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Afix - Wikipedia
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vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Cuprins</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">mută în bara laterală</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">ascunde</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">Început</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Originea_afixelor" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Originea_afixelor"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Originea 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</button> <ul id="toc-Tipuri_de_afixe-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Prefixul" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Prefixul"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Prefixul</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Prefixul-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Prefixe_gramaticale" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Prefixe_gramaticale"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1.1</span> <span>Prefixe gramaticale</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Prefixe_gramaticale-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Prefixe_lexicale" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Prefixe_lexicale"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1.2</span> <span>Prefixe lexicale</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Prefixe_lexicale-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Prefixe_gramaticale_și_lexicale" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Prefixe_gramaticale_și_lexicale"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1.3</span> <span>Prefixe gramaticale și lexicale</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Prefixe_gramaticale_și_lexicale-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sufixul" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sufixul"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Sufixul</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sufixul-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Sufixe_gramaticale" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sufixe_gramaticale"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2.1</span> <span>Sufixe gramaticale</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sufixe_gramaticale-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Desinența" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Desinența"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2.1.1</span> <span>Desinența</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Desinența-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Alte_sufixe_gramaticale" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Alte_sufixe_gramaticale"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2.1.2</span> <span>Alte sufixe gramaticale</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Alte_sufixe_gramaticale-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sufixe_lexicale" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sufixe_lexicale"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2.2</span> <span>Sufixe lexicale</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sufixe_lexicale-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sufixe_gramaticale_sau_lexicale" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sufixe_gramaticale_sau_lexicale"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2.3</span> <span>Sufixe gramaticale sau lexicale</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sufixe_gramaticale_sau_lexicale-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cumul_de_sufixe" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cumul_de_sufixe"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2.4</span> <span>Cumul de sufixe</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cumul_de_sufixe-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Infixul" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Infixul"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Infixul</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Infixul-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Circumfixul" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Circumfixul"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>Circumfixul</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Circumfixul-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Note" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Note"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Note</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Note-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Surse_bibliografice" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Surse_bibliografice"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Surse bibliografice</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Surse_bibliografice-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Vezi_și" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Vezi_și"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Vezi și</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Vezi_și-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Cuprins" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Comută cuprinsul" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Comută cuprinsul</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Afix</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Mergeți la un articol în altă limbă. Disponibil în 81 limbi" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-81" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">81 limbi</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Affiks" title="Affiks – afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Affiks" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B2%D8%A7%D8%A6%D8%AF%D8%A9_(%D9%84%D8%BA%D8%A9)" title="زائدة (لغة) – arabă" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="زائدة (لغة)" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="arabă" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afixu" title="Afixu – asturiană" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Afixu" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="asturiană" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%9E%C9%99kil%C3%A7i" title="Şəkilçi – azeră" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Şəkilçi" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="azeră" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%DA%A9" title="اک – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="اک" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%84%D1%84%D0%B8%D0%BA%D1%81" title="Аффикс – bașkiră" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Аффикс" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="bașkiră" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ban mw-list-item"><a href="https://ban.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kruna_tiron" title="Kruna tiron – balineză" lang="ban" hreflang="ban" data-title="Kruna tiron" data-language-autonym="Basa Bali" data-language-local-name="balineză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Basa Bali</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%84%D1%96%D0%BA%D1%81" title="Афікс – belarusă" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Афікс" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="belarusă" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%84%D1%96%D0%BA%D1%81" title="Афікс – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Афікс" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%8F%E0%A4%AB%E0%A4%BC%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B8" title="एफ़िक्स – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="एफ़िक्स" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>भोजपुरी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kenger" title="Kenger – bretonă" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Kenger" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="bretonă" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afiks" title="Afiks – bosniacă" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Afiks" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="bosniacă" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afix" title="Afix – catalană" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Afix" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="catalană" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iglalanggikit" title="Iglalanggikit – cebuană" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Iglalanggikit" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="cebuană" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cebuano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afix" title="Afix – cehă" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Afix" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="cehă" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%84%D1%84%D0%B8%D0%BA%D1%81" title="Аффикс – ciuvașă" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Аффикс" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="ciuvașă" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dodiad" title="Dodiad – galeză" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Dodiad" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="galeză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Affiks" title="Affiks – daneză" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Affiks" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="daneză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dag mw-list-item"><a href="https://dag.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bi%C9%9Blimpahirili" title="Biɛlimpahirili – Dagbani" lang="dag" hreflang="dag" data-title="Biɛlimpahirili" data-language-autonym="Dagbanli" data-language-local-name="Dagbani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dagbanli</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Affix_(Linguistik)" title="Affix (Linguistik) – germană" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Affix (Linguistik)" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="germană" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A0%CF%81%CF%8C%CF%83%CF%86%CF%85%CE%BC%CE%B1" title="Πρόσφυμα – greacă" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Πρόσφυμα" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="greacă" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Affix" title="Affix – engleză" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Affix" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="engleză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afikso" title="Afikso – esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Afikso" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afijo" title="Afijo – spaniolă" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Afijo" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="spaniolă" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afiks" title="Afiks – estonă" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Afiks" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="estonă" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hizki" title="Hizki – bască" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Hizki" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="bască" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%88%D9%86%D8%AF" title="وند – persană" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="وند" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="persană" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Affiksi" title="Affiksi – finlandeză" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Affiksi" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="finlandeză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Affixe" title="Affixe – franceză" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Affixe" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="franceză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Affiks" title="Affiks – frizonă occidentală" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Affiks" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="frizonă occidentală" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afixo" title="Afixo – galiciană" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Afixo" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="galiciană" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9E%D7%95%D7%A1%D7%A4%D7%99%D7%AA" title="מוספית – ebraică" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="מוספית" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="ebraică" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toldal%C3%A9k" title="Toldalék – maghiară" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Toldalék" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="maghiară" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B1%D5%AE%D5%A1%D5%B6%D6%81" title="Ածանց – armeană" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Ածանց" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="armeană" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Affixo" title="Affixo – interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Affixo" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afiks" title="Afiks – indoneziană" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Afiks" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="indoneziană" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afixo" title="Afixo – ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Afixo" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/A%C3%B0skeyti" title="Aðskeyti – islandeză" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Aðskeyti" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="islandeză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Affisso" title="Affisso – italiană" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Affisso" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="italiană" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%8E%A5%E8%BE%9E" title="接辞 – japoneză" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="接辞" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="japoneză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jbo mw-list-item"><a href="https://jbo.wikipedia.org/wiki/rafsi" title="rafsi – lojban" lang="jbo" hreflang="jbo" data-title="rafsi" data-language-autonym="La .lojban." data-language-local-name="lojban" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>La .lojban.