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vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Antiquity"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1 Antiquity </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Antiquity-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Early_and_late_Islamic_period_(661–1783)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Early_and_late_Islamic_period_(661–1783)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2 Early and late Islamic period (661–1783) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Early_and_late_Islamic_period_(661–1783)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Portuguese_era_(1507-1650)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Portuguese_era_(1507-1650)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.3 Portuguese era (1507-1650) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Portuguese_era_(1507-1650)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bahraini_and_Saudi_rule_(1783–1868)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bahraini_and_Saudi_rule_(1783–1868)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.4 Bahraini and Saudi rule (1783–1868) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bahraini_and_Saudi_rule_(1783–1868)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ottoman_period_(1871–1915)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ottoman_period_(1871–1915)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.5 Ottoman period (1871–1915) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ottoman_period_(1871–1915)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-British_period_(1916–1971)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#British_period_(1916–1971)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.6 British period (1916–1971) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-British_period_(1916–1971)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Independence_and_later_(1971–2000)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Independence_and_later_(1971–2000)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.7 Independence and later (1971–2000) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Independence_and_later_(1971–2000)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-21st_century" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#21st_century"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.8 21st century </div> </a> <ul id="toc-21st_century-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Politics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Politics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Politics </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Politics-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Politics subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Politics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Law" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Law"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1 Law </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Law-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Foreign_relations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Foreign_relations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2 Foreign relations </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Foreign_relations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Military" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Military"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.3 Military </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Military-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Human_rights" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Human_rights"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.4 Human rights </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Human_rights-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Labour_Rights_and_Reforms" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Labour_Rights_and_Reforms"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.4.1 Labour Rights and Reforms </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Labour_Rights_and_Reforms-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Terror" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Terror"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.4.2 Terror </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Terror-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Administrative_divisions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Administrative_divisions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Administrative divisions </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Administrative_divisions-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Administrative divisions subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Administrative_divisions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Former_municipalities" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Former_municipalities"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1 Former municipalities </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Former_municipalities-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Geography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Geography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Geography </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Geography-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Geography subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Geography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Biodiversity" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Biodiversity"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1 Biodiversity </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Biodiversity-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Climate" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Climate"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.2 Climate </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Climate-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Economy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Economy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Economy </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Economy-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Economy subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Economy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Energy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Energy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.1 Energy </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Energy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tourism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tourism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.2 Tourism </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tourism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Transport" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Transport"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.3 Transport </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Transport-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Demographics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Demographics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Demographics </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Demographics-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Demographics subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Demographics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Religion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Religion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.1 Religion </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Religion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Languages" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Languages"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.2 Languages </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Languages-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Healthcare" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Healthcare"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.3 Healthcare </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Healthcare-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 Culture </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Culture-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Culture subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Arts" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Arts"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.1 Arts </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Arts-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Literature" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Literature"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.2 Literature </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Literature-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Media" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Media"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.3 Media </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Media-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Music" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Music"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.4 Music </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Music-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sport" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sport"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.5 Sport </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sport-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Education" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Education"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 Education </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Education-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11 Notes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12 References </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 13 Further reading </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 14 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Qatar</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 249 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-249" aria-hidden="true" > 249 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ace mw-list-item"><a href="https://ace.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qatar" title="Qatar – Acehnese" lang="ace" hreflang="ace" data-title="Qatar" data-language-autonym="Acèh" data-language-local-name="Acehnese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Acèh</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbd mw-list-item"><a href="https://kbd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%8A%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Къатар – Kabardian" lang="kbd" hreflang="kbd" data-title="Къатар" data-language-autonym="Адыгэбзэ" data-language-local-name="Kabardian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Адыгэбзэ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ady mw-list-item"><a href="https://ady.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Катар – Adyghe" lang="ady" hreflang="ady" data-title="Катар" data-language-autonym="Адыгабзэ" data-language-local-name="Adyghe" class="interlanguage-link-target">Адыгабзэ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Katar" title="Katar – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Katar" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Katar" title="Katar – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Katar" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Alemannisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8A%B3%E1%89%B3%E1%88%AD" title="ኳታር – Amharic" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="ኳታር" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Amharic" class="interlanguage-link-target">አማርኛ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-smn mw-list-item"><a href="https://smn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qatar" title="Qatar – Inari Sami" lang="smn" hreflang="smn" data-title="Qatar" data-language-autonym="Anarâškielâ" data-language-local-name="Inari Sami" class="interlanguage-link-target">Anarâškielâ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-anp mw-list-item"><a href="https://anp.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%B0" title="कतर – Angika" lang="anp" hreflang="anp" data-title="कतर" data-language-autonym="अंगिका" data-language-local-name="Angika" class="interlanguage-link-target">अंगिका</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ang mw-list-item"><a href="https://ang.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catar" title="Catar – Old English" lang="ang" hreflang="ang" data-title="Catar" data-language-autonym="Ænglisc" data-language-local-name="Old English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ænglisc</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ab mw-list-item"><a href="https://ab.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D2%9E%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Ҟатар – Abkhazian" lang="ab" hreflang="ab" data-title="Ҟатар" data-language-autonym="Аԥсшәа" data-language-local-name="Abkhazian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Аԥсшәа</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%82%D8%B7%D8%B1" title="قطر – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="قطر" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qatar" title="Qatar – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Qatar" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Aragonés</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arc mw-list-item"><a href="https://arc.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DC%A9%DC%9B%DC%AA" title="ܩܛܪ – Aramaic" lang="arc" hreflang="arc" data-title="ܩܛܪ" data-language-autonym="ܐܪܡܝܐ" data-language-local-name="Aramaic" class="interlanguage-link-target">ܐܪܡܝܐ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hyw mw-list-item"><a href="https://hyw.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%94%D5%A1%D5%A9%D5%A1%D6%80" title="Քաթար – Western Armenian" lang="hyw" hreflang="hyw" data-title="Քաթար" data-language-autonym="Արեւմտահայերէն" data-language-local-name="Western Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Արեւմտահայերէն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frp mw-list-item"><a href="https://frp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qatar" title="Qatar – Arpitan" lang="frp" hreflang="frp" data-title="Qatar" data-language-autonym="Arpetan" data-language-local-name="Arpitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Arpetan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%9F%E0%A6%BE%E0%A7%B0" title="কাটাৰ – Assamese" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="কাটাৰ" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="Assamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">অসমীয়া</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qatar" title="Qatar – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Qatar" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-awa mw-list-item"><a href="https://awa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0" title="कतार – Awadhi" lang="awa" hreflang="awa" data-title="कतार" data-language-autonym="अवधी" data-language-local-name="Awadhi" class="interlanguage-link-target">अवधी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kat%C3%A1ra" title="Katára – Guarani" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Katára" data-language-autonym="Avañe'ẽ" data-language-local-name="Guarani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Avañe'ẽ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-av mw-list-item"><a href="https://av.