Wood - Wikipedia

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cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet skin-minerva-search-trigger"> Search </button> </form> <nav class="minerva-user-navigation" aria-label="User navigation"> </nav> </div> </header> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <div class="banner-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="pre-content heading-holder"> <div class="page-heading"> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Wood</h1> <div class="tagline"></div> </div> <ul id="p-associated-pages" class="minerva__tab-container"> <li class="minerva__tab selected mw-list-item"><a class="minerva__tab-text" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wood?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" rel="" data-event-name="tabs.main">Article</a></li> <li class="minerva__tab mw-list-item"><a class="minerva__tab-text" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Talk:Wood?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" rel="discussion" data-event-name="tabs.talk">Talk</a></li> </ul> <nav class="page-actions-menu"> <ul id="p-views" class="page-actions-menu__list"> <li id="language-selector" class="page-actions-menu__list-item"><a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wood?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#p-lang" data-mw="interface" data-event-name="menu.languages" title="Language" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet language-selector"> Language </a></li> <li id="page-actions-watch" class="page-actions-menu__list-item"><a role="button" id="ca-watch" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Wood&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" data-event-name="menu.watch" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet menu__item--page-actions-watch"> Watch </a></li> <li 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data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style> <div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable"> For a small forest, see <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Woodland?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Woodland">Woodland</a>. For wood as a commodity, see <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Timber?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Timber">Timber</a>. For other uses, see <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wood_(disambiguation)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-disambig" title="Wood (disambiguation)">Wood (disambiguation)</a> and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wooden_(disambiguation)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-disambig" title="Wooden (disambiguation)">Wooden (disambiguation)</a>. </div> Wood is a structural tissue/material found as <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Xylem?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Xylem">xylem</a> in the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Plant_stem?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Plant stem">stems</a> and roots of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Tree?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Tree">trees</a> and other <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Woody_plant?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Woody plant">woody plants</a>. It is an <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Organic_material?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Organic material">organic material</a> – a natural <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Composite_material?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Composite material">composite</a> of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cellulose?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Cellulose">cellulosic</a> fibers that are strong in tension and embedded in a <a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/matrix" class="extiw" title="wikt:matrix">matrix</a> of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Lignin?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Lignin">lignin</a> that resists compression. Wood is sometimes defined as only the secondary <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Xylem?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Xylem">xylem</a> in the stems of trees,<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wood?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-1">[1]</a> or more broadly to include the same type of tissue elsewhere, such as in the roots of trees or shrubs. In a living tree, it performs a mechanical-support function, enabling woody plants to grow large or to stand up by themselves. It also conveys water and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nutrient?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Nutrient">nutrients</a> among the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Leaf?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Leaf">leaves</a>, other growing tissues, and the roots. Wood may also refer to other plant materials with comparable properties, and to material engineered from wood, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Woodchips?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Woodchips">woodchips</a>, or <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fiber?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Fiber">fibers</a>. <table role="presentation" cellpadding="0" style="border-spacing:0; clear:right; float:right;"> <tbody> <tr> <td> <div class="thumb tright"> <div class="thumbinner" style="width:352px;"> <div style="clear: both; font-weight: bold; font-size: 106.4%; text-align: center; background-color: transparent; color:var(--color-base,light-dark(#202122,#eaecf0)); margin-bottom:3px;"> Wood samples </div> <div class="{{{class}}}" style="position:relative; width:350px; height:431px; overflow:hidden; border:solid #ccc 1px; background-color:white;"> <div style="left:0px; top:0px; width:350px; position:absolute"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:16_wood_samples.jpg" title="commons:File:16 wood samples.jpg"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/16_wood_samples.jpg/350px-16_wood_samples.jpg" decoding="async" width="350" height="431" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/16_wood_samples.jpg/525px-16_wood_samples.jpg 1.5x,https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/16_wood_samples.jpg/700px-16_wood_samples.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3900" data-file-height="4800"></a> </div> <div style="text-align:; font-size:12px; line-height:110%"> <div style="background-color:transparent; color:f"> <div id="annotation_10x90" style="position:absolute; left:10px; top:90px; line-height:110%;">  <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pine?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Pine">Pine</a>  </div> <div id="annotation_97x90" style="position:absolute; left:97px; top:90px; line-height:110%;">  <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Spruce?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Spruce">Spruce</a>  </div> <div id="annotation_184x90" style="position:absolute; left:184px; top:90px; line-height:110%;">  <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Larch?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Larch">Larch</a>  </div> <div id="annotation_270x90" style="position:absolute; left:270px; top:90px; line-height:110%;">  <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Juniper?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Juniper">Juniper</a>  </div> <div id="annotation_10x197" style="position:absolute; left:10px; top:197px; line-height:110%;">  <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Aspen?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Aspen">Aspen</a>  </div> <div id="annotation_97x197" style="position:absolute; left:97px; top:197px; line-height:110%;">  <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Hornbeam?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Hornbeam">Hornbeam</a>  </div> <div id="annotation_184x197" style="position:absolute; left:184px; top:197px; line-height:110%;">  <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Birch?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Birch">Birch</a>  </div> <div id="annotation_270x197" style="position:absolute; left:270px; top:197px; line-height:110%;">  <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Alder?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Alder">Alder</a>  </div> <div id="annotation_10x304" style="position:absolute; left:10px; top:304px; line-height:110%;">  <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Beech?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Beech">Beech</a>  </div> <div id="annotation_97x304" style="position:absolute; left:97px; top:304px; line-height:110%;">  <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Oak?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Oak">Oak</a>  </div> <div id="annotation_184x304" style="position:absolute; left:184px; top:304px; line-height:110%;">  <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Elm?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Elm">Elm</a>  </div> <div id="annotation_270x304" style="position:absolute; left:270px; top:304px; line-height:110%;">  <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Prunus_avium?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Prunus avium">Cherry</a>  </div> <div id="annotation_10x411" style="position:absolute; left:10px; top:411px; line-height:110%;">  <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pyrus_communis?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Pyrus communis">Pear</a>  </div> <div id="annotation_97x411" style="position:absolute; left:97px; top:411px; line-height:110%;">  <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Maple?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Maple">Maple</a>  </div> <div id="annotation_184x411" style="position:absolute; left:184px; top:411px; line-height:110%;">  <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Tilia_cordata?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Tilia cordata">Linden</a>  </div> <div id="annotation_270x411" style="position:absolute; left:270px; top:411px; line-height:110%;">  <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fraxinus_excelsior?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Fraxinus excelsior">Ash</a>  </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div></td> </tr> </tbody> </table> Wood has been used for thousands of years for <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fuel?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Fuel">fuel</a>, as a <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Construction_material?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Construction material">construction material</a>, for making <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Tool?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Tool">tools</a> and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Weapon?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Weapon">weapons</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Furniture?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Furniture">furniture</a> and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Paper?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Paper">paper</a>. More recently it emerged as a feedstock for the production of purified cellulose and its derivatives, such as <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cellophane?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Cellophane">cellophane</a> and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cellulose_acetate?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#production" title="Cellulose acetate">cellulose acetate</a>. As of 2020, the growing stock of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Forest?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Forest">forests</a> worldwide was about 557 billion cubic meters.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wood?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FAO-2020-2">[2]</a> As an abundant, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Carbon-neutral?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Carbon-neutral">carbon-neutral</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wood?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-3">[3]</a> renewable resource, woody materials have been of intense interest as a source of renewable energy. In 2008, approximately 3.97 billion cubic meters of wood were harvested.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wood?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FAO-2020-2">[2]</a> Dominant uses were for furniture and building construction.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wood?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Horst-2005-4">[4]</a> Wood is scientifically studied and researched through the discipline of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wood_science?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Wood science">wood science</a>, which was initiated since the beginning of the 20th century. <div id="toc" class="toc" role="navigation" aria-labelledby="mw-toc-heading"> <input type="checkbox" role="button" id="toctogglecheckbox" class="toctogglecheckbox" style="display:none"> <div class="toctitle" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <h2 id="mw-toc-heading">Contents</h2><label class="toctogglelabel" for="toctogglecheckbox"></label> </div> <ul> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wood?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#History">1 History</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-2"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wood?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Physical_properties">2 Physical properties</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-3"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wood?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Growth_rings">2.1 Growth rings</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-4"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wood?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Knots">2.2 Knots</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-5"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wood?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Heartwood_and_sapwood">2.3 Heartwood and sapwood</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-6"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wood?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Color">2.4 Color</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-7"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wood?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Water_content">2.5 Water content</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-8"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wood?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Structure">2.6 Structure</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-9"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wood?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Earlywood_and_latewood">2.7 Earlywood and latewood</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-10"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wood?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#In_softwood">2.7.1 In softwood</a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-11"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wood?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#In_ring-porous_woods">2.7.2 In ring-porous woods</a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-12"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wood?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#In_diffuse-porous_woods">2.7.3 In diffuse-porous woods</a></li> </ul></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-13"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wood?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Monocots">2.8 Monocots</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-14"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wood?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Specific_gravity">2.9 Specific gravity</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-15"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wood?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Density">2.10 Density</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-16"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wood?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Tables">2.11 Tables</a></li> </ul></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-17"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wood?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Hard_versus_soft">3 Hard versus soft</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-18"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wood?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Chemistry">4 Chemistry</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-19"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wood?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Extractives">4.1 Extractives</a></li> </ul></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-20"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wood?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Uses">5 Uses</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-21"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wood?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Production">5.1 Production</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-22"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wood?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Fuel">5.2 Fuel</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-23"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wood?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Pulpwood">5.3 Pulpwood</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-24"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wood?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Construction">5.4 Construction</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-25"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wood?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Flooring">5.4.1 Flooring</a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-26"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wood?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Engineered_products">5.4.2 Engineered products</a></li> </ul></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-27"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wood?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Furniture_and_utensils">5.5 Furniture and utensils</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-28"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wood?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Other">5.6 Other</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-29"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wood?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Art">5.7 Art</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-30"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wood?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Sports_and_recreational_equipment">5.8 Sports and recreational equipment</a></li> </ul></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-31"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wood?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Bacterial_degradation">6 Bacterial degradation</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-32"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wood?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#See_also">7 See also</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-33"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wood?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Sources">8 Sources</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-34"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wood?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#References">9 References</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-35"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wood?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#External_links">10 External links</a></li> </ul> </div> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(1)"> <h2 id="History">History</h2> </div> <section class="mf-section-1 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-1"> A 2011 discovery in the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Canadian_province?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Canadian province">Canadian province</a> of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/New_Brunswick?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="New Brunswick">New Brunswick</a> yielded the earliest known plants to have grown wood, approximately 395 to 400 <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Million_years_ago?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Million years ago">million years ago</a>.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wood?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-5">[5]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wood?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-6">[6]</a> Wood can be dated by <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Carbon_dating?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Carbon dating">carbon dating</a> and in some species by <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Dendrochronology?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Dendrochronology">dendrochronology</a> to determine when a wooden object was created. People have used wood for thousands of years for many purposes, including as a <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fuel?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Fuel">fuel</a> or as a <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Construction?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Construction">construction</a> material for making <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/House?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="House">houses</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Tool?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Tool">tools</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Weapon?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Weapon">weapons</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Furniture?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Furniture">furniture</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Packaging?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Packaging">packaging</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Artwork?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Artwork">artworks</a>, and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Paper?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Paper">paper</a>. Known <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Construction?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Construction">constructions</a> using wood date back ten thousand years. Buildings like the longhouses in <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Neolithic?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Neolithic">Neolithic</a> Europe were made primarily of wood. Recent use of wood has been enhanced by the addition of steel and bronze into construction.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wood?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Woods-2017-7">[7]</a> The year-to-year variation in tree-ring widths and isotopic abundances gives <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Proxy_(climate)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Proxy (climate)">clues</a> to the prevailing climate at the time a tree was cut.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wood?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Briffa-2008-8">[8]</a> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(2)"> <h2 id="Physical_properties">Physical properties</h2> </div> <section class="mf-section-2 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-2"> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:Tree_secondary_growth_diagram.svg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Tree_secondary_growth_diagram.svg/220px-Tree_secondary_growth_diagram.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="253" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3084" data-file-height="3551"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 253px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Tree_secondary_growth_diagram.svg/220px-Tree_secondary_growth_diagram.svg.png" data-width="220" data-height="253" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Tree_secondary_growth_diagram.svg/330px-Tree_secondary_growth_diagram.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Tree_secondary_growth_diagram.svg/440px-Tree_secondary_growth_diagram.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <figcaption> Diagram of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Secondary_growth?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Secondary growth">secondary growth</a> in a <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Tree?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Tree">tree</a> showing idealized vertical and horizontal sections. A new layer of wood is added in each growing season, thickening the stem, existing branches and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Root?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Root">roots</a>, to form a <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Growth_ring?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Growth ring">growth ring</a>. </figcaption> </figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Growth_rings">Growth rings</h3> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"> <div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable"> See also: <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Dendrochronology?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Growth_rings" title="Dendrochronology">Dendrochronology § Growth rings</a> </div> Wood, in the strict sense, is yielded by <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Tree?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Tree">trees</a>, which increase in <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Diameter?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Diameter">diameter</a> by the formation, between the existing wood and the inner <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bark_(botany)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Bark (botany)">bark</a>, of new woody layers which envelop the entire stem, living branches, and roots. This process is known as <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Secondary_growth?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Secondary growth">secondary growth</a>; it is the result of cell division in the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Vascular_cambium?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Vascular cambium">vascular cambium</a>, a lateral meristem, and subsequent expansion of the new cells. These cells then go on to form thickened secondary cell walls, composed mainly of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cellulose?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Cellulose">cellulose</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Hemicellulose?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Hemicellulose">hemicellulose</a> and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Lignin?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Lignin">lignin</a>. Where the differences between the seasons are distinct, e.g. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/New_Zealand?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="New Zealand">New Zealand</a>, growth can occur in a discrete annual or seasonal pattern, leading to <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Growth_ring?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Growth ring">growth rings</a>; these can usually be most clearly seen on the end of a log, but are also visible on the other surfaces. If the distinctiveness between seasons is annual (as is the case in equatorial regions, e.g. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Singapore?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Singapore">Singapore</a>), these growth rings are referred to as annual rings. Where there is little seasonal difference growth rings are likely to be indistinct or absent. If the bark of the tree has been removed in a particular area, the rings will likely be deformed as the plant overgrows the scar. If there are differences within a growth ring, then the part of a growth ring nearest the center of the tree, and formed early in the growing season when growth is rapid, is usually composed of wider elements. It is usually lighter in color than that near the outer portion of the ring, and is known as earlywood or springwood. The outer portion formed later in the season is then known as the latewood or summerwood.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wood?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-9">[9]</a> There are major differences, depending on the kind of wood. If a tree grows all its life in the open and the conditions of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Soil?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Soil">soil</a> and site remain unchanged, it will make its most rapid growth in youth, and gradually decline. The annual rings of growth are for many years quite wide, but later they become narrower and narrower. Since each succeeding ring is laid down on the outside of the wood previously formed, it follows that unless a tree materially increases its production of wood from year to year, the rings must necessarily become thinner as the trunk gets wider. As a tree reaches maturity its crown becomes more open and the annual wood production is lessened, thereby reducing still more the width of the growth rings. In the case of forest-grown trees so much depends upon the competition of the trees in their struggle for light and nourishment that periods of rapid and slow growth may alternate. Some trees, such as southern <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Oak?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Oak">oaks</a>, maintain the same width of ring for hundreds of years. On the whole, as a tree gets larger in diameter the width of the growth rings decreases. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Knots">Knots</h3> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:TreeKnot.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/TreeKnot.jpg/220px-TreeKnot.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="167" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1488" data-file-height="1128"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 167px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/TreeKnot.jpg/220px-TreeKnot.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="167" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/TreeKnot.jpg/330px-TreeKnot.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/TreeKnot.jpg/440px-TreeKnot.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <figcaption> A knot on a tree trunk </figcaption> </figure> As a tree grows, lower branches often die, and their bases may become overgrown and enclosed by subsequent layers of trunk wood, forming a type of imperfection known as a knot. The dead branch may not be attached to the trunk wood except at its base and can drop out after the tree has been sawn into boards. Knots affect the technical properties of the wood, usually reducing tension strength,<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wood?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-10">[10]</a> but may be exploited for visual effect. In a longitudinally sawn plank, a knot will appear as a roughly circular "solid" (usually darker) piece of wood around which the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wood_grain?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Wood grain">grain</a> of the rest of the wood "flows" (parts and rejoins). Within a knot, the direction of the wood (grain direction) is up to 90 degrees different from the grain direction of the regular wood. In the tree a knot is either the base of a side <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Branch?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Branch">branch</a> or a dormant bud. A knot (when the base of a side branch) is conical in shape (hence the roughly circular cross-section) with the inner tip at the point in stem diameter at which the plant's vascular cambium was located when the branch formed as a bud. In grading <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Lumber?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Lumber">lumber</a> and structural <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Timber?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Timber">timber</a>, knots are classified according to their form, size, soundness, and the firmness with which they are held in place. This firmness is affected by, among other factors, the length of time for which the branch was dead while the attaching stem continued to grow. <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:Wood_Knot.JPG?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Wood_Knot.JPG/170px-Wood_Knot.JPG" decoding="async" width="170" height="227" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2736" data-file-height="3648"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 170px;height: 227px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Wood_Knot.JPG/170px-Wood_Knot.JPG" data-width="170" data-height="227" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Wood_Knot.JPG/255px-Wood_Knot.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Wood_Knot.JPG/340px-Wood_Knot.JPG 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <figcaption> Wood knot in vertical section </figcaption> </figure> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style> <blockquote class="templatequote"> Knots materially affect cracking and warping, ease in working, and cleavability of timber. They are defects which weaken timber and lower its value for structural purposes where strength is an important consideration. The weakening effect is much more serious when timber is subjected to forces perpendicular to the grain and/or <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Tension_(physics)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Tension (physics)">tension</a> than when under load along the grain and/or <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Physical_compression?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Physical compression">compression</a>. The extent to which knots affect the strength of a <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Beam_(structure)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Beam (structure)">beam</a> depends upon their position, size, number, and condition. A knot on the upper side is compressed, while one on the lower side is subjected to tension. If there is a season check in the knot, as is often the case, it will offer little resistance to this tensile stress. Small knots may be located along the neutral plane of a beam and increase the strength by preventing longitudinal <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Shear_stress?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Shear stress">shearing</a>. Knots in a board or plank are least injurious when they extend through it at right angles to its broadest surface. Knots which occur near the ends of a beam do not weaken it. Sound knots which occur in the central portion one-fourth the height of the beam from either edge are not serious defects. <div class="templatequotecite"> — <cite>Samuel J. Record, The Mechanical Properties of Wood<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wood?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Record-1914-11">[11]</a></cite> </div> </blockquote> Knots do not necessarily influence the stiffness of structural timber; this will depend on the size and location. Stiffness and elastic strength are more dependent upon the sound wood than upon localized defects. The breaking strength is very susceptible to defects. Sound knots do not weaken wood when subject to compression parallel to the grain. In some decorative applications, wood with knots may be desirable to add visual interest. In applications where wood is <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Painted?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Painted">painted</a>, such as skirting boards, fascia boards, door frames and furniture, resins present in the timber may continue to 'bleed' through to the surface of a knot for months or even years after manufacture and show as a yellow or brownish stain. A knot <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Primer_(paint)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Primer (paint)">primer</a> paint or solution (knotting), correctly applied during preparation, may do much to reduce this problem but it is difficult to control completely, especially when using mass-produced kiln-dried timber stocks. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Heartwood_and_sapwood">Heartwood and sapwood</h3> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"> <div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable"> "Heartwood" redirects here. For other uses, see <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Heartwood_(disambiguation)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-disambig" title="Heartwood (disambiguation)">Heartwood (disambiguation)</a>. </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"> <div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable"> "Sapwood" redirects here. For the missile also called "SS-6 Sapwood", see <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/R7_Semyorka?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="R7 Semyorka">R7 Semyorka</a>. </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"> <div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable"> See also: <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Trunk_(botany)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Trunk (botany)">Trunk (botany)</a> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:Taxus_wood.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Taxus_wood.jpg/220px-Taxus_wood.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="223" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="421" data-file-height="427"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 223px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Taxus_wood.jpg/220px-Taxus_wood.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="223" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Taxus_wood.jpg/330px-Taxus_wood.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/0b/Taxus_wood.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <figcaption> A section of a <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Taxus?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Taxus">yew</a> branch showing 27 annual growth rings, pale sapwood, dark heartwood, and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pith?