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class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Cuprins</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">mută în bara laterală</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">ascunde</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">Început</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Etimologie" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Etimologie"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1 Etimologie </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Etimologie-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Caracteristici" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Caracteristici"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2 Caracteristici </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Caracteristici-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Caracteristici subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Caracteristici-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Structură" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Structură"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1 Structură </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Structură-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Reproducere_și_dezvoltare" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Reproducere_și_dezvoltare"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2 Reproducere și dezvoltare </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Reproducere_și_dezvoltare-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Hrănirea_și_sursele_de_energie" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hrănirea_și_sursele_de_energie"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.3 Hrănirea și sursele de energie </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hrănirea_și_sursele_de_energie-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Diversitate" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Diversitate"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Diversitate </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Diversitate-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Diversitate subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Diversitate-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Cel_mai_mare_și_mai_mic" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cel_mai_mare_și_mai_mic"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1 Cel mai mare și mai mic </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cel_mai_mare_și_mai_mic-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Numere_și_habitate" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Numere_și_habitate"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2 Numere și habitate </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Numere_și_habitate-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Origine_evolutivă" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Origine_evolutivă"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Origine evolutivă </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Origine_evolutivă-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Filogenie" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Filogenie"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Filogenie </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Filogenie-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Filogenie subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Filogenie-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Animale_fără_simetrie_bilaterală" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Animale_fără_simetrie_bilaterală"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1 Animale fără simetrie bilaterală </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Animale_fără_simetrie_bilaterală-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Animale_cu_simetrie_bilaterală" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Animale_cu_simetrie_bilaterală"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.2 Animale cu simetrie bilaterală </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Animale_cu_simetrie_bilaterală-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cogniția_animalelor" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cogniția_animalelor"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Cogniția animalelor </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cogniția_animalelor-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Istoria_clasificării" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Istoria_clasificării"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Istoria clasificării </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Istoria_clasificării-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Vezi_și" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Vezi_și"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 Vezi și </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Vezi_și-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Note" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Note"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 Note </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Note-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Referințe" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Referințe"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 Referințe </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Referințe-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Legături_externe" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Legături_externe"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11 Legături externe </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Legături_externe-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Cuprins" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Comută cuprinsul" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Comută cuprinsul </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Regnul Animalia</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Mergeți la un articol în altă limbă. Disponibil în 248 limbi" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-248" aria-hidden="true" > 248 limbi </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ace mw-list-item"><a href="https://ace.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meulatang" title="Meulatang – aceh" lang="ace" hreflang="ace" data-title="Meulatang" data-language-autonym="Acèh" data-language-local-name="aceh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Acèh</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="articol de calitate"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dier" title="Dier – afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Dier" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tiere" title="Tiere – germană (Elveția)" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Tiere" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="germană (Elveția)" class="interlanguage-link-target">Alemannisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8A%A5%E1%8A%95%E1%88%B5%E1%88%B3" title="እንስሳ – amharică" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="እንስሳ" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="amharică" class="interlanguage-link-target">አማርኛ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Animalia" title="Animalia – aragoneză" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Animalia" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="aragoneză" class="interlanguage-link-target">Aragonés</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ang mw-list-item"><a href="https://ang.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deor" title="Deor – engleză veche" lang="ang" hreflang="ang" data-title="Deor" data-language-autonym="Ænglisc" data-language-local-name="engleză veche" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ænglisc</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-anp mw-list-item"><a href="https://anp.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%81" title="पशु – angika" lang="anp" hreflang="anp" data-title="पशु" data-language-autonym="अंगिका" data-language-local-name="angika" class="interlanguage-link-target">अंगिका</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AD%D9%8A%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%86" title="حيوان – arabă" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="حيوان" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="arabă" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arc mw-list-item"><a href="https://arc.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DC%9A%DC%9D%DC%98%DC%AC%DC%90" title="ܚܝܘܬܐ – aramaică" lang="arc" hreflang="arc" data-title="ܚܝܘܬܐ" data-language-autonym="ܐܪܡܝܐ" data-language-local-name="aramaică" class="interlanguage-link-target">ܐܪܡܝܐ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ary mw-list-item"><a href="https://ary.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AD%D9%8A%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%86" title="حيوان – Moroccan Arabic" lang="ary" hreflang="ary" data-title="حيوان" data-language-autonym="الدارجة" data-language-local-name="Moroccan Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">الدارجة</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AD%D9%8A%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%86" title="حيوان – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="حيوان" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">مصرى</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AA%E0%A7%8D%E0%A7%B0%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A3%E0%A7%80" title="প্ৰাণী – asameză" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="প্ৰাণী" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="asameză" class="interlanguage-link-target">অসমীয়া</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Animalia" title="Animalia – asturiană" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Animalia" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="asturiană" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-atj mw-list-item"><a href="https://atj.wikipedia.org/wiki/Awesis" title="Awesis – atikamekw" lang="atj" hreflang="atj" data-title="Awesis" data-language-autonym="Atikamekw" data-language-local-name="atikamekw" class="interlanguage-link-target">Atikamekw</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-awa mw-list-item"><a href="https://awa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%81" title="पशु – awadhi" lang="awa" hreflang="awa" data-title="पशु" data-language-autonym="अवधी" data-language-local-name="awadhi" class="interlanguage-link-target">अवधी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ay mw-list-item"><a href="https://ay.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uywa" title="Uywa – aymara" lang="ay" hreflang="ay" data-title="Uywa" data-language-autonym="Aymar aru" data-language-local-name="aymara" class="interlanguage-link-target">Aymar aru</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heyvanlar" title="Heyvanlar – azeră" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Heyvanlar" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="azeră" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AD%D8%A6%DB%8C%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%86" title="حئیوان – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="حئیوان" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">تۆرکجه</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B0%D0%B9%D1%83%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Хайуандар – bașkiră" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Хайуандар" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="bașkiră" class="interlanguage-link-target">Башҡортса</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ban mw-list-item"><a href="https://ban.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buron" title="Buron – balineză" lang="ban" hreflang="ban" data-title="Buron" data-language-autonym="Basa Bali" data-language-local-name="balineză" class="interlanguage-link-target">Basa Bali</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viecha" title="Viecha – Bavarian" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Viecha" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="Bavarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Boarisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/G%C4%ABv%C4%93" title="Gīvē – Samogitian" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" data-title="Gīvē" data-language-autonym="Žemaitėška" data-language-local-name="Samogitian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Žemaitėška</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hayop" title="Hayop – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Hayop" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bikol Central</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%96%D1%8B%D0%B2%D1%91%D0%BB%D1%8B" title="Жывёлы – belarusă" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Жывёлы" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="belarusă" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%96%D1%8B%D0%B2%D1%91%D0%BB%D1%8B" title="Жывёлы – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Жывёлы" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bew mw-list-item"><a href="https://bew.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C3%A9wan" title="Héwan – Betawi" lang="bew" hreflang="bew" data-title="Héwan" data-language-autonym="Betawi" data-language-local-name="Betawi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Betawi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%96%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%BD%D0%B8" title="Животни – bulgară" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Животни" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="bulgară" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%B0" title="जानवर – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="जानवर" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target">भोजपुरी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bi mw-list-item"><a href="https://bi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Animol" title="Animol – bislama" lang="bi" hreflang="bi" data-title="Animol" data-language-autonym="Bislama" data-language-local-name="bislama" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bislama</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bm mw-list-item"><a href="https://bm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bagan" title="Bagan – bambara" lang="bm" hreflang="bm" data-title="Bagan" data-language-autonym="Bamanankan" data-language-local-name="bambara" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bamanankan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AA%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A3%E0%A7%80" title="প্রাণী – bengaleză" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="প্রাণী" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="bengaleză" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bo mw-list-item"><a href="https://bo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BD%A6%E0%BE%B2%E0%BD%BC%E0%BD%82%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%86%E0%BD%82%E0%BD%A6%E0%BC%8B" title="སྲོག་ཆགས་ – tibetană" lang="bo" hreflang="bo" data-title="སྲོག་ཆགས་" data-language-autonym="བོད་ཡིག" data-language-local-name="tibetană" class="interlanguage-link-target">བོད་ཡིག</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loen" title="Loen – bretonă" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Loen" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="bretonă" class="interlanguage-link-target">Brezhoneg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%BDivotinje" title="Životinje – bosniacă" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Životinje" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="bosniacă" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bosanski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bxr mw-list-item"><a href="https://bxr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Амитан – Russia Buriat" lang="bxr" hreflang="bxr" data-title="Амитан" data-language-autonym="Буряад" data-language-local-name="Russia Buriat" class="interlanguage-link-target">Буряад</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Animals" title="Animals – catalană" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Animals" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="catalană" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C3%B4ng-%C5%ADk" title="Dông-ŭk – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Dông-ŭk" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B8%D0%B9%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%88" title="Дийнаташ – cecenă" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="Дийнаташ" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="cecenă" class="interlanguage-link-target">Нохчийн</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mananap" title="Mananap – cebuană" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Mananap" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="cebuană" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cebuano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-chr mw-list-item"><a href="https://chr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8E%A6%E1%8F%82%E1%8F%9D%E1%8E%A2" title="ᎦᏂᏝᎢ – cherokee" lang="chr" hreflang="chr" data-title="ᎦᏂᏝᎢ" data-language-autonym="ᏣᎳᎩ" data-language-local-name="cherokee" class="interlanguage-link-target">ᏣᎳᎩ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-chy mw-list-item"><a href="https://chy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hova" title="Hova – cheyenne" lang="chy" hreflang="chy" data-title="Hova" data-language-autonym="Tsetsêhestâhese" data-language-local-name="cheyenne" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tsetsêhestâhese</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%AF%DB%8C%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%84%DB%95%D8%A8%DB%95%D8%B1" title="گیانلەبەر – kurdă centrală" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="گیانلەبەر" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="kurdă centrală" class="interlanguage-link-target">کوردی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-co mw-list-item"><a href="https://co.wikipedia.org/wiki/Animale" title="Animale – corsicană" lang="co" hreflang="co" data-title="Animale" data-language-autonym="Corsu" data-language-local-name="corsicană" class="interlanguage-link-target">Corsu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cr mw-list-item"><a href="https://cr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%90%B1%E1%93%AF%E1%90%A2%E1%91%AD%E1%90%A4" title="ᐱᓯᐢᑭᐤ – cree" lang="cr" hreflang="cr" data-title="ᐱᓯᐢᑭᐤ" data-language-autonym="Nēhiyawēwin / ᓀᐦᐃᔭᐍᐏᐣ" data-language-local-name="cree" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nēhiyawēwin / ᓀᐦᐃᔭᐍᐏᐣ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%BDivo%C4%8Dichov%C3%A9" title="Živočichové – cehă" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Živočichové" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="cehă" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%C4%95%D1%80%D1%87%D1%83%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BC" title="Чĕрчунсем – ciuvașă" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Чĕрчунсем" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="ciuvașă" class="interlanguage-link-target">Чӑвашла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anifail" title="Anifail – galeză" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Anifail" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="galeză" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cymraeg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dyr" title="Dyr – daneză" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Dyr" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="daneză" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tier" title="Tier – germană" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Tier" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="germană" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heywan" title="Heywan – Zazaki" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Heywan" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Zazaki" class="interlanguage-link-target">Zazaki</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dty mw-list-item"><a href="https://dty.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A3%E0%A5%80" title="प्राणी – Doteli" lang="dty" hreflang="dty" data-title="प्राणी" data-language-autonym="डोटेली" data-language-local-name="Doteli" class="interlanguage-link-target">डोटेली</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dz mw-list-item"><a href="https://dz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BD%A6%E0%BD%BA%E0%BD%98%E0%BD%A6%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%85%E0%BD%93" title="སེམས་ཅན – dzongkha" lang="dz" hreflang="dz" data-title="སེམས་ཅན" data-language-autonym="ཇོང་ཁ" data-language-local-name="dzongkha" class="interlanguage-link-target">ཇོང་ཁ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ee mw-list-item"><a href="https://ee.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%A3" title="Lã – ewe" lang="ee" hreflang="ee" data-title="Lã" data-language-autonym="Eʋegbe" data-language-local-name="ewe" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eʋegbe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%96%CF%8E%CE%BF" title="Ζώο – greacă" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Ζώο" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="greacă" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="articol bun"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Animal" title="Animal – engleză" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Animal" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="engleză" class="interlanguage-link-target">English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="articol bun"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bestoj" title="Bestoj – esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Bestoj" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Animalia" title="Animalia – spaniolă" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Animalia" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="spaniolă" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loomad" title="Loomad – estonă" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Loomad" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="estonă" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Animalia" title="Animalia – bască" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Animalia" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="bască" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ext mw-list-item"><a href="https://ext.wikipedia.org/wiki/Animalia" title="Animalia – Extremaduran" lang="ext" hreflang="ext" data-title="Animalia" data-language-autonym="Estremeñu" data-language-local-name="Extremaduran" class="interlanguage-link-target">Estremeñu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86" title="جانوران – persană" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="جانوران" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="persană" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/El%C3%A4imet" title="Eläimet – finlandeză" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Eläimet" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="finlandeză" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fiu-vro mw-list-item"><a href="https://fiu-vro.wikipedia.org/wiki/El%C3%A4j%C3%A4q" title="Eläjäq – Võro" lang="vro" hreflang="vro" data-title="Eläjäq" data-language-autonym="Võro" data-language-local-name="Võro" class="interlanguage-link-target">Võro</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fj mw-list-item"><a href="https://fj.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manumanu" title="Manumanu – fijiană" lang="fj" hreflang="fj" data-title="Manumanu" data-language-autonym="Na Vosa Vakaviti" data-language-local-name="fijiană" class="interlanguage-link-target">Na Vosa Vakaviti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C3%BDr" title="Dýr – feroeză" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Dýr" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="feroeză" class="interlanguage-link-target">Føroyskt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Animal" title="Animal – franceză" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Animal" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="franceză" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frp mw-list-item"><a href="https://frp.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C3%A9tye" title="Bétye – Arpitan" lang="frp" hreflang="frp" data-title="Bétye" data-language-autonym="Arpetan" data-language-local-name="Arpitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Arpetan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diarten" title="Diarten – frizonă nordică" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Diarten" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="frizonă nordică" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nordfriisk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dieren" title="Dieren – frizonă occidentală" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Dieren" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="frizonă occidentală" class="interlanguage-link-target">Frysk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Animalia" title="Animalia – irlandeză" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Animalia" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="irlandeză" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaeilge</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gan mw-list-item"><a href="https://gan.