</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afiks" title="Afiks – javaneză" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Afiks" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="javaneză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%90%E1%83%A4%E1%83%98%E1%83%A5%E1%83%A1%E1%83%98" title="აფიქსი – georgiană" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="აფიქსი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="georgiană" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%84%D1%84%D0%B8%D0%BA%D1%81" title="Аффикс – kazahă" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Аффикс" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="kazahă" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%A0%91%EC%82%AC" title="접사 – coreeană" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="접사" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="coreeană" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gire" title="Gire – kurdă" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Gire" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="kurdă" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D2%AF%D1%87%D3%A9" title="Мүчө – kârgâză" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Мүчө" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="kârgâză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Affixum" title="Affixum – latină" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Affixum" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="latină" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afiksas" title="Afiksas – lituaniană" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Afiksas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="lituaniană" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afikss" title="Afikss – letonă" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Afikss" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="letonă" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tsirinteny" title="Tsirinteny – malgașă" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Tsirinteny" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="malgașă" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%84%D0%B8%D0%BA%D1%81" title="Афикс – macedoneană" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Афикс" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="macedoneană" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imbuhan" title="Imbuhan – malaeză" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Imbuhan" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="malaeză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mt mw-list-item"><a href="https://mt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Affiss" title="Affiss – malteză" lang="mt" hreflang="mt" data-title="Affiss" data-language-autonym="Malti" data-language-local-name="malteză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Affix" title="Affix – germana de jos" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Affix" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="germana de jos" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Affix" title="Affix – neerlandeză" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Affix" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="neerlandeză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Affiks" title="Affiks – norvegiană nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Affiks" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="norvegiană nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Affiks" title="Affiks – norvegiană bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Affiks" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="norvegiană bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%84%D1%84%D0%B8%D0%BA%D1%81" title="Аффикс – osetă" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Аффикс" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="osetă" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ирон</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Formant_(morfologia)" title="Formant (morfologia) – poloneză" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Formant (morfologia)" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="poloneză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afixo" title="Afixo – portugheză" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Afixo" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="portugheză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%84%D1%84%D0%B8%D0%BA%D1%81" title="Аффикс – rusă" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Аффикс" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="rusă" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Affix" title="Affix – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Affix" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Obrazilo" title="Obrazilo – slovenă" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Obrazilo" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="slovenă" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ndajshtesa" title="Ndajshtesa – albaneză" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Ndajshtesa" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="albaneză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%84%D0%B8%D0%BA%D1%81" title="Афикс – sârbă" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Афикс" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="sârbă" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Affix" title="Affix – suedeză" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Affix" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="suedeză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kiambishi" title="Kiambishi – swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Kiambishi" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%84%D1%84%D0%B8%D0%BA%D1%81" title="Аффикс – tadjică" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Аффикс" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="tadjică" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%99%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%B3%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%A1" title="หน่วยคำเติม – thailandeză" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="หน่วยคำเติม" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="thailandeză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panlapi" title="Panlapi – tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Panlapi" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ek" title="Ek – turcă" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Ek" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="turcă" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%84%D1%96%D0%BA%D1%81" title="Афікс – ucraineană" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Афікс" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="ucraineană" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Affiks" title="Affiks – uzbecă" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Affiks" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="uzbecă" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ph%E1%BB%A5_t%E1%BB%91" title="Phụ tố – vietnameză" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Phụ tố" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="vietnameză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wa mw-list-item"><a href="https://wa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sititchete_(linwince)" title="Sititchete (linwince) – valonă" lang="wa" hreflang="wa" data-title="Sititchete (linwince)" data-language-autonym="Walon" data-language-local-name="valonă" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Walon</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tigdugtong" title="Tigdugtong – waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Tigdugtong" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%AF%8D%E7%BC%80" title="词缀 – chineză wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="词缀" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="chineză wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zgh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zgh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E2%B4%B0%E2%B5%A3%E2%B5%A1%E2%B5%89%E2%B5%94" title="ⴰⵣⵡⵉⵔ – tamazight standard marocană" lang="zgh" hreflang="zgh" data-title="ⴰⵣⵡⵉⵔ" data-language-autonym="ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵡⴰⵢⵜ" data-language-local-name="tamazight standard marocană" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵡⴰⵢⵜ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%A9%9E%E7%B6%B4" title="詞綴 – chineză" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="詞綴" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="chineză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%A9%9E%E7%B6%B4" title="詞綴 – cantoneză" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="詞綴" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="cantoneză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q62155#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Modifică legăturile interlinguale" class="wbc-editpage">Modifică legăturile</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Spații de nume"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Afix" title="Vedeți conținutul paginii [a]" accesskey="a"><span>Articol</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Discu%C8%9Bie:Afix" 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vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Afix"><span>Lectură</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-ve-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Afix&veaction=edit" title="Modificați această pagină cu EditorulVizual [v]" accesskey="v"><span>Modificare</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="collapsible vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Afix&action=edit" title="Modificați codul sursă al acestei pagini [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Modificare sursă</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Afix&action=history"><span>Istoric</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> General </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:Ce_se_leag%C4%83_aici/Afix" title="Lista tuturor paginilor wiki care conduc spre această pagină [j]" accesskey="j"><span>Ce trimite aici</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:Modific%C4%83ri_corelate/Afix" rel="nofollow" title="Schimbări recente în legătură cu această pagină [k]" accesskey="k"><span>Schimbări corelate</span></a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Trimite_fișier" title="Încărcare fișiere [u]" accesskey="u"><span>Trimite fișier</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Afix&oldid=15913963" title="Legătură permanentă către această versiune a acestei pagini"><span>Legătură permanentă</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Afix&action=info" title="Mai multe informații despre această pagină"><span>Informații despre pagină</span></a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:Citeaz%C4%83&page=Afix&id=15913963&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Informații cu privire la modul de citare a acestei pagini"><span>Citează acest articol</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fro.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FAfix"><span>Obține URL scurtat</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fro.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FAfix"><span>Descărcați codul QR</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Tipărire/exportare </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-create_a_book" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:Carte&bookcmd=book_creator&referer=Afix"><span>Creare carte</span></a></li><li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:DownloadAsPdf&page=Afix&action=show-download-screen"><span>Descărcare ca PDF</span></a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Afix&printable=yes" title="Versiunea de tipărit a acestei pagini [p]" accesskey="p"><span>Versiune de tipărit</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> În alte proiecte </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Affixes" hreflang="en"><span>Wikimedia Commons</span></a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q62155" title="Legătură către elementul asociat din depozitul de date [g]" accesskey="g"><span>Element Wikidata</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Aspect"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Aspect</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">mută în bara laterală</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">ascunde</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">De la Wikipedia, enciclopedia liberă</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="ro" dir="ltr"><p>În <a href="/wiki/Lingvistic%C4%83" title="Lingvistică">lingvistică</a>, un <b>afix</b> (de la <a href="/wiki/Verb" title="Verb">verbul</a> <a href="/wiki/Limba_latin%C4%83" title="Limba latină">latinesc </a><i>afficere</i> „a atașa”) este un <a href="/wiki/Morfem" title="Morfem">morfem</a> numit „legat”, adică ce funcționează numai atașat unei baze, care poate fi o <a href="/wiki/R%C4%83d%C4%83cin%C4%83_(lingvistic%C4%83)" class="mw-redirect" title="Rădăcină (lingvistică)">rădăcină</a>, o <a href="/wiki/Tem%C4%83_(lingvistic%C4%83)" title="Temă (lingvistică)">temă</a> sau un <a href="/wiki/Cuv%C3%A2nt" title="Cuvânt">cuvânt</a> independent<sup id="cite_ref-bussmann_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bussmann-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-dubois_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dubois-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-eifring_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-eifring-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-crystal_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-crystal-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. </p><p>Din punctul de vedere al locului pe care îl ocupă față de baza la care se atașează, afixele se împart în trei tipuri principale: prefixe (care preced baza), sufixe (care urmează baza) și infixe (care sunt inserate într-o bază dată de o rădăcină)<sup