning_of_Witchcraft" title="The Meaning of Witchcraft">The Meaning of Witchcraft</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Spiral_Dance" title="The Spiral Dance">The Spiral Dance</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/What_Witches_Do" title="What Witches Do">What Witches Do</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Witchcraft_Today" title="Witchcraft Today">Witchcraft Today</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Charge_of_the_Goddess" title="Charge of the Goddess">Charge of the Goddess</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Enchanted_Feminism" title="Enchanted Feminism">Enchanted Feminism</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Neopagan_movements#Wicca" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Neopagan movements">List of Wiccan organisations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bricket_Wood_coven" title="Bricket Wood coven">Bricket Wood coven</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Forest_coven" title="New Forest coven">New Forest coven</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neopagan_witchcraft" title="Neopagan witchcraft">Neopagan witchcraft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Witch-cult_hypothesis" title="Witch-cult hypothesis">Witch-cult hypothesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Left-hand_path_and_right-hand_path" title="Left-hand path and right-hand path">Left-hand path and right-hand path</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cunning_folk_in_Britain" title="Cunning folk in Britain">Cunning folk in Britain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_witchcraft" title="European witchcraft">European witchcraft</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Malleus_Maleficarum" title="Malleus Maleficarum">Malleus Maleficarum</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Folk_healer#Granny_women" title="Folk healer">Granny woman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cunning_folk" title="Cunning folk">Cunning folk</a></li> <li>Magical alphabets <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Runes" class="mw-redirect" title="Runes">Runes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theban_alphabet" title="Theban alphabet">Theban</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hebrew_alphabet" title="Hebrew alphabet">Hebrew</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Witching_hour" title="Witching hour">Witching hour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Witch_hunt" title="Witch hunt">Witch hunt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Witches%27_Sabbath" title="Witches' Sabbath">Witches' Sabbath</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flying_ointment" title="Flying ointment">Flying ointment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Museum_of_Witchcraft_and_Magic" title="Museum of Witchcraft and Magic">Museum of Witchcraft and Magic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Witchcraft_Research_Association" title="Witchcraft Research Association">Witchcraft Research Association</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Ireland_topics" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Ireland_topics" title="Template:Ireland topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Ireland_topics" title="Template talk:Ireland topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Ireland_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Ireland topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Ireland_topics" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Ireland" title="Ireland">Ireland</a> <a href="/wiki/List_of_Ireland-related_topics" title="List of Ireland-related topics">topics</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="font-weight:bold;"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Ireland" title="Republic of Ireland">Republic of Ireland</a> <a href="/wiki/Outline_of_the_Republic_of_Ireland" title="Outline of the Republic of Ireland">topics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Ireland" title="Northern Ireland">Northern Ireland</a> <a href="/wiki/List_of_Northern_Ireland%E2%80%93related_topics" title="List of Northern Ireland–related topics">topics</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="History" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Ireland" title="History of Ireland">History</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.25em"><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Irish_history" title="Timeline of Irish history">Timeline</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prehistoric_Ireland" title="Prehistoric Ireland">Prehistory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protohistory_of_Ireland" title="Protohistory of Ireland">Protohistory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Ireland_(400%E2%80%93800)" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Ireland (400–800)">Early history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaelic_Ireland" title="Gaelic Ireland">Gaelic Ireland</a> / <a href="/wiki/Lordship_of_Ireland" title="Lordship of Ireland">Lordship of Ireland</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Ireland_(800%E2%80%931169)" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Ireland (800–1169)">800–1169</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Ireland_(1169%E2%80%931536)" title="History of Ireland (1169–1536)">1169–1536</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Ireland" title="Kingdom of Ireland">Kingdom of Ireland</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Ireland_(1536%E2%80%931691)" title="History of Ireland (1536–1691)">1536–1691</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Ireland_(1691%E2%80%931800)" title="History of Ireland (1691–1800)">1691–1800</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_of_Great_Britain_and_Ireland" title="United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland">United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Ireland_(1801%E2%80%931923)" title="History