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%A0%AD%E7%89%B2" title="頭牲 – chineză gan" lang="gan" hreflang="gan" data-title="頭牲" data-language-autonym="贛語" data-language-local-name="chineză gan" class="interlanguage-link-target">贛語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gcr mw-list-item"><a href="https://gcr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zannimo" title="Zannimo – Guianan Creole" lang="gcr" hreflang="gcr" data-title="Zannimo" data-language-autonym="Kriyòl gwiyannen" data-language-local-name="Guianan Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kriyòl gwiyannen</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beathach" title="Beathach – gaelică scoțiană" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Beathach" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="gaelică scoțiană" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gàidhlig</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Animais" title="Animais – galiciană" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Animais" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="galiciană" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mymba" title="Mymba – guarani" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Mymba" data-language-autonym="Avañe'ẽ" data-language-local-name="guarani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Avañe'ẽ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-got mw-list-item"><a href="https://got.wikipedia.org/wiki/%F0%90%8C%B3%F0%90%8C%B9%F0%90%8C%BF%F0%90%8D%83" title="𐌳𐌹𐌿𐍃 – gotică" lang="got" hreflang="got" data-title="𐌳𐌹𐌿𐍃" data-language-autonym="𐌲𐌿𐍄𐌹𐍃𐌺" data-language-local-name="gotică" class="interlanguage-link-target">𐌲𐌿𐍄𐌹𐍃𐌺</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gu mw-list-item"><a href="https://gu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AA%AA%E0%AB%8D%E0%AA%B0%E0%AA%BE%E0%AA%A3%E0%AB%80" title="પ્રાણી – gujarati" lang="gu" hreflang="gu" data-title="પ્રાણી" data-language-autonym="ગુજરાતી" data-language-local-name="gujarati" class="interlanguage-link-target">ગુજરાતી</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-guc mw-list-item"><a href="https://guc.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%BCr%C3%BCtkana" title="Mürütkana – Wayuu" lang="guc" hreflang="guc" data-title="Mürütkana" data-language-autonym="Wayuunaiki" data-language-local-name="Wayuu" class="interlanguage-link-target">Wayuunaiki</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-guw mw-list-item"><a href="https://guw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kanlin" title="Kanlin – Gun" lang="guw" hreflang="guw" data-title="Kanlin" data-language-autonym="Gungbe" data-language-local-name="Gun" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gungbe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gv mw-list-item"><a href="https://gv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baagh" title="Baagh – manx" lang="gv" hreflang="gv" data-title="Baagh" data-language-autonym="Gaelg" data-language-local-name="manx" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaelg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dabba" title="Dabba – hausa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Dabba" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="hausa" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hausa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thung-vu%CC%8Dt" title="Thung-vu̍t – chineză hakka" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Thung-vu̍t" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="chineză hakka" class="interlanguage-link-target">客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%91%D7%A2%D7%9C%D7%99_%D7%97%D7%99%D7%99%D7%9D" title="בעלי חיים – ebraică" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="בעלי חיים" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="ebraică" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A3%E0%A5%80" title="प्राणी – hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="प्राणी" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Animalia" title="Animalia – Fiji Hindi" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="Animalia" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="Fiji Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Fiji Hindi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%BDivotinje" title="Životinje – croată" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Životinje" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="croată" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zannimo" title="Zannimo – haitiană" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Zannimo" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="haitiană" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kreyòl ayisyen</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%81llatok" title="Állatok – maghiară" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Állatok" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="maghiară" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%BF%D5%A5%D5%B6%D5%A4%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%AB%D5%B6%D5%A5%D6%80" title="Կենդանիներ – armeană" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Կենդանիներ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="armeană" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Animal" title="Animal – interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Animal" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Interlingua</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-iba mw-list-item"><a href="https://iba.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jelu" title="Jelu – iban" lang="iba" hreflang="iba" data-title="Jelu" data-language-autonym="Jaku Iban" data-language-local-name="iban" class="interlanguage-link-target">Jaku Iban</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hewan" title="Hewan – indoneziană" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Hewan" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="indoneziană" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ie mw-list-item"><a href="https://ie.wikipedia.org/wiki/Animal" title="Animal – interlingue" lang="ie" hreflang="ie" data-title="Animal" data-language-autonym="Interlingue" data-language-local-name="interlingue" class="interlanguage-link-target">Interlingue</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ig mw-list-item"><a href="https://ig.wikipedia.org/wiki/Animal" title="Animal – igbo" lang="ig" hreflang="ig" data-title="Animal" data-language-autonym="Igbo" data-language-local-name="igbo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Igbo</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ik mw-list-item"><a href="https://ik.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ni%C4%A1run" title="Niġrun – inupiak" lang="ik" hreflang="ik" data-title="Niġrun" data-language-autonym="Iñupiatun" data-language-local-name="inupiak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Iñupiatun</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ayup" title="Ayup – iloko" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Ayup" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="iloko" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ilokano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-inh mw-list-item"><a href="https://inh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B8%D0%B9%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%88" title="Дийнаташ – ingușă" lang="inh" hreflang="inh" data-title="Дийнаташ" data-language-autonym="ГӀалгӀай" data-language-local-name="ingușă" class="interlanguage-link-target">ГӀалгӀай</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Animalo" title="Animalo – ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Animalo" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="ido" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ido</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C3%BDr" title="Dýr – islandeză" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Dýr" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="islandeză" class="interlanguage-link-target">Íslenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Animalia" title="Animalia – italiană" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Animalia" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="italiană" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-iu mw-list-item"><a href="https://iu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%93%82%E1%95%90%E1%94%AA%E1%91%A6" title="ᓂᕐᔪᑦ – inuktitut" lang="iu" hreflang="iu" data-title="ᓂᕐᔪᑦ" data-language-autonym="ᐃᓄᒃᑎᑐᑦ / inuktitut" data-language-local-name="inuktitut" class="interlanguage-link-target">ᐃᓄᒃᑎᑐᑦ / inuktitut</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8B%95%E7%89%A9" title="動物 – japoneză" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="動物" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="japoneză" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jam mw-list-item"><a href="https://jam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Animal" title="Animal – Jamaican Creole English" lang="jam" hreflang="jam" data-title="Animal" data-language-autonym="Patois" data-language-local-name="Jamaican Creole English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Patois</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jbo mw-list-item"><a href="https://jbo.wikipedia.org/wiki/danlu" title="danlu – lojban" lang="jbo" hreflang="jbo" data-title="danlu" data-language-autonym="La .lojban." data-language-local-name="lojban" class="interlanguage-link-target">La .lojban.</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sato_k%C3%A9wan" title="Sato kéwan – javaneză" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Sato kéwan" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="javaneză" class="interlanguage-link-target">Jawa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%AA%E1%83%AE%E1%83%9D%E1%83%95%E1%83%94%E1%83%9A%E1%83%94%E1%83%91%E1%83%98" title="ცხოველები – georgiană" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ცხოველები" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="georgiană" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kaa mw-list-item"><a href="https://kaa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haywanlar" title="Haywanlar – karakalpak" lang="kaa" hreflang="kaa" data-title="Haywanlar" data-language-autonym="Qaraqalpaqsha" data-language-local-name="karakalpak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Qaraqalpaqsha</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kab mw-list-item"><a href="https://kab.wikipedia.org/wiki/A%C9%A3ersiw" title="Aɣersiw – kabyle" lang="kab" hreflang="kab" data-title="Aɣersiw" data-language-autonym="Taqbaylit" data-language-local-name="kabyle" class="interlanguage-link-target">Taqbaylit</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbp mw-list-item"><a href="https://kbp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kp%C9%A9n%C9%9B" title="Kpɩnɛ – Kabiye" lang="kbp" hreflang="kbp" data-title="Kpɩnɛ" data-language-autonym="Kabɩyɛ" data-language-local-name="Kabiye" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kabɩyɛ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kcg mw-list-item"><a href="https://kcg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nyam" title="Nyam – tyap" lang="kcg" hreflang="kcg" data-title="Nyam" data-language-autonym="Tyap" data-language-local-name="tyap" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tyap</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kg mw-list-item"><a href="https://kg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kibulu" title="Kibulu – congoleză" lang="kg" hreflang="kg" data-title="Kibulu" data-language-autonym="Kongo" data-language-local-name="congoleză" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kongo</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%96%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%83%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Жануарлар – kazahă" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Жануарлар" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="kazahă" class="interlanguage-link-target">Қазақша</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%AA%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%B0%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%A3%E0%B2%BF" title="ಪ್ರಾಣಿ – kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಪ್ರಾಣಿ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target">ಕನ್ನಡ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%8F%99%EB%AC%BC" title="동물 – coreeană" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="동물" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="coreeană" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-koi mw-list-item"><a href="https://koi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B0" title="Пода – komi-permiak" lang="koi" hreflang="koi" data-title="Пода" data-language-autonym="Перем коми" data-language-local-name="komi-permiak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Перем коми</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ks mw-list-item"><a href="https://ks.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%88%D9%8E%D8%B1" title="جانوَر – cașmiră" lang="ks" hreflang="ks" data-title="جانوَر" data-language-autonym="कॉशुर / کٲشُر" data-language-local-name="cașmiră" class="interlanguage-link-target">कॉशुर / کٲشُر</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ksh mw-list-item"><a href="https://ksh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dier" title="Dier – kölsch" lang="ksh" hreflang="ksh" data-title="Dier" data-language-autonym="Ripoarisch" data-language-local-name="kölsch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ripoarisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heywan" title="Heywan – kurdă" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Heywan" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="kurdă" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kurdî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enyval" title="Enyval – cornică" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Enyval" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="cornică" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kernowek</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%96%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B1%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Жаныбар – kârgâză" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Жаныбар" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="kârgâză" class="interlanguage-link-target">Кыргызча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Animalia" title="Animalia – latină" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Animalia" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="latină" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lad mw-list-item"><a href="https://lad.wikipedia.org/wiki/Animal" title="Animal – ladino" lang="lad" hreflang="lad" data-title="Animal" data-language-autonym="Ladino" data-language-local-name="ladino" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ladino</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C3%A9ierer%C3%A4ich" title="Déiereräich – luxemburgheză" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Déiereräich" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="luxemburgheză" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lëtzebuergesch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lbe mw-list-item"><a href="https://lbe.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D3%8F%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Хӏайван – Lak" lang="lbe" hreflang="lbe" data-title="Хӏайван" data-language-autonym="Лакку" data-language-local-name="Lak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Лакку</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lez mw-list-item"><a href="https://lez.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D1%8C%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Гьайванар – lezghian" lang="lez" hreflang="lez" data-title="Гьайванар" data-language-autonym="Лезги" data-language-local-name="lezghian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Лезги</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Animal" title="Animal – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Animal" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lingua Franca Nova</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bieste" title="Bieste – limburgheză" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Bieste" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="limburgheză" class="interlanguage-link-target">Limburgs</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lij mw-list-item"><a href="https://lij.wikipedia.org/wiki/Animalia" title="Animalia – liguriană" lang="lij" hreflang="lij" data-title="Animalia" data-language-autonym="Ligure" data-language-local-name="liguriană" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ligure</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lld mw-list-item"><a href="https://lld.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tier" title="Tier – Ladin" lang="lld" hreflang="lld" data-title="Tier" data-language-autonym="Ladin" data-language-local-name="Ladin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ladin</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bestia" title="Bestia – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Bestia" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lombard</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ln mw-list-item"><a href="https://ln.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nyama" title="Nyama – lingala" lang="ln" hreflang="ln" data-title="Nyama" data-language-autonym="Lingála" data-language-local-name="lingala" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lingála</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BA%AA%E0%BA%B1%E0%BA%94" title="ສັດ – laoțiană" lang="lo" hreflang="lo" data-title="ສັດ" data-language-autonym="ລາວ" data-language-local-name="laoțiană" class="interlanguage-link-target">ລາວ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gyv%C5%ABnai" title="Gyvūnai – lituaniană" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Gyvūnai" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="lituaniană" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ltg mw-list-item"><a href="https://ltg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dzeivin%C4%ABki" title="Dzeivinīki – Latgalian" lang="ltg" hreflang="ltg" data-title="Dzeivinīki" data-language-autonym="Latgaļu" data-language-local-name="Latgalian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latgaļu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dz%C4%ABvnieki" title="Dzīvnieki – letonă" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Dzīvnieki" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="letonă" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mai mw-list-item"><a href="https://mai.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%81" title="पशु – maithili" lang="mai" hreflang="mai" data-title="पशु" data-language-autonym="मैथिली" data-language-local-name="maithili" class="interlanguage-link-target">मैथिली</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-map-bms mw-list-item"><a href="https://map-bms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kewan" title="Kewan – Banyumasan" lang="jv-x-bms" hreflang="jv-x-bms" data-title="Kewan" data-language-autonym="Basa Banyumasan" data-language-local-name="Banyumasan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Basa Banyumasan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biby" title="Biby – malgașă" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Biby" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="malgașă" class="interlanguage-link-target">Malagasy</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mhr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mhr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AF%D0%BD%D0%BB%D1%8B%D0%BA" title="Янлык – Eastern Mari" lang="mhr" hreflang="mhr" data-title="Янлык" data-language-autonym="Олык марий" data-language-local-name="Eastern Mari" class="interlanguage-link-target">Олык марий</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-min mw-list-item"><a href="https://min.wikipedia.org/wiki/Binatang" title="Binatang – minangkabau" lang="min" hreflang="min" data-title="Binatang" data-language-autonym="Minangkabau" data-language-local-name="minangkabau" class="interlanguage-link-target">Minangkabau</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%96%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%BD%D0%B8" title="Животни – macedoneană" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Животни" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="macedoneană" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%9C%E0%B4%A8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%81" title="ജന്തു – malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ജന്തു" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target">മലയാളം</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BC%D1%8C%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Амьтан – mongolă" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Амьтан" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="mongolă" class="interlanguage-link-target">Монгол</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A3%E0%A5%80" title="प्राणी – marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="प्राणी" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target">मराठी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Binatang" title="Binatang – malaeză" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Binatang" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="malaeză" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mt mw-list-item"><a href="https://mt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Annimal" title="Annimal – malteză" lang="mt" hreflang="mt" data-title="Annimal" data-language-autonym="Malti" data-language-local-name="malteză" class="interlanguage-link-target">Malti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mwl mw-list-item"><a href="https://mwl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Animal" title="Animal – mirandeză" lang="mwl" hreflang="mwl" data-title="Animal" data-language-autonym="Mirandés" data-language-local-name="mirandeză" class="interlanguage-link-target">Mirandés</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%9E%E1%80%90%E1%80%B9%E1%80%90%E1%80%9D%E1%80%AB" title="သတ္တဝါ – birmană" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="သတ္တဝါ" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="birmană" class="interlanguage-link-target">မြန်မာဘာသာ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-myv mw-list-item"><a href="https://myv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%88%D0%B0%D1%82" title="Ракшат – erzya" lang="myv" hreflang="myv" data-title="Ракшат" data-language-autonym="Эрзянь" data-language-local-name="erzya" class="interlanguage-link-target">Эрзянь</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AD%DB%8C%D9%88%D9%88%D9%86" title="حیوون – mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="حیوون" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target">مازِرونی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nap mw-list-item"><a href="https://nap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Animale" title="Animale – napolitană" lang="nap" hreflang="nap" data-title="Animale" data-language-autonym="Napulitano" data-language-local-name="napolitană" class="interlanguage-link-target">Napulitano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deerter" title="Deerter – germana de jos" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Deerter" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="germana de jos" class="interlanguage-link-target">Plattdüütsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds-nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dieren" title="Dieren – saxona de jos" lang="nds-NL" hreflang="nds-NL" data-title="Dieren" data-language-autonym="Nedersaksies" data-language-local-name="saxona de jos" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nedersaksies</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%B0" title="जनावर – nepaleză" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="जनावर" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="nepaleză" class="interlanguage-link-target">नेपाली</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%81" title="पशु – newari" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="पशु" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="newari" class="interlanguage-link-target">नेपाल भाषा</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dieren_(biologie)" title="Dieren (biologie) – neerlandeză" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Dieren (biologie)" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="neerlandeză" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dyr" title="Dyr – norvegiană nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Dyr" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="norvegiană nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dyr" title="Dyr – norvegiană bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Dyr" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="norvegiană bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nov mw-list-item"><a href="https://nov.wikipedia.org/wiki/Animalia" title="Animalia – Novial" lang="nov" hreflang="nov" data-title="Animalia" data-language-autonym="Novial" data-language-local-name="Novial" class="interlanguage-link-target">Novial</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nrm mw-list-item"><a href="https://nrm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anim%C3%A2" title="Animâ – Norman" lang="nrf" hreflang="nrf" data-title="Animâ" data-language-autonym="Nouormand" data-language-local-name="Norman" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nouormand</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nv mw-list-item"><a href="https://nv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naaldeehii" title="Naaldeehii – navajo" lang="nv" hreflang="nv" data-title="Naaldeehii" data-language-autonym="Diné bizaad" data-language-local-name="navajo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Diné bizaad</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Animalia" title="Animalia – occitană" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Animalia" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="occitană" class="interlanguage-link-target">Occitan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-om mw-list-item"><a href="https://om.