id="cite_ref-bussmann_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bussmann-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-dubois_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dubois-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-eifring_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-eifring-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-crystal_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-crystal-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. </p><p>Prin adăugarea de afixe, numită „afixare”, se adaugă altui morfem/altor morfeme informație <a href="/wiki/Lexic" title="Lexic">lexicală</a> sau/și <a href="/wiki/Gramatic%C4%83" title="Gramatică">gramaticală</a><sup id="cite_ref-crystal_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-crystal-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. Din acest punct de vedere se disting afixe <a href="/wiki/Derivare_(lingvistic%C4%83)" title="Derivare (lingvistică)">derivaționale</a> (numite și lexicale) și afixe <a href="/wiki/Flexiune" title="Flexiune">flexionare</a> (numite și gramaticale)<sup id="cite_ref-dobridor_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dobridor-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-dubois_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dubois-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-kalman_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kalman-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. Primele schimbă mai mult sau mai puțin sensul lexical al cuvintelor la care se adaugă, formând cuvinte noi, dar cele din urmă nu îl schimbă, deci nu formează cuvinte noi. Există totuși și afixe al căror sens este în același timp lexical și gramatical, eventual unul din acestea fiind preponderent<sup id="cite_ref-kalman_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kalman-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Limb%C4%83_(comunicare)" title="Limbă (comunicare)">Limbile</a> diferă între ele și prin ponderea folosirii afixelor. Cele în care raporturile gramaticale se exprimă mai ales cu afixe, sunt numite limbi cu afixare, iar în funcție de ponderea prefixelor, respectiv a sufixelor, printre acestea sunt limbi „cu prefixare” (de exemplu cele <a href="/wiki/Limbi_bantu" title="Limbi bantu">bantu</a>), și limbi „cu sufixare”, de exemplu latina sau <a href="/wiki/Limba_greac%C4%83" title="Limba greacă">greaca</a><sup id="cite_ref-crystal_4-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-crystal-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. În cadrul situării limbilor pe scala <a href="/wiki/Analitism_%C8%99i_sintetism_(lingvistic%C4%83)" title="Analitism și sintetism (lingvistică)">analitism vs. sintetism</a>, există <a href="/wiki/Limb%C4%83_izolant%C4%83" title="Limbă izolantă">limbi izolante</a>, care nu folosesc deloc afixe, limbi analitice, în care ponderea afixelor gramaticale este relativ mică, și limbi sintetice, în care ponderea acestora este relativ mare. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Originea_afixelor">Originea afixelor</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Afix&veaction=edit&section=1" title="Modifică secțiunea: Originea afixelor" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificare</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Afix&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section's source code: Originea afixelor"><span>modificare sursă</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Afixele provin din morfeme libere (cuvinte autonome) care au suferit o schimbare de sens, de la unul mai concret la unul mai abstract. De exemplu, în <a href="/wiki/Limba_englez%C4%83" title="Limba engleză">limba engleză</a>, sufixul <i>-hood</i>, care formează <a href="/wiki/Substantiv" title="Substantiv">substantive</a> abstracte (ex. <i>brother<b>hood</b></i> „frăție”), provine de la un substantiv cu sensul „calitate, caracteristică”, cf. <i>haidus</i> din <a href="/wiki/Limba_gotic%C4%83" title="Limba gotică">limba gotică</a> și <i>heit</i> din <a href="/wiki/Limba_german%C4%83" title="Limba germană">limba germană</a> veche de sus. În starea actuală a limbii se pot observa procese de tranziție de la morfeme libere la afixe<sup id="cite_ref-bussmann_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bussmann-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. </p><p>Părerile diverg în legătură cu faptul dacă unele elemente sunt de <a href="/wiki/Compunere_(lingvistic%C4%83)" title="Compunere (lingvistică)">compunere</a> sau afixe. Unii autori consideră afix orice element care nu mai există în calitate de cuvânt autonom, de exemplu <i>micro-, macro-, foto-, pseudo-, radio-</i><sup id="cite_ref-hristea_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hristea-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. Alții numesc afixoide sau semiafixe elemente care continuă să existe și ca morfeme libere. Astfel, ar exista semiprefixe (de exemplu în <i><b>out</b>look</i> „priveliște, perspectivă”, din <i>out</i> „afară” + <i>look</i> „privire”) și semisufixe: <i>fire<b>works</b></i> „focuri de artificii”, din <i>fire</i> „foc” + <i>works</i> „lucrări”<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. Alții tratează elementele care provin din cuvinte, dar nu mai sunt folosite ca atare, în cadrul compunerii, și le numesc semicuvinte, de exemplu în <span style="border:solid 1px #44A; background-color:#EEF; font-family:monospace; color:#008; font-size:0.9em; padding:0px 4px 2px 4px; position:relative; bottom:0.2em; cursor:help;" title="Limba maghiară">hu</span> <i><b>al</b>orvos</i> „medic subordonat”, <i>pók<b>féle</b></i> „specie de păianjen”<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. Pentru alții sunt de compunere numită savantă elemente care provin din cuvinte ca <i>micro-</i> etc., de pildă <span style="border:solid 1px #44A; background-color:#EEF; font-family:monospace; color:#008; font-size:0.9em; padding:0px 4px 2px 4px; position:relative; bottom:0.2em; cursor:help;" title="Limba franceză">fr</span> <i>insecti<b>cide</b></i> „insecticid” sau <i><b>dactylo</b>graphie</i> „dactilografie”<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. </p><p>În gramaticile <a href="/wiki/Limba_maghiar%C4%83" title="Limba maghiară">limbii maghiare</a>, un anumit tip de prefix verbal, numit și preverb, este considerat o <a href="/wiki/Parte_de_vorbire" title="Parte de vorbire">parte de vorbire</a> aparte. Acest prefix este prezent și în cuvintele alte părți de vorbire derivate din verbele corespunzătoare<sup id="cite_ref-bokor_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bokor-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. În majoritatea lor, aceste prefixe provin din <a href="/wiki/Adverb" title="Adverb">adverbe</a>, iar unele din substantive. Unele mai funcționează și ca adverbe, de exemplu <i>be</i> „(spre) înăuntru”: </p> <dl><dd><i>Elindult <b>be</b> a házba</i> „A pornit să intre în casă” (adverb) vs. <i><b>Be</b>jössz?</i> „Vii înăuntru?”, „Intri?” (prefix verbal)<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>.</dd></dl> <p>Alte prefixe verbale nu mai există decât ca atare, de exemplu <i>meg</i>: <i>Jól <b>meg</b>vertem</i> „L-am bătut bine”<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. </p><p>Particularitatea acestui tip de prefix este că în unele situații trebuie detașat de verb. De exemplu, <a href="/wiki/Verb_auxiliar" title="Verb auxiliar">verbele auxiliare</a> se intercalează între prefix și verb (ex. <i><b>Meg</b> fogom verni</i> „Îl/O/Îi/Le voi bate”), iar la <a href="/wiki/Imperativ" title="Imperativ">imperativ</a>, prefixul ajunge după verb: <i>Verd <b>meg</b>!</i> „Bate-l/-o/-i/-le!” Prefixul nu se detașează însă de cuvintele derivate din verbe. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Productivitatea_afixelor">Productivitatea afixelor</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Afix&veaction=edit&section=2" title="Modifică secțiunea: Productivitatea afixelor" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificare</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Afix&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section's source code: Productivitatea afixelor"><span>modificare sursă</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Afixele se caracterizează și prin gradul lor de productivitate. Foarte productive sunt cele care se aplică majorității cuvintelor aparținând unei anumite părți de vorbire, inclusiv celor nou intrate în limbă<sup id="cite_ref-kalman_6-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kalman-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-crystal_390_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-crystal_390-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-bussmann_949_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bussmann_949-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-dubois_381_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dubois_381-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. Astfel sunt afixele gramaticale în general<sup id="cite_ref-kalman_6-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kalman-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>, de pildă sufixul <span style="border:solid 1px #44A; background-color:#EEF; font-family:monospace; color:#008; font-size:0.9em; padding:0px 4px 2px 4px; position:relative; bottom:0.2em; cursor:help;" title="Limba engleză">en</span> <i>-ed</i> al formei verbale de <a href="/wiki/Trecutul_simplu_%C3%AEn_limba_englez%C4%83" title="Trecutul simplu în limba engleză">trecut simplu</a><sup id="cite_ref-crystal_390_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-crystal_390-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. Exemple de afixe lexicale productive sunt: </p> <ul><li><span style="border:solid 1px #44A; background-color:#EEF; font-family:monospace; color:#008; font-size:0.9em; padding:0px 4px 2px 4px; position:relative; bottom:0.2em; cursor:help;" title="Limba română">ro</span> : prefixul <i>în-</i> (ex. <i><b>în</b>dulci</i>)<sup id="cite_ref-hristea_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hristea-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>;</li> <li><span style="border:solid 1px #44A; background-color:#EEF; font-family:monospace; color:#008; font-size:0.9em; padding:0px 4px 2px 4px; position:relative; bottom:0.2em; cursor:help;" title="Limba franceză">fr</span> : sufixul <i>-ment</i> (ex. <i>étrange<b>ment</b></i> „în mod ciudat”)<sup id="cite_ref-grevisse_164_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-grevisse_164-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>;</li> <li><span style="border:solid 1px #44A; background-color:#EEF; font-family:monospace; color:#008; font-size:0.9em; padding:0px 4px 2px 4px; position:relative; bottom:0.2em; cursor:help;" title="Limba engleză">en</span> : sufixul <i>-er</i> (ex. <i>play<b>er</b></i> „jucător”)<sup id="cite_ref-bussmann_949_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bussmann_949-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>;</li> <li><span style="border:solid 1px #44A; background-color:#EEF; font-family:monospace; color:#008; font-size:0.9em; padding:0px 4px 2px 4px; position:relative; bottom:0.2em; cursor:help;" title="Limba maghiară">hu</span> : sufixul <i>-ság/-ség</i><sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (ex. <i>szép<b>ség</b></i> „frumusețe”)<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>;</li> <li><span style="border:solid 1px #44A; background-color:#EEF; font-family:monospace; color:#008; font-size:0.9em; padding:0px 4px 2px 4px; position:relative; bottom:0.2em; cursor:help;" title="Limba croată">hr</span> : prefixul <i>ne-</i> (ex. <i><b>ne</b>čist</i> „necurat”)<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>.</li></ul> <p>Neproductive sunt afixele care sunt identificabile ca afixe, dar nu se mai aplică unor cuvinte noi. Acestea sunt lexicale, de exemplu sufixul <span style="border:solid 1px #44A; background-color:#EEF; font-family:monospace; color:#008; font-size:0.9em; padding:0px 4px 2px 4px; position:relative; bottom:0.2em; cursor:help;" title="Limba franceză">fr</span> <i>-ange</i> (<i>louer</i> „a lăuda” → <i>lou<b>ange</b></i> „laudă”)<sup id="cite_ref-grevisse_164_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-grevisse_164-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>, prefixul <span style="border:solid 1px #44A; background-color:#EEF; font-family:monospace; color:#008; font-size:0.9em; padding:0px 4px 2px 4px; position:relative; bottom:0.2em; cursor:help;" title="Limba engleză">en</span> <i>be-</i> (<i>head</i> „cap” → <i><b>be</b>head</i> „a decapita”)<sup id="cite_ref-bussmann_949_15-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bussmann_949-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>, sufixul <span style="border:solid 1px #44A; background-color:#EEF; font-family:monospace; color:#008; font-size:0.9em; padding:0px 4px 2px 4px; position:relative; bottom:0.2em; cursor:help;" title="Limba maghiară">hu</span> <i>-nok</i> (<i>pohár</i> „pahar” → <i>pohár<b>nok</b></i> „paharnic”)<sup id="cite_ref-kalman_6-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kalman-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. </p><p>Între cele două feluri de afixe se situează cele ocazional productive, numite și semiproductive<sup id="cite_ref-bussmann_949_15-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bussmann_949-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-crystal_390_14-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-crystal_390-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>, de pildă prefixul din <span style="border:solid 1px #44A; background-color:#EEF; font-family:monospace; color:#008; font-size:0.9em; padding:0px 4px 2px 4px; position:relative; bottom:0.2em; cursor:help;" title="Limba engleză">en</span> <i><b>un</b>happy</i> „nefericit”<sup id="cite_ref-crystal_390_14-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-crystal_390-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> sau sufixul din <span style="border:solid 1px #44A; background-color:#EEF; font-family:monospace; color:#008; font-size:0.9em; padding:0px 4px 2px 4px; position:relative; bottom:0.2em; cursor:help;" title="Limba engleză">en</span> <i>beaut<b>ify</b></i> „a înfrumuseța”<sup id="cite_ref-bussmann_949_15-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bussmann_949-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. </p><p>De menționat că unul și același afix poate avea mai multe sensuri, iar într-un anumit sens poate fi productiv, iar în altul neproductiv. De exemplu sufixul <span style="border:solid 1px #44A; background-color:#EEF; font-family:monospace; color:#008; font-size:0.9em; padding:0px 4px 2px 4px; position:relative; bottom:0.2em; cursor:help;" title="Limba maghiară">hu</span> <i>-ság/-ség</i> este productiv ca formator de substantive abstracte (ex. <i>szép<b>ség</b></i> „frumusețe” de mai sus), dar nu și în cel de formator de nume de instituție, ex. <i>rendőr<b>ség</b></i> „poliție”<sup id="cite_ref-kalman_6-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kalman-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Tipuri_de_afixe">Tipuri de afixe</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Afix&veaction=edit&section=3" title="Modifică secțiunea: Tipuri de afixe" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificare</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Afix&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section's source code: Tipuri de afixe"><span>modificare sursă</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Prefixul">Prefixul</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Afix&veaction=edit&section=4" title="Modifică secțiunea: Prefixul" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificare</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Afix&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section's source code: Prefixul"><span>modificare sursă</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Prefixul este un afix prin care se obține un cuvânt ce aparține aceleiași părți de vorbire ca și cuvântul bază. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Prefixe_gramaticale">Prefixe gramaticale</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Afix&veaction=edit&section=5" title="Modifică secțiunea: Prefixe gramaticale" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificare</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Afix&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section's source code: Prefixe gramaticale"><span>modificare sursă</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Există limbi în care categoriile și raporturile gramaticale se exprimă în principal prin prefixe, de exemplu <a href="/wiki/Limba_swahili" title="Limba swahili">limba swahili</a>, în care se exprimă astfel <a href="/wiki/Num%C4%83r_(gramatic%C4%83)" title="Număr (gramatică)">singularul</a> și <a href="/wiki/Num%C4%83r_(gramatic%C4%83)" title="Număr (gramatică)">pluralul</a>, ex. <i><b>m</b>-toto</i> „copil” – <i><b>wa</b>-toto</i> „copii”<sup id="cite_ref-eifring_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-eifring-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. </p><p>Și alte limbi, despre care nu se poate spune același lucru, au totuși prefixe gramaticale. Astfel se exprimă, bunăoară în limbile din <a href="/wiki/Diasistemul_slav_de_centru-sud" title="Diasistemul slav de centru-sud">diasistemul slav de centru-sud</a>, <a href="/wiki/Grad_de_compara%C8%9Bie" title="Grad de comparație">gradul superlativ relativ</a>: <i><b>naj</b>noviji</i> „cel mai nou”<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. De asemenea, în limba maghiară: <i><b>leg</b>szebb</i> „cel mai frumos, cea mai frumoasă”<sup id="cite_ref-bokor_282_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bokor_282-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. </p><p>În gramaticile <a href="/wiki/Limbi_slave" title="Limbi slave">limbilor slave</a>, de exemplu, este luată în seamă la verb <a href="/wiki/Categorie_gramatical%C4%83" title="Categorie gramaticală">categoria gramaticală</a> a <a href="/wiki/Aspect_%C8%99i_mod_de_ac%C8%9Biune" title="Aspect și mod de acțiune">aspectului</a>, acesta putând fi perfectiv sau imperfectiv. Cel perfectiv se exprimă, printre alte mijloace, cu anumite prefixe, printre care unele au exclusiv această funcție la forma de trecut corespunzătoare <a href="/wiki/Perfect_compus" title="Perfect compus">perfectului compus</a> din <a href="/wiki/Limba_rom%C3%A2n%C4%83" title="Limba română">română</a>, ex. <i>Majka je <b>o</b>prala rublje</i> „Mama a spălat rufe” (aspect perfectiv) vs. <i>Majka je prala rublje</i> „Mama spăla rufe” (aspect imperfectiv). Aceleași prefixe, aplicate verbului cu formă de prezent, constituie unul din procedeele de exprimare a viitorului: <i>Kad <b>od</b>spavam, bit će bolje</i> „După ce voi fi dormit, va fi mai bine”<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. </p><p>Aceeași funcție o are în maghiară prefixul <i>meg-</i>, amintit mai sus. În unele gramatici se consideră că pe lângă aspect, cu prefixe se exprimă și altă categorie a verbului, <a href="/wiki/Aspect_%C8%99i_mod_de_ac%C8%9Biune" title="Aspect și mod de acțiune">modul de acțiune</a>. De exemplu verbul <i><b>meg</b>látogat</i> înseamnă „a face o vizită” (aspect perfectiv și mod de acțiune semelfactiv<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>) vs. <i>látogat</i> „a vizita” (aspect imperfectiv și mod iterativ-durativ<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>). Funcția exclusiv gramaticală a multor prefixe depinde de verbul concret cu care se folosește, ex. <i><b>be</b>ken</i> „a unge (complet)” (aspect perfectiv și mod total) vs. <i>ken</i> „a unge” (aspect imperfectiv și mod iterativ-durativ). Cu alte verbe, asemenea prefixe pot avea și un sens lexical (vezi mai jos)<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. Și în această limbă, perfectivitatea se referă la trecut (<i><b>Meg</b>írtam a levelet</i> „Am scris scrisoarea”) și la viitor, verbul având formă de prezent: <i><b>El</b>olvassa a könyvet</i> „Va citi cartea”<sup id="cite_ref-rounds_68_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rounds_68-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Prefixe_lexicale">Prefixe lexicale</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Afix&veaction=edit&section=6" title="Modifică secțiunea: Prefixe lexicale" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificare</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Afix&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section's source code: Prefixe lexicale"><span>modificare sursă</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Prefixarea este unul din procedeele <a href="/wiki/Formare_de_cuvinte" title="Formare de cuvinte">formării de cuvinte</a> ca mijloc intern de îmbogățire a <a href="/wiki/Lexic" title="Lexic">lexicului</a>, prin care se formează cuvinte aparținând aceleiași părți de vorbire ca cel bază, dar cu sens schimbat. Astfel se formează: </p> <ul><li>substantive:</li></ul> <dl><dd><ul><li><span style="border:solid 1px #44A; background-color:#EEF; font-family:monospace; color:#008; font-size:0.9em; padding:0px 4px 2px 4px; position:relative; bottom:0.2em; cursor:help;" title="Limba română">ro</span> <i><b>răs</b>puteri</i><sup id="cite_ref-dobridor_prefix_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dobridor_prefix-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>;</li> <li><span style="border:solid 1px #44A; background-color:#EEF; font-family:monospace; color:#008; font-size:0.9em; padding:0px 4px 2px 4px; position:relative; bottom:0.2em; cursor:help;" title="Limba sârbă">sr</span> <i><b>protiv</b>napad</i> „contraatac”<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>;</li> <li><span style="border:solid 1px #44A; background-color:#EEF; font-family:monospace; color:#008; font-size:0.9em; padding:0px 4px 2px 4px; position:relative; bottom:0.2em; cursor:help;" title="Limba engleză">en</span> <i><b>co</b>president</i> „copreședinte”<sup id="cite_ref-bussmann_1-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bussmann-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>;</li> <li><span style="border:solid 1px #44A; background-color:#EEF; font-family:monospace; color:#008; font-size:0.9em; padding:0px 4px 2px 4px; position:relative; bottom:0.2em; cursor:help;" title="Limba franceză">fr</span> <i><b>mini</b>jupe</i> „minijupă”<sup id="cite_ref-dubois_377_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dubois_377-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>;</li></ul></dd></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adjectiv" title="Adjectiv">adjective</a>:</li></ul> <dl><dd><ul><li><span style="border:solid 1px #44A; background-color:#EEF; font-family:monospace; color:#008; font-size:0.9em; padding:0px 4px 2px 4px; position:relative; bottom:0.2em; cursor:help;" title="Limba română">ro</span> <i><b>ne</b>cinstit</i><sup id="cite_ref-dobridor_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dobridor-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>;</li> <li><span style="border:solid 1px #44A; background-color:#EEF; font-family:monospace; color:#008; font-size:0.9em; padding:0px 4px 2px 4px; position:relative; bottom:0.2em; cursor:help;" title="Limba muntenegreană">cnr</span> <i><b>izvan</b>redni</i> „extraordinar”<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>;</li> <li><span style="border:solid 1px #44A; background-color:#EEF; font-family:monospace; color:#008; font-size:0.9em; padding:0px 4px 2px 4px; position:relative; bottom:0.2em; cursor:help;" title="Limba engleză">en</span> <i><b>un</b>happy</i> „nefericit” <sup id="cite_ref-crystal_4-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-crystal-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>;</li> <li><span style="border:solid 1px #44A; background-color:#EEF; font-family:monospace; color:#008; font-size:0.9em; padding:0px 4px 2px 4px; position:relative; bottom:0.2em; cursor:help;" title="Limba franceză">fr</span> <i><b>mal</b>heureux</i> „nefericit”<sup id="cite_ref-dubois_377_30-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dubois_377-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>;</li></ul></dd></dl> <ul><li>verbe:</li></ul> <dl><dd><ul><li><span style="border:solid 1px #44A; background-color:#EEF; font-family:monospace; color:#008; font-size:0.9em; padding:0px 4px 2px 4px; position:relative; bottom:0.2em; cursor:help;" title="Limba română">ro</span> <i><b>des</b>creți</i><sup id="cite_ref-dobridor_prefix_28-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dobridor_prefix-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>;</li> <li><span style="border:solid 1px #44A; background-color:#EEF; font-family:monospace; color:#008; font-size:0.9em; padding:0px 4px 2px 4px; position:relative; bottom:0.2em; cursor:help;" title="Limba croată">hr</span> <i><b>pre</b>pisati</i> (perfectiv), <i><b>pre</b>pisivati</i> (imperfectiv) „a transcrie”<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>;</li> <li><span style="border:solid 1px #44A; background-color:#EEF; font-family:monospace; color:#008; font-size:0.9em; padding:0px 4px 2px 4px; position:relative; bottom:0.2em; cursor:help;" title="Limba engleză">en</span> <i><b>mis</b>represent</i> „a descrie/a prezenta greșit”<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>;</li> <li><span style="border:solid 1px #44A; background-color:#EEF; font-family:monospace; color:#008; font-size:0.9em; padding:0px 4px 2px 4px; position:relative; bottom:0.2em; cursor:help;" title="Limba franceză">fr</span> <i><b>dé</b>faire</i> „a desface”<sup id="cite_ref-dubois_377_30-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dubois_377-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>;</li></ul></dd></dl> <ul><li>adverbe:</li></ul> <dl><dd><ul><li><span style="border:solid 1px #44A; background-color:#EEF; font-family:monospace; color:#008; font-size:0.9em; padding:0px 4px 2px 4px; position:relative; bottom:0.2em; cursor:help;" title="Limba sârbă">sr</span> <i><b>prek</b>juče</i> „alaltăieri”<sup id="cite_ref-klajn_210_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-klajn_210-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>;</li> <li><span style="border:solid 1px #44A; background-color:#EEF; font-family:monospace; color:#008; font-size:0.9em; padding:0px 4px 2px 4px; position:relative; bottom:0.2em; cursor:help;" title="Limba franceză">fr</span> <i><b>mal</b>heureusement</i> „din nefericire”<sup id="cite_ref-dubois_377_30-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dubois_377-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>.</li></ul></dd></dl> <p>Uneori se adaugă două prefixe unui cuvânt, mai rar chiar trei: <span style="border:solid 1px #44A; background-color:#EEF; font-family:monospace; color:#008; font-size:0.9em; padding:0px 4px 2px 4px; position:relative; bottom:0.2em; cursor:help;" title="Limba franceză">fr</span> <i><b>indé</b>racinable</i> „care nu se poate dezrădăcina” (cu două prefixe), <i><b>indécom</b>posable</i> „care nu se poate descompune” (cu trei prefixe)<sup id="cite_ref-dubois_377_30-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dubois_377-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>, <span style="border:solid 1px #44A; background-color:#EEF; font-family:monospace; color:#008; font-size:0.9em; padding:0px 4px 2px 4px; position:relative; bottom:0.2em; cursor:help;" title="Limba sârbă">sr</span> <i><b>posa</b>krivati</i> „a ascunde mai multe lucruri unul după altul” (cu două prefixe)<sup id="cite_ref-klajn_210_34-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-klajn_210-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Prefixe_gramaticale_și_lexicale"><span id="Prefixe_gramaticale_.C8.99i_lexicale"></span>Prefixe gramaticale și lexicale</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Afix&veaction=edit&section=7" title="Modifică secțiunea: Prefixe gramaticale și lexicale" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificare</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Afix&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section's source code: Prefixe gramaticale și lexicale"><span>modificare sursă</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Multe prefixe sunt în același timp gramaticale și lexicale. Astfel sunt o parte din cele care exprimă aspectul și modul de acțiune. Acestea schimbă totodată și sensul lexical al verbului. De exemplu, din <span style="border:solid 1px #44A; background-color:#EEF; font-family:monospace; color:#008; font-size:0.9em; padding:0px 4px 2px 4px; position:relative; bottom:0.2em; cursor:help;" title="Limba croată">hr</span> <i>pisati</i> (imperfectiv) „a scrie” derivă <i><b>pre</b>pisati</i> „a transcrie, a copia” care devine totodată perfectiv. </p><p>Și în maghiară, multe prefixe verbale schimbă mai mult sau mai puțin sensul verbului bază. De pildă de la verbul <i>megy</i> „a merge” se obțin <i><b>ki</b>megy</i> „a ieși”, <i><b>be</b>megy</i> „a intra”, <i><b>fel</b>megy</i> „a urca”, <i><b>le</b>megy</i> „a coborî”, <i><b>el</b>megy</i> „a pleca”, <i><b>vissza</b>megy</i> „a se întoarce”<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>, <i><b>össze</b>megy</i> „a intra la apă” (despre un material textil), „a se brânzi” (despre lapte)<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. În această limbă, verbul cu prefix poate fi și imperfectiv la timpul trecut, dar atunci prefixul se detașează și devine postpus. Exemplu, tot cu verbul bază <i>megy</i>: </p> <dl><dd><i><b>Át</b>mentem az utcán</i> „Am trecut strada” (perfectiv) vs. <i>Mentem <b>át</b> az utcán, mikor eszembe jutott, hogy otthon várnak</i> „Traversam strada când mi-am adus aminte că sunt așteptat(ă) acasă”<sup id="cite_ref-rounds_68_27-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rounds_68-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>.