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%8A%D0%B0%D1%82%D3%80%D0%B0%D1%80" title="КъатӀар – Avaric" lang="av" hreflang="av" data-title="КъатӀар" data-language-autonym="Авар" data-language-local-name="Avaric" class="interlanguage-link-target">Авар</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Q%C9%99t%C9%99r" title="Qətər – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Qətər" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%82%D8%B7%D8%B1" title="قطر – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="قطر" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">تۆرکجه</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ban mw-list-item"><a href="https://ban.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qatar" title="Qatar – Balinese" lang="ban" hreflang="ban" data-title="Qatar" data-language-autonym="Basa Bali" data-language-local-name="Balinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Basa Bali</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0" title="কাতার – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="কাতার" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qatar" title="Qatar – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Qatar" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Катар – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Катар" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target">Башҡортса</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Катар – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Катар" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Катар – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Катар" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BC%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%B0" title="क़तर – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="क़तर" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target">भोजपुरी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qatar" title="Qatar – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Qatar" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bikol Central</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Катар – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Катар" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Katar" title="Katar – Bavarian" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Katar" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="Bavarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Boarisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bo mw-list-item"><a href="https://bo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BD%81%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%8F%E0%BD%A2%E0%BC%8D" title="ཁ་ཏར། – Tibetan" lang="bo" hreflang="bo" data-title="ཁ་ཏར།" data-language-autonym="བོད་ཡིག" data-language-local-name="Tibetan" class="interlanguage-link-target">བོད་ཡིག</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Katar" title="Katar – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Katar" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bosanski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Katar" title="Katar – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Katar" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target">Brezhoneg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bxr mw-list-item"><a href="https://bxr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Катар – Russia Buriat" lang="bxr" hreflang="bxr" data-title="Катар" data-language-autonym="Буряад" data-language-local-name="Russia Buriat" class="interlanguage-link-target">Буряад</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qatar" title="Qatar – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Qatar" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Катар – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Катар" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target">Чӑвашла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Katar" title="Katar – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Katar" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cebuano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Katar" title="Katar – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Katar" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cbk-zam mw-list-item"><a href="https://cbk-zam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qatar" title="Qatar – Chavacano" lang="cbk" hreflang="cbk" data-title="Qatar" data-language-autonym="Chavacano de Zamboanga" data-language-local-name="Chavacano" class="interlanguage-link-target">Chavacano de Zamboanga</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sn mw-list-item"><a href="https://sn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qatar" title="Qatar – Shona" lang="sn" hreflang="sn" data-title="Qatar" data-language-autonym="ChiShona" data-language-local-name="Shona" class="interlanguage-link-target">ChiShona</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tum mw-list-item"><a href="https://tum.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qatar" title="Qatar – Tumbuka" lang="tum" hreflang="tum" data-title="Qatar" data-language-autonym="ChiTumbuka" data-language-local-name="Tumbuka" class="interlanguage-link-target">ChiTumbuka</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catar" title="Catar – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Catar" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cymraeg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qatar" title="Qatar – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Qatar" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ary mw-list-item"><a href="https://ary.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%82%D8%B7%D8%B1" title="قطر – Moroccan Arabic" lang="ary" hreflang="ary" data-title="قطر" data-language-autonym="الدارجة" data-language-local-name="Moroccan Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">الدارجة</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-se mw-list-item"><a href="https://se.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qatar" title="Qatar – Northern Sami" lang="se" hreflang="se" data-title="Qatar" data-language-autonym="Davvisámegiella" data-language-local-name="Northern Sami" class="interlanguage-link-target">Davvisámegiella</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Katar" title="Katar – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Katar" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dv mw-list-item"><a href="https://dv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DE%A4%DE%A6%DE%A0%DE%A6%DE%83%DE%AA" title="ޤަޠަރު – Divehi" lang="dv" hreflang="dv" data-title="ޤަޠަރު" data-language-autonym="ދިވެހިބަސް" data-language-local-name="Divehi" class="interlanguage-link-target">ދިވެހިބަސް</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nv mw-list-item"><a href="https://nv.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%B3_Bin%C3%ADh%C3%AD%C3%ADy%C4%AF%CC%81%C4%AFgi_Kiyaa%CA%BC%C3%A1h%C3%AD_Hahoodzo" title="Tó Biníhííyį́įgi Kiyaaʼáhí Hahoodzo – Navajo" lang="nv" hreflang="nv" data-title="Tó Biníhííyį́įgi Kiyaaʼáhí Hahoodzo" data-language-autonym="Diné bizaad" data-language-local-name="Navajo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Diné bizaad</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://dsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Katar" title="Katar – Lower Sorbian" lang="dsb" hreflang="dsb" data-title="Katar" data-language-autonym="Dolnoserbski" data-language-local-name="Lower Sorbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dolnoserbski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dty mw-list-item"><a href="https://dty.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0" title="कतार – Doteli" lang="dty" hreflang="dty" data-title="कतार" data-language-autonym="डोटेली" data-language-local-name="Doteli" class="interlanguage-link-target">डोटेली</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dz mw-list-item"><a href="https://dz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BD%80%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%8F%E0%BD%A2%E0%BC%8B" title="ཀ་ཏར་ – Dzongkha" lang="dz" hreflang="dz" data-title="ཀ་ཏར་" data-language-autonym="ཇོང་ཁ" data-language-local-name="Dzongkha" class="interlanguage-link-target">ཇོང་ཁ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Katar" title="Katar – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Katar" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9A%CE%B1%CF%84%CE%AC%CF%81" title="Κατάρ – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Κατάρ" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catar" title="Catar – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Catar" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kataro" title="Kataro – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Kataro" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ext mw-list-item"><a href="https://ext.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catal" title="Catal – Extremaduran" lang="ext" hreflang="ext" data-title="Catal" data-language-autonym="Estremeñu" data-language-local-name="Extremaduran" class="interlanguage-link-target">Estremeñu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qatar" title="Qatar – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Qatar" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ee mw-list-item"><a href="https://ee.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qatar" title="Qatar – Ewe" lang="ee" hreflang="ee" data-title="Qatar" data-language-autonym="Eʋegbe" data-language-local-name="Ewe" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eʋegbe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%82%D8%B7%D8%B1" title="قطر – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="قطر" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qatar" title="Qatar – Fiji Hindi" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="Qatar" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="Fiji Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Fiji Hindi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qatar" title="Qatar – Faroese" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Qatar" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="Faroese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Føroyskt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qatar" title="Qatar – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Qatar" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Katar" title="Katar – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Katar" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Frysk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ff mw-list-item"><a href="https://ff.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qatar" title="Qatar – Fula" lang="ff" hreflang="ff" data-title="Qatar" data-language-autonym="Fulfulde" data-language-local-name="Fula" class="interlanguage-link-target">Fulfulde</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catar" title="Catar – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Catar" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaeilge</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gv mw-list-item"><a href="https://gv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yn_Chatar" title="Yn Chatar – Manx" lang="gv" hreflang="gv" data-title="Yn Chatar" data-language-autonym="Gaelg" data-language-local-name="Manx" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaelg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gag mw-list-item"><a href="https://gag.wikipedia.org/wiki/Katar" title="Katar – Gagauz" lang="gag" hreflang="gag" data-title="Katar" data-language-autonym="Gagauz" data-language-local-name="Gagauz" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gagauz</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catar" title="Catar – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Catar" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Scottish Gaelic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gàidhlig</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qatar" title="Qatar – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Qatar" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ki mw-list-item"><a href="https://ki.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qatar" title="Qatar – Kikuyu" lang="ki" hreflang="ki" data-title="Qatar" data-language-autonym="Gĩkũyũ" data-language-local-name="Kikuyu" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gĩkũyũ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gu mw-list-item"><a href="https://gu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AA%95%E0%AA%A4%E0%AA%BE%E0%AA%B0_(%E0%AA%85%E0%AA%B0%E0%AA%AC%E0%AA%B8%E0%AB%8D%E0%AA%A4%E0%AA%BE%E0%AA%A8)" title="કતાર (અરબસ્તાન) – Gujarati" lang="gu" hreflang="gu" data-title="કતાર (અરબસ્તાન)" data-language-autonym="ગુજરાતી" data-language-local-name="Gujarati" class="interlanguage-link-target">ગુજરાતી</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gom mw-list-item"><a href="https://gom.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0" title="कतार – Goan Konkani" lang="gom" hreflang="gom" data-title="कतार" data-language-autonym="गोंयची कोंकणी / Gõychi Konknni" data-language-local-name="Goan Konkani" class="interlanguage-link-target">गोंयची कोंकणी / Gõychi Konknni</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qatar" title="Qatar – Hakka Chinese" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Qatar" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Hakka Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%B9%B4%ED%83%80%EB%A5%B4" title="카타르 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="카타르" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qatar" title="Qatar – Hausa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Qatar" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="Hausa" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hausa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-haw mw-list-item"><a href="https://haw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Katala" title="Katala – Hawaiian" lang="haw" hreflang="haw" data-title="Katala" data-language-autonym="Hawaiʻi" data-language-local-name="Hawaiian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hawaiʻi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%BF%D5%A1%D5%BF%D5%A1%D6%80" title="Կատար – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Կատար" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BC%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%B0" title="क़तर – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="क़तर" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://hsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Katar" title="Katar – Upper Sorbian" lang="hsb" hreflang="hsb" data-title="Katar" data-language-autonym="Hornjoserbsce" data-language-local-name="Upper Sorbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hornjoserbsce</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Katar" title="Katar – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Katar" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Katar" title="Katar – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Katar" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ido</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ig mw-list-item"><a href="https://ig.