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bineelda" title="Bineelda – oromo" lang="om" hreflang="om" data-title="Bineelda" data-language-autonym="Oromoo" data-language-local-name="oromo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oromoo</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-or mw-list-item"><a href="https://or.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AC%AA%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%B0%E0%AC%BE%E0%AC%A3%E0%AD%80" title="ପ୍ରାଣୀ – odia" lang="or" hreflang="or" data-title="ପ୍ରାଣୀ" data-language-autonym="ଓଡ଼ିଆ" data-language-local-name="odia" class="interlanguage-link-target">ଓଡ଼ିଆ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A6%C3%A6%D1%80%C3%A6%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%B9%D1%82%C3%A6" title="Цæрæгойтæ – osetă" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Цæрæгойтæ" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="osetă" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ирон</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%9C%E0%A9%B0%E0%A8%A4%E0%A9%82" title="ਜੰਤੂ – punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਜੰਤੂ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pam mw-list-item"><a href="https://pam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Animal" title="Animal – pampanga" lang="pam" hreflang="pam" data-title="Animal" data-language-autonym="Kapampangan" data-language-local-name="pampanga" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kapampangan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pdc mw-list-item"><a href="https://pdc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gedier" title="Gedier – Pennsylvania German" lang="pdc" hreflang="pdc" data-title="Gedier" data-language-autonym="Deitsch" data-language-local-name="Pennsylvania German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deitsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zwierz%C4%99ta" title="Zwierzęta – poloneză" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Zwierzęta" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="poloneză" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Animalia" title="Animalia – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Animalia" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Piemontèis</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%88%D8%B1" title="جانور – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="جانور" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">پنجابی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%98%D9%88%D9%8A" title="ژوي – paștună" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="ژوي" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="paștună" class="interlanguage-link-target">پښتو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Animalia" title="Animalia – portugheză" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Animalia" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="portugheză" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uywa" title="Uywa – quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Uywa" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Runa Simi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rm mw-list-item"><a href="https://rm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Animals" title="Animals – romanșă" lang="rm" hreflang="rm" data-title="Animals" data-language-autonym="Rumantsch" data-language-local-name="romanșă" class="interlanguage-link-target">Rumantsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rmy mw-list-item"><a href="https://rmy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vasho" title="Vasho – Vlax Romani" lang="rmy" hreflang="rmy" data-title="Vasho" data-language-autonym="Romani čhib" data-language-local-name="Vlax Romani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Romani čhib</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-roa-rup mw-list-item"><a href="https://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/wiki/Animalu" title="Animalu – aromână" lang="rup" hreflang="rup" data-title="Animalu" data-language-autonym="Armãneashti" data-language-local-name="aromână" class="interlanguage-link-target">Armãneashti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-roa-tara mw-list-item"><a href="https://roa-tara.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regnum_Animalia" title="Regnum Animalia – Tarantino" lang="nap-x-tara" hreflang="nap-x-tara" data-title="Regnum Animalia" data-language-autonym="Tarandíne" data-language-local-name="Tarantino" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tarandíne</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%96%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B5" title="Животные – rusă" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Животные" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="rusă" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%8B%D0%B4%D0%BB%D0%B0" title="Быдла – Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Быдла" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русиньскый</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rw mw-list-item"><a href="https://rw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inyamaswa" title="Inyamaswa – kinyarwanda" lang="rw" hreflang="rw" data-title="Inyamaswa" data-language-autonym="Ikinyarwanda" data-language-local-name="kinyarwanda" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ikinyarwanda</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sa mw-list-item"><a href="https://sa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%83" title="जन्तवः – sanscrită" lang="sa" hreflang="sa" data-title="जन्तवः" data-language-autonym="संस्कृतम्" data-language-local-name="sanscrită" class="interlanguage-link-target">संस्कृतम्</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%B9" title="Харамай – sakha" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Харамай" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="sakha" class="interlanguage-link-target">Саха тыла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sat mw-list-item"><a href="https://sat.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%B1%A1%E1%B1%A4%E1%B1%A3%E1%B1%9F%E1%B1%B9%E1%B1%9E%E1%B1%A4" title="ᱡᱤᱣᱟᱹᱞᱤ – santali" lang="sat" hreflang="sat" data-title="ᱡᱤᱣᱟᱹᱞᱤ" data-language-autonym="ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ" data-language-local-name="santali" class="interlanguage-link-target">ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc mw-list-item"><a href="https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Animalia" title="Animalia – sardiniană" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="Animalia" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="sardiniană" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sardu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armali" title="Armali – siciliană" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Armali" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="siciliană" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sicilianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Animals" title="Animals – scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Animals" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="scots" class="interlanguage-link-target">Scots</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AD%D9%8A%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%86" title="حيوان – sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="حيوان" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target">سنڌي</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%BDivotinje" title="Životinje – sârbo-croată" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Životinje" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="sârbo-croată" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-shi mw-list-item"><a href="https://shi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amudr" title="Amudr – tachelhit" lang="shi" hreflang="shi" data-title="Amudr" data-language-autonym="Taclḥit" data-language-local-name="tachelhit" class="interlanguage-link-target">Taclḥit</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-shn mw-list-item"><a href="https://shn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%9E%E1%80%90%E1%80%BA%E1%80%B8%E1%81%BB%E1%80%9D%E1%82%83%E1%82%87" title="သတ်းၻဝႃႇ – shan" lang="shn" hreflang="shn" data-title="သတ်းၻဝႃႇ" data-language-autonym="ၽႃႇသႃႇတႆး " data-language-local-name="shan" class="interlanguage-link-target">ၽႃႇသႃႇတႆး </a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B7%83%E0%B6%AD%E0%B7%8A%E0%B6%AD%E0%B7%94" title="සත්තු – singhaleză" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="සත්තු" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="singhaleză" class="interlanguage-link-target">සිංහල</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Animal" title="Animal – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Animal" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%BDivo%C4%8D%C3%ADchy" title="Živočíchy – slovacă" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Živočíchy" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="slovacă" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%BDivali" title="Živali – slovenă" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Živali" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="slovenă" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-smn mw-list-item"><a href="https://smn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elleekodde" title="Elleekodde – sami inari" lang="smn" hreflang="smn" data-title="Elleekodde" data-language-autonym="Anarâškielâ" data-language-local-name="sami inari" class="interlanguage-link-target">Anarâškielâ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sn mw-list-item"><a href="https://sn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mhuka" title="Mhuka – shona" lang="sn" hreflang="sn" data-title="Mhuka" data-language-autonym="ChiShona" data-language-local-name="shona" class="interlanguage-link-target">ChiShona</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xayawaan" title="Xayawaan – somaleză" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="Xayawaan" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="somaleză" class="interlanguage-link-target">Soomaaliga</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kafsh%C3%ABt" title="Kafshët – albaneză" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Kafshët" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="albaneză" class="interlanguage-link-target">Shqip</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%96%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%9A%D0%B5" title="Животиње – sârbă" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Животиње" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="sârbă" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-srn mw-list-item"><a href="https://srn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meti" title="Meti – sranan tongo" lang="srn" hreflang="srn" data-title="Meti" data-language-autonym="Sranantongo" data-language-local-name="sranan tongo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sranantongo</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-stq mw-list-item"><a href="https://stq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dierte" title="Dierte – Saterland Frisian" lang="stq" hreflang="stq" data-title="Dierte" data-language-autonym="Seeltersk" data-language-local-name="Saterland Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Seeltersk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sato" title="Sato – sundaneză" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Sato" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="sundaneză" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sunda</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Djur" title="Djur – suedeză" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Djur" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="suedeză" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mnyama" title="Mnyama – swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Mnyama" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kiswahili</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szl mw-list-item"><a href="https://szl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zwiyrzynta" title="Zwiyrzynta – Silesian" lang="szl" hreflang="szl" data-title="Zwiyrzynta" data-language-autonym="Ślůnski" data-language-local-name="Silesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ślůnski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szy mw-list-item"><a href="https://szy.wikipedia.org/wiki/aadupen" title="aadupen – Sakizaya" lang="szy" hreflang="szy" data-title="aadupen" data-language-autonym="Sakizaya" data-language-local-name="Sakizaya" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sakizaya</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B2%E0%AE%99%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%81" title="விலங்கு – tamilă" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="விலங்கு" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="tamilă" class="interlanguage-link-target">தமிழ்</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tay mw-list-item"><a href="https://tay.wikipedia.org/wiki/qsinu" title="qsinu – Tayal" lang="tay" hreflang="tay" data-title="qsinu" data-language-autonym="Tayal" data-language-local-name="Tayal" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tayal</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%9C%E0%B0%82%E0%B0%A4%E0%B1%81%E0%B0%B5%E0%B1%81" title="జంతువు – telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="జంతువు" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target">తెలుగు</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D2%B6%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Ҷонварон – tadjică" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Ҷонварон" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="tadjică" class="interlanguage-link-target">Тоҷикӣ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%A7%E0%B9%8C" title="สัตว์ – thailandeză" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="สัตว์" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="thailandeză" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ti mw-list-item"><a href="https://ti.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8A%A5%E1%8A%95%E1%88%B5%E1%88%B3" title="እንስሳ – tigrină" lang="ti" hreflang="ti" data-title="እንስሳ" data-language-autonym="ትግርኛ" data-language-local-name="tigrină" class="interlanguage-link-target">ትግርኛ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tk mw-list-item"><a href="https://tk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ha%C3%BDwanlar" title="Haýwanlar – turkmenă" lang="tk" hreflang="tk" data-title="Haýwanlar" data-language-autonym="Türkmençe" data-language-local-name="turkmenă" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkmençe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hayop" title="Hayop – tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Hayop" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tagalog</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tly mw-list-item"><a href="https://tly.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C9%99jvonon" title="Həjvonon – Talysh" lang="tly" hreflang="tly" data-title="Həjvonon" data-language-autonym="Tolışi" data-language-local-name="Talysh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tolışi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-to mw-list-item"><a href="https://to.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monumanu" title="Monumanu – tongană" lang="to" hreflang="to" data-title="Monumanu" data-language-autonym="Lea faka-Tonga" data-language-local-name="tongană" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lea faka-Tonga</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tpi mw-list-item"><a href="https://tpi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abus" title="Abus – tok pisin" lang="tpi" hreflang="tpi" data-title="Abus" data-language-autonym="Tok Pisin" data-language-local-name="tok pisin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tok Pisin</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hayvan" title="Hayvan – turcă" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Hayvan" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="turcă" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ts mw-list-item"><a href="https://ts.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swiharhi" title="Swiharhi – tsonga" lang="ts" hreflang="ts" data-title="Swiharhi" data-language-autonym="Xitsonga" data-language-local-name="tsonga" class="interlanguage-link-target">Xitsonga</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Хайваннар – tătară" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Хайваннар" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="tătară" class="interlanguage-link-target">Татарча / tatarça</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tum mw-list-item"><a href="https://tum.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vinyama" title="Vinyama – tumbuka" lang="tum" hreflang="tum" data-title="Vinyama" data-language-autonym="ChiTumbuka" data-language-local-name="tumbuka" class="interlanguage-link-target">ChiTumbuka</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tw mw-list-item"><a href="https://tw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mmoa" title="Mmoa – twi" lang="tw" hreflang="tw" data-title="Mmoa" data-language-autonym="Twi" data-language-local-name="twi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Twi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ug mw-list-item"><a href="https://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%BE%D8%A7%D9%8A%DB%8B%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%AA" title="ھايۋانات – uigură" lang="ug" hreflang="ug" data-title="ھايۋانات" data-language-autonym="ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche" data-language-local-name="uigură" class="interlanguage-link-target">ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B8" title="Тварини – ucraineană" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Тварини" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="ucraineană" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AD%DB%8C%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%AA" title="حیوانات – urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="حیوانات" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target">اردو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hayvonlar" title="Hayvonlar – uzbecă" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Hayvonlar" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="uzbecă" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ve mw-list-item"><a href="https://ve.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phukha" title="Phukha – venda" lang="ve" hreflang="ve" data-title="Phukha" data-language-autonym="Tshivenda" data-language-local-name="venda" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tshivenda</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vep mw-list-item"><a href="https://vep.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%BDivatad" title="Živatad – Veps" lang="vep" hreflang="vep" data-title="Živatad" data-language-autonym="Vepsän kel’" data-language-local-name="Veps" class="interlanguage-link-target">Vepsän kel’</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%90%E1%BB%99ng_v%E1%BA%ADt" title="Động vật – vietnameză" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Động vật" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="vietnameză" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vls mw-list-item"><a href="https://vls.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C3%AAesten_(ryk)" title="Bêesten (ryk) – West Flemish" lang="vls" hreflang="vls" data-title="Bêesten (ryk)" data-language-autonym="West-Vlams" data-language-local-name="West Flemish" class="interlanguage-link-target">West-Vlams</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vo mw-list-item"><a href="https://vo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nim" title="Nim – volapuk" lang="vo" hreflang="vo" data-title="Nim" data-language-autonym="Volapük" data-language-local-name="volapuk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Volapük</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wa mw-list-item"><a href="https://wa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biesse" title="Biesse – valonă" lang="wa" hreflang="wa" data-title="Biesse" data-language-autonym="Walon" data-language-local-name="valonă" class="interlanguage-link-target">Walon</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hayop" title="Hayop – waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Hayop" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="waray" class="interlanguage-link-target">Winaray</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wo mw-list-item"><a href="https://wo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rab" title="Rab – wolof" lang="wo" hreflang="wo" data-title="Rab" data-language-autonym="Wolof" data-language-local-name="wolof" class="interlanguage-link-target">Wolof</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8B%95%E7%89%A9" title="動物 – chineză wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="動物" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="chineză wu" class="interlanguage-link-target">吴语</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xh mw-list-item"><a href="https://xh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isilwanyana" title="Isilwanyana – xhosa" lang="xh" hreflang="xh" data-title="Isilwanyana" data-language-autonym="IsiXhosa" data-language-local-name="xhosa" class="interlanguage-link-target">IsiXhosa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A9%E1%83%AE%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9A%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%94%E1%83%A4%E1%83%98" title="ჩხოლარეფი – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="ჩხოლარეფი" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target">მარგალური</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%91%D7%A2%D7%9C%D7%99_%D7%97%D7%99%D7%99%D7%9D" title="בעלי חיים – idiș" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="בעלי חיים" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="idiș" class="interlanguage-link-target">ייִדיש</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%BA%B8ranko" title="Ẹranko – yoruba" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Ẹranko" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="yoruba" class="interlanguage-link-target">Yorùbá</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-za mw-list-item"><a href="https://za.