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Pith">pith</a> (center dark spot). The dark radial lines are small knots. </figcaption> </figure> Heartwood (or duramen<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wood?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Britannica-1911-12">[12]</a>) is wood that as a result of a naturally occurring chemical transformation has become more resistant to decay. Heartwood formation is a genetically programmed process that occurs spontaneously. Some uncertainty exists as to whether the wood dies during heartwood formation, as it can still chemically react to decay organisms, but only once.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wood?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-13">[13]</a> The term heartwood derives solely from its position and not from any vital importance to the tree. This is evidenced by the fact that a tree can thrive with its heart completely decayed. Some species begin to form heartwood very early in life, so having only a thin layer of live sapwood, while in others the change comes slowly. Thin sapwood is characteristic of such species as <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Chestnut?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Chestnut">chestnut</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Black_locust?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Black locust">black locust</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Mulberry?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Mulberry">mulberry</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Osage-orange?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Osage-orange">osage-orange</a>, and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Sassafras?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Sassafras">sassafras</a>, while in <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Maple?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Maple">maple</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ash_tree?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Ash tree">ash</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Hickory?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Hickory">hickory</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Celtis?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Celtis">hackberry</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Beech?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Beech">beech</a>, and pine, thick sapwood is the rule.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wood?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-14">[14]</a> Some others never form heartwood. Heartwood is often visually distinct from the living sapwood and can be distinguished in a cross-section where the boundary will tend to follow the growth rings. For example, it is sometimes much darker. Other processes such as decay or insect invasion can also discolor wood, even in woody plants that do not form heartwood, which may lead to confusion. Sapwood (or alburnum<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wood?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Alburnum-1911-15">[15]</a>) is the younger, outermost wood; in the growing tree it is living wood,<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wood?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-16">[16]</a> and its principal functions are to conduct water from the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Root?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Root">roots</a> to the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Leaf?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Leaf">leaves</a> and to store up and give back according to the season the reserves prepared in the leaves. By the time they become competent to conduct water, all xylem tracheids and vessels have lost their cytoplasm and the cells are therefore functionally dead. All wood in a tree is first formed as sapwood. The more leaves a tree bears and the more vigorous its growth, the larger the volume of sapwood required. Hence trees making rapid growth in the open have thicker sapwood for their size than trees of the same species growing in dense forests. Sometimes trees (of species that do form heartwood) grown in the open may become of considerable size, 30 cm (12 in) or more in diameter, before any heartwood begins to form, for example, in second growth <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Hickory?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Hickory">hickory</a>, or open-grown <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pine?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Pine">pines</a>. <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:Cross-section_of_an_Oak_Log_Showing_Growth_Rings.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Cross-section_of_an_Oak_Log_Showing_Growth_Rings.jpg/220px-Cross-section_of_an_Oak_Log_Showing_Growth_Rings.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="4048" data-file-height="3036"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 165px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Cross-section_of_an_Oak_Log_Showing_Growth_Rings.jpg/220px-Cross-section_of_an_Oak_Log_Showing_Growth_Rings.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="165" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Cross-section_of_an_Oak_Log_Showing_Growth_Rings.jpg/330px-Cross-section_of_an_Oak_Log_Showing_Growth_Rings.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Cross-section_of_an_Oak_Log_Showing_Growth_Rings.jpg/440px-Cross-section_of_an_Oak_Log_Showing_Growth_Rings.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <figcaption> Cross-section of an oak log showing growth rings </figcaption> </figure> No definite relation exists between the annual rings of growth and the amount of sapwood. Within the same species the cross-sectional area of the sapwood is very roughly proportional to the size of the crown of the tree. If the rings are narrow, more of them are required than where they are wide. As the tree gets larger, the sapwood must necessarily become thinner or increase materially in volume. Sapwood is relatively thicker in the upper portion of the trunk of a tree than near the base, because the age and the diameter of the upper sections are less. When a tree is very young it is covered with limbs almost, if not entirely, to the ground, but as it grows older some or all of them will eventually die and are either broken off or fall off. Subsequent growth of wood may completely conceal the stubs which will remain as knots. No matter how smooth and clear a log is on the outside, it is more or less knotty near the middle. Consequently, the sapwood of an old tree, and particularly of a forest-grown tree, will be freer from knots than the inner heartwood. Since in most uses of wood, knots are defects that weaken the timber and interfere with its ease of working and other properties, it follows that a given piece of sapwood, because of its position in the tree, may well be stronger than a piece of heartwood from the same tree. Different pieces of wood cut from a large tree may differ decidedly, particularly if the tree is big and mature. In some trees, the wood laid on late in the life of a tree is softer, lighter, weaker, and more even textured than that produced earlier, but in other trees, the reverse applies. This may or may not correspond to heartwood and sapwood. In a large log the sapwood, because of the time in the life of the tree when it was grown, may be inferior in <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Hardness?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Hardness">hardness</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Strength_of_materials?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Strength of materials">strength</a>, and toughness to equally sound heartwood from the same log. In a smaller tree, the reverse may be true. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Color">Color</h3> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:Sequoia_wood.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Sequoia_wood.jpg/220px-Sequoia_wood.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="90" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="553" data-file-height="226"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 90px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Sequoia_wood.jpg/220px-Sequoia_wood.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="90" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Sequoia_wood.jpg/330px-Sequoia_wood.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Sequoia_wood.jpg/440px-Sequoia_wood.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <figcaption> The wood of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Sequoia_sempervirens?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Sequoia sempervirens">coast redwood</a> is distinctively red. </figcaption> </figure> In species which show a distinct difference between heartwood and sapwood the natural color of heartwood is usually darker than that of the sapwood, and very frequently the contrast is conspicuous (see section of yew log above). This is produced by deposits in the heartwood of chemical substances, so that a dramatic color variation does not imply a significant difference in the mechanical properties of heartwood and sapwood, although there may be a marked biochemical difference between the two. Some experiments on very resinous <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Longleaf_pine?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Longleaf pine">longleaf pine</a> specimens indicate an increase in strength, due to the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Resin?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Resin">resin</a> which increases the strength when dry. Such resin-saturated heartwood is called "fat lighter". Structures built of fat lighter are almost impervious to rot and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Termite?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Termite">termites</a>, and very flammable. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Tree_stump?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Tree stump">Tree stumps</a> of old longleaf pines are often dug, split into small pieces and sold as kindling for fires. Stumps thus dug may actually remain a century or more since being cut. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Spruce?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Spruce">Spruce</a> impregnated with crude resin and dried is also greatly increased in strength thereby. Since the latewood of a growth ring is usually darker in color than the earlywood, this fact may be used in visually judging the density, and therefore the hardness and strength of the material. This is particularly the case with coniferous woods. In ring-porous woods the vessels of the early wood often appear on a finished surface as darker than the denser latewood, though on cross sections of heartwood the reverse is commonly true. Otherwise the color of wood is no indication of strength. Abnormal discoloration of wood often denotes a diseased condition, indicating unsoundness. The black check in western <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Tsuga?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Tsuga">hemlock</a> is the result of insect attacks. The reddish-brown streaks so common in hickory and certain other woods are mostly the result of injury by birds. The discoloration is merely an indication of an injury, and in all probability does not of itself affect the properties of the wood. Certain <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wood-decay_fungus?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Wood-decay fungus">rot-producing fungi</a> impart to wood characteristic colors which thus become symptomatic of weakness. Ordinary sap-staining is due to fungal growth, but does not necessarily produce a weakening effect. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Water_content">Water content</h3> </div> Water occurs in living wood in three locations, namely: <ul> <li>in the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cell_wall?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Cell wall">cell walls</a></li> <li>in the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Protoplasm?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Protoplasm">protoplasmic</a> contents of the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cell_(biology)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Cell (biology)">cells</a></li> <li>as free water in the cell cavities and spaces, especially of the xylem</li> </ul> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:Hailwood-Horrobin_EMC_graph.svg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Hailwood-Horrobin_EMC_graph.svg/220px-Hailwood-Horrobin_EMC_graph.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="480" data-file-height="320"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 147px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Hailwood-Horrobin_EMC_graph.svg/220px-Hailwood-Horrobin_EMC_graph.svg.png" data-width="220" data-height="147" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Hailwood-Horrobin_EMC_graph.svg/330px-Hailwood-Horrobin_EMC_graph.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Hailwood-Horrobin_EMC_graph.svg/440px-Hailwood-Horrobin_EMC_graph.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <figcaption> Equilibrium moisture content in wood. </figcaption> </figure> In heartwood it occurs only in the first and last forms. Wood that is thoroughly air-dried (in <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Equilibrium_moisture_content?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Equilibrium_moisture_content_of_wood" title="Equilibrium moisture content">equilibrium</a> with the moisture content of the air) retains 8–16% of the water in the cell walls, and none, or practically none, in the other forms. Even oven-dried wood retains a small percentage of moisture, but for all except chemical purposes, may be considered absolutely dry. The general effect of the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Water_content?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Wood_moisture_measurement" title="Water content">water content</a> upon the wood substance is to render it softer and more pliable. A similar effect occurs in the softening action of water on rawhide, paper, or cloth. Within certain limits, the greater the water content, the greater its softening effect. The moisture in wood can be measured by several different <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Moisture_meter?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Moisture meter">moisture meters</a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wood_drying?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Wood drying">Drying</a> produces a decided increase in the strength of wood, particularly in small specimens. An extreme example is the case of a completely dry <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Spruce?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Spruce">spruce</a> block 5 cm in section, which will sustain a permanent load four times as great as a green (undried) block of the same size will. The greatest strength increase due to drying is in the ultimate crushing strength, and strength at <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Yield_(engineering)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Yield (engineering)">elastic limit</a> in endwise compression; these are followed by the modulus of rupture, and stress at elastic limit in cross-bending, while the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Elastic_modulus?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Elastic modulus">modulus of elasticity</a> is least affected.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wood?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Record-1914-11">[11]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Structure">Structure</h3> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:BlkWalnut-x-section.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/BlkWalnut-x-section.jpg/170px-BlkWalnut-x-section.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="227" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="480" data-file-height="640"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 170px;height: 227px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/BlkWalnut-x-section.jpg/170px-BlkWalnut-x-section.jpg" data-width="170" data-height="227" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/BlkWalnut-x-section.jpg/255px-BlkWalnut-x-section.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/BlkWalnut-x-section.jpg/340px-BlkWalnut-x-section.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <figcaption> Magnified cross-section of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Juglans_nigra?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Juglans nigra">black walnut</a>, showing the vessels, rays (white lines) and annual rings: this is intermediate between diffuse-porous and ring-porous, with vessel size declining gradually </figcaption> </figure> Wood is a <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Heterogeneous?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Heterogeneous">heterogeneous</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Hygroscopic?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Hygroscopic">hygroscopic</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cell_(biology)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Cell (biology)">cellular</a> and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Anisotropy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Anisotropy">anisotropic</a> (or more specifically, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Orthotropic_material?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Orthotropic material">orthotropic</a>) material. It consists of cells, and the cell walls are composed of micro-fibrils of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cellulose?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Cellulose">cellulose</a> (40–50%) and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Hemicellulose?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Hemicellulose">hemicellulose</a> (15–25%) impregnated with <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Lignin?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Lignin">lignin</a> (15–30%).<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wood?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-17">[17]</a> In coniferous or <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Softwood?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Softwood">softwood</a> species the wood cells are mostly of one kind, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Tracheid?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Tracheid">tracheids</a>, and as a result the material is much more uniform in structure than that of most <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Hardwood?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Hardwood">hardwoods</a>. There are no vessels ("pores") in coniferous wood such as one sees so prominently in oak and ash, for example. The structure of hardwoods is more complex.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wood?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-18">[18]</a> The water conducting capability is mostly taken care of by <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Vessel_element?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Vessel element">vessels</a>: in some cases (oak, chestnut, ash) these are quite large and distinct, in others (<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Aesculus?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Aesculus">buckeye</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Populus?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Populus">poplar</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Willow?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Willow">willow</a>) too small to be seen without a hand lens. In discussing such woods it is customary to divide them into two large classes, ring-porous and diffuse-porous.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wood?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Sperry-1994-19">[19]</a> In ring-porous species, such as ash, black locust, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Catalpa?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Catalpa">catalpa</a>, chestnut, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Elm?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Elm">elm</a>, hickory, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Mulberry?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Mulberry">mulberry</a>, and oak,<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wood?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Sperry-1994-19">[19]</a> the larger vessels or pores (as cross sections of vessels are called) are localized in the part of the growth ring formed in spring, thus forming a region of more or less open and porous tissue. The rest of the ring, produced in summer, is made up of smaller vessels and a much greater proportion of wood fibers. These fibers are the elements which give strength and toughness to wood, while the vessels are a source of weakness.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wood?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-20">[20]</a> In diffuse-porous woods the pores are evenly sized so that the water conducting capability is scattered throughout the growth ring instead of being collected in a band or row. Examples of this kind of wood are <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Alnus?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Alnus">alder</a>,<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wood?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Sperry-1994-19">[19]</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Tilia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Tilia">basswood</a>,<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wood?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-SJRecord-1914-21">[21]</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Birch?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Birch">birch</a>,<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wood?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Sperry-1994-19">[19]</a> buckeye, maple, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Willow?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Willow">willow</a>, and the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Populus?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Populus">Populus</a> species such as aspen, cottonwood and poplar.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wood?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Sperry-1994-19">[19]</a> Some species, such as <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Juglans_nigra?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Juglans nigra">walnut</a> and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Prunus_pumila?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Prunus pumila">cherry</a>, are on the border between the two classes, forming an intermediate group.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wood?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-SJRecord-1914-21">[21]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Earlywood_and_latewood">Earlywood and latewood</h3> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"> <h4 id="In_softwood">In softwood</h4> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:Wood_Pseudotsuga_taxifolia.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Wood_Pseudotsuga_taxifolia.jpg/170px-Wood_Pseudotsuga_taxifolia.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="350" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1138" data-file-height="2346"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 170px;height: 350px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Wood_Pseudotsuga_taxifolia.jpg/170px-Wood_Pseudotsuga_taxifolia.jpg" data-width="170" data-height="350" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Wood_Pseudotsuga_taxifolia.jpg/255px-Wood_Pseudotsuga_taxifolia.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Wood_Pseudotsuga_taxifolia.jpg/340px-Wood_Pseudotsuga_taxifolia.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <figcaption> Earlywood and latewood in a softwood; radial view, growth rings closely spaced in <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pseudotsuga_menziesii_var._glauca?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Pseudotsuga menziesii var. glauca">Rocky Mountain Douglas-fir</a> </figcaption> </figure> In temperate softwoods, there often is a marked difference between latewood and earlywood. The latewood will be denser than that formed early in the season. When examined under a microscope, the cells of dense latewood are seen to be very thick-walled and with very small cell cavities, while those formed first in the season have thin walls and large cell cavities. The strength is in the walls, not the cavities. Hence the greater the proportion of latewood, the greater the density and strength. In choosing a piece of pine where strength or stiffness is the important consideration, the principal thing to observe is the comparative amounts of earlywood and latewood. The width of ring is not nearly so important as the proportion and nature of the latewood in the ring. If a heavy piece of pine is compared with a lightweight piece it will be seen at once that the heavier one contains a larger proportion of latewood than the other, and is therefore showing more clearly demarcated growth rings. In <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pinus_classification?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Pinus classification">white pines</a> there is not much contrast between the different parts of the ring, and as a result the wood is very uniform in texture and is easy to work. In <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pinus_classification?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Pinus classification">hard pines</a>, on the other hand, the latewood is very dense and is deep-colored, presenting a very decided contrast to the soft, straw-colored earlywood. It is not only the proportion of latewood, but also its quality, that counts. In specimens that show a very large proportion of latewood it may be noticeably more porous and weigh considerably less than the latewood in pieces that contain less latewood. One can judge comparative density, and therefore to some extent strength, by visual inspection. No satisfactory explanation can as yet be given for the exact mechanisms determining the formation of earlywood and latewood. Several factors may be involved. In conifers, at least, rate of growth alone does not determine the proportion of the two portions of the ring, for in some cases the wood of slow growth is very hard and heavy, while in others the opposite is true. The quality of the site where the tree grows undoubtedly affects the character of the wood formed, though it is not possible to formulate a rule governing it. In general, where strength or ease of working is essential, woods of moderate to slow growth should be chosen. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"> <h4 id="In_ring-porous_woods">In ring-porous woods</h4> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:Wood_Fraxinus_excelsior.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Wood_Fraxinus_excelsior.jpg/170px-Wood_Fraxinus_excelsior.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="244" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1140" data-file-height="1635"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 170px;height: 244px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Wood_Fraxinus_excelsior.jpg/170px-Wood_Fraxinus_excelsior.jpg" data-width="170" data-height="244" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Wood_Fraxinus_excelsior.jpg/255px-Wood_Fraxinus_excelsior.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Wood_Fraxinus_excelsior.jpg/340px-Wood_Fraxinus_excelsior.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <figcaption> Earlywood and latewood in a ring-porous wood (ash) in a <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fraxinus_excelsior?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Fraxinus excelsior">Fraxinus excelsior</a>; tangential view, wide growth rings </figcaption> </figure> In ring-porous woods, each season's growth is always well defined, because the large pores formed early in the season abut on the denser tissue of the year before. In the case of the ring-porous hardwoods, there seems to exist a pretty definite relation between the rate of growth of timber and its properties. This may be briefly summed up in the general statement that the more rapid the growth or the wider the rings of growth, the heavier, harder, stronger, and stiffer the wood. This, it must be remembered, applies only to ring-porous woods such as oak, ash, hickory, and others of the same group, and is, of course, subject to some exceptions and limitations. In ring-porous woods of good growth, it is usually the latewood in which the thick-walled, strength-giving fibers are most abundant. As the breadth of ring diminishes, this latewood is reduced so that very slow growth produces comparatively light, porous wood composed of thin-walled vessels and wood parenchyma. In good oak, these large vessels of the earlywood occupy from six to ten percent of the volume of the log, while in inferior material they may make up 25% or more. The latewood of good oak is dark colored and firm, and consists mostly of thick-walled fibers which form one-half or more of the wood. In inferior oak, this latewood is much reduced both in quantity and quality. Such variation is very largely the result of rate of growth. Wide-ringed wood is often called "second-growth", because the growth of the young timber in open stands after the old trees have been removed is more rapid than in trees in a closed forest, and in the manufacture of articles where strength is an important consideration such "second-growth" hardwood material is preferred. This is particularly the case in the choice of hickory for handles and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Spoke?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Spoke">spokes</a>. Here not only strength, but toughness and resilience are important.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wood?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Record-1914-11">[11]</a> The results of a series of tests on hickory by the U.S. Forest Service show that: <dl> <dd> "The work or shock-resisting ability is greatest in wide-ringed wood that has from 5 to 14 rings per inch (rings 1.8-5 mm thick), is fairly constant from 14 to 38 rings per inch (rings 0.7–1.8 mm thick), and decreases rapidly from 38 to 47 rings per inch (rings 0.5–0.7 mm thick). The strength at maximum load is not so great with the most rapid-growing wood; it is maximum with from 14 to 20 rings per inch (rings 1.3–1.8 mm thick), and again becomes less as the wood becomes more closely ringed. The natural deduction is that wood of first-class mechanical value shows from 5 to 20 rings per inch (rings 1.3–5 mm thick) and that slower growth yields poorer stock. Thus the inspector or buyer of hickory should discriminate against timber that has more than 20 rings per inch (rings less than 1.3 mm thick). Exceptions exist, however, in the case of normal growth upon dry situations, in which the slow-growing material may be strong and tough."<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wood?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-USDA_FPL-2007-22">[22]</a> </dd> </dl> The effect of rate of growth on the qualities of chestnut wood is summarized by the same authority as follows: <dl> <dd> "When the rings are wide, the transition from spring wood to summer wood is gradual, while in the narrow rings the spring wood passes into summer wood abruptly. The width of the spring wood changes but little with the width of the annual ring, so that the narrowing or broadening of the annual ring is always at the expense of the summer wood. The narrow vessels of the summer wood make it richer in wood substance than the spring wood composed of wide vessels. Therefore, rapid-growing specimens with wide rings have more wood substance than slow-growing trees with narrow rings. Since the more the wood substance the greater the weight, and the greater the weight the stronger the wood, chestnuts with wide rings must have stronger wood than chestnuts with narrow rings. This agrees with the accepted view that sprouts (which always have wide rings) yield better and stronger wood than seedling chestnuts, which grow more slowly in diameter."<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wood?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-USDA_FPL-2007-22">[22]</a> </dd> </dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"> <h4 id="In_diffuse-porous_woods">In diffuse-porous woods</h4> </div> In the diffuse-porous woods, the demarcation between rings is not always so clear and in some cases is almost (if not entirely) invisible to the unaided eye. Conversely, when there is a clear demarcation there may not be a noticeable difference in structure within the growth ring. In diffuse-porous woods, as has been stated, the vessels or pores are even-sized, so that the water conducting capability is scattered throughout the ring instead of collected in the earlywood. The effect of rate of growth is, therefore, not the same as in the ring-porous woods, approaching more nearly the conditions in the conifers. In general, it may be stated that such woods of medium growth afford stronger material than when very rapidly or very slowly grown. In many uses of wood, total strength is not the main consideration. If ease of working is prized, wood should be chosen with regard to its uniformity of texture and straightness of grain, which will in most cases occur when there is little contrast between the latewood of one season's growth and the earlywood of the next. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Monocots">Monocots</h3> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:Gelugu_(coconut_wood)_in_Klaten,_Java.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Gelugu_%28coconut_wood%29_in_Klaten%2C_Java.jpg/220px-Gelugu_%28coconut_wood%29_in_Klaten%2C_Java.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="164" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2576" data-file-height="1920"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 164px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Gelugu_%28coconut_wood%29_in_Klaten%2C_Java.jpg/220px-Gelugu_%28coconut_wood%29_in_Klaten%2C_Java.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="164" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Gelugu_%28coconut_wood%29_in_Klaten%2C_Java.jpg/330px-Gelugu_%28coconut_wood%29_in_Klaten%2C_Java.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Gelugu_%28coconut_wood%29_in_Klaten%2C_Java.jpg/440px-Gelugu_%28coconut_wood%29_in_Klaten%2C_Java.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <figcaption> Trunks of the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Coconut?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Coconut">coconut</a> palm, a monocot, in <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Java?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Java">Java</a>. From this perspective these look not much different from trunks of a <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Dicot?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Dicot">dicot</a> or <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Conifer?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Conifer">conifer</a> </figcaption> </figure> Structural material that resembles ordinary, "dicot" or conifer timber in its gross handling characteristics is produced by a number of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Monocotyledon?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Monocotyledon">monocot</a> plants, and these also are colloquially called wood. Of these, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bamboo?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Bamboo">bamboo</a>, botanically a member of the grass family, has considerable economic importance, larger culms being widely used as a building and construction material and in the manufacture of engineered flooring, panels and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wood_veneer?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Wood veneer">veneer</a>. Another major plant group that produces material that often is called wood are the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Arecaceae?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Arecaceae">palms</a>. Of much less importance are plants such as <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pandanus?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Pandanus">Pandanus</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Dracaena_(plant)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Dracaena (plant)">Dracaena</a> and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cordyline?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Cordyline">Cordyline</a>. With all this material, the structure and composition of the processed raw material is quite different from ordinary wood. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Specific_gravity">Specific gravity</h3> </div> The single most revealing property of wood as an indicator of wood quality is <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Relative_density?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Relative density">specific gravity</a> (Timell 1986),<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wood?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Timell-1986-23">[23]</a> as both pulp yield and lumber strength are determined by it. Specific gravity is the ratio of the mass of a substance to the mass of an equal volume of water; density is the ratio of a mass of a quantity of a substance to the volume of that quantity and is expressed in mass per unit substance, e.g., grams per milliliter (g/cm3 or g/ml). The terms are essentially equivalent as long as the metric system is used. Upon drying, wood shrinks and its density increases. Minimum values are associated with green (water-saturated) wood and are referred to as basic specific gravity (Timell 1986).<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wood?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Timell-1986-23">[23]</a> The U.S. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Forest_Products_Laboratory?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Forest Products Laboratory">Forest Products Laboratory</a> lists a variety of ways to define specific gravity (G) and density (ρ) for wood:<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wood?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-24">[24]</a> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody> <tr> <th>Symbol</th> <th>Mass basis</th> <th>Volume basis</th> </tr> <tr> <td>G0</td> <td>Ovendry</td> <td>Ovendry</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Gb (basic)</td> <td>Ovendry</td> <td>Green</td> </tr> <tr> <td>G12</td> <td>Ovendry</td> <td>12% MC</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Gx</td> <td>Ovendry</td> <td>x% MC</td> </tr> <tr> <td>ρ0</td> <td>Ovendry</td> <td>Ovendry</td> </tr> <tr> <td>ρ12</td> <td>12% MC</td> <td>12% MC</td> </tr> <tr> <td>ρx</td> <td>x% MC</td> <td>x% MC</td> </tr> </tbody> </table> The FPL has adopted Gb and G12 for specific gravity, in accordance with the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ASTM_International?