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qatar" title="Qatar – Igbo" lang="ig" hreflang="ig" data-title="Qatar" data-language-autonym="Igbo" data-language-local-name="Igbo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Igbo</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Katar" title="Katar – Iloko" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Katar" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="Iloko" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ilokano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bpy mw-list-item"><a href="https://bpy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0" title="কাতার – Bishnupriya" lang="bpy" hreflang="bpy" data-title="কাতার" data-language-autonym="বিষ্ণুপ্রিয়া মণিপুরী" data-language-local-name="Bishnupriya" class="interlanguage-link-target">বিষ্ণুপ্রিয়া মণিপুরী</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qatar" title="Qatar – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Qatar" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qatar" title="Qatar – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Qatar" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Interlingua</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ie mw-list-item"><a href="https://ie.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quatar" title="Quatar – Interlingue" lang="ie" hreflang="ie" data-title="Quatar" data-language-autonym="Interlingue" data-language-local-name="Interlingue" class="interlanguage-link-target">Interlingue</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Катар – Ossetic" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Катар" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="Ossetic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ирон</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Katar" title="Katar – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Katar" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Íslenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qatar" title="Qatar – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Qatar" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A7%D7%98%D7%A8_(%D7%9E%D7%93%D7%99%D7%A0%D7%94)" title="קטר (מדינה) – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="קטר (מדינה)" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qatar" title="Qatar – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Qatar" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Jawa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%95%E0%B2%9F%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%B0%E0%B3%8D" title="ಕಟಾರ್ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಕಟಾರ್" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target">ಕನ್ನಡ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pam mw-list-item"><a href="https://pam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Katar" title="Katar – Pampanga" lang="pam" hreflang="pam" data-title="Katar" data-language-autonym="Kapampangan" data-language-local-name="Pampanga" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kapampangan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-krc mw-list-item"><a href="https://krc.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%8A%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Къатар – Karachay-Balkar" lang="krc" hreflang="krc" data-title="Къатар" data-language-autonym="Къарачай-малкъар" data-language-local-name="Karachay-Balkar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Къарачай-малкъар</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%99%E1%83%90%E1%83%A2%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98" title="კატარი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="კატარი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ks mw-list-item"><a href="https://ks.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%82%D9%8E%D8%B7%D9%8E%D8%B1" title="قَطَر – Kashmiri" lang="ks" hreflang="ks" data-title="قَطَر" data-language-autonym="कॉशुर / کٲشُر" data-language-local-name="Kashmiri" class="interlanguage-link-target">कॉशुर / کٲشُر</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-csb mw-list-item"><a href="https://csb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Katar" title="Katar – Kashubian" lang="csb" hreflang="csb" data-title="Katar" data-language-autonym="Kaszëbsczi" data-language-local-name="Kashubian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kaszëbsczi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D2%9A%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Қатар – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Қатар" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Қазақша</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Katar" title="Katar – Cornish" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Katar" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="Cornish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kernowek</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rw mw-list-item"><a href="https://rw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Katari" title="Katari – Kinyarwanda" lang="rw" hreflang="rw" data-title="Katari" data-language-autonym="Ikinyarwanda" data-language-local-name="Kinyarwanda" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ikinyarwanda</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qatar" title="Qatar – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Qatar" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kiswahili</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kv mw-list-item"><a href="https://kv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Катар – Komi" lang="kv" hreflang="kv" data-title="Катар" data-language-autonym="Коми" data-language-local-name="Komi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Коми</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kg mw-list-item"><a href="https://kg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qatar" title="Qatar – Kongo" lang="kg" hreflang="kg" data-title="Qatar" data-language-autonym="Kongo" data-language-local-name="Kongo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kongo</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kata" title="Kata – Haitian Creole" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Kata" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Haitian Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kreyòl ayisyen</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gcr mw-list-item"><a href="https://gcr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Katar" title="Katar – Guianan Creole" lang="gcr" hreflang="gcr" data-title="Katar" data-language-autonym="Kriyòl gwiyannen" data-language-local-name="Guianan Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kriyòl gwiyannen</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qeter" title="Qeter – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Qeter" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kurdî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Катар – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Катар" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target">Кыргызча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lld mw-list-item"><a href="https://lld.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catar" title="Catar – Ladin" lang="lld" hreflang="lld" data-title="Catar" data-language-autonym="Ladin" data-language-local-name="Ladin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ladin</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lad mw-list-item"><a href="https://lad.wikipedia.org/wiki/Katar" title="Katar – Ladino" lang="lad" hreflang="lad" data-title="Katar" data-language-autonym="Ladino" data-language-local-name="Ladino" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ladino</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quataria" title="Quataria – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Quataria" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Katara" title="Katara – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Katara" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Katar" title="Katar – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Katar" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lëtzebuergesch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lez mw-list-item"><a href="https://lez.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%8A%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Къатар – Lezghian" lang="lez" hreflang="lez" data-title="Къатар" data-language-autonym="Лезги" data-language-local-name="Lezghian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Лезги</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kataras" title="Kataras – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Kataras" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lij mw-list-item"><a href="https://lij.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qatar" title="Qatar – Ligurian" lang="lij" hreflang="lij" data-title="Qatar" data-language-autonym="Ligure" data-language-local-name="Ligurian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ligure</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qatar" title="Qatar – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Qatar" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Limburgs</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ln mw-list-item"><a href="https://ln.wikipedia.org/wiki/Katar" title="Katar – Lingala" lang="ln" hreflang="ln" data-title="Katar" data-language-autonym="Lingála" data-language-local-name="Lingala" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lingála</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catar" title="Catar – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Catar" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lingua Franca Nova</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-olo mw-list-item"><a href="https://olo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Katar" title="Katar – Livvi-Karelian" lang="olo" hreflang="olo" data-title="Katar" data-language-autonym="Livvinkarjala" data-language-local-name="Livvi-Karelian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Livvinkarjala</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qatar" title="Qatar – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Qatar" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lombard</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Katar" title="Katar – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Katar" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mad mw-list-item"><a href="https://mad.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qatar" title="Qatar – Madurese" lang="mad" hreflang="mad" data-title="Qatar" data-language-autonym="Madhurâ" data-language-local-name="Madurese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Madhurâ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mai mw-list-item"><a href="https://mai.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0" title="कतार – Maithili" lang="mai" hreflang="mai" data-title="कतार" data-language-autonym="मैथिली" data-language-local-name="Maithili" class="interlanguage-link-target">मैथिली</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Катар – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Катар" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Katara" title="Katara – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Katara" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target">Malagasy</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%96%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%BC" title="ഖത്തർ – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ഖത്തർ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target">മലയാളം</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mt mw-list-item"><a href="https://mt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qatar" title="Qatar – Maltese" lang="mt" hreflang="mt" data-title="Qatar" data-language-autonym="Malti" data-language-local-name="Maltese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Malti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mi mw-list-item"><a href="https://mi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kat%C4%81" title="Katā – Māori" lang="mi" hreflang="mi" data-title="Katā" data-language-autonym="Māori" data-language-local-name="Māori" class="interlanguage-link-target">Māori</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0" title="कतार – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="कतार" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target">मराठी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%99%E1%83%90%E1%83%A2%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98" title="კატარი – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="კატარი" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target">მარგალური</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%D9%88%D9%84%D8%A9_%D9%82%D8%B7%D8%B1" title="دولة قطر – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="دولة قطر" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">مصرى</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%82%D8%B7%D8%B1" title="قطر – Mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="قطر" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target">مازِرونی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qatar" title="Qatar – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Qatar" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mni mw-list-item"><a href="https://mni.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%AF%80%EA%AF%A5%EA%AF%87%EA%AF%A5%EA%AF%94" title="ꯀꯥꯇꯥꯔ – Manipuri" lang="mni" hreflang="mni" data-title="ꯀꯥꯇꯥꯔ" data-language-autonym="ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ" data-language-local-name="Manipuri" class="interlanguage-link-target">ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-min mw-list-item"><a href="https://min.