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vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input 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<input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 71 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-71" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">71 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%A6%D8%B0%D9%86%D8%A9_%D8%AC%D8%A7%D9%85" title="مئذنة جام – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="مئذنة جام" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cam_minar%C9%99si" title="Cam minarəsi – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Cam minarəsi" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%9C%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AE%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B0_%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0" title="জামের মিনার – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="জামের মিনার" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B6%D0%B0%D0%BC%D1%81%D0%BA%D1%96_%D0%BC%D1%96%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%8D%D1%82" title="Джамскі мінарэт – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Джамскі мінарэт" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B6%D0%B0%D0%BC%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE_%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B5" title="Джамско минаре – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Джамско минаре" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C5%BEamska_munara" title="Džamska munara – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Džamska munara" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minaret_de_Jam" title="Minaret de Jam – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Minaret de Jam" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minaret_D%C5%BE%C3%A1m" title="Minaret Džám – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Minaret Džám" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dag mw-list-item"><a href="https://dag.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minaret_of_Jam" title="Minaret of Jam – Dagbani" lang="dag" hreflang="dag" data-title="Minaret of Jam" data-language-autonym="Dagbanli" data-language-local-name="Dagbani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dagbanli</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minareten_i_Jam" title="Minareten i Jam – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Minareten i Jam" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minarett_von_Dsch%C4%81m" title="Minarett von Dschām – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Minarett von Dschām" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C4%81mi_minarett" title="Jāmi minarett – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Jāmi minarett" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9C%CE%B9%CE%BD%CE%B1%CF%81%CE%AD%CF%82_%CE%A4%CE%B6%CE%B1%CE%BC" title="Μιναρές Τζαμ – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Μιναρές Τζαμ" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minarete_de_Jam" title="Minarete de Jam – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Minarete de Jam" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minareto_de_%C4%9Cam" title="Minareto de Ĝam – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Minareto de Ĝam" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamgo_minaretea" title="Jamgo minaretea – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Jamgo minaretea" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gur mw-list-item"><a href="https://gur.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minaret_of_Jam" title="Minaret of Jam – Frafra" lang="gur" hreflang="gur" data-title="Minaret of Jam" data-language-autonym="Farefare" data-language-local-name="Frafra" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Farefare</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%B1_%D8%AC%D8%A7%D9%85" title="منار جام – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="منار جام" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dj%C3%A2m" title="Djâm – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Djâm" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minarete_de_Jam" title="Minarete de Jam – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Minarete de Jam" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%96%8C%EC%9D%98_%EC%B2%A8%ED%83%91" title="얌의 첨탑 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="얌의 첨탑" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0-%E0%A4%8F-%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AE" title="मीनार-ए-जाम – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="मीनार-ए-जाम" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C5%BEam" title="Džam – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Džam" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Situs_Jam" title="Situs Jam – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Situs Jam" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minareto_di_Jam" title="Minareto di Jam – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Minareto di Jam" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%94%D7%9E%D7%99%D7%A0%D7%A8%D7%98_%D7%91%D7%92%27%D7%90%D7%9D" title="המינרט בג'אם – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="המינרט בג'אם" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minar%C3%A8t_ing_Jam" title="Minarèt ing Jam – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Minarèt ing Jam" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%AF%E1%83%90%E1%83%9B%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1_%E1%83%9B%E1%83%98%E1%83%9C%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%94%E1%83%97%E1%83%98" title="ჯამის მინარეთი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ჯამის მინარეთი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C5%BE%C4%81mas_minarets" title="Džāmas minarets – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Džāmas minarets" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C5%BEamo_minaretas" title="Džamo minaretas – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Džamo minaretas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dzsam_minaretje" title="Dzsam minaretje – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Dzsam minaretje" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mai mw-list-item"><a href="https://mai.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AE_%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0" title="जाम मिनार – Maithili" lang="mai" hreflang="mai" data-title="जाम मिनार" data-language-autonym="मैथिली" data-language-local-name="Maithili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मैथिली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B5_%D0%8F%D0%B5%D0%BC" title="Минаре Џем – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Минаре Џем" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%AE%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%A8%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%86%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%8D_%E0%B4%93%E0%B4%AB%E0%B5%8D_%E0%B4%9C%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%82" title="മിനറെറ്റ് ഓഫ് ജാം – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="മിനറെറ്റ് ഓഫ് ജാം" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mt mw-list-item"><a href="https://mt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minaret_ta%27_Jam" title="Minaret ta' Jam – Maltese" lang="mt" hreflang="mt" data-title="Minaret ta' Jam" data-language-autonym="Malti" data-language-local-name="Maltese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Menara_Jam" title="Menara Jam – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Menara Jam" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fat mw-list-item"><a href="https://fat.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jam_Minar%C9%9Btse" title="Jam Minarɛtse – Fanti" lang="fat" hreflang="fat" data-title="Jam Minarɛtse" data-language-autonym="Mfantse" data-language-local-name="Fanti" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Mfantse</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%96%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%B9%D0%BD_%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%82" title="Жамийн минарет – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Жамийн минарет" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%82%E1%80%BB%E1%80%99%E1%80%BA%E1%80%9B%E1%80%BE%E1%80%AD_%E1%80%97%E1%80%9C%E1%80%AE%E1%80%99%E1%80%BB%E1%80%BE%E1%80%B1%E1%80%AC%E1%80%BA%E1%80%85%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA" title="ဂျမ်ရှိ ဗလီမျှော်စင် – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="ဂျမ်ရှိ ဗလီမျှော်စင်" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jam_(Afghanistan)" title="Jam (Afghanistan) – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Jam (Afghanistan)" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8B_%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0_%E0%A4%B0_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%BE" title="जामको मिनार र पुरातात्विक सम्पदा – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="जामको मिनार र पुरातात्विक