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quantization rule</title> <meta name="description" content="Search results for: exact quantization rule"> <meta name="keywords" content="exact quantization rule"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1, minimum-scale=1, maximum-scale=1, user-scalable=no"> <meta charset="utf-8"> <link href="https://cdn.waset.org/favicon.ico" type="image/x-icon" rel="shortcut icon"> <link href="https://cdn.waset.org/static/plugins/bootstrap-4.2.1/css/bootstrap.min.css" rel="stylesheet"> <link href="https://cdn.waset.org/static/plugins/fontawesome/css/all.min.css" rel="stylesheet"> <link href="https://cdn.waset.org/static/css/site.css?v=150220211555" rel="stylesheet"> </head> <body> <header> <div class="container"> <nav class="navbar navbar-expand-lg navbar-light"> <a class="navbar-brand" href="https://waset.org"> <img src="https://cdn.waset.org/static/images/wasetc.png" alt="Open Science Research Excellence" title="Open Science Research Excellence" /> </a> <button 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action="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search"> <div id="custom-search-input"> <div class="input-group"> <i class="fas fa-search"></i> <input type="text" class="search-query" name="q" placeholder="Author, Title, Abstract, Keywords" value="exact quantization rule"> <input type="submit" class="btn_search" value="Search"> </div> </div> </form> </div> </div> <div class="row mt-3"> <div class="col-sm-3"> <div class="card"> <div class="card-body"><strong>Commenced</strong> in January 2007</div> </div> </div> <div class="col-sm-3"> <div class="card"> <div class="card-body"><strong>Frequency:</strong> Monthly</div> </div> </div> <div class="col-sm-3"> <div class="card"> <div class="card-body"><strong>Edition:</strong> International</div> </div> </div> <div class="col-sm-3"> <div class="card"> <div class="card-body"><strong>Paper Count:</strong> 1513</div> </div> </div> </div> <h1 class="mt-3 mb-3 text-center" style="font-size:1.6rem;">Search results for: exact quantization rule</h1> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">1513</span> Energy States of Some Diatomic Molecules: Exact Quantization Rule Approach</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Babatunde%20J.%20Falaye">Babatunde J. Falaye</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> In this study, we obtain the approximate analytical solutions of the radial Schrödinger equation for the Deng-Fan diatomic molecular potential by using exact quantization rule approach. The wave functions have been expressed by hypergeometric functions via the functional analysis approach. An extension to rotational-vibrational energy eigenvalues of some diatomic molecules are also presented. It is shown that the calculated energy levels are in good agreement with the ones obtained previously E_nl-D (shifted Deng-Fan). <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Schr%C3%B6dinger%20equation" title="Schrödinger equation">Schrödinger equation</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=exact%20quantization%20rule" title=" exact quantization rule"> exact quantization rule</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=functional%20analysis" title=" functional analysis"> functional analysis</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Deng-Fan%20potential" title=" Deng-Fan potential"> Deng-Fan potential</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/17622/energy-states-of-some-diatomic-molecules-exact-quantization-rule-approach" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/17622.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">499</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">1512</span> Attitude Stabilization of Satellites Using Random Dither Quantization</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Kazuma%20Okada">Kazuma Okada</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Tomoaki%20Hashimoto"> Tomoaki Hashimoto</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Hirokazu%20Tahara"> Hirokazu Tahara</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Recently, the effectiveness of random dither quantization method for linear feedback control systems has been shown in several papers. However, the random dither quantization method has not yet been applied to nonlinear feedback control systems. The objective of this paper is to verify the effectiveness of random dither quantization method for nonlinear feedback control systems. For this purpose, we consider the attitude stabilization problem of satellites using discrete-level actuators. Namely, this paper provides a control method based on the random dither quantization method for stabilizing the attitude of satellites using discrete-level actuators. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=quantized%20control" title="quantized control">quantized control</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=nonlinear%20systems" title=" nonlinear systems"> nonlinear systems</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=random%20dither%20quantization" title=" random dither quantization"> random dither quantization</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/76853/attitude-stabilization-of-satellites-using-random-dither-quantization" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/76853.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">242</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">1511</span> Fast Adjustable Threshold for Uniform Neural Network Quantization</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Alexander%20Goncharenko">Alexander Goncharenko</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Andrey%20Denisov"> Andrey Denisov</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Sergey%20Alyamkin"> Sergey Alyamkin</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Evgeny%20Terentev"> Evgeny Terentev</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The neural network quantization is highly desired procedure to perform before running neural networks on mobile devices. Quantization without fine-tuning leads to accuracy drop of the model, whereas commonly used training with quantization is done on the full set of the labeled data and therefore is both time- and resource-consuming. Real life applications require simplification and acceleration of quantization procedure that will maintain accuracy of full-precision neural network, especially for modern mobile neural network architectures like Mobilenet-v1, MobileNet-v2 and MNAS. Here we present a method to significantly optimize training with quantization procedure by introducing the trained scale factors for discretization thresholds that are separate for each filter. Using the proposed technique, we quantize the modern mobile architectures of neural networks with the set of train data of only &sim; 10% of the total ImageNet 2012 sample. Such reduction of train dataset size and small number of trainable parameters allow to fine-tune the network for several hours while maintaining the high accuracy of quantized model (accuracy drop was less than 0.5%). Ready-for-use models and code are available in the GitHub repository. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=distillation" title="distillation">distillation</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=machine%20learning" title=" machine learning"> machine learning</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=neural%20networks" title=" neural networks"> neural networks</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=quantization" title=" quantization"> quantization</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/107507/fast-adjustable-threshold-for-uniform-neural-network-quantization" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/107507.