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qatar" title="Qatar – Minangkabau" lang="min" hreflang="min" data-title="Qatar" data-language-autonym="Minangkabau" data-language-local-name="Minangkabau" class="interlanguage-link-target">Minangkabau</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qatar" title="Qatar – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Qatar" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mwl mw-list-item"><a href="https://mwl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qatar" title="Qatar – Mirandese" lang="mwl" hreflang="mwl" data-title="Qatar" data-language-autonym="Mirandés" data-language-local-name="Mirandese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Mirandés</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mdf mw-list-item"><a href="https://mdf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Катар – Moksha" lang="mdf" hreflang="mdf" data-title="Катар" data-language-autonym="Мокшень" data-language-local-name="Moksha" class="interlanguage-link-target">Мокшень</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Катар – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Катар" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Монгол</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%80%E1%80%AC%E1%80%90%E1%80%AC%E1%80%94%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%84%E1%80%B6" title="ကာတာနိုင်ငံ – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="ကာတာနိုင်ငံ" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target">မြန်မာဘာသာ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qatar" title="Qatar – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Qatar" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0" title="कतार – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="कतार" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target">नेपाली</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0" title="कतार – Newari" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="कतार" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="Newari" class="interlanguage-link-target">नेपाल भाषा</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%AB%E3%82%BF%E3%83%BC%E3%83%AB" title="カタール – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="カタール" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%8A%D0%B0%D1%82%D3%80%D0%B0%D1%80" title="КъатӀар – Chechen" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="КъатӀар" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="Chechen" class="interlanguage-link-target">Нохчийн</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kataar" title="Kataar – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Kataar" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nordfriisk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qatar" title="Qatar – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Qatar" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qatar" title="Qatar – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Qatar" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nov mw-list-item"><a href="https://nov.wikipedia.org/wiki/Katar" title="Katar – Novial" lang="nov" hreflang="nov" data-title="Katar" data-language-autonym="Novial" data-language-local-name="Novial" class="interlanguage-link-target">Novial</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qatar" title="Qatar – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Qatar" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Occitan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-or mw-list-item"><a href="https://or.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AC%95%E0%AC%A4%E0%AC%B0" title="କତର – Odia" lang="or" hreflang="or" data-title="କତର" data-language-autonym="ଓଡ଼ିଆ" data-language-local-name="Odia" class="interlanguage-link-target">ଓଡ଼ିଆ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-om mw-list-item"><a href="https://om.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaataar" title="Kaataar – Oromo" lang="om" hreflang="om" data-title="Kaataar" data-language-autonym="Oromoo" data-language-local-name="Oromo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oromoo</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qatar" title="Qatar – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Qatar" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%95%E0%A8%A4%E0%A8%B0" title="ਕਤਰ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਕਤਰ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pi mw-list-item"><a href="https://pi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0" title="कतार – Pali" lang="pi" hreflang="pi" data-title="कतार" data-language-autonym="पालि" data-language-local-name="Pali" class="interlanguage-link-target">पालि</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ami mw-list-item"><a href="https://ami.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qatar" title="Qatar – Amis" lang="ami" hreflang="ami" data-title="Qatar" data-language-autonym="Pangcah" data-language-local-name="Amis" class="interlanguage-link-target">Pangcah</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%82%D8%B7%D8%B1" title="قطر – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="قطر" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">پنجابی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-blk mw-list-item"><a href="https://blk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%80%E1%80%AC%E1%80%90%E1%80%AC%E1%80%81%E1%80%99%E1%80%BA%E1%80%B8%E1%80%91%E1%80%AE" title="ကာတာခမ်းထီ – Pa'O" lang="blk" hreflang="blk" data-title="ကာတာခမ်းထီ" data-language-autonym="ပအိုဝ်ႏဘာႏသာႏ" data-language-local-name="Pa'O" class="interlanguage-link-target">ပအိုဝ်ႏဘာႏသာႏ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pap mw-list-item"><a href="https://pap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qatar" title="Qatar – Papiamento" lang="pap" hreflang="pap" data-title="Qatar" data-language-autonym="Papiamentu" data-language-local-name="Papiamento" class="interlanguage-link-target">Papiamentu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%82%D8%B7%D8%B1" title="قطر – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="قطر" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target">پښتو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jam mw-list-item"><a href="https://jam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kata" title="Kata – Jamaican Creole English" lang="jam" hreflang="jam" data-title="Kata" data-language-autonym="Patois" data-language-local-name="Jamaican Creole English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Patois</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-km mw-list-item"><a href="https://km.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%9E%80%E1%9E%B6%E1%9E%8F%E1%9E%B6" title="កាតា – Khmer" lang="km" hreflang="km" data-title="កាតា" data-language-autonym="ភាសាខ្មែរ" data-language-local-name="Khmer" class="interlanguage-link-target">ភាសាខ្មែរ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pcd mw-list-item"><a href="https://pcd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quatar" title="Quatar – Picard" lang="pcd" hreflang="pcd" data-title="Quatar" data-language-autonym="Picard" data-language-local-name="Picard" class="interlanguage-link-target">Picard</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qatar" title="Qatar – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Qatar" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Piemontèis</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tpi mw-list-item"><a href="https://tpi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qatar" title="Qatar – Tok Pisin" lang="tpi" hreflang="tpi" data-title="Qatar" data-language-autonym="Tok Pisin" data-language-local-name="Tok Pisin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tok Pisin</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Katar" title="Katar – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Katar" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Low German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Plattdüütsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Katar" title="Katar – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Katar" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catar" title="Catar – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Catar" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kaa mw-list-item"><a href="https://kaa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qatar" title="Qatar – Kara-Kalpak" lang="kaa" hreflang="kaa" data-title="Qatar" data-language-autonym="Qaraqalpaqsha" data-language-local-name="Kara-Kalpak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Qaraqalpaqsha</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-crh mw-list-item"><a href="https://crh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qatar" title="Qatar – Crimean Tatar" lang="crh" hreflang="crh" data-title="Qatar" data-language-autonym="Qırımtatarca" data-language-local-name="Crimean Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Qırımtatarca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qatar" title="Qatar – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Qatar" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qatar" title="Qatar – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Qatar" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Runa Simi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Катар – Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Катар" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русиньскый</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Катар – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Катар" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Катар – Yakut" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Катар" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="Yakut" class="interlanguage-link-target">Саха тыла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szy mw-list-item"><a href="https://szy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qatar" title="Qatar – Sakizaya" lang="szy" hreflang="szy" data-title="Qatar" data-language-autonym="Sakizaya" data-language-local-name="Sakizaya" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sakizaya</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sm mw-list-item"><a href="https://sm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kata" title="Kata – Samoan" lang="sm" hreflang="sm" data-title="Kata" data-language-autonym="Gagana Samoa" data-language-local-name="Samoan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gagana Samoa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sa mw-list-item"><a href="https://sa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0" title="कतार – Sanskrit" lang="sa" hreflang="sa" data-title="कतार" data-language-autonym="संस्कृतम्" data-language-local-name="Sanskrit" class="interlanguage-link-target">संस्कृतम्</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sat mw-list-item"><a href="https://sat.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%B1%A0%E1%B1%9F%E1%B1%9B%E1%B1%9F%E1%B1%A8" title="ᱠᱟᱛᱟᱨ – Santali" lang="sat" hreflang="sat" data-title="ᱠᱟᱛᱟᱨ" data-language-autonym="ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ" data-language-local-name="Santali" class="interlanguage-link-target">ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-skr mw-list-item"><a href="https://skr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%82%D8%B7%D8%B1" title="قطر – Saraiki" lang="skr" hreflang="skr" data-title="قطر" data-language-autonym="سرائیکی" data-language-local-name="Saraiki" class="interlanguage-link-target">سرائیکی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc mw-list-item"><a href="https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qat%C3%A0r" title="Qatàr – Sardinian" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="Qatàr" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="Sardinian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sardu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qatar" title="Qatar – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Qatar" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target">Scots</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-trv mw-list-item"><a href="https://trv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qatar" title="Qatar – Taroko" lang="trv" hreflang="trv" data-title="Qatar" data-language-autonym="Seediq" data-language-local-name="Taroko" class="interlanguage-link-target">Seediq</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Katari" title="Katari – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Katari" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Shqip</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qatar" title="Qatar – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Qatar" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sicilianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%9A%E0%B7%8F%E0%B6%A7%E0%B7%8F%E0%B6%BB%E0%B7%8A" title="කාටාර් – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="කාටාර්" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target">සිංහල</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qatar" title="Qatar – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Qatar" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%82%D8%B7%D8%B1" title="قطر – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="قطر" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target">سنڌي</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ss mw-list-item"><a href="https://ss.wikipedia.org/wiki/IKhathari" title="IKhathari – Swati" lang="ss" hreflang="ss" data-title="IKhathari" data-language-autonym="SiSwati" data-language-local-name="Swati" class="interlanguage-link-target">SiSwati</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Katar_(%C5%A1t%C3%A1t)" title="Katar (štát) – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Katar (štát)" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Katar" title="Katar – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Katar" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szl mw-list-item"><a href="https://szl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Katar" title="Katar – Silesian" lang="szl" hreflang="szl" data-title="Katar" data-language-autonym="Ślůnski" data-language-local-name="Silesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ślůnski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qatar" title="Qatar – Somali" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="Qatar" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="Somali" class="interlanguage-link-target">Soomaaliga</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%82%DB%95%D8%AA%DB%95%D8%B1" title="قەتەر – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="قەتەر" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">کوردی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Катар – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Катар" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Katar" title="Katar – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Katar" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qatar" title="Qatar – Sundanese" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Qatar" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="Sundanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sunda</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi badge-Q17559452 badge-recommendedarticle mw-list-item" title="recommended article"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qatar" title="Qatar – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Qatar" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qatar" title="Qatar – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Qatar" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qatar" title="Qatar – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Qatar" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tagalog</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D" title="கத்தார் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="கத்தார்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target">தமிழ்</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-shi mw-list-item"><a href="https://shi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qa%E1%B9%ADa%E1%B9%9B" title="Qaṭaṛ – Tachelhit" lang="shi" hreflang="shi" data-title="Qaṭaṛ" data-language-autonym="Taclḥit" data-language-local-name="Tachelhit" class="interlanguage-link-target">Taclḥit</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kab mw-list-item"><a href="https://kab.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qa%E1%B9%ADar" title="Qaṭar – Kabyle" lang="kab" hreflang="kab" data-title="Qaṭar" data-language-autonym="Taqbaylit" data-language-local-name="Kabyle" class="interlanguage-link-target">Taqbaylit</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Катар – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Катар" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Татарча / tatarça</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-shn mw-list-item"><a href="https://shn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%99%E1%80%AD%E1%80%B0%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%B8%E1%81%B6%E1%82%83%E1%82%87%E1%80%90%E1%82%83%E1%82%87" title="မိူင်းၶႃႇတႃႇ – Shan" lang="shn" hreflang="shn" data-title="မိူင်းၶႃႇတႃႇ" data-language-autonym="တႆး" data-language-local-name="Shan" class="interlanguage-link-target">တႆး</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tay mw-list-item"><a href="https://tay.