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="ASTM International">ASTM</a> D2555<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wood?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-25">[25]</a> standard. These are scientifically useful, but don't represent any condition that could physically occur. The FPL Wood Handbook also provides formulas for approximately converting any of these measurements to any other. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Density">Density</h3> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"> <div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable"> See also: <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Janka_hardness_test?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Janka hardness test">Janka hardness test</a> </div> Wood density is determined by multiple growth and physiological factors compounded into "one fairly easily measured wood characteristic" (Elliott 1970).<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wood?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Elliott-1970-26">[26]</a> Age, diameter, height, radial (trunk) growth, geographical location, site and growing conditions, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Silviculture?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Silviculture">silvicultural</a> treatment, and seed source all to some degree influence wood density. Variation is to be expected. Within an individual tree, the variation in wood density is often as great as or even greater than that between different trees (Timell 1986).<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wood?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Timell-1986-23">[23]</a> Variation of specific gravity within the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Trunk_(botany)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Trunk (botany)">bole</a> of a tree can occur in either the horizontal or vertical direction. Because the specific gravity as defined above uses an unrealistic condition, woodworkers tend to use the "average dried weight", which is a density based on mass at 12% moisture content and volume at the same (ρ12). This condition occurs when the wood is at equilibrium moisture content with air at about 65% relative humidity and temperature at 30 °C (86 °F). This density is expressed in units of kg/m3 or lbs/ft3. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Tables">Tables</h3> </div> The following tables list the mechanical properties of wood and lumber plant species, including bamboo. See also <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Tonewood?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Mechanical_properties_of_tonewoods" title="Tonewood">Mechanical properties of tonewoods</a> for additional properties. Wood properties:<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wood?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-27">[27]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wood?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-pfaf-2019-28">[28]</a> <table class="wikitable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed sortable"> <tbody> <tr> <th>Common name</th> <th>Scientific name</th> <th>Moisture content</th> <th>Density (kg/m3)</th> <th>Compressive strength (megapascals)</th> <th>Flexural strength (megapascals)</th> </tr> <tr> <td>Red Alder</td> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Alnus_rubra?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Alnus rubra">Alnus rubra</a></td> <td>Green</td> <td>370</td> <td>20.4</td> <td>45</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Red Alder</td> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Alnus_rubra?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Alnus rubra">Alnus rubra</a></td> <td>12.00%</td> <td>410</td> <td>40.1</td> <td>68</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Black Ash</td> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fraxinus_nigra?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Fraxinus nigra">Fraxinus nigra</a></td> <td>Green</td> <td>450</td> <td>15.9</td> <td>41</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Black Ash</td> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fraxinus_nigra?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Fraxinus nigra">Fraxinus nigra</a></td> <td>12.00%</td> <td>490</td> <td>41.2</td> <td>87</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Blue Ash</td> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fraxinus_quadrangulata?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Fraxinus quadrangulata">Fraxinus quadrangulata</a></td> <td>Green</td> <td>530</td> <td>24.8</td> <td>66</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Blue Ash</td> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fraxinus_quadrangulata?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Fraxinus quadrangulata">Fraxinus quadrangulata</a></td> <td>12.00%</td> <td>580</td> <td>48.1</td> <td>95</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Green Ash</td> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fraxinus_pennsylvanica?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Fraxinus pennsylvanica">Fraxinus pennsylvanica</a></td> <td>Green</td> <td>530</td> <td>29</td> <td>66</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Green Ash</td> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fraxinus_pennsylvanica?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Fraxinus pennsylvanica">Fraxinus pennsylvanica</a></td> <td>12.00%</td> <td>560</td> <td>48.8</td> <td>97</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Oregon Ash</td> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fraxinus_latifolia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Fraxinus latifolia">Fraxinus latifolia</a></td> <td>Green</td> <td>500</td> <td>24.2</td> <td>52</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Oregon Ash</td> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fraxinus_latifolia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Fraxinus latifolia">Fraxinus latifolia</a></td> <td>12.00%</td> <td>550</td> <td>41.6</td> <td>88</td> </tr> <tr> <td>White Ash</td> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fraxinus_americana?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Fraxinus americana">Fraxinus americana</a></td> <td>Green</td> <td>550</td> <td>27.5</td> <td>66</td> </tr> <tr> <td>White Ash</td> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fraxinus_americana?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Fraxinus americana">Fraxinus americana</a></td> <td>12.00%</td> <td>600</td> <td>51.1</td> <td>103</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Bigtooth Aspen</td> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Populus_grandidentata?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Populus grandidentata">Populus grandidentata</a></td> <td>Green</td> <td>360</td> <td>17.2</td> <td>37</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Bigtooth Aspen</td> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Populus_grandidentata?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Populus grandidentata">Populus grandidentata</a></td> <td>12.00%</td> <td>390</td> <td>36.5</td> <td>63</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Quaking Aspen</td> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Populus_tremuloides?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Populus tremuloides">Populus tremuloides</a></td> <td>Green</td> <td>350</td> <td>14.8</td> <td>35</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Quaking Aspen</td> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Populus_tremuloides?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Populus tremuloides">Populus tremuloides</a></td> <td>12.00%</td> <td>380</td> <td>29.3</td> <td>58</td> </tr> <tr> <td>American Basswood</td> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Tilia_americana?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Tilia americana">Tilia americana</a></td> <td>Green</td> <td>320</td> <td>15.3</td> <td>34</td> </tr> <tr> <td>American Basswood</td> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Tilia_americana?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Tilia americana">Tilia americana</a></td> <td>12.00%</td> <td>370</td> <td>32.6</td> <td>60</td> </tr> <tr> <td>American Beech</td> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fagus_grandifolia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Fagus grandifolia">Fagus grandifolia</a></td> <td>Green</td> <td>560</td> <td>24.5</td> <td>59</td> </tr> <tr> <td>American Beech</td> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fagus_grandifolia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Fagus grandifolia">Fagus grandifolia</a></td> <td>12.00%</td> <td>640</td> <td>50.3</td> <td>103</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Paper Birch</td> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Betula_papyrifera?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Betula papyrifera">Betula papyrifera</a></td> <td>Green</td> <td>480</td> <td>16.3</td> <td>44</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Paper Birch</td> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Betula_papyrifera?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Betula papyrifera">Betula papyrifera</a></td> <td>12.00%</td> <td>550</td> <td>39.2</td> <td>85</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Sweet Birch</td> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Betula_lenta?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Betula lenta">Betula lenta</a></td> <td>Green</td> <td>600</td> <td>25.8</td> <td>65</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Sweet Birch</td> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Betula_lenta?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Betula lenta">Betula lenta</a></td> <td>12.00%</td> <td>650</td> <td>58.9</td> <td>117</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Yellow Birch</td> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Betula_alleghaniensis?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Betula alleghaniensis">Betula alleghaniensis</a></td> <td>Green</td> <td>550</td> <td>23.3</td> <td>57</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Yellow Birch</td> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Betula_alleghaniensis?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Betula alleghaniensis">Betula alleghaniensis</a></td> <td>12.00%</td> <td>620</td> <td>56.3</td> <td>114</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Butternut</td> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Juglans_cinerea?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Juglans cinerea">Juglans cinerea</a></td> <td>Green</td> <td>360</td> <td>16.7</td> <td>37</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Butternut</td> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Juglans_cinerea?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Juglans cinerea">Juglans cinerea</a></td> <td>12.00%</td> <td>380</td> <td>36.2</td> <td>56</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Black Cherry</td> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Prunus_serotina?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Prunus serotina">Prunus serotina</a></td> <td>Green</td> <td>470</td> <td>24.4</td> <td>55</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Blach Cherry</td> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Prunus_serotina?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Prunus serotina">Prunus serotina</a></td> <td>12.00%</td> <td>500</td> <td>49</td> <td>85</td> </tr> <tr> <td>American Chestnut</td> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/American_chestnut?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="American chestnut">Castanea dentata</a></td> <td>Green</td> <td>400</td> <td>17</td> <td>39</td> </tr> <tr> <td>American Chestnut</td> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/American_chestnut?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="American chestnut">Castanea dentata</a></td> <td>12.00%</td> <td>430</td> <td>36.7</td> <td>59</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Balsam Poplar Cottonwood</td> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Populus_balsamifera?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Populus balsamifera">Populus balsamifera</a></td> <td>Green</td> <td>310</td> <td>11.7</td> <td>27</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Balsam Poplar Cottonwood</td> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Populus_balsamifera?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Populus balsamifera">Populus balsamifera</a></td> <td>12.00%</td> <td>340</td> <td>27.7</td> <td>47</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Black Cottonwood</td> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Populus_trichocarpa?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Populus trichocarpa">Populus trichocarpa</a></td> <td>Green</td> <td>310</td> <td>15.2</td> <td>34</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Black Cottonwood</td> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Populus_trichocarpa?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Populus trichocarpa">Populus trichocarpa</a></td> <td>12.00%</td> <td>350</td> <td>31</td> <td>59</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Eastern Cottonwood</td> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Populus_deltoides?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Populus deltoides">Populus deltoides</a></td> <td>Green</td> <td>370</td> <td>15.7</td> <td>37</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Eastern Cottonwood</td> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Populus_deltoides?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Populus deltoides">Populus deltoides</a></td> <td>12.00%</td> <td>400</td> <td>33.9</td> <td>59</td> </tr> <tr> <td>American Elm</td> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ulmus_americana?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Ulmus americana">Ulmus americana</a></td> <td>Green</td> <td>460</td> <td>20.1</td> <td>50</td> </tr> <tr> <td>American Elm</td> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ulmus_americana?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Ulmus americana">Ulmus americana</a></td> <td>12.00%</td> <td>500</td> <td>38.1</td> <td>81</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Rock Elm</td> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ulmus_thomasii?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Ulmus thomasii">Ulmus thomasii</a></td> <td>Green</td> <td>570</td> <td>26.1</td> <td>66</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Rock Elm</td> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ulmus_thomasii?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Ulmus thomasii">Ulmus thomasii</a></td> <td>12.00%</td> <td>630</td> <td>48.6</td> <td>102</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Slippery Elm</td> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ulmus_rubra?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Ulmus rubra">Ulmus rubra</a></td> <td>Green</td> <td>480</td> <td>22.9</td> <td>55</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Slippery Elm</td> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ulmus_rubra?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Ulmus rubra">Ulmus rubra</a></td> <td>12.00%</td> <td>530</td> <td>43.9</td> <td>90</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Hackberry</td> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Celtis_occidentalis?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Celtis occidentalis">Celtis occidentalis</a></td> <td>Green</td> <td>490</td> <td>18.3</td> <td>45</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Hackberry</td> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Celtis_occidentalis?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Celtis occidentalis">Celtis occidentalis</a></td> <td>12.00%</td> <td>530</td> <td>37.5</td> <td>76</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Bitternut Hickory</td> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Carya_cordiformis?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Carya cordiformis">Carya cordiformis</a></td> <td>Green</td> <td>600</td> <td>31.5</td> <td>71</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Bitternut Hickory</td> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Carya_cordiformis?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Carya cordiformis">Carya cordiformis</a></td> <td>12.00%</td> <td>660</td> <td>62.3</td> <td>118</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Nutmeg Hickory</td> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Carya_myristiciformis?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Carya myristiciformis">Carya myristiciformis</a></td> <td>Green</td> <td>560</td> <td>27.4</td> <td>63</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Nutmeg Hickory</td> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Carya_myristiciformis?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Carya myristiciformis">Carya myristiciformis</a></td> <td>12.00%</td> <td>600</td> <td>47.6</td> <td>114</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Pecan Hickory</td> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Carya_illinoinensis?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Carya illinoinensis">Carya illinoinensis</a></td> <td>Green</td> <td>600</td> <td>27.5</td> <td>68</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Pecan Hickory</td> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Carya_illinoinensis?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Carya illinoinensis">Carya illinoinensis</a></td> <td>12.00%</td> <td>660</td> <td>54.1</td> <td>94</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Water Hickory</td> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Carya_aquatica?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Carya aquatica">Carya aquatica</a></td> <td>Green</td> <td>610</td> <td>32.1</td> <td>74</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Water Hickory</td> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Carya_aquatica?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Carya aquatica">Carya aquatica</a></td> <td>12.00%</td> <td>620</td> <td>59.3</td> <td>123</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Mockernut Hickory</td> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Carya_tomentosa?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Carya tomentosa">Carya tomentosa</a></td> <td>Green</td> <td>640</td> <td>30.9</td> <td>77</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Mockernut Hickory</td> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Carya_tomentosa?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Carya tomentosa">Carya tomentosa</a></td> <td>12.00%</td> <td>720</td> <td>61.6</td> <td>132</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Pignut Hickory</td> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Carya_glabra?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Carya glabra">Carya glabra</a></td> <td>Green</td> <td>660</td> <td>33.2</td> <td>81</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Pignut Hickory</td> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Carya_glabra?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Carya glabra">Carya glabra</a></td> <td>12.00%</td> <td>750</td> <td>63.4</td> <td>139</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Shagbark Hickory</td> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Carya_ovata?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Carya ovata">Carya ovata</a></td> <td>Green</td> <td>640</td> <td>31.6</td> <td>76</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Shagbark Hickory</td> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Carya_ovata?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Carya ovata">Carya ovata</a></td> <td>12.00%</td> <td>720</td> <td>63.5</td> <td>139</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Shellbark Hickory</td> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Carya_laciniosa?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Carya laciniosa">Carya laciniosa</a></td> <td>Green</td> <td>620</td> <td>27</td> <td>72</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Shellbark Hickory</td> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Carya_laciniosa?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Carya laciniosa">Carya laciniosa</a></td> <td>12.00%</td> <td>690</td> <td>55.2</td> <td>125</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Honeylocust</td> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Gleditsia_triacanthos?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Gleditsia triacanthos">Gleditsia triacanthos</a></td> <td>Green</td> <td>600</td> <td>30.5</td> <td>70</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Honeylocust</td> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Gleditsia_triacanthos?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Gleditsia triacanthos">Gleditsia triacanthos</a></td> <td>12.00%</td> <td>600</td> <td>51.7</td> <td>101</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Black Locust</td> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Robinia_pseudoacacia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Robinia pseudoacacia">Robinia pseudoacacia</a></td> <td>Green</td> <td>660</td> <td>46.9</td> <td>95</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Black Locust</td> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Robinia_pseudoacacia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Robinia pseudoacacia">Robinia pseudoacacia</a></td> <td>12.00%</td> <td>690</td> <td>70.2</td> <td>134</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Cucumber Tree Magnolia</td> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Magnolia_acuminata?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Magnolia acuminata">Magnolia acuminata</a></td> <td>Green</td> <td>440</td> <td>21.6</td> <td>51</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Cucumber Tree Magnolia</td> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Magnolia_acuminata?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Magnolia acuminata">Magnolia acuminata</a></td> <td>12.00%</td> <td>480</td> <td>43.5</td> <td>85</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Southern Magnolia</td> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Magnolia_grandiflora?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Magnolia grandiflora">Magnolia grandiflora</a></td> <td>Green</td> <td>460</td> <td>18.6</td> <td>47</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Southern Magnolia</td> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Magnolia_grandiflora?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Magnolia grandiflora">Magnolia grandiflora</a></td> <td>12.00%</td> <td>500</td> <td>37.6</td> <td>77</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Bigleaf Maple</td> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Acer_macrophyllum?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Acer macrophyllum">Acer macrophyllum</a></td> <td>Green</td> <td>440</td> <td>22.3</td> <td>51</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Bigleaf Maple</td> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Acer_macrophyllum?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Acer macrophyllum">Acer macrophyllum</a></td> <td>12.00%</td> <td>480</td> <td>41</td> <td>74</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Black Maple</td> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Acer_nigrum?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Acer nigrum">Acer nigrum</a></td> <td>Green</td> <td>520</td> <td>22.5</td> <td>54</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Black Maple</td> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Acer_nigrum?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Acer nigrum">Acer nigrum</a></td> <td>12.00%</td> <td>570</td> <td>46.1</td> <td>92</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Red Maple</td> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Acer_rubrum?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Acer rubrum">Acer rubrum</a></td> <td>Green</td> <td>490</td> <td>22.6</td> <td>53</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Red Maple</td> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Acer_rubrum?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Acer rubrum">Acer rubrum</a></td> <td>12.00%</td> <td>540</td> <td>45.1</td> <td>92</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Silver Maple</td> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Acer_saccharinum?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Acer saccharinum">Acer saccharinum</a></td> <td>Green</td> <td>440</td> <td>17.2</td> <td>40</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Silver Maple</td> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Acer_saccharinum?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Acer saccharinum">Acer saccharinum</a></td> <td>12.00%</td> <td>470</td> <td>36</td> <td>61</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Sugar Maple</td> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Acer_saccharum?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Acer saccharum">Acer saccharum</a></td> <td>Green</td> <td>560</td> <td>27.7</td> <td>65</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Sugar Maple</td> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Acer_saccharum?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Acer saccharum">Acer saccharum</a></td> <td>12.00%</td> <td>630</td> <td>54</td> <td>109</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Black Red Oak</td> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Quercus_velutina?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Quercus velutina">Quercus velutina</a></td> <td>Green</td> <td>560</td> <td>23.9</td> <td>57</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Black Red Oak</td> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Quercus_velutina?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Quercus velutina">Quercus velutina</a></td> <td>12.00%</td> <td>610</td> <td>45</td> <td>96</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Cherrybark Red Oak</td> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Quercus_pagoda?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Quercus pagoda">Quercus pagoda</a></td> <td>Green</td> <td>610</td> <td>31.9</td> <td>74</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Cherrybark Red Oak</td> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Quercus_pagoda?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Quercus pagoda">Quercus pagoda</a></td> <td>12.00%</td> <td>680</td> <td>60.3</td> <td>125</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Laurel Red Oak</td> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Quercus_hemisphaerica?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Quercus hemisphaerica">Quercus hemisphaerica</a></td> <td>Green</td> <td>560</td> <td>21.9</td> <td>54</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Laurel Red Oak</td> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Quercus_hemisphaerica?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Quercus hemisphaerica">Quercus hemisphaerica</a></td> <td>12.00%</td> <td>630</td> <td>48.1</td> <td>87</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Northern Red Oak</td> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Quercus_rubra?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Quercus rubra">Quercus rubra</a></td> <td>Green</td> <td>560</td> <td>23.7</td> <td>57</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Northern Red Oak</td> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Quercus_rubra?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Quercus rubra">Quercus rubra</a></td> <td>12.00%</td> <td>630</td> <td>46.6</td> <td>99</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Pin Red Oak</td> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Quercus_palustris?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Quercus palustris">Quercus palustris</a></td> <td>Green</td> <td>580</td> <td>25.4</td> <td>57</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Pin Red Oak</td> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Quercus_palustris?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Quercus palustris">Quercus palustris</a></td> <td>12.00%</td> <td>630</td> <td>47</td> <td>97</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Scarlet Red Oak</td> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Quercus_coccinea?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Quercus coccinea">Quercus coccinea</a></td> <td>Green</td> <td>600</td> <td>28.2</td> <td>72</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Scarlet Red Oak</td> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Quercus_coccinea?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Quercus coccinea">Quercus coccinea</a></td> <td>12.00%</td> <td>670</td> <td>57.4</td> <td>120</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Southern Red Oak</td> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Quercus_falcata?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Quercus falcata">Quercus falcata</a></td> <td>Green</td> <td>520</td> <td>20.9</td> <td>48</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Southern Red Oak</td> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Quercus_falcata?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Quercus falcata">Quercus falcata</a></td> <td>12.00%</td> <td>590</td> <td>42</td> <td>75</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Water Red Oak</td> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Quercus_nigra?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Quercus nigra">Quercus nigra</a></td> <td>Green</td> <td>560</td> <td>25.8</td> <td>61</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Water Red Oak</td> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Quercus_nigra?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Quercus nigra">Quercus nigra</a></td> <td>12.00%</td> <td>630</td> <td>46.7</td> <td>106</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Willow Red Oak</td> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Quercus_phellos?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Quercus phellos">Quercus phellos</a></td> <td>Green</td> <td>560</td> <td>20.7</td> <td>51</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Willow Red Oak</td> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Quercus_phellos?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Quercus phellos">Quercus phellos</a></td> <td>12.00%</td> <td>690</td> <td>48.5</td> <td>100</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Bur White Oak</td> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Quercus_macrocarpa?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Quercus macrocarpa">Quercus macrocarpa</a></td> <td>Green</td> <td>580</td> <td>22.7</td> <td>50</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Bur White Oak</td> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Quercus_macrocarpa?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Quercus macrocarpa">Quercus macrocarpa</a></td> <td>12.00%</td> <td>640</td> <td>41.8</td> <td>71</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Chestnut White Oak</td> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Quercus_montana?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Quercus montana">Quercus montana</a></td> <td>Green</td> <td>570</td> <td>24.3</td> <td>55</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Chestnut White Oak</td> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Quercus_montana?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Quercus montana">Quercus montana</a></td> <td>12.00%</td> <td>660</td> <td>47.1</td> <td>92</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Live White Oak</td> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Quercus_virginiana?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Quercus virginiana">Quercus virginiana</a></td> <td>Green</td> <td>800</td> <td>37.4</td> <td>82</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Live White Oak</td> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Quercus_virginiana?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Quercus virginiana">Quercus virginiana</a></td> <td>12.00%</td> <td>880</td> <td>61.4</td> <td>127</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Overcup White Oak</td> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Quercus_lyrata?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Quercus lyrata">Quercus lyrata</a></td> <td>Green</td> <td>570</td> <td>23.2</td> <td>55</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Overcup White Oak</td> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Quercus_lyrata?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Quercus lyrata">Quercus lyrata</a></td> <td>12.00%</td> <td>630</td> <td>42.7</td> <td>87</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Post White Oak</td> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Quercus_stellata?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Quercus stellata">Quercus stellata</a></td> <td>Green</td> <td>600</td> <td>24</td> <td>56</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Post White Oak</td> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Quercus_stellata?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Quercus stellata">Quercus stellata</a></td> <td>12.00%</td> <td>670</td> <td>45.3</td> <td>91</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Swamp Chestnut White Oak</td> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Quercus_michauxii?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Quercus michauxii">Quercus michauxii</a></td> <td>Green</td> <td>600</td> <td>24.4</td> <td>59</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Swamp Chestnut White Oak</td> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Quercus_michauxii?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Quercus michauxii">Quercus michauxii</a></td> <td>12.00%</td> <td>670</td> <td>50.1</td> <td>96</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Swamp White Oak</td> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Quercus_bicolor?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Quercus bicolor">Quercus bicolor</a></td> <td>Green</td> <td>640</td> <td>30.1</td> <td>68</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Swamp White Oak</td> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Quercus_bicolor?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Quercus bicolor">Quercus bicolor</a></td> <td>12.00%</td> <td>720</td> <td>59.3</td> <td>122</td> </tr> <tr> <td>White Oak</td> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Quercus_alba?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Quercus alba">Quercus alba</a></td> <td>Green</td> <td>600</td> <td>24.5</td> <td>57</td> </tr> <tr> <td>White Oak</td> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Quercus_alba?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Quercus alba">Quercus alba</a></td> <td>12.00%</td> <td>680</td> <td>51.3</td> <td>105</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Sassafras</td> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Sassafras_albidum?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Sassafras albidum">Sassafras albidum</a></td> <td>Green</td> <td>420</td> <td>18.8</td> <td>41</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Sassafras</td> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Sassafras_albidum?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Sassafras albidum">Sassafras albidum</a></td> <td>12.00%</td> <td>460</td> <td>32.8</td> <td>62</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Sweetgum</td> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Liquidambar_styraciflua?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Liquidambar styraciflua">Liquidambar styraciflua</a></td> <td>Green</td> <td>460</td> <td>21</td> <td>49</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Sweetgum</td> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Liquidambar_styraciflua?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Liquidambar styraciflua">Liquidambar styraciflua</a></td> <td>12.00%</td> <td>520</td> <td>43.6</td> <td>86</td> </tr> <tr> <td>American Sycamore</td> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Platanus_occidentalis?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Platanus occidentalis">Platanus occidentalis</a></td> <td>Green</td> <td>460</td> <td>20.1</td> <td>45</td> </tr> <tr> <td>American Sycamore</td> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Platanus_occidentalis?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Platanus occidentalis">Platanus occidentalis</a></td> <td>12.00%</td> <td>490</td> <td>37.1</td> <td>69</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Tanoak</td> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Notholithocarpus_densiflorus?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Notholithocarpus densiflorus">Notholithocarpus densiflorus</a></td> <td>Green</td> <td>580</td> <td>32.1</td> <td>72</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Tanoak</td> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Notholithocarpus_densiflorus?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Notholithocarpus densiflorus">Notholithocarpus densiflorus</a></td> <td>12.00%</td> <td>580</td> <td>32.1</td> <td>72</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Black Tupelo</td> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nyssa_sylvatica?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Nyssa sylvatica">Nyssa sylvatica</a></td> <td>Green</td> <td>460</td> <td>21</td> <td>48</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Black Tupelo</td> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nyssa_sylvatica?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Nyssa sylvatica">Nyssa sylvatica</a></td> <td>12.00%</td> <td>500</td> <td>38.1</td> <td>66</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Water Tupelo</td> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nyssa_aquatica?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Nyssa aquatica">Nyssa aquatica</a></td> <td>Green</td> <td>460</td> <td>23.2</td> <td>50</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Water Tupelo</td> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nyssa_aquatica?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Nyssa aquatica">Nyssa aquatica</a></td> <td>12.00%</td> <td>500</td> <td>40.8</td> <td>66</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Black Walnut</td> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Juglans_nigra?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Juglans nigra">Juglans nigra</a></td> <td>Green</td> <td>510</td> <td>29.6</td> <td>66</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Black Walnut</td> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Juglans_nigra?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Juglans nigra">Juglans nigra</a></td> <td>12.00%</td> <td>550</td> <td>52.3</td> <td>101</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Black Willow</td> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Salix_nigra?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Salix nigra">Salix nigra</a></td> <td>Green</td> <td>360</td> <td>14.1</td> <td>33</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Black Willow</td> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Salix_nigra?