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">325</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">1510</span> Numerical Simulations on Feasibility of Stochastic Model Predictive Control for Linear Discrete-Time Systems with Random Dither Quantization</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Taiki%20Baba">Taiki Baba</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Tomoaki%20Hashimoto"> Tomoaki Hashimoto</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The random dither quantization method enables us to achieve much better performance than the simple uniform quantization method for the design of quantized control systems. Motivated by this fact, the stochastic model predictive control method in which a performance index is minimized subject to probabilistic constraints imposed on the state variables of systems has been proposed for linear feedback control systems with random dither quantization. In other words, a method for solving optimal control problems subject to probabilistic state constraints for linear discrete-time control systems with random dither quantization has been already established. To our best knowledge, however, the feasibility of such a kind of optimal control problems has not yet been studied. Our objective in this paper is to investigate the feasibility of stochastic model predictive control problems for linear discrete-time control systems with random dither quantization. To this end, we provide the results of numerical simulations that verify the feasibility of stochastic model predictive control problems for linear discrete-time control systems with random dither quantization. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=model%20predictive%20control" title="model predictive control">model predictive control</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=stochastic%20systems" title=" stochastic systems"> stochastic systems</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=probabilistic%20constraints" title=" probabilistic constraints"> probabilistic constraints</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=random%20dither%20quantization" title=" random dither quantization"> random dither quantization</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/78538/numerical-simulations-on-feasibility-of-stochastic-model-predictive-control-for-linear-discrete-time-systems-with-random-dither-quantization" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/78538.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">281</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">1509</span> Vector Quantization Based on Vector Difference Scheme for Image Enhancement</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Biji%20Jacob">Biji Jacob</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Vector quantization algorithm which uses minimum distance calculation for codebook generation, a time consuming calculation performed on each pixel values leads to computation complexity. The codebook is updated by comparing the distance of each vector to their centroid vector and measure for their closeness. In this paper vector quantization is modified based on vector difference algorithm for image enhancement purpose. In the proposed scheme, vector differences between the vectors are considered as the new generation vectors or new codebook vectors. The codebook is updated by comparing the new generation vector with a threshold value having minimum error with the parent vector. The minimum error decides the fitness of each newly generated vector. Thus the codebook is generated in an adaptive manner and the fitness value is determined for the suppression of the degraded portion of the image and thereby leads to the enhancement of the image through the adaptive searching capability of the vector quantization through vector difference algorithm. Experimental results shows that the vector difference scheme efficiently modifies the vector quantization algorithm for enhancing the image with peak signal to noise ratio (PSNR), mean square error (MSE), Euclidean distance (E_dist) as the performance parameters. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=codebook" title="codebook">codebook</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=image%20enhancement" title=" image enhancement"> image enhancement</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=vector%20difference" title=" vector difference"> vector difference</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=vector%20quantization" title=" vector quantization"> vector quantization</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/39597/vector-quantization-based-on-vector-difference-scheme-for-image-enhancement" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/39597.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">267</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">1508</span> Corruption and the Entrenchment of the Rule of Law in Nigeria</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Grace%20Titilayo">Grace Titilayo</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Kolawole-Amao"> Kolawole-Amao</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Influence and authority of law within society should be respected by all and sundry regardless of individual status. Rule of law implies that every citizen is subject to the law. In a society governed by the rule of law, government and its officials and agents are also held subject to and accountable under the law. Law should not be employed to suit individual tenets. Where the rule of law operates, the government is the government of law and not of men. Corruption is a factor that kills the growth of the rule of law. Where corruption flourishes, the rule of law fails, simply put, corruption is a threat to the rule of law. It bastardized and undermines the rule of law and good governance principles - where men rule at their discretion rather than the use of the rule of law which makes governance processes ineffective. Corruption is prevalent all over the world, and has extremely far reaching effects. Many of the world’s greatest challenges have been amplified by corruption, for example poverty, unequal distribution of wealth and resources, and world hunger and it weakens the application and the entrenchment of the rule of law. It saps citizens' trust in their governments and undercuts government credibility. This paper will discuss the rule of law in the present democratic system in Nigeria, the impact of corruption on the rule of law in Nigeria and how corruption undermines and subverts the entrenchment of the rule of law in the present day Nigeria. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=rule%20of%20law" title="rule of law">rule of law</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=corruption" title=" corruption"> corruption</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Nigeria" title=" Nigeria"> Nigeria</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=influence" title=" influence"> influence</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=authority" title=" authority "> authority </a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/33036/corruption-and-the-entrenchment-of-the-rule-of-law-in-nigeria" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/33036.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">557</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">1507</span> Pruning Algorithm for the Minimum Rule Reduct Generation </h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Sahin%20Emrah%20Amrahov">Sahin Emrah Amrahov</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Fatih%20Aybar"> Fatih Aybar</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Serhat%20Dogan"> Serhat Dogan</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> In this paper we consider the rule reduct generation problem. Rule Reduct Generation (RG) and Modified Rule Generation (MRG) algorithms, that are used to solve this problem, are well-known. Alternative to these algorithms, we develop Pruning Rule Generation (PRG) algorithm. We compare the PRG algorithm with RG and MRG. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=rough%20sets" title="rough sets">rough sets</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=decision%20rules" title=" decision rules"> decision rules</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=rule%20induction" title=" rule induction"> rule induction</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=classification" title=" classification"> classification</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/17254/pruning-algorithm-for-the-minimum-rule-reduct-generation" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/17254.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">528</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">1506</span> On an Approach for Rule Generation in Association Rule Mining</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=B.