of Ireland (1801–1923)">1801–1923</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_Republic" title="Irish Republic">Irish Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Ireland_(1921%E2%80%931922)" title="Southern Ireland (1921–1922)">Southern Ireland (1921–1922)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Ireland" title="Northern Ireland">Northern Ireland</a> (1921–present)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Northern_Ireland" title="History of Northern Ireland">since 1922</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_Free_State" title="Irish Free State">Irish Free State (1922–1937)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Republic_of_Ireland" title="History of the Republic of Ireland">Ireland (since 1922)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.25em">Events</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Tara_(Ireland)" title="Battle of Tara (Ireland)">Battles of Tara</a> / <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Glenmama" title="Battle of Glenmama">Glenmama</a> / <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Clontarf" title="Battle of Clontarf">Clontarf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Norman_invasion_of_Ireland" title="Anglo-Norman invasion of Ireland">Norman invasion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bruce_campaign_in_Ireland" title="Bruce campaign in Ireland">Bruce campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Death" title="Black Death">Black Death</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tudor_conquest_of_Ireland" title="Tudor conquest of Ireland">Tudor conquest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Desmond_Rebellions" title="Desmond Rebellions">Desmond Rebellions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Armada_in_Ireland" title="Spanish Armada in Ireland">Spanish Armada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nine_Years%27_War_(Ireland)" title="Nine Years' War (Ireland)">Tyrone's Rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flight_of_the_Earls" title="Flight of the Earls">Flight of the Earls</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plantation_of_Ulster" title="Plantation of Ulster">Plantation of Ulster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_Rebellion_of_1641" title="Irish Rebellion of 1641">1641 Rebellion</a> / <a href="/wiki/Irish_Confederate_Wars" title="Irish Confederate Wars">Confederate War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cromwellian_conquest_of_Ireland" title="Cromwellian conquest of Ireland">Cromwellian conquest</a> / <a href="/wiki/Act_for_the_Settlement_of_Ireland_1652" title="Act for the Settlement of Ireland 1652">Settlement of 1652</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Williamite_War_in_Ireland" title="Williamite War in Ireland">Williamite War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Penal_laws_(Ireland)" title="Penal laws (Ireland)">Penal Laws</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_Famine_(1740%E2%80%931741)" title="Irish Famine (1740–1741)">First Great Famine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_Rebellion_of_1798" title="Irish Rebellion of 1798">1798 Rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acts_of_Union_1800" title="Acts of Union 1800">Act of Union (1800)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_rebellion_of_1803" title="Irish rebellion of 1803">1803 Rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tithe_War" title="Tithe War">Tithe War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Famine_(Ireland)" title="Great Famine (Ireland)">Second Great Famine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Land_War" title="Land War">Land War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fenian_Rising" title="Fenian Rising">Fenian Rising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dublin_lock-out" title="Dublin lock-out">Dublin lock-out</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_of_Ireland_Act_1914" title="Government of Ireland Act 1914">Home Rule crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Easter_Rising" title="Easter Rising">Easter Rising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_War_of_Independence" title="Irish War of Independence">War of Independence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Irish_Treaty" title="Anglo-Irish Treaty">Anglo-Irish Treaty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_Civil_War" title="Irish Civil War">Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Emergency_(Ireland)" title="The Emergency (Ireland)">The Emergency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_campaign_(Irish_Republican_Army)" title="Northern campaign (Irish Republican Army)">IRA Northern Campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Border_campaign_(Irish_Republican_Army)" title="Border campaign (Irish Republican Army)">IRA Border Campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Troubles" title="The Troubles">The Troubles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Ireland_peace_process" title="Northern Ireland peace process">Peace process</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_the_Republic_of_Ireland" title="Economy of the Republic of Ireland">Economy of the Republic of Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_Tiger" title="Celtic Tiger">Celtic Tiger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-2008_Irish_economic_downturn" title="Post-2008 Irish economic downturn">Post-2008 Irish economic downturn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-2008_Irish_banking_crisis" title="Post-2008 Irish banking crisis">Post-2008 Irish banking crisis</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.25em">Other topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_conflicts_in_Ireland" title="List of conflicts in Ireland">List of conflicts in Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ancient_Celtic_peoples_and_tribes#Goidels_/_Gaels_/_Hibernians" title="List