</dd></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sufixul">Sufixul</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Afix&veaction=edit&section=8" title="Modifică secțiunea: Sufixul" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificare</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Afix&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section's source code: Sufixul"><span>modificare sursă</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Sufixul este un afix prin adăugarea căruia rezultă un cuvânt ce aparține aceleiași părți de vorbire ca și cuvântul bază, sau unul altă parte de vorbire. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Sufixe_gramaticale">Sufixe gramaticale</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Afix&veaction=edit&section=9" title="Modifică secțiunea: Sufixe gramaticale" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificare</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Afix&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section's source code: Sufixe gramaticale"><span>modificare sursă</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>În unele limbi, categoriile și raporturile gramaticale se exprimă preponderent prin sufixe. În <a href="/wiki/Limba_turc%C4%83" title="Limba turcă">limba turcă</a>, de pildă, toate afixele sunt sufixe<sup id="cite_ref-eifring_3-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-eifring-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Desinența"><span id="Desinen.C8.9Ba"></span>Desinența</h5><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Afix&veaction=edit&section=10" title="Modifică secțiunea: Desinența" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificare</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Afix&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section's source code: Desinența"><span>modificare sursă</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Sufixe gramaticale prin excelență sunt <a href="/wiki/Desinen%C8%9B%C4%83" title="Desinență">desinențele</a>. Se deosebesc de celelalte sufixe prin faptul că nu mai pot fi urmate de alt sufix<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. </p><p>În limbile preponderent sintetice, cum sunt cele <a href="/wiki/Limb%C4%83_aglutinant%C4%83" title="Limbă aglutinantă">aglutinante</a> și o parte din cele <a href="/wiki/Limb%C4%83_flexionar%C4%83" title="Limbă flexionară">flexionare</a>, sunt două tipuri de desinențe. Unul din tipuri este propriu părților de vorbire nominale și exprimă, în funcție de limbă, categorii ale acestora precum <a href="/wiki/Caz_(gramatic%C4%83)" title="Caz (gramatică)">cazul</a>, <a href="/wiki/Num%C4%83r_(gramatic%C4%83)" title="Număr (gramatică)">numărul</a> și <a href="/wiki/Gen_gramatical" title="Gen gramatical">genul</a>, prin cazuri realizându-se unele funcții <a href="/wiki/Sintax%C4%83" title="Sintaxă">sintactice</a>, precum cel de <a href="/wiki/Complement" title="Complement">complement</a> de diverse tipuri. Al doilea tip este cel al desinențelor personale, specifice verbului, care exprimă categorii ale acestuia precum <a href="/wiki/Persoan%C4%83_(gramatic%C4%83)" title="Persoană (gramatică)">persoana</a> și numărul. </p><p>Există unele diferențe între limbile aglutinante și cele flexionare în privința numărului de categorii gramaticale exprimate de un sufix. Specificul limbilor aglutinante față de cele flexionare este că, cel puțin în cazul unor părți de vorbire, o desinență exprimă o singură categorie gramaticală. În domeniul părților de vorbire nominale, această diferență este netă între o limbă precum <a href="/wiki/Limba_latin%C4%83" title="Limba latină">latina</a> și una precum <a href="/wiki/Limba_maghiara" class="mw-redirect" title="Limba maghiara">maghiara</a>. De exemplu, în limba latină, flexionară, desinența <i>-as</i> a cuvântului <i>terr<b>as</b></i> „pământuri” marchează atât genul (feminin), cât și numărul (plural) și cazul (<a href="/wiki/Acuzativ" class="mw-redirect" title="Acuzativ">acuzativ</a>). În schimb în limba maghiară, aglutinantă, în cuvântul corespunzător, <i>földeket</i>, pluralul și acuzativul sunt marcate de morfeme diferite, respectiv sufixul <i>-k</i> și desinența <i>-t</i><sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-bokor_256_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bokor_256-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. </p><p>În cazul desinențelor verbului nu există aceeași diferență între limbile flexionare și maghiară ca în cazul desinențelor nominale, dat fiind că nici în cea din urmă desinența personală nu exprimă doar persoana. Bunăoară desinența <i>-m</i> a verbului <i>látom</i> „îl/o/îi/le văd” se referă în același timp la trei lucruri: la număr, la persoana gramaticală a subiectului și la faptul că verbul are <a href="/wiki/Complement_direct" title="Complement direct">complement direct</a> definit, inclusiv că acesta este de persoana a III-a<sup id="cite_ref-bokor_256_39-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bokor_256-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Alte_sufixe_gramaticale">Alte sufixe gramaticale</h5><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Afix&veaction=edit&section=11" title="Modifică secțiunea: Alte sufixe gramaticale" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificare</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Afix&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section's source code: Alte sufixe gramaticale"><span>modificare sursă</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Sunt și alte sufixe gramaticale decât desinențele, plasate înaintea desinențelor. Un asemenea sufix poate avea într-o anumită limbă o funcție pe care în altă limbă o îndeplinește o desinență. După cum se vede mai sus, în maghiară, pluralul substantivului este exprimat nu de o desinență, ci de alt sufix. Asemenea sufixe mai pot fi folosite, în funcție de limbă, pentru a exprima, de pildă: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mod_(gramatic%C4%83)" title="Mod (gramatică)">modul</a> și <a href="/wiki/Timp_(gramatic%C4%83)" title="Timp (gramatică)">timpul</a> verbului: <span style="border:solid 1px #44A; background-color:#EEF; font-family:monospace; color:#008; font-size:0.9em; padding:0px 4px 2px 4px; position:relative; bottom:0.2em; cursor:help;" title="Limba română">ro</span> <i>lucr<b>a</b>m</i> (<a href="/wiki/Indicativ#Imperfectul" title="Indicativ">imperfect</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>;</li> <li>aspectul verbului: <span style="border:solid 1px #44A; background-color:#EEF; font-family:monospace; color:#008; font-size:0.9em; padding:0px 4px 2px 4px; position:relative; bottom:0.2em; cursor:help;" title="Limba sârbă">sr</span> <i>tres<b>nu</b>ti</i> „a scutura” (perfectiv), <i>obeća<b>va</b>ti</i> „a promite” (imperfectiv)<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>;</li> <li>persoana și numărul posesorului/posesorilor: <span style="border:solid 1px #44A; background-color:#EEF; font-family:monospace; color:#008; font-size:0.9em; padding:0px 4px 2px 4px; position:relative; bottom:0.2em; cursor:help;" title="Limba maghiară">hu</span> <i>kert<b>ünk</b></i> „grădina noastră”<sup id="cite_ref-bokor_282_22-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bokor_282-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>;</li> <li>faptul că substantivul este posesor: <span style="border:solid 1px #44A; background-color:#EEF; font-family:monospace; color:#008; font-size:0.9em; padding:0px 4px 2px 4px; position:relative; bottom:0.2em; cursor:help;" title="Limba maghiară">hu</span> <i>a fiam<b>é</b></i> „al/a fiului meu”<sup id="cite_ref-bokor_282_22-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bokor_282-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>;</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grad_de_compara%C8%9Bie" title="Grad de comparație">gradul comparativ de superioritate</a>: <span style="border:solid 1px #44A; background-color:#EEF; font-family:monospace; color:#008; font-size:0.9em; padding:0px 4px 2px 4px; position:relative; bottom:0.2em; cursor:help;" title="Limba muntenegreană">cnr</span> <i>zadovoln<b>ij</b>i</i> „mai mulțumit”<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Sufixe_lexicale">Sufixe lexicale</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Afix&veaction=edit&section=12" title="Modifică secțiunea: Sufixe lexicale" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificare</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Afix&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section's source code: Sufixe lexicale"><span>modificare sursă</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Unele astfel de sufixe formează cuvinte aparținând altei părți de vorbire decât cuvintele bază. Exemple: </p> <ul><li>adjectiv → adverb: <span style="border:solid 1px #44A; background-color:#EEF; font-family:monospace; color:#008; font-size:0.9em; padding:0px 4px 2px 4px; position:relative; bottom:0.2em; cursor:help;" title="Limba franceză">fr</span> <i>vive</i> „vioaie” → <i>vive<b>ment</b></i> „cu vioiciune”<sup id="cite_ref-dubois_2-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dubois-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>;</li> <li>adjectiv → substantiv: <span style="border:solid 1px #44A; background-color:#EEF; font-family:monospace; color:#008; font-size:0.9em; padding:0px 4px 2px 4px; position:relative; bottom:0.2em; cursor:help;" title="Limba engleză">en</span> <i>happy</i> „fericit” → <i>happi<b>ness</b></i> „fericire”<sup id="cite_ref-bussmann_1-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bussmann-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>;</li> <li>adjectiv → verb: <span style="border:solid 1px #44A; background-color:#EEF; font-family:monospace; color:#008; font-size:0.9em; padding:0px 4px 2px 4px; position:relative; bottom:0.2em; cursor:help;" title="Limba franceză">fr</span> <i>égal</i> „egal” → <i>égal<b>er</b></i> „a égala”<sup id="cite_ref-grevisse_164_17-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-grevisse_164-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>;</li> <li>adverb → adjectiv: <span style="border:solid 1px #44A; background-color:#EEF; font-family:monospace; color:#008; font-size:0.9em; padding:0px 4px 2px 4px; position:relative; bottom:0.2em; cursor:help;" title="Limba sârbă">sr</span> <i>sutra</i> „mâine” → <i>sutra<b>šnji</b></i> „de mâine”<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>;</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interjec%C8%9Bie" title="Interjecție">interjecție</a> → verb: <span style="border:solid 1px #44A; background-color:#EEF; font-family:monospace; color:#008; font-size:0.9em; padding:0px 4px 2px 4px; position:relative; bottom:0.2em; cursor:help;" title="Limba maghiară">hu</span> <i>jaj</i> „vai” → <i>jaj<b>gat</b></i> „a se văicări”<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>;</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Numeral" title="Numeral">numeral</a> → substantiv: <span style="border:solid 1px #44A; background-color:#EEF; font-family:monospace; color:#008; font-size:0.9em; padding:0px 4px 2px 4px; position:relative; bottom:0.2em; cursor:help;" title="Limba sârbă">sr</span> <i>deset</i> „zece” → <i>deset<b>ak</b></i> „vreo zece”<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>;</li> <li>substantiv → adjectiv: <span style="border:solid 1px #44A; background-color:#EEF; font-family:monospace; color:#008; font-size:0.9em; padding:0px 4px 2px 4px; position:relative; bottom:0.2em; cursor:help;" title="Limba română">ro</span> <i>rugină</i> → <i>rugin<b>iu</b></i><sup id="cite_ref-dobridor_5-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dobridor-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>;</li> <li>substantiv → adverb: <span style="border:solid 1px #44A; background-color:#EEF; font-family:monospace; color:#008; font-size:0.9em; padding:0px 4px 2px 4px; position:relative; bottom:0.2em; cursor:help;" title="Limba română">ro</span> <i>voinic</i> → <i>voinic<b>ește</b></i><sup id="cite_ref-dobridor_5-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dobridor-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>;</li> <li>substantiv → verb: <span style="border:solid 1px #44A; background-color:#EEF; font-family:monospace; color:#008; font-size:0.9em; padding:0px 4px 2px 4px; position:relative; bottom:0.2em; cursor:help;" title="Limba engleză">en</span> <i>standard</i> → <i>standard<b>ize</b></i> „a standardiza”<sup id="cite_ref-bussmann_1-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bussmann-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>;</li> <li>verb → adjectiv: <span style="border:solid 1px #44A; background-color:#EEF; font-family:monospace; color:#008; font-size:0.9em; padding:0px 4px 2px 4px; position:relative; bottom:0.2em; cursor:help;" title="Limba maghiară">hu</span> <i>tanul</i> „a învăța” → <i>tanul<b>atlan</b></i> „neînvățat(ă)” (persoană)<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>;</li> <li>verb → substantiv: <span style="border:solid 1px #44A; background-color:#EEF; font-family:monospace; color:#008; font-size:0.9em; padding:0px 4px 2px 4px; position:relative; bottom:0.2em; cursor:help;" title="Limba română">ro</span> <i>linge</i> → <i>ling<b>ău</b></i><sup id="cite_ref-dobridor_5-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dobridor-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>.