%20Chandra">B. Chandra</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> In Association Rule Mining, much attention has been paid for developing algorithms for large (frequent/closed/maximal) itemsets but very little attention has been paid to improve the performance of rule generation algorithms. Rule generation is an important part of Association Rule Mining. In this paper, a novel approach named NARG (Association Rule using Antecedent Support) has been proposed for rule generation that uses memory resident data structure named FCET (Frequent Closed Enumeration Tree) to find frequent/closed itemsets. In addition, the computational speed of NARG is enhanced by giving importance to the rules that have lower antecedent support. Comparative performance evaluation of NARG with fast association rule mining algorithm for rule generation has been done on synthetic datasets and real life datasets (taken from UCI Machine Learning Repository). Performance analysis shows that NARG is computationally faster in comparison to the existing algorithms for rule generation. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=knowledge%20discovery" title="knowledge discovery">knowledge discovery</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=association%20rule%20mining" title=" association rule mining"> association rule mining</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=antecedent%20support" title=" antecedent support"> antecedent support</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=rule%20generation" title=" rule generation"> rule generation</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/44331/on-an-approach-for-rule-generation-in-association-rule-mining" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/44331.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">324</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">1505</span> A Uniformly Convergent Numerical Scheme for a Singularly Perturbed Volterra Integrodifferential Equation</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Nana%20Adjoah%20Mbroh">Nana Adjoah Mbroh</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Suares%20Clovis%20Oukouomi%20Noutchie"> Suares Clovis Oukouomi Noutchie</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Singularly perturbed problems are parameter dependent problems, and they play major roles in the modelling of real-life situational problems in applied sciences. Thus, designing efficient numerical schemes to solve these problems is of much interest since the exact solutions of such problems may not even exist. Generally, singularly perturbed problems are identified by a small parameter multiplying at least the highest derivative in the equation. The presence of this parameter causes the solution of these problems to be characterized by rapid oscillations. This unique feature renders classical numerical schemes inefficient since they are unable to capture the behaviour of the exact solution in the part of the domain where the rapid oscillations are present. In this paper, a numerical scheme is proposed to solve a singularly perturbed Volterra Integro-differential equation. The scheme is based on the midpoint rule and employs the non-standard finite difference scheme to solve the differential part whilst the composite trapezoidal rule is used for the integral part. A fully fledged error estimate is performed, and Richardson extrapolation is applied to accelerate the convergence of the scheme. Numerical simulations are conducted to confirm the theoretical findings before and after extrapolation. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=midpoint%20rule" title="midpoint rule">midpoint rule</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=non-standard%20finite%20difference%20schemes" title=" non-standard finite difference schemes"> non-standard finite difference schemes</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Richardson%20extrapolation" title=" Richardson extrapolation"> Richardson extrapolation</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=singularly%20perturbed%20problems" title=" singularly perturbed problems"> singularly perturbed problems</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=trapezoidal%20rule" title=" trapezoidal rule"> trapezoidal rule</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=uniform%20convergence" title=" uniform convergence"> uniform convergence</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/151972/a-uniformly-convergent-numerical-scheme-for-a-singularly-perturbed-volterra-integrodifferential-equation" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/151972.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">125</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">1504</span> Stochastic Model Predictive Control for Linear Discrete-Time Systems with Random Dither Quantization</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Tomoaki%20Hashimoto">Tomoaki Hashimoto</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Recently, feedback control systems using random dither quantizers have been proposed for linear discrete-time systems. However, the constraints imposed on state and control variables have not yet been taken into account for the design of feedback control systems with random dither quantization. Model predictive control is a kind of optimal feedback control in which control performance over a finite future is optimized with a performance index that has a moving initial and terminal time. An important advantage of model predictive control is its ability to handle constraints imposed on state and control variables. Based on the model predictive control approach, the objective of this paper is to present a control method that satisfies probabilistic state constraints for linear discrete-time feedback control systems with random dither quantization. In other words, this paper provides a method for solving the optimal control problems subject to probabilistic state constraints for linear discrete-time feedback control systems with random dither quantization. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=optimal%20control" title="optimal control">optimal control</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=stochastic%20systems" title=" stochastic systems"> stochastic systems</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=random%20dither" title=" random dither"> random dither</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=quantization" title=" quantization"> quantization</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/63970/stochastic-model-predictive-control-for-linear-discrete-time-systems-with-random-dither-quantization" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/63970.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">444</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">1503</span> The Lexicographic Serial Rule</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Thi%20Thao%20Nguyen">Thi Thao Nguyen</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Andrew%20McLennan"> Andrew McLennan</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Shino%20Takayama"> Shino Takayama</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> We study the probabilistic allocation of finitely many indivisible objects to finitely many agents. Well known allocation rules for this problem include random priority, the market mechanism proposed by Hylland and Zeckhauser [1979], and the probabilistic serial rule of Bogomolnaia and Moulin [2001]. We propose a new allocation rule, which we call the lexico-graphic (serial) rule, that is tailored for situations in which each agent's primary concern is to maximize the probability of receiving her favourite object. Three axioms, lex efficiency, lex envy freeness and fairness, are proposed and fully characterize the lexicographic serial rule. We also discuss how our axioms and the lexicographic rule are related to other allocation rules, particularly the probabilistic serial rule. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Efficiency" title="Efficiency">Efficiency</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Envy%20free" title=" Envy free"> Envy free</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Lexicographic" title=" Lexicographic"> Lexicographic</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Probabilistic%20Serial%20Rule" title=" Probabilistic Serial Rule"> Probabilistic Serial Rule</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/124573/the-lexicographic-serial-rule" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/124573.