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qatar" title="Qatar – Atayal" lang="tay" hreflang="tay" data-title="Qatar" data-language-autonym="Tayal" data-language-local-name="Atayal" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tayal</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%96%E0%B0%A4%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%B0%E0%B1%8D" title="ఖతార్ – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="ఖతార్" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target">తెలుగు</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tet mw-list-item"><a href="https://tet.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kat%C3%A1r" title="Katár – Tetum" lang="tet" hreflang="tet" data-title="Katár" data-language-autonym="Tetun" data-language-local-name="Tetum" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tetun</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%A8%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C" title="ประเทศกาตาร์ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ประเทศกาตาร์" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D2%9A%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Қатар – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Қатар" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target">Тоҷикӣ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-to mw-list-item"><a href="https://to.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kat%C4%81" title="Katā – Tongan" lang="to" hreflang="to" data-title="Katā" data-language-autonym="Lea faka-Tonga" data-language-local-name="Tongan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lea faka-Tonga</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Katar" title="Katar – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Katar" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tk mw-list-item"><a href="https://tk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qatar" title="Qatar – Turkmen" lang="tk" hreflang="tk" data-title="Qatar" data-language-autonym="Türkmençe" data-language-local-name="Turkmen" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkmençe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kcg mw-list-item"><a href="https://kcg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ka%CC%B1ta%CC%B1r" title="Ka̱ta̱r – Tyap" lang="kcg" hreflang="kcg" data-title="Ka̱ta̱r" data-language-autonym="Tyap" data-language-local-name="Tyap" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tyap</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-udm mw-list-item"><a href="https://udm.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Катар – Udmurt" lang="udm" hreflang="udm" data-title="Катар" data-language-autonym="Удмурт" data-language-local-name="Udmurt" class="interlanguage-link-target">Удмурт</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bug mw-list-item"><a href="https://bug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%A8%80%E1%A8%88%E1%A8%91" title="ᨀᨈᨑ – Buginese" lang="bug" hreflang="bug" data-title="ᨀᨈᨑ" data-language-autonym="Basa Ugi" data-language-local-name="Buginese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Basa Ugi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Катар – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Катар" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%82%D8%B7%D8%B1" title="قطر – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="قطر" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target">اردو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ug mw-list-item"><a href="https://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%B1" title="قاتار – Uyghur" lang="ug" hreflang="ug" data-title="قاتار" data-language-autonym="ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche" data-language-local-name="Uyghur" class="interlanguage-link-target">ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-za mw-list-item"><a href="https://za.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qatar" title="Qatar – Zhuang" lang="za" hreflang="za" data-title="Qatar" data-language-autonym="Vahcuengh" data-language-local-name="Zhuang" class="interlanguage-link-target">Vahcuengh</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catar_(Stato)" title="Catar (Stato) – Venetian" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Catar (Stato)" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="Venetian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Vèneto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vep mw-list-item"><a href="https://vep.wikipedia.org/wiki/Katar" title="Katar – Veps" lang="vep" hreflang="vep" data-title="Katar" data-language-autonym="Vepsän kel’" data-language-local-name="Veps" class="interlanguage-link-target">Vepsän kel’</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qatar" title="Qatar – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Qatar" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vo mw-list-item"><a href="https://vo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Katar%C3%A4n" title="Katarän – Volapük" lang="vo" hreflang="vo" data-title="Katarän" data-language-autonym="Volapük" data-language-local-name="Volapük" class="interlanguage-link-target">Volapük</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fiu-vro mw-list-item"><a href="https://fiu-vro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Katar" title="Katar – Võro" lang="vro" hreflang="vro" data-title="Katar" data-language-autonym="Võro" data-language-local-name="Võro" class="interlanguage-link-target">Võro</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8D%A1%E9%81%94" title="卡達 – Literary Chinese" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" data-title="卡達" data-language-autonym="文言" data-language-local-name="Literary Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">文言</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vls mw-list-item"><a href="https://vls.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qatar" title="Qatar – West Flemish" lang="vls" hreflang="vls" data-title="Qatar" data-language-autonym="West-Vlams" data-language-local-name="West Flemish" class="interlanguage-link-target">West-Vlams</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qatar" title="Qatar – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Qatar" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target">Winaray</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wo mw-list-item"><a href="https://wo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kataar" title="Kataar – Wolof" lang="wo" hreflang="wo" data-title="Kataar" data-language-autonym="Wolof" data-language-local-name="Wolof" class="interlanguage-link-target">Wolof</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8D%A1%E5%A1%94%E5%B0%94" title="卡塔尔 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="卡塔尔" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target">吴语</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A7%D7%90%D7%98%D7%90%D7%A8" title="קאטאר – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="קאטאר" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target">ייִדיש</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Katar" title="Katar – Yoruba" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Katar" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="Yoruba" class="interlanguage-link-target">Yorùbá</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8D%A1%E5%A1%94%E7%88%BE" title="卡塔爾 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="卡塔爾" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">粵語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qeter" title="Qeter – Dimli" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Qeter" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Dimli" class="interlanguage-link-target">Zazaki</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zea mw-list-item"><a href="https://zea.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qatar" title="Qatar – Zeelandic" lang="zea" hreflang="zea" data-title="Qatar" data-language-autonym="Zeêuws" data-language-local-name="Zeelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Zeêuws</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Katars" title="Katars – Samogitian" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" data-title="Katars" data-language-autonym="Žemaitėška" data-language-local-name="Samogitian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Žemaitėška</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8D%A1%E5%A1%94%E5%B0%94" title="卡塔尔 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="卡塔尔" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">中文</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ann mw-list-item"><a href="https://ann.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%A0taa" title="Kàtaa – Obolo" lang="ann" hreflang="ann" data-title="Kàtaa" data-language-autonym="Obolo" data-language-local-name="Obolo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Obolo</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bew mw-list-item"><a href="https://bew.wikipedia.org/wiki/Katar" title="Katar – Betawi" lang="bew" hreflang="bew" data-title="Katar" data-language-autonym="Betawi" data-language-local-name="Betawi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Betawi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-btm mw-list-item"><a href="https://btm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qatar" title="Qatar – Batak Mandailing" lang="btm" hreflang="btm" data-title="Qatar" data-language-autonym="Batak Mandailing" data-language-local-name="Batak Mandailing" class="interlanguage-link-target">Batak Mandailing</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dtp mw-list-item"><a href="https://dtp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qatar" title="Qatar – Central Dusun" lang="dtp" hreflang="dtp" data-title="Qatar" data-language-autonym="Kadazandusun" data-language-local-name="Central Dusun" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kadazandusun</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-iba mw-list-item"><a href="https://iba.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qatar" title="Qatar – Iban" lang="iba" hreflang="iba" data-title="Qatar" data-language-autonym="Jaku Iban" data-language-local-name="Iban" class="interlanguage-link-target">Jaku Iban</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kge mw-list-item"><a href="https://kge.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qatar" title="Qatar – Komering" lang="kge" hreflang="kge" data-title="Qatar" data-language-autonym="Kumoring" data-language-local-name="Komering" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kumoring</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-syl mw-list-item"><a href="https://syl.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%A0%87%EA%A0%A3%EA%A0%94%EA%A0%A3%EA%A0%9E" title="ꠇꠣꠔꠣꠞ – Sylheti" lang="syl" hreflang="syl" data-title="ꠇꠣꠔꠣꠞ" data-language-autonym="ꠍꠤꠟꠐꠤ" data-language-local-name="Sylheti" class="interlanguage-link-target">ꠍꠤꠟꠐꠤ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tly mw-list-item"><a href="https://tly.wikipedia.org/wiki/G%C9%99t%C9%99r" title="Gətər – Talysh" lang="tly" hreflang="tly" data-title="Gətər" data-language-autonym="Tolışi" data-language-local-name="Talysh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tolışi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zgh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zgh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E2%B5%87%E2%B4%B0%E2%B5%9F%E2%B4%B0%E2%B5%94" title="ⵇⴰⵟⴰⵔ – Standard Moroccan Tamazight" lang="zgh" hreflang="zgh" data-title="ⵇⴰⵟⴰⵔ" data-language-autonym="ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵡⴰⵢⵜ" data-language-local-name="Standard Moroccan Tamazight" class="interlanguage-link-target">ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵡⴰⵢⵜ</a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q846#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Qatar" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c">Article</a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Talk:Qatar" rel="discussion" title="Discuss improvements to the content page [t]" accesskey="t">Talk</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div 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data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> <div id="mw-indicator-coordinates" class="mw-indicator"><div class="mw-parser-output"><a href="/wiki/Geographic_coordinate_system" title="Geographic coordinate system">Coordinates</a>: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Qatar&params=25_30_N_51_15_E_type:country_region:QA">25°30′N 51°15′E / 25.500°N 51.250°E / 25.500; 51.250</a></div></div> <div id="mw-indicator-pp-default" class="mw-indicator"><div class="mw-parser-output"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Protection_policy#semi" title="This article 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For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Qatar_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Qatar (disambiguation)">Qatar (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1043282317">.mw-parser-output .ib-country{border-collapse:collapse;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country td,.mw-parser-output .ib-country th{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-header,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-below{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedrow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedrow .infobox-full-data{border:0;padding:0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedbottomrow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedbottomrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedbottomrow .infobox-full-data{border-top:0;border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .infobox-header{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .infobox-above{font-size:125%;line-height:1.2}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-names{padding-top:0.25em;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-name-style{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .infobox-image{padding:0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-anthem{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding-top:0.5em;margin-top:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-map-caption{position:relative;top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-largest,.mw-parser-output .ib-country-lang{font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-ethnic,.mw-parser-output .ib-country-religion,.mw-parser-output .ib-country-sovereignty{font-weight:normal;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fake-li{text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fake-li2{text-indent:0.5em;margin-left:1em;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-website{line-height:11pt}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-map-caption3{position:relative;top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fn{text-align:left;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fn-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fn-num{margin-left:1em}</style><table class="infobox ib-country vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above adr"><div class="fn org country-name">State of Qatar</div><div class="ib-country-names">دولة قطر Dawlat Qaṭar</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><div class="noresize" style="display:table; width:100%;"> <div style="display:table-cell; vertical-align:middle; padding-left:5px;"> <div style="padding-bottom:3px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Qatar.