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Salix nigra">Salix nigra</a></td> <td>12.00%</td> <td>390</td> <td>28.3</td> <td>54</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Yellow Poplar</td> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Liriodendron_tulipifera?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Liriodendron tulipifera">Liriodendron tulipifera</a></td> <td>Green</td> <td>400</td> <td>18.3</td> <td>41</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Yellow Poplar</td> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Liriodendron_tulipifera?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Liriodendron tulipifera">Liriodendron tulipifera</a></td> <td>12.00%</td> <td>420</td> <td>38.2</td> <td>70</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Baldcypress</td> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Taxodium_distichum?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Taxodium distichum">Taxodium distichum</a></td> <td>Green</td> <td>420</td> <td>24.7</td> <td>46</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Baldcypress</td> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Taxodium_distichum?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Taxodium distichum">Taxodium distichum</a></td> <td>12.00%</td> <td>460</td> <td>43.9</td> <td>73</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Atlantic White Cedar</td> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Chamaecyparis_thyoides?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Chamaecyparis thyoides">Chamaecyparis thyoides</a></td> <td>Green</td> <td>310</td> <td>16.5</td> <td>32</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Atlantic White Cedar</td> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Chamaecyparis_thyoides?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Chamaecyparis thyoides">Chamaecyparis thyoides</a></td> <td>12.00%</td> <td>320</td> <td>32.4</td> <td>47</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Eastern Redcedar</td> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Juniperus_virginiana?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Juniperus virginiana">Juniperus virginiana</a></td> <td>Green</td> <td>440</td> <td>24.6</td> <td>48</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Eastern Redcedar</td> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Juniperus_virginiana?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Juniperus virginiana">Juniperus virginiana</a></td> <td>12.00%</td> <td>470</td> <td>41.5</td> <td>61</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Incense Cedar</td> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Calocedrus_decurrens?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Calocedrus decurrens">Calocedrus decurrens</a></td> <td>Green</td> <td>350</td> <td>21.7</td> <td>43</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Incense Cedar</td> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Calocedrus_decurrens?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Calocedrus decurrens">Calocedrus decurrens</a></td> <td>12.00%</td> <td>370</td> <td>35.9</td> <td>55</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Northern White Cedar</td> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Thuja_occidentalis?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Thuja occidentalis">Thuja occidentalis</a></td> <td>Green</td> <td>290</td> <td>13.7</td> <td>29</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Northern White Cedar</td> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Thuja_occidentalis?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Thuja occidentalis">Thuja occidentalis</a></td> <td>12.00%</td> <td>310</td> <td>27.3</td> <td>45</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Port Orford Cedar</td> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Chamaecyparis_lawsoniana?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Chamaecyparis lawsoniana">Chamaecyparis lawsoniana</a></td> <td>Green</td> <td>390</td> <td>21.6</td> <td>45</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Port Orford Cedar</td> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Chamaecyparis_lawsoniana?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Chamaecyparis lawsoniana">Chamaecyparis lawsoniana</a></td> <td>12.00%</td> <td>430</td> <td>43.1</td> <td>88</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Western Redcedar</td> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Thuja_plicata?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Thuja plicata">Thuja plicata</a></td> <td>Green</td> <td>310</td> <td>19.1</td> <td>35.9</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Western Redcedar</td> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Thuja_plicata?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Thuja plicata">Thuja plicata</a></td> <td>12.00%</td> <td>320</td> <td>31.4</td> <td>51.7</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Yellow Cedar</td> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cupressus_nootkatensis?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Cupressus nootkatensis">Cupressus nootkatensis</a></td> <td>Green</td> <td>420</td> <td>21</td> <td>44</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Yellow Cedar</td> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cupressus_nootkatensis?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Cupressus nootkatensis">Cupressus nootkatensis</a></td> <td>12.00%</td> <td>440</td> <td>43.5</td> <td>77</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Coast Douglas Fir</td> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pseudotsuga_menziesii_var._menziesii?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Pseudotsuga menziesii var. menziesii">Pseudotsuga menziesii var. menziesii</a></td> <td>Green</td> <td>450</td> <td>26.1</td> <td>53</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Coast Douglas Fir</td> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pseudotsuga_menziesii_var._menziesii?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Pseudotsuga menziesii var. menziesii">Pseudotsuga menziesii var. menziesii</a></td> <td>12.00%</td> <td>480</td> <td>49.9</td> <td>85</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Interior West Douglas Fir</td> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pseudotsuga_menziesii?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Pseudotsuga menziesii">Pseudotsuga Menziesii</a></td> <td>Green</td> <td>460</td> <td>26.7</td> <td>53</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Interior West Douglas Fir</td> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pseudotsuga_menziesii?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Pseudotsuga menziesii">Pseudotsuga Menziesii</a></td> <td>12.00%</td> <td>500</td> <td>51.2</td> <td>87</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Interior North Douglas Fir</td> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pseudotsuga_menziesii_var._glauca?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Pseudotsuga menziesii var. glauca">Pseudotsuga menziesii var. glauca</a></td> <td>Green</td> <td>450</td> <td>23.9</td> <td>51</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Interior North Douglas Fir</td> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pseudotsuga_menziesii_var._glauca?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Pseudotsuga menziesii var. glauca">Pseudotsuga menziesii var. glauca</a></td> <td>12.00%</td> <td>480</td> <td>47.6</td> <td>90</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Interior South Douglas Fir</td> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pseudotsuga_lindleyana?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Pseudotsuga lindleyana">Pseudotsuga lindleyana</a></td> <td>Green</td> <td>430</td> <td>21.4</td> <td>47</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Interior South Douglas Fir</td> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pseudotsuga_lindleyana?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Pseudotsuga lindleyana">Pseudotsuga lindleyana</a></td> <td>12.00%</td> <td>460</td> <td>43</td> <td>82</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Balsam Fir</td> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Abies_balsamea?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Abies balsamea">Abies balsamea</a></td> <td>Green</td> <td>330</td> <td>18.1</td> <td>38</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Balsam Fir</td> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Abies_balsamea?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Abies balsamea">Abies balsamea</a></td> <td>12.00%</td> <td>350</td> <td>36.4</td> <td>63</td> </tr> <tr> <td>California Red Fir</td> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Abies_magnifica?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Abies magnifica">Abies magnifica</a></td> <td>Green</td> <td>360</td> <td>19</td> <td>40</td> </tr> <tr> <td>California Red Fir</td> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Abies_magnifica?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Abies magnifica">Abies magnifica</a></td> <td>12.00%</td> <td>380</td> <td>37.6</td> <td>72.4</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Grand Fir</td> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Abies_grandis?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Abies grandis">Abies grandis</a></td> <td>Green</td> <td>350</td> <td>20.3</td> <td>40</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Grand Fir</td> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Abies_grandis?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Abies grandis">Abies grandis</a></td> <td>12.00%</td> <td>370</td> <td>36.5</td> <td>61.4</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Noble Fir</td> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Abies_procera?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Abies procera">Abies procera</a></td> <td>Green</td> <td>370</td> <td>20.8</td> <td>43</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Noble Fir</td> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Abies_procera?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Abies procera">Abies procera</a></td> <td>12.00%</td> <td>390</td> <td>42.1</td> <td>74</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Pacific Silver Fir</td> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Abies_amabilis?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Abies amabilis">Abies amabilis</a></td> <td>Green</td> <td>400</td> <td>21.6</td> <td>44</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Pacific Silver Fir</td> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Abies_amabilis?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Abies amabilis">Abies amabilis</a></td> <td>12.00%</td> <td>430</td> <td>44.2</td> <td>75</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Subalpine Fir</td> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Abies_lasiocarpa?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Abies lasiocarpa">Abies lasiocarpa</a></td> <td>Green</td> <td>310</td> <td>15.9</td> <td>34</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Subalpine Fir</td> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Abies_lasiocarpa?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Abies lasiocarpa">Abies lasiocarpa</a></td> <td>12.00%</td> <td>320</td> <td>33.5</td> <td>59</td> </tr> <tr> <td>White Fir</td> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Abies_concolor?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Abies concolor">Abies concolor</a></td> <td>Green</td> <td>370</td> <td>20</td> <td>41</td> </tr> <tr> <td>White Fir</td> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Abies_concolor?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Abies concolor">Abies concolor</a></td> <td>12.00%</td> <td>390</td> <td>40</td> <td>68</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Eastern Hemlock</td> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Tsuga_canadensis?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Tsuga canadensis">Tsuga canadensis</a></td> <td>Green</td> <td>380</td> <td>21.2</td> <td>44</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Eastern Hemlock</td> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Tsuga_canadensis?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Tsuga canadensis">Tsuga canadensis</a></td> <td>12.00%</td> <td>400</td> <td>37.3</td> <td>61</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Mountain Hemlock</td> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Tsuga_mertensiana?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Tsuga mertensiana">Tsuga mertensiana</a></td> <td>Green</td> <td>420</td> <td>19.9</td> <td>43</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Mountain Hemlock</td> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Tsuga_mertensiana?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Tsuga mertensiana">Tsuga mertensiana</a></td> <td>12.00%</td> <td>450</td> <td>44.4</td> <td>79</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Western Hemlock</td> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Tsuga_heterophylla?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Tsuga heterophylla">Tsuga heterophylla</a></td> <td>Green</td> <td>420</td> <td>23.2</td> <td>46</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Western Hemlock</td> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Tsuga_heterophylla?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Tsuga heterophylla">Tsuga heterophylla</a></td> <td>12.00%</td> <td>450</td> <td>49</td> <td>78</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Western Larch</td> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Larix_occidentalis?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Larix occidentalis">Larix occidentalis</a></td> <td>Green</td> <td>480</td> <td>25.9</td> <td>53</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Western Larch</td> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Larix_occidentalis?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Larix occidentalis">Larix occidentalis</a></td> <td>12.00%</td> <td>520</td> <td>52.5</td> <td>90</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Eastern White Pine</td> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pinus_strobus?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Pinus strobus">Pinus strobus</a></td> <td>Green</td> <td>340</td> <td>16.8</td> <td>34</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Eastern White Pine</td> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pinus_strobus?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Pinus strobus">Pinus strobus</a></td> <td>12.00%</td> <td>350</td> <td>33.1</td> <td>59</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Jack Pine</td> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Jack_pine?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Jack pine">Pinus banksiana</a></td> <td>Green</td> <td>400</td> <td>20.3</td> <td>41</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Jack Pine</td> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Jack_pine?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Jack pine">Pinus banksiana</a></td> <td>12.00%</td> <td>430</td> <td>39</td> <td>68</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Loblolly Pine</td> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pinus_taeda?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Pinus taeda">Pinus taeda</a></td> <td>Green</td> <td>470</td> <td>24.2</td> <td>50</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Loblolly Pine</td> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pinus_taeda?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Pinus taeda">Pinus taeda</a></td> <td>12.00%</td> <td>510</td> <td>49.2</td> <td>88</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Lodgepole Pine</td> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pinus_contorta?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Pinus contorta">Pinus contorta</a></td> <td>Green</td> <td>380</td> <td>18</td> <td>38</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Lodgepole Pine</td> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pinus_contorta?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Pinus contorta">Pinus contorta</a></td> <td>12.00%</td> <td>410</td> <td>37</td> <td>65</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Longleaf Pine</td> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Longleaf_pine?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Longleaf pine">Pinus palustris</a></td> <td>Green</td> <td>540</td> <td>29.8</td> <td>59</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Longleaf Pine</td> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Longleaf_pine?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Longleaf pine">Pinus palustris</a></td> <td>12.00%</td> <td>590</td> <td>58.4</td> <td>100</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Pitch Pine</td> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pinus_rigida?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Pinus rigida">Pinus rigida</a></td> <td>Green</td> <td>470</td> <td>20.3</td> <td>47</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Pitch Pine</td> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pinus_rigida?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Pinus rigida">Pinus rigida</a></td> <td>12.00%</td> <td>520</td> <td>41</td> <td>74</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Pond Pine</td> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pinus_serotina?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Pinus serotina">Pinus serotina</a></td> <td>Green</td> <td>510</td> <td>25.2</td> <td>51</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Pond Pine</td> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pinus_serotina?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Pinus serotina">Pinus serotina</a></td> <td>12.00%</td> <td>560</td> <td>52</td> <td>80</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Ponderosa Pine</td> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pinus_ponderosa?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Pinus ponderosa">Pinus ponderosa</a></td> <td>Green</td> <td>380</td> <td>16.9</td> <td>35</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Ponderosa Pine</td> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pinus_ponderosa?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Pinus ponderosa">Pinus ponderosa</a></td> <td>12.00%</td> <td>400</td> <td>36.7</td> <td>65</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Red Pine</td> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pinus_resinosa?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Pinus resinosa">Pinus resinosa</a></td> <td>Green</td> <td>410</td> <td>18.8</td> <td>40</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Red Pine</td> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pinus_resinosa?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Pinus resinosa">Pinus resinosa</a></td> <td>12.00%</td> <td>460</td> <td>41.9</td> <td>76</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Sand Pine</td> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pinus_clausa?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Pinus clausa">Pinus clausa</a></td> <td>Green</td> <td>460</td> <td>23.7</td> <td>52</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Sand Pine</td> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pinus_clausa?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Pinus clausa">Pinus clausa</a></td> <td>12.00%</td> <td>480</td> <td>47.7</td> <td>80</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Shortleaf Pine</td> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pinus_echinata?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Pinus echinata">Pinus echinata</a></td> <td>Green</td> <td>470</td> <td>24.3</td> <td>51</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Shortleaf Pine</td> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pinus_echinata?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Pinus echinata">Pinus echinata</a></td> <td>12.00%</td> <td>510</td> <td>50.1</td> <td>90</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Slash Pine</td> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pinus_elliottii?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Pinus elliottii">Pinus elliottii</a></td> <td>Green</td> <td>540</td> <td>26.3</td> <td>60</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Slash Pine</td> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pinus_elliottii?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Pinus elliottii">Pinus elliottii</a></td> <td>12.00%</td> <td>590</td> <td>56.1</td> <td>112</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Spruce Pine</td> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pinus_glabra?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Pinus glabra">Pinus glabra</a></td> <td>Green</td> <td>410</td> <td>19.6</td> <td>41</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Spruce Pine</td> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pinus_glabra?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Pinus glabra">Pinus glabra</a></td> <td>12.00%</td> <td>440</td> <td>39</td> <td>72</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Sugar Pine</td> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pinus_lambertiana?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Pinus lambertiana">Pinus lambertiana</a></td> <td>Green</td> <td>340</td> <td>17</td> <td>34</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Sugar Pine</td> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pinus_lambertiana?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Pinus lambertiana">Pinus lambertiana</a></td> <td>12.00%</td> <td>360</td> <td>30.8</td> <td>57</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Virginia Pine</td> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pinus_virginiana?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Pinus virginiana">Pinus virginiana</a></td> <td>Green</td> <td>450</td> <td>23.6</td> <td>50</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Virginia Pine</td> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pinus_virginiana?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Pinus virginiana">Pinus virginiana</a></td> <td>12.00%</td> <td>480</td> <td>46.3</td> <td>90</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Western White Pine</td> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pinus_monticola?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Pinus monticola">Pinus monticola</a></td> <td>Green</td> <td>360</td> <td>16.8</td> <td>32</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Western White Pine</td> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pinus_monticola?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Pinus monticola">Pinus monticola</a></td> <td>12.00%</td> <td>380</td> <td>34.7</td> <td>67</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Redwood Old Growth</td> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Sequoia_sempervirens?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Sequoia sempervirens">Sequoia sempervirens</a></td> <td>Green</td> <td>380</td> <td>29</td> <td>52</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Redwood Old Growth</td> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Sequoia_sempervirens?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Sequoia sempervirens">Sequoia sempervirens</a></td> <td>12.00%</td> <td>400</td> <td>42.4</td> <td>69</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Redwood New Growth</td> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Sequoia_sempervirens?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Sequoia sempervirens">Sequoia sempervirens</a></td> <td>Green</td> <td>340</td> <td>21.4</td> <td>41</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Redwood New Growth</td> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Sequoia_sempervirens?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Sequoia sempervirens">Sequoia sempervirens</a></td> <td>12.00%</td> <td>350</td> <td>36</td> <td>54</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Black Spruce</td> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Picea_mariana?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Picea mariana">Picea mariana</a></td> <td>Green</td> <td>380</td> <td>19.6</td> <td>42</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Black Spruce</td> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Picea_mariana?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Picea mariana">Picea mariana</a></td> <td>12.00%</td> <td>460</td> <td>41.1</td> <td>74</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Engelmann Spruce</td> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Picea_engelmannii?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Picea engelmannii">Picea engelmannii</a></td> <td>Green</td> <td>330</td> <td>15</td> <td>32</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Engelmann Spruce</td> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Picea_engelmannii?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Picea engelmannii">Picea engelmannii</a></td> <td>12.00%</td> <td>350</td> <td>30.9</td> <td>64</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Red Spruce</td> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Picea_rubens?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Picea rubens">Picea rubens</a></td> <td>Green</td> <td>370</td> <td>18.8</td> <td>41</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Red Spruce</td> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Picea_rubens?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Picea rubens">Picea rubens</a></td> <td>12.00%</td> <td>400</td> <td>38.2</td> <td>74</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Sitka Spruce</td> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Picea_sitchensis?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Picea sitchensis">Picea sitchensis</a></td> <td>Green</td> <td>330</td> <td>16.2</td> <td>34</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Sitka Spruce</td> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Picea_sitchensis?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Picea sitchensis">Picea sitchensis</a></td> <td>12.00%</td> <td>360</td> <td>35.7</td> <td>65</td> </tr> <tr> <td>White Spruce</td> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Picea_glauca?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Picea glauca">Picea glauca</a></td> <td>Green</td> <td>370</td> <td>17.7</td> <td>39</td> </tr> <tr> <td>White Spruce</td> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Picea_glauca?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Picea glauca">Picea glauca</a></td> <td>12.00%</td> <td>400</td> <td>37.7</td> <td>68</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Tamarack Spruce</td> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Larix_laricina?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Larix laricina">Larix laricina</a></td> <td>Green</td> <td>490</td> <td>24</td> <td>50</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Tamarack Spruce</td> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Larix_laricina?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Larix laricina">Larix laricina</a></td> <td>12.00%</td> <td>530</td> <td>49.4</td> <td>80</td> </tr> </tbody> </table> Bamboo properties:<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wood?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-29">[29]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wood?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-pfaf-2019-28">[28]</a> <table class="wikitable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed sortable"> <tbody> <tr> <th>Common name</th> <th>Scientific name</th> <th>Moisture content</th> <th>Density (kg/m3)</th> <th>Compressive strength (megapascals)</th> <th>Flexural strength (megapascals)</th> </tr> <tr> <td>Balku bans</td> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bambusa_balcooa?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Bambusa balcooa">Bambusa balcooa</a></td> <td>green</td> <td></td> <td>45</td> <td>73.7</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Balku bans</td> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bambusa_balcooa?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Bambusa balcooa">Bambusa balcooa</a></td> <td>air dry</td> <td></td> <td>54.15</td> <td>81.1</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Balku bans</td> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bambusa_balcooa?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Bambusa balcooa">Bambusa balcooa</a></td> <td>8.5</td> <td>820</td> <td>69</td> <td>151</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Indian thorny bamboo</td> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bambusa_bambos?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Bambusa bambos">Bambusa bambos</a></td> <td>9.5</td> <td>710</td> <td>61</td> <td>143</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Indian thorny bamboo</td> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bambusa_bambos?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Bambusa bambos">Bambusa bambos</a></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td>43.05</td> <td>37.15</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Nodding Bamboo</td> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Bambusa_nutans&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Bambusa nutans (page does not exist)">Bambusa nutans</a></td> <td>8</td> <td>890</td> <td>75</td> <td>52.9</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Nodding Bamboo</td> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Bambusa_nutans&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Bambusa nutans (page does not exist)">Bambusa nutans</a></td> <td>87</td> <td></td> <td>46</td> <td>52.4</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Nodding Bamboo</td> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Bambusa_nutans&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Bambusa nutans (page does not exist)">Bambusa nutans</a></td> <td>12</td> <td></td> <td>85</td> <td>67.5</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Nodding Bamboo</td> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Bambusa_nutans&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Bambusa nutans (page does not exist)">Bambusa nutans</a></td> <td>88.3</td> <td></td> <td>44.7</td> <td>88</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Nodding Bamboo</td> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Bambusa_nutans&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Bambusa nutans (page does not exist)">Bambusa nutans</a></td> <td>14</td> <td></td> <td>47.9</td> <td>216</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Clumping Bamboo</td> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Bambusa_pervariabilis&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Bambusa pervariabilis (page does not exist)">Bambusa pervariabilis</a></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td>45.8</td> <td></td> </tr> <tr> <td>Clumping Bamboo</td> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Bambusa_pervariabilis&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Bambusa pervariabilis (page does not exist)">Bambusa pervariabilis</a></td> <td>5</td> <td></td> <td>79</td> <td>80</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Clumping Bamboo</td> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Bambusa_pervariabilis&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Bambusa pervariabilis (page does not exist)">Bambusa pervariabilis</a></td> <td>20</td> <td></td> <td>35</td> <td>37</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Burmese bamboo</td> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bambusa_polymorpha?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Bambusa polymorpha">Bambusa polymorpha</a></td> <td>95.1</td> <td></td> <td>32.1</td> <td>28.3</td> </tr> <tr> <td></td> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bambusa_spinosa?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Bambusa spinosa">Bambusa spinosa</a></td> <td>air dry</td> <td></td> <td>57</td> <td>51.77</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Indian timber bamboo</td> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bambusa_tulda?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Bambusa tulda">Bambusa tulda</a></td> <td>73.6</td> <td></td> <td>40.7</td> <td>51.1</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Indian timber bamboo</td> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bambusa_tulda?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Bambusa tulda">Bambusa tulda</a></td> <td>11.9</td> <td></td> <td>68</td> <td>66.7</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Indian timber bamboo</td> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bambusa_tulda?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Bambusa tulda">Bambusa tulda</a></td> <td>8.6</td> <td>910</td> <td>79</td> <td>194</td> </tr> <tr> <td>dragon bamboo</td> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Dendrocalamus_giganteus?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Dendrocalamus giganteus">Dendrocalamus giganteus</a></td> <td>8</td> <td>740</td> <td>70</td> <td>193</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Hamilton's bamboo</td> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Dendrocalamus_hamiltonii?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Dendrocalamus hamiltonii">Dendrocalamus hamiltonii</a></td> <td>8.5</td> <td>590</td> <td>70</td> <td>89</td> </tr> <tr> <td>White bamboo</td> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Dendrocalamus_membranaceus&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Dendrocalamus membranaceus (page does not exist)">Dendrocalamus membranaceus</a></td> <td>102</td> <td></td> <td>40.5</td> <td>26.3</td> </tr> <tr> <td>String Bamboo</td> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Gigantochloa_apus&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Gigantochloa apus (page does not exist)">Gigantochloa apus</a></td> <td>54.3</td> <td></td> <td>24.1</td> <td>102</td> </tr> <tr> <td>String Bamboo</td> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Gigantochloa_apus&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Gigantochloa apus (page does not exist)">Gigantochloa apus</a></td> <td>15.1</td> <td></td> <td>37.95</td> <td>87.5</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Java Black Bamboo</td> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Gigantochloa_atroviolacea?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Gigantochloa atroviolacea">Gigantochloa atroviolacea</a></td> <td>54</td> <td></td> <td>23.8</td> <td>92.3</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Java Black Bamboo</td> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Gigantochloa_atroviolacea?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Gigantochloa atroviolacea">Gigantochloa atroviolacea</a></td> <td>15</td> <td></td> <td>35.7</td> <td>94.1</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Giant Atter</td> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Gigantochloa_atter?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Gigantochloa atter">Gigantochloa atter</a></td> <td>72.3</td> <td></td> <td>26.4</td> <td>98</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Giant Atter</td> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Gigantochloa_atter?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Gigantochloa atter">Gigantochloa atter</a></td> <td>14.4</td> <td></td> <td>31.95</td> <td>122.7</td> </tr> <tr> <td></td> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Gigantochloa_macrostachya&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Gigantochloa macrostachya (page does not exist)">Gigantochloa macrostachya</a></td> <td>8</td> <td>960</td> <td>71</td> <td>154</td> </tr> <tr> <td>American Narrow-Leaved Bamboo</td> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Guadua_angustifolia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Guadua angustifolia">Guadua angustifolia</a></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td>42</td> <td>53.5</td> </tr> <tr> <td>American Narrow-Leaved Bamboo</td> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Guadua_angustifolia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Guadua angustifolia">Guadua angustifolia</a></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td>63.6</td> <td>144.8</td> </tr> <tr> <td>American Narrow-Leaved Bamboo</td> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Guadua_angustifolia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Guadua angustifolia">Guadua angustifolia</a></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td>86.3</td> <td>46</td> </tr> <tr> <td>American Narrow-Leaved Bamboo</td> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Guadua_angustifolia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Guadua angustifolia">Guadua angustifolia</a></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td>77.5</td> <td>82</td> </tr> <tr> <td>American Narrow-Leaved Bamboo</td> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Guadua_angustifolia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Guadua angustifolia">Guadua angustifolia</a></td> <td>15</td> <td></td> <td>56</td> <td>87</td> </tr> <tr> <td>American Narrow-Leaved Bamboo</td> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Guadua_angustifolia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Guadua angustifolia">Guadua angustifolia</a></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td>63.3</td> <td></td> </tr> <tr> <td>American Narrow-Leaved Bamboo</td> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Guadua_angustifolia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Guadua angustifolia">Guadua angustifolia</a></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td>28</td> <td></td> </tr> <tr> <td>American Narrow-Leaved Bamboo</td> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Guadua_angustifolia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Guadua angustifolia">Guadua angustifolia</a></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td>56.2</td> <td></td> </tr> <tr> <td>American Narrow-Leaved Bamboo</td> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Guadua_angustifolia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Guadua angustifolia">Guadua angustifolia</a></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td>38</td> <td></td> </tr> <tr> <td>Berry Bamboo</td> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Melocanna_baccifera?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Melocanna baccifera">Melocanna baccifera</a></td> <td>12.8</td> <td></td> <td>69.9</td> <td>57.6</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Japanese timber bamboo</td> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Phyllostachys_bambusoides?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Phyllostachys bambusoides">Phyllostachys bambusoides</a></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td>51</td> <td></td> </tr> <tr> <td>Japanese timber bamboo</td> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Phyllostachys_bambusoides?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Phyllostachys bambusoides">Phyllostachys bambusoides</a></td> <td>8</td> <td>730</td> <td>63</td> <td></td> </tr> <tr> <td>Japanese timber bamboo</td> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Phyllostachys_bambusoides?