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">148</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">1502</span> Stabilization of Rotational Motion of Spacecrafts Using Quantized Two Torque Inputs Based on Random Dither</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Yusuke%20Kuramitsu">Yusuke Kuramitsu</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Tomoaki%20Hashimoto"> Tomoaki Hashimoto</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Hirokazu%20Tahara"> Hirokazu Tahara</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The control problem of underactuated spacecrafts has attracted a considerable amount of interest. The control method for a spacecraft equipped with less than three control torques is useful when one of the three control torques had failed. On the other hand, the quantized control of systems is one of the important research topics in recent years. The random dither quantization method that transforms a given continuous signal to a discrete signal by adding artificial random noise to the continuous signal before quantization has also attracted a considerable amount of interest. The objective of this study is to develop the control method based on random dither quantization method for stabilizing the rotational motion of a rigid spacecraft with two control inputs. In this paper, the effectiveness of random dither quantization control method for the stabilization of rotational motion of spacecrafts with two torque inputs is verified by numerical simulations. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=spacecraft%20control" title="spacecraft control">spacecraft control</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=quantized%20control" title=" quantized control"> quantized control</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=nonlinear%20control" title=" nonlinear control"> nonlinear control</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=random%20dither%20method" title=" random dither method"> random dither method</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/99540/stabilization-of-rotational-motion-of-spacecrafts-using-quantized-two-torque-inputs-based-on-random-dither" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/99540.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">180</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">1501</span> Review and Comparison of Associative Classification Data Mining Approaches</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Suzan%20Wedyan">Suzan Wedyan </a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Data mining is one of the main phases in the Knowledge Discovery Database (KDD) which is responsible of finding hidden and useful knowledge from databases. There are many different tasks for data mining including regression, pattern recognition, clustering, classification, and association rule. In recent years a promising data mining approach called associative classification (AC) has been proposed, AC integrates classification and association rule discovery to build classification models (classifiers). This paper surveys and critically compares several AC algorithms with reference of the different procedures are used in each algorithm, such as rule learning, rule sorting, rule pruning, classifier building, and class allocation for test cases. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=associative%20classification" title="associative classification">associative classification</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=classification" title=" classification"> classification</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=data%20mining" title=" data mining"> data mining</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=learning" title=" learning"> learning</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=rule%20ranking" title=" rule ranking"> rule ranking</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=rule%20pruning" title=" rule pruning"> rule pruning</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=prediction" title=" prediction"> prediction</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/4191/review-and-comparison-of-associative-classification-data-mining-approaches" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/4191.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">537</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">1500</span> Voltage Problem Location Classification Using Performance of Least Squares Support Vector Machine LS-SVM and Learning Vector Quantization LVQ</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=M.%20Khaled%20Abduesslam">M. Khaled Abduesslam</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Mohammed%20Ali"> Mohammed Ali</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Basher%20H.%20Alsdai"> Basher H. Alsdai</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Muhammad%20Nizam%20Inayati"> Muhammad Nizam Inayati</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> This paper presents the voltage problem location classification using performance of Least Squares Support Vector Machine (LS-SVM) and Learning Vector Quantization (LVQ) in electrical power system for proper voltage problem location implemented by IEEE 39 bus New-England. The data was collected from the time domain simulation by using Power System Analysis Toolbox (PSAT). Outputs from simulation data such as voltage, phase angle, real power and reactive power were taken as input to estimate voltage stability at particular buses based on Power Transfer Stability Index (PTSI).The simulation data was carried out on the IEEE 39 bus test system by considering load bus increased on the system. To verify of the proposed LS-SVM its performance was compared to Learning Vector Quantization (LVQ). The results showed that LS-SVM is faster and better as compared to LVQ. The results also demonstrated that the LS-SVM was estimated by 0% misclassification whereas LVQ had 7.69% misclassification. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=IEEE%2039%20bus" title="IEEE 39 bus">IEEE 39 bus</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=least%20squares%20support%20vector%20machine" title=" least squares support vector machine"> least squares support vector machine</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=learning%20vector%20quantization" title=" learning vector quantization"> learning vector quantization</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=voltage%20collapse" title=" voltage collapse"> voltage collapse</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/11211/voltage-problem-location-classification-using-performance-of-least-squares-support-vector-machine-ls-svm-and-learning-vector-quantization-lvq" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/11211.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">441</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">1499</span> Quantization of Damped Systems Based on the Doubling of Degrees of Freedom</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Khaled%20I.%20Nawafleh">Khaled I. Nawafleh</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> In this paper, it provide the canonical approach for studying dissipated oscillators based on the doubling of degrees of freedom. Clearly, expressions for Lagrangians of the elementary modes of the system are given, which ends with the familiar classical equations of motion for the dissipative oscillator. The equation for one variable is the time reversed of the motion of the second variable. it discuss in detail the extended Bateman Lagrangian specifically for a dual extended damped oscillator time-dependent. A Hamilton-Jacobi analysis showing the equivalence with the Lagrangian approach is also obtained. For that purpose, the techniques of separation of variables were applied, and the quantization process was achieved. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=doubling%20of%20degrees%20of%20freedom" title="doubling of degrees of freedom">doubling of degrees of freedom</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=dissipated%20harmonic%20oscillator" title=" dissipated harmonic oscillator"> dissipated harmonic oscillator</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Hamilton-Jacobi" title=" Hamilton-Jacobi"> Hamilton-Jacobi</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=time-dependent%20lagrangians" title=" time-dependent lagrangians"> time-dependent lagrangians</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=quantization" title=" quantization"> quantization</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/171405/quantization-of-damped-systems-based-on-the-doubling-of-degrees-of-freedom" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/171405.