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doenghduz" title="Doenghduz – zhuang" lang="za" hreflang="za" data-title="Doenghduz" data-language-autonym="Vahcuengh" data-language-local-name="zhuang" class="interlanguage-link-target">Vahcuengh</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zea mw-list-item"><a href="https://zea.wikipedia.org/wiki/Be%C3%AAsten" title="Beêsten – Zeelandic" lang="zea" hreflang="zea" data-title="Beêsten" data-language-autonym="Zeêuws" data-language-local-name="Zeelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Zeêuws</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zgh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zgh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E2%B4%B0%E2%B5%8E%E2%B5%93%E2%B4%B7%E2%B5%94" title="ⴰⵎⵓⴷⵔ – tamazight standard marocană" lang="zgh" hreflang="zgh" data-title="ⴰⵎⵓⴷⵔ" data-language-autonym="ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵡⴰⵢⵜ" data-language-local-name="tamazight standard marocană" class="interlanguage-link-target">ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵡⴰⵢⵜ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="articol bun"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8A%A8%E7%89%A9" title="动物 – chineză" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="动物" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="chineză" class="interlanguage-link-target">中文</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8B%95%E7%89%A9" title="動物 – Literary Chinese" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" data-title="動物" data-language-autonym="文言" data-language-local-name="Literary Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">文言</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C5%8Dng-bu%CC%8Dt" title="Tōng-bu̍t – chineză min nan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Tōng-bu̍t" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="chineză min nan" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8B%95%E7%89%A9" title="動物 – cantoneză" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="動物" 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//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/500px_photo_%28188689879%29.jpeg/328px-500px_photo_%28188689879%29.jpeg 2x" data-file-width="1840" data-file-height="1218" /></a></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr></tbody></table></div><div class="thumbcaption"></div></div></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="text-align: center; background-color: rgb(235,235,210)"><a href="/wiki/Clasificare_%C8%99tiin%C8%9Bific%C4%83" title="Clasificare științifică">Clasificare științifică</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td>Domeniu: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Eukaryota" class="mw-redirect" title="Eukaryota">Eukaryota</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Regn: </td> <td>Animalia </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="text-align: center; background-color: rgb(235,235,210)">Diviziuni majore </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: left"> <div style="margin-left:0px"> <table class="collapsible collapsed" style="background: transparent; text-align: left; border: 0 solid silver; margin-top: 0.2em; width:100%; clear:both;"> <tbody><tr> <th style="background-color: clear; text-align:left; color: black;">Taxoni majori la animale </th></tr> <tr> <td style="border: solid 0; padding: 0; background-color: clear;"> <ul><li>Subregn <a href="/wiki/Parazoa" title="Parazoa">Parazoa</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Porifera" class="mw-redirect" title="Porifera">Porifera</a></li></ul></li> <li>Subregn <a href="/wiki/Eumetazoa" title="Eumetazoa">Eumetazoa</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ctenophora" title="Ctenophora">Ctenophora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Placozoa" title="Placozoa">Placozoa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cnidaria" title="Cnidaria">Cnidaria</a></li> <li>†<a href="/w/index.php?title=Trilobozoa&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Trilobozoa — pagină inexistentă">Trilobozoa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bilateria" title="Bilateria">Bilateria</a> <ul><li>†<a href="/w/index.php?title=Kimberella&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kimberella — pagină inexistentă">Kimberella</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xenacoelomorpha" title="Xenacoelomorpha">Xenacoelomorpha</a></li> <li>†<a href="/w/index.php?title=Proarticulata&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Proarticulata — pagină inexistentă">Proarticulata</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nephrozoa&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nephrozoa — pagină inexistentă">Nephrozoa</a> <ul><li>Supraîncregnătura <a href="/wiki/Deuterostomia" title="Deuterostomia">Deuterostomia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Protostomia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Protostomia — pagină inexistentă">Protostomia</a> <ul><li>Supraîncrengătura <a href="/wiki/Ecdysozoa" title="Ecdysozoa">Ecdysozoa</a></li> <li>Supraîncrengătura <a href="/w/index.php?title=Lophotrochozoa&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lophotrochozoa — pagină inexistentă">Lophotrochozoa</a></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="text-align: center; background-color: rgb(235,235,210)"><a href="/wiki/Sinonim_(biologie)" title="Sinonim (biologie)">Sinonime</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: left"> <ul><li>Metazoa</li> <li>Choanoblastaea</li></ul> </td></tr> <tr><td class="navigation-only" colspan="2" style="border-top: 2px #C5C9E6 solid; font-size: 80%; background:inherit; color:var(--color-base, #000); text-align: right;">Modifică <a class="external text" href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Regnul_Animalia&action=edit&section=0">text</a> <a href="//ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Format:Taxobox" title="Consultați documentația formatului"><img alt="Consultați documentația formatului" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Gtk-dialog-info.svg/12px-Gtk-dialog-info.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Gtk-dialog-info.svg/18px-Gtk-dialog-info.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Gtk-dialog-info.svg/24px-Gtk-dialog-info.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="60" data-file-height="60" /></a></td> </tr></tbody></table> Animalele (numite și Metazoa) sunt organisme <a href="/wiki/Eucariote" title="Eucariote">eucariote</a> multicelulare care formează <a href="/wiki/Regn" title="Regn">regnul biologic</a> Animalia. Cu puține excepții, animalele consumă material organic, respiră <a href="/wiki/Oxigen" title="Oxigen">oxigen</a>, se pot mișca, se pot <a href="/wiki/Reproducere_sexual%C4%83" class="mw-redirect" title="Reproducere sexuală">reproduce sexual</a> și se dezvoltă pornind de la o blastulă (stadiu embrionar de formă globulară, cu celulele dispuse într-un singur strat). Au fost descrise peste 1,5 milioane de <a href="/wiki/Specii" class="mw-redirect" title="Specii">specii</a> de animale vii — dintre care aproximativ 1 milion sunt <a href="/wiki/Insecte" class="mw-redirect" title="Insecte">insecte</a> — însă s-a estimat că există peste 7 milioane de specii de animale în total. Regnul animal variază de la o lungime de 8,5 micrometri la 33,6 metri. Au interacțiuni complexe între ei și mediile lor, formând rețele de hrană complexe. Regnul Animalia include <a href="/wiki/Oameni" class="mw-redirect" title="Oameni">oameni</a>, dar în utilizarea colocvială termenul animal se referă adesea doar la animale non-umane. Studiul științific al animalelor este cunoscut sub numele de <a href="/wiki/Zoologie" title="Zoologie">zoologie</a>. Majoritatea speciilor de animale vii se află în <a href="/wiki/Bilateria" title="Bilateria">Bilateria</a>, o <a href="/wiki/Clad%C4%83" title="Cladă">cladă</a> ai cărei membri au un plan al corpului bilateral simetric. Bilateria include protostomii — în care se găsesc multe grupuri de <a href="/wiki/Nevertebrate" title="Nevertebrate">nevertebrate</a>, cum ar fi <a href="/wiki/Nematode" title="Nematode">nematodele</a>, <a href="/wiki/Artropode" title="Artropode">artropodele</a> și <a href="/wiki/Molu%C8%99te" class="mw-redirect" title="Moluște">moluștele</a> — și deuterostomii, care conțin atât <a href="/wiki/Echinoderme" title="Echinoderme">echinodermele</a> cât și <a href="/wiki/Cordate" title="Cordate">cordatele</a>, acestea din urmă conținând <a href="/wiki/Vertebrate" title="Vertebrate">vertebratele</a>. Formele de viață interpretate ca animale timpurii au fost prezente în biota din <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ediacaran&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ediacaran — pagină inexistentă">Ediacaran</a> a <a href="/wiki/Precambrian" title="Precambrian">Precambrianului</a> târziu. Multe <a href="/wiki/%C3%8Encreng%C4%83tur%C4%83" title="Încrengătură">încrengături</a> de animale moderne au devenit clar recunoscute în înregistrările fosile ca specii marine în timpul <a href="/wiki/Explozia_cambrian%C4%83" title="Explozia cambriană">exploziei cambriene</a>, care a început în urmă cu aproximativ 542 milioane de ani. Au fost identificate 6.331 de grupuri de gene comune tuturor animalelor vii; acestea s-ar putea să fi apărut dintr-un singur strămoș comun care a trăit acum 650 de milioane de ani. Din punct de vedere istoric, <a href="/wiki/Aristotel" title="Aristotel">Aristotel</a> a împărțit animalele în cele cu sânge și cele fără. <a href="/wiki/Carl_Linnaeus" class="mw-redirect" title="Carl Linnaeus">Carl Linnaeus</a> a creat prima clasificare biologică ierarhică pentru animale în 1758 în Systema Naturae, pe care <a href="/wiki/Jean-Baptiste_Lamarck" class="mw-redirect" title="Jean-Baptiste Lamarck">Jean-Baptiste Lamarck</a> a extins-o în 14 încrengături până în 1809. În 1874, <a href="/wiki/Ernst_Haeckel" title="Ernst Haeckel">Ernst Haeckel</a> a împărțit regnul animal în Metazoa multicelulară (acum <a href="/wiki/Sinonim_(biologie)" title="Sinonim (biologie)">sinonim</a> pentru Animalia) și <a href="/wiki/Protozoare" class="mw-redirect" title="Protozoare">protozoare</a>, organisme unicelulare care nu mai sunt considerate animale. În timpurile moderne, clasificarea biologică a animalelor se bazează pe tehnici avansate, cum ar fi filogenetica moleculară, care sunt eficiente în demonstrarea relațiilor evolutive dintre <a href="/wiki/Taxon" title="Taxon">taxoni</a>. Oamenii folosesc alte specii de animale pentru hrană (inclusiv carne, lapte și ouă), pentru materiale (precum piele și lână), ca animale de companie și ca animale de lucru, inclusiv pentru transport. Câinii au fost folosiți la vânătoare, în timp ce multe animale terestre și acvatice au fost vânate pentru sport. Animalele ne-umane au apărut în artă din cele mai vechi timpuri și sunt prezentate în mitologie și religie. <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etimologie">Etimologie</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Regnul_Animalia&veaction=edit&section=1" title="Modifică secțiunea: Etimologie" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">modificare</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Regnul_Animalia&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section's source code: Etimologie">modificare sursă</a>]</div> Cuvântul „animal” provine din cuvântul <a href="/wiki/Limba_latin%C4%83" title="Limba latină">latin</a> animalis, derivat la rândul său de la anima, ce înseamnă suflu vital sau suflet. Definiția biologică a cuvântului se referă la toți membrii regnului Animalia.<a href="#cite_note-americanheritage_animal-1">[1]</a> În utilizarea colocvială, ca o consecință a antropocentrismului, termenul de animal este folosit pentru a se referi doar la animale non-umane.<a href="#cite_note-2">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-3">[3]</a><a href="#cite_note-4">[4]</a><a href="#cite_note-5">[5]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Caracteristici">Caracteristici</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Regnul_Animalia&veaction=edit&section=2" title="Modifică secțiunea: Caracteristici" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">modificare</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Regnul_Animalia&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section's source code: Caracteristici">modificare sursă</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fi%C8%99ier:Blastulation.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Blastulation.png/290px-Blastulation.png" decoding="async" width="290" height="125" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Blastulation.png/435px-Blastulation.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Blastulation.png/580px-Blastulation.png 2x" data-file-width="799" data-file-height="344" /></a><figcaption>Animalele sunt unice prin faptul că forma globulară a celulelor embrionului timpuriu (1) se dezvoltă într-o formă globulară goală sau blastulă (2).</figcaption></figure> Animalele au mai multe trăsături ce le diferențiază de alte viețuitoare. Animalele sunt organisme <a href="/wiki/Eucariote" title="Eucariote">eucariote</a> și multicelulare,<a href="#cite_note-Avila1995-6">[6]</a><a href="#cite_note-palaeos-7">[7]</a> spre deosebire de <a href="/wiki/Bacterie" title="Bacterie">bacterii</a>, care sunt procariote și spre deosebire de <a href="/wiki/Regn_Protista" class="mw-redirect" title="Regn Protista">protiste</a>, care sunt eucariote, dar unicelulare. Spre deosebire de <a href="/wiki/Plante" class="mw-redirect" title="Plante">plante</a> și <a href="/wiki/Alg%C4%83" class="mw-redirect" title="Algă">alge</a>, care produc proprii nutrienți,<a href="#cite_note-AnimalCells-8">[8]</a> animalele sunt <a href="/wiki/Heterotrof" class="mw-redirect" title="Heterotrof">heterotrofe</a>,<a href="#cite_note-palaeos-7">[7]</a><a href="#cite_note-Windows-9">[9]</a> hrănindu-se cu material organic și digerându-l intern.<a href="#cite_note-10">[10]</a> Cu foarte puține excepții, animalele respiră aerob.<a href="#cite_note-oxygen-11">[11]</a> Toate animalele au motilitate (capabile să-și miște spontan corpul)<a href="#cite_note-Concepts-12">[12]</a> în cel puțin o parte a ciclului lor de viață, însă unele animale, cum ar fi bureții, coralii și midiile devin ulterior sesili (lipsa unui mijloc de auto-locomoție). Blastula este o etapă în dezvoltarea embrionară, care este unică pentru majoritatea animalelor,<a href="#cite_note-13">[13]</a> și care permite celulelor să fie diferențiate în țesuturi și organe specializate. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Structură">Structură</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Regnul_Animalia&veaction=edit&section=3" title="Modifică secțiunea: Structură" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">modificare</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Regnul_Animalia&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section's source code: Structură">modificare sursă</a>]</div> Toate animalele sunt compuse din celule, înconjurate de o membrană extracelulară specifică compusă din <a href="/wiki/Colagen" title="Colagen">colagen</a> și glicoproteine elastice.<a href="#cite_note-14">[14]</a> În timpul dezvoltării, membrana extracelulară animală formează un cadru relativ flexibil pe care celulele se pot deplasa și reorganiza, făcând posibilă formarea structurilor complexe. Aceasta poate fi calcificată, formând structuri precum oase și <a href="/wiki/Exoschelet" title="Exoschelet">cochilii</a>.<a href="#cite_note-15">[15]</a> În schimb, celulele altor organisme multicelulare (în principal alge, plante și ciuperci) sunt ținute pe loc de pereții celulari, dezvoltându-se prin creștere progresivă.<a href="#cite_note-16">[16]</a> Celulele animale posedă în mod unic <a href="/wiki/Jonc%C8%9Biune_celular%C4%83" title="Joncțiune celulară">joncțiunile celulare</a> numite joncțiuni ocluzive, de comunicare și de ancorare.<a href="#cite_note-17">[17]</a> Cu puține excepții — în special bureții și <a href="/wiki/Placozoa" title="Placozoa">Placozoa</a> — animalele au corpul format din mai multe țesuturi.<a href="#cite_note-18">[18]</a> Acestea includ mușchii care permit locomoția și țesuturile nervoase care transmit semnale și coordonează corpul. De obicei, există un tub digestiv intern, cu o singură deschidere (la Ctenophora, Cnidaria și viermi plați) sau două deschideri (la majoritatea bilaterienilor).<a href="#cite_note-19">[19]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Reproducere_și_dezvoltare">Reproducere și dezvoltare</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Regnul_Animalia&veaction=edit&section=4" title="Modifică secțiunea: Reproducere și dezvoltare" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">modificare</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Regnul_Animalia&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section's source code: Reproducere și dezvoltare">modificare sursă</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fi%C8%99ier:Odonata_copulation.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Odonata_copulation.jpg/220px-Odonata_copulation.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="141" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Odonata_copulation.jpg/330px-Odonata_copulation.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Odonata_copulation.jpg/440px-Odonata_copulation.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2117" data-file-height="1359" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Reproducerea_sexual%C4%83" class="mw-redirect" title="Reproducerea sexuală">Reproducerea sexuală</a> este aproape universală la animale.</figcaption></figure> Aproape toate animalele folosesc o formă de reproducere sexuală.<a href="#cite_note-20">[20]</a> Ei produc gameți haploizi prin <a href="/wiki/Meioz%C4%83" title="Meioză">meioză</a>; gameții mai mici, mobili, sunt spermatozoizi, iar gameții mai mari, non-motili, sunt ovule.<a href="#cite_note-21">[21]</a> Aceștia fuzionează pentru a forma <a href="/wiki/Zigot" title="Zigot">zigoți</a>,<a href="#cite_note-22">[22]</a> care se dezvoltă prin mitoză într-o formă globulară goală, numită blastulă. La bureți, larvele de blastulă înoată într-un nou loc, se atașează pe fundul mării și se dezvoltă într-un nou burete.<a href="#cite_note-23">[23]</a> La majoritatea celorlalte grupuri, blastula suferă o rearanjare mai complicată.<a href="#cite_note-24">[24]</a> Mai întâi se invaginează (se întoarce spre interior) pentru a forma o gastrulă cu un tub digestiv și două straturi germinale separate: un ectoderm extern și un endoderm intern.<a href="#cite_note-25">[25]</a> În majoritatea cazurilor, între ele se dezvoltă și un al treilea strat de germeni, mezodermul.<a href="#cite_note-26">[26]</a> Aceste straturi germinale se diferențiază apoi pentru a forma țesuturi și organe.<a href="#cite_note-27">[27]</a> Cazurile repetate de împerechere cu o rudă apropiată în timpul reproducerii sexuale conduc în general la depresie consangvinizată în cadrul unei populații din cauza prevalenței crescute a trăsăturilor recesive dăunătoare.<a href="#cite_note-pmid19834483-28">[28]</a><a href="#cite_note-pmid3324702-29">[29]</a> Animalele au dezvoltat numeroase mecanisme pentru a evita consangvinizarea apropiată.<a href="#cite_note-Pusey-30">[30]</a> Unele animale sunt capabile de <a href="/wiki/Reproducere_asexuat%C4%83" title="Reproducere asexuată">reproducere asexuată</a>, ceea ce duce adesea la o clonă genetică a părintelui. Acest lucru poate avea loc prin fragmentare, înmugurire (cum ar fi <a href="/wiki/Hidr%C4%83" title="Hidră">hidra</a> și alți <a href="/wiki/Cnidaria" title="Cnidaria">Cnidaria</a>) sau partenogeneză, unde ouăle fertile sunt produse fără împerechere, cum ar fi la <a href="/wiki/Afid%C4%83" title="Afidă">afide</a>.<a href="#cite_note-31">[31]</a><a href="#cite_note-32">[32]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Hrănirea_și_sursele_de_energie">Hrănirea și sursele de energie</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Regnul_Animalia&veaction=edit&section=5" title="Modifică secțiunea: Hrănirea și sursele de energie" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">modificare</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Regnul_Animalia&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section's source code: Hrănirea și sursele de energie">modificare sursă</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fi%C8%99ier:Ultramarine_Flycatcher_(Ficedula_superciliaris)_Naggar,_Himachal_Pradesh,_2013_(cropped).JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Ultramarine_Flycatcher_%28Ficedula_superciliaris%29_Naggar%2C_Himachal_Pradesh%2C_2013_%28cropped%29.JPG/170px-Ultramarine_Flycatcher_%28Ficedula_superciliaris%29_Naggar%2C_Himachal_Pradesh%2C_2013_%28cropped%29.JPG" decoding="async" width="170" height="219" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Ultramarine_Flycatcher_%28Ficedula_superciliaris%29_Naggar%2C_Himachal_Pradesh%2C_2013_%28cropped%29.JPG/255px-Ultramarine_Flycatcher_%28Ficedula_superciliaris%29_Naggar%2C_Himachal_Pradesh%2C_2013_%28cropped%29.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Ultramarine_Flycatcher_%28Ficedula_superciliaris%29_Naggar%2C_Himachal_Pradesh%2C_2013_%28cropped%29.JPG/340px-Ultramarine_Flycatcher_%28Ficedula_superciliaris%29_Naggar%2C_Himachal_Pradesh%2C_2013_%28cropped%29.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1383" data-file-height="1781" /></a><figcaption>Prădătorii, cum ar fi acest muscar ultramarin (Ficedula superciliaris), se hrănesc cu alte animale.</figcaption></figure> Animalele sunt clasificate în grupuri <a href="/wiki/Ecologie" title="Ecologie">ecologice</a> în funcție de modul în care obțin sau consumă material organic, inclusiv <a href="/wiki/Carnivore" title="Carnivore">carnivore</a>, <a href="/wiki/Erbivore" title="Erbivore">erbivore</a>, <a href="/wiki/Omnivore" class="mw-redirect" title="Omnivore">omnivore</a>, detritivore,<a href="#cite_note-33">[33]</a> și paraziți.<a href="#cite_note-34">[34]</a> Interacțiunile dintre animale formează rețele de hrană complexe. La speciile carnivore sau omnivore, prădarea este o interacțiune consumator-resursă în care un prădător se hrănește cu un alt organism (numit pradă).<a href="#cite_note-Ecology-35">[35]</a> Presiunile selective impuse unii altora duc la o cursă evolutivă a înarmărilor între prădător și pradă, rezultând diverse adaptări anti-prădător.<a href="#cite_note-36">[36]</a><a href="#cite_note-37">[37]</a> Aproape toți prădătorii multicelulari sunt animale.<a href="#cite_note-SimpsonCB-38">[38]</a> Unii consumatori folosesc metode multiple; de exemplu, la viespile parasitoide, larvele se hrănesc cu țesuturile vii ale gazdelor, ucigându-le în acest proces,<a href="#cite_note-39">[39]</a> însă adulții consumă nectar în principal din flori.<a href="#cite_note-40">[40]</a> Alte animale pot avea comportamente de hrănire foarte specifice, cum ar fi <a href="/wiki/Caret" title="Caret">broaștele țestoase marine</a> care consumă în principal bureți.<a href="#cite_note-ScienceSpongi-41">[41]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fi%C8%99ier:Expl0072_-_Flickr_-_NOAA_Photo_Library.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Expl0072_-_Flickr_-_NOAA_Photo_Library.jpg/220px-Expl0072_-_Flickr_-_NOAA_Photo_Library.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Expl0072_-_Flickr_-_NOAA_Photo_Library.jpg/330px-Expl0072_-_Flickr_-_NOAA_Photo_Library.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Expl0072_-_Flickr_-_NOAA_Photo_Library.jpg/440px-Expl0072_-_Flickr_-_NOAA_Photo_Library.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2560" data-file-height="1920" /></a><figcaption>Scoici și creveți cu ventilare hidrotermală</figcaption></figure> Majoritatea animalelor se bazează pe biomasa și energia produsă de plante prin <a href="/wiki/Fotosintez%C4%83" title="Fotosinteză">fotosinteză</a>. Erbivorele mănâncă material vegetal direct, în timp ce carnivorele și alte animale de niveluri trofice superioare îl achiziționează în mod indirect consumând alte animale. Animalele oxidează carbohidrații, lipidele, proteinele și alte biomolecule pentru a debloca energia chimică a oxigenului molecular,<a href="#cite_note-Schmidt-Rohr_2020-42">[42]</a> care permite animalului să crească și să susțină procese biologice, cum ar fi locomoția.<a href="#cite_note-43">[43]</a><a href="#cite_note-44">[44]</a><a href="#cite_note-45">[45]</a> Animalele care trăiesc în apropierea izvoarelor hidrotermale consumă materii organice din arhee și bacterii produse în aceste locuri prin chemosinteză (prin oxidarea compușilor anorganici, cum ar fi hidrogenul sulfurat).<a href="#cite_note-46">[46]</a> Animalele au evoluat inițial în mare. Linii de artropode au colonizat uscatul în același timp cu plantele terestre, probabil acum 510-471 milioane de ani în urmă, în timpul <a href="/wiki/Cambrian" title="Cambrian">Cambrianului târziu</a> sau <a href="/wiki/Ordovician" title="Ordovician">Ordovicianului timpuriu</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Rota-Stabelli2013-47">[47]</a> Vertebrate precum <a href="/wiki/Tiktaalik" title="Tiktaalik">Tiktaalik</a> au început să meargă pe uscat în <a href="/wiki/Devonian" title="Devonian">Devonianul târziu</a>, acum aproximativ 375 de milioane de ani.<a href="#cite_note-48">[48]</a><a href="#cite_note-49">[49]</a> Animalele ocupă practic toate habitatele și microhabitatele pământului, inclusiv apă sărată, fisuri hidrotermale, apă dulce, izvoare termale, mlaștini, păduri, pășuni, deșerturi, aer și interiorul animalelor, plantelor, ciupercilor și rocilor.<a href="#cite_note-Margulis-50">[50]</a> Animalele nu sunt totuși deosebit de tolerante la căldură; foarte puțini dintre ei pot supraviețui la temperaturi constante peste 50 °C.<a href="#cite_note-Clarke2014-51">[51]</a> Doar foarte puține specii de animale (în principal nematode) locuiesc în cele mai extreme deșerturi reci din <a href="/wiki/Antarctica" title="Antarctica">Antarctica</a> continentală.<a href="#cite_note-bas-land-52">[52]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Diversitate">Diversitate</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Regnul_Animalia&veaction=edit&section=6" title="Modifică secțiunea: Diversitate" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">modificare</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Regnul_Animalia&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section's source code: Diversitate">modificare sursă</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fi%C8%99ier:Bluewhale877.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Bluewhale877.jpg/220px-Bluewhale877.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="138" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Bluewhale877.jpg/330px-Bluewhale877.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Bluewhale877.jpg/440px-Bluewhale877.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1792" data-file-height="1128" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Balena_albastr%C4%83" class="mw-redirect" title="Balena albastră">Balena albastră</a> este cel mai mare animal care a trăit vreodată.