सम्पदा" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%B8%E3%83%A3%E3%83%BC%E3%83%A0%E3%81%AE%E3%83%9F%E3%83%8A%E3%83%AC%E3%83%83%E3%83%88" title="ジャームのミナレット – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ジャームのミナレット" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minareten_i_Jam" title="Minareten i Jam – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Minareten i Jam" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minareten_i_Jam" title="Minareten i Jam – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Minareten i Jam" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Djam" title="Djam – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Djam" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jom_minorasi" title="Jom minorasi – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Jom minorasi" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%9C%E0%A8%AE_%E0%A8%AE%E0%A9%80%E0%A8%A8%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%B0" title="ਜਮ ਮੀਨਾਰ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਜਮ ਮੀਨਾਰ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D8%A7%D9%85_%D9%85%DB%8C%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%B1" title="جام مینار – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="جام مینار" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%B1_%D8%AC%D8%A7%D9%85" title="منار جام – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="منار جام" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minaret_w_D%C5%BCam" title="Minaret w Dżam – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Minaret w Dżam" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minarete_de_Jam" title="Minarete de Jam – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Minarete de Jam" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B6%D0%B0%D0%BC%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%82" title="Джамский минарет – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Джамский минарет" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minaret_o_Jam" title="Minaret o Jam – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Minaret o Jam" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C5%BE%C3%A1msky_minaret" title="Džámsky minaret – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Džámsky minaret" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minaret_D%C5%BEam" title="Minaret Džam – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Minaret Džam" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%8F%D0%B0%D0%BC%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%82" title="Џамски минарет – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Џамски минарет" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C5%BEamski_minaret" title="Džamski minaret – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Džamski minaret" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamin_minareetti" title="Jamin minareetti – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Jamin minareetti" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minareten_och_fornl%C3%A4mningarna_i_Jam" title="Minareten och fornlämningarna i Jam – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Minareten och fornlämningarna i Jam" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%9C%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%A9%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D" title="ஜாம் மினார் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="ஜாம் மினார்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%8B%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%99%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%AB%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%8D%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A1" title="หออะซานแห่งญาม – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="หออะซานแห่งญาม" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cam_Minaresi" title="Cam Minaresi – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Cam Minaresi" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tw mw-list-item"><a href="https://tw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minaret_a_%C9%9Bw%C9%94_Jam" title="Minaret a ɛwɔ Jam – Twi" lang="tw" hreflang="tw" data-title="Minaret a ɛwɔ Jam" data-language-autonym="Twi" data-language-local-name="Twi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Twi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B6%D0%B0%D0%BC%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%BC%D1%96%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%82" title="Джамський мінарет – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Джамський мінарет" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%DB%8C%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%B1_%D8%AC%D8%A7%D9%85" title="مینار جام – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="مینار جام" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Th%C3%A1p_gi%C3%A1o_%C4%91%C6%B0%E1%BB%9Dng_%E1%BB%9F_Jam" title="Tháp giáo đường ở Jam – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Tháp giáo đường ở Jam" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minaret_han_Jam" title="Minaret han Jam – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Minaret han Jam" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%B4%BE%E5%A7%86%E5%B0%96%E5%A1%94" title="贾姆尖塔 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="贾姆尖塔" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%9F%A5%E5%A7%86%E5%9B%9E%E6%95%99%E5%AF%BA%E9%99%A2%E5%B0%96%E5%A1%94" title="查姆回教寺院尖塔 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="查姆回教寺院尖塔" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%B4%BE%E5%A7%86%E5%B0%96%E5%A1%94" title="贾姆尖塔 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="贾姆尖塔" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mos mw-list-item"><a href="https://mos.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minaret_of_Jam" title="Minaret of Jam – Mossi" lang="mos" hreflang="mos" data-title="Minaret of Jam" data-language-autonym="Moore" data-language-local-name="Mossi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Moore</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q192981#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav 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.latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Minaret_of_Jam&params=34_23_47.6_N_64_30_57.8_E_region:AF_type:landmark"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">34°23′47.6″N</span> <span class="longitude">64°30′57.8″E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">34.396556°N 64.516056°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">34.396556; 64.516056</span></span></span></a></span></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Minaret in Ghor Province, Afghanistan</div><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above fn org" style="font-size:125%; text-align:center">Minaret of Jam</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Minaret_of_jam_2009_ghor.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Minaret_of_jam_2009_ghor.jpg/250px-Minaret_of_jam_2009_ghor.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="334" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Minaret_of_jam_2009_ghor.jpg/375px-Minaret_of_jam_2009_ghor.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Minaret_of_jam_2009_ghor.jpg/500px-Minaret_of_jam_2009_ghor.jpg 2x" data-file-width="824" data-file-height="1100" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:bold">Type</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Minaret" title="Minaret">Minaret</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:bold">Location</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Shahrak_District" title="Shahrak District">Shahrak District</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ghor_Province" title="Ghor Province">Ghor Province</a>, Afghanistan</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:bold">Coordinates</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="geo-inline"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Minaret_of_Jam&params=34_23_47.6_N_64_30_57.8_E_region:AF_type:landmark"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">34°23′47.6″N</span> <span class="longitude">64°30′57.8″E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">34.396556°N 64.516056°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">34.396556; 64.516056</span></span></span></a></span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:bold">Height</th><td class="infobox-data">55 m (180 ft)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:bold">Built</th><td class="infobox-data"><abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1190</span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546" /></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546" /><div style="border:4px solid #0177D3; line-height: 1.5; text-align: center;"> <a href="/wiki/World_Heritage_Site" title="World Heritage Site">UNESCO World Heritage Site</a></div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Official name</th><td class="infobox-data">Minaret and Archaeological Remains of Jam</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Type</th><td class="infobox-data">Cultural</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Criteria</th><td class="infobox-data">(ii), (iii), (iv)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Designated</th><td class="infobox-data">2002 <small>(26th <a href="/wiki/World_Heritage_Committee" title="World Heritage Committee">session</a>)</small></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Reference no.