</li></ul> <p>Unele din aceste sufixe, plus altele, formează cuvinte noi aparținând aceleiași părți de vorbire ca și cuvintele bază, schimbându-le sensul sau adăugându-le nuanțe de sens sau stilistice. Există relativ multe asemenea sensuri și nuanțe. Câteva exemple: </p> <ul><li>substantiv → substantiv:</li></ul> <dl><dd><ul><li>→ <a href="/wiki/Diminutiv" title="Diminutiv">diminutiv</a>: <span style="border:solid 1px #44A; background-color:#EEF; font-family:monospace; color:#008; font-size:0.9em; padding:0px 4px 2px 4px; position:relative; bottom:0.2em; cursor:help;" title="Limba română">ro</span> <i>vultur</i> → <i>vultur<b>aș</b></i><sup id="cite_ref-dobridor_5-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dobridor-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>;</li> <li>→ hipocoristic<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>: <span style="border:solid 1px #44A; background-color:#EEF; font-family:monospace; color:#008; font-size:0.9em; padding:0px 4px 2px 4px; position:relative; bottom:0.2em; cursor:help;" title="Limba română">ro</span> <i>bărbat</i> → <i>bărbăț<b>el</b></i><sup id="cite_ref-dobridor_sufix_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dobridor_sufix-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>;</li> <li>→ augmentativ: <span style="border:solid 1px #44A; background-color:#EEF; font-family:monospace; color:#008; font-size:0.9em; padding:0px 4px 2px 4px; position:relative; bottom:0.2em; cursor:help;" title="Limba sârbă">sr</span> <i>glava</i> „cap” → <i>glav<b>urda</b></i> „căpățână”<sup id="cite_ref-klajn_181_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-klajn_181-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>;</li> <li>→ colectiv: <span style="border:solid 1px #44A; background-color:#EEF; font-family:monospace; color:#008; font-size:0.9em; padding:0px 4px 2px 4px; position:relative; bottom:0.2em; cursor:help;" title="Limba franceză">fr</span> <i>hêtre</i> „fag” → <i>hêtr<b>aie</b></i> „făget”<sup id="cite_ref-grevisse_164_17-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-grevisse_164-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>;</li> <li>→ abstract: <span style="border:solid 1px #44A; background-color:#EEF; font-family:monospace; color:#008; font-size:0.9em; padding:0px 4px 2px 4px; position:relative; bottom:0.2em; cursor:help;" title="Limba sârbă">sr</span> <i>prijatelj</i> „prieten” → <i>prijatelj<b>stvo</b></i> „prietenie”<sup id="cite_ref-klajn_181_49-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-klajn_181-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>;</li> <li>→ <a href="/wiki/Etnonim" title="Etnonim">etnonim</a>: <span style="border:solid 1px #44A; background-color:#EEF; font-family:monospace; color:#008; font-size:0.9em; padding:0px 4px 2px 4px; position:relative; bottom:0.2em; cursor:help;" title="Limba sârbă">sr</span> <i>Brazilija</i> „Brazilia” → <i>Brazil<b>ac</b></i> „brazilian”<sup id="cite_ref-klajn_181_49-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-klajn_181-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>;</li></ul></dd></dl> <ul><li>adjectiv → adjectiv:</li></ul> <dl><dd><ul><li>→ aproximativ: <span style="border:solid 1px #44A; background-color:#EEF; font-family:monospace; color:#008; font-size:0.9em; padding:0px 4px 2px 4px; position:relative; bottom:0.2em; cursor:help;" title="Limba franceză">fr</span> <i>jaune</i> „galben” → <i>jaun<b>âtre</b></i> „gălbui”<sup id="cite_ref-grevisse_164_17-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-grevisse_164-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>;</li> <li>→ <a href="/wiki/Peiorativ" title="Peiorativ">peiorativ</a>: <span style="border:solid 1px #44A; background-color:#EEF; font-family:monospace; color:#008; font-size:0.9em; padding:0px 4px 2px 4px; position:relative; bottom:0.2em; cursor:help;" title="Limba franceză">fr</span> <i>blond</i> → <i>blond<b>asse</b></i> „blond spălăcit”<sup id="cite_ref-grevisse_164_17-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-grevisse_164-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>;</li> <li>→ <a href="/wiki/Meliorativ" title="Meliorativ">meliorativ</a>: <span style="border:solid 1px #44A; background-color:#EEF; font-family:monospace; color:#008; font-size:0.9em; padding:0px 4px 2px 4px; position:relative; bottom:0.2em; cursor:help;" title="Limba română">ro</span> <i>prost</i> → <i>prost<b>uț</b></i><sup id="cite_ref-dobridor_sufix_48-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dobridor_sufix-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>;</li> <li>→ intensiv: <span style="border:solid 1px #44A; background-color:#EEF; font-family:monospace; color:#008; font-size:0.9em; padding:0px 4px 2px 4px; position:relative; bottom:0.2em; cursor:help;" title="Limba sârbă">sr</span> <i>mali</i> „mic” → <i>maj<b>ušan</b></i> „foarte mic, minuscul”<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>;</li> <li>→ hipocoristic: <span style="border:solid 1px #44A; background-color:#EEF; font-family:monospace; color:#008; font-size:0.9em; padding:0px 4px 2px 4px; position:relative; bottom:0.2em; cursor:help;" title="Limba maghiară">hu</span> <i>nagy</i> „mare” → <i>nagyo<b>cska</b></i> „mărișor”<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>;</li></ul></dd></dl> <ul><li>pronume → pronume:</li></ul> <dl><dd><ul><li>→ diminutiv: <span style="border:solid 1px #44A; background-color:#EEF; font-family:monospace; color:#008; font-size:0.9em; padding:0px 4px 2px 4px; position:relative; bottom:0.2em; cursor:help;" title="Limba română">ro</span> <i>matale</i> → <i>mătăl<b>uță</b></i><sup id="cite_ref-dobridor_sufix_48-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dobridor_sufix-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>;</li></ul></dd></dl> <ul><li>verb → verb:</li></ul> <dl><dd><ul><li>→ peiorativ: <span style="border:solid 1px #44A; background-color:#EEF; font-family:monospace; color:#008; font-size:0.9em; padding:0px 4px 2px 4px; position:relative; bottom:0.2em; cursor:help;" title="Limba franceză">fr</span> <i>rêver</i> „a visa” → <i>rêv<b>ass</b>er</i> „a visa cu ochii deschiși”<sup id="cite_ref-grevisse_164_17-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-grevisse_164-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>;</li> <li>→ diminutiv și/sau depreciativ: <span style="border:solid 1px #44A; background-color:#EEF; font-family:monospace; color:#008; font-size:0.9em; padding:0px 4px 2px 4px; position:relative; bottom:0.2em; cursor:help;" title="Limba maghiară">hu</span> <i>olvas</i> „a citi” → <i>olvas<b>gat</b></i> „a citi puțin/superficial”<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>.</li></ul></dd></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Sufixe_gramaticale_sau_lexicale">Sufixe gramaticale sau lexicale</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Afix&veaction=edit&section=13" title="Modifică secțiunea: Sufixe gramaticale sau lexicale" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificare</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Afix&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section's source code: Sufixe gramaticale sau lexicale"><span>modificare sursă</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>În cazul unor sufixe este greu de precizat dacă sunt gramaticale (flexionare) sau lexicale (derivaționale)<sup id="cite_ref-kalman_6-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kalman-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>, de aceea se observă diferențe între gramatici, uneori ale aceleiași limbi. De exemplu, sufixele care formează substantive feminine de la substantive masculine sunt considerate flexionare de către Dubois 2002 (ex. <span style="border:solid 1px #44A; background-color:#EEF; font-family:monospace; color:#008; font-size:0.9em; padding:0px 4px 2px 4px; position:relative; bottom:0.2em; cursor:help;" title="Limba franceză">fr</span> <i>duc</i> „duce” → <i>duch<b>esse</b></i>)<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>, dar derivaționale de către Grevisse și Goosse 2007, ex. <i>comte</i> „conte” → <i>comt<b>esse</b></i> „contesă”<sup id="cite_ref-grevisse_164_17-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-grevisse_164-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. Tot derivaționale le consideră și Constantinescu-Dobridor 1998: feminine din masculine (<i>leu</i> → <i>le<b>oaică</b></i>) și masculine din feminine (<i>curcă</i> → <i>curc<b>an</b></i>)<sup id="cite_ref-dobridor_sufix_48-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dobridor_sufix-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. </p><p>În gramatici ale limbii maghiare apar ca derivaționale sufixe verbale care exprimă <a href="/wiki/Diatez%C4%83" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Diateză">diateze</a> și alte tipuri de verbe, de exemplu<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>: </p> <ul><li>verbe medii: <i>bolyhoz<b>ódik</b></i> „a se scămoșa”;</li> <li>verbe pasive: <i>foglal<b>tatik</b></i> „a fi cuprins” (în ceva);</li> <li>verbe reflexive: <i>mosa<b>kodik</b></i> „a se spăla”;</li> <li>verbe factitive: <i>utaz<b>tat</b></i> „a face (pe cineva) să călătorească”;</li> <li>verbe potențiale: <i>néz<b>het</b></i> „a putea privi”.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Cumul_de_sufixe">Cumul de sufixe</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Afix&veaction=edit&section=14" title="Modifică secțiunea: Cumul de sufixe" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificare</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Afix&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section's source code: Cumul de sufixe"><span>modificare sursă</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>În funcție de limbă, un cuvânt poate conține mai multe sau mai puține sufixe, într-o ordine determinată de reguli specifice limbii date. De exemplu, cuvântul <span style="border:solid 1px #44A; background-color:#EEF; font-family:monospace; color:#008; font-size:0.9em; padding:0px 4px 2px 4px; position:relative; bottom:0.2em; cursor:help;" title="Limba engleză">en</span> <i>standard<b>izeable</b></i> conține două sufixe, a căror ordine nu se poate schimba. </p><p>Maghiara este o limbă în care un cuvânt poate conține relativ multe sufixe lexicale și gramaticale. De exemplu, cuvântul <i>adatolhatatlanságot</i> „imposibilitate de a documenta” (la cazul acuzativ) conține șase, cuvântul fiind format astfel: <i>ad</i> „dă” + <i>-at</i> → <i>ad<b>at</b></i> „dată” (informație) + <i>-ol</i> → <i>adat<b>ol</b></i> „a documenta” + <i>-hat</i> → <i>adatol<b>hat</b></i> „poate documenta” + <i>-atlan</i> → <i>adatolhat<b>atlan</b></i> „imposibil de documentat” + <i>-ság</i> → <i>adatolhatatlan<b>ság</b></i> „imposibilitate de a documenta” + <i>-t</i> → <i>adatolhatatlanság<b>ot</b></i><sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> „imposibilitate de a documenta” (acuzativ)<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Infixul">Infixul</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Afix&veaction=edit&section=15" title="Modifică secțiunea: Infixul" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificare</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Afix&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section's source code: Infixul"><span>modificare sursă</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Infixul este un afix inserat în rădăcina unui cuvânt. Este comun în unele limbi precum <a href="/wiki/Limba_tagalog" title="Limba tagalog">limba tagalog</a>, vorbită în nordul <a href="/wiki/Filipine" title="Filipine">Filipinelor</a>. Astfel se exprimă, de exemplu, timpul trecut: <i>ibigay</i> „dă” vs. <i>ib<b>in</b>igay</i> „a dat”<sup id="cite_ref-eifring_3-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-eifring-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. Există infixe și în limba latină, de exemplu <i>-n-</i>. Acesta intervine în rădăcina <i>jug-</i>, a cuvântului <i>jugum</i> „jug”, rezultând tema <i>ju<b>n</b>g-</i>, a cuvântului <i>ju<b>n</b>gere</i> „a uni”<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. Alt infix, <i>-m-</i>, intervine, de pildă, în rădăcina <i>rup-</i>, prezentă în forma de <a href="/wiki/Participiu" title="Participiu">participiu</a> <i>ruptum</i> „rupt”, ceea ce dă forma de indicativ prezent <i>ru<b>m</b>po</i> „(eu) rup”<sup id="cite_ref-bussmann_1-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bussmann-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Circumfixul">Circumfixul</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Afix&veaction=edit&section=16" title="Modifică secțiunea: Circumfixul" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificare</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Afix&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section's source code: Circumfixul"><span>modificare sursă</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Uneori se numește circumfix sau ambifix combinația unui prefix și a unui sufix. Adăugarea acestora se numește derivare parasintetică. </p><p>După unii autori<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>, termenul se referă numai la adăugarea concomitentă a afixelor, adică fără unul din ele cuvântul nu este corect, de exemplu <span style="border:solid 1px #44A; background-color:#EEF; font-family:monospace; color:#008; font-size:0.9em; padding:0px 4px 2px 4px; position:relative; bottom:0.2em; cursor:help;" title="Limba franceză">fr</span> <i><b>dé</b>vital<b>iser</b></i><sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>, „a devitaliza”, <span style="border:solid 1px #44A; background-color:#EEF; font-family:monospace; color:#008; font-size:0.9em; padding:0px 4px 2px 4px; position:relative; bottom:0.2em; cursor:help;" title="Limba română">ro</span> <i><b>îm</b>bărbăt<b>a</b></i><sup id="cite_ref-dobridor_derivare_60-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dobridor_derivare-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. </p><p>După alți autori, nu este necesar ca adăugarea să fie concomintentă<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>, ca în exemplele <span style="border:solid 1px #44A; background-color:#EEF; font-family:monospace; color:#008; font-size:0.9em; padding:0px 4px 2px 4px; position:relative; bottom:0.2em; cursor:help;" title="Limba engleză">en</span> <i><b>en</b>light<b>en</b></i> „a ilumina, a lămuri” (< <i>en-</i> + <i>lighten</i>) , sau <span style="border:solid 1px #44A; background-color:#EEF; font-family:monospace; color:#008; font-size:0.9em; padding:0px 4px 2px 4px; position:relative; bottom:0.2em; cursor:help;" title="Limba română">ro</span> <i><b>în</b>cuie<b>toare</b></i> (< <i>încuia</i> + <i>-toare</i>)<sup id="cite_ref-dobridor_derivare_60-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dobridor_derivare-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Note">Note</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Afix&veaction=edit&section=17" title="Modifică secțiunea: Note" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificare</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Afix&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section's source code: Note"><span>modificare sursă</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-bussmann-1">^ <a href="#cite_ref-bussmann_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-bussmann_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-bussmann_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-bussmann_1-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-bussmann_1-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-bussmann_1-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-bussmann_1-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <span class="reference-text">Bussmann 1998, p. 25.