</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cel_mai_mare_și_mai_mic">Cel mai mare și mai mic</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Regnul_Animalia&veaction=edit&section=7" title="Modifică secțiunea: Cel mai mare și mai mic" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">modificare</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Regnul_Animalia&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section's source code: Cel mai mare și mai mic">modificare sursă</a>]</div> <div role="note" class="dezambiguizare boilerplate further">Pentru informații suplimentare, vezi <a href="/w/index.php?title=Cele_mai_mari_organisme&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cele mai mari organisme — pagină inexistentă">Cele mai mari organisme</a> și <a href="/w/index.php?title=Cele_mai_mici_organisme&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cele mai mici organisme — pagină inexistentă">Cele mai mici organisme</a></div> <a href="/wiki/Balena_albastr%C4%83" class="mw-redirect" title="Balena albastră">Balena albastră</a> (Balaenoptera musculus) este cel mai mare animal care a trăit vreodată, cu o greutate de până la cel puțin 190 de tone și care măsoară până la 33,6 metri lungime.<a href="#cite_note-Wood-53">[53]</a><a href="#cite_note-54">[54]</a><a href="#cite_note-55">[55]</a> Cel mai mare animal de uscat existent este <a href="/wiki/Loxodonta_africana" title="Loxodonta africana">elefantul african de tufă</a> (Loxodonta africana), care cântărește până la 12,25 tone<a href="#cite_note-Wood-53">[53]</a> și măsoară până la 10,67 metri lungime.<a href="#cite_note-Wood-53">[53]</a> Cele mai mari animale de uscat care au trăit vreodată au fost <a href="/wiki/Dinozaur" title="Dinozaur">dinozaurii</a> sauropode, cum ar fi <a href="/wiki/Argentinosaurus" title="Argentinosaurus">Argentinosaurus</a>, care ar fi putut cântări până la 73 de tone.<a href="#cite_note-Mazzettaetal2004-56">[56]</a> Multe animale sunt microscopice; unele <a href="/w/index.php?title=Myxozoa&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Myxozoa — pagină inexistentă">Myxozoa</a> nu cresc niciodată mai mult de 20 <a href="/wiki/Micrometru" class="mw-redirect" title="Micrometru">µm</a>,<a href="#cite_note-57">[57]</a> iar una dintre cele mai mici specii (Myxobolus shekel) nu depășește 8,5 µm când este complet adultă.<a href="#cite_note-58">[58]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Numere_și_habitate">Numere și habitate</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Regnul_Animalia&veaction=edit&section=8" title="Modifică secțiunea: Numere și habitate" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">modificare</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Regnul_Animalia&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section's source code: Numere și habitate">modificare sursă</a>]</div> Următorul tabel listează numărul estimat al speciilor existente pentru grupurile de animale cu cel mai mare număr de specii, <a href="#cite_note-Zhang2013-59">[59]</a> împreună cu principalele lor habitate (terestre, apă dulce,<a href="#cite_note-Balian2008-60">[60]</a> și apă marină).<a href="#cite_note-Hogenboom2016-61">[61]</a> Estimările speciilor prezentate aici se bazează pe cifre descrise științific; estimări mult mai mari au fost calculate pe baza diferitelor mijloace de predicție, iar acestea pot varia extrem de mult. De exemplu, au fost descrise aproximativ 25.000-27.000 de specii de nematode, în timp ce estimările publicate ale numărului total de specii de nematode includ 10.000-20.000, 500.000, 10 milioane și 100 de milioane.<a href="#cite_note-Felder2009-62">[62]</a> În 2011, utilizând modele în cadrul ierarhiei taxonilor, numărul total de specii de animale — inclusiv cele care nu au fost încă descrise — a fost calculat la aproximativ 7,77 milioane.<a href="#cite_note-63">[63]</a><a href="#cite_note-Mora2011-64">[64]</a><a href="#cite_note-66">[a]</a> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th><a href="/wiki/%C3%8Encreng%C4%83tur%C4%83" title="Încrengătură">Încrengătură</a> </th> <th>Exemplu </th> <th>Nr. de specii </th> <th>Uscat </th> <th>Mare </th> <th>Apă dulce </th> <th>Sălbăticie </th> <th>Parazit </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Anelide" title="Anelide">Anelide</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Fi%C8%99ier:Nerr0328.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Nerr0328.jpg/100px-Nerr0328.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="67" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Nerr0328.jpg/150px-Nerr0328.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Nerr0328.jpg/200px-Nerr0328.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1064" /></a> </td> <td align="right">17.000<a href="#cite_note-Zhang2013-59">[59]</a> </td> <td>Da (sol)<a href="#cite_note-Hogenboom2016-61">[61]</a> </td> <td>Da<a href="#cite_note-Hogenboom2016-61">[61]</a> </td> <td>1.750<a href="#cite_note-Balian2008-60">[60]</a> </td> <td>Da </td> <td>400<a href="#cite_note-Poulin2007-67">[66]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Artropode" title="Artropode">Artropode</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Fi%C8%99ier:European_wasp_white_bg02.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="wasp" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/European_wasp_white_bg02.jpg/100px-European_wasp_white_bg02.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="60" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/European_wasp_white_bg02.jpg/150px-European_wasp_white_bg02.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/European_wasp_white_bg02.jpg/200px-European_wasp_white_bg02.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1640" data-file-height="984" /></a> </td> <td align="right">1.257.000<a href="#cite_note-Zhang2013-59">[59]</a> </td> <td>1.000.000 (insecte)<a href="#cite_note-Stork2018-68">[67]</a> </td> <td>>40.000 (Malac- ostraca)<a href="#cite_note-69">[68]</a> </td> <td>94.000<a href="#cite_note-Balian2008-60">[60]</a> </td> <td>Da<a href="#cite_note-Hogenboom2016-61">[61]</a> </td> <td>>45.000<a href="#cite_note-70">[b]</a><a href="#cite_note-Poulin2007-67">[66]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Bryozoa" title="Bryozoa">Bryozoa</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Fi%C8%99ier:Bryozoan_at_Ponta_do_Ouro,_Mozambique_(6654415783).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Bryozoan_at_Ponta_do_Ouro%2C_Mozambique_%286654415783%29.jpg/100px-Bryozoan_at_Ponta_do_Ouro%2C_Mozambique_%286654415783%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="74" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Bryozoan_at_Ponta_do_Ouro%2C_Mozambique_%286654415783%29.jpg/150px-Bryozoan_at_Ponta_do_Ouro%2C_Mozambique_%286654415783%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Bryozoan_at_Ponta_do_Ouro%2C_Mozambique_%286654415783%29.jpg/200px-Bryozoan_at_Ponta_do_Ouro%2C_Mozambique_%286654415783%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="761" /></a> </td> <td align="right">6.000<a href="#cite_note-Zhang2013-59">[59]</a> </td> <td> </td> <td>Da<a href="#cite_note-Hogenboom2016-61">[61]</a> </td> <td>60–80<a href="#cite_note-Balian2008-60">[60]</a> </td> <td>Da </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Cordate" title="Cordate">Cordate</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Fi%C8%99ier:Lithobates_pipiens.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="green spotted frog facing right" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Lithobates_pipiens.jpg/100px-Lithobates_pipiens.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="67" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Lithobates_pipiens.jpg/150px-Lithobates_pipiens.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Lithobates_pipiens.jpg/200px-Lithobates_pipiens.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5184" data-file-height="3456" /></a> </td> <td align="right">65.000<a href="#cite_note-Zhang2013-59">[59]</a> 45.000<a href="#cite_note-Reaka-Kudla1996-71">[69]</a> </td> <td> 23.000<a href="#cite_note-Reaka-Kudla1996-71">[69]</a> </td> <td> 13.000<a href="#cite_note-Reaka-Kudla1996-71">[69]</a> </td> <td>18.000<a href="#cite_note-Balian2008-60">[60]</a> 9,000<a href="#cite_note-Reaka-Kudla1996-71">[69]</a> </td> <td>Da </td> <td>40 (somn)<a href="#cite_note-72">[70]</a><a href="#cite_note-Poulin2007-67">[66]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Cnidaria" title="Cnidaria">Cnidaria</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Fi%C8%99ier:FFS_Table_bottom.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Table coral" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/FFS_Table_bottom.jpg/100px-FFS_Table_bottom.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="75" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/FFS_Table_bottom.jpg/150px-FFS_Table_bottom.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/FFS_Table_bottom.jpg/200px-FFS_Table_bottom.jpg 2x" data-file-width="440" data-file-height="330" /></a> </td> <td align="right">16,000<a href="#cite_note-Zhang2013-59">[59]</a> </td> <td> </td> <td>Da<a href="#cite_note-Hogenboom2016-61">[61]</a> </td> <td>Da (few)<a href="#cite_note-Hogenboom2016-61">[61]</a> </td> <td>Da<a href="#cite_note-Hogenboom2016-61">[61]</a> </td> <td>>1.350 (Myxozoa)<a href="#cite_note-Poulin2007-67">[66]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Echinoderme" title="Echinoderme">Echinoderme</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Fi%C8%99ier:Starfish,_Caswell_Bay_-_geograph.org.uk_-_409413.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Starfish%2C_Caswell_Bay_-_geograph.org.uk_-_409413.jpg/100px-Starfish%2C_Caswell_Bay_-_geograph.org.uk_-_409413.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="75" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Starfish%2C_Caswell_Bay_-_geograph.org.uk_-_409413.jpg/150px-Starfish%2C_Caswell_Bay_-_geograph.org.uk_-_409413.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Starfish%2C_Caswell_Bay_-_geograph.org.uk_-_409413.jpg/200px-Starfish%2C_Caswell_Bay_-_geograph.org.uk_-_409413.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="480" /></a> </td> <td align="right">7,500<a href="#cite_note-Zhang2013-59">[59]</a> </td> <td> </td> <td>7.500<a href="#cite_note-Zhang2013-59">[59]</a> </td> <td> </td> <td>Da<a href="#cite_note-Hogenboom2016-61">[61]</a> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Molusc%C4%83" title="Moluscă">Moluște</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Fi%C8%99ier:Grapevinesnail_01.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="snail" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Grapevinesnail_01.jpg/100px-Grapevinesnail_01.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="59" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Grapevinesnail_01.jpg/150px-Grapevinesnail_01.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Grapevinesnail_01.jpg/200px-Grapevinesnail_01.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="604" /></a> </td> <td align="right">85.000<a href="#cite_note-Zhang2013-59">[59]</a> 107.000<a href="#cite_note-Nicol1969-73">[71]</a> </td> <td> 35.000<a href="#cite_note-Nicol1969-73">[71]</a> </td> <td> 60.000<a href="#cite_note-Nicol1969-73">[71]</a> </td> <td>5.000<a href="#cite_note-Balian2008-60">[60]</a> 12,000<a href="#cite_note-Nicol1969-73">[71]</a> </td> <td>Da<a href="#cite_note-Hogenboom2016-61">[61]</a> </td> <td>>5.600<a href="#cite_note-Poulin2007-67">[66]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Nematode" title="Nematode">Nematode</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Fi%C8%99ier:CelegansGoldsteinLabUNC.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/CelegansGoldsteinLabUNC.jpg/100px-CelegansGoldsteinLabUNC.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="85" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/CelegansGoldsteinLabUNC.jpg/150px-CelegansGoldsteinLabUNC.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/CelegansGoldsteinLabUNC.jpg/200px-CelegansGoldsteinLabUNC.jpg 2x" data-file-width="350" data-file-height="297" /></a> </td> <td align="right">25,000<a href="#cite_note-Zhang2013-59">[59]</a> </td> <td>Da (soil)<a href="#cite_note-Hogenboom2016-61">[61]</a> </td> <td>4.000<a href="#cite_note-Felder2009-62">[62]</a> </td> <td>2.000<a href="#cite_note-Balian2008-60">[60]</a> </td> <td>11.000<a href="#cite_note-Felder2009-62">[62]</a> </td> <td>14.000<a href="#cite_note-Felder2009-62">[62]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Platelmin%C8%9Bi" title="Platelminți">Platelminți</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Fi%C8%99ier:Pseudoceros_dimidiatus.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Pseudoceros_dimidiatus.jpg/100px-Pseudoceros_dimidiatus.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="72" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Pseudoceros_dimidiatus.jpg/150px-Pseudoceros_dimidiatus.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Pseudoceros_dimidiatus.jpg/200px-Pseudoceros_dimidiatus.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="736" /></a> </td> <td align="right">29.500<a href="#cite_note-Zhang2013-59">[59]</a> </td> <td>Da<a href="#cite_note-74">[72]</a> </td> <td>Da<a href="#cite_note-Hogenboom2016-61">[61]</a> </td> <td>1.300<a href="#cite_note-Balian2008-60">[60]</a> </td> <td>Da<a href="#cite_note-Hogenboom2016-61">[61]</a> 3.000–6.500<a href="#cite_note-Pandian-75">[73]</a> </td> <td>>40.000<a href="#cite_note-Poulin2007-67">[66]</a> 4.000–25.000<a href="#cite_note-Pandian-75">[73]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Rotifera" title="Rotifera">Rotifera</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Fi%C8%99ier:20090730_020239_Rotifer.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/20090730_020239_Rotifer.jpg/100px-20090730_020239_Rotifer.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/20090730_020239_Rotifer.jpg/150px-20090730_020239_Rotifer.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/20090730_020239_Rotifer.jpg/200px-20090730_020239_Rotifer.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1600" /></a> </td> <td align="right">2.000<a href="#cite_note-Zhang2013-59">[59]</a> </td> <td> </td> <td>>400<a href="#cite_note-76">[74]</a> </td> <td>2.000<a href="#cite_note-Balian2008-60">[60]</a> </td> <td>Da </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Spongieri" title="Spongieri">Spongieri</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Fi%C8%99ier:A_colourful_Sponge_on_the_Fathom.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/A_colourful_Sponge_on_the_Fathom.jpg/100px-A_colourful_Sponge_on_the_Fathom.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="68" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/A_colourful_Sponge_on_the_Fathom.jpg/150px-A_colourful_Sponge_on_the_Fathom.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/A_colourful_Sponge_on_the_Fathom.jpg/200px-A_colourful_Sponge_on_the_Fathom.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1216" data-file-height="831" /></a> </td> <td align="right">10.800<a href="#cite_note-Zhang2013-59">[59]</a> </td> <td> </td> <td>Da<a href="#cite_note-Hogenboom2016-61">[61]</a> </td> <td>200-300<a href="#cite_note-Balian2008-60">[60]</a> </td> <td>Da </td> <td>Da<a href="#cite_note-77">[75]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="8">Numărul total de specii existente descrise în 2013: 1.525.728<a href="#cite_note-Zhang2013-59">[59]</a> </th></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Origine_evolutivă">Origine evolutivă</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Regnul_Animalia&veaction=edit&section=9" title="Modifică secțiunea: Origine evolutivă" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">modificare</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Regnul_Animalia&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section's source code: Origine evolutivă">modificare sursă</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fi%C8%99ier:DickinsoniaCostata.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/DickinsoniaCostata.jpg/220px-DickinsoniaCostata.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/DickinsoniaCostata.jpg/330px-DickinsoniaCostata.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/DickinsoniaCostata.jpg/440px-DickinsoniaCostata.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2272" data-file-height="1704" /></a><figcaption><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dickinsonia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dickinsonia — pagină inexistentă">Dickinsonia costata</a> din biota Ediacaran (c. 635-542 milioane de ani în urmă) este una dintre cele mai vechi specii de animale cunoscute.<a href="#cite_note-Bobrovskiy_Hope_Ivantsov_Nettersheim_pp._1246–1249-78">[76]</a></figcaption></figure> Primele <a href="/wiki/Fosile" class="mw-redirect" title="Fosile">fosile</a> care ar putea reprezenta animale apar în rocile vechi de 665 milioane de ani ale Formațiunii Trezona din Australia de Sud. Aceste fosile sunt interpretate ca fiind cel mai probabil <a href="/wiki/Porifera" class="mw-redirect" title="Porifera">bureți</a> timpurii.<a href="#cite_note-roseMaloof-79">[77]</a> Cele mai vechi animale se găsesc în biota Ediacaranului, spre sfârșitul <a href="/wiki/Precambrian" title="Precambrian">Precambrianului</a>, în urmă cu aproximativ 610 milioane de ani. Mult timp au existat îndoieli dacă aceasta a inclus animale,<a href="#cite_note-80">[78]</a><a href="#cite_note-81">[79]</a><a href="#cite_note-82">[80]</a> însă descoperirea <a href="/wiki/Colesterol" title="Colesterol">colesterolului</a> lipidic animal în fosilele de <a href="/w/index.php?title=Dickinsonia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dickinsonia — pagină inexistentă">Dickinsonia</a> a stabilit că acestea erau într-adevăr animale.<a href="#cite_note-Bobrovskiy_Hope_Ivantsov_Nettersheim_pp._1246–1249-78">[76]</a> Se consideră că inițial animalele au provenit dintr-un mediu cu oxigen scăzut, sugerând că erau capabile să trăiască în întregime prin respirație anaerobă, dar pe măsură ce s-au specializat pentru metabolismul aerob au devenit pe deplin dependente de oxigenul din mediul lor.<a href="#cite_note-Zimorski2019-83">[81]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fi%C8%99ier:Anomalocaris2019.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Anomalocaris2019.jpg/220px-Anomalocaris2019.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="152" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Anomalocaris2019.jpg/330px-Anomalocaris2019.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Anomalocaris2019.jpg/440px-Anomalocaris2019.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1902" data-file-height="1314" /></a><figcaption><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anomalocaris_canadensis&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Anomalocaris canadensis — pagină inexistentă">Anomalocaris canadensis</a> este una dintre numeroasele specii de animale care au apărut în <a href="/wiki/Explozia_cambrian%C4%83" title="Explozia cambriană">Explozia cambriană</a>, începând cu aproximativ 542 de milioane de ani în urmă și găsită în paturile fosile ale șistului Burgess,</figcaption></figure> Multe încrengături de animale apar pentru prima dată în registrul fosil în timpul <a href="/wiki/Explozia_cambrian%C4%83" title="Explozia cambriană">exploziei din Cambrian</a>, începând cu aproximativ 542 milioane de ani în urmă, în paturi precum șistul Burgess. În aceste roci apar: <a href="/wiki/Mollusca" class="mw-redirect" title="Mollusca">moluște</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Brachiopoda&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Brachiopoda — pagină inexistentă">brahiopode</a>, <a href="/wiki/Onychophora" title="Onychophora">onicofore</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tardigrada" title="Tardigrada">tardigrade</a>, <a href="/wiki/Artropode" title="Artropode">artropode</a>, <a href="/wiki/Echinoderme" title="Echinoderme">echinoderme</a> și <a href="/wiki/Hemichordata" title="Hemichordata">hemicordate</a>, împreună cu numeroase forme acum extincte, cum ar fi prădătorul <a href="/wiki/Anomalocaris" title="Anomalocaris">Anomalocaris</a>. Evidența bruscă a evenimentului poate fi totuși un artefact al registrului fosil mai degrabă decât să arate că toate aceste animale au apărut simultan.<a href="#cite_note-84">[82]</a><a href="#cite_note-85">[83]</a><a href="#cite_note-86">[84]</a><a href="#cite_note-Royal_Ontario_Museum-87">[85]</a> Unii <a href="/wiki/Paleontolog" class="mw-redirect" title="Paleontolog">paleontologi</a> au sugerat că animalele au apărut mult mai devreme decât Explozia cambriană, posibil încă cu 1 miliard de ani în urmă.<a href="#cite_note-88">[86]</a> Urmele fosile, cum ar fi amprente și adăposturi găsite în perioada <a href="/w/index.php?title=Tonian&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tonian — pagină inexistentă">Tonian</a>, pot indica prezența unor animale asemănătoare cu viermi triploblastici, aproximativ la fel de mari (lățime de aproximativ 5 mm) și complexe ca viermii de pământ.<a href="#cite_note-Seilacher1998-89">[87]</a> Totuși, urme similare sunt produse astăzi de gigantul protist unicelular <a href="/w/index.php?title=Gromia_sphaerica&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gromia sphaerica — pagină inexistentă">Gromia sphaerica</a>, astfel încât urmele fosile din Tonian nu ar putea indica evoluția timpurie a animalelor.<a href="#cite_note-Matz2008-90">[88]</a><a href="#cite_note-MSNBC200811-91">[89]</a> În același timp, paturile stratificate ale microorganismelor numite <a href="/w/index.php?title=Stromatolite&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Stromatolite — pagină inexistentă">stromatolite</a> au scăzut în diversitate, probabil din cauza pășunatului de către animalele nou-dezvoltate.<a href="#cite_note-Bengtson2002OriginsOfPredation-92">[90]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Filogenie">Filogenie</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Regnul_Animalia&veaction=edit&section=10" title="Modifică secțiunea: Filogenie" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">modificare</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Regnul_Animalia&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section's source code: Filogenie">modificare sursă</a>]</div> Animalele sunt monofiletice, adică provin dintr-un strămoș comun. Animalele sunt soră cu <a href="/w/index.php?title=Choanoflagellata&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Choanoflagellata — pagină inexistentă">Choanoflagellata</a>, cu care formează <a href="/w/index.php?title=Choanozoa&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Choanozoa — pagină inexistentă">Choanozoa</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Budd2015-93">[91]</a> Animalele cele mai primitive, <a href="/wiki/Porifera" class="mw-redirect" title="Porifera">Porifera</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ctenophora" title="Ctenophora">Ctenophora</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cnidaria" title="Cnidaria">Cnidaria</a> și <a href="/wiki/Placozoa" title="Placozoa">Placozoa</a> au planuri corporale lipsite de simetrie bilaterală. Relațiile lor sunt încă disputate; grupul soră al tuturor celorlalte animale ar putea fi Porifera sau Ctenophora, ambele lipsite de gene Hox, importante în dezvoltarea planului corporal.<a href="#cite_note-Giribet_2016-94">[92]</a> Aceste gene se găsesc în Placozoa <a href="#cite_note-95">[93]</a><a href="#cite_note-Dellaporta2004-96">[94]</a> și în animalele superioare, Bilateria.<a href="#cite_note-Peterson2001-97">[95]</a><a href="#cite_note-KraemerEis2016-98">[96]</a> Au fost identificate 6.331 de grupuri de gene comune tuturor animalelor vii; acestea s-ar putea să fi apărut dintr-un singur strămoș comun care a trăit acum 650 de milioane de ani în <a href="/wiki/Precambrian" title="Precambrian">Precambrian</a>. 25 dintre acestea sunt grupe noi de gene de bază, găsite numai la animale; dintre acestea, 8 sunt pentru componentele esențiale ale căilor de semnalizare Wnt și TGF-β, care ar fi putut permite animalelor să devină multicelulare, oferind un model pentru sistemul de axe al corpului (în trei dimensiuni), iar alte 7 sunt pentru <a href="/w/index.php?title=Factor_de_transcrip%C8%9Bie&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Factor de transcripție — pagină inexistentă">factorii de transcripție</a> inclusiv secvențele Homeobox implicate în controlul dezvoltării.<a href="#cite_note-Zimmer2018-99">[97]</a><a href="#cite_note-Paps2018-100">[98]</a> <a href="/wiki/Arbore_filogenetic" title="Arbore filogenetic">Arborele filogenetic</a> (numai liniile majore) indică aproximativ acum câte milioane de ani în urmă (Ma) s-au divizat în descendenți.<a href="#cite_note-101">[99]</a><a href="#cite_note-102">[100]</a><a href="#cite_note-103">[101]</a><a href="#cite_note-104">[102]</a><a href="#cite_note-105">[103]</a> <div class="clade"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r16241442">body.skin-vector-2022 .mw-parser-output div.clade,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output div.clade{overflow-x:auto;overflow-y:hidden}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output div.clade p{font-size:inherit}.mw-parser-output table.clade{border-spacing:0;margin:0;font-size:100%;line-height:100%;border-collapse:separate;width:auto}.mw-parser-output table.clade table.clade{width:100%;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-label{min-width:0.2em;width:0.1em;padding:0 0.15em;vertical-align:bottom;text-align:center;border-right:none;border-top:none;border-left:1px solid;border-bottom:1px solid;white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-label::before,.