</th><td class="infobox-data"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/211">211</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Region</th><td class="infobox-data">Central Asia</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/List_of_World_Heritage_in_Danger" title="List of World Heritage in Danger">Endangered</a></th><td class="infobox-data">2002–...</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><th colspan="2"> </th></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238443738">.mw-parser-output .locmap .od{position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .id{position:absolute;line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .locmap .l0{font-size:0;position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pv{line-height:110%;position:absolute;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pl{line-height:110%;position:absolute;top:-0.75em;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pr{line-height:110%;position:absolute;top:-0.75em;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pv>div{display:inline;padding:1px}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pl>div{display:inline;padding:1px;float:right}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pr>div{display:inline;padding:1px;float:left}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pv>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pl>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pr>div{background:#fff!important;color:#000!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .locmap{filter:grayscale(0.6)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data .locmap div{background:transparent!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .locmap{filter:grayscale(0.6)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pv>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pl>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pr>div{background:white!important;color:#000!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data .locmap div{background:transparent!important}}</style><div class="center"><div class="locmap" style="width:240px;float:none;clear:both;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto"><div style="width:240px;padding:0"><div style="position:relative;width:240px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Afghanistan_adm_location_map.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Minaret of Jam is located in Afghanistan"><img alt="Minaret of Jam is located in Afghanistan" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Afghanistan_adm_location_map.svg/240px-Afghanistan_adm_location_map.svg.png" decoding="async" width="240" height="177" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Afghanistan_adm_location_map.svg/360px-Afghanistan_adm_location_map.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Afghanistan_adm_location_map.svg/480px-Afghanistan_adm_location_map.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1807" data-file-height="1331" /></a></span><div class="od notheme" style="top:44.933%;left:29.517%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-4px;top:-4px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Minaret of Jam"><img alt="Minaret of Jam" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/7px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="7" height="7" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/11px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/14px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></span></span></div></div></div><div style="padding-top:0.2em">Location of Minaret of Jam in Afghanistan</div></div></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>Minaret of Jam</b> (<a href="/wiki/Pashto" title="Pashto">Pashto</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dari_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Dari language">Dari</a>: <span lang="prs" dir="rtl">منار جام</span>) is a <a href="/wiki/UNESCO" title="UNESCO">UNESCO</a> <a href="/wiki/World_Heritage_Site" title="World Heritage Site">World Heritage Site</a> in western Afghanistan. It is located in a remote and nearly inaccessible region of the <a href="/wiki/Shahrak_District" title="Shahrak District">Shahrak District</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ghor_Province" title="Ghor Province">Ghor Province</a>, next to the <a href="/wiki/Hari_(Afghanistan)" title="Hari (Afghanistan)">Hari River</a>. The 52 m (171 ft)<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or 65 m (213 ft)<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> high <a href="/wiki/Minaret" title="Minaret">minaret</a> was built <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1380</span> entirely of baked bricks and is famous for its intricate brick, stucco and glazed tile decoration, which consists of alternating bands of <a href="/wiki/Kufic" title="Kufic">kufic</a> and <a href="/wiki/Naskh_(script)" title="Naskh (script)">naskhi</a> <a href="/wiki/Calligraphy" title="Calligraphy">calligraphy</a>, geometric patterns, and verses from the <a href="/wiki/Qur%27an" class="mw-redirect" title="Qur'an">Qur'an</a>. Since 2002, the minaret has remained on the <a href="/wiki/List_of_World_Heritage_in_Danger" title="List of World Heritage in Danger">list of World Heritage in Danger</a>, under serious threat of erosion, and has not been actively preserved.<sup id="cite_ref-youtube.com_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-youtube.com-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2014, the <a href="/wiki/BBC" title="BBC">BBC</a> reported that the tower was in imminent danger of collapse.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2020, the Minaret of Jam was listed among cultural heritage sites of the <a href="/wiki/Islamic_world" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamic world">Islamic world</a> by the <a href="/wiki/ICESCO" title="ICESCO">Islamic World Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization</a> (ICESCO). According to the Afghan <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Foreign_Affairs_(Afghanistan)" title="Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Afghanistan)">Ministry of Foreign Affairs</a> (MoFA), the Minaret of Jam is Afghanistan's first cultural heritage site to be listed by ICESCO.<sup id="cite_ref-tolonews.com_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tolonews.com-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etymology">Etymology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Minaret_of_Jam&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Etymology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The word <a href="/wiki/Minaret" title="Minaret">minaret</a> is <a href="/wiki/Arabic" title="Arabic">Arabic</a> [منارة] and usually means a tower next to a mosque from which the <a href="/wiki/Muezzin" title="Muezzin">muezzin</a> calls the faithful to prayer. However it also means lighthouse and has other meanings. Here it is used loosely. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Site">Site</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Minaret_of_Jam&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Site"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Minaret of Jaam is probably located at the site of the <a href="/wiki/Ghurid_dynasty" title="Ghurid dynasty">Ghurid dynasty</a>'s capital, <a href="/wiki/Firozkoh" title="Firozkoh">Firozkoh</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The circular minaret rests on an octagonal base; it had 2 wooden balconies and was topped by a lantern. Its formal presentation has a striking similarity to the <a href="/wiki/Ghazni_Minarets" title="Ghazni Minarets">Ghazni minarets</a> built by Masud III.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is thought to have been a direct inspiration for the <a href="/wiki/Qutub_Minar" class="mw-redirect" title="Qutub Minar">Qutub Minar</a> in <a href="/wiki/Delhi" title="Delhi">Delhi</a>, <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a>. </p><p>The Minaret of Jam belongs to a group of around 60 minarets and towers built between the 11th and the 13th centuries in Central Asia, Iran and Afghanistan, including the <a href="/wiki/Kutlug_Timur_Minaret" title="Kutlug Timur Minaret">Kutlug Timur Minaret</a> in <a href="/wiki/Konye-Urgench" title="Konye-Urgench">Old Urgench</a> (long considered the tallest of these still in existence).<sup id="cite_ref-:0_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The minarets are thought to have been built as symbols of <a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a>'s victory, while other towers were simply landmarks or watchtowers. </p><p>The archaeological landscape around Jam includes the ruins of a 'palace', fortifications, a pottery kiln and a Jewish cemetery, and has been suggested to be the remains of the lost city of <a href="/wiki/Firozkoh" title="Firozkoh">Turquoise Mountain</a>. Analysis of the "robber holes" around the site, high-resolution satellite images and data from Google Maps has led to an estimate that the Ghūrid summer capital around the minaret was about 19.5 hectares in size.