of ancient Celtic peoples and tribes">List of Irish tribes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Irish_kingdoms" title="List of Irish kingdoms">List of Irish kingdoms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_High_Kings_of_Ireland" title="List of High Kings of Ireland">List of High Kings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaelic_Ireland#Dress" title="Gaelic Ireland">Gaelic clothing and fashion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_World_Heritage_Sites_in_the_Republic_of_Ireland" title="List of World Heritage Sites in the Republic of Ireland">List of World Heritage Sites in the Republic of Ireland</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Geography" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Ireland" title="Geography of Ireland">Geography</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.25em">Natural</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Climate_of_Ireland" title="Climate of Ireland">Climate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_in_the_Republic_of_Ireland" title="Climate change in the Republic of Ireland">Climate change</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coastal_landforms_of_Ireland" title="Coastal landforms of Ireland">Coastline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extreme_points_of_Ireland" title="Extreme points of Ireland">Extreme points</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fauna_of_Ireland" title="Fauna of Ireland">Fauna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_of_Ireland" title="List of islands of Ireland">Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_loughs_of_Ireland" title="List of loughs of Ireland">Loughs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_mountains_in_Ireland" title="Lists of mountains in Ireland">Mountains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rivers_of_Ireland" title="Rivers of Ireland">Rivers</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_rivers_of_Ireland" title="List of rivers of Ireland">list</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_national_parks_of_the_Republic_of_Ireland" title="List of national parks of the Republic of Ireland">List of national parks of the Republic of Ireland</a> / <a href="/wiki/National_parks_of_the_United_Kingdom#National_parks_in_Northern_Ireland" title="National parks of the United Kingdom">in Northern Ireland</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.25em">Human</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_Ireland" title="Architecture of Ireland">Architecture</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_buildings_in_Ireland" title="List of buildings in Ireland">Notable buildings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_tallest_structures_in_Ireland" title="List of tallest structures in Ireland">Tallest buildings and structures</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/City_status_in_Ireland" title="City status in Ireland">Cities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Counties_of_Ireland" title="Counties of Ireland">Counties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_the_Republic_of_Ireland" title="Demographics of the Republic of Ireland">Demographics of the Republic of Ireland</a> / <a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Northern_Ireland" title="Demographics of Northern Ireland">of Northern Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ports_in_Ireland" title="List of ports in Ireland">Ports</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Provinces_of_Ireland" title="Provinces of Ireland">Provinces</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Ireland%E2%80%93United_Kingdom_border" title="Republic of Ireland–United Kingdom border">ROI–UK border</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_towns_in_Ireland" title="Lists of towns in Ireland">Towns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_the_Republic_of_Ireland" title="Tourism in the Republic of Ireland">Tourism in the Republic of Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_tourist_attractions_in_Ireland" title="List of tourist attractions in Ireland">Tourist attractions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Ireland" title="Transport in Ireland">Transport</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Politics" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_the_Republic_of_Ireland" title="Politics of the Republic of Ireland">Politics</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.25em">Ideologies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Irish_nationalism" title="Irish nationalism">Nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_republicanism" title="Irish republicanism">Republicanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulster_loyalism" title="Ulster loyalism">Ulster loyalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unionism_in_Ireland" title="Unionism in Ireland">Unionism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.25em"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_the_Republic_of_Ireland" title="Politics of the Republic of Ireland">Republic of Ireland</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Ireland" title="Constitution of Ireland">Constitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_the_Republic_of_Ireland" title="Economy of the Republic of Ireland">Economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_the_Republic_of_Ireland" title="Education in the Republic of Ireland">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Ireland" title="Foreign relations of Ireland">Foreign relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_of_Ireland" title="Government of Ireland">Government</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Local_government_in_the_Republic_of_Ireland" title="Local government in the Republic of Ireland">local</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_of_the_Republic_of_Ireland" title="Law of the Republic of