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-slabel::before{content:"\2060 "}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-fixed-width{overflow:hidden;text-overflow:ellipsis}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-fixed-width:hover{overflow:visible}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-label.first{border-left:none;border-right:none}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-label.reverse{border-left:none;border-right:1px solid}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-slabel{padding:0 0.15em;vertical-align:top;text-align:center;border-left:1px solid;border-right:none;border-top:none;border-bottom:none;white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-slabel:hover{overflow:visible}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-slabel.last{border-left:none;border-right:none}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-slabel.reverse{border-left:none;border-right:1px solid}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-bar{vertical-align:middle;text-align:left;padding:0 0.5em;position:relative}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-bar.reverse{text-align:right;position:relative}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-leaf{border:0;padding:0;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-leafR{border:0;padding:0;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-leaf.reverse{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output table.clade:hover span.linkA{background-color:yellow}.mw-parser-output table.clade:hover span.linkB{background-color:green}</style> <table class="clade" style="font-size:80%; line-height:80%"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Choanozoa&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Choanozoa — pagină inexistentă">Choanozoa</a> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16241442"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Choanoflagellate&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Choanoflagellate — pagină inexistentă">Choanoflagellata</a> <a href="/wiki/Fi%C8%99ier:Desmarella_moniliformis.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Desmarella_moniliformis.jpg/60px-Desmarella_moniliformis.jpg" decoding="async" width="60" height="44" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Desmarella_moniliformis.jpg/90px-Desmarella_moniliformis.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Desmarella_moniliformis.jpg/120px-Desmarella_moniliformis.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2672" data-file-height="1979" /></a> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label">Animalia </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16241442"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <a href="/wiki/Porifera" class="mw-redirect" title="Porifera">Porifera</a> <a href="/wiki/Fi%C8%99ier:Reef3859_-_Flickr_-_NOAA_Photo_Library.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Reef3859_-_Flickr_-_NOAA_Photo_Library.jpg/60px-Reef3859_-_Flickr_-_NOAA_Photo_Library.jpg" decoding="async" width="60" height="45" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Reef3859_-_Flickr_-_NOAA_Photo_Library.jpg/90px-Reef3859_-_Flickr_-_NOAA_Photo_Library.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Reef3859_-_Flickr_-_NOAA_Photo_Library.jpg/120px-Reef3859_-_Flickr_-_NOAA_Photo_Library.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="2250" /></a> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"><a href="/wiki/Eumetazoa" title="Eumetazoa">Eumetazoa</a> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16241442"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <a href="/wiki/Ctenophora" title="Ctenophora">Ctenophora</a> <a href="/wiki/Fi%C8%99ier:Comb_jelly.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Comb_jelly.jpg/60px-Comb_jelly.jpg" decoding="async" width="60" height="82" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Comb_jelly.jpg/90px-Comb_jelly.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Comb_jelly.jpg/120px-Comb_jelly.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1588" data-file-height="2177" /></a> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"><a href="/w/index.php?title=ParaHoxozoa&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ParaHoxozoa — pagină inexistentă">ParaHoxozoa</a> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16241442"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16241442"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <a href="/wiki/Placozoa" title="Placozoa">Placozoa</a> <a href="/wiki/Fi%C8%99ier:Trichoplax_adhaerens_photograph.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Trichoplax_adhaerens_photograph.png/60px-Trichoplax_adhaerens_photograph.png" decoding="async" width="60" height="51" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Trichoplax_adhaerens_photograph.png/90px-Trichoplax_adhaerens_photograph.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Trichoplax_adhaerens_photograph.png/120px-Trichoplax_adhaerens_photograph.png 2x" data-file-width="1307" data-file-height="1118" /></a> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <a href="/wiki/Cnidaria" title="Cnidaria">Cnidaria</a> <a href="/wiki/Fi%C8%99ier:Cauliflour_Jellyfish,_Cephea_cephea_at_Marsa_Shouna,_Red_Sea,_Egypt_SCUBA.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Cauliflour_Jellyfish%2C_Cephea_cephea_at_Marsa_Shouna%2C_Red_Sea%2C_Egypt_SCUBA.jpg/60px-Cauliflour_Jellyfish%2C_Cephea_cephea_at_Marsa_Shouna%2C_Red_Sea%2C_Egypt_SCUBA.jpg" decoding="async" width="60" height="79" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Cauliflour_Jellyfish%2C_Cephea_cephea_at_Marsa_Shouna%2C_Red_Sea%2C_Egypt_SCUBA.jpg/90px-Cauliflour_Jellyfish%2C_Cephea_cephea_at_Marsa_Shouna%2C_Red_Sea%2C_Egypt_SCUBA.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Cauliflour_Jellyfish%2C_Cephea_cephea_at_Marsa_Shouna%2C_Red_Sea%2C_Egypt_SCUBA.jpg/120px-Cauliflour_Jellyfish%2C_Cephea_cephea_at_Marsa_Shouna%2C_Red_Sea%2C_Egypt_SCUBA.jpg 2x" data-file-width="587" data-file-height="768" /></a> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"><a href="/wiki/Bilateria" title="Bilateria">Bilateria</a> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16241442"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <a href="/wiki/Xenacoelomorpha" title="Xenacoelomorpha">Xenacoelomorpha</a> <a href="/wiki/Fi%C8%99ier:Proporus_sp.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Proporus_sp.png/60px-Proporus_sp.png" decoding="async" width="60" height="34" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Proporus_sp.png/90px-Proporus_sp.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Proporus_sp.png/120px-Proporus_sp.png 2x" data-file-width="1428" data-file-height="812" /></a> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nephrozoa&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nephrozoa — pagină inexistentă">Nephrozoa</a> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16241442"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"><a href="/wiki/Deuterostomia" title="Deuterostomia">Deuterostomia</a> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16241442"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <a href="/wiki/Chordata" class="mw-redirect" title="Chordata">Chordata</a> <a href="/wiki/Fi%C8%99ier:Cyprinus_carpio3.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Cyprinus_carpio3.jpg/60px-Cyprinus_carpio3.jpg" decoding="async" width="60" height="31" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Cyprinus_carpio3.jpg/90px-Cyprinus_carpio3.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Cyprinus_carpio3.jpg/120px-Cyprinus_carpio3.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1309" data-file-height="676" /></a> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <a href="/wiki/Ambulacraria" title="Ambulacraria">Ambulacraria</a> <a href="/wiki/Fi%C8%99ier:Portugal_20140812-DSC01434_(21371237591).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Portugal_20140812-DSC01434_%2821371237591%29.jpg/60px-Portugal_20140812-DSC01434_%2821371237591%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="60" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Portugal_20140812-DSC01434_%2821371237591%29.jpg/90px-Portugal_20140812-DSC01434_%2821371237591%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Portugal_20140812-DSC01434_%2821371237591%29.jpg/120px-Portugal_20140812-DSC01434_%2821371237591%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5472" data-file-height="3648" /></a> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Protostomia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Protostomia — pagină inexistentă">Protostomia</a> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16241442"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"><a href="/wiki/Ecdysozoa" title="Ecdysozoa">Ecdysozoa</a> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16241442"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Scalidophora&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Scalidophora — pagină inexistentă">Scalidophora</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16241442"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Panarthropoda&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Panarthropoda — pagină inexistentă">Panarthropoda</a> <a href="/wiki/Fi%C8%99ier:Long_nosed_weevil_edit.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Long_nosed_weevil_edit.jpg/60px-Long_nosed_weevil_edit.jpg" decoding="async" width="60" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Long_nosed_weevil_edit.jpg/90px-Long_nosed_weevil_edit.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Long_nosed_weevil_edit.jpg/120px-Long_nosed_weevil_edit.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1067" /></a> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <a href="/wiki/Nematoida" title="Nematoida">Nematoida</a> <a href="/wiki/Fi%C8%99ier:CelegansGoldsteinLabUNC_2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/CelegansGoldsteinLabUNC_2.jpg/50px-CelegansGoldsteinLabUNC_2.jpg" decoding="async" width="50" height="42" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/CelegansGoldsteinLabUNC_2.jpg/75px-CelegansGoldsteinLabUNC_2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/CelegansGoldsteinLabUNC_2.jpg/100px-CelegansGoldsteinLabUNC_2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="350" data-file-height="297" /></a> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel">>529 Ma </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spiralia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Spiralia — pagină inexistentă">Spiralia</a> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16241442"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gnathifera_(clade)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gnathifera (clade) — pagină inexistentă">Gnathifera</a> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16241442"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <a href="/wiki/Rotifera" title="Rotifera">Rotifera</a> <a href="/wiki/Fi%C8%99ier:Bdelloid_Rotifer_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Bdelloid_Rotifer_%28cropped%29.jpg/50px-Bdelloid_Rotifer_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="50" height="53" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Bdelloid_Rotifer_%28cropped%29.jpg/75px-Bdelloid_Rotifer_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Bdelloid_Rotifer_%28cropped%29.jpg/100px-Bdelloid_Rotifer_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="575" data-file-height="613" /></a> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <a href="/wiki/Chaetognatha" title="Chaetognatha">Chaetognatha</a> <a href="/wiki/Fi%C8%99ier:Chaetoblack_3.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Chaetoblack_3.png/65px-Chaetoblack_3.png" decoding="async" width="65" height="24" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Chaetoblack_3.png/98px-Chaetoblack_3.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Chaetoblack_3.png/130px-Chaetoblack_3.png 2x" data-file-width="985" data-file-height="364" /></a> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Platytrochozoa&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Platytrochozoa — pagină inexistentă">Platytrochozoa</a> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16241442"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <a href="/wiki/Platyhelminthes" class="mw-redirect" title="Platyhelminthes">Platyhelminthes</a> <a href="/wiki/Fi%C8%99ier:Sorocelis_reticulosa.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Sorocelis_reticulosa.jpg/60px-Sorocelis_reticulosa.jpg" decoding="async" width="60" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Sorocelis_reticulosa.jpg/90px-Sorocelis_reticulosa.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Sorocelis_reticulosa.jpg/120px-Sorocelis_reticulosa.jpg 2x" data-file-width="619" data-file-height="208" /></a> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lophotrochozoa&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lophotrochozoa — pagină inexistentă">Lophotrochozoa</a> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16241442"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <a href="/wiki/Mollusca" class="mw-redirect" title="Mollusca">Mollusca</a> <a href="/wiki/Fi%C8%99ier:Grapevinesnail_01.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Grapevinesnail_01.jpg/60px-Grapevinesnail_01.jpg" decoding="async" width="60" height="35" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Grapevinesnail_01.jpg/90px-Grapevinesnail_01.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Grapevinesnail_01.jpg/120px-Grapevinesnail_01.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="604" /></a> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <a href="/wiki/Annelida" class="mw-redirect" title="Annelida">Annelida</a> <a href="/wiki/Fi%C8%99ier:Polychaeta_(no)_2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Polychaeta_%28no%29_2.jpg/60px-Polychaeta_%28no%29_2.jpg" decoding="async" width="60" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Polychaeta_%28no%29_2.jpg/90px-Polychaeta_%28no%29_2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Polychaeta_%28no%29_2.jpg/120px-Polychaeta_%28no%29_2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1727" data-file-height="1110" /></a> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last">550 Ma </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last">580 mMa </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last">610 Ma </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last">650 Ma </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last">Triploblasts </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last">680 Ma </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last">760 Ma </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last">950 Ma </td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Animale_fără_simetrie_bilaterală">Animale fără simetrie bilaterală</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Regnul_Animalia&veaction=edit&section=11" title="Modifică secțiunea: Animale fără simetrie bilaterală" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">modificare</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Regnul_Animalia&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section's source code: Animale fără simetrie bilaterală">modificare sursă</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fi%C8%99ier:Elephant-ear-sponge.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Elephant-ear-sponge.jpg/170px-Elephant-ear-sponge.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="247" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Elephant-ear-sponge.jpg/255px-Elephant-ear-sponge.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Elephant-ear-sponge.jpg/340px-Elephant-ear-sponge.jpg 2x" data-file-width="835" data-file-height="1214" /></a><figcaption>Animale fără simetrie bilaterală includ bureți (centru) și corali (fundal).</figcaption></figure> Mai multor încrengături animale le lipsește simetria bilaterală. Dintre acestea, bureții (Porifera) probabil s-au separat primii, reprezentând cel mai vechi filum animal.<a href="#cite_note-106">[104]</a> Bureților le lipsește organizarea complexă găsită la majoritatea celorlalte filuri animale;<a href="#cite_note-107">[105]</a> celulele lor sunt diferențiate, dar în majoritatea cazurilor nu sunt organizate în țesuturi distincte.<a href="#cite_note-108">[106]</a> De obicei, se hrănesc trăgând apă prin pori iar hrana din apă este filtrată.<a href="#cite_note-109">[107]</a> Ctenophora și Cnidaria (care include meduze, anemone de mare și corali) sunt simetric radial și au tuburi digestive cu o singură deschidere, care servește atât ca gură, cât și ca anus.<a href="#cite_note-110">[108]</a> Animalele din ambele încrengături au țesuturi distincte, dar acestea nu sunt organizate în organe.<a href="#cite_note-111">[109]</a> Sunt diploblastice, având doar două straturi germinale principale, ectoderm și endoderm.<a href="#cite_note-112">[110]</a> Micii <a href="/wiki/Placozoa" title="Placozoa">placozoa</a> sunt asemănători, dar nu au un tub digestiv permanent.<a href="#cite_note-113">[111]</a><a href="#cite_note-114">[112]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Animale_cu_simetrie_bilaterală">Animale cu simetrie bilaterală</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Regnul_Animalia&veaction=edit&section=12" title="Modifică secțiunea: Animale cu simetrie bilaterală" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">modificare</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Regnul_Animalia&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section's source code: Animale cu simetrie bilaterală">modificare sursă</a>]</div> <div role="note" class="dezambiguizare rellink boilerplate seealso">Articol principal: <a href="/wiki/Bilateria" title="Bilateria">Bilateria</a>.</div><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r16505893">@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .rellink{display:flex}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .rellink{display:flex}}</style> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fi%C8%99ier:Bilaterian_body_plan.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Bilaterian_body_plan.svg/370px-Bilaterian_body_plan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="370" height="181" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Bilaterian_body_plan.svg/555px-Bilaterian_body_plan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Bilaterian_body_plan.svg/740px-Bilaterian_body_plan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1185" data-file-height="581" /></a><figcaption>Planul corpului cu simetrie bilaterală idealizat.<a href="#cite_note-115">[c]</a> Cu un corp alungit și o direcție de mișcare, animalul are cap și coadă. Organele simțului și gura formează baza capului. Mușchii circulari și longitudinali opuși permit mișcarea peristaltică.</figcaption></figure> Din animalele rămase, marea majoritate — cuprinzând aproximativ 29 de încrengături și peste un milion de specii — formează o <a href="/wiki/Clad%C4%83" title="Cladă">cladă</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bilateria" title="Bilateria">Bilateria</a>. Corpul este triploblastic, cu trei straturi germinale bine dezvoltate, iar țesuturile lor formează organe distincte. Tubul digestiv are două deschideri, o gură și un anus, și există o cavitate internă a corpului, un celom sau pseudocelom. Animalele cu acest plan al corpului bilateral simetric și cu tendința de a se deplasa într-o direcție au un cap (anterior) și un capăt (posterior), precum și un spate (dorsal) și o burtă (ventral); prin urmare, au și o parte stângă și una dreaptă.<a href="#cite_note-Minelli2009-116">[113]</a><a href="#cite_note-Brusca2016-117">[114]</a> A avea un capăt frontal înseamnă că această parte a corpului întâlnește stimuli, cum ar fi hrana, favorizând <a href="/w/index.php?title=Cefalizare&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cefalizare — pagină inexistentă">cefalizarea</a>, dezvoltarea unui cap cu organe de simț și gură. Mulți bilateria au o combinație de mușchi circulari care contractă corpul, făcându-l mai lung și un set opus de mușchi longitudinali, care scurtează corpul;<a href="#cite_note-Brusca2016-117">[114]</a> aceasta permite animalelor cu corp moale cu un schelet hidrostatic să se miște prin peristaltism.<a href="#cite_note-Quillin-118">[115]</a> De asemenea, au un intestin care se extinde prin corpul practic cilindric de la gură la anus. Multe filum bilateria au larve primare care înoată cu ajutorul cililor și au un organ apical care conține celule senzoriale. Cu toate acestea, există excepții de la fiecare dintre aceste caracteristici; de exemplu, echinodermele adulte sunt simetric radial (spre deosebire de larvele lor), în timp ce unii viermi paraziți au structuri corporale extrem de simplificate.<a href="#cite_note-Minelli2009-116">[113]</a><a href="#cite_note-Brusca2016-117">[114]</a> Studiile genetice au schimbat considerabil înțelegerea zoologilor despre relațiile din Bilateria. Majoritatea par să aparțină de două linii majore: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Protostomia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Protostomia — pagină inexistentă">protostomia</a> și <a href="/wiki/Deuterostomia" title="Deuterostomia">deuterostomia</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Telford_2008_pp._457–459-119">[116]</a> Cei mai primitivi bilateria sunt <a href="/wiki/Xenacoelomorpha" title="Xenacoelomorpha">Xenacoelomorpha</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Philippe2011-120">[117]</a><a href="#cite_note-Perseke2007-121">[118]</a><a href="#cite_note-Cannon_2016-122">[119]</a> <div style="clear:both"></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Cogniția_animalelor">Cogniția animalelor</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Regnul_Animalia&veaction=edit&section=13" title="Modifică secțiunea: Cogniția animalelor" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">modificare</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Regnul_Animalia&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section's source code: Cogniția animalelor">modificare sursă</a>]</div> <div role="note" class="dezambiguizare rellink boilerplate seealso">Articol principal: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Cogni%C8%9Bia_animalelor&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cogniția animalelor — pagină inexistentă">Cogniția animalelor</a>.</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16505893"> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fi%C8%99ier:Macaca_fascicularis_aurea_using_a_stone_tool_-_journal.pone.0072872.g002f.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Macaca_fascicularis_aurea_using_a_stone_tool_-_journal.pone.0072872.g002f.png/220px-Macaca_fascicularis_aurea_using_a_stone_tool_-_journal.pone.0072872.g002f.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="226" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Macaca_fascicularis_aurea_using_a_stone_tool_-_journal.pone.0072872.g002f.png/330px-Macaca_fascicularis_aurea_using_a_stone_tool_-_journal.pone.0072872.g002f.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Macaca_fascicularis_aurea_using_a_stone_tool_-_journal.pone.0072872.g002f.png/440px-Macaca_fascicularis_aurea_using_a_stone_tool_-_journal.pone.0072872.g002f.png 2x" data-file-width="481" data-file-height="494" /></a><figcaption>Un <a href="/wiki/Macac_crabivor" title="Macac crabivor">macac crabivor</a> care folosește o piatră pentru a sparge scutul chitinos al crabului.</figcaption></figure> Cogniția animalelor cuprinde capacitățile mentale ale animalelor ne-umane. Studiul condiționării și învățării animalelor utilizat în acest domeniu a fost dezvoltat din psihologia comparată. De asemenea, a fost puternic influențat de cercetări în <a href="/wiki/Etologie" title="Etologie">etologie</a>, ecologie comportamentală și psihologie evoluționistă; se folosește uneori denumirea alternativă de etologie cognitivă. Multe comportamente asociate cu termenul de inteligență animală sunt subsumate în cadrul cogniției animalelor.<a href="#cite_note-Shettleworth-123">[120]</a> Cercetătorii au examinat cogniția animalelor la <a href="/wiki/Mamifere" class="mw-redirect" title="Mamifere">mamifere</a> (în special primate, cetacee, elefanți, câini, pisici, porci, cai,<a href="#cite_note-Krueger_heinze_2008-124">[121]</a><a href="#cite_note-Krueger_farmer_heinze_2008-125">[122]</a><a href="#cite_note-Schuetz_Farmer_Krueger-126">[123]</a> bovine, ratoni și rozătoare), <a href="/wiki/P%C4%83s%C4%83ri" class="mw-redirect" title="Păsări">păsări</a> (inclusiv papagali, păsări de curte, corbi și porumbei), <a href="/wiki/Reptile" class="mw-redirect" title="Reptile">reptile</a> (șopârle, șerpi și broaște țestoase),<a href="#cite_note-127">[124]</a> <a href="/wiki/Pe%C8%99ti" class="mw-redirect" title="Pești">pești</a> și <a href="/wiki/Nevertebrate" title="Nevertebrate">nevertebrate</a> (inclusiv cefalopode, păianjeni și insecte).<a href="#cite_note-Shettleworth-123">[120]</a> Comportamentul animalelor non-umane a captivat imaginația umană din antichitate și, de-a lungul secolelor, mulți scriitori au speculat despre mintea animalelor sau despre absența lor. Speculațiile despre inteligența animalelor au intrat treptat în domeniul studiului științific după ce <a href="/wiki/Darwin" class="mw-disambig" title="Darwin">Darwin</a> a plasat oamenii și animalele într-un continuum.<a href="#cite_note-128">[125]</a> Această metodă va fi extinsă de <a href="/w/index.php?title=George_Romanes&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="George Romanes — pagină inexistentă">George Romanes</a>, care a jucat un rol cheie în apărarea darwinismului și a rafinării sale de-a lungul anilor.<a href="#cite_note-129">[126]</a> Nemulțumit de abordarea anterioară, <a href="/wiki/E._L._Thorndike" class="mw-redirect" title="E. L. Thorndike">E. L. Thorndike</a> a adus comportamentul animalelor în laborator pentru examinare obiectivă. Observațiile minuțioase ale lui Thorndike asupra evadării pisicilor, câinilor și puiilor din cutiile de puzzle l-au determinat să concluzioneze că ceea ce observatorului uman naiv i se pare un comportament inteligent poate fi atribuit strict asociațiilor simple. Potrivit lui Thorndike, folosind Canonul lui Morgan, inferența rațiunii, a perspicacității sau a conștiinței animale este inutilă și înșelătoare.