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_6-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The archaeological site of Jam was successfully nominated as Afghanistan's first World Heritage site in 2002. It was also inscribed in UNESCO's <a href="/wiki/List_of_World_Heritage_in_Danger" title="List of World Heritage in Danger">list of World Heritage in Danger</a>, due to the precarious state of preservation of the minaret, and the results of looting at the site.<sup id="cite_ref-unesco_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-unesco-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to archaeologists, a Jewish cemetery was also discovered 10 kilometers away from the minaret including remains from a military building, a palace and pottery jars.<sup id="cite_ref-tolonews.com_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tolonews.com-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Minaret_of_Jam&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/History_of_Afghanistan" title="History of Afghanistan">History of Afghanistan</a></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Jam_minartet_clear_white_ghorid_empire2009.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Jam_minartet_clear_white_ghorid_empire2009.jpg/258px-Jam_minartet_clear_white_ghorid_empire2009.jpg" decoding="async" width="258" height="907" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4f/Jam_minartet_clear_white_ghorid_empire2009.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="316" data-file-height="1111" /></a><figcaption>Jam minaret</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:1502-Babur_advancing_through_the_mountains_to_Kabul.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/1502-Babur_advancing_through_the_mountains_to_Kabul.jpg/220px-1502-Babur_advancing_through_the_mountains_to_Kabul.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/1502-Babur_advancing_through_the_mountains_to_Kabul.jpg/330px-1502-Babur_advancing_through_the_mountains_to_Kabul.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/1502-Babur_advancing_through_the_mountains_to_Kabul.jpg/440px-1502-Babur_advancing_through_the_mountains_to_Kabul.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1875" data-file-height="2500" /></a><figcaption>Timurid conqueror <a href="/wiki/Babur" title="Babur">Babur</a> advances through Jam and the mountains to <a href="/wiki/Kabul" title="Kabul">Kabul</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>During the 12th and 13th century, the Ghurids controlled what is now <a href="/wiki/Afghanistan" title="Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a>, but also parts of eastern <a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a>, <a href="/wiki/Central_Asia" title="Central Asia">Central Asia</a>, Northern <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a> and parts of <a href="/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan">Pakistan</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-unesco_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-unesco-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Arabic inscription dating the minaret is unclear – it could read 1193/4 or 1174/5 when converted to Gregorian dates. It could thus commemorate the victory of the Ghurid sultan <a href="/wiki/Ghiyath_al-Din_Muhammad" title="Ghiyath al-Din Muhammad">Ghiyas ud-Din</a> over the <a href="/wiki/Ghaznavids" title="Ghaznavids">Ghaznavids</a> in 1186 in <a href="/wiki/Lahore" title="Lahore">Lahore</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceA_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, <a href="/wiki/Ralph_Pinder-Wilson" title="Ralph Pinder-Wilson">Dr. Ralph Pinder-Wilson</a>, a British Archeologist and Director of the <a href="/w/index.php?title=British_Institute_of_Afghan_Studies&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="British Institute of Afghan Studies (page does not exist)">British Institute of Afghan Studies</a> in the 1970s, wrote a major study of the Minarets of Jam and <a href="/wiki/Ghazni_Minarets" title="Ghazni Minarets">Ghazni</a> in which he expressed his belief that the minaret was built to commemorate the victory of <a href="/wiki/Muhammad_of_Ghor" title="Muhammad of Ghor">Mu'izz ad-Din</a>, Ghiyath ud-Din's brother, over <a href="/wiki/Prithviraj_Chauhan" title="Prithviraj Chauhan">Prithviraj Chauhan</a>. This victory allowed <a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a> to spread into the northern Indian subcontinent.<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceA_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Pinder-Wilson believed that the minaret was built in the style of the time, which included a tradition of early Islamic victory towers proclaiming the conquering power of Islam.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>It is assumed that the Minaret was attached to the Friday Mosque of Firozkoh, which the Ghurid chronicler <a href="/wiki/Abu_%27Ubayd_al-Juzjani" title="Abu 'Ubayd al-Juzjani">Abu 'Ubayd al-Juzjani</a> states was washed away in a flash flood, some time before the Mongol sieges in the early 13th century.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2014)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Work at Jam by the Minaret of Jam Archaeological Project has found evidence of a large courtyard building beside the minaret, and evidence of river sediments on top of the baked-brick paving.<sup id="cite_ref-antiquity.ac.uk_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-antiquity.ac.uk-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Ghurid Empire's glory waned after the death of Ghiyath ud-Din in 1202, as it was forced to cede territory to the <a href="/wiki/Khwarazm" title="Khwarazm">Khwarazm</a> Empire. Juzjani states that Firuzkuh was destroyed by the <a href="/wiki/Mongols" title="Mongols">Mongols</a> in 1222.<sup id="cite_ref-antiquity.ac.uk_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-antiquity.ac.uk-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Minaret was little known outside of Afghanistan until <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Holdich" title="Thomas Holdich">Sir Thomas Holdich</a> reported it in 1886 while working for the Afghan Boundary Commission. It did not come to world attention, however, until 1957 through the work of the French archaeologists André Maricq<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Gaston_Wiet" title="Gaston Wiet">Gaston Wiet</a>. Later, Werner Herberg conducted limited surveys around the site in the 1970s, and <a href="/wiki/Ralph_Pinder-Wilson" title="Ralph Pinder-Wilson">Ralph Pinder-Wilson</a> completed his major study of the site in the same decade, before the Soviet invasion of 1979 once again cut off outside access. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="2022_earthquake">2022 earthquake</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Minaret_of_Jam&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: 2022 earthquake"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/January_2022_Afghanistan_earthquake" class="mw-redirect" title="January 2022 Afghanistan earthquake">January 2022 Afghanistan earthquake</a></div> <p>On January 17, 2022, an earthquake struck western Afghanistan, killing 28 people. The earthquake caused bricks to fall from the tower and it has since been at an even greater risk of collapsing.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Inscriptional_content">Inscriptional content</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Minaret_of_Jam&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Inscriptional content"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>The uppermost band consists of the Muslim confession of faith, the <a href="/wiki/Shahada" title="Shahada">shahada</a>; "<i>I bear witness there is no god but Allah (and that) Muhammad is the messenger of Allah.</i>"</li> <li>Below this, are upper two bands that consists of verse 13, surat al-Saff LXI;"<i>Help from Allah and present victory. Give good tidings (O Muhammad) to believers. O ye who believe.</i>"</li> <li>The band below this consists of names and titles of <i><a href="/wiki/Ghiyas_ad-Din_Ghori" class="mw-redirect" title="Ghiyas ad-Din Ghori">Ghiyath ad-Din Muhammad bin Sam</a></i></li> <li>Located below this is a band containing an amplified version of Ghiyath ad-Din Muhammad's names and titles in turquoise mosaic tiles.</li> <li>An oblong hexagon with two lines of <i>naskhi</i> underneath, (1)"<i>The work of 'Ali ibn...</i>", (2)undeciphered</li> <li>An inscription, "<i>Abu'l-Fath</i>", heavily damaged, due to being made of stucco.</li> <li>Interlaced bands consisting of surat Maryam XIX.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Facing north is a Kufic inscription, "<i>On the date of the year five hundred ninety</i>"(equivalent of 27 December 1193 to 16 December 1194).<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Threats">Threats</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Minaret_of_Jam&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Threats"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Minaret of Jam is threatened by erosion, water infiltration and floods, due to its proximity to the Hari and Jam rivers.