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">68</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">1498</span> The Judge Citizens Have in Mind, Comparative Lessons about the Rule of Law Matrix</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Daniela%20Piana">Daniela Piana</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> This work casts light on what lies underneath the rule of law. In order to do so it unfolds the arguments in three main steps. The first one is a pars destruens: the mainstreaming scholarship on judicial independence and judicial accountability is questioned under the large amount of data we have at our disposal (this step is accomplished in the first two paragraphs). The second step is the reframe of the concept of the rule of law and the consequent rise of a hidden dimension, which has been so far largely underexplored: responsiveness. The third step consists into offering the readers empirical support and drawing thereby consequences in terms of policy design and citizens engagement into the rule of law implementation (these two steps are accomplished in the third paragraph). <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=rule%20of%20law" title="rule of law">rule of law</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=accountability" title=" accountability"> accountability</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=trust" title=" trust"> trust</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=citizens" title=" citizens"> citizens</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/47609/the-judge-citizens-have-in-mind-comparative-lessons-about-the-rule-of-law-matrix" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/47609.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">248</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">1497</span> Efficient Human Motion Detection Feature Set by Using Local Phase Quantization Method</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Arwa%20Alzughaibi">Arwa Alzughaibi</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Human Motion detection is a challenging task due to a number of factors including variable appearance, posture and a wide range of illumination conditions and background. So, the first need of such a model is a reliable feature set that can discriminate between a human and a non-human form with a fair amount of confidence even under difficult conditions. By having richer representations, the classification task becomes easier and improved results can be achieved. The Aim of this paper is to investigate the reliable and accurate human motion detection models that are able to detect the human motions accurately under varying illumination levels and backgrounds. Different sets of features are tried and tested including Histogram of Oriented Gradients (HOG), Deformable Parts Model (DPM), Local Decorrelated Channel Feature (LDCF) and Aggregate Channel Feature (ACF). However, we propose an efficient and reliable human motion detection approach by combining Histogram of oriented gradients (HOG) and local phase quantization (LPQ) as the feature set, and implementing search pruning algorithm based on optical flow to reduce the number of false positive. Experimental results show the effectiveness of combining local phase quantization descriptor and the histogram of gradient to perform perfectly well for a large range of illumination conditions and backgrounds than the state-of-the-art human detectors. Areaunder th ROC Curve (AUC) of the proposed method achieved 0.781 for UCF dataset and 0.826 for CDW dataset which indicates that it performs comparably better than HOG, DPM, LDCF and ACF methods. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=human%20motion%20detection" title="human motion detection">human motion detection</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=histograms%20of%20oriented%20gradient" title=" histograms of oriented gradient"> histograms of oriented gradient</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=local%20phase%20quantization" title=" local phase quantization"> local phase quantization</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=local%20phase%20quantization" title=" local phase quantization"> local phase quantization</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/48160/efficient-human-motion-detection-feature-set-by-using-local-phase-quantization-method" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/48160.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">257</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">1496</span> Negation of Insinuation Rule on the Ideas of Imam Khomeini (RA)</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Seyed%20Jafar%20Hosseini">Seyed Jafar Hosseini</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Rahim%20Vakilzadeh"> Rahim Vakilzadeh</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Hassan%20Movassagi"> Hassan Movassagi</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> ‘Negation of insinuation’ or ‘negation of dominance’ Rule is considered as one of the most important principles governing the policies and external relations of Islamic and religious countries. The stable and influential role which this rule puts on the behavior and policies of the Islamic religion and foreign policies of Islamic countries shows the importance of the presented topic. Among Islamic scholars, Imam Khomeini (RA) has been paid most attention to this rule on governing issues. In the present study, we are going to investigate the nature and dimensions of Negation of insinuation rule in Imam Khomeini's ideas with an analytical and descriptive method. The obtained results show that Negation of insinuation rule is an effective and main guidance in Imam's thoughts and behavior. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=negation%20of%20insinuation%20Rule" title="negation of insinuation Rule">negation of insinuation Rule</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Imam%20Khomeini%20%28RA%29" title=" Imam Khomeini (RA)"> Imam Khomeini (RA)</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=cultural%20domination" title=" cultural domination"> cultural domination</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=political%20domination" title=" political domination"> political domination</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=economic%20domination" title=" economic domination"> economic domination</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/64580/negation-of-insinuation-rule-on-the-ideas-of-imam-khomeini-ra" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/64580.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">317</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">1495</span> Complex Event Processing System Based on the Extended ECA Rule</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Kwan%20Hee%20Han">Kwan Hee Han</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Jun%20Woo%20Lee"> Jun Woo Lee</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Sung%20Moon%20Bae"> Sung Moon Bae</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Twae%20Kyung%20Park"> Twae Kyung Park</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> ECA (Event-Condition-Action) languages are largely adopted for event processing since they are an intuitive and powerful paradigm for programming reactive systems. However, there are some limitations about ECA rules for processing of complex events such as coupling of event producer and consumer. The objective of this paper is to propose an ECA rule pattern to improve the current limitations of ECA rule, and to develop a prototype system. In this paper, conventional ECA rule is separated into 3 parts and each part is extended to meet the requirements of CEP. Finally, event processing logic is established by combining the relevant elements of 3 parts. The usability of proposed extended ECA rule is validated by a test scenario in this study. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=complex%20event%20processing" title="complex event processing">complex event processing</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=ECA%20rule" title=" ECA rule"> ECA rule</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Event%20processing%20system" title=" Event processing system"> Event processing system</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=event-driven%20architecture" title=" event-driven architecture"> event-driven architecture</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=internet%20of%20things" title=" internet of things "> internet of things </a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/12595/complex-event-processing-system-based-on-the-extended-eca-rule" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/12595.