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Flag of Qatar"><img alt="Flag of Qatar" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Flag_of_Qatar.svg/135px-Flag_of_Qatar.svg.png" decoding="async" width="135" height="53" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Flag_of_Qatar.svg/203px-Flag_of_Qatar.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Flag_of_Qatar.svg/270px-Flag_of_Qatar.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1400" data-file-height="550" /></a></div> <div><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Qatar" title="Flag of Qatar">Flag</a></div> </div> <div style="display:table-cell; vertical-align:middle; padding: 0px 5px;"> <div style="padding-bottom:3px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Emblem_of_Qatar_(2022%E2%80%93present).svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Emblem of Qatar"><img alt="Emblem of Qatar" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/5/5e/Emblem_of_Qatar_%282022%E2%80%93present%29.svg/85px-Emblem_of_Qatar_%282022%E2%80%93present%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="85" height="88" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/5/5e/Emblem_of_Qatar_%282022%E2%80%93present%29.svg/128px-Emblem_of_Qatar_%282022%E2%80%93present%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/5/5e/Emblem_of_Qatar_%282022%E2%80%93present%29.svg/170px-Emblem_of_Qatar_%282022%E2%80%93present%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="149" data-file-height="155" /></a></div> <div><a href="/wiki/Emblem_of_Qatar" title="Emblem of Qatar"> Emblem</a></div> </div> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">Motto: الله، الوطن، الأمير Allāh, al-Waṭan, al-Amir "<a href="/wiki/Allah" title="Allah">Allah</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nation" title="Nation">Nation</a>, <a href="/wiki/Emir" title="Emir">Emir</a>"</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data anthem">Anthem: السلام الأميري <a href="/wiki/As-Salam_al-Amiri" title="As-Salam al-Amiri">As-Salām al-Amīrī</a> "Peace to the Emir" <div style="display: inline-block; margin-top: 0.4em;"><audio id="mwe_player_0" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" style="width:220px;" data-durationhint="87" data-mwtitle="National_anthem_of_Qatar.ogg" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/ec/National_anthem_of_Qatar.ogg" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/e/ec/National_anthem_of_Qatar.ogg/National_anthem_of_Qatar.ogg.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3ANational_anthem_of_Qatar.ogg&lang=ar&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="ar" label="العربية ‪(ar)‬" data-dir="rtl" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3ANational_anthem_of_Qatar.ogg&lang=en&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="en" label="English ‪(en)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3ANational_anthem_of_Qatar.ogg&lang=pt&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="pt" label="português ‪(pt)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3ANational_anthem_of_Qatar.ogg&lang=zh-tw&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="zh-Hant-TW" label="中文（臺灣） ‪(zh-tw)‬" data-dir="ltr" /></audio></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a href="/wiki/File:QAT_orthographic.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Location and extent of Qatar (dark green) on the Arabian Peninsula"><img alt="Location and extent of Qatar (dark green) on the Arabian Peninsula" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/QAT_orthographic.svg/250px-QAT_orthographic.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="250" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/QAT_orthographic.svg/500px-QAT_orthographic.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></a><div class="ib-country-map-caption">Location and extent of Qatar (dark green) on the <a href="/wiki/Arabian_Peninsula" title="Arabian Peninsula">Arabian Peninsula</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Capital<div class="ib-country-largest">and largest city</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Doha" title="Doha">Doha</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Qatar&params=25_18_N_51_31_E_type:city">25°18′N 51°31′E / 25.300°N 51.517°E / 25.300; 51.517</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Official languages</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Arabic" title="Arabic">Arabic</a><a href="#cite_note-1">[1]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_group" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethnic group">Ethnic groups</a> <div class="ib-country-ethnic"> (2019)<a href="#cite_note-CIA-2">[2]</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li>49% <a href="/wiki/Arabs" title="Arabs">Arab</a></li><li><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1116488514">.mw-parser-output .treeview ul{padding:0;margin:0}.mw-parser-output .treeview li{padding:0;margin:0;list-style-type:none;list-style-image:none}.mw-parser-output .treeview li li{background:url("https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f2/Treeview-grey-line.png")no-repeat 0 -2981px;padding-left:21px;text-indent:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .treeview li li:last-child{background-position:0 -5971px}.mw-parser-output .treeview li.emptyline>ul>.mw-empty-elt:first-child+.emptyline,.mw-parser-output .treeview li.emptyline>ul>li:first-child{background-position:0 9px}</style><div class="treeview"> <ul><li>43% <a href="/wiki/South_Asia" title="South Asia">South Asian</a><a href="#cite_note-qsa-Aug13-3">[3]</a> <ul><li>21.8% <a href="/wiki/Indians_in_Qatar" title="Indians in Qatar">Indian</a></li> <li>12.5% <a href="/wiki/Bangladeshi_diaspora" title="Bangladeshi diaspora">Bangladeshi</a></li> <li>4.7% <a href="/wiki/Pakistanis_in_Qatar" title="Pakistanis in Qatar">Pakistani</a></li> <li>4.35% <a href="/wiki/Sri_Lankan_diaspora" title="Sri Lankan diaspora">Sri Lankan</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></li><li>7% <a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Qatar" title="Demographics of Qatar">other</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Religion <div class="ib-country-religion"> (2020)<a href="#cite_note-4">[4]</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409" /><div class="plainlist"><ul><li>65.5% <a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Qatar" title="Islam in Qatar">Islam</a> (<a href="/wiki/State_religion" title="State religion">official</a>)</li><li>15.1% <a href="/wiki/Hinduism_in_Arab_states#Qatar" class="mw-redirect" title="Hinduism in Arab states">Hinduism</a></li><li>14.2% <a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Qatar" title="Christianity in Qatar">Christianity</a></li><li>3.3% <a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_the_Middle_East#Population_by_country" title="Buddhism in the Middle East">Buddhism</a></li><li>1.9% <a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Qatar" title="Religion in Qatar">other</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Demonym" title="Demonym">Demonym(s)</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Qataris" title="Qataris">Qatari</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Qatar" title="Politics of Qatar">Government</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Unitary <a href="/wiki/Constitutional_monarchy#Executive_monarchy_versus_ceremonial_monarchy" title="Constitutional monarchy">semi-constitutional monarchy</a> under an <a href="/wiki/Authoritarianism" title="Authoritarianism">authoritarian</a><a href="#cite_note-5">[5]</a><a href="#cite_note-MEPEI-6">[6]</a> government</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546" /></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Emir_of_Qatar" title="Emir of Qatar">Emir</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Tamim_bin_Hamad_Al_Thani" title="Tamim bin Hamad Al Thani">Tamim bin Hamad</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Deputy_Emir_of_Qatar" title="Deputy Emir of Qatar">Deputy Emir</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Abdullah_bin_Hamad_Al_Thani" title="Abdullah bin Hamad Al Thani">Abdullah bin Hamad</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Qatar" title="Prime Minister of Qatar">Prime Minister</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Mohammed_bin_Abdulrahman_bin_Jassim_Al_Thani" title="Mohammed bin Abdulrahman bin Jassim Al Thani">Mohammed bin Abdulrahman</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Legislature</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Consultative_Assembly_of_Qatar" title="Consultative Assembly of Qatar">Consultative Assembly</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Qatar" title="History of Qatar">Establishment</a></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546" /></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/National_Day_(Qatar)" title="National Day (Qatar)">Qatar National Day</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">18 December 1878</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• Declared independence </div></th><td class="infobox-data">1 September 1971</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• Independence from the <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">3 September 1971</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Qatar" title="Geography of Qatar">Area </a></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• Total</div></th><td class="infobox-data">11,581 km2 (4,471 sq mi) (<a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_and_dependencies_by_area" title="List of countries and dependencies by area">158th</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• Water (%)</div></th><td class="infobox-data">negligible</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header"><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Qatar" title="Demographics of Qatar">Population</a></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• 2023 estimate</div></th><td class="infobox-data">3,063,005<a href="#cite_note-7">[7]</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_and_dependencies_by_population" title="List of countries and dependencies by population">139th</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• 2010 census</div></th><td class="infobox-data">1,699,435<a href="#cite_note-census10-8">[8]</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• Density</div></th><td class="infobox-data">264/km2 (683.8/sq mi) (<a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_and_dependencies_by_population_density" title="List of countries and dependencies by population density">76th</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Gross_domestic_product" title="Gross domestic product">GDP</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style>(<a href="/wiki/Purchasing_power_parity" title="Purchasing power parity">PPP</a>)</th><td class="infobox-data">2024 estimate</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• Total</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/20px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/40px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /> $356.0 billion<a href="#cite_note-GCCWEO-OCT24-9">[9]</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_GDP_(PPP)" title="List of countries by GDP (PPP)">60th</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• Per capita</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/20px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/40px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /> $115,075<a href="#cite_note-GCCWEO-OCT24-9">[9]</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_GDP_(PPP)_per_capita" title="List of countries by GDP (PPP) per capita">4th</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Gross_domestic_product" title="Gross domestic product">GDP</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488" />(nominal)</th><td class="infobox-data">2024 estimate</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• Total</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/20px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/40px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /> $221.4 billion<a href="#cite_note-GCCWEO-OCT24-9">[9]</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_GDP_(nominal)" title="List of countries by GDP (nominal)">55th</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• Per capita</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/20px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/40px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /> $71,568<a href="#cite_note-GCCWEO-OCT24-9">[9]</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_GDP_(nominal)_per_capita" title="List of countries by GDP (nominal) per capita">8th</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Gini_coefficient" title="Gini coefficient">Gini</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488" />(2007)</th><td class="infobox-data">41.1<a href="#cite_note-10">[10]</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239334494">@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output div:not(.notheme)>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output p>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output table:not(.notheme) .tmp-color{color:inherit!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output div:not(.notheme)>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output p>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output table:not(.notheme) .tmp-color{color:inherit!important}}</style>medium inequality</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Human_Development_Index" title="Human Development Index">HDI</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488" />(2022)</th><td class="infobox-data"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/20px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/40px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /> 0.875<a href="#cite_note-UNHDR-11">[11]</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494" />very high (<a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_Human_Development_Index" title="List of countries by Human Development Index">40th</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Currency</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Qatari_riyal" title="Qatari riyal">Qatari riyal</a> (<a href="/wiki/ISO_4217" title="ISO 4217">QAR</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Time zone</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Coordinated_Universal_Time" title="Coordinated Universal Time">UTC</a>+3:00 (<a href="/wiki/UTC%2B03:00#Arabia_Standard_Time" title="UTC+03:00">AST</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Telephone_numbers_in_Qatar" title="Telephone numbers in Qatar">Calling code</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/%2B974" class="mw-redirect" title="+974">+974</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/ISO_3166" title="ISO 3166">ISO 3166 code</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/ISO_3166-2:QA" title="ISO 3166-2:QA">QA</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Country_code_top-level_domain" title="Country code top-level domain">Internet TLD</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409" /><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/.qa" title=".qa">.qa</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/%D9%82%D8%B7%D8%B1." class="mw-redirect" title="قطر.">قطر.