<sup id="cite_ref-youtube.com_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-youtube.com-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Another threat are the earthquakes that happen frequently in the region. The tower has been tilting, and stabilisation work has been carried out at various times.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Following his 2002 visit, British explorer and future Member of Parliament <a href="/wiki/Rory_Stewart" title="Rory Stewart">Rory Stewart</a> reported that looters and illegal excavations had also damaged the archaeological site surrounding the minaret.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 21 July 2018 Pajhwok News reported Taliban clashes with local forces at checkpoints near the Minaret of Jam in a 6-hour long skirmish. The militants set the forests surrounding the historic district on fire, damaging a mosque. </p><p>Ghor Director of Culture and Information Fakhruddin Ariapoor expressed concern at the instability in the area, stating that some parts of the green area were damaged; and although the minaret remained intact, warned that if the central government did not pay due attention to the security of the site, the militants would destroy it.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Conservation">Conservation</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Minaret_of_Jam&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Conservation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The minaret was largely rediscovered in 1958 by French explorers. From its finding to the early 1970s, there were active restoration efforts and scientific studies conducted in order to slow the decay process. However, after the Soviet invasion of Afghanistan, no efforts were made. </p> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Minaret_of_Jam_melts_into_rugged_landscape_-_panoramio.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Minaret_of_Jam_melts_into_rugged_landscape_-_panoramio.jpg/258px-Minaret_of_Jam_melts_into_rugged_landscape_-_panoramio.jpg" decoding="async" width="258" height="399" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Minaret_of_Jam_melts_into_rugged_landscape_-_panoramio.jpg/387px-Minaret_of_Jam_melts_into_rugged_landscape_-_panoramio.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Minaret_of_Jam_melts_into_rugged_landscape_-_panoramio.jpg/516px-Minaret_of_Jam_melts_into_rugged_landscape_-_panoramio.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1018" data-file-height="1575" /></a><figcaption>Minaret of Jam melts into rugged landscape</figcaption></figure> <p>UNESCO has tried to launch assessment programs. In 2012 UNESCO outlined plans for 3D scanning, hydraulic measurements, and strengthening of support beams and walls to maintain the Minaret, and photos of the external structure have been taken to provide models for future reconstruction. Although the 3D modelling of the minaret was finally carried out for UNESCO by Iconem, political instability has led to a lack of funding and no maintenance efforts have been conducted. Furthermore, the surrounding terrain has made it difficult to make any progress of the structure as it impedes access. However, these assessments have provided a strong basis for future maintenance.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While fieldwork remains difficult, archaeologists have analyzed satellite images and data from Google Maps to make new discoveries about the minaret and the surrounding site.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_6-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Much can be and needs to be done to aid in the conservation of the minaret. Security should be one of the primary focuses as looting is a commonplace of the archeological site. Likewise, it is important that the people of Afghanistan get involved in that their interest and engagement in the site will hopefully fund future efforts for preservation.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Gallery">Gallery</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Minaret_of_Jam&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Gallery"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 92px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 90px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Jam_afghanistan_ghorprovince_islamic_architecture.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Minaret of Jam, Decorative inscriptions on the exterior"><img alt="Minaret of Jam, Decorative inscriptions on the exterior" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Jam_afghanistan_ghorprovince_islamic_architecture.jpg/135px-Jam_afghanistan_ghorprovince_islamic_architecture.jpg" decoding="async" width="90" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Jam_afghanistan_ghorprovince_islamic_architecture.jpg/203px-Jam_afghanistan_ghorprovince_islamic_architecture.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Jam_afghanistan_ghorprovince_islamic_architecture.jpg/270px-Jam_afghanistan_ghorprovince_islamic_architecture.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="1065" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Minaret of Jam, Decorative inscriptions on the exterior</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 82.666666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 80.666666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Jamafghanistangrorharirud.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Minaret of Jam, detail view"><img alt="Minaret of Jam, detail view" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Jamafghanistangrorharirud.jpg/121px-Jamafghanistangrorharirud.jpg" decoding="async" width="81" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Jamafghanistangrorharirud.jpg/182px-Jamafghanistangrorharirud.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Jamafghanistangrorharirud.jpg/243px-Jamafghanistangrorharirud.jpg 2x" data-file-width="742" data-file-height="1100" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Minaret of Jam, detail view</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 125.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 123.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Minar_of_jam_ghor.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Minaret of Jam, part of decorative exterior inscription"><img alt="Minaret of Jam, part of decorative exterior inscription" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Minar_of_jam_ghor.jpg/185px-Minar_of_jam_ghor.jpg" decoding="async" width="124" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Minar_of_jam_ghor.jpg/277px-Minar_of_jam_ghor.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Minar_of_jam_ghor.jpg/370px-Minar_of_jam_ghor.jpg 2x" data-file-width="854" data-file-height="832" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Minaret of Jam, part of decorative exterior inscription</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 68.666666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 66.666666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Jam_Minaret_decoration.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Decorated exterior of the Minaret of Jam, August 2005"><img alt="Decorated exterior of the Minaret of Jam, August 2005" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Jam_Minaret_decoration.jpg/100px-Jam_Minaret_decoration.jpg" decoding="async" width="67" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Jam_Minaret_decoration.jpg/151px-Jam_Minaret_decoration.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Jam_Minaret_decoration.jpg/201px-Jam_Minaret_decoration.jpg 2x" data-file-width="254" data-file-height="454" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Decorated exterior of the Minaret of Jam, August 2005</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 65.333333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 63.333333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Jam_leaning_minaret_jam_ghor.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Minaret of Jam, with design influenced by Karramiyya"><img alt="Minaret of Jam, with design influenced by Karramiyya" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Jam_leaning_minaret_jam_ghor.jpg/95px-Jam_leaning_minaret_jam_ghor.jpg" decoding="async" width="64" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Jam_leaning_minaret_jam_ghor.jpg/143px-Jam_leaning_minaret_jam_ghor.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Jam_leaning_minaret_jam_ghor.jpg/191px-Jam_leaning_minaret_jam_ghor.jpg 2x" data-file-width="636" data-file-height="1200" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Minaret of Jam, with design influenced by <a href="/wiki/Karramiyya" title="Karramiyya">Karramiyya</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 80.666666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 78.666666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Jam_afghan_architecture_inside_structure.