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Phyllostachys bambusoides">Phyllostachys bambusoides</a></td> <td>64</td> <td></td> <td>44</td> <td></td> </tr> <tr> <td>Japanese timber bamboo</td> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Phyllostachys_bambusoides?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Phyllostachys bambusoides">Phyllostachys bambusoides</a></td> <td>61</td> <td></td> <td>40</td> <td></td> </tr> <tr> <td>Japanese timber bamboo</td> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Phyllostachys_bambusoides?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Phyllostachys bambusoides">Phyllostachys bambusoides</a></td> <td>9</td> <td></td> <td>71</td> <td></td> </tr> <tr> <td>Japanese timber bamboo</td> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Phyllostachys_bambusoides?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Phyllostachys bambusoides">Phyllostachys bambusoides</a></td> <td>9</td> <td></td> <td>74</td> <td></td> </tr> <tr> <td>Japanese timber bamboo</td> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Phyllostachys_bambusoides?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Phyllostachys bambusoides">Phyllostachys bambusoides</a></td> <td>12</td> <td></td> <td>54</td> <td></td> </tr> <tr> <td>Tortoise shell bamboo</td> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Phyllostachys_edulis?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Phyllostachys edulis">Phyllostachys edulis</a></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td>44.6</td> <td></td> </tr> <tr> <td>Tortoise shell bamboo</td> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Phyllostachys_edulis?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Phyllostachys edulis">Phyllostachys edulis</a></td> <td>75</td> <td></td> <td>67</td> <td></td> </tr> <tr> <td>Tortoise shell bamboo</td> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Phyllostachys_edulis?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Phyllostachys edulis">Phyllostachys edulis</a></td> <td>15</td> <td></td> <td>71</td> <td></td> </tr> <tr> <td>Tortoise shell bamboo</td> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Phyllostachys_edulis?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Phyllostachys edulis">Phyllostachys edulis</a></td> <td>6</td> <td></td> <td>108</td> <td></td> </tr> <tr> <td>Tortoise shell bamboo</td> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Phyllostachys_edulis?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Phyllostachys edulis">Phyllostachys edulis</a></td> <td>0.2</td> <td></td> <td>147</td> <td></td> </tr> <tr> <td>Tortoise shell bamboo</td> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Phyllostachys_edulis?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Phyllostachys edulis">Phyllostachys edulis</a></td> <td>5</td> <td></td> <td>117</td> <td>51</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Tortoise shell bamboo</td> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Phyllostachys_edulis?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Phyllostachys edulis">Phyllostachys edulis</a></td> <td>30</td> <td></td> <td>44</td> <td>55</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Tortoise shell bamboo</td> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Phyllostachys_edulis?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Phyllostachys edulis">Phyllostachys edulis</a></td> <td>12.5</td> <td>603</td> <td>60.3</td> <td></td> </tr> <tr> <td>Tortoise shell bamboo</td> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Phyllostachys_edulis?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Phyllostachys edulis">Phyllostachys edulis</a></td> <td>10.3</td> <td>530</td> <td></td> <td>83</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Early Bamboo</td> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Phyllostachys_praecox&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Phyllostachys praecox (page does not exist)">Phyllostachys praecox</a></td> <td>28.5</td> <td>827</td> <td>79.3</td> <td></td> </tr> <tr> <td>Oliveri</td> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Thyrsostachys_oliveri&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Thyrsostachys oliveri (page does not exist)">Thyrsostachys oliveri</a></td> <td>53</td> <td></td> <td>46.9</td> <td>61.9</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Oliveri</td> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Thyrsostachys_oliveri&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Thyrsostachys oliveri (page does not exist)">Thyrsostachys oliveri</a></td> <td>7.8</td> <td></td> <td>58</td> <td>90</td> </tr> </tbody> </table> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(3)"> <h2 id="Hard_versus_soft">Hard versus soft</h2> </div> <section class="mf-section-3 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-3"> It is common to classify wood as either <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Softwood?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Softwood">softwood</a> or <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Hardwood?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Hardwood">hardwood</a>. The wood from <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pinophyta?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Pinophyta">conifers</a> (e.g. pine) is called softwood, and the wood from <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Dicotyledons?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Dicotyledons">dicotyledons</a> (usually broad-leaved trees, e.g. oak) is called hardwood. These names are a bit misleading, as hardwoods are not necessarily hard, and softwoods are not necessarily soft. The well-known balsa (a hardwood) is actually softer than any commercial softwood. Conversely, some softwoods (e.g. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Taxus_baccata?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Taxus baccata">yew</a>) are harder than many hardwoods. There is a strong relationship between the properties of wood and the properties of the particular tree that yielded it, at least for certain species. For example, in loblolly pine, wind exposure and stem position greatly affect the hardness of wood, as well as compression wood content.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wood?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-30">[30]</a> The density of wood varies with species. The density of a wood correlates with its strength (mechanical properties). For example, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Mahogany?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Mahogany">mahogany</a> is a medium-dense hardwood that is excellent for fine furniture crafting, whereas <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ochroma_pyramidale?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Ochroma pyramidale">balsa</a> is light, making it useful for <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Physical_model?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Physical model">model</a> building. One of the densest woods is <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Olea_laurifolia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Olea laurifolia">black ironwood</a>. </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(4)"> <h2 id="Chemistry">Chemistry</h2> </div> <section class="mf-section-4 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-4"> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:Lignin.png?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Lignin.png/300px-Lignin.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="159" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="4828" data-file-height="2559"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 300px;height: 159px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Lignin.png/300px-Lignin.png" data-width="300" data-height="159" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Lignin.png/450px-Lignin.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Lignin.png/600px-Lignin.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <figcaption> Chemical structure of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Lignin?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Lignin">lignin</a>, which makes up about 25% of wood dry matter and is responsible for many of its properties. </figcaption> </figure> The chemical composition of wood varies from species to species, but is approximately 50% carbon, 42% oxygen, 6% hydrogen, 1% nitrogen, and 1% other elements (mainly <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Calcium?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Calcium">calcium</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Potassium?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Potassium">potassium</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Sodium?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Sodium">sodium</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Magnesium?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Magnesium">magnesium</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Iron?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Iron">iron</a>, and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Manganese?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Manganese">manganese</a>) by weight.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wood?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-31">[31]</a> Wood also contains <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Sulfur?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Sulfur">sulfur</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Chlorine?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Chlorine">chlorine</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Silicon?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Silicon">silicon</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Phosphorus?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Phosphorus">phosphorus</a>, and other elements in small quantity. Aside from water, wood has three main components. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cellulose?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Cellulose">Cellulose</a>, a crystalline polymer derived from glucose, constitutes about 41–43%. Next in abundance is <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Hemicellulose?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Hemicellulose">hemicellulose</a>, which is around 20% in deciduous trees but near 30% in conifers. It is mainly <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pentose?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Pentose">five-carbon sugars</a> that are linked in an irregular manner, in contrast to the cellulose. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Lignin?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Lignin">Lignin</a> is the third component at around 27% in coniferous wood vs. 23% in deciduous trees. Lignin confers the hydrophobic properties reflecting the fact that it is based on <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Aromatic_ring?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Aromatic ring">aromatic rings</a>. These three components are interwoven, and direct covalent linkages exist between the lignin and the hemicellulose. A major focus of the paper industry is the separation of the lignin from the cellulose, from which paper is made. In chemical terms, the difference between hardwood and softwood is reflected in the composition of the constituent <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Lignin?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Lignin">lignin</a>. Hardwood lignin is primarily derived from <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Sinapyl_alcohol?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Sinapyl alcohol">sinapyl alcohol</a> and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Coniferyl_alcohol?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Coniferyl alcohol">coniferyl alcohol</a>. Softwood lignin is mainly derived from coniferyl alcohol.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wood?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Boerjan-2003-32">[32]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Extractives">Extractives</h3> </div> Aside from the structural <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Polymer?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Polymer">polymers</a>, i.e. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cellulose?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Cellulose">cellulose</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Hemicellulose?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Hemicellulose">hemicellulose</a> and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Lignin?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Lignin">lignin</a> (<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Lignocellulosic_biomass?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Lignocellulosic biomass">lignocellulose</a>), wood contains a large variety of non-structural constituents, composed of low <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Molecular_weight?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Molecular weight">molecular weight</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Organic_compound?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Organic compound">organic compounds</a>, called extractives. These compounds are present in the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Extracellular_space?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Extracellular space">extracellular space</a> and can be extracted from the wood using different neutral <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Solvent?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Solvent">solvents</a>, such as <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Acetone?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Acetone">acetone</a>.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wood?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Ek-2009-33">[33]</a> Analogous content is present in the so-called exudate produced by trees in response to mechanical damage or after being attacked by <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Insect?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Insect">insects</a> or <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fungi?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Fungi">fungi</a>.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wood?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Sj%C3%B6str%C3%B6m-2013-34">[34]</a> Unlike the structural constituents, the composition of extractives varies over wide ranges and depends on many factors.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wood?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-35">[35]</a> The amount and composition of extractives differs between tree species, various parts of the same tree, and depends on genetic factors and growth conditions, such as climate and geography.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wood?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Ek-2009-33">[33]</a> For example, slower growing trees and higher parts of trees have higher content of extractives. Generally, the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Softwood?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Softwood">softwood</a> is richer in extractives than the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Hardwood?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Hardwood">hardwood</a>. Their concentration increases from the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cambium?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Cambium">cambium</a> to the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pith?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Pith">pith</a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bark_(botany)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Bark (botany)">Barks</a> and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Branch?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Branch">branches</a> also contain extractives. Although extractives represent a small fraction of the wood content, usually less than 10%, they are extraordinarily diverse and thus characterize the chemistry of the wood species.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wood?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Hon-2001-36">[36]</a> Most extractives are secondary metabolites and some of them serve as precursors to other chemicals. Wood extractives display different activities, some of them are produced in response to wounds, and some of them participate in natural defense against insects and fungi.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wood?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-37">[37]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:Forchem_Rauma_2.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Forchem_Rauma_2.jpg/220px-Forchem_Rauma_2.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="152" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="5005" data-file-height="3460"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 152px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Forchem_Rauma_2.jpg/220px-Forchem_Rauma_2.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="152" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Forchem_Rauma_2.jpg/330px-Forchem_Rauma_2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Forchem_Rauma_2.jpg/440px-Forchem_Rauma_2.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <figcaption> Forchem <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Tall_oil?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Tall oil">tall oil</a> refinery in <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Rauma,_Finland?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Rauma, Finland">Rauma</a>, Finland </figcaption> </figure> These compounds contribute to various physical and chemical properties of the wood, such as wood color, fragnance, durability, acoustic properties, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Hygroscopicity?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Hygroscopicity">hygroscopicity</a>, adhesion, and drying.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wood?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Hon-2001-36">[36]</a> Considering these impacts, wood extractives also affect the properties of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pulp_(paper)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Pulp (paper)">pulp</a> and paper, and importantly cause many problems in <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Papermaking?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Papermaking">paper industry</a>. Some extractives are surface-active substances and unavoidably affect the surface properties of paper, such as water adsorption, friction and strength.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wood?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Ek-2009-33">[33]</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Lipophilicity?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Lipophilicity">Lipophilic</a> extractives often give rise to sticky deposits during <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kraft_pulping?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Kraft pulping">kraft pulping</a> and may leave spots on paper. Extractives also account for paper smell, which is important when making <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Food_contact_materials?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Food contact materials">food contact materials</a>. Most wood extractives are <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Lipophilicity?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Lipophilicity">lipophilic</a> and only a little part is water-soluble.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wood?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Sj%C3%B6str%C3%B6m-2013-34">[34]</a> The lipophilic portion of extractives, which is collectively referred as wood <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Resin?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Resin">resin</a>, contains <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fat?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Fat">fats</a> and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fatty_acid?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Fatty acid">fatty acids</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Sterol?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Sterol">sterols</a> and steryl esters, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Terpene?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Terpene">terpenes</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Terpenoid?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Terpenoid">terpenoids</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Resin_acid?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Resin acid">resin acids</a>, and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wax?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Wax">waxes</a>.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wood?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-38">[38]</a> The heating of resin, i.e. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Distillation?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Distillation">distillation</a>, vaporizes the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Volatility_(chemistry)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Volatility (chemistry)">volatile</a> terpenes and leaves the solid component – <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Rosin?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Rosin">rosin</a>. The concentrated liquid of volatile compounds extracted during <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Steam_distillation?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Steam distillation">steam distillation</a> is called <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Essential_oil?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Essential oil">essential oil</a>. Distillation of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Oleoresin?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Oleoresin">oleoresin</a> obtained from many <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pines?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Pines">pines</a> provides <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Rosin?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Rosin">rosin</a> and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Turpentine?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Turpentine">turpentine</a>.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wood?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-39">[39]</a> Most extractives can be categorized into three groups: <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Aliphatic_compound?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Aliphatic compound">aliphatic compounds</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Terpene?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Terpene">terpenes</a> and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Phenols?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Phenols">phenolic compounds</a>.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wood?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Ek-2009-33">[33]</a> The latter are more water-soluble and usually are absent in the resin. <ul> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Aliphatic_compound?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Aliphatic compound">Aliphatic compounds</a> include fatty acids, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fatty_alcohol?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Fatty alcohol">fatty alcohols</a> and their esters with <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Glycerol?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Glycerol">glycerol</a>, fatty alcohols (waxes) and sterols (steryl esters). <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Hydrocarbon?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Hydrocarbon">Hydrocarbons</a>, such as <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Alkane?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Alkane">alkanes</a>, are also present in the wood. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Suberin?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Suberin">Suberin</a> is a polyester, made of suberin acids and glycerol, mainly found in <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bark_(botany)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Bark (botany)">barks</a>. Fats serve as a source of energy for the wood cells.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wood?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Sj%C3%B6str%C3%B6m-2013-34">[34]</a> The most common wood sterol is <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Sitosterol?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Sitosterol">sitosterol</a>, and less commonly <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Sitostanol?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Sitostanol">sitostanol</a>, citrostadienol, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Campesterol?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Campesterol">campesterol</a> or <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cholesterol?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Cholesterol">cholesterol</a>.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wood?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Ek-2009-33">[33]</a></li> <li>The main <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Terpene?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Terpene">terpenes</a> occurring in the softwood include <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Monoterpene?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Monoterpene">mono-</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Sesquiterpene?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Sesquiterpene">sesqui-</a> and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Diterpene?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Diterpene">diterpenes</a>.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wood?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Sj%C3%B6str%C3%B6m-2013-34">[34]</a> Meanwhile, the terpene composition of the hardwood is considerably different, consisting of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Triterpene?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Triterpenoids" title="Triterpene">triterpenoids</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Polyprenol?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Polyprenol">polyprenols</a> and other higher terpenes. Examples of mono-, di- and sesquiterpenes are <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Alpha-Pinene?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Alpha-Pinene">α-</a> and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Beta-Pinene?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Beta-Pinene">β-pinenes</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/3-carene?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="3-carene">3-carene</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%CE%92-myrcene?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Β-myrcene">β-myrcene</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Limonene?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Limonene">limonene</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Thujaplicin?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Thujaplicin">thujaplicins</a>, α- and β-<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Phellandrene?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Phellandrene">phellandrenes</a>, α-muurolene, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%CE%94-cadinene?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Δ-cadinene">δ-cadinene</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Alpha-cadinol?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Alpha-cadinol">α-</a> and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Delta-cadinol?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Delta-cadinol">δ-cadinols</a>, α- and β-<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cedrene?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Cedrene">cedrenes</a>, juniperol, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Longifolene?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Longifolene">longifolene</a>, cis-abienol, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Borneol?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Borneol">borneol</a>, pinifolic acid, nootkatin, chanootin, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Phytol?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Phytol">phytol</a>, geranyl-linalool, β-epimanool, manoyloxide, pimaral and pimarol. Resin acids are usually <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Tricyclic?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Tricyclic">tricyclic</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Terpenoid?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Terpenoid">terpenoids</a>, examples of which are <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pimaric_acid?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Pimaric acid">pimaric acid</a>, sandaracopimaric acid, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Isopimaric_acid?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Isopimaric acid">isopimaric acid</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Abietic_acid?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Abietic acid">abietic acid</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Levopimaric_acid?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Levopimaric acid">levopimaric acid</a>, palustric acid, neoabietic acid and dehydroabietic acid. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bicyclic_molecule?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Bicyclic molecule">Bicyclic</a> resin acids are also found, such as lambertianic acid, communic acid, mercusic acid and secodehydroabietic acid. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cycloartenol?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Cycloartenol">Cycloartenol</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Betulin?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Betulin">betulin</a> and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Squalene?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Squalene">squalene</a> are <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Triterpene?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Triterpenoids" title="Triterpene">triterpenoids</a> purified from hardwood. Examples of wood polyterpenes are <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Rubber?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Rubber">rubber</a> (cis-polypren), <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Gutta_percha?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Gutta percha">gutta percha</a> (trans-polypren), gutta-balatá (trans-polypren) and betulaprenols (<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Open-chain_compound?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Open-chain compound">acyclic</a> polyterpenoids).<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wood?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Ek-2009-33">[33]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wood?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Sj%C3%B6str%C3%B6m-2013-34">[34]</a> The mono- and sesquiterpenes of the softwood are responsible for the typical smell of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pine?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Pine">pine</a> forest.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wood?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Ek-2009-33">[33]</a> Many monoterpenoids, such as <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%CE%92-myrcene?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Β-myrcene">β-myrcene</a>, are used in the preparation of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Flavoring?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Flavoring">flavors</a> and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Perfume?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Perfume">fragrances</a>.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wood?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Sj%C3%B6str%C3%B6m-2013-34">[34]</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Tropolone?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Tropolone">Tropolones</a>, such as <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Hinokitiol?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Hinokitiol">hinokitiol</a> and other <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Thujaplicin?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Thujaplicin">thujaplicins</a>, are present in <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wood-decay_fungus?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Wood-decay fungus">decay</a>-resistant trees and display <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fungicidal?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Fungicidal">fungicidal</a> and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Insecticide?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Insecticide">insecticidal</a> properties. Tropolones strongly bind metal ions and can cause digester <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Corrosion?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Corrosion">corrosion</a> in the process <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kraft_pulping?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Kraft pulping">kraft pulping</a>. Owing to their <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Chelation?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Chelation">metal-binding</a> and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ionophore?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Ionophore">ionophoric</a> properties, especially thujaplicins are used in physiology experiments.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wood?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-40">[40]</a> Different other in-vitro biological activities of thujaplicins have been studied, such as insecticidal, anti-browning, anti-viral, anti-bacterial, anti-fungal, anti-proliferative and anti-oxidant.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wood?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-41">[41]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wood?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-42">[42]</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Phenols?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Phenols">Phenolic compounds</a> are especially found in the hardwood and the bark.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wood?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Sj%C3%B6str%C3%B6m-2013-34">[34]</a> The most well-known wood phenolic constituents are <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Stilbenes?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Stilbenes">stilbenes</a> (e.g. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pinosylvin?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Pinosylvin">pinosylvin</a>), <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Lignans?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Lignans">lignans</a> (e.g. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pinoresinol?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Pinoresinol">pinoresinol</a>, conidendrin, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Plicatic_acid?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Plicatic acid">plicatic acid</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Hydroxymatairesinol?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Hydroxymatairesinol">hydroxymatairesinol</a>), norlignans (e.g. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nyasol?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Nyasol">nyasol</a>, puerosides A and B, hydroxysugiresinol, sequirin-C), <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Tannin?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Tannin">tannins</a> (e.g. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Gallic_acid?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Gallic acid">gallic acid</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ellagic_acid?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Ellagic acid">ellagic acid</a>), <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Flavonoid?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Flavonoid">flavonoids</a> (e.g. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Chrysin?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Chrysin">chrysin</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Taxifolin?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Taxifolin">taxifolin</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Catechin?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Catechin">catechin</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Genistein?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Genistein">genistein</a>). Most of the phenolic compounds have fungicidal properties and protect the wood from <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wood-decay_fungus?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Wood-decay fungus">fungal decay</a>.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wood?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Sj%C3%B6str%C3%B6m-2013-34">[34]</a> Together with the neolignans the phenolic compounds influence on the color of the wood. Resin acids and phenolic compounds are the main toxic contaminants present in the untreated <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Effluent?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Effluent">effluents</a> from <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pulp_(paper)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Pulp (paper)">pulping</a>.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wood?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Ek-2009-33">[33]</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Polyphenolic?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Polyphenolic">Polyphenolic</a> compounds are one of the most abundant biomolecules produced by plants, such as <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Flavonoid?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Flavonoid">flavonoids</a> and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Tannin?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Tannin">tannins</a>. Tannins are used in <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Leather?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Leather">leather</a> industry and have shown to exhibit different biological activities.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wood?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Hon-2001-36">[36]</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Flavonoid?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Flavonoid">Flavonoids</a> are very diverse, widely distributed in the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Plant?