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-dubois-2">^ <a href="#cite_ref-dubois_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-dubois_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-dubois_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-dubois_2-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <span class="reference-text">Dubois 2005, p. 21.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-eifring-3">^ <a href="#cite_ref-eifring_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-eifring_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-eifring_3-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-eifring_3-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-eifring_3-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <span class="reference-text">Eifring și Theil 2005, cap. 2, p. 30.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-crystal-4">^ <a href="#cite_ref-crystal_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-crystal_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-crystal_4-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-crystal_4-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-crystal_4-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <span class="reference-text">Crystal 2008, pp. 15–16.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-dobridor-5">^ <a href="#cite_ref-dobridor_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-dobridor_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-dobridor_5-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-dobridor_5-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-dobridor_5-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-dobridor_5-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <span class="reference-text">Constantinescu-Dobridor 1998, articolul <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dexonline.ro/definitie-dtl/afix"><b>afix</b></a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-kalman-6">^ <a href="#cite_ref-kalman_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-kalman_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-kalman_6-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-kalman_6-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-kalman_6-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-kalman_6-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-kalman_6-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <span class="reference-text">Kálmán și Trón 2007, pp. 81–85.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-hristea-7">^ <a href="#cite_ref-hristea_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-hristea_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://fr.scribd.com/doc/90075755/Theodor-Hristea">Hristea 2003</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text">Bussmann 1998, pp. 1052 și 1056.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text">Kiefer 2006, p. 43.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text">Grevisse și Goosse 2007, pp. 197–198.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-bokor-11"><b><a href="#cite_ref-bokor_11-0">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text">Bokor 2007, pp. 245–248.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text">ÉrtSz, articolul <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://mek.oszk.hu/adatbazis/magyar-nyelv-ertelmezo-szotara/kereses.php?csakcimben=on&szo=BE+%5B1%5D&offset=0&kereses=be"><b>be 1</b></a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text">ÉrtSz, articolul <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://mek.oszk.hu/adatbazis/magyar-nyelv-ertelmezo-szotara/kereses.php?kereses=meg&csakcimben=on"><b>meg</b></a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-crystal_390-14">^ <a href="#cite_ref-crystal_390_14-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-crystal_390_14-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-crystal_390_14-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-crystal_390_14-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <span class="reference-text">Crystal 2008, p. 390.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-bussmann_949-15">^ <a href="#cite_ref-bussmann_949_15-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-bussmann_949_15-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-bussmann_949_15-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-bussmann_949_15-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-bussmann_949_15-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <span class="reference-text">Bussman 1998, p. 949.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-dubois_381-16"><b><a href="#cite_ref-dubois_381_16-0">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text">Dubois 2002, p. 381.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-grevisse_164-17">^ <a href="#cite_ref-grevisse_164_17-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-grevisse_164_17-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-grevisse_164_17-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-grevisse_164_17-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-grevisse_164_17-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-grevisse_164_17-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-grevisse_164_17-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-grevisse_164_17-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <span class="reference-text">Grevisse și Goosse 2007, pp. 164–165.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text">Acest sufix are variante cu două vocale diferite pentru a putea fi aplicat conform regulilor <a href="/wiki/Armonie_vocalic%C4%83" title="Armonie vocalică">armoniei vocalice</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text">Kiefer 2006, p. 37.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text">Barić 1997, p. 295 (gramatică <a href="/wiki/Limba_croat%C4%83" title="Limba croată">croată</a>).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text">Klajn 2005, p 76 (gramatică <a href="/wiki/Limba_s%C3%A2rb%C4%83" title="Limba sârbă">sârbă</a>).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-bokor_282-22">^ <a href="#cite_ref-bokor_282_22-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-bokor_282_22-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-bokor_282_22-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <span class="reference-text">Bokor 2007, p. 282.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text">Barić 1997, p. 226.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text">Unicitatea acțiunii.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text">Caracterul repetat sau continuu al acțiunii.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text">Kiefer 2006, p. 42.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-rounds_68-27">^ <a href="#cite_ref-rounds_68_27-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-rounds_68_27-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <span class="reference-text">Rounds 2001, pp. 68–69.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-dobridor_prefix-28">^ <a href="#cite_ref-dobridor_prefix_28-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-dobridor_prefix_28-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <span class="reference-text">Constantinescu-Dobridor 1998, articolul <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dexonline.ro/definitie-dtl/prefix"><b>prefix</b></a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text">Klajn 2005, p. 201.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-dubois_377-30">^ <a href="#cite_ref-dubois_377_30-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-dubois_377_30-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-dubois_377_30-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-dubois_377_30-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-dubois_377_30-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <span class="reference-text">Dubois 2002, p. 377.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text">Čirgić 2010, p. 153 (gramatică <a href="/wiki/Limba_muntenegrean%C4%83" title="Limba muntenegreană">muntenegreană</a>).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text">Barić 1997, p. 227.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text">Bussmann 1998, p. 933.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-klajn_210-34">^ <a href="#cite_ref-klajn_210_34-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-klajn_210_34-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <span class="reference-text">Klajn 2005, p. 210.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text">Rounds 2001, pp. 65–66.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text">ÉrtSz, articolul <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://mek.oszk.hu/adatbazis/magyar-nyelv-ertelmezo-szotara/kereses.php?kereses=%C3%B6sszemegy&csakcimben=on"><b>összemegy</b></a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text">Dubois 2002, p. 139.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Vocal%C4%83" title="Vocală">Vocala</a> <i>-e-</i> este de legătură pentru ambele.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-bokor_256-39">^ <a href="#cite_ref-bokor_256_39-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-bokor_256_39-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <span class="reference-text">Bokor 2007, pp. 256–257.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text">Bărbuță 2000, p. 163.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text">Klajn 2005, pp.107–108.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text">Čirgić 2010, p. 98.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text">Klajn 2005, p. 189.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text">Gerstner 2006, p. 322.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text">Klajn 2005, p. 100.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text">Kiefer 2006, p. 38.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text">Care exprimă afecțiune, alintare (Constantinescu-Dobridor 1998, articolul <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dexonline.ro/definitie-dtl/hipocoristic"><b>hipocoristic</b></a>).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-dobridor_sufix-48">^ <a href="#cite_ref-dobridor_sufix_48-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-dobridor_sufix_48-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-dobridor_sufix_48-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-dobridor_sufix_48-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <span class="reference-text">Constantinescu-Dobridor 1998, articolul <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dexonline.ro/definitie-dtl/sufix"><b>sufix</b></a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-klajn_181-49">^ <a href="#cite_ref-klajn_181_49-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-klajn_181_49-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-klajn_181_49-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <span class="reference-text">Klajn 2005, p. 181–183.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text">Klajn 2005, p. 192.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text">Rounds 2001, p. 231.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text">Kiefer 2006, p. 40.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text">Dubois 2002, p. 455.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text">Kiefer 2006, p. 41; Bokor 2007, pp. 214–219.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text">Cu vocala de legătură <i>-o-</i>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text">Gerstner 2006, p. 324.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text">Constantinescu-Dobridor 1998, articolul <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dexonline.ro/definitie-dtl/infix"><b>infix</b></a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><b><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text">De exemplu Dubois 2002 (p. 344) sau Grevisse și Goosse 2007 (p. 162).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><b><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text">Dubois 2002, p. 344.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-dobridor_derivare-60">^ <a href="#cite_ref-dobridor_derivare_60-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-dobridor_derivare_60-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <span class="reference-text">Constantinescu-Dobridor 1998, articolul <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dexonline.ro/definitie-dtl/derivare"><b>derivare</b></a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><b><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text">De exemplu Crystal 2008 (p. 15) sau Constantinescu-Dobridor 1998, articolul <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dexonline.ro/definitie-dtl/derivare"><b>derivare</b></a></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Surse_bibliografice">Surse bibliografice</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Afix&veaction=edit&section=18" title="Modifică secțiunea: Surse bibliografice" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificare</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Afix&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section's source code: Surse bibliografice"><span>modificare sursă</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><span style="border:solid 1px #44A; background-color:#EEF; font-family:monospace; color:#008; font-size:0.9em; padding:0px 4px 2px 4px; position:relative; bottom:0.2em; cursor:help;" title="Limba maghiară">hu</span> Bárczi, Géza și Országh, László (coord.), <i>A magyar nyelv értelmező szótára</i> (Dicționarul explicativ al limbii maghiare), Budapest, Akadémiai kiadó, 1959–1962; online: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://mek.oszk.hu/adatbazis/magyar-nyelv-ertelmezo-szotara/elolap.php"><i>A magyar nyelv értelmező szótára</i></a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://mek.oszk.hu/">Magyar Elektronikus Könyvtár</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.oszk.hu/">Országos Széchényi Könyvtár</a> (ÉrtSz) (accesat la 22 ianuarie 2019)</li></ul> <ul><li><span style="border:solid 1px #44A; background-color:#EEF; font-family:monospace; color:#008; font-size:0.9em; padding:0px 4px 2px 4px; position:relative; bottom:0.2em; cursor:help;" title="Limba croată">hr</span> Barić, Eugenija <i>et al.