<a href="#cite_note-130">[127]</a> Cam în același timp, <a href="/wiki/I._P._Pavlov" class="mw-redirect" title="I. P. Pavlov">I. P. Pavlov</a> și-a început studiile seminale ale reflexelor condiționate la câini. Pavlov a abandonat rapid încercările de a deduce procesele mentale canine; asemenea încercări, a spus el, au dus doar la dezacord și confuzie. Cu toate acestea, era dispus să propună procese fiziologice nevizibile care ar putea explica observațiile sale.<a href="#cite_note-131">[128]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Istoria_clasificării">Istoria clasificării</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Regnul_Animalia&veaction=edit&section=14" title="Modifică secțiunea: Istoria clasificării" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">modificare</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Regnul_Animalia&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section's source code: Istoria clasificării">modificare sursă</a>]</div> <div role="note" class="dezambiguizare boilerplate further">Pentru informații suplimentare, vezi <a href="/wiki/Taxonomie_(biologie)" title="Taxonomie (biologie)">Taxonomie (biologie)</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fi%C8%99ier:Jean-Baptiste_de_Lamarck.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Jean-Baptiste_de_Lamarck.jpg/170px-Jean-Baptiste_de_Lamarck.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="215" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Jean-Baptiste_de_Lamarck.jpg/255px-Jean-Baptiste_de_Lamarck.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Jean-Baptiste_de_Lamarck.jpg/340px-Jean-Baptiste_de_Lamarck.jpg 2x" data-file-width="668" data-file-height="843" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Jean-Baptiste_de_Lamarck" title="Jean-Baptiste de Lamarck">Jean-Baptiste de Lamarck</a> a dus la crearea unei clasificări moderne a nevertebratelor, divizând „Vermes”-ul lui <a href="/wiki/Linnaeus" class="mw-redirect" title="Linnaeus">Linnaeus</a> în 9 încrengături în 1809.<a href="#cite_note-Gould2011-132">[129]</a></figcaption></figure> În epoca clasică, <a href="/wiki/Aristotel" title="Aristotel">Aristotel</a> a împărțit animalele,<a href="#cite_note-133">[d]</a> pe baza propriilor sale observații, în cele cu sânge (aproximativ, vertebratele) și cele fără. Animalele au fost apoi aranjate pe o scară pornind de la <a href="/wiki/Om" title="Om">om</a> (cu sânge, 2 picioare, suflet rațional) în jos, prin <a href="/wiki/Tetrapode" title="Tetrapode">tetrapode</a> (cu sânge, 4 picioare, suflet sensibil) și alte grupuri, cum ar fi crustacee (fără sânge, multe picioare, suflet sensibil) până la creaturi care generate spontan precum bureții (fără sânge, fără picioare, suflet vegetal). Aristotel nu era sigur dacă bureții erau animale (conform sistemului său ele trebuind să aibă senzații, apetit și locomoție) sau plante. Aristotel știa că bureții pot simți atingerea și se vor contracta dacă sunt pe punctul de a fi scoși de pe stâncile lor și, de asemenea, că erau înrădăcinați ca plantele și nu se mișcau niciodată.<a href="#cite_note-134">[130]</a> În 1758, <a href="/wiki/Carl_Linnaeus" class="mw-redirect" title="Carl Linnaeus">Carl Linnaeus</a> a creat prima clasificare ierarhică în <a href="/wiki/Systema_Naturae" title="Systema Naturae">Systema Naturae</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Linn1758-135">[131]</a> În schema sa inițială, animalele reprezentau unul dintre cele trei regnuri și erau împărțite în clasele: Vermes, Insecta, Pești, Amfibii, Aves și Mammalia. De atunci, ultimii patru au fost incluși într-o singură încrengătură, <a href="/wiki/Chordata" class="mw-redirect" title="Chordata">Chordata</a>, în timp ce Insecta (care includea crustaceii și arahnidele) și Vermes au fost redenumiți sau separați. Procesul a fost început în 1793 de <a href="/wiki/Jean-Baptiste_de_Lamarck" title="Jean-Baptiste de Lamarck">Jean-Baptiste de Lamarck</a>, care a numit Vermes une espèce de chaos (o specie haotică)<a href="#cite_note-137">[e]</a> și a împărțit grupul în trei încrengături noi: viermi, echinoderme și polipi (care conținea corali și meduze). În 1809, în Philosophie Zoologique, Lamarck a creat 9 încrengături în afară de vertebrate (unde încă mai avea 4 încrengături: mamifere, păsări, reptile și pești) și moluște, și anume cirripede, anelide, crustacee, arahnide, insecte, viermi, radiata, polipi și infusoria.<a href="#cite_note-Gould2011-132">[129]</a> În 1817, în Le Règne Animal, <a href="/wiki/Georges_Cuvier" title="Georges Cuvier">Georges Cuvier</a> a folosit anatomia comparativă pentru a grupa animalele în patru ramificații („ramuri” cu diferite planuri ale corpului, care corespund aproximativ încrengăturilor) și anume: vertebrate, moluște, animale articulate (artropode și anelide) și zoofite (radiata) (echinoderme, cnidaria și alte forme).<a href="#cite_note-138">[133]</a> Această împărțire în patru a fost urmată de embriologul <a href="/wiki/Karl_Ernst_von_Baer" title="Karl Ernst von Baer">Karl Ernst von Baer</a> în 1828, de zoologul <a href="/wiki/Louis_Agassiz" title="Louis Agassiz">Louis Agassiz</a> în 1857 și de anatomistul comparativ <a href="/wiki/Richard_Owen" title="Richard Owen">Richard Owen</a> în 1860.<a href="#cite_note-Valentine2004-139">[134]</a> În 1874, <a href="/wiki/Ernst_Haeckel" title="Ernst Haeckel">Ernst Haeckel</a> a împărțit regnul animal în două subregnuri: Metazoa (animale multicelulare, cu cinci încrengături: celenterate, echinoderme, articulate, moluște și vertebrate) și Protozoare (animale unicelulare), inclusiv o a șasea încrengătură, bureți.<a href="#cite_note-140">[135]</a><a href="#cite_note-Valentine2004-139">[134]</a> Protozoarele au fost mutate mai târziu în fostul regn <a href="/wiki/Protista" class="mw-redirect" title="Protista">Protista</a>, lăsând doar Metazoa ca sinonim al Animalia.<a href="#cite_note-141">[136]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Vezi_și">Vezi și</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Regnul_Animalia&veaction=edit&section=15" title="Modifică secțiunea: Vezi și" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">modificare</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Regnul_Animalia&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section's source code: Vezi și">modificare sursă</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Zoologie#Istoria_zoologiei" title="Zoologie">Istoria zoologiei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Etologie" title="Etologie">Etologie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fauna" class="mw-redirect" title="Fauna">Fauna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Codul_Interna%C8%9Bional_de_Nomenclatur%C4%83_Zoologic%C4%83" title="Codul Internațional de Nomenclatură Zoologică">Codul Internațional de Nomenclatură Zoologică</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Note">Note</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Regnul_Animalia&veaction=edit&section=16" title="Modifică secțiunea: Note" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">modificare</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Regnul_Animalia&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section's source code: Note">modificare sursă</a>]</div> <div class="references-small" style="list-style-type: lower-alpha;"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-66"><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a> The application of DNA barcoding to taxonomy further complicates this; a 2016 barcoding analysis estimated a total count of nearly 100,000 insect species for <a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a> alone, and extrapolated that the global insect fauna must be in excess of 10 million species, of which nearly 2 million are in a single fly family known as gall midges (Cecidomyiidae).<a href="#cite_note-65">[65]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a> Nu sunt incluse parasitoide.<a href="#cite_note-Poulin2007-67">[66]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-115"><a href="#cite_ref-115">^</a> Compare <a href="/wiki/Fi%C8%99ier:Annelid_redone_w_white_background.svg" title="Fișier:Annelid redone w white background.svg">File:Annelid redone w white background.svg</a> for a more specific and detailed model of a particular phylum with this general body plan. </li> <li id="cite_note-133"><a href="#cite_ref-133">^</a> În Historia Animalium („Descrierea animalelor”) și De Partibus Animalium („Despre părțile animalelor”). </li> <li id="cite_note-137"><a href="#cite_ref-137">^</a> Prefixul une espèce de este peiorativ.<a href="#cite_note-136">[132]</a> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Referințe">Referințe</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Regnul_Animalia&veaction=edit&section=17" title="Modifică secțiunea: Referințe" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">modificare</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Regnul_Animalia&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section's source code: Referințe">modificare sursă</a>]</div> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-americanheritage_animal-1"><a href="#cite_ref-americanheritage_animal_1-0">^</a> <cite class="citation encyclopaedia">„Animal”. The American Heritage Dictionary (ed. 4th). 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BMC Biology. 8: 32. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1186%2F1741-7007-8-32">10.1186/1741-7007-8-32</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Central" title="PubMed Central">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2859860">2859860</a> <img alt="Accesibil gratuit" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png" decoding="async" width="9" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/14px-Lock-green.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/18px-Lock-green.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="813" />. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20370917">20370917</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BMC+Biology&rft.atitle=Anaerobic+animals+from+an+ancient%2C+anoxic+ecological+niche&rft.volume=8&rft.pages=32&rft.date=2010&rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2859860&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F20370917&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1186%2F1741-7007-8-32&rft.aulast=Mentel&rft.aufirst=Marek&rft.au=Martin%2C+William&rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2859860&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fro.wikipedia.org%3ARegnul+Animalia" class="Z3988"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16236537"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Concepts-12"><a href="#cite_ref-Concepts_12-0">^</a> <cite class="citation web">Saupe, S.G. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071121084100/http://employees.csbsju.edu/SSAUPE/biol116/Zoology/digestion.htm">„Concepts of Biology”</a>. Arhivat din <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://employees.csbsju.edu/SSAUPE/biol116/Zoology/digestion.htm">original</a> la <time datetime="2007-11-21">21 noiembrie 2007</time>. Accesat în <time datetime="2007-09-30">30 septembrie 2007</time>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Concepts+of+Biology&rft.aulast=Saupe&rft.aufirst=S.G.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Femployees.csbsju.edu%2FSSAUPE%2Fbiol116%2FZoology%2Fdigestion.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fro.wikipedia.org%3ARegnul+Animalia" class="Z3988"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16236537"> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a> <cite class="citation book">Minkoff, Eli C. (<time datetime="2008">2008</time>). Barron's EZ-101 Study Keys Series: Biology (ed. 2nd, revised). Barron's Educational Series. p. 48. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:Referin%C8%9Be_%C3%AEn_c%C4%83r%C8%9Bi/978-0-7641-3920-8" title="Special:Referințe în cărți/978-0-7641-3920-8">978-0-7641-3920-8</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Barron%27s+EZ-101+Study+Keys+Series%3A+Biology&rft.pages=48&rft.edition=2nd%2C+revised&rft.pub=Barron%27s+Educational+Series&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-7641-3920-8&rft.aulast=Minkoff&rft.aufirst=Eli+C.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fro.wikipedia.org%3ARegnul+Animalia" class="Z3988"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16236537"> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a> <cite class="citation book">Alberts, Bruce; Johnson, Alexander; Lewis, Julian; Raff, Martin; Roberts, Keith; Walter, Peter (<time datetime="2002">2002</time>). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161223074013/https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK26810/">Molecular Biology of the Cell</a> (ed. 4th). Garland Science. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:Referin%C8%9Be_%C3%AEn_c%C4%83r%C8%9Bi/978-0-8153-3218-3" title="Special:Referințe în cărți/978-0-8153-3218-3">978-0-8153-3218-3</a>. Arhivat din <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK26810/">original</a> la <time datetime="2016-12-23">23 decembrie 2016</time>. Accesat în <time datetime="2017-08-29">29 august 2017</time>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Molecular+Biology+of+the+Cell&rft.edition=4th&rft.pub=Garland+Science&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-8153-3218-3&rft.aulast=Alberts&rft.aufirst=Bruce&rft.au=Johnson%2C+Alexander&rft.au=Lewis%2C+Julian&rft.au=Raff%2C+Martin&rft.au=Roberts%2C+Keith&rft.au=Walter%2C+Peter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fbooks%2FNBK26810%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fro.wikipedia.org%3ARegnul+Animalia" class="Z3988"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16236537"> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a> <cite class="citation book">Sangwal, Keshra (<time datetime="2007">2007</time>). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/additivescrystal00sang">Additives and crystallization processes: from fundamentals to applications<img alt="Acces gratuit pentru testarea serviciului, necesită altfel abonament" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Lock-blue-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-blue-alt-2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="9" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Lock-blue-alt-2.svg/14px-Lock-blue-alt-2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Lock-blue-alt-2.svg/18px-Lock-blue-alt-2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="813" /></a>. John Wiley and Sons. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/additivescrystal00sang/page/n228">212</a>. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:Referin%C8%9Be_%C3%AEn_c%C4%83r%C8%9Bi/978-0-470-06153-4" title="Special:Referințe în cărți/978-0-470-06153-4">978-0-470-06153-4</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Additives+and+crystallization+processes%3A+from+fundamentals+to+applications&rft.pages=212&rft.pub=John+Wiley+and+Sons&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-470-06153-4&rft.aulast=Sangwal&rft.aufirst=Keshra&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fadditivescrystal00sang&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fro.wikipedia.org%3ARegnul+Animalia" class="Z3988"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16236537"> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a> <cite class="citation book">Becker, Wayne M. (<time datetime="1991">1991</time>). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/worldofcell00beck_0">The world of the cell</a>. Benjamin/Cummings. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:Referin%C8%9Be_%C3%AEn_c%C4%83r%C8%9Bi/978-0-8053-0870-9" title="Special:Referințe în cărți/978-0-8053-0870-9">978-0-8053-0870-9</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+world+of+the+cell&rft.pub=Benjamin%2FCummings&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=978-0-8053-0870-9&rft.aulast=Becker&rft.aufirst=Wayne+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fworldofcell00beck_0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fro.wikipedia.org%3ARegnul+Animalia" class="Z3988"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16236537"> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a> <cite class="citation book">Magloire, Kim (<time datetime="2004">2004</time>). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/crackingapbiolog00magl/page/45">Cracking the AP Biology Exam, 2004–2005 Edition</a>. The Princeton Review. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/crackingapbiolog00magl/page/45">45</a>. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:Referin%C8%9Be_%C3%AEn_c%C4%83r%C8%9Bi/978-0-375-76393-9" title="Special:Referințe în cărți/978-0-375-76393-9">978-0-375-76393-9</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Cracking+the+AP+Biology+Exam%2C+2004%E2%80%932005+Edition&rft.pages=45&rft.pub=The+Princeton+Review&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-375-76393-9&rft.aulast=Magloire&rft.aufirst=Kim&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fcrackingapbiolog00magl%2Fpage%2F45&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fro.wikipedia.org%3ARegnul+Animalia" class="Z3988"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16236537"> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a> <cite class="citation book">Starr, Cecie (<time datetime="2007">2007</time>). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=EXNFwB-O-WUC&pg=PA362">Biology: Concepts and Applications without Physiology</a>. Cengage Learning. pp. 362, 365. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:Referin%C8%9Be_%C3%AEn_c%C4%83r%C8%9Bi/978-0-495-38150-1" title="Special:Referințe în cărți/978-0-495-38150-1">978-0-495-38150-1</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Biology%3A+Concepts+and+Applications+without+Physiology&rft.pages=362%2C+365&rft.pub=Cengage+Learning&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-495-38150-1&rft.aulast=Starr&rft.aufirst=Cecie&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DEXNFwB-O-WUC%26pg%3DPA362&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fro.wikipedia.org%3ARegnul+Animalia" class="Z3988"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16236537"> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a> <cite class="citation book">Hillmer, Gero; Lehmann, Ulrich (<time datetime="1983">1983</time>). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160507122250/https://books.google.com/books?id=9jE4AAAAIAAJ&lpg=PP1&pg=PA54">Fossil Invertebrates</a>. Translated by J. Lettau. CUP Archive. p. 54. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:Referin%C8%9Be_%C3%AEn_c%C4%83r%C8%9Bi/978-0-521-27028-1" title="Special:Referințe în cărți/978-0-521-27028-1">978-0-521-27028-1</a>. Arhivat din <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=9jE4AAAAIAAJ&lpg=PP1&pg=PA54">original</a> la <time datetime="2016-05-07">7 mai 2016</time>. 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Academic Press. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaofre0000unse_f1r2/page/315">315</a>. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:Referin%C8%9Be_%C3%AEn_c%C4%83r%C8%9Bi/978-0-12-227020-8" title="Special:Referințe în cărți/978-0-12-227020-8">978-0-12-227020-8</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+reproduction%2C+Volume+1&rft.pages=315&rft.pub=Academic+Press&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-0-12-227020-8&rft.aulast=Knobil&rft.aufirst=Ernst&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fencyclopediaofre0000unse_f1r2%2Fpage%2F315&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fro.wikipedia.org%3ARegnul+Animalia" class="Z3988"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16236537"> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a> <cite class="citation book">Schwartz, Jill (<time datetime="2010">2010</time>). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/petersonsmasterg0000stew_x3f1/page/371">Master the GED 2011</a>. Peterson's. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/petersonsmasterg0000stew_x3f1/page/371">371</a>. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:Referin%C8%9Be_%C3%AEn_c%C4%83r%C8%9Bi/978-0-7689-2885-3" title="Special:Referințe în cărți/978-0-7689-2885-3">978-0-7689-2885-3</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Master+the+GED+2011&rft.pages=371&rft.pub=Peterson%27s&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0-7689-2885-3&rft.aulast=Schwartz&rft.aufirst=Jill&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fpetersonsmasterg0000stew_x3f1%2Fpage%2F371&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fro.wikipedia.org%3ARegnul+Animalia" class="Z3988"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16236537"> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a> <cite class="citation book">Hamilton, Matthew B. 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Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences. 371 (1702): 20150333. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1098%2Frstb.2015.0333">10.1098/rstb.2015.0333</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Central" title="PubMed Central">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4971185">4971185</a> <img alt="Accesibil gratuit" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png" decoding="async" width="9" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/14px-Lock-green.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/18px-Lock-green.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="813" />. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27481785">27481785</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Philosophical+Transactions+of+the+Royal+Society+B%3A+Biological+Sciences&rft.atitle=Counting+animal+species+with+DNA+barcodes%3A+Canadian+insects&rft.volume=371&rft.issue=1702&rft.pages=20150333&rft.date=2016-08-01&rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4971185&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F27481785&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1098%2Frstb.2015.0333&rft.aulast=Hebert&rft.aufirst=Paul+D.N.&rft.au=Ratnasingham%2C+Sujeevan&rft.au=Zakharov%2C+Evgeny+V.&rft.au=Telfer%2C+Angela+C.&rft.au=Levesque-Beaudin%2C+Valerie&rft.au=Milton%2C+Megan+A.&rft.au=Pedersen%2C+Stephanie&rft.au=Jannetta%2C+Paul&rft.au=deWaard%2C+Jeremy+R.&rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4971185&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fro.wikipedia.org%3ARegnul+Animalia" class="Z3988"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16236537"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Poulin2007-67">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Poulin2007_67-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Poulin2007_67-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Poulin2007_67-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Poulin2007_67-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Poulin2007_67-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Poulin2007_67-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Poulin2007_67-6">g</a> <cite class="citation book">Poulin, Robert (<time datetime="2007">2007</time>). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/evolutionaryecol0000poul/page/6">Evolutionary Ecology of Parasites</a>. Princeton University Press. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/evolutionaryecol0000poul/page/6">6</a>. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:Referin%C8%9Be_%C3%AEn_c%C4%83r%C8%9Bi/978-0-691-12085-0" title="Special:Referințe în cărți/978-0-691-12085-0">978-0-691-12085-0</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Evolutionary+Ecology+of+Parasites&rft.pages=6&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-691-12085-0&rft.aulast=Poulin&rft.aufirst=Robert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fevolutionaryecol0000poul%2Fpage%2F6&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fro.wikipedia.org%3ARegnul+Animalia" class="Z3988"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16236537"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Stork2018-68"><a href="#cite_ref-Stork2018_68-0">^</a> <cite class="citation journal">Stork, Nigel E. (ianuarie 2018). „How Many Species of Insects and Other Terrestrial Arthropods Are There on Earth?”. Annual Review of Entomology. 63 (1): 31–45. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1146%2Fannurev-ento-020117-043348">10.1146/annurev-ento-020117-043348</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28938083">28938083</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Annual+Review+of+Entomology&rft.atitle=How+Many+Species+of+Insects+and+Other+Terrestrial+Arthropods+Are+There+on+Earth%3F&rft.volume=63&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=31-45&rft.date=2018-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1146%2Fannurev-ento-020117-043348&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F28938083&rft.aulast=Stork&rft.aufirst=Nigel+E.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fro.wikipedia.org%3ARegnul+Animalia" class="Z3988"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16236537"> Stork notes that 1m insects have been named, making much larger predicted estimates. </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a> <cite class="citation book">Poore, Hugh F. (<time datetime="2002">2002</time>). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ww6RzBz42-4C&pg=PA1">„Introduction”</a>. Crustacea: Malacostraca. Zoological catalogue of Australia. 19.2A. CSIRO Publishing. pp. 1–7. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:Referin%C8%9Be_%C3%AEn_c%C4%83r%C8%9Bi/978-0-643-06901-5" title="Special:Referințe în cărți/978-0-643-06901-5">978-0-643-06901-5</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Introduction&rft.btitle=Crustacea%3A+Malacostraca&rft.series=Zoological+catalogue+of+Australia&rft.pages=1-7&rft.pub=CSIRO+Publishing&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-643-06901-5&rft.aulast=Poore&rft.aufirst=Hugh+F.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dww6RzBz42-4C%26pg%3DPA1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fro.wikipedia.org%3ARegnul+Animalia" class="Z3988"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16236537"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Reaka-Kudla1996-71">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Reaka-Kudla1996_71-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Reaka-Kudla1996_71-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Reaka-Kudla1996_71-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Reaka-Kudla1996_71-3">d</a> <cite class="citation book">Reaka-Kudla, Marjorie L.; Wilson, Don E.; Wilson, Edward O. (<time datetime="1996">1996</time>). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=-X5OAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA90">Biodiversity II: Understanding and Protecting Our Biological Resources</a>. Joseph Henry Press. p. 90. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:Referin%C8%9Be_%C3%AEn_c%C4%83r%C8%9Bi/978-0-309-52075-1" title="Special:Referințe în cărți/978-0-309-52075-1">978-0-309-52075-1</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Biodiversity+II%3A+Understanding+and+Protecting+Our+Biological+Resources&rft.pages=90&rft.pub=Joseph+Henry+Press&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-0-309-52075-1&rft.aulast=Reaka-Kudla&rft.aufirst=Marjorie+L.&rft.au=Wilson%2C+Don+E.&rft.au=Wilson%2C+Edward+O.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D-X5OAgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA90&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fro.wikipedia.org%3ARegnul+Animalia" class="Z3988"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16236537"> </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a> <cite class="citation book">Burton, Derek; Burton, Margaret (<time datetime="2017">2017</time>). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=U0o4DwAAQBAJ&pg=PA281">Essential Fish Biology: Diversity, Structure and Function</a>. Oxford University Press. pp. 281–282. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:Referin%C8%9Be_%C3%AEn_c%C4%83r%C8%9Bi/978-0-19-878555-2" title="Special:Referințe în cărți/978-0-19-878555-2">978-0-19-878555-2</a>. <q>Trichomycteridae ... includes obligate parasitic fish. Thus 17 genera from 2 subfamilies, Vandelliinae 4 genera, 9spp. and Stegophilinae; 13 genera, 31 spp. are parasites on gills (Vandelliinae) or skin (stegophilines) of fish.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Essential+Fish+Biology%3A+Diversity%2C+Structure+and+Function&rft.pages=281-282&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=978-0-19-878555-2&rft.aulast=Burton&rft.aufirst=Derek&rft.au=Burton%2C+Margaret&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DU0o4DwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA281&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fro.wikipedia.org%3ARegnul+Animalia" class="Z3988"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16236537"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Nicol1969-73">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Nicol1969_73-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Nicol1969_73-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Nicol1969_73-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Nicol1969_73-3">d</a> <cite class="citation journal">Nicol, David (iunie 1969). „The Number of Living Species of Molluscs”. Systematic Zoology. 18 (2): 251–254. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F2412618">10.2307/2412618</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR" title="JSTOR">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.jstor.org/stable/2412618">2412618</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Systematic+Zoology&rft.atitle=The+Number+of+Living+Species+of+Molluscs&rft.volume=18&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=251-254&rft.date=1969-06&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F2412618&rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F2412618&rft.aulast=Nicol&rft.aufirst=David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fro.wikipedia.org%3ARegnul+Animalia" class="Z3988"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16236537"> </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a> <cite class="citation journal">Sluys, R. 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Biodiversity and Conservation. 8 (12): 1663–1681. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1023%2FA%3A1008994925673">10.1023/A:1008994925673</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Biodiversity+and+Conservation&rft.atitle=Global+diversity+of+land+planarians+%28Platyhelminthes%2C+Tricladida%2C+Terricola%29%3A+a+new+indicator-taxon+in+biodiversity+and+conservation+studies&rft.volume=8&rft.issue=12&rft.pages=1663-1681&rft.date=1999&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1023%2FA%3A1008994925673&rft.aulast=Sluys&rft.aufirst=R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fro.wikipedia.org%3ARegnul+Animalia" class="Z3988"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16236537"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Pandian-75">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Pandian_75-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Pandian_75-1">b</a> <cite class="citation book">Pandian, T. 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CRC Press. pp. 13–14. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:Referin%C8%9Be_%C3%AEn_c%C4%83r%C8%9Bi/9781000054903" title="Special:Referințe în cărți/9781000054903">9781000054903</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Reproduction+and+Development+in+Platyhelminthes&rft.pages=13-14&rft.pub=CRC+Press&rft.date=2020&rft.isbn=9781000054903&rft.aulast=Pandian&rft.aufirst=T.+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dl6rMDwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT14&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fro.wikipedia.org%3ARegnul+Animalia" class="Z3988"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16236537"> </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a> <cite class="citation web">Fontaneto, Diego. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180302225409/http://ukmarinesac.org.uk/PDF/rotifers.pdf">„Marine Rotifers | An Unexplored World of Richness”</a> (PDF). JMBA Global Marine Environment. pp. 4–5. Arhivat din <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ukmarinesac.org.uk/PDF/rotifers.pdf">original</a> (PDF) la <time datetime="2018-03-02">2 martie 2018</time>. Accesat în <time datetime="2018-03-02">2 martie 2018</time>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Marine+Rotifers+%7C+An+Unexplored+World+of+Richness&rft.pages=4-5&rft.pub=JMBA+Global+Marine+Environment&rft.aulast=Fontaneto&rft.aufirst=Diego&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fukmarinesac.org.uk%2FPDF%2Frotifers.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fro.wikipedia.org%3ARegnul+Animalia" class="Z3988"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16236537"> </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a> <cite class="citation book">Morand, Serge; Krasnov, Boris R.; Littlewood, D. Timothy J. 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Nature. 576 (7785): 10. <time datetime="2019-11-29">29 noiembrie 2019</time>. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode" title="Bibcode">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2019Natur.576...10.">2019Natur.576...10.</a>. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fd41586-019-03655-5">10.1038/d41586-019-03655-5</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nature&rft.atitle=Reptiles+known+as+%27living+rocks%27+show+surprising+cognitive+powers&rft.volume=576&rft.issue=7785&rft.pages=10&rft.date=2019-11-29&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fd41586-019-03655-5&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2019Natur.576...10.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fro.wikipedia.org%3ARegnul+Animalia" class="Z3988"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16236537"> </li> <li id="cite_note-128"><a href="#cite_ref-128">^</a> <cite class="citation journal">Darwin C (<time datetime="1871">1871</time>). „The descent of man, and selection in relation to sex”.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=The+descent+of+man%2C+and+selection+in+relation+to+sex&rft.date=1871&rft.aulast=Darwin&rft.aufirst=C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fro.wikipedia.org%3ARegnul+Animalia" class="Z3988"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16236537"> </li> <li id="cite_note-129"><a href="#cite_ref-129">^</a> <cite class="citation book">Romanes JG (<time datetime="1883">1883</time>). 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University of Chicago Press. pp. 7–8. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:Referin%C8%9Be_%C3%AEn_c%C4%83r%C8%9Bi/978-0-226-84548-7" title="Special:Referințe în cărți/978-0-226-84548-7">978-0-226-84548-7</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=On+the+Origin+of+Phyla&rft.pages=7-8&rft.pub=University+of+Chicago+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-226-84548-7&rft.aulast=Valentine&rft.aufirst=James+W.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DDMBkmHm5fe4C%26pg%3DPA8&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fro.wikipedia.org%3ARegnul+Animalia" class="Z3988"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16236537"> </li> <li id="cite_note-140"><a href="#cite_ref-140">^</a> <cite class="citation book"><a href="/wiki/Ernst_Haeckel" title="Ernst Haeckel">Haeckel, Ernst</a> (<time datetime="1874">1874</time>). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/anthropogenieod05haecgoog">Anthropogenie oder Entwickelungsgeschichte des menschen</a> (în germană). 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Engelmann. p. 202.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Anthropogenie+oder+Entwickelungsgeschichte+des+menschen&rft.pages=202&rft.pub=W.+Engelmann&rft.date=1874&rft.aulast=Haeckel&rft.aufirst=Ernst&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fanthropogenieod05haecgoog&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fro.wikipedia.org%3ARegnul+Animalia" class="Z3988"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16236537"> </li> <li id="cite_note-141"><a href="#cite_ref-141">^</a> <cite class="citation book">Hutchins, Michael (<time datetime="2003">2003</time>). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/animallifeprotos02mich_714">Grzimek's Animal Life Encyclopedia<img alt="Acces gratuit pentru testarea serviciului, necesită altfel abonament" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Lock-blue-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-blue-alt-2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="9" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Lock-blue-alt-2.svg/14px-Lock-blue-alt-2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Lock-blue-alt-2.svg/18px-Lock-blue-alt-2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="813" /></a> (ed. 2nd). Gale. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/animallifeprotos02mich_714/page/n21">3</a>. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:Referin%C8%9Be_%C3%AEn_c%C4%83r%C8%9Bi/978-0-7876-5777-2" title="Special:Referințe în cărți/978-0-7876-5777-2">978-0-7876-5777-2</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Grzimek%27s+Animal+Life+Encyclopedia&rft.pages=3&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Gale&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-7876-5777-2&rft.aulast=Hutchins&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fanimallifeprotos02mich_714&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fro.wikipedia.org%3ARegnul+Animalia" class="Z3988"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16236537"> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Legături_externe">Legături externe</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Regnul_Animalia&veaction=edit&section=18" title="Modifică secțiunea: Legături externe" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">modificare</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Regnul_Animalia&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section's source code: Legături externe">modificare sursă</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fi%C8%99ier:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a> Materiale media legate de <a class="external text" href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Animalia?uselang=ro">Regnul Animalia</a> la <a href="/wiki/Wikimedia_Commons" title="Wikimedia Commons">Wikimedia Commons</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://animaldiversity.org/">Animal Diversity Web</a> – Bază de date cu animale, Universitatea Michigan</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20160426231847/http://www.arkive.org/">ARKive</a> – bază de date multimedia</li></ul> <div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-label="Navbox" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left;"><a href="/wiki/Ajutor:Identificatori_taxonomici" class="mw-redirect" title="Ajutor:Identificatori taxonomici">Identificatori taxonomici</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wikidata" title="Wikidata">Wikidata</a>: <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q729" class="extiw" title="wikidata:Q729">Q729</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikispecies" title="Wikispecies">Wikispecies</a>: <a href="https://species.wikimedia.org/wiki/Animalia" class="extiw" title="wikispecies:Animalia">Animalia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Animal_Diversity_Web" title="Animal Diversity Web">ADW</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://animaldiversity.org/accounts/Animalia/">Animalia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Encyclopedia_of_Life" title="Encyclopedia of Life">EoL</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://eol.org/pages/1">1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/EPPO_Code" title="EPPO Code">EPPO</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://gd.eppo.int/taxon/1ANIMK">1ANIMK</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fauna_Europaea" title="Fauna Europaea">Fauna Europaea</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.eu-nomen.eu/portal/taxon.php?GUID=urn:lsid:faunaeur.org:taxname:1">1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fossilworks" title="Fossilworks">Fossilworks</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/0/http://www.fossilworks.org/cgi-bin/bridge.pl?a=taxonInfo&taxon_no=325038">325038</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Global_Biodiversity_Information_Facility" title="Global Biodiversity Information Facility">GBIF</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gbif.org/species/1">1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/INaturalist" title="INaturalist">iNaturalist</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://inaturalist.org/taxa/1">1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Integrated_Taxonomic_Information_System" title="Integrated Taxonomic Information System">ITIS</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.itis.gov/servlet/SingleRpt/SingleRpt?search_topic=TSN&search_value=202423">202423</a></li> <li>NZOR: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nzor.org.nz/names/f38e12bf-0be7-4f13-b739-e2bc1b763ae0">f38e12bf-0be7-4f13-b739-e2bc1b763ae0</a></li> <li>uBio: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ubio.org/browser/details.php?namebankID=230572">230572</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Register_of_Marine_Species" title="World Register of Marine Species">WoRMS</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=2">2</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=ZooBank&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ZooBank — pagină inexistentă">ZooBank</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://zoobank.org/NomenclaturalActs/0EA9A33B-6B31-4551-B4E2-A772AAF96231">0EA9A33B-6B31-4551-B4E2-A772AAF96231</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-label="Navbox" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" 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class="mw-redirect" title="Orthonectida">Orthonectida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dicyemida" title="Dicyemida">Dicyemida</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Salinella&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Salinella — pagină inexistentă">Monoblastozoa</a> (existență incertă)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Eumetazoa" title="Eumetazoa">Eumetazoa</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0em;padding-right:0em;"><div style="padding:0em 0.75em;"><a href="/wiki/Radiata" title="Radiata">Radiata</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ctenophora" title="Ctenophora">Ctenophora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cnidaria" title="Cnidaria">Cnidaria</a> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anthozoa&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Anthozoa — pagină inexistentă">Anthozoa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydrozoa" title="Hydrozoa">Hydrozoa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scyphozoa" class="mw-redirect" title="Scyphozoa">Scyphozoa</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cubozoa&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cubozoa — pagină inexistentă">Cubozoa</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Staurozoa&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Staurozoa — pagină inexistentă">Staurozoa</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Myxozoa&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Myxozoa — pagină inexistentă">Myxozoa</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Polypodiozoa&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Polypodiozoa — pagină inexistentă">Polypodiozoa</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0em;padding-right:0em;"><div style="padding:0em 0.75em;"><a href="/wiki/Bilateria" title="Bilateria">Bilateria</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0em;padding-right:0em;"><div style="padding:0em 0.75em;"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Protostomia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Protostomia — pagină inexistentă">Protostomia</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px;width:auto;"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0em;padding-right:0em;"><div style="padding:0em 0.75em;"><a href="/wiki/Ecdysozoa" title="Ecdysozoa">Ecdysozoa</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0em;padding-right:0em;"><div style="padding:0em 0.75em;"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Scalidophora&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Scalidophora — pagină inexistentă">Scalidophora</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kinorhyncha" title="Kinorhyncha">Kinorhyncha</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Loricifera&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Loricifera — pagină inexistentă">Loricifera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Priapulida" title="Priapulida">Priapulida</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0em;padding-right:0em;"><div style="padding:0em 0.75em;"><a href="/wiki/Nematoida" title="Nematoida">Nematoida</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nematode" title="Nematode">Nematoda</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nematomorpha&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nematomorpha — pagină inexistentă">Nematomorpha</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0em;padding-right:0em;"><div style="padding:0em 0.75em;"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Panarthropoda&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Panarthropoda — pagină inexistentă">Panarthropoda</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Onychophora" title="Onychophora">Onychophora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tardigrada" title="Tardigrada">Tardigrada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthropoda" class="mw-redirect" title="Arthropoda">Arthropoda</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0em;padding-right:0em;"><div style="padding:0em 0.75em;"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lophotrochozoa&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lophotrochozoa — pagină inexistentă">Lophotrochozoa</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Spiralia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Spiralia — pagină inexistentă">Spiralia</a>)</div></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0em;padding-right:0em;"><div style="padding:0em 0.75em;"><a href="/wiki/Platyzoa" title="Platyzoa">Platyzoa</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Platelmin%C8%9Bi" title="Platelminți">Platyhelminthes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gastrotricha" class="mw-redirect" title="Gastrotricha">Gastrotricha</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0em;padding-right:0em;"><div style="padding:0em 0.75em;"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gnathifera&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gnathifera — pagină inexistentă">Gnathifera</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rotifera" title="Rotifera">Rotifera</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gnathostomulida&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gnathostomulida — pagină inexistentă">Gnathostomulida</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Limnognathia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Limnognathia — pagină inexistentă">Micrognathozoa</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0em;padding-right:0em;"><div style="padding:0em 0.75em;"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Trochozoa&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Trochozoa — pagină inexistentă">Trochozoa</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nemertea_(%C3%AEncreng%C4%83tur%C4%83)" title="Nemertea (încrengătură)">Nemertea</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sipuncula&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sipuncula — pagină inexistentă">Sipuncula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mollusca" class="mw-redirect" title="Mollusca">Mollusca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Annelida" class="mw-redirect" title="Annelida">Annelida</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Phoronida&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Phoronida — pagină inexistentă">Phoronida</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Brachiopoda&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Brachiopoda — pagină inexistentă">Brachiopoda</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0em;padding-right:0em;"><div style="padding:0em 0.75em;"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Polyzoa&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Polyzoa — pagină inexistentă">Polyzoa</a>(?)</div></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bryozoa" title="Bryozoa">Bryozoa</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Entoprocta&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Entoprocta — pagină inexistentă">Entoprocta</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cycliophora&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cycliophora — pagină inexistentă">Cycliophora</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0em;padding-right:0em;"><div style="padding:0em 0.75em;"><a href="/wiki/Deuterostomia" title="Deuterostomia">Deuterostomia</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px;width:auto;"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0em;padding-right:0em;"><div style="padding:0em 0.75em;"><a href="/wiki/Ambulacraria" title="Ambulacraria">Ambulacraria</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Echinoderme" title="Echinoderme">Echinodermata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hemichordata" title="Hemichordata">Hemichordata</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chordate" class="mw-redirect" title="Chordate">Chordata</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Craniata" class="mw-redirect" title="Craniata">Craniata</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vertebrata" 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inexistentă">Acoela</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nemertodermatida&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nemertodermatida — pagină inexistentă">Nemertodermatida</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xenoturbellida" class="mw-redirect" title="Xenoturbellida">Xenoturbellida</a></li> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Elementele_naturii" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div class="plainlinks hlist navbar mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Format:Natur%C4%83" title="Format:Natură"><abbr title="Vizualizează acest format" style=";;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none;">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a 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