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Plant">plant</a> kingdom and have numerous biological activities and roles.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wood?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Sj%C3%B6str%C3%B6m-2013-34">[34]</a></li> </ul> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(5)"> <h2 id="Uses">Uses</h2> </div> <section class="mf-section-5 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-5"> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:World_Production_Of_Roundwood_By_Type,_Main_Producers_(2021).svg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/World_Production_Of_Roundwood_By_Type%2C_Main_Producers_%282021%29.svg/220px-World_Production_Of_Roundwood_By_Type%2C_Main_Producers_%282021%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="180" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="419"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 180px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/World_Production_Of_Roundwood_By_Type%2C_Main_Producers_%282021%29.svg/220px-World_Production_Of_Roundwood_By_Type%2C_Main_Producers_%282021%29.svg.png" data-width="220" data-height="180" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/World_Production_Of_Roundwood_By_Type%2C_Main_Producers_%282021%29.svg/330px-World_Production_Of_Roundwood_By_Type%2C_Main_Producers_%282021%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/World_Production_Of_Roundwood_By_Type%2C_Main_Producers_%282021%29.svg/440px-World_Production_Of_Roundwood_By_Type%2C_Main_Producers_%282021%29.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <figcaption> Main global producers of roundwood by type. </figcaption> </figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:World_Production_Of_Roundwood_By_Type.svg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/World_Production_Of_Roundwood_By_Type.svg/220px-World_Production_Of_Roundwood_By_Type.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="184" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="428"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 184px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/World_Production_Of_Roundwood_By_Type.svg/220px-World_Production_Of_Roundwood_By_Type.svg.png" data-width="220" data-height="184" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/World_Production_Of_Roundwood_By_Type.svg/330px-World_Production_Of_Roundwood_By_Type.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/World_Production_Of_Roundwood_By_Type.svg/440px-World_Production_Of_Roundwood_By_Type.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <figcaption> World production of roundwood by type </figcaption> </figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Production">Production</h3> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"> <div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable"> Main article: <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Forestry?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Forestry">Forestry</a> </div> Global production of roundwood rose from 3.5 billion m³ in 2000 to 4 billion m³ in 2021. In 2021, wood fuel was the main product with a 49 percent share of the total (2 billion m³), followed by coniferous industrial roundwood with 30 percent (1.2 billion m³) and non-coniferous industrial roundwood with 21 percent (0.9 billion m³). Asia and the Americas are the two main producing regions, accounting for 29 and 28 percent of the total roundwood production, respectively; Africa and Europe have similar shares of 20–21 percent, while Oceania produces the remaining 2 percent.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wood?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FAO-2023-43">[43]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Fuel">Fuel</h3> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"> <div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable"> Main article: <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wood_fuel?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Wood fuel">Wood fuel</a> </div> Wood has a long history of being used as fuel,<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wood?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-44">[44]</a> which continues to this day, mostly in rural areas of the world. Hardwood is preferred over softwood because it creates less smoke and burns longer. Adding a woodstove or fireplace to a home is often felt to add ambiance and warmth. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Pulpwood">Pulpwood</h3> </div> Pulpwood is wood that is raised specifically for use in making paper. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Construction">Construction</h3> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:Saitta_House_Dyker_Heights.JPG?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Saitta_House_Dyker_Heights.JPG/170px-Saitta_House_Dyker_Heights.JPG" decoding="async" width="170" height="227" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="1600"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 170px;height: 227px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Saitta_House_Dyker_Heights.JPG/170px-Saitta_House_Dyker_Heights.JPG" data-width="170" data-height="227" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Saitta_House_Dyker_Heights.JPG/255px-Saitta_House_Dyker_Heights.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Saitta_House_Dyker_Heights.JPG/340px-Saitta_House_Dyker_Heights.JPG 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <figcaption> The <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Saitta_House?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Saitta House">Saitta House</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Dyker_Heights?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Dyker Heights">Dyker Heights</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Brooklyn?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Brooklyn">Brooklyn</a>, New York built in 1899 is made of and decorated in wood.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wood?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-45">[45]</a> </figcaption> </figure> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:Importers_And_Exporters_Of_Forest_Products_(2021).svg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Importers_And_Exporters_Of_Forest_Products_%282021%29.svg/220px-Importers_And_Exporters_Of_Forest_Products_%282021%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="123" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="286"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 123px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Importers_And_Exporters_Of_Forest_Products_%282021%29.svg/220px-Importers_And_Exporters_Of_Forest_Products_%282021%29.svg.png" data-width="220" data-height="123" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Importers_And_Exporters_Of_Forest_Products_%282021%29.svg/330px-Importers_And_Exporters_Of_Forest_Products_%282021%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Importers_And_Exporters_Of_Forest_Products_%282021%29.svg/440px-Importers_And_Exporters_Of_Forest_Products_%282021%29.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <figcaption> Map of importers and exporters of forest products including wood in 2021 </figcaption> </figure> Wood has been an important construction material since humans began building shelters, houses and boats. Nearly all boats were made out of wood until the late 19th century, and wood remains in common use today in boat construction. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Elm?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Elm">Elm</a> in particular was used for this purpose as it resisted decay as long as it was kept wet (it also served for water pipe before the advent of more modern plumbing). Wood to be used for construction work is commonly known as <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Lumber?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Lumber">lumber</a> in North America. Elsewhere, lumber usually refers to felled trees, and the word for sawn planks ready for use is timber.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wood?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-46">[46]</a> In Medieval Europe <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Oak?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Oak">oak</a> was the wood of choice for all wood construction, including beams, walls, doors, and floors. Today a wider variety of woods is used: solid wood doors are often made from <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Populus?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Populus">poplar</a>, small-knotted <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pine?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Pine">pine</a>, and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Douglas_fir?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Douglas fir">Douglas fir</a>. <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BE%D0%B1%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B6%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D1%86%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%8C_(%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B2%D1%8F%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F)_(1714_%D0%B3.)_01.JPG?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BE%D0%B1%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B6%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D1%86%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%8C_%28%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B2%D1%8F%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F%29_%281714_%D0%B3.%29_01.JPG/220px-%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BE%D0%B1%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B6%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D1%86%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%8C_%28%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B2%D1%8F%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F%29_%281714_%D0%B3.%29_01.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3648" data-file-height="2736"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 165px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BE%D0%B1%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B6%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D1%86%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%8C_%28%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B2%D1%8F%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F%29_%281714_%D0%B3.%29_01.JPG/220px-%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BE%D0%B1%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B6%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D1%86%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%8C_%28%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B2%D1%8F%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F%29_%281714_%D0%B3.%29_01.JPG" data-width="220" data-height="165" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BE%D0%B1%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B6%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D1%86%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%8C_%28%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B2%D1%8F%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F%29_%281714_%D0%B3.%29_01.JPG/330px-%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BE%D0%B1%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B6%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D1%86%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%8C_%28%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B2%D1%8F%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F%29_%281714_%D0%B3.%29_01.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BE%D0%B1%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B6%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D1%86%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%8C_%28%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B2%D1%8F%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F%29_%281714_%D0%B3.%29_01.JPG/440px-%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BE%D0%B1%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B6%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D1%86%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%8C_%28%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B2%D1%8F%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F%29_%281714_%D0%B3.%29_01.JPG 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <figcaption> The churches of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kizhi?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Kizhi">Kizhi</a>, Russia are among a handful of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/World_Heritage_Site?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="World Heritage Site">World Heritage Sites</a> built entirely of wood, without metal joints. See <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kizhi_Pogost?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Kizhi Pogost">Kizhi Pogost</a> for more details. </figcaption> </figure> New domestic housing in many parts of the world today is commonly made from timber-framed construction. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Engineered_wood?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Engineered wood">Engineered wood</a> products are becoming a bigger part of the construction industry. They may be used in both residential and commercial buildings as structural and aesthetic materials. In buildings made of other materials, wood will still be found as a supporting material, especially in roof construction, in interior doors and their frames, and as exterior cladding. Wood is also commonly used as shuttering material to form the mold into which concrete is poured during <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Reinforced_concrete?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Reinforced concrete">reinforced concrete</a> construction. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"> <h4 id="Flooring">Flooring</h4> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:LightningVolt_Wood_Floor.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/LightningVolt_Wood_Floor.jpg/220px-LightningVolt_Wood_Floor.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="154" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="447"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 154px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/LightningVolt_Wood_Floor.jpg/220px-LightningVolt_Wood_Floor.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="154" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/LightningVolt_Wood_Floor.jpg/330px-LightningVolt_Wood_Floor.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/LightningVolt_Wood_Floor.jpg/440px-LightningVolt_Wood_Floor.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <figcaption> Wood can be cut into straight planks and made into a <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wood_flooring?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Wood flooring">wood flooring</a>. </figcaption> </figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"> <div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable"> Main article: <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wood_flooring?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Wood flooring">Wood flooring</a> </div> A solid wood floor is a floor laid with planks or battens created from a single piece of timber, usually a hardwood. Since wood is hydroscopic (it acquires and loses moisture from the ambient conditions around it) this potential instability effectively limits the length and width of the boards. Solid hardwood flooring is usually cheaper than engineered timbers and damaged areas can be sanded down and refinished repeatedly, the number of times being limited only by the thickness of wood above the tongue. Solid hardwood floors were originally used for structural purposes, being installed perpendicular to the wooden support beams of a building (the joists or bearers) and solid construction timber is still often used for sports floors as well as most traditional wood blocks, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Mosaic?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Mosaic">mosaics</a> and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Parquetry?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Parquetry">parquetry</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"> <h4 id="Engineered_products">Engineered products</h4> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"> <div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable"> Main article: <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Engineered_wood?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Engineered wood">Engineered wood</a> </div> Engineered wood products, glued building products "engineered" for application-specific performance requirements, are often used in construction and industrial applications. Glued engineered wood products are manufactured by bonding together wood strands, veneers, lumber or other forms of wood fiber with glue to form a larger, more efficient composite structural unit.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wood?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-apawood-47">[47]</a> These products include <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Glued_laminated_timber?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Glued laminated timber">glued laminated timber</a> (glulam), wood structural panels (including <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Plywood?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Plywood">plywood</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Oriented_strand_board?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Oriented strand board">oriented strand board</a> and composite panels), <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Laminated_veneer_lumber?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Laminated veneer lumber">laminated veneer lumber</a> (LVL) and other structural composite lumber (SCL) products, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Parallel_strand_lumber?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Parallel strand lumber">parallel strand lumber</a>, and I-joists.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wood?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-apawood-47">[47]</a> Approximately 100 million cubic meters of wood was consumed for this purpose in 1991.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wood?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Horst-2005-4">[4]</a> The trends suggest that particle board and fiber board will overtake plywood. Wood unsuitable for construction in its native form may be broken down mechanically (into fibers or chips) or chemically (into cellulose) and used as a raw material for other building materials, such as engineered wood, as well as <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Particle_board?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Particle board">chipboard</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Hardboard?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Hardboard">hardboard</a>, and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Medium-density_fiberboard?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Medium-density fiberboard">medium-density fiberboard</a> (MDF). Such wood derivatives are widely used: wood fibers are an important component of most paper, and cellulose is used as a component of some <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Organic_compound?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Synthetic_compounds" title="Organic compound">synthetic materials</a>. Wood derivatives can be used for kinds of flooring, for example <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Laminate_flooring?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Laminate flooring">laminate flooring</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Furniture_and_utensils">Furniture and utensils</h3> </div> Wood has always been used extensively for <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Furniture?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Furniture">furniture</a>, such as <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Chairs?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Chairs">chairs</a> and beds. It is also used for tool handles and cutlery, such as <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Chopsticks?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Chopsticks">chopsticks</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Toothpick?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Toothpick">toothpicks</a>, and other utensils, like the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wooden_spoon?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Wooden spoon">wooden spoon</a> and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pencil?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Pencil">pencil</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Other">Other</h3> </div> Further developments include new <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Lignin?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Lignin">lignin</a> glue applications, recyclable food packaging, rubber tire replacement applications, anti-bacterial medical agents, and high strength fabrics or composites.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wood?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-48">[48]</a> As scientists and engineers further learn and develop new techniques to extract various components from wood, or alternatively to modify wood, for example by adding components to wood, new more advanced products will appear on the marketplace. Moisture content electronic monitoring can also enhance next generation wood protection.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wood?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-49">[49]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Art">Art</h3> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:Prayer_Bead_with_the_Adoration_of_the_Magi_and_the_Crucifixion_MET_DP371962.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Prayer_Bead_with_the_Adoration_of_the_Magi_and_the_Crucifixion_MET_DP371962.jpg/220px-Prayer_Bead_with_the_Adoration_of_the_Magi_and_the_Crucifixion_MET_DP371962.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="288" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2603" data-file-height="3404"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 288px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Prayer_Bead_with_the_Adoration_of_the_Magi_and_the_Crucifixion_MET_DP371962.jpg/220px-Prayer_Bead_with_the_Adoration_of_the_Magi_and_the_Crucifixion_MET_DP371962.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="288" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Prayer_Bead_with_the_Adoration_of_the_Magi_and_the_Crucifixion_MET_DP371962.jpg/330px-Prayer_Bead_with_the_Adoration_of_the_Magi_and_the_Crucifixion_MET_DP371962.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Prayer_Bead_with_the_Adoration_of_the_Magi_and_the_Crucifixion_MET_DP371962.jpg/440px-Prayer_Bead_with_the_Adoration_of_the_Magi_and_the_Crucifixion_MET_DP371962.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <figcaption> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Prayer_Bead_with_the_Adoration_of_the_Magi_and_the_Crucifixion?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Prayer Bead with the Adoration of the Magi and the Crucifixion">Prayer Bead with the Adoration of the Magi and the Crucifixion</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Gothic_boxwood_miniature?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Gothic boxwood miniature">Gothic boxwood miniature</a> </figcaption> </figure> Wood has long been used as an <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Media_(arts)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Media (arts)">artistic medium</a>. It has been used to make sculptures and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wood_carving?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Wood carving">carvings</a> for millennia. Examples include the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Totem_pole?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Totem pole">totem poles</a> carved by North American indigenous people from conifer trunks, often Western Red Cedar (<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Thuja_plicata?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Thuja plicata">Thuja plicata</a>). Other uses of wood in the arts include: <ul> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Woodcut?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Woodcut">Woodcut</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Printmaking?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Printmaking">printmaking</a> and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wood_engraving?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Wood engraving">engraving</a></li> <li>Wood can be a surface to paint on, such as in <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Panel_painting?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Panel painting">panel painting</a></li> <li>Many <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Musical_instrument?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Musical instrument">musical instruments</a> are made mostly or entirely of wood</li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Sports_and_recreational_equipment">Sports and recreational equipment</h3> </div> Many types of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Sports_equipment?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Sports equipment">sports equipment</a> are made of wood, or were constructed of wood in the past. For example, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cricket_bat?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Cricket bat">cricket bats</a> are typically made of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Salix_alba?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Salix alba">white willow</a>. The <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Baseball_bat?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Baseball bat">baseball bats</a> which are legal for use in <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Major_League_Baseball?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Major League Baseball">Major League Baseball</a> are frequently made of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fraxinus?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Fraxinus">ash wood</a> or <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Hickory?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Hickory">hickory</a>, and in recent years have been constructed from <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Maple?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Maple">maple</a> even though that wood is somewhat more fragile. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/National_Basketball_Association?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="National Basketball Association">National Basketball Association</a> courts have been traditionally made out of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Parquetry?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Use_in_the_NBA" class="mw-redirect" title="Parquetry">parquetry</a>. Many other types of sports and recreation equipment, such as <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ski?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Ski">skis</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ice_hockey_stick?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Ice hockey stick">ice hockey sticks</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Lacrosse_stick?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Lacrosse stick">lacrosse sticks</a> and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bow_(weapon)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Bow (weapon)">archery bows</a>, were commonly made of wood in the past, but have since been replaced with more modern materials such as aluminium, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Titanium?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Titanium">titanium</a> or <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Composite_material?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Composite material">composite materials</a> such as <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fiberglass?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Fiberglass">fiberglass</a> and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Carbon_fiber?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Carbon fiber">carbon fiber</a>. One noteworthy example of this trend is the family of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Golf_club_(equipment)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Golf club (equipment)">golf clubs</a> commonly known as the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wood_(golf)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Wood (golf)">woods</a>, the heads of which were traditionally made of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Diospyros?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Diospyros">persimmon</a> wood in the early days of the game of golf, but are now generally made of metal or (especially in the case of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wood_(golf)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Drivers" title="Wood (golf)">drivers</a>) carbon-fiber composites. </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(6)"> <h2 id="Bacterial_degradation">Bacterial degradation</h2> </div> <section class="mf-section-6 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-6"> Little is known about the bacteria that degrade cellulose. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Symbiotic_bacteria?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Symbiotic bacteria">Symbiotic bacteria</a> in <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Xylophaga?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Xylophaga">Xylophaga</a> may play a role in the degradation of sunken wood. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Alphaproteobacteria?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Alphaproteobacteria">Alphaproteobacteria</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Flavobacteria?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Flavobacteria">Flavobacteria</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Actinomycetota?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Actinomycetota">Actinomycetota</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Clostridia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Clostridia">Clostridia</a>, and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bacteroidota?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Bacteroidota">Bacteroidota</a> have been detected in wood submerged for over a year.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wood?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-50">[50]</a> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(7)"> <h2 id="See_also">See also</h2> </div> <section class="mf-section-7 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-7"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1266661725">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style> <ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:Tree_template.svg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Tree_template.svg/28px-Tree_template.svg.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="48" data-file-height="48"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 28px;height: 28px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Tree_template.svg/28px-Tree_template.svg.png" data-alt="icon" data-width="28" data-height="28" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Tree_template.svg/42px-Tree_template.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Tree_template.svg/56px-Tree_template.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Portal:Trees?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Portal:Trees">Trees portal</a></li> </ul> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style> <div class="div-col" style="column-width: 20em;"> <ul> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Acetylated_wood?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Acetylated wood">Acetylated wood</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ancient_Chinese_wooden_architecture?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Ancient Chinese wooden architecture">Ancient Chinese wooden architecture</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ash_burner?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Ash burner">Ash burner</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Burl?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Burl">Burl</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Carpentry?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Carpentry">Carpentry</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Certified_wood?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Certified wood">Certified wood</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Conservation_and_restoration_of_waterlogged_wood?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Conservation and restoration of waterlogged wood">Conservation and restoration of waterlogged wood</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Conservation_and_restoration_of_wooden_artifacts?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Conservation and restoration of wooden artifacts">Conservation and restoration of wooden artifacts</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Driftwood?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Driftwood">Driftwood</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Dunnage?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Dunnage">Dunnage</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Forestry?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Forestry">Forestry</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fossil_wood?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Fossil wood">Fossil wood</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Furfurylated_wood?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Furfurylated wood">Furfurylated wood</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Green_building_and_wood?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Green building and wood">Green building and wood</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Helsinki_Central_Library_Oodi?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Helsinki Central Library Oodi">Helsinki Central Library Oodi</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/International_Wood_Products_Journal?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="International Wood Products Journal">International Wood Products Journal</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/List_of_tallest_wooden_buildings?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="List of tallest wooden buildings">List of tallest wooden buildings</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/List_of_woods?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="List of woods">List of woods</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Log_building?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Log building">Log building</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Log_cabin?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Log cabin">Log cabin</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Log_house?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Log house">Log house</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Mineral_bonded_wood_wool_board?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Mineral bonded wood wool board">Mineral bonded wood wool board</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Mj%C3%B8st%C3%A5rnet?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Mjøstårnet">Mjøstårnet</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Natural_building?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Natural building">Natural building</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Parquetry?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Parquetry">Parquetry</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pallet_crafts?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Pallet crafts">Pallet crafts</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pellet_fuel?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Pellet fuel">Pellet fuel</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Petrified_wood?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Petrified wood">Petrified wood</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pine_tar?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Pine tar">Pine tar</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Plyscraper?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Plyscraper">Plyscraper</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pulpwood?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Pulpwood">Pulpwood</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Reclaimed_lumber?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Reclaimed lumber">Reclaimed lumber</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Sawdust_brandy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Sawdust brandy">Sawdust brandy</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Sawdust?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Sawdust">Sawdust</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Thermally_modified_wood?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Thermally modified wood">Thermally modified wood</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Timber_framing?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Timber framing">Timber framing</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Timber_pilings?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Timber pilings">Timber pilings</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Timber_recycling?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Timber recycling">Timber recycling</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Tinder?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Tinder">Tinder</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wood_ash?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Wood ash">Wood ash</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wood_degradation?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Wood degradation">Wood degradation</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wood_drying?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Wood drying">Wood drying</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wood_economy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Wood economy">Wood economy</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wood_lagging?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Wood lagging">Wood lagging</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wood_preservation?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Wood preservation">Wood preservation</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wood_stabilization?