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Minaret of Jam – interior"><img alt="Minaret of Jam – interior" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Jam_afghan_architecture_inside_structure.jpg/118px-Jam_afghan_architecture_inside_structure.jpg" decoding="async" width="79" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Jam_afghan_architecture_inside_structure.jpg/178px-Jam_afghan_architecture_inside_structure.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Jam_afghan_architecture_inside_structure.jpg/237px-Jam_afghan_architecture_inside_structure.jpg 2x" data-file-width="719" data-file-height="1092" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Minaret of Jam – interior</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 92px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 90px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Jam1.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Minaret of Jam on the bank of the Hari Rud River"><img alt="Minaret of Jam on the bank of the Hari Rud River" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Jam1.jpg/135px-Jam1.jpg" decoding="async" width="90" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Jam1.jpg/202px-Jam1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Jam1.jpg/270px-Jam1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="832" data-file-height="1110" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Minaret of Jam on the bank of the Hari Rud River</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 82px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 80px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Paving_near_Jam.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Baked-brick courtyard paving near the Minaret of Jam, August 2005"><img alt="Baked-brick courtyard paving near the Minaret of Jam, August 2005" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Paving_near_Jam.jpg/120px-Paving_near_Jam.jpg" decoding="async" width="80" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Paving_near_Jam.jpg/180px-Paving_near_Jam.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d2/Paving_near_Jam.jpg 2x" data-file-width="200" data-file-height="300" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Baked-brick courtyard paving near the Minaret of Jam, August 2005</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 182px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 180px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Jam_Qasr_Zarafshan.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The Minaret of Jam and Qasr Zarafshan, August 2005"><img alt="The Minaret of Jam and Qasr Zarafshan, August 2005" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Jam_Qasr_Zarafshan.jpg/270px-Jam_Qasr_Zarafshan.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Jam_Qasr_Zarafshan.jpg/405px-Jam_Qasr_Zarafshan.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Jam_Qasr_Zarafshan.jpg/540px-Jam_Qasr_Zarafshan.jpg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The Minaret of Jam and Qasr Zarafshan, August 2005</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 162px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 160px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Ghor_Province_Afghanistan_Jam_Village.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Farmstead on the way to the minaret"><img alt="Farmstead on the way to the minaret" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Ghor_Province_Afghanistan_Jam_Village.jpg/240px-Ghor_Province_Afghanistan_Jam_Village.jpg" decoding="async" width="160" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Ghor_Province_Afghanistan_Jam_Village.jpg/360px-Ghor_Province_Afghanistan_Jam_Village.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Ghor_Province_Afghanistan_Jam_Village.jpg/480px-Ghor_Province_Afghanistan_Jam_Village.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1110" data-file-height="832" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Farmstead on the way to the minaret</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Minaret_of_Jam&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ghazni_Minarets" title="Ghazni Minarets">Ghazni Minarets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Musalla_Minarets_of_Herat" class="mw-redirect" title="Musalla Minarets of Herat">Musalla Minarets of Herat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_tallest_structures_built_before_the_20th_century" title="List of tallest structures built before the 20th century">List of tallest structures built before the 20th century</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Minaret_of_Jam&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Ghaznavid and Ghūrid Minarets</i>, Ralph Pinder-Wilson, <b>Iran</b>, Vol. 39, (2001), 167.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-28969385">"Afghan historic minaret of Jam 'in danger of collapse'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <i>BBC</i>. BBC News. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180928190651/https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-28969385">Archived</a> from the original on 28 September 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 July</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=BBC&rft.atitle=Afghan+historic+minaret+of+Jam+%27in+danger+of+collapse%27&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fworld-asia-28969385&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMinaret+of+Jam" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-youtube.com-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-youtube.com_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-youtube.com_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5F8SREfehZ4">"- YouTube"</a>. <i>www.youtube.com</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220726092430/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5F8SREfehZ4">Archived</a> from the original on 2022-07-26<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-11-18</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.youtube.com&rft.atitle=-+YouTube&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.youtube.com%2Fwatch%3Fv%3D5F8SREfehZ4&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMinaret+of+Jam" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-28969385">"Afghan historic minaret of Jam 'in danger of collapse'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <i>BBC News</i>. 2014-08-28. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180719130444/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-28969385">Archived</a> from the original on 2018-07-19<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-11-18</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Afghan+historic+minaret+of+Jam+%27in+danger+of+collapse%27&rft.date=2014-08-28&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Fnews%2Fworld-asia-28969385&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMinaret+of+Jam" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-tolonews.com-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-tolonews.com_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-tolonews.com_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://tolonews.com/index.php/arts-culture-168869">"Minaret of Jam Listed as ICESOCO Heritage Site"</a>. <i>TOLOnews</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210120175323/https://tolonews.com/index.php/arts-culture-168869">Archived</a> from the original on 2021-01-20<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-01-17</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=TOLOnews&rft.atitle=Minaret+of+Jam+Listed+as+ICESOCO+Heritage+Site&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftolonews.com%2Findex.php%2Farts-culture-168869&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMinaret+of+Jam" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_6-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_6-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFThomas2018" class="citation book cs1">Thomas, David (2018). <i>The ebb and flow of the Ghūrid empire</i>. [Sydney]: Sydney University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781743325414" title="Special:BookSources/9781743325414"><bdi>9781743325414</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1003642529">1003642529</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+ebb+and+flow+of+the+Gh%C5%ABrid+empire&rft.place=%5BSydney%5D&rft.pub=Sydney+University+Press&rft.date=2018&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1003642529&rft.isbn=9781743325414&rft.aulast=Thomas&rft.aufirst=David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMinaret+of+Jam" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Ghaznavid and Ghūrid Minarets</i>, Ralph Pinder-Wilson, <b>Iran</b>, Vol. 39, 169-170.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-unesco-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-unesco_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-unesco_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/211">"Minaret and Archaeological Remains of Jam"</a>. <i>UNESCO World Heritage Center</i>. UNESCO. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180422105344/http://whc.unesco.org/en/list/211/">Archived</a> from the original on 22 April 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 February</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=UNESCO+World+Heritage+Center&rft.atitle=Minaret+and+Archaeological+Remains+of+Jam&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwhc.unesco.org%2Fen%2Flist%2F211&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMinaret+of+Jam" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ReferenceA-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceA_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceA_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Ghaznavid and Ghūrid Minarets</i>, Ralph Pinder-Wilson, <b>Iran</b>, Vol. 39, 170.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">backdoorbroadcasting, Warwick Ball: Ralph Pinder-Wilson and Afghanistan, <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://backdoorbroadcasting.net/2010/01/warwick-ball-ralph-pinder-wilson-and-afghanistan/">http://backdoorbroadcasting.net/2010/01/warwick-ball-ralph-pinder-wilson-and-afghanistan/</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140529160132/http://backdoorbroadcasting.net/2010/01/warwick-ball-ralph-pinder-wilson-and-afghanistan/">Archived</a> 2014-05-29 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-antiquity.ac.uk-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-antiquity.ac.uk_11-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-antiquity.ac.uk_11-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Minaret of Jam Archaeological Project, <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://antiquity.ac.uk/ProjGall/thomas/">http://antiquity.ac.uk/ProjGall/thomas/</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060426184204/http://antiquity.ac.uk/ProjGall/thomas/">Archived</a> 2006-04-26 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">André Maricq, Gaston Wiet, <i>La découverte de la capitale des sultans ghorides : XIIe-XIIIe s.</i>, Paris, Klincksieck, 1959 ("Mémoires de la Délégation archéologique française en Afghanistan", 16). <i>Ghaznavid and Ghūrid Minarets</i>, Ralph Pinder-Wilson, <b>Iran</b>, 166.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.firstpost.com/world/minaret-of-jam-a-unesco-world-heritage-monument-in-danger-of-collapse-after-earthquakes-10303341.html/amp">"Minaret of Jam, a UNESCO world heritage monument, in danger of 'collapse' after earthquakes"</a>. <i>firstpost.com</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220120201506/https://www.firstpost.com/world/minaret-of-jam-a-unesco-world-heritage-monument-in-danger-of-collapse-after-earthquakes-10303341.html/amp">Archived</a> from the original on 2022-01-20<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-01-20</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=firstpost.com&rft.atitle=Minaret+of+Jam%2C+a+UNESCO+world+heritage+monument%2C+in+danger+of+%27collapse%27+after+earthquakes&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.firstpost.com%2Fworld%2Fminaret-of-jam-a-unesco-world-heritage-monument-in-danger-of-collapse-after-earthquakes-10303341.html%2Famp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMinaret+of+Jam" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFCruickshank2008" class="citation web cs1">Cruickshank, Dan (2008-04-23). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/artanddesign/2008/apr/23/heritage.architecture">"Dan Cruickshank relives his epic journey to a threatened wonder in Afghanistan"</a>. <i>the Guardian</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221117122831/https://www.theguardian.com/artanddesign/2008/apr/23/heritage.architecture">Archived</a> from the original on 2022-11-17<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-11-18</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=the+Guardian&rft.atitle=Dan+Cruickshank+relives+his+epic+journey+to+a+threatened+wonder+in+Afghanistan&rft.date=2008-04-23&rft.aulast=Cruickshank&rft.aufirst=Dan&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fartanddesign%2F2008%2Fapr%2F23%2Fheritage.architecture&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMinaret+of+Jam" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Ghaznavid and Ghūrid Minarets</i>, Ralph Pinder-Wilson, <b>Iran</b>, 168-169.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFCruickshank,_Dan2008" class="citation news cs1">Cruickshank, Dan (23 April 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/artanddesign/2008/apr/23/heritage.architecture">"Meeting with a Minaret"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Guardian" title="The Guardian">The Guardian</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170311195601/https://www.theguardian.com/artanddesign/2008/apr/23/heritage.architecture">Archived</a> from the original on 11 March 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 December</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Meeting+with+a+Minaret&rft.date=2008-04-23&rft.au=Cruickshank%2C+Dan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fartanddesign%2F2008%2Fapr%2F23%2Fheritage.architecture&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMinaret+of+Jam" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Rory_Stewart" title="Rory Stewart">Stewart, Rory</a>. 2006. <a href="/wiki/The_Places_In_Between" class="mw-redirect" title="The Places In Between">The Places In Between</a>. Harvest Books. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-15-603156-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-15-603156-6">0-15-603156-6</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D9%85%D9%86%D8%B5%D9%88%D8%B1_%D8%AE%D8%B3%D8%B1%D9%88&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="منصور خسرو (page does not exist)">منصور خسرو</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://www.pajhwok.com/en/2018/07/21/taliban-storm-checkpoints-near-ancient-ghor-minaret">https://www.pajhwok.com/en/2018/07/21/taliban-storm-checkpoints-near-ancient-ghor-minaret</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180721221832/https://www.pajhwok.com/en/2018/07/21/taliban-storm-checkpoints-near-ancient-ghor-minaret">Archived</a> 2018-07-21 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.unesco.org/new/en/kabul/culture/programmes-and-projects/safeguarding-of-world-heritage-site-of-the-minaret-of-jam/">"Safeguarding of World Heritage Site of the Minaret of Jam | United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization"</a>. <i>www.unesco.org</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181107104027/http://www.unesco.org/new/en/kabul/culture/programmes-and-projects/safeguarding-of-world-heritage-site-of-the-minaret-of-jam/">Archived</a> from the original on 2018-11-07<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2018-11-07</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.unesco.org&rft.atitle=Safeguarding+of+World+Heritage+Site+of+the+Minaret+of+Jam+%7C+United+Nations+Educational%2C+Scientific+and+Cultural+Organization&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.unesco.org%2Fnew%2Fen%2Fkabul%2Fculture%2Fprogrammes-and-projects%2Fsafeguarding-of-world-heritage-site-of-the-minaret-of-jam%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMinaret+of+Jam" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180222140424/http://endangeredsites.leadr.msu.edu/minaret-of-jam/">"Minaret of Jam | Endangered Sites"</a>. <i>endangeredsites.leadr.msu.edu</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://endangeredsites.leadr.msu.edu/minaret-of-jam/">the original</a> on 2018-02-22<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2018-11-07</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=endangeredsites.leadr.msu.edu&rft.atitle=Minaret+of+Jam+%7C+Endangered+Sites&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fendangeredsites.leadr.msu.edu%2Fminaret-of-jam%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMinaret+of+Jam" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Minaret_of_Jam&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Dupree, Nancy Hatch (1977): <i>An Historical Guide to Afghanistan</i>. 1st Edition: 1970. 2nd Edition. Revised and Enlarged. Afghan Tourist Organization</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSampietro,_Albert2003" class="citation news cs1">Sampietro, Albert (July 28, 2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.albertsampietro.com/?p=45">"The Minaret of Jam in Afghanistan"</a>. <i>albertsampietro.com</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=albertsampietro.com&rft.atitle=The+Minaret+of+Jam+in+Afghanistan&rft.date=2003-07-28&rft.au=Sampietro%2C+Albert&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.albertsampietro.com%2F%3Fp%3D45&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMinaret+of+Jam" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freya_Stark" title="Freya Stark">Freya Stark</a>: <i>The Minaret of Djam, an excursion in Afghanistan</i>, London: John Murray, 1970</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dan_Cruickshank" title="Dan Cruickshank">Dan Cruickshank</a> (ed.), <i><a href="/wiki/Sir_Banister_Fletcher%27s_A_History_of_Architecture" class="mw-redirect" title="Sir Banister Fletcher's A History of Architecture">Sir Banister Fletcher's A History of Architecture</a></i>, 20th edition, Architectural Press 1996, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7506-2267-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-7506-2267-9">0-7506-2267-9</a></li> <li>Herberg, W. with D. Davary, 1976. Topographische Feldarbeiten in Ghor: Bericht über Forschungen zum Problem Jam-Ferozkoh. <i>Afghanistan Journal</i> 3/2, 57–69.