</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> Qatar,<a href="#cite_note-19">[a]</a> officially the State of Qatar,<a href="#cite_note-20">[b]</a> is a country in <a href="/wiki/West_Asia" title="West Asia">West Asia</a>. It occupies the <a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Qatar" title="Geography of Qatar">Qatar Peninsula</a> on the northeastern coast of the <a href="/wiki/Arabian_Peninsula" title="Arabian Peninsula">Arabian Peninsula</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Middle_East" title="Middle East">Middle East</a>; it shares <a href="/wiki/Qatar%E2%80%93Saudi_Arabia_border" title="Qatar–Saudi Arabia border">its sole land border</a> with <a href="/wiki/Saudi_Arabia" title="Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a> to the south, with the rest of its territory surrounded by the <a href="/wiki/Persian_Gulf" title="Persian Gulf">Persian Gulf</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Gulf_of_Bahrain" title="Gulf of Bahrain">Gulf of Bahrain</a>, an inlet of the Persian Gulf, separates Qatar from nearby <a href="/wiki/Bahrain" title="Bahrain">Bahrain</a>. The capital is <a href="/wiki/Doha" title="Doha">Doha</a>, home to over 80% of the country's inhabitants. Most of the land area is made up of flat, low-lying <a href="/wiki/Desert" title="Desert">desert</a>. Qatar has been ruled as a <a href="/wiki/Hereditary_monarchy" title="Hereditary monarchy">hereditary monarchy</a> by the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Thani" title="House of Thani">House of Thani</a> since <a href="/wiki/Mohammed_bin_Thani" title="Mohammed bin Thani">Mohammed bin Thani</a> signed an agreement with Britain in 1868 that recognised its separate status. Following <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman</a> rule, Qatar became a <a href="/wiki/British_protectorate" title="British protectorate">British protectorate</a> in 1916 and gained independence in 1971. The current <a href="/wiki/Emir" title="Emir">emir</a> is <a href="/wiki/Tamim_bin_Hamad_Al_Thani" title="Tamim bin Hamad Al Thani">Tamim bin Hamad Al Thani</a>, who holds nearly all executive, legislative, and judicial authority in an <a href="/wiki/Autocratic" class="mw-redirect" title="Autocratic">autocratic</a> manner under the <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Qatar" title="Constitution of Qatar">Constitution of Qatar</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:0-21">[19]</a> He appoints the <a href="/wiki/List_of_prime_ministers_of_Qatar" class="mw-redirect" title="List of prime ministers of Qatar">prime minister</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cabinet_of_Qatar" title="Cabinet of Qatar">cabinet</a>. The partially-elected <a href="/wiki/Consultative_Assembly_of_Qatar" title="Consultative Assembly of Qatar">Consultative Assembly</a> can block legislation and has a limited ability to dismiss ministers. In early 2017, the population of Qatar was 2.6 million, although only 313,000 of them were Qatari citizens with 2.3 million being <a href="/wiki/Expatriate" title="Expatriate">expatriates</a> and <a href="/wiki/Migrant_workers" class="mw-redirect" title="Migrant workers">migrant workers</a>.<a href="#cite_note-pop-22">[20]</a> Its <a href="/wiki/State_religion" title="State religion">official religion</a> is <a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a>.<a href="#cite_note-23">[21]</a> The country has the fourth-highest <a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_GDP_(PPP)_per_capita" title="List of countries by GDP (PPP) per capita">GDP (PPP) per capita</a> in the world<a href="#cite_note-24">[22]</a> and the eleventh-highest <a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_GNI_(nominal)_per_capita" title="List of countries by GNI (nominal) per capita">GNI per capita (Atlas method)</a>.<a href="#cite_note-25">[23]</a> It ranks 42nd in the <a href="/wiki/Human_Development_Index" title="Human Development Index">Human Development Index</a>, the third-highest HDI in the <a href="/wiki/Arab_world" title="Arab world">Arab world</a>.<a href="#cite_note-26">[24]</a> It is a <a href="/wiki/World_Bank_high-income_economy" title="World Bank high-income economy">high-income economy</a>, backed by the world's third-largest <a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_natural_gas_proven_reserves" title="List of countries by natural gas proven reserves">natural gas reserves</a> and oil reserves.<a href="#cite_note-27">[25]</a> Qatar is one of the world's largest exporters of liquefied natural gas<a href="#cite_note-28">[26]</a> and the world's largest emitter of carbon dioxide per capita.<a href="#cite_note-29">[27]</a> In the 21st century, Qatar emerged as both a <a href="/wiki/Major_non-NATO_ally" title="Major non-NATO ally">major non-NATO ally</a> of the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a> and a <a href="/wiki/Middle_power" title="Middle power">middle power</a> in the Arab world. <a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Qatar" title="Economy of Qatar">Its economy</a> has risen rapidly through its resource-wealth,<a href="#cite_note-30">[28]</a><a href="#cite_note-31">[29]</a> and its geopolitical power has risen through its media group, <a href="/wiki/Al_Jazeera_Media_Network" title="Al Jazeera Media Network">Al Jazeera Media Network</a>, and reported support for rebel groups financially during the <a href="/wiki/Arab_Spring" title="Arab Spring">Arab Spring</a>.<a href="#cite_note-32">[30]</a><a href="#cite_note-33">[31]</a><a href="#cite_note-34">[32]</a> Qatar also forms part of the <a href="/wiki/Gulf_Cooperation_Council" title="Gulf Cooperation Council">Gulf Cooperation Council</a>.<a href="#cite_note-CIA-2">[2]</a> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Name">Name</h2></div> <a href="/wiki/Pliny_the_Elder" title="Pliny the Elder">Pliny the Elder</a>, a Roman writer, documented the earliest account pertaining to the inhabitants of the peninsula around the mid-first century AD, referring to them as the Catharrei, a designation that may have derived from the name of a prominent local settlement.<a href="#cite_note-35">[33]</a><a href="#cite_note-qsahistory-36">[34]</a> A century later, <a href="/wiki/Ptolemy" title="Ptolemy">Ptolemy</a> produced the first known map to depict the peninsula, referring to it as Catara.<a href="#cite_note-qsahistory-36">[34]</a><a href="#cite_note-37">[35]</a> The map also referenced a town named "Cadara" to the east of the peninsula.<a href="#cite_note-katara-38">[36]</a> The term "Catara" (inhabitants, Cataraei)<a href="#cite_note-39">[37]</a> was exclusively used until the 18th century, after which "Katara" emerged as the most commonly recognised spelling.<a href="#cite_note-katara-38">[36]</a> Eventually, after several variations—"Katr", "Kattar" and "Guttur"—the modern derivative Qatar was adopted as the country's name.<a href="#cite_note-40">[38]</a> In <a href="/wiki/Standard_Arabic" class="mw-redirect" title="Standard Arabic">Standard Arabic</a>, the name is pronounced <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Arabic" title="Help:IPA/Arabic">[ˈqɑtˤɑr]</a>, while in the <a href="/wiki/Gulf_Arabic" title="Gulf Arabic">local dialect</a> it is <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Arabic" title="Help:IPA/Arabic">[ˈɡɪtˤɑr]</a>.<a href="#cite_note-EoI-18">[18]</a> English speakers use different approximate pronunciations of the name as the Arabic pronunciations use sounds not often used in English.<a href="#cite_note-41">[39]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/History_of_Qatar" title="History of Qatar">History of Qatar</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Antiquity">Antiquity</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Excavated_site_on_Al_Khor_Island.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Excavated_site_on_Al_Khor_Island.jpg/220px-Excavated_site_on_Al_Khor_Island.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Excavated_site_on_Al_Khor_Island.jpg/330px-Excavated_site_on_Al_Khor_Island.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Excavated_site_on_Al_Khor_Island.jpg/440px-Excavated_site_on_Al_Khor_Island.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1148" data-file-height="766" /></a><figcaption>Excavation of a <a href="/wiki/Kassites" title="Kassites">Kassite</a> dye site on <a href="/wiki/Al_Khor_Island" title="Al Khor Island">Al Khor Island</a></figcaption></figure> Human habitation in Qatar dates back to 50,000 years ago.<a href="#cite_note-cs1-42">[40]</a> Settlements and tools dating back to the <a href="/wiki/Stone_Age" title="Stone Age">Stone Age</a> have been unearthed in the peninsula.<a href="#cite_note-cs1-42">[40]</a> <a href="/wiki/Mesopotamia" title="Mesopotamia">Mesopotamian</a> artifacts originating from the <a href="/wiki/Ubaid_period" title="Ubaid period">Ubaid period</a> (c. 6500–3800 BC) have been discovered in abandoned coastal settlements.<a href="#cite_note-haya-43">[41]</a> <a href="/wiki/Al_Da%27asa" title="Al Da'asa">Al Da'asa</a>, a settlement located on the western coast of Qatar, is the most important Ubaid site in the country and is believed to have accommodated a small seasonal encampment.<a href="#cite_note-thaiembassy-44">[42]</a><a href="#cite_note-45">[43]</a> The polity of Dilmun, which is attested to in sources from the 3rd millennium BC onwards, is said to have encompassed Qatar, Bahrain, Kuwait, and the eastern portion of Saudi Arabia.<a href="#cite_note-46">[44]</a>Some historians have theorized that the Sumerians may have originated from this region.<a href="#cite_note-47">[45]</a><a href="#cite_note-48">[46]</a><a href="#cite_note-49">[47]</a> <a href="/wiki/Kassites" title="Kassites">Kassite</a> <a href="/wiki/Babylonia" title="Babylonia">Babylonian</a> material dating back to the second millennium BC found in <a href="/wiki/Al_Khor_Island" title="Al Khor Island">Al Khor Islands</a> attests to trade relations between the inhabitants of Qatar and the Kassites in modern-day Bahrain.<a href="#cite_note-50">[48]</a> Among the findings were crushed snail shells and Kassite potsherds.<a href="#cite_note-thaiembassy-44">[42]</a> It has been suggested that Qatar is the earliest known site of shellfish dye production, owing to a Kassite <a href="/wiki/Tyrian_purple" title="Tyrian purple">purple dye</a> industry which existed on the coast.<a href="#cite_note-haya-43">[41]</a><a href="#cite_note-51">[49]</a> In 224 AD, the <a href="/wiki/Sasanian_Empire" title="Sasanian Empire">Sasanian Empire</a> gained control over the territories surrounding the Persian Gulf.<a href="#cite_note-52">[50]</a> Qatar played a role in the commercial activity of the Sasanids, contributing at least two commodities: precious pearls and purple dye.<a href="#cite_note-53">[51]</a> Under the Sasanid reign, many of the inhabitants in eastern Arabia were introduced to <a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christianity</a> following the eastward dispersal of the religion by Mesopotamian Christians.<a href="#cite_note-gillman-54">[52]</a> Monasteries were constructed and further settlements were founded during this era.<a href="#cite_note-55">[53]</a><a href="#cite_note-56">[54]</a> During the latter part of the Christian era, Qatar comprised a region known as 'Beth Qatraye' (<a href="/wiki/Syriac_language" title="Syriac language">Syriac</a> for "house of the Qataris").<a href="#cite_note-57">[55]</a> The region was not limited to Qatar; it also included <a href="/wiki/Bahrain" title="Bahrain">Bahrain</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tarout_Island" title="Tarout Island">Tarout Island</a>, Al-Khatt, and <a href="/wiki/Al-Ahsa_Oasis" title="Al-Ahsa Oasis">Al-Hasa</a>.<a href="#cite_note-58">[56]</a> In 628, the Islamic prophet <a href="/wiki/Muhammad" title="Muhammad">Muhammad</a> sent a Muslim envoy to a ruler in eastern Arabia named <a href="/wiki/Munzir_ibn_Sawa_Al-Tamimi" title="Munzir ibn Sawa Al-Tamimi">Munzir ibn Sawa Al-Tamimi</a> and requested that he and his subjects accept Islam. Munzir obliged his request, and accordingly most of the Arab tribes in the region converted to Islam.<a href="#cite_note-59">[57]</a> In the middle of the century, the <a href="/wiki/Muslim_conquest_of_Persia" title="Muslim conquest of Persia">Muslim conquest of Persia</a> resulted in the fall of the Sasanian Empire.<a href="#cite_note-fromherz-60">[58]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_and_late_Islamic_period_(661–1783)">Early and late Islamic period (661–1783)</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Abbasids850.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Abbasids850.png/220px-Abbasids850.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="134" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Abbasids850.png/330px-Abbasids850.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Abbasids850.png/440px-Abbasids850.png 2x" data-file-width="1481" data-file-height="902" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Abbasid_Caliphate" title="Abbasid Caliphate">Abbasid Caliphate</a> at its greatest extent, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 850</figcaption></figure> Qatar was described as a famous horse and camel breeding centre during the <a href="/wiki/Umayyad_Caliphate" title="Umayyad Caliphate">Umayyad</a> period.<a href="#cite_note-rahman-61">[59]</a> In the 8th century, it started benefiting from its commercially strategic position in the Persian Gulf and went on to become a centre of pearl trading.<a href="#cite_note-62">[60]</a><a href="#cite_note-kogan-63">[61]</a> Substantial development in the pearling industry around the Qatari Peninsula occurred during the <a href="/wiki/Abbasid_Caliphate" title="Abbasid Caliphate">Abbasid</a> era.<a href="#cite_note-rahman-61">[59]</a> Ships voyaging from <a href="/wiki/Basra" title="Basra">Basra</a> to <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a> and <a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a> would make stops in Qatar's ports during this period. <a href="/wiki/Chinese_ceramics" title="Chinese ceramics">Chinese porcelain</a>, West African coins, and artefacts from Thailand have been discovered in Qatar.<a href="#cite_note-fromherz-60">[58]</a> Archaeological remains from the 9th century suggest that Qatar's inhabitants used greater wealth to construct higher quality homes and public buildings. Over 100 stone-built houses, two mosques, and an Abbasid fort were constructed in <a href="/wiki/Murwab" title="Murwab">Murwab</a> during this period.<a href="#cite_note-64">[62]</a><a href="#cite_note-65">[63]</a> When the caliphate's prosperity declined in Iraq, so too did it in Qatar.<a href="#cite_note-66">[64]</a> Qatar is mentioned in 13th-century Muslim scholar <a href="/wiki/Yaqut_al-Hamawi" title="Yaqut al-Hamawi">Yaqut al-Hamawi</a>'s book, <a href="/wiki/Mu%27jam_Al-Buldan" class="mw-redirect" title="Mu'jam Al-Buldan">Mu'jam Al-Buldan</a>, which alludes to the Qataris' fine striped woven cloaks and their skills in improvement and finishing of spears.