</i>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://vk.com/doc12620867_132564457?hash=28831048ac0b54ee0d&dl=74da4480941aa7f751"><i>Hrvatska gramatika</i></a> (Gramatica limbii croate), ediția a II-a revăzută, Zagreb, Školska knjiga, 1997, <a href="/wiki/Special:Referin%C8%9Be_%C3%AEn_c%C4%83r%C8%9Bi/9530400101" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 953-0-40010-1</a> (accesat la 22 ianuarie 2019)</li></ul> <ul><li>Bărbuță, Ion <i>et al.</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/20778968/12_Gramatica_uzuala_a_limbii_romane"><i>Gramatica uzuală a limbii române</i></a>, Chișinău, Litera, 2000, <a href="/wiki/Special:Referin%C8%9Be_%C3%AEn_c%C4%83r%C8%9Bi/9975742955" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 9975-74-295-5</a> (accesat la 22 ianuarie 2019)</li></ul> <ul><li><span style="border:solid 1px #44A; background-color:#EEF; font-family:monospace; color:#008; font-size:0.9em; padding:0px 4px 2px 4px; position:relative; bottom:0.2em; cursor:help;" title="Limba maghiară">hu</span> Bokor, József, Szóalaktan (Morfologie), A. Jászó, Anna (coord.), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://fr.scribd.com/doc/125463345/A-magyar-nyelv-konyve#scribd"><i>A magyar nyelv könyve</i></a> (Cartea limbii maghiare), ediția a VIII-a, Budapesta, Trezor, 2007, <a href="/wiki/Special:Referin%C8%9Be_%C3%AEn_c%C4%83r%C8%9Bi/9789638144195" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 978-963-8144-19-5</a>, pp. 254–292 (accesat la 22 ianuarie 2019)</li></ul> <ul><li><span style="border:solid 1px #44A; background-color:#EEF; font-family:monospace; color:#008; font-size:0.9em; padding:0px 4px 2px 4px; position:relative; bottom:0.2em; cursor:help;" title="Limba maghiară">hu</span> Bokor, József, Szófajtan (Părțile de vorbire), A. Jászó, Anna (coord.), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://fr.scribd.com/doc/125463345/A-magyar-nyelv-konyve#scribd"><i>A magyar nyelv könyve</i></a> (Cartea limbii maghiare), ediția a VIII-a, Budapesta, Trezor, 2007, <a href="/wiki/Special:Referin%C8%9Be_%C3%AEn_c%C4%83r%C8%9Bi/9789638144195" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 978-963-8144-19-5</a>, pp. 197–253 (accesat la 22 ianuarie 2019)</li></ul> <ul><li><span style="border:solid 1px #44A; background-color:#EEF; font-family:monospace; color:#008; font-size:0.9em; padding:0px 4px 2px 4px; position:relative; bottom:0.2em; cursor:help;" title="Limba engleză">en</span> Bussmann, Hadumod (coord.), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.e-reading.club/bookreader.php/142124/Routledge_Dictionary_of_Language_and_Linguistics.pdf"><i>Dictionary of Language and Linguistics</i></a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220123230149/https://www.e-reading.club/bookreader.php/142124/Routledge_Dictionary_of_Language_and_Linguistics.pdf">Arhivat</a> în <time datetime="2022-01-23">23 ianuarie 2022</time>, la <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. (Dicționarul limbii și lingvisticii), Londra – New York, Routledge, 1998, <a href="/wiki/Special:Referin%C8%9Be_%C3%AEn_c%C4%83r%C8%9Bi/0203980050" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 0-203-98005-0</a> (accesat la 22 ianuarie 2019)</li></ul> <ul><li><span style="border:solid 1px #44A; background-color:#EEF; font-family:monospace; color:#008; font-size:0.9em; padding:0px 4px 2px 4px; position:relative; bottom:0.2em; cursor:help;" title="Limba muntenegreană">cnr</span> Čirgić, Adnan; Pranjković, Ivo; Silić, Josip, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://fr.scribd.com/doc/307118991/gramatika-crnogorskoga-jezika-pdf"><i>Gramatika crnogorskoga jezika</i></a> (Gramatica limbii muntenegrene), Podgorica, Ministerul Învățământului și Științei al Muntenegrului, 2010, <a href="/wiki/Special:Referin%C8%9Be_%C3%AEn_c%C4%83r%C8%9Bi/9789940905262" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 978-9940-9052-6-2</a> (accesat la 22 ianuarie 2019)</li></ul> <ul><li>Constantinescu-Dobridor, Gheorghe, <i>Dicționar de termeni lingvistici</i>, București, Teora, 1998; online: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dexonline.ro/">Dexonline</a> (DTL) (accesat la 22 ianuarie 2019)</li></ul> <ul><li><span style="border:solid 1px #44A; background-color:#EEF; font-family:monospace; color:#008; font-size:0.9em; padding:0px 4px 2px 4px; position:relative; bottom:0.2em; cursor:help;" title="Limba engleză">en</span> Crystal, David, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://anekawarnapendidikan.files.wordpress.com/2014/04/a-dictionary-of-linguistics-and-phonetics-by-david-christal.pdf"><i>A Dictionary of Linguistics and Phonetics</i></a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181110120458/https://anekawarnapendidikan.files.wordpress.com/2014/04/a-dictionary-of-linguistics-and-phonetics-by-david-christal.pdf">Arhivat</a> în <time datetime="2018-11-10">10 noiembrie 2018</time>, la <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. (Dicționar de lingvistică și fonetică), ediția a VI-a, Blackwell Publishing, 2008, <a href="/wiki/Special:Referin%C8%9Be_%C3%AEn_c%C4%83r%C8%9Bi/9781405152969" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 978-1-4051-5296-9</a> (accesat la 10 noiembrie 2018)</li></ul> <ul><li><span style="border:solid 1px #44A; background-color:#EEF; font-family:monospace; color:#008; font-size:0.9em; padding:0px 4px 2px 4px; position:relative; bottom:0.2em; cursor:help;" title="Limba franceză">fr</span> Dubois, Jean <i>et al.</i>, <i>Dictionnaire de linguistique</i> (Dicționar de lingvistică), Paris, Larousse-Bordas/VUEF, 2002</li></ul> <ul><li><span style="border:solid 1px #44A; background-color:#EEF; font-family:monospace; color:#008; font-size:0.9em; padding:0px 4px 2px 4px; position:relative; bottom:0.2em; cursor:help;" title="Limba engleză">en</span> Eifring, Halvor și Theil, Rolf, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.uio.no/studier/emner/hf/ikos/EXFAC03-AAS/h05/larestoff/linguistics/"><i>Linguistics for Students of Asian and African Languages</i></a> (Lingvistică pentru studenții în limbi asiatice și africane), Universitatea din Oslo, 2005 (accesat la 22 ianuarie 2019)</li></ul> <ul><li><span style="border:solid 1px #44A; background-color:#EEF; font-family:monospace; color:#008; font-size:0.9em; padding:0px 4px 2px 4px; position:relative; bottom:0.2em; cursor:help;" title="Limba maghiară">hu</span> Gerstner, Károly, 16. fejezet – A magyar nyelv szókészlete (Capitolul 16 – Lexicul limbii maghiare), Kiefer, Ferenc (coord.), <i>Magyar nyelv</i> (Limba maghiară), Budapesta, Akadémiai Kiadó, 2006, <a href="/wiki/Special:Referin%C8%9Be_%C3%AEn_c%C4%83r%C8%9Bi/9630583240" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 963-05-8324-0</a>; online: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tankonyvtar.hu/hu/tartalom/tamop425/2011_0001_536_MagyarNyelv/adatok.html"><i>A magyar nyelv</i></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tankonyvtar.hu/hu">Digitális Tankönyvtár</a>, PDF de descărcat, pp. 306–334 (accesat la 22 ianuarie 2019)</li></ul> <ul><li><span style="border:solid 1px #44A; background-color:#EEF; font-family:monospace; color:#008; font-size:0.9em; padding:0px 4px 2px 4px; position:relative; bottom:0.2em; cursor:help;" title="Limba franceză">fr</span> Grevisse, Maurice și Goosse, André, <i>Le bon usage. Grammaire française</i> (Folosirea corectă a limbii. Gramatică franceză), ediția a XIV-a, Bruxelles, De Boeck Université, 2007, <a href="/wiki/Special:Referin%C8%9Be_%C3%AEn_c%C4%83r%C8%9Bi/9782801114049" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 978-2-8011-1404-9</a></li></ul> <ul><li>Hristea, Theodor, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://fr.scribd.com/doc/90075755/Theodor-Hristea">Procedee interne de îmbogățire a vocabularului</a>, Dominte, Constantin (dir.). <i>Introducere în teoria lingvistică. Antologie pentru Seminarul de Teorie a Limbii</i>, Universitatea din București, 2003 (accesat la 22 ianuarie 2019)</li></ul> <ul><li><span style="border:solid 1px #44A; background-color:#EEF; font-family:monospace; color:#008; font-size:0.9em; padding:0px 4px 2px 4px; position:relative; bottom:0.2em; cursor:help;" title="Limba maghiară">hu</span> Kálmán, László și Trón, Viktor, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://people.mokk.bme.hu/~tron/kalman_tron_bevezetes_07.pdf"><i>Bevezetés a nyelvtudományba</i></a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171118182921/http://people.mokk.bme.hu/~tron/kalman_tron_bevezetes_07.pdf">Arhivat</a> în <time datetime="2017-11-18">18 noiembrie 2017</time>, la <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. (Introducere în lingvistică), ediția a II-a, adăugită, Budapesta, Tinta, 2007, <a href="/wiki/Special:Referin%C8%9Be_%C3%AEn_c%C4%83r%C8%9Bi/9789637094651" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 978-963-7094-65-1</a> (accesat la 22 ianuarie 2019)</li></ul> <ul><li><span style="border:solid 1px #44A; background-color:#EEF; font-family:monospace; color:#008; font-size:0.9em; padding:0px 4px 2px 4px; position:relative; bottom:0.2em; cursor:help;" title="Limba maghiară">hu</span> Kiefer, Ferenc, 3. fejezet – Alaktan (Capitolul 3 – Morfologie), Kiefer, Ferenc (coord.) <i>Magyar nyelv</i> (Limba maghiară), Budapesta, Akadémiai Kiadó, 2006, <a href="/wiki/Special:Referin%C8%9Be_%C3%AEn_c%C4%83r%C8%9Bi/9630583240" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 963-05-8324-0</a>, pp. 54–79; online: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tankonyvtar.hu/hu/tartalom/tamop425/2011_0001_536_MagyarNyelv/adatok.html"><i>A magyar nyelv</i></a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tankonyvtar.hu/hu">Digitális Tankönyvtár</a> (Bibliotecă didactică digitală), PDF de descărcat, pp. 34–49 (accesat la 22 ianuarie 2019)</li></ul> <ul><li><span style="border:solid 1px #44A; background-color:#EEF; font-family:monospace; color:#008; font-size:0.9em; padding:0px 4px 2px 4px; position:relative; bottom:0.2em; cursor:help;" title="Limba sârbă">sr</span> Klajn, Ivan, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://jelenagolubovic.weebly.com/uploads/2/5/3/7/25373008/ivan_klajn_-_gramatika_srpskog_jezika.pdf"><i>Gramatika srpskog jezika</i></a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160423015859/http://jelenagolubovic.weebly.com/uploads/2/5/3/7/25373008/ivan_klajn_-_gramatika_srpskog_jezika.pdf">Arhivat</a> în <time datetime="2016-04-23">23 aprilie 2016</time>, la <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. (Gramatica limbii sârbe), Belgrad, Zavod za udžbenike i nastavna sredstva, 2005, <a href="/wiki/Special:Referin%C8%9Be_%C3%AEn_c%C4%83r%C8%9Bi/8617131888" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 86-17-13188-8</a> (accesat la 22 ianuarie 2019)</li></ul> <ul><li><span style="border:solid 1px #44A; background-color:#EEF; font-family:monospace; color:#008; font-size:0.9em; padding:0px 4px 2px 4px; position:relative; bottom:0.2em; cursor:help;" title="Limba engleză">en</span> Rounds, Carol, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.readersstuffz.com/downloads/ebooks/Language%20Books/Hungarian%20-%20Essential%20Grammar.pdf"><i>Hungarian: an Essential Grammar</i></a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180328210104/http://www.readersstuffz.com/downloads/ebooks/Language%20Books/Hungarian%20-%20Essential%20Grammar.pdf">Arhivat</a> în <time datetime="2018-03-28">28 martie 2018</time>, la <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. (Gramatică fundamentală a limbii maghiare), Londra / New York, Routledge, 2001, <a href="/wiki/Special:Referin%C8%9Be_%C3%AEn_c%C4%83r%C8%9Bi/0203465199" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 0-203-46519-9</a> (accesat la 22 ianuarie 2019)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Vezi_și"><span id="Vezi_.C8.99i"></span>Vezi și</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Afix&veaction=edit&section=19" title="Modifică secțiunea: Vezi și" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificare</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Afix&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section's source code: Vezi și"><span>modificare sursă</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Derivare_(lingvistic%C4%83)" title="Derivare (lingvistică)">Derivare (lingvistică)</a></li></ul> <!-- NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐web.eqiad.next‐7fbc6d9c8b‐k2z68 Cached time: 20250305182809 Cache expiry: 2592000 Reduced expiry: false Complications: [show‐toc] CPU time usage: 0.178 seconds Real time usage: 0.217 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 1694/1000000 Post‐expand include size: 22035/2097152 bytes Template argument size: 77/2097152 bytes Highest expansion depth: 4/100 Expensive parser function count: 0/500 Unstrip recursion depth: 0/20 Unstrip post‐expand size: 34687/5000000 bytes Lua time usage: 0.012/10.000 seconds Lua memory usage: 980635/52428800 bytes Number of Wikibase entities loaded: 0/400 --> <!-- Transclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template) 100.00% 118.641 1 -total 27.48% 32.606 5 Format:Webarchive 12.38% 14.689 3 Format:Cnr_icon 2.81% 3.333 16 Format:Hu_icon 2.08% 2.463 11 Format:Sr_icon 1.93% 2.294 4 Format:Hr_icon 1.40% 1.662 16 Format:En_icon 1.35% 1.599 7 Format:Indicație_limbă 1.35% 1.597 18 Format:Fr_icon 1.16% 1.378 14 Format:Ro_icon --> <!-- Saved in parser cache with key rowiki:pcache:238771:|#|:idhash:canonical and timestamp 20250305182809 and revision id 15913963. 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