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Wood stabilization">Wood stabilization</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wood_warping?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Wood warping">Wood warping</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wood_wool?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Wood wool">Wood wool</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wood-decay_fungus?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Wood-decay fungus">Wood-decay fungus</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wooden_box?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Wooden box">Wooden box</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wood-plastic_composite?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Wood-plastic composite">Wood-plastic composite</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Woodturning?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Woodturning">Woodturning</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Woodworm?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Woodworm">Woodworm</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Xylology?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Xylology">Xylology</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Xylophagy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Xylophagy">Xylophagy</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Xylotheque?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Xylotheque">Xylotheque</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Xylotomy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Xylotomy">Xylotomy</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Yakisugi?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Yakisugi">Yakisugi</a></li> </ul> </div> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(8)"> <h2 id="Sources">Sources</h2> </div> <section class="mf-section-8 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-8"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:Definition_of_Free_Cultural_Works_logo_notext.svg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img 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href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Free_content?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Free content">free content</a> work. Licensed under CC BY-SA IGO 3.0 (<a class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:World_Food_and_Agriculture_-_Statistical_Yearbook_2023.pdf">license statement/permission</a>). Text taken from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.fao.org/documents/card/en?details%3Dcc8166en">World Food and Agriculture – Statistical Yearbook 2023</a>, FAO. </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(9)"> <h2 id="References">References</h2> </div> <section class="mf-section-9 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-9"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style> <div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wood?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-1">^</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFHickey,_M.King,_C.2001" class="citation book cs1">Hickey, M.; King, C. (2001). The Cambridge Illustrated Glossary of Botanical Terms. Cambridge University Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Cambridge+Illustrated+Glossary+of+Botanical+Terms&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.au=Hickey%2C+M.&rft.au=King%2C+C.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWood" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-FAO-2020-2">^ <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wood?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-FAO-2020_2-0">a</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wood?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-FAO-2020_2-1">b</a> FAO. 2020. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.fao.org/3/ca9825en/ca9825en.pdf">Global Forest Resources Assessment 2020: Main report</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20221105155828/https://www.fao.org/3/ca9825en/ca9825en.pdf">Archived</a> November 5, 2022, at the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wayback_Machine?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Rome.</li> <li id="cite_note-3"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wood?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-3">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/smart-news/epa-declares-burning-wood-carbon-neutral-180968880/">"The EPA Declared That Burning Wood is Carbon Neutral. It's Actually a Lot More Complicated"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20210630153427/https://www.smithsonianmag.com/smart-news/epa-declares-burning-wood-carbon-neutral-180968880/">Archived</a> from the original on June 30, 2021. Retrieved June 3, 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+EPA+Declared+That+Burning+Wood+is+Carbon+Neutral.+It%27s+Actually+a+Lot+More+Complicated&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.smithsonianmag.com%2Fsmart-news%2Fepa-declares-burning-wood-carbon-neutral-180968880%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWood" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-Horst-2005-4">^ <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wood?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-Horst-2005_4-0">a</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wood?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-Horst-2005_4-1">b</a> Horst H. Nimz, Uwe Schmitt, Eckart Schwab, Otto Wittmann, Franz Wolf "Wood" in Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry 2005, Wiley-VCH, Weinheim. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Doi_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://doi.org/10.1002%252F14356007.a28_305">10.1002/14356007.a28_305</a></li> <li id="cite_note-5"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wood?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-5">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/new-brunswick/n-b-fossils-show-origins-of-wood-1.1052870">"N.B. fossils show origins of wood"</a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/CBC.ca?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="CBC.ca">CBC.ca</a>. August 12, 2011. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20110813012432/http://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/new-brunswick/story/2011/08/12/nb-origins-of-wood-found.html">Archived</a> from the original on August 13, 2011. Retrieved August 12, 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=N.B.+fossils+show+origins+of+wood&rft.date=2011-08-12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cbc.ca%2Fnews%2Fcanada%2Fnew-brunswick%2Fn-b-fossils-show-origins-of-wood-1.1052870&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWood" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-6"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wood?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-6">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPhilippe_Gerrienne2011" class="citation journal cs1">Philippe Gerrienne; et al. (August 12, 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://orbi.ulg.ac.be/jspui/handle/2268/97121">"A Simple Type of Wood in Two Early Devonian Plants"</a>. Science. 333 (6044): 837. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2011Sci...333..837G">2011Sci...333..837G</a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Doi_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://doi.org/10.1126%252Fscience.1208882">10.1126/science.1208882</a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://hdl.handle.net/2268%252F97121">2268/97121</a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/PMID_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21836008">21836008</a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:23513139">23513139</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Science&rft.atitle=A+Simple+Type+of+Wood+in+Two+Early+Devonian+Plants&rft.volume=333&rft.issue=6044&rft.pages=837&rft.date=2011-08-12&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F2268%2F97121&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A23513139%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2011Sci...333..837G&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F21836008&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1126%2Fscience.1208882&rft.au=Philippe+Gerrienne&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Forbi.ulg.ac.be%2Fjspui%2Fhandle%2F2268%2F97121&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWood" class="Z3988">[<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Wikipedia:Link rot">permanent dead link</a>‍]</li> <li id="cite_note-Woods-2017-7"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wood?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-Woods-2017_7-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="3" class="citation web cs1">Woods, Sarah (July 18, 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.ecobuildingpulse.com/products/a-history-of-wood_o">"A History of Wood from the Stone Age to the 21st Century"</a>. EcoBUILDING. A Publication of The American Institute of Architects. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20170329051421/http://www.ecobuildingpulse.com/products/a-history-of-wood_o">Archived</a> from the original on March 29, 2017. Retrieved March 28, 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=EcoBUILDING&rft.atitle=A+History+of+Wood+from+the+Stone+Age+to+the+21st+Century&rft.date=2016-07-18&rft.aulast=Woods&rft.aufirst=Sarah&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ecobuildingpulse.com%2Fproducts%2Fa-history-of-wood_o&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWood" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-Briffa-2008-8"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wood?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-Briffa-2008_8-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBriffa,_K.ShishovMelvinVaganov2008" class="citation journal cs1">Briffa, K.; Shishov, V.V.; Melvin, T.M.; Vaganov, E.A.; Grudd, H.; Hantemirov (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2606779">"Trends in recent temperature and radial tree growth spanning 2000 years across northwest Eurasia"</a>. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences. 363 (1501): 2271–2284. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Doi_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://doi.org/10.1098%252Frstb.2007.2199">10.1098/rstb.2007.2199</a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/PMC_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2606779">2606779</a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/PMID_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18048299">18048299</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Philosophical+Transactions+of+the+Royal+Society+B%3A+Biological+Sciences&rft.atitle=Trends+in+recent+temperature+and+radial+tree+growth+spanning+2000+years+across+northwest+Eurasia&rft.volume=363&rft.issue=1501&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E2271-%3C%2Fspan%3E2284&rft.date=2008&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2606779%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F18048299&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1098%2Frstb.2007.2199&rft.au=Briffa%2C+K.&rft.au=Shishov%2C+V.V.&rft.au=Melvin%2C+T.M.&rft.au=Vaganov%2C+E.A.&rft.au=Grudd%2C+H.&rft.au=Hantemirov&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2606779&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWood" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-9"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wood?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-9">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.farmforestline.com.au/pages/2.1.2.1_wood.html">Wood growth and structure</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20091212121121/http://farmforestline.com.au/pages/2.1.2.1_wood.html">Archived</a> December 12, 2009, at the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wayback_Machine?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> www.farmforestline.com.au</li> <li id="cite_note-10"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wood?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-10">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEverettBarritt2014" class="citation book cs1">Everett, Alan; Barritt, C. M. H. (May 12, 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://books.google.com/books?id%3DncCOAwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT38">Materials</a>. Routledge. p. 38. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-317-89327-1?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-317-89327-1"><bdi>978-1-317-89327-1</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20230908234050/https://books.google.com/books?id%3DncCOAwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT38">Archived</a> from the original on September 8, 2023. Retrieved March 20, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Materials&rft.pages=38&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2014-05-12&rft.isbn=978-1-317-89327-1&rft.aulast=Everett&rft.aufirst=Alan&rft.au=Barritt%2C+C.+M.+H.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DncCOAwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT38&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWood" class="Z3988"> "Knots, particularly edge and arris knots, reduce strength mainly in tension, but not in resistance to shear and splitting."</li> <li id="cite_note-Record-1914-11">^ <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wood?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-Record-1914_11-0">a</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wood?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-Record-1914_11-1">b</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wood?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-Record-1914_11-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRecord1914" class="citation book cs1">Record, Samuel J (1914). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/12299">The Mechanical Properties of Wood</a>. J. Wiley & Sons. p. 165. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ASIN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ASIN (identifier)">ASIN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.amazon.co.uk/dp/B000863N3W">B000863N3W</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20201018011708/http://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/12299">Archived</a> from the original on October 18, 2020. Retrieved August 28, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Mechanical+Properties+of+Wood&rft.pages=165&rft.pub=J.+Wiley+%26+Sons&rft.date=1914&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.amazon.co.uk%2Fdp%2FB000863N3W%23id-name%3DASIN&rft.aulast=Record&rft.aufirst=Samuel+J&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.gutenberg.org%2Febooks%2F12299&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWood" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-Britannica-1911-12"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wood?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-Britannica-1911_12-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%25C3%25A6dia_Britannica/Duramen">"Duramen" </a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">Encyclopædia Britannica</a>. Vol. 8 (11th ed.). 1911. p. 692.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Duramen&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.pages=692&rft.edition=11th&rft.date=1911&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWood" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-13"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wood?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-13">^</a> Shigo, Alex. (1986) A New Tree Biology Dictionary. Shigo and Trees, Associates. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-943563-12-7?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/0-943563-12-7">0-943563-12-7</a></li> <li id="cite_note-14"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wood?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-14">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRecord1914" class="citation book cs1">Record, Samuel James (1914). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://archive.org/details/mechanicalprope02recogoog">The Mechanical Properties of Wood: Including a Discussion of the Factors Affecting the Mechanical Properties, and Methods of Timber Testing</a>. J. Wiley & Sons, Incorporated. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://archive.org/details/mechanicalprope02recogoog/page/n70">51</a>. <q>The term heartwood derives solely from its position and not from any vital importance to the tree as a tree can thrive with heart completely decayed.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Mechanical+Properties+of+Wood%3A+Including+a+Discussion+of+the+Factors+Affecting+the+Mechanical+Properties%2C+and+Methods+of+Timber+Testing&rft.pages=51&rft.pub=J.+Wiley+%26+Sons%2C+Incorporated&rft.date=1914&rft.aulast=Record&rft.aufirst=Samuel+James&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fmechanicalprope02recogoog&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWood" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-Alburnum-1911-15"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wood?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-Alburnum-1911_15-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%25C3%25A6dia_Britannica/Alburnum">"Alburnum" </a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">Encyclopædia Britannica</a>. 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://nationalvetcontent.edu.au/alfresco/d/d/workspace/SpacesStore/b2f0fcee-47cb-4650-b248-f533d73d5428/13_05/toolbox13_05/unit9_selecting_timber/section2_characteristics/lesson2_hardwood.htm">the original</a> on August 10, 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=nationalvetcontent.edu.au&rft.atitle=Timber+Plus+Toolbox%2C+Selecting+timber%2C+Characteristics+of+timber%2C+Structure+of+hardwoods&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnationalvetcontent.edu.au%2Falfresco%2Fd%2Fd%2Fworkspace%2FSpacesStore%2Fb2f0fcee-47cb-4650-b248-f533d73d5428%2F13_05%2Ftoolbox13_05%2Funit9_selecting_timber%2Fsection2_characteristics%2Flesson2_hardwood.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWood" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-Sperry-1994-19">^ <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wood?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-Sperry-1994_19-0">a</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wood?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-Sperry-1994_19-1">b</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wood?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-Sperry-1994_19-2">c</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wood?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-Sperry-1994_19-3">d</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wood?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-Sperry-1994_19-4">e</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSperryNichols,_Kirk_L.Sullivan,_June_E.Eastlack,_Sondra_E.1994" class="citation journal cs1">Sperry, John S.; Nichols, Kirk L.; Sullivan, June E.; Eastlack, Sondra E. 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Ecology. 75 (6): 1736–1752. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1994Ecol...75.1736S">1994Ecol...75.1736S</a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Doi_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://doi.org/10.2307%252F1939633">10.2307/1939633</a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.jstor.org/stable/1939633">1939633</a>. 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Retrieved November 30, 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Ecology&rft.atitle=Xylem+Embolism+in+ring-porous%2C+diffuse-porous%2C+and+coniferous+trees+of+Northern+Utah+and+Interior+Alaska&rft.volume=75&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1736-%3C%2Fspan%3E1752&rft.date=1994&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F1939633%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F1939633&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1994Ecol...75.1736S&rft.aulast=Sperry&rft.aufirst=John+S.&rft.au=Nichols%2C+Kirk+L.&rft.au=Sullivan%2C+June+E.&rft.au=Eastlack%2C+Sondra+E.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbioweb.biology.utah.edu%2Fsperry%2Fpublications%2FSperry%2520et%2520al.%25201994%2520Ecology.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWood" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-20"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wood?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-20">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRecord1914" class="citation book cs1">Record, Samuel James (1914). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://books.google.com/books?id%3DIbjPAAAAMAAJ%26pg%3DPA44">The Mechanical Properties of Wood, Including a Discussion of the Factors Affecting the Mechanical Properties, and Methods of Timber Testing</a>. 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August 22, 2023. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20230822211225/https://doorstain.com/blog/news/what-are-the-mechanical-properties-of-bamboo/">Archived</a> from the original on August 22, 2023. Retrieved August 22, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.DoorStain.com&rft.atitle=What+are+the+mechanical+properties+of+bamboo&rft.date=2023-08-22&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoorstain.com%2Fblog%2Fnews%2Fwhat-are-the-mechanical-properties-of-bamboo%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWood" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-30"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wood?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-30">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://books.google.com/books?id%3DMeAstagRCJ4C%26pg%3DSA2-PA6">Agriculture Handbook</a>. U.S. Department of Agriculture. 1997. pp. 2–6. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20230908234052/https://books.google.com/books?id%3DMeAstagRCJ4C%26pg%3DSA2-PA6">Archived</a> from the original on September 8, 2023. 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(2015). "Chapter 11: Preservation, Protection and Modification of Wood Composites". Woodhead Publishing Series in Composites Science and Engineering: Number 54. Wood Composites. 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Cell physiology sourcebook: essentials of membrane biophysics (Fourth ed.). London, UK. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-12-387738-3?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-12-387738-3"><bdi>978-0-12-387738-3</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20200628201941/https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9780123877383000044">Archived</a> from the original on June 28, 2020. 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Journal of Horticultural Research. 22 (1): 5–19. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Doi_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://doi.org/10.2478%252Fjohr-2014-0001">10.2478/johr-2014-0001</a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:33834249">33834249</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Horticultural+Research&rft.atitle=The+Biological+Activities+of+Troponoids+and+Their+Use+in+Agriculture+A+Review&rft.volume=22&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E5-%3C%2Fspan%3E19&rft.date=2014-09-10&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2478%2Fjohr-2014-0001&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A33834249%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Saniewski&rft.aufirst=Marian&rft.au=Horbowicz%2C+Marcin&rft.au=Kanlayanarat%2C+Sirichai&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.2478%252Fjohr-2014-0001&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWood" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-42"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wood?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-42">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBentley2008" class="citation journal cs1">Bentley, Ronald (2008). 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FAO. November 29, 2023. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Doi_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://doi.org/10.4060%252Fcc8166en">10.4060/cc8166en</a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-92-5-138262-2?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/978-92-5-138262-2"><bdi>978-92-5-138262-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=World+Food+and+Agriculture+%E2%80%93+Statistical+Yearbook+2023&rft.pub=FAO&rft.date=2023-11-29&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.4060%2Fcc8166en&rft.isbn=978-92-5-138262-2&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.fao.org%2Fdocuments%2Fcard%2Fen%2Fc%2Fcc8166en&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWood" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-44"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wood?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-44">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSterrett1994" class="citation book cs1">Sterrett, Frances S. (October 12, 1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://books.google.com/books?id%3DjFvrF4DaZcgC%26q%3D%25C2%25A0Wood%2Bhas%2Ba%2Blong%2Bhistory%2Bof%2Bbeing%2Bused%2Bas%2Bfuel%26pg%3DPA261">Alternative Fuels and the Environment</a>. CRC Press. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-87371-978-0?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-87371-978-0"><bdi>978-0-87371-978-0</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20231230131945/https://books.google.com/books?id%3DjFvrF4DaZcgC%26q%3D%25C2%25A0Wood%2Bhas%2Ba%2Blong%2Bhistory%2Bof%2Bbeing%2Bused%2Bas%2Bfuel%26pg%3DPA261%23v%3Dsnippet%26q%3D%25C2%25A0Wood%2520has%2520a%2520long%2520history%2520of%2520being%2520used%2520as%2520fuel%26f%3Dfalse">Archived</a> from the original on December 30, 2023. Retrieved October 6, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Alternative+Fuels+and+the+Environment&rft.pub=CRC+Press&rft.date=1994-10-12&rft.isbn=978-0-87371-978-0&rft.aulast=Sterrett&rft.aufirst=Frances+S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DjFvrF4DaZcgC%26q%3D%25C2%25A0Wood%2Bhas%2Ba%2Blong%2Bhistory%2Bof%2Bbeing%2Bused%2Bas%2Bfuel%26pg%3DPA261&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWood" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-45"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wood?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-45">^</a> "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.dykerheightscivicassociation.com/saittareport.pdf">Saitta House – Report Part 1</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20081216233832/http://www.dykerheightscivicassociation.com/saittareport.pdf">Archived</a> December 16, 2008, at the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wayback_Machine?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>",DykerHeightsCivicAssociation.com</li> <li id="cite_note-46"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wood?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-46">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBinggeli2013" class="citation book cs1">Binggeli, Corky (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://books.google.com/books?id%3DjSiRAAAAQBAJ%26q%3D%25C2%25A0Wood%2Bto%2Bbe%2Bused%2Bfor%2Bconstruction%2Bwork%2Bis%2Bcommonly%2Bknown%2Bas%2Blumber%2Bin%2BNorth%2BAmerica%26pg%3DSA7-PA15">Materials for Interior Environments</a>. John Wiley & Sons. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-118-42160-4?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-118-42160-4"><bdi>978-1-118-42160-4</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20231230132013/https://books.google.com/books?id%3DjSiRAAAAQBAJ%26q%3D%25C2%25A0Wood%2Bto%2Bbe%2Bused%2Bfor%2Bconstruction%2Bwork%2Bis%2Bcommonly%2Bknown%2Bas%2Blumber%2Bin%2BNorth%2BAmerica%26pg%3DSA7-PA15%23v%3Dsnippet%26q%3D%25C2%25A0Wood%2520to%2520be%2520used%2520for%2520construction%2520work%2520is%2520commonly%2520known%2520as%2520lumber%2520in%2520North%2520America%26f%3Dfalse">Archived</a> from the original on December 30, 2023. Retrieved October 6, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Materials+for+Interior+Environments&rft.pub=John+Wiley+%26+Sons&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-1-118-42160-4&rft.aulast=Binggeli&rft.aufirst=Corky&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DjSiRAAAAQBAJ%26q%3D%25C2%25A0Wood%2Bto%2Bbe%2Bused%2Bfor%2Bconstruction%2Bwork%2Bis%2Bcommonly%2Bknown%2Bas%2Blumber%2Bin%2BNorth%2BAmerica%26pg%3DSA7-PA15&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWood" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-apawood-47">^ <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wood?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-apawood_47-0">a</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wood?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-apawood_47-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.apawood.org/pdfs/download_pdf.cfm?PDFFilename%3Dmanaged/E30.pdf">"APA – The Engineered Wood Association"</a> (PDF). apawood.org. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20060627045932/http://www.apawood.org/pdfs/download_pdf.cfm?PDFFilename%3Dmanaged%252FE30.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on June 27, 2006.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=apawood.org&rft.atitle=APA+%E2%80%93+The+Engineered+Wood+Association&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.apawood.org%2Fpdfs%2Fdownload_pdf.cfm%3FPDFFilename%3Dmanaged%2FE30.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWood" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-48"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wood?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-48">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20090319100903/http://www.forintek.ca/public/pdf/annual%2520report/AR_2007_2008/AR_ENG_2007.pdf">"FPInnovations"</a> (PDF). forintek.ca. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.forintek.ca/public/pdf/annual%2520report/AR_2007_2008/AR_ENG_2007.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on March 19, 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=forintek.ca&rft.atitle=FPInnovations&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.forintek.ca%2Fpublic%2Fpdf%2Fannual%2520report%2FAR_2007_2008%2FAR_ENG_2007.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWood" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-49"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wood?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-49">^</a> "System for remotely monitoring moisture content on wooden elements" I Arakistain, O Munne EP Patent EPO1382108.0</li> <li id="cite_note-50"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wood?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-50">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChristina_BienholdPetra_Pop_RistovaFrank_WenzhöferThorsten_Dittmar2013" class="citation journal cs1">Christina Bienhold; Petra Pop Ristova; Frank Wenzhöfer; Thorsten Dittmar; Antje Boetius (January 2, 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3534711">"How Deep-Sea Wood Falls Sustain Chemosynthetic Life"</a>. PLOS ONE. 8 (1): e53590. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2013PLoSO...853590B">2013PLoSO...853590B</a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Doi_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://doi.org/10.1371%252Fjournal.pone.0053590">10.1371/journal.pone.0053590</a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/PMC_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3534711">3534711</a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/PMID_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23301092">23301092</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=PLOS+ONE&rft.atitle=How+Deep-Sea+Wood+Falls+Sustain+Chemosynthetic+Life&rft.volume=8&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=e53590&rft.date=2013-01-02&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3534711%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F23301092&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0053590&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2013PLoSO...853590B&rft.au=Christina+Bienhold&rft.au=Petra+Pop+Ristova&rft.au=Frank+Wenzh%C3%B6fer&rft.au=Thorsten+Dittmar&rft.au=Antje+Boetius&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3534711&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWood" class="Z3988"></li> </ol> </div> <ul> <li> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHoadley2000" class="citation book cs1"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/R._Bruce_Hoadley?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="R. Bruce Hoadley">Hoadley, R. Bruce</a> (2000). Understanding Wood: A Craftsman's Guide to Wood Technology. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Taunton_Press?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Taunton Press">Taunton Press</a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-56158-358-4?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-56158-358-4"><bdi>978-1-56158-358-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Understanding+Wood%3A+A+Craftsman%27s+Guide+to+Wood+Technology&rft.pub=Taunton+Press&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-1-56158-358-4&rft.aulast=Hoadley&rft.aufirst=R.+Bruce&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWood" class="Z3988"></li> </ul> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 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href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Wood" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Wood">Wood</a>. </div> </div> </div> <ul> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20160527073656/http://www.woodinculture.fi/en/">The Wood in Culture Association</a> (archived 27 May 2016)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.thewoodexplorer.com/">The Wood Explorer: A comprehensive database of commercial wood species</a> (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20150407062512/http://www.thewoodexplorer.com/">Archived</a> April 7, 2015, at the <a 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.portal-bar-content-related{margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-item{display:inline-block;margin:0.15em 0.2em;min-height:24px;line-height:24px}@media screen and (max-width:768px){.mw-parser-output .portal-bar{font-size:88%;font-weight:bold;display:flex;flex-flow:column wrap;align-items:baseline}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-header{text-align:center;flex:0;padding-left:0.5em;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-related{font-size:100%;align-items:flex-start}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;align-items:center;flex:0;column-gap:1em;border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;margin:0 auto;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content-related{border-top:none;margin:0;list-style:none}}.mw-parser-output .navbox+link+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+link+.portal-bar-bordered,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.portal-bar-bordered,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+link+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+style+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+.navbox-styles+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+.navbox-styles+.sister-bar{margin-top:-1px}</style> <div class="portal-bar noprint metadata noviewer portal-bar-bordered" role="navigation" aria-label="Portals"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents/Portals?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Wikipedia:Contents/Portals">Portals</a>: <ul class="portal-bar-content"> <li class="portal-bar-item"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:Cercophonius_squama.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Cercophonius_squama.jpg/21px-Cercophonius_squama.jpg" decoding="async" width="21" height="17" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1974" data-file-height="1606"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 21px;height: 17px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Cercophonius_squama.jpg/21px-Cercophonius_squama.jpg" data-alt="icon" data-width="21" data-height="17" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Cercophonius_squama.jpg/32px-Cercophonius_squama.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Cercophonius_squama.jpg/42px-Cercophonius_squama.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Portal:Arthropods?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Portal:Arthropods">Arthropods</a></li> <li class="portal-bar-item"> <noscript> <img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Earth_Day_Flag.png/21px-Earth_Day_Flag.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="14" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="6000" data-file-height="4000"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 21px;height: 14px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Earth_Day_Flag.png/21px-Earth_Day_Flag.png" data-alt="icon" data-width="21" data-height="14" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Earth_Day_Flag.png/32px-Earth_Day_Flag.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Earth_Day_Flag.png/42px-Earth_Day_Flag.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element">  <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Portal:Ecology?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Portal:Ecology">Ecology</a></li> <li class="portal-bar-item"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:Nuvola_apps_kcmsystem.svg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Nuvola_apps_kcmsystem.svg/19px-Nuvola_apps_kcmsystem.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="19" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 19px;height: 19px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Nuvola_apps_kcmsystem.svg/19px-Nuvola_apps_kcmsystem.svg.png" data-alt="icon" data-width="19" data-height="19" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Nuvola_apps_kcmsystem.svg/29px-Nuvola_apps_kcmsystem.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Nuvola_apps_kcmsystem.svg/38px-Nuvola_apps_kcmsystem.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Portal:Engineering?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Portal:Engineering">Engineering</a></li> <li class="portal-bar-item"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:Aegopodium_podagraria1_ies.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Aegopodium_podagraria1_ies.jpg/21px-Aegopodium_podagraria1_ies.jpg" decoding="async" width="21" height="18" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="700"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 21px;height: 18px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Aegopodium_podagraria1_ies.jpg/21px-Aegopodium_podagraria1_ies.jpg" data-alt="icon" data-width="21" data-height="18" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Aegopodium_podagraria1_ies.jpg/32px-Aegopodium_podagraria1_ies.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Aegopodium_podagraria1_ies.jpg/42px-Aegopodium_podagraria1_ies.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Portal:Environment?