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">530</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">1494</span> Optimum Dispatching Rule in Solar Ingot-Wafer Manufacturing System</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Wheyming%20Song">Wheyming Song</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Hung-Hsiang%20Lin"> Hung-Hsiang Lin</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Scott%20Lian"> Scott Lian</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> In this research, we investigate the optimal dispatching rule for machines and manpower allocation in the solar ingot-wafer systems. The performance of the method is measured by the sales profit for each dollar paid to the operators in a one week at steady-state. The decision variables are identification-number of machines and operators when each job is required to be served in each process. We propose a rule which is a function of operator’s ability, corresponding salary, and standing location while in the factory. The rule is named ‘Multi-nominal distribution dispatch rule’. The proposed rule performs better than many traditional rules including generic algorithm and particle swarm optimization. Simulation results show that the proposed Multi-nominal distribution dispatch rule improvement on the sales profit dramatically. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=dispatching" title="dispatching">dispatching</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=solar%20ingot" title=" solar ingot"> solar ingot</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=simulation" title=" simulation"> simulation</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=flexsim" title=" flexsim"> flexsim</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/70569/optimum-dispatching-rule-in-solar-ingot-wafer-manufacturing-system" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/70569.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">300</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">1493</span> Judicial Independence and Preservation of the Rule of Law in Africa: The Case of South Africa</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Mbuzeni%20Mathenjwa">Mbuzeni Mathenjwa</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Upon their independence, most African countries adopted constitutions that proclaim respect for the rule of law. The decision to constitutionalise the rule of law is basically informed by the countries’ experience during the colonial era which was characterised by discrimination on various grounds including race, gender and religion. Despite the promise to be bound by and adhere to the rule of law, disrespect for the rule of law has become a norm in the African continent. This is evident from the reported incidence of abuse of power, failure to perform obligations imposed by law and flagrant disregard of the law by the Executive including the heads of states in the continent. In some African countries including South Africa, the courts of law have been approached to rule on the legality of the decisions of the executives, taken contrary to the prescripts of the law. South African Courts have laid down a number of decisions wherein they found that the conduct of the executive contravenes the rule of law. Consequently decisions of the executive have been declared invalid by courts. In this regard courts have become a safety net in preserving the rule of law in. Accordingly, this paper discusses the role of the courts in preserving the rule of law in Africa. This it does by explaining the notion of judicial independence and the doctrine of the rule of law. The explanation on the notion of judicial independence is relevant because only an independent judiciary can effectively review and set aside the decision of the executive including the president of a country. Furthermore, a comparative overview of the enforcement of the rule of law in African countries is done. The methods used for this research is literature review, and study of legislation and case law in selected African countries relating to the independence of the judiciary and the rule of law. Finally, a conclusion is drawn on the role of the independent judiciary to preserve the rule of law in Africa. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Africa" title="Africa">Africa</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=constitutions" title=" constitutions"> constitutions</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=independence" title=" independence"> independence</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=judiciary" title=" judiciary"> judiciary</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/70216/judicial-independence-and-preservation-of-the-rule-of-law-in-africa-the-case-of-south-africa" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/70216.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">291</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">1492</span> Complex Decision Rules in the Form of Decision Trees</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Avinash%20S.%20Jagtap">Avinash S. Jagtap</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Sharad%20D.%20Gore"> Sharad D. Gore</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Rajendra%20G.%20Gurao"> Rajendra G. Gurao </a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Decision rules become more and more complex as the number of conditions increase. As a consequence, the complexity of the decision rule also influences the time complexity of computer implementation of such a rule. Consider, for example, a decision that depends on four conditions A, B, C and D. For simplicity, suppose each of these four conditions is binary. Even then the decision rule will consist of 16 lines, where each line will be of the form: If A and B and C and D, then action 1. If A and B and C but not D, then action 2 and so on. While executing this decision rule, each of the four conditions will be checked every time until all the four conditions in a line are satisfied. The minimum number of logical comparisons is 4 whereas the maximum number is 64. This paper proposes to present a complex decision rule in the form of a decision tree. A decision tree divides the cases into branches every time a condition is checked. In the form of a decision tree, every branching eliminates half of the cases that do not satisfy the related conditions. As a result, every branch of the decision tree involves only four logical comparisons and hence is significantly simpler than the corresponding complex decision rule. The conclusion of this paper is that every complex decision rule can be represented as a decision tree and the decision tree is mathematically equivalent but computationally much simpler than the original complex decision rule <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=strategic" title="strategic">strategic</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=tactical" title=" tactical"> tactical</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=operational" title=" operational"> operational</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=adaptive" title=" adaptive"> adaptive</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=innovative" title=" innovative"> innovative</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/77189/complex-decision-rules-in-the-form-of-decision-trees" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/77189.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">286</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">1491</span> Reinforcement Learning the Born Rule from Photon Detection</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Rodrigo%20S.%20Piera">Rodrigo S. Piera</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Jailson%20Sales%20Ara%C2%B4ujo"> Jailson Sales Ara´ujo</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Gabriela%20B.%20Lemos"> Gabriela B. Lemos</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Matthew%20B.%20Weiss"> Matthew B. Weiss</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=John%20B.%20DeBrota"> John B. DeBrota</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Gabriel%20H.