</li> <li>Maricq, A. & G. Wiet, 1959. <i>Le Minaret de Djam: la découverte de la capitale des Sultans Ghurides (XIIe-XIIIe siècles).</i> (Mémoires de la Délégation archéologique française en Afghanistan 16). Paris.</li> <li>Sourdel-Thomine, J., 2004. <i>Le minaret Ghouride de Jam. Un chef d'oeuvre du XIIe siècle.</i> Paris: Memoire de l'Academie des Inscriptions et Belles Lettres.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rory_Stewart" title="Rory Stewart">Stewart, Rory</a>. 2006. <a href="/wiki/The_Places_In_Between" class="mw-redirect" title="The Places In Between">The Places In Between</a>. Harvest Books. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-15-603156-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-15-603156-6">0-15-603156-6</a>.</li> <li>Thomas, David, 2018. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://purl.library.usyd.edu.au/sup/9781743325414">The Ebb and Flow of the Ghurid Empire</a>. Sydney University Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781743325414" title="Special:BookSources/9781743325414">9781743325414</a>.</li> <li>Thomas, David, 2004. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20051129084058/http://www.mcdonald.cam.ac.uk/IARC/cwoc/issue14/afghanistan.htm">Looting, heritage management and archaeological strategies at Jam, Afghanistan</a></li> <li>Thomas, D.C., G. Pastori & I. Cucco, 2004. “Excavations at Jam, Afghanistan.” <i>East and West</i> 54 (Nos. 1–4) pp. 87–119.</li> <li>Thomas, D.C., G. Pastori & I. Cucco, 2005. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060516231503/http://antiquity.ac.uk/ProjGall/thomas/index.html">The Minaret of Jam Archaeological Project</a> at <i><a href="/wiki/Antiquity_(journal)" title="Antiquity (journal)">Antiquity</a></i></li> <li>Thomas, D.C., & A. Gascoigne, in press. Recent Archaeological Investigations of Looting at Jam, Ghur Province, in J. van Krieken (ed.) <i>Afghanistan’s Cultural Heritage: its Fall and Survival</i>. Leiden: E.J. Brill.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Minaret_of_Jam&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output 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</div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.arch.cam.ac.uk/~alg1000/mjap/">Minaret of Jam Archaeological Project</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://portal.unesco.org/en/ev.php-URL_ID=6643&URL_DO=DO_TOPIC&URL_SECTION=201.html">UNESCO site on threats to the minaret</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/211">UNESCO World Heritage Center-Minaret and Archaeological Remains of Jam</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.orientalarchitecture.com/afghanistan/statewide/minaretjam.php">Asian Historical Architecture: Minaret of Jam</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.turquoisemountain.org/">Turquoise Mountain Foundation</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/programmes/from_our_own_correspondent/7380050.stm">Hidden jewel of Afghan culture</a> <a href="/wiki/BBC_News" title="BBC 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4em"><a href="/wiki/World_Heritage_Site" title="World Heritage Site">World Heritage Sites</a> in <a href="/wiki/Afghanistan" title="Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buddhas_of_Bamiyan" title="Buddhas of Bamiyan">Cultural Landscape and Archaeological Remains of the Bamyan Valley</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Minaret and Archaeological Remains of Jam</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="1" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><figure class="mw-halign-right mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Afghanistan_(2013%E2%80%932021).svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Flag of Afghanistan"><img alt="Flag of Afghanistan" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Flag_of_Afghanistan_%282013%E2%80%932021%29.svg/50px-Flag_of_Afghanistan_%282013%E2%80%932021%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="33" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Flag_of_Afghanistan_%282013%E2%80%932021%29.svg/75px-Flag_of_Afghanistan_%282013%E2%80%932021%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Flag_of_Afghanistan_%282013%E2%80%932021%29.svg/100px-Flag_of_Afghanistan_%282013%E2%80%932021%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption>Flag of Afghanistan</figcaption></figure></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Ghor_Province123" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Ghor_Province" title="Template:Ghor Province"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Ghor_Province" title="Template talk:Ghor Province"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Ghor_Province" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Ghor Province"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Ghor_Province123" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Ghor_Province" title="Ghor Province">Ghor Province</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div><b><a href="/wiki/Capital_city" title="Capital city">Capital</a></b>: <a href="/wiki/Chaghcharan" title="Chaghcharan">Chaghcharan</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Districts_of_Afghanistan" title="Districts of Afghanistan">Districts</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chaghcharan_District" title="Chaghcharan District">Chaghcharan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charsadda_District,_Afghanistan" title="Charsadda District, Afghanistan">Charsadda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dawlat_Yar_District" title="Dawlat Yar District">Dawlat Yar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Du_Layna_District" title="Du Layna District">Du Layna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lal_wa_Sarjangal_District" title="Lal wa Sarjangal District">La wa Sarjangal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marghab_District" title="Marghab District">Marghab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pasaband_District" title="Pasaband District">Pasaband</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saghar_District" title="Saghar District">Saghar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shahrak_District" title="Shahrak District">Shahrak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taywara_District" title="Taywara District">Taywara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tulak_District" title="Tulak District">Tulak</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="3" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Ghor_in_Afghanistan.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Ghor_in_Afghanistan.svg/100px-Ghor_in_Afghanistan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="74" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Ghor_in_Afghanistan.svg/150px-Ghor_in_Afghanistan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Ghor_in_Afghanistan.svg/200px-Ghor_in_Afghanistan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1807" data-file-height="1331" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Populated places</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C4%80b_B%C4%81r%C4%ABk" title="Āb Bārīk">Āb Bārīk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chaghcharan" title="Chaghcharan">Chaghcharan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dahan-e_Falezak" title="Dahan-e Falezak">Dahan-e Falezak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delak" title="Delak">Delak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kwajaha" title="Kwajaha">Kwajaha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lal_wa_Sarjangal" title="Lal wa Sarjangal">Lal wa Sarjangal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Puni,_Afghanistan" title="Puni, Afghanistan">Puni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qale-Zobayd" title="Qale-Zobayd">Qale-Zobayd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saghar,_Afghanistan" title="Saghar, Afghanistan">Saghar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shinkot" title="Shinkot">Shinkot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taywara" title="Taywara">Taywara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Titan,_Afghanistan" title="Titan, Afghanistan">Titan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yakhan-e_%27Ulya" title="Yakhan-e 'Ulya">Yakhan-e 'Ulya</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_governors_of_Ghor" title="List of governors of Ghor">Governors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chaghcharan_Airport" title="Chaghcharan Airport">Chaghcharan Airport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghor_University" title="Ghor University">Ghor University</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Minaret of Jam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taywara_Airport" title="Taywara Airport">Taywara Airport</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192981#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata789" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div 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