Ireland">Law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_the_Republic_of_Ireland" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in the Republic of Ireland">LGBT rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oireachtas" title="Oireachtas"><i>Oireachtas</i> <span style="font-size:85%;">parliament</span></a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/D%C3%A1il_%C3%89ireann" title="Dáil Éireann"><i>Dáil Éireann</i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(lower house)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seanad_%C3%89ireann" title="Seanad Éireann"><i>Seanad Éireann</i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(upper house)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President_of_Ireland" title="President of Ireland">President</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taxation_in_the_Republic_of_Ireland" title="Taxation in the Republic of Ireland">Taxation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.25em"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Northern_Ireland" title="Politics of Northern Ireland">Northern Ireland</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Ireland_Assembly" title="Northern Ireland Assembly">Assembly</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/D%27Hondt_method" title="D'Hondt method">D'Hondt method</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Northern_Ireland" title="Economy of Northern Ireland">Economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Northern_Ireland" title="Education in Northern Ireland">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Ireland_Executive" title="Northern Ireland Executive">Government</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Local_government_in_Northern_Ireland" title="Local government in Northern Ireland">local</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_Northern_Ireland" title="LGBT rights in Northern Ireland">LGBT rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Ireland_peace_process" title="Northern Ireland peace process">Peace process</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Culture" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Ireland" title="Culture of Ireland">Culture</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.25em"><a href="/wiki/Irish_cuisine" title="Irish cuisine">Cuisine</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Food</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Irish_dishes" title="List of Irish dishes">List of dishes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barmbrack" title="Barmbrack">Barmbrack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bacon_and_cabbage" title="Bacon and cabbage">Bacon and cabbage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boxty" title="Boxty">Boxty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Champ_(food)" title="Champ (food)">Champ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coddle" title="Coddle">Coddle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colcannon" title="Colcannon">Colcannon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drisheen" title="Drisheen">Drisheen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Full_breakfast#Ireland" title="Full breakfast">Irish fry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skirts_and_kidneys" title="Skirts and kidneys">Skirts and kidneys</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soda_bread" title="Soda bread">Soda bread</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spice_bag" title="Spice bag">Spice Bag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_stew" title="Irish stew">Stew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/3-in-1_(fast_food_dish)" title="3-in-1 (fast food dish)">Three-in-One</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Drinks</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Irish_coffee" title="Irish coffee">Coffee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_cream" title="Irish cream">Cream</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guinness" title="Guinness">Guinness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_Mist" title="Irish Mist">Mist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poit%C3%ADn" title="Poitín">Poitín</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_breakfast_tea" title="Irish breakfast tea">Tea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_whiskey" title="Irish whiskey">Whiskey</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.25em"><a href="/wiki/Irish_dance" title="Irish dance">Dance</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jig" title="Jig">Jig</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sean-n%C3%B3s_dance" title="Sean-nós dance">Sean-nós</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_set_dancing" title="Irish set dancing">Set dancing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_stepdance" title="Irish stepdance">Stepdance</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.25em">Festivals</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Imbolc" title="Imbolc">Imbolc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Patrick%27s_Day" title="Saint Patrick's Day">Saint Patrick's Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beltane" title="Beltane">Bealtaine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Twelfth" title="The Twelfth">The Twelfth</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Lúnasa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rose_of_Tralee_(festival)" title="Rose of Tralee (festival)">Rose of Tralee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samhain" title="Samhain">Samhain</a> / <a href="/wiki/Halloween" title="Halloween">Halloween</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wren_Day" title="Wren Day">Wren Day</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.25em"><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Ireland" title="Languages of