%20Aguilar"> Gabriel H. Aguilar</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Jacques%20L.%20Pienaar"> Jacques L. Pienaar</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The Born rule was historically viewed as an independent axiom of quantum mechanics until Gleason derived it in 1957 by assuming the Hilbert space structure of quantum measurements [1]. In subsequent decades there have been diverse proposals to derive the Born rule starting from even more basic assumptions [2]. In this work, we demonstrate that a simple reinforcement-learning algorithm, having no pre-programmed assumptions about quantum theory, will nevertheless converge to a behaviour pattern that accords with the Born rule, when tasked with predicting the output of a quantum optical implementation of a symmetric informationally-complete measurement (SIC). Our findings support a hypothesis due to QBism (the subjective Bayesian approach to quantum theory), which states that the Born rule can be thought of as a normative rule for making decisions in a quantum world [3]. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=quantum%20Bayesianism" title="quantum Bayesianism">quantum Bayesianism</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=quantum%20theory" title=" quantum theory"> quantum theory</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=quantum%20information" title=" quantum information"> quantum information</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=quantum%20measurement" title=" quantum measurement"> quantum measurement</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/175290/reinforcement-learning-the-born-rule-from-photon-detection" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/175290.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">108</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">1490</span> Data Stream Association Rule Mining with Cloud Computing</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=B.%20Suraj%20Aravind">B. Suraj Aravind</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=M.%20H.%20M.%20Krishna%20Prasad"> M. H. M. Krishna Prasad</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> There exist emerging applications of data streams that require association rule mining, such as network traffic monitoring, web click streams analysis, sensor data, data from satellites etc. Data streams typically arrive continuously in high speed with huge amount and changing data distribution. This raises new issues that need to be considered when developing association rule mining techniques for stream data. This paper proposes to introduce an improved data stream association rule mining algorithm by eliminating the limitation of resources. For this, the concept of cloud computing is used. Inclusion of this may lead to additional unknown problems which needs further research. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=data%20stream" title="data stream">data stream</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=association%20rule%20mining" title=" association rule mining"> association rule mining</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=cloud%20computing" title=" cloud computing"> cloud computing</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=frequent%20itemsets" title=" frequent itemsets"> frequent itemsets</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/10064/data-stream-association-rule-mining-with-cloud-computing" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/10064.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">501</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">1489</span> Exploring Solutions in Extended Horava-Lifshitz Gravity</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Aziza%20Altaibayeva">Aziza Altaibayeva</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Ertan%20G%C3%BCdekli"> Ertan Güdekli</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Ratbay%20Myrzakulov"> Ratbay Myrzakulov</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> In this letter, we explore exact solutions for the Horava-Lifshitz gravity. We use of an extension of this theory with first order dynamical lapse function. The equations of motion have been derived in a fully consistent scenario. We assume that there are some spherically symmetric families of exact solutions of this extended theory of gravity. We obtain exact solutions and investigate the singularity structures of these solutions. Specially, an exact solution with the regular horizon is found. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=quantum%20gravity" title="quantum gravity">quantum gravity</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Horava-Lifshitz%20gravity" title=" Horava-Lifshitz gravity"> Horava-Lifshitz gravity</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=black%20hole" title=" black hole"> black hole</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=spherically%20symmetric%20space%20times" title=" spherically symmetric space times "> spherically symmetric space times </a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/18654/exploring-solutions-in-extended-horava-lifshitz-gravity" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/18654.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">581</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">1488</span> Adaptations to Hamilton's Rule in Human Populations</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Monty%20Vacura">Monty Vacura</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Hamilton’s Rule is a universal law of biology expressed in protists, plants and animals. When applied to human populations, this model explains: 1) Origin of religion in society as a biopsychological need selected to increase population size; 2) Instincts of racism expressed through intergroup competition; 3) Simultaneous selection for human cooperation and conflict, love and hate; 4) Connection between sporting events and instinctive social messaging for stimulating offensive and defensive responses; 5) Pathway to reduce human sacrifice. This chapter discusses the deep psychological influences of Hamilton’s Rule. Suggestions are provided to reduce human deaths via our instinctive sacrificial behavior, by consciously monitoring Hamilton’s Rule variables highlighted throughout our media outlets. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=psychology" title="psychology">psychology</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Hamilton%E2%80%99s%20rule" title=" Hamilton’s rule"> Hamilton’s rule</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=evolution" title=" evolution"> evolution</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=human%20instincts" title=" human instincts"> human instincts</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/179985/adaptations-to-hamiltons-rule-in-human-populations" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/179985.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">60</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">1487</span> Unveiling Special Policy Regime, Judgment, and Taylor Rules in Tunisia</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Yosra%20Baaziz">Yosra Baaziz</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Moez%20Labidi"> Moez Labidi</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Given limited research on monetary policy rules in revolutionary countries, this paper challenges the suitability of the Taylor rule in characterizing the monetary policy behavior of the Tunisian Central Bank (BCT), especially in turbulent times. More specifically, we investigate the possibility that the Taylor rule should be formulated as a threshold process and examine the validity of such nonlinear Taylor rule as a robust rule for conducting monetary policy in Tunisia. Using quarterly data from 1998:Q4 to 2013:Q4 to analyze the movement of nominal short-term interest rate of the BCT, we find that the nonlinear Taylor rule improves its performance with the advent of special events providing thus a better description of the Tunisian interest rate setting. In particular, our results show that the adoption of an appropriate nonlinear approach leads to a reduction in the errors of 150 basis points in 1999 and 2009, and 60 basis points in 2011, relative to the linear approach. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=policy%20rule" title="policy rule">policy rule</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=central%20bank" title=" central bank"> central bank</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=exchange%20rate" title=" exchange rate"> exchange rate</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=taylor%20rule" title=" taylor rule"> taylor rule</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=nonlinearity" title=" nonlinearity"> nonlinearity</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/41715/unveiling-special-policy-regime-judgment-and-taylor-rules-in-tunisia" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/41715.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">296</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">1486</span> The Effectiveness of National Fiscal Rules in the Asia-Pacific Countries</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Chiung-Ju%20Huang">Chiung-Ju Huang</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Yuan-Hong%20Ho"> Yuan-Hong Ho</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> This study utilizes the International Monetary Fund (IMF) Fiscal Rules Dataset focusing on four specific fiscal rules such as expenditure rule, revenue rule, budget balance rule, and debt rule and five main characteristics of each fiscal rule those are monitoring, enforcement, coverage, legal basis, and escape clause to construct the Fiscal Rule Index for nine countries in the Asia-Pacific region from 1996 to 2015. After constructing the fiscal rule index for each country, we utilize the Panel Generalized Method of Moments (Panel GMM) by using the constructed fiscal rule index to examine the effectiveness of fiscal rules in reducing procyclicality. Empirical results show that national fiscal rules have a significantly negative impact on procyclicality of government expenditure. Additionally, stricter fiscal rules combined with high government effectiveness are effective in reducing procyclicality of government expenditure. Results of this study indicate that for nine Asia-Pacific countries, policymakers’ use of fiscal rules and government effectiveness to reducing procyclicality of fiscal policy are effective. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=counter-cyclical%20policy" title="counter-cyclical policy">counter-cyclical policy</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=fiscal%20rules" title=" fiscal rules"> fiscal rules</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=government%20efficiency" title=" government efficiency"> government efficiency</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=procyclical%20policy" title=" procyclical policy"> procyclical policy</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/95982/the-effectiveness-of-national-fiscal-rules-in-the-asia-pacific-countries" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/95982.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">280</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">1485</span> Data Hiding by Vector Quantization in Color Image</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Yung%20Gi%20Wu">Yung Gi Wu</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> With the growing of computer and network, digital data can be spread to anywhere in the world quickly. In addition, digital data can also be copied or tampered easily so that the security issue becomes an important topic in the protection of digital data. Digital watermark is a method to protect the ownership of digital data. Embedding the watermark will influence the quality certainly. In this paper, Vector Quantization (VQ) is used to embed the watermark into the image to fulfill the goal of data hiding. This kind of watermarking is invisible which means that the users will not conscious the existing of embedded watermark even though the embedded image has tiny difference compared to the original image. Meanwhile, VQ needs a lot of computation burden so that we adopt a fast VQ encoding scheme by partial distortion searching (PDS) and mean approximation scheme to speed up the data hiding process. The watermarks we hide to the image could be gray, bi-level and color images. Texts are also can be regarded as watermark to embed. In order to test the robustness of the system, we adopt Photoshop to fulfill sharpen, cropping and altering to check if the extracted watermark is still recognizable. Experimental results demonstrate that the proposed system can resist the above three kinds of tampering in general cases. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=data%20hiding" title="data hiding">data hiding</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=vector%20quantization" title=" vector quantization"> vector quantization</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=watermark" title=" watermark"> watermark</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=color%20image" title=" color image"> color image</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/28889/data-hiding-by-vector-quantization-in-color-image" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/28889.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">364</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">1484</span> Power Energy Management For A Grid-Connected PV System Using Rule-Base Fuzzy Logic</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Nousheen%20Hashmi">Nousheen Hashmi</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Shoab%20Ahmad%20Khan"> Shoab Ahmad Khan</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Active collaboration among the green energy sources and the load demand leads to serious issues related to power quality and stability. The growing number of green energy resources and Distributed-Generators need newer strategies to be incorporated for their operations to keep the power energy stability among green energy resources and micro-grid/Utility Grid. This paper presents a novel technique for energy power management in Grid-Connected Photovoltaic with energy storage system under set of constraints including weather conditions, Load Shedding Hours, Peak pricing Hours by using rule-based fuzzy smart grid controller to schedule power coming from multiple Power sources (photovoltaic, grid, battery) under the above set of constraints. The technique fuzzifies all the inputs and establishes fuzzify rule set from fuzzy outputs before defuzzification. Simulations are run for 24 hours period and rule base power scheduler is developed. The proposed fuzzy controller control strategy is able to sense the continuous fluctuations in Photovoltaic power generation, Load Demands, Grid (load Shedding patterns) and Battery State of Charge in order to make correct and quick decisions.The suggested Fuzzy Rule-based scheduler can operate well with vague inputs thus doesn’t not require any exact numerical model and can handle nonlinearity. This technique provides a framework for the extension to handle multiple special cases for optimized working of the system. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=photovoltaic" title="photovoltaic">photovoltaic</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=power" title=" power"> power</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=fuzzy%20logic" title=" fuzzy logic"> fuzzy logic</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=distributed%20generators" title=" distributed generators"> distributed generators</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=state%20of%20charge" title=" state of charge"> state of charge</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=load%20shedding" title=" load shedding"> load shedding</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=membership%20functions" title=" membership functions"> membership functions</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/36815/power-energy-management-for-a-grid-connected-pv-system-using-rule-base-fuzzy-logic" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/36815.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">479</span> </span> </div> </div> <ul class="pagination"> <li class="page-item disabled"><span class="page-link">&lsaquo;</span></li> <li class="page-item active"><span class="page-link">1</span></li> <li class="page-item"><a class="page-link" href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=exact%20quantization%20rule&page=2">2</a></li> <li class="page-item"><a class="page-link" href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=exact%20quantization%20rule&page=3">3</a></li> <li class="page-item"><a class="page-link" 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