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Portal:Environment">Environment</a></li> <li class="portal-bar-item"> <noscript> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Karl_Johanssvamp%2C_Iduns_kokbok.png/17px-Karl_Johanssvamp%2C_Iduns_kokbok.png" decoding="async" width="17" height="19" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1105" data-file-height="1215"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 17px;height: 19px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Karl_Johanssvamp%2C_Iduns_kokbok.png/17px-Karl_Johanssvamp%2C_Iduns_kokbok.png" data-alt="" data-width="17" data-height="19" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Karl_Johanssvamp%2C_Iduns_kokbok.png/26px-Karl_Johanssvamp%2C_Iduns_kokbok.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Karl_Johanssvamp%2C_Iduns_kokbok.png/35px-Karl_Johanssvamp%2C_Iduns_kokbok.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element">  <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Portal:Fungi?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Portal:Fungi">Fungi</a></li> <li class="portal-bar-item"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:Ic%C3%B4ne_Ile.svg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Ic%C3%B4ne_Ile.svg/19px-Ic%C3%B4ne_Ile.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="19" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="200" data-file-height="200"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 19px;height: 19px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Ic%C3%B4ne_Ile.svg/19px-Ic%C3%B4ne_Ile.svg.png" data-alt="icon" data-width="19" data-height="19" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Ic%C3%B4ne_Ile.svg/29px-Ic%C3%B4ne_Ile.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Ic%C3%B4ne_Ile.svg/38px-Ic%C3%B4ne_Ile.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Portal:Islands?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Portal:Islands">Islands</a></li> <li class="portal-bar-item"> <noscript> <img alt="artist's palette" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/600-artist-palette.svg/19px-600-artist-palette.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="19" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 19px;height: 19px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/600-artist-palette.svg/19px-600-artist-palette.svg.png" data-alt="artist's palette" data-width="19" data-height="19" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/600-artist-palette.svg/29px-600-artist-palette.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/600-artist-palette.svg/38px-600-artist-palette.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element">  <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Portal:Painting?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Portal:Painting">Painting</a></li> <li class="portal-bar-item"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:P_train.svg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e3/P_train.svg/21px-P_train.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="19" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="360"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 21px;height: 19px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e3/P_train.svg/21px-P_train.svg.png" data-alt="icon" data-width="21" data-height="19" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e3/P_train.svg/32px-P_train.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e3/P_train.svg/42px-P_train.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Portal:Trains?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Portal:Trains">Trains</a></li> <li class="portal-bar-item"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:Tree_template.svg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Tree_template.svg/19px-Tree_template.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="19" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="48" data-file-height="48"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 19px;height: 19px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Tree_template.svg/19px-Tree_template.svg.png" data-alt="icon" data-width="19" data-height="19" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Tree_template.svg/29px-Tree_template.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Tree_template.svg/38px-Tree_template.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Portal:Trees?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Portal:Trees">Trees</a></li> </ul> </div>   </section> </div> <noscript> <img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=mobile&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"> </noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet=""> Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title%3DWood%26oldid%3D1269838012">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wood&oldid=1269838012</a>" </div> </div> </div> <div class="post-content" id="page-secondary-actions"> </div> </main> <footer class="mw-footer minerva-footer" role="contentinfo"><a class="last-modified-bar" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Wood&action=history&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB"> <div class="post-content last-modified-bar__content"> Last edited on 16 January 2025, at 17:17 </div></a> <div class="post-content footer-content"> <div id="mw-data-after-content"> <div class="read-more-container"></div> </div> <div id="p-lang"> <h4>Languages</h4> <section> <ul id="p-variants" class="minerva-languages"></ul> <ul class="minerva-languages"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hout" title="Hout – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Hout" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holz" title="Holz – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Holz" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Alemannisch</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E1%258A%25A5%25E1%258A%2595%25E1%258C%25A8%25E1%2589%25B5" title="እንጨት – Amharic" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="እንጨት" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Amharic" class="interlanguage-link-target">አማርኛ</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ang mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ang.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holt" title="Holt – Old English" lang="ang" hreflang="ang" data-title="Holt" data-language-autonym="Ænglisc" data-language-local-name="Old English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ænglisc</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D8%25AE%25D8%25B4%25D8%25A8" title="خشب – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="خشب" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fusta" title="Fusta – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Fusta" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Aragonés</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arc mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://arc.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25DC%25A9%25DC%259D%25DC%25A3%25DC%2590" title="ܩܝܣܐ – Aramaic" lang="arc" hreflang="arc" data-title="ܩܝܣܐ" data-language-autonym="ܐܪܡܝܐ" data-language-local-name="Aramaic" class="interlanguage-link-target">ܐܪܡܝܐ</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-roa-rup mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lemnu" title="Lemnu – Aromanian" lang="rup" hreflang="rup" data-title="Lemnu" data-language-autonym="Armãneashti" data-language-local-name="Aromanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Armãneashti</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madera" title="Madera – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Madera" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yvyra" title="Yvyra – Guarani" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Yvyra" data-language-autonym="Avañe'ẽ" data-language-local-name="Guarani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Avañe'ẽ</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taxta" title="Taxta – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Taxta" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D8%25A2%25D8%25BA%25D8%25A7%25D8%25AC_(%25D9%2585%25D8%25A7%25D8%25AF%25D9%2587)" title="آغاج (ماده) – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="آغاج (ماده)" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">تۆرکجه</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E0%25A6%2595%25E0%25A6%25BE%25E0%25A6%25A0" title="কাঠ – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="কাঠ" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chh%25C3%25A2" title="Chhâ – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Chhâ" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D2%25AE%25D2%2599%25D0%25B0%25D2%2593%25D0%25B0%25D1%2581" title="Үҙағас – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Үҙағас" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target">Башҡортса</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%2594%25D1%2580%25D0%25B0%25D1%259E%25D0%25BD%25D1%2596%25D0%25BD%25D0%25B0" title="Драўніна – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Драўніна" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%2594%25D1%2580%25D0%25B0%25D1%259E%25D0%25BD%25D1%2596%25D0%25BD%25D0%25B0" title="Драўніна – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Драўніна" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E0%25A4%25B2%25E0%25A4%2595%25E0%25A4%25A1%25E0%25A4%25BC%25E0%25A5%2580" title="लकड़ी – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="लकड़ी" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target">भोजपुरी</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kahoy" title="Kahoy – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Kahoy" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bikol Central</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%2594%25D1%258A%25D1%2580%25D0%25B2%25D0%25B5%25D1%2581%25D0%25B8%25D0%25BD%25D0%25B0" title="Дървесина – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Дървесина" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hoiz" title="Hoiz – Bavarian" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Hoiz" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="Bavarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Boarisch</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drvo_(materijal)" title="Drvo (materijal) – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Drvo (materijal)" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bosanski</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koad" title="Koad – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Koad" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target">Brezhoneg</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fusta" title="Fusta – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Fusta" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%2599%25D1%258B%25D0%25B2%25C4%2583%25C3%25A7_(%25D0%25B9%25C4%2583%25D0%25BC%25D0%25BB%25C4%2583%25D1%2585)" title="Йывăç (йăмлăх) – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Йывăç (йăмлăх)" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target">Чӑвашла</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kahoy" title="Kahoy – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Kahoy" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cebuano</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%25C5%2599evo" title="Dřevo – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Dřevo" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pren" title="Pren – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Pren" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cymraeg</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tr%25C3%25A6_(materiale)" title="Træ (materiale) – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Træ (materiale)" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holz" title="Holz – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Holz" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Puit" title="Puit – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Puit" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25CE%259E%25CF%258D%25CE%25BB%25CE%25BF" title="Ξύλο – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Ξύλο" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eml mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://eml.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%25C3%25A8gn" title="Lègn – Emiliano-Romagnolo" lang="egl" hreflang="egl" data-title="Lègn" data-language-autonym="Emiliàn e rumagnòl" data-language-local-name="Emiliano-Romagnolo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Emiliàn e rumagnòl</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madera" title="Madera – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Madera" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ligno" title="Ligno – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Ligno" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ext mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ext.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maera" title="Maera – Extremaduran" lang="ext" hreflang="ext" data-title="Maera" data-language-autonym="Estremeñu" data-language-local-name="Extremaduran" class="interlanguage-link-target">Estremeñu</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zur" title="Zur – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Zur" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25DA%2586%25D9%2588%25D8%25A8" title="چوب – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="چوب" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lakrri" title="Lakrri – Fiji Hindi" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="Lakrri" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="Fiji Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Fiji Hindi</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bois" title="Bois – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Bois" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hout" title="Hout – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Hout" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Frysk</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adhmad" title="Adhmad – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Adhmad" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaeilge</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fiodh" title="Fiodh – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Fiodh" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Scottish Gaelic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gàidhlig</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madeira" title="Madeira – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Madeira" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gan mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://gan.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E6%259C%25A8" title="木 – Gan" lang="gan" hreflang="gan" data-title="木" data-language-autonym="贛語" data-language-local-name="Gan" class="interlanguage-link-target">贛語</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muk" title="Muk – Hakka Chinese" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Muk" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Hakka Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25EB%25AA%25A9%25EC%259E%25AC" title="목재 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="목재" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Katako" title="Katako – Hausa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Katako" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="Hausa" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hausa</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D5%2593%25D5%25A1%25D5%25B5%25D5%25BF" title="Փայտ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Փայտ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E0%25A4%25B2%25E0%25A4%2595%25E0%25A4%25A1%25E0%25A4%25BC%25E0%25A5%2580" title="लकड़ी – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="लकड़ी" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drvo_(materijal)" title="Drvo (materijal) – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Drvo (materijal)" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ligno" title="Ligno – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Ligno" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ido</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ig mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ig.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25C5%2583k%25C3%25BA" title="Ńkú – Igbo" lang="ig" hreflang="ig" data-title="Ńkú" data-language-autonym="Igbo" data-language-local-name="Igbo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Igbo</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kayu" title="Kayu – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Kayu" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ligno" title="Ligno – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Ligno" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Interlingua</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ik mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ik.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qiruk" title="Qiruk – Inupiaq" lang="ik" hreflang="ik" data-title="Qiruk" data-language-autonym="Iñupiatun" data-language-local-name="Inupiaq" class="interlanguage-link-target">Iñupiatun</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zu mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://zu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukhuni" title="Ukhuni – Zulu" lang="zu" hreflang="zu" data-title="Ukhuni" data-language-autonym="IsiZulu" data-language-local-name="Zulu" class="interlanguage-link-target">IsiZulu</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vi%25C3%25B0ur" title="Viður – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Viður" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Íslenska</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legno" title="Legno – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Legno" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D7%25A2%25D7%25A5_(%25D7%2597%25D7%2595%25D7%259E%25D7%25A8_%25D7%2592%25D7%259C%25D7%259D)" title="עץ (חומר גלם) – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="עץ (חומר גלם)" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kayu" title="Kayu – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Kayu" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Jawa</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbp mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://kbp.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25C6%2589ee%25C9%25A3a" title="Ɖeeɣa – Kabiye" lang="kbp" hreflang="kbp" data-title="Ɖeeɣa" data-language-autonym="Kabɩyɛ" data-language-local-name="Kabiye" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kabɩyɛ</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E1%2583%259B%25E1%2583%2594%25E1%2583%25A0%25E1%2583%25A5%25E1%2583%2590%25E1%2583%259C%25E1%2583%2598" title="მერქანი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="მერქანი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%2590%25D2%2593%25D0%25B0%25D1%2588_(%25D0%25BC%25D0%25B0%25D1%2582%25D0%25B5%25D1%2580%25D0%25B8%25D0%25B0%25D0%25BB)" title="Ағаш (материал) – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Ағаш (материал)" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Қазақша</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ubao" title="Ubao – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Ubao" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kiswahili</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bwa" title="Bwa – Haitian Creole" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Bwa" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Haitian Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kreyòl ayisyen</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gcr mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://gcr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bwa" title="Bwa – Guianan Creole" lang="gcr" hreflang="gcr" data-title="Bwa" data-language-autonym="Kriyòl gwiyannen" data-language-local-name="Guianan Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kriyòl gwiyannen</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%2596%25D1%258B%25D0%25B3%25D0%25B0%25D1%2587" title="Жыгач – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Жыгач" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target">Кыргызча</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lignum" title="Lignum – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Lignum" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koksne" title="Koksne – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Koksne" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holz_(Material)" title="Holz (Material) – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Holz (Material)" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lëtzebuergesch</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mediena" title="Mediena – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Mediena" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hout" title="Hout – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Hout" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Limburgs</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lenio" title="Lenio – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Lenio" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lingua Franca Nova</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-olo mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://olo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Puuaines" title="Puuaines – Livvi-Karelian" lang="olo" hreflang="olo" data-title="Puuaines" data-language-autonym="Livvinkarjala" data-language-local-name="Livvi-Karelian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Livvinkarjala</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legn" title="Legn – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Legn" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lombard</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fa_(anyag)" title="Fa (anyag) – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Fa (anyag)" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mad mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://mad.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaju" title="Kaju – Madurese" lang="mad" hreflang="mad" data-title="Kaju" data-language-autonym="Madhurâ" data-language-local-name="Madurese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Madhurâ</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hazo_(akora)" title="Hazo (akora) – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Hazo (akora)" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target">Malagasy</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E0%25B4%25A4%25E0%25B4%259F%25E0%25B4%25BF" title="തടി – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="തടി" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target">മലയാളം</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mt mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://mt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Injam" title="Injam – Maltese" lang="mt" hreflang="mt" data-title="Injam" data-language-autonym="Malti" data-language-local-name="Maltese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Malti</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E0%25A4%25B2%25E0%25A4%25BE%25E0%25A4%2595%25E0%25A5%2582%25E0%25A4%25A1" title="लाकूड – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="लाकूड" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target">मराठी</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D8%25AE%25D8%25B4%25D8%25A8" title="خشب – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="خشب" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">مصرى</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25DA%2586%25D9%2588" title="چو – Mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="چو" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target">مازِرونی</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kayu" title="Kayu – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Kayu" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-min mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://min.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kayu" title="Kayu – Minangkabau" lang="min" hreflang="min" data-title="Kayu" data-language-autonym="Minangkabau" data-language-local-name="Minangkabau" class="interlanguage-link-target">Minangkabau</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ch%25C3%25A0" title="Chà – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Chà" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E1%2580%259E%25E1%2580%2585%25E1%2580%25BA%25E1%2580%259E%25E1%2580%25AC%25E1%2580%25B8" title="သစ်သား – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="သစ်သား" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target">မြန်မာဘာသာ</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fj mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://fj.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kau" title="Kau – Fijian" lang="fj" hreflang="fj" data-title="Kau" data-language-autonym="Na Vosa Vakaviti" data-language-local-name="Fijian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Na Vosa Vakaviti</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hout" title="Hout – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Hout" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://nds-nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holt" title="Holt – Low Saxon" lang="nds-NL" hreflang="nds-NL" data-title="Holt" data-language-autonym="Nedersaksies" data-language-local-name="Low Saxon" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nedersaksies</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E0%25A4%25B8%25E0%25A4%25BF%25E0%25A4%2581" title="सिँ – Newari" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="सिँ" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="Newari" class="interlanguage-link-target">नेपाल भाषा</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E6%259C%25A8%25E6%259D%2590" title="木材 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="木材" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nap mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://nap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lignammo" title="Lignammo – Neapolitan" lang="nap" hreflang="nap" data-title="Lignammo" data-language-autonym="Napulitano" data-language-local-name="Neapolitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Napulitano</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holt" title="Holt – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Holt" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nordfriisk</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treverk" title="Treverk – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Treverk" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trevirke" title="Trevirke – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Trevirke" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fusta" title="Fusta – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Fusta" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Occitan</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yog%25CA%25BBoch" title="Yogʻoch – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Yogʻoch" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E0%25A8%25B2%25E0%25A9%25B1%25E0%25A8%2595%25E0%25A9%259C" title="ਲੱਕੜ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਲੱਕੜ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D9%2584%25DA%25A9%25DA%2591%25DB%258C" title="لکڑی – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="لکڑی" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">پنجابی</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D9%2584%25D8%25B1%25DA%25AB%25DB%258C" title="لرګی – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="لرګی" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target">پښتو</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pcd mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://pcd.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%25C3%25B2" title="Bò – Picard" lang="pcd" hreflang="pcd" data-title="Bò" data-language-autonym="Picard" data-language-local-name="Picard" class="interlanguage-link-target">Picard</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holt_(Bostoff)" title="Holt (Bostoff) – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Holt (Bostoff)" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Low German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Plattdüütsch</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drewno_(technika)" title="Drewno (technika) – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Drewno (technika)" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madeira" title="Madeira – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Madeira" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-crh mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://crh.wikipedia.org/wiki/A%25C4%259Fa%25C3%25A7" title="Ağaç – Crimean Tatar" lang="crh" hreflang="crh" data-title="Ağaç" data-language-autonym="Qırımtatarca" data-language-local-name="Crimean Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Qırımtatarca</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lemn" title="Lemn – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Lemn" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Q%2527iru" title="Q'iru – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Q'iru" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Runa Simi</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%2594%25D1%2580%25D0%25B5%25D0%25B2%25D0%25B5%25D1%2581%25D0%25B8%25D0%25BD%25D0%25B0" title="Древесина – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Древесина" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sat mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://sat.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E1%25B1%25A0%25E1%25B1%259F%25E1%25B1%25B4" title="ᱠᱟᱴ – Santali" lang="sat" hreflang="sat" data-title="ᱠᱟᱴ" data-language-autonym="ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ" data-language-local-name="Santali" class="interlanguage-link-target">ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wid" title="Wid – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Wid" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target">Scots</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Druri" title="Druri – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Druri" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Shqip</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lignu_(materia)" title="Lignu (materia) – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Lignu (materia)" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sicilianu</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wood" title="Wood – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Wood" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25DA%25AA%25D8%25A7%25D9%25BA" title="ڪاٺ – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="ڪاٺ" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target">سنڌي</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drevo" title="Drevo – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Drevo" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Les" title="Les – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Les" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alwaax" title="Alwaax – Somali" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="Alwaax" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="Somali" class="interlanguage-link-target">Soomaaliga</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25DA%2586%25DB%258E%25D9%2588" title="چێو – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="چێو" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">کوردی</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%2594%25D1%2580%25D0%25B2%25D0%25BE_(%25D0%25BC%25D0%25B0%25D1%2582%25D0%25B5%25D1%2580%25D0%25B8%25D1%2598%25D0%25B0%25D0%25BB)" title="Дрво (материјал) – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Дрво (материјал)" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drvo_(materijal)" title="Drvo (materijal) – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Drvo (materijal)" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kai" title="Kai – Sundanese" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Kai" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="Sundanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sunda</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Puuaines" title="Puuaines – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Puuaines" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tr%25C3%25A4" title="Trä – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Trä" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kahoy" title="Kahoy – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Kahoy" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tagalog</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E0%25AE%25AE%25E0%25AE%25B0%25E0%25AE%25AE%25E0%25AF%258D_(%25E0%25AE%25AE%25E0%25AF%2582%25E0%25AE%25B2%25E0%25AE%25AA%25E0%25AF%258D%25E0%25AE%25AA%25E0%25AF%258A%25E0%25AE%25B0%25E0%25AF%2581%25E0%25AE%25B3%25E0%25AF%258D)" title="மரம் (மூலப்பொருள்) – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="மரம் (மூலப்பொருள்)" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target">தமிழ்</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-shi mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://shi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akccu%25E1%25B8%258D" title="Akccuḍ – Tachelhit" lang="shi" hreflang="shi" data-title="Akccuḍ" data-language-autonym="Taclḥit" data-language-local-name="Tachelhit" class="interlanguage-link-target">Taclḥit</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kab mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://kab.wikipedia.org/wiki/As%25C9%25A3a%25E1%25B9%259B" title="Asɣaṛ – Kabyle" lang="kab" hreflang="kab" data-title="Asɣaṛ" data-language-autonym="Taqbaylit" data-language-local-name="Kabyle" class="interlanguage-link-target">Taqbaylit</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D2%25AE%25D0%25B7%25D0%25B0%25D0%25B3%25D0%25B0%25D1%2587" title="Үзагач – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Үзагач" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Татарча / tatarça</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E0%25B0%259A%25E0%25B1%2586%25E0%25B0%2595%25E0%25B1%258D%25E0%25B0%2595" title="చెక్క – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="చెక్క" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target">తెలుగు</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E0%25B9%2584%25E0%25B8%25A1%25E0%25B9%2589" title="ไม้ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ไม้" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%25A7%25D3%25AF%25D0%25B1" title="Чӯб – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Чӯб" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target">Тоҷикӣ</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-to mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://to.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25CA%25BBAkau_(langa)" title="ʻAkau (langa) – Tongan" lang="to" hreflang="to" data-title="ʻAkau (langa)" data-language-autonym="Lea faka-Tonga" data-language-local-name="Tongan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lea faka-Tonga</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-chr mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://chr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E1%258E%25A0%25E1%258F%2593" title="ᎠᏓ – Cherokee" lang="chr" hreflang="chr" data-title="ᎠᏓ" data-language-autonym="ᏣᎳᎩ" data-language-local-name="Cherokee" class="interlanguage-link-target">ᏣᎳᎩ</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tahta" title="Tahta – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Tahta" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%2594%25D0%25B5%25D1%2580%25D0%25B5%25D0%25B2%25D0%25B8%25D0%25BD%25D0%25B0" title="Деревина – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Деревина" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D9%2584%25DA%25A9%25DA%2591%25DB%258C" title="لکڑی – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="لکڑی" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target">اردو</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25C5%2581egno" title="Łegno – Venetian" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Łegno" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="Venetian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Vèneto</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vep mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://vep.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pu_(material)" title="Pu (material) – Veps" lang="vep" hreflang="vep" data-title="Pu (material)" data-language-autonym="Vepsän kel’" data-language-local-name="Veps" class="interlanguage-link-target">Vepsän kel’</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/G%25E1%25BB%2597" title="Gỗ – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Gỗ" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vo mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://vo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boad" title="Boad – Volapük" lang="vo" hreflang="vo" data-title="Boad" data-language-autonym="Volapük" data-language-local-name="Volapük" class="interlanguage-link-target">Volapük</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-guc mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://guc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taap%25C3%25BCla" title="Taapüla – Wayuu" lang="guc" hreflang="guc" data-title="Taapüla" data-language-autonym="Wayuunaiki" data-language-local-name="Wayuu" class="interlanguage-link-target">Wayuunaiki</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vls mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://vls.wikipedia.org/wiki/Out" title="Out – West Flemish" lang="vls" hreflang="vls" data-title="Out" data-language-autonym="West-Vlams" data-language-local-name="West Flemish" class="interlanguage-link-target">West-Vlams</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kahoy" title="Kahoy – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Kahoy" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target">Winaray</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E6%259C%25A8%25E6%259D%2590" title="木材 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="木材" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target">吴语</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D7%2594%25D7%2590%25D7%259C%25D7%25A5" title="האלץ – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="האלץ" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target">ייִדיש</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E6%259C%25A8" title="木 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="木" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">粵語</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Textci" title="Textci – Dimli" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Textci" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Dimli" class="interlanguage-link-target">Zazaki</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Med%25C4%2597ina" title="Medėina – Samogitian" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" data-title="Medėina" data-language-autonym="Žemaitėška" data-language-local-name="Samogitian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Žemaitėška</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E6%259C%25A8%25E6%259D%2590" title="木材 – Chinese" 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Wood - Wikipedia