Ireland">Languages</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hiberno-English" title="Hiberno-English">Hiberno-English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_language" title="Irish language">Irish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shelta" title="Shelta">Shelta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulster_Scots_dialect" title="Ulster Scots dialect">Ulster Scots</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.25em"><a href="/wiki/Irish_literature" title="Irish literature">Literature</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Irish_annals" title="Irish annals">Annals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_prose_fiction" title="Irish prose fiction">Fiction</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Modern_literature_in_Irish" title="Modern literature in Irish">Gaeilge</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_poetry" title="Irish poetry">Poetry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_theatre" title="Irish theatre">Theatre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Triads_of_Ireland" title="Triads of Ireland">Triads</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.25em"><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Ireland" title="Music of Ireland">Music</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Irish_ballads" title="List of Irish ballads">Ballads</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/C%C3%A8ilidh" title="Cèilidh">Céilí</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_traditional_music" title="Irish traditional music">Folk music</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Irish_traditional_music_session" title="Irish traditional music session">session</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Irish_musical_instruments" title="Category:Irish musical instruments">Instruments</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rock_music_in_Ireland" title="Rock music in Ireland">Rock music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traditional_Irish_singing" title="Traditional Irish singing">Traditional singing</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.25em"><a href="/wiki/Irish_mythology" title="Irish mythology">Mythology</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Irish_mythology#Mythological_cycle" title="Irish mythology">Cycles</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mythological_Cycle" title="Mythological Cycle">Mythological</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fenian_Cycle" title="Fenian Cycle">Fenian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulster_Cycle" title="Ulster Cycle">Ulster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cycles_of_the_Kings" title="Cycles of the Kings">Kings</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Aos_S%C3%AD" title="Aos Sí">Aos Sí</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Echtra" title="Echtra">Echtrai</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Immram" title="Immram">Immrama</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tuatha_D%C3%A9_Danann" title="Tuatha Dé Danann">Tuatha Dé Danann</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Firbolg" class="mw-redirect" title="Firbolg">Firbolg</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Fomorians" title="Fomorians">Fomorians</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Irish_legendary_creatures" title="Category:Irish legendary creatures">Legendary creatures</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.25em"><a href="/wiki/Irish_people" title="Irish people">People</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Irish_people" title="Anglo-Irish people">Anglo-Irish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaels" title="Gaels">Gaels</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gaelic_Ireland" title="Gaelic Ireland">Gaelic Ireland</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Normans_in_Ireland" title="Normans in Ireland">Hiberno-Normans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_diaspora" title="Irish diaspora">Irish diaspora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Irish_people" title="List of Irish people">List of Irish people</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_Travellers" title="Irish Travellers">Travellers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulster_Scots_people" title="Ulster Scots people">Ulster Scots</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yola_people" title="Yola people">Yola</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.25em"><a href="/wiki/Sport_in_Ireland" title="Sport in Ireland">Sport</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Association_football_in_the_Republic_of_Ireland" title="Association football in the Republic of Ireland">Association football in the Republic of Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Association_football_in_Northern_Ireland" title="Association football in Northern Ireland">Association football in Northern Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Camogie" title="Camogie">Camogie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaelic_football" title="Gaelic football">Gaelic football</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaelic_handball" title="Gaelic handball">Gaelic handball</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hurling" title="Hurling">Hurling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_martial_arts" title="Irish martial arts">Martial arts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_road_bowling" title="Irish road bowling">Road bowling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rounders" title="Rounders">Rounders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rugby_union_in_Ireland" title="Rugby union in Ireland">Rugby union</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.25em"><a href="/wiki/Category:National_symbols_of_Ireland" title="Category:National symbols of Ireland">Symbols</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> 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