<a href="#cite_note-67">[65]</a> Much of eastern Arabia was controlled by the <a href="/wiki/Usfurids" title="Usfurids">Usfurids</a> in 1253, but control of the region was seized by the prince of <a href="/wiki/Ormus" title="Ormus">Ormus</a> in 1320.<a href="#cite_note-68">[66]</a> Qatar's pearls provided the kingdom with one of its main sources of income.<a href="#cite_note-mohamed-69">[67]</a> In 1515, <a href="/wiki/Manuel_I_of_Portugal" title="Manuel I of Portugal">Manuel I of Portugal</a> vassalised the Kingdom of Ormus. <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Portugal" title="Kingdom of Portugal">Portugal</a> went on to seize a significant portion of eastern Arabia in 1521.<a href="#cite_note-mohamed-69">[67]</a><a href="#cite_note-gillespie-70">[68]</a> In 1550, the inhabitants of <a href="/wiki/Al-Ahsa_Oasis" title="Al-Ahsa Oasis">Al-Hasa</a> voluntarily submitted to the rule of the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottomans</a>, preferring them to the Portuguese.<a href="#cite_note-71">[69]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Portuguese_era_(1507-1650)">Portuguese era (1507-1650)</h3></div> After the fall of the <a href="/wiki/Jabrids" title="Jabrids">Jabrid</a> Dynasty with the conquest of Bahrain by the Portuguese, the Arabian coast up to <a href="/wiki/Uqair" title="Uqair">Al Hassa</a> came under the rule and influence of the Portuguese empire. Attempts by the Ottomans to dominate the region were eliminated with the reconquest of the castle of <a href="/wiki/Tarout_Castle" title="Tarout Castle">Tarout</a><a href="#cite_note-72">[70]</a> or <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Qatif_(1551)" title="Siege of Qatif (1551)">Al Qatif</a> in 1551. Archaeological finds are still being excavated from one of the Portuguese fortresses that served as a base to dominate the region as <a href="/wiki/Ruwayda" title="Ruwayda">Ruwayda</a>.<a href="#cite_note-73">[71]</a> The first representation of Qatar appears on the Portuguese map by Luis Lázaro in 1563, showing the "city of Qatar" as a fortress, possibly referring to the fort of Ruwayda.<a href="#cite_note-74">[72]</a> Having retained a negligible military presence in the area, the Ottomans were expelled by the <a href="/wiki/Bani_Khalid_(tribe)" title="Bani Khalid (tribe)">Bani Khalid</a> tribe and <a href="/wiki/Bani_Khalid_Emirate" title="Bani Khalid Emirate">their emirate</a> in 1670.<a href="#cite_note-75">[73]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bahraini_and_Saudi_rule_(1783–1868)">Bahraini and Saudi rule (1783–1868)</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Map_of_Catura_(Qatar)_1794_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Map_of_Catura_%28Qatar%29_1794_%28cropped%29.jpg/250px-Map_of_Catura_%28Qatar%29_1794_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="172" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/20/Map_of_Catura_%28Qatar%29_1794_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="259" data-file-height="203" /></a><figcaption>A 1794 map by <a href="/wiki/Samuel_Dunn_(mathematician)" title="Samuel Dunn (mathematician)">Samuel Dunn</a> depicting Catura (at centre) in the <a href="/wiki/Historical_region_of_Bahrain" class="mw-redirect" title="Historical region of Bahrain">Historical region of Bahrain</a></figcaption></figure> In 1766, members of the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Khalifa" title="House of Khalifa">Al Khalifa</a> family of the <a href="/wiki/Utub" class="mw-redirect" title="Utub">Utub</a> tribal confederation migrated from <a href="/wiki/Kuwait" title="Kuwait">Kuwait</a> to <a href="/wiki/Zubarah" title="Zubarah">Zubarah</a> in Qatar.<a href="#cite_note-frauke-76">[74]</a><a href="#cite_note-77">[75]</a> By the time of their arrival, the Bani Khalid exercised weak authority over the peninsula, notwithstanding the fact that the largest village was ruled by their distant kin.<a href="#cite_note-78">[76]</a> In 1783, Qatar-based <a href="/wiki/Bani_Utbah" title="Bani Utbah">Bani Utbah</a> clans and allied Arab tribes invaded and annexed <a href="/wiki/Bahrain" title="Bahrain">Bahrain</a> from the Persians. The Al Khalifa imposed their authority over Bahrain and retained their jurisdiction over Zubarah.<a href="#cite_note-frauke-76">[74]</a> Following his swearing-in as crown prince of <a href="/wiki/Emirate_of_Diriyah" title="Emirate of Diriyah">the Wahhabi</a> in 1788, Saud ibn Abd al-Aziz moved to expand Wahhabi territory eastward towards the Persian Gulf and Qatar. After defeating the Bani Khalid in 1795, the Wahhabi were attacked on two fronts. The Ottomans and <a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egyptians</a> assaulted the western front, while the Al Khalifa in Bahrain and the <a href="/wiki/Oman" title="Oman">Omanis</a> launched an attack against the eastern front.<a href="#cite_note-79">[77]</a><a href="#cite_note-qdl1-80">[78]</a> Upon being made aware of the Egyptian advance on the western frontier in 1811, the Wahhabi amir reduced his garrisons in Bahrain and Zubarah in order to redeploy his troops. <a href="/wiki/Said_bin_Sultan" title="Said bin Sultan">Said bin Sultan</a>, ruler of <a href="/wiki/Muscat" title="Muscat">Muscat</a>, capitalised on this opportunity and raided the Wahhabi garrisons on the eastern coast, setting fire to the fort in Zubarah. The Al Khalifa was effectively returned to power thereafter.<a href="#cite_note-qdl1-80">[78]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Qatar,_Zubarah_(10),_ruined_city.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Qatar%2C_Zubarah_%2810%29%2C_ruined_city.JPG/250px-Qatar%2C_Zubarah_%2810%29%2C_ruined_city.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Qatar%2C_Zubarah_%2810%29%2C_ruined_city.JPG/330px-Qatar%2C_Zubarah_%2810%29%2C_ruined_city.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Qatar%2C_Zubarah_%2810%29%2C_ruined_city.JPG/500px-Qatar%2C_Zubarah_%2810%29%2C_ruined_city.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1959" data-file-height="1469" /></a><figcaption>A partially restored section of the ruined town of <a href="/wiki/Zubarah" title="Zubarah">Zubarah</a></figcaption></figure> As punishment for piracy, an <a href="/wiki/East_India_Company" title="East India Company">East India Company</a> vessel bombarded <a href="/wiki/Doha" title="Doha">Doha</a> in 1821, destroying the town and forcing hundreds of residents to flee. In 1825, the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Thani" title="House of Thani">House of Thani</a> was established with Sheikh <a href="/wiki/Mohammed_bin_Thani" title="Mohammed bin Thani">Mohammed bin Thani</a> as the first leader.<a href="#cite_note-81">[79]</a> Although Qatar was considered a <a href="/wiki/Dependent_territory" title="Dependent territory">dependency</a> of Bahrain, the Al Khalifa faced opposition from the local tribes. In 1867, the Al Khalifa, along with the ruler of <a href="/wiki/Abu_Dhabi" title="Abu Dhabi">Abu Dhabi</a>, sent a massive naval force to <a href="/wiki/Al_Wakrah" title="Al Wakrah">Al Wakrah</a> in an effort to crush the Qatari rebels. This resulted in the maritime <a href="/wiki/Qatari%E2%80%93Bahraini_War" title="Qatari–Bahraini War">Qatari–Bahraini War</a> of 1867–68, in which Bahraini and Abu Dhabi forces sacked and looted Doha and Al Wakrah.<a href="#cite_note-Fromhertz2012-82">[80]</a> The Bahraini hostilities were in violation of the <a href="/wiki/Perpetual_Truce_of_Peace_and_Friendship" title="Perpetual Truce of Peace and Friendship">Perpetual Truce of Peace and Friendship</a> of 1861. The joint incursion, in addition to the Qatari counter-attack, prompted British Political Resident, Colonel <a href="/wiki/Lewis_Pelly" title="Lewis Pelly">Lewis Pelly</a> to impose a settlement in 1868. His mission to Bahrain and Qatar and the resulting peace treaty were milestones because they implicitly recognised the distinctness of Qatar from Bahrain and explicitly acknowledged the position of Mohammed bin Thani. In addition to censuring Bahrain for its breach of agreement, Pelly negotiated with Qatari sheikhs who were represented by Mohammed bin Thani.<a href="#cite_note-83">[81]</a> The negotiations were the first stage in the development of Qatar as a sheikhdom.<a href="#cite_note-84">[82]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ottoman_period_(1871–1915)">Ottoman period (1871–1915)</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Qatar_in_Stielers_Handatlas_1891_59.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Qatar_in_Stielers_Handatlas_1891_59.JPG/220px-Qatar_in_Stielers_Handatlas_1891_59.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="343" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Qatar_in_Stielers_Handatlas_1891_59.JPG/330px-Qatar_in_Stielers_Handatlas_1891_59.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/0b/Qatar_in_Stielers_Handatlas_1891_59.JPG 2x" data-file-width="411" data-file-height="641" /></a><figcaption>Qatar in an 1891 map by <a href="/wiki/Adolf_Stieler" title="Adolf Stieler">Adolf Stieler</a>, with <a href="/wiki/Al_Bidda" title="Al Bidda">Al Bidda</a> as the major settlement</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Olddoha2-771x410.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Olddoha2-771x410.jpg/250px-Olddoha2-771x410.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="117" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Olddoha2-771x410.jpg/330px-Olddoha2-771x410.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Olddoha2-771x410.jpg/500px-Olddoha2-771x410.jpg 2x" data-file-width="771" data-file-height="410" /></a><figcaption>Old city of Doha, January 1904</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Barzan_towers_3.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Barzan_towers_3.jpg/220px-Barzan_towers_3.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="134" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Barzan_towers_3.jpg/330px-Barzan_towers_3.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Barzan_towers_3.jpg/440px-Barzan_towers_3.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2864" data-file-height="1746" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Barzan_Towers" title="Barzan Towers">Barzan Towers</a> are watchtowers that were built in the late 19th century and renovated in 1910 by <a href="/wiki/Mohammed_bin_Jassim_Al_Thani" title="Mohammed bin Jassim Al Thani">Sheikh Mohammed bin Jassim Al Thani</a>.</figcaption></figure> Under military and political pressure from the governor of the Ottoman <a href="/wiki/Vilayet_of_Baghdad" class="mw-redirect" title="Vilayet of Baghdad">Vilayet of Baghdad</a>, <a href="/wiki/Midhat_Pasha" title="Midhat Pasha">Midhat Pasha</a>, the ruling Al Thani tribe submitted to Ottoman rule in 1871.<a href="#cite_note-Rogan1199-85">[83]</a> The Ottoman government imposed reformist (<a href="/wiki/Tanzimat" title="Tanzimat">Tanzimat</a>) measures concerning taxation and land registration to fully integrate these areas into the empire.<a href="#cite_note-Rogan1199-85">[83]</a> Despite the disapproval of local tribes, Al Thani continued supporting the Ottoman rule. Qatari-Ottoman relations stagnated, and in 1882 they suffered further setbacks when the Ottomans refused to aid Al Thani in his expedition of Abu Dhabi-occupied <a href="/wiki/Khor_Al_Adaid" title="Khor Al Adaid">Khor Al Adaid</a> and offered only limited support in the <a href="/wiki/Qatari%E2%80%93Abu_Dhabi_War" title="Qatari–Abu Dhabi War">Qatari–Abu Dhabi War</a>, mainly due to fear of British intervention on Abu Dhabi's side.<a href="#cite_note-86">[84]</a> In addition, the Ottomans supported the Ottoman subject Mohammed bin Abdul Wahab who attempted to supplant Al Thani as <a href="/wiki/Kaymakam" title="Kaymakam">kaymakam</a> of Qatar in 1888.<a href="#cite_note-87">[85]</a> This eventually led Al Thani to rebel against the Ottomans, whom he believed were seeking to usurp control of the peninsula. He resigned as kaymakam and stopped paying taxes in August 1892.<a href="#cite_note-88">[86]</a> In February 1893, Mehmed Hafiz Pasha arrived in Qatar in the interests of seeking unpaid taxes and accosting Jassim bin Mohammed's opposition to proposed Ottoman administrative reforms. Fearing that he would face death or imprisonment, Jassim retreated to Al Wajbah (16 km or 10 mi west of Doha), accompanied by several tribe members. Mehmed's demand that Jassim disband his troops and pledge his loyalty to the Ottomans was met with refusal. In March, Mehmed imprisoned Jassim's brother and 13 prominent Qatari tribal leaders on the Ottoman <a href="/wiki/Corvette" title="Corvette">corvette</a> Merrikh as punishment for his insubordination. After Mehmed declined an offer to release the captives for a fee of 10,000 <a href="/wiki/Turkish_lira" title="Turkish lira">liras</a>, he ordered a column of approximately 200 troops to advance towards Jassim's <a href="/wiki/Al_Wajbah_Fort" title="Al Wajbah Fort">Al Wajbah Fort</a> under the command of Yusuf Effendi, thus signalling the start of the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Al_Wajbah" title="Battle of Al Wajbah">Battle of Al Wajbah</a>.<a href="#cite_note-fromherz-60">[58]</a> Effendi's troops came under heavy gunfire by a sizable troop of Qatari infantry and cavalry shortly after arriving at Al Wajbah. They retreated to Shebaka fortress where they were again forced to draw back from a Qatari incursion. After they withdrew to Al Bidda fortress, Jassim's advancing column besieged the fortress, resulting in the Ottomans' concession of defeat and agreement to relinquish their captives in return for the safe passage of Mehmed Pasha's cavalry to <a href="/wiki/Hofuf" title="Hofuf">Hofuf</a> by land.<a href="#cite_note-89">[87]</a> Although Qatar did not gain full independence from the Ottoman Empire, the result of the battle forced a treaty that would later form the basis of Qatar's emerging as an autonomous country within the empire.<a href="#cite_note-90">[88]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="British_period_(1916–1971)">British period (1916–1971)</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Zubarah_Fort1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Zubarah_Fort1.jpg/250px-Zubarah_Fort1.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="143" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Zubarah_Fort1.jpg/330px-Zubarah_Fort1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Zubarah_Fort1.jpg/500px-Zubarah_Fort1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3820" data-file-height="2486" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Zubarah_Fort" class="mw-redirect" title="Zubarah Fort">Zubarah Fort</a> built in 1938</figcaption></figure> By the <a href="/wiki/Anglo-Ottoman_Convention_of_1913" title="Anglo-Ottoman Convention of 1913">Anglo-Ottoman Convention of 1913</a>, the Ottomans agreed to renounce their claim to Qatar and withdraw their garrison from Doha. However, with the outbreak of <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a>, nothing was done to carry this out, and the garrison remained in the fort at Doha, although its numbers dwindled as men deserted. In 1915, with the presence of British gunboats in the harbour, Abdullah bin Jassim Al Thani (who was pro-British) persuaded the remainder to abandon the fort, and when British troops approached the following morning they found it deserted.<a href="#cite_note-diwan-91">[89]</a><a href="#cite_note-92">[90]</a> Qatar became a British protectorate on 3 November 1916<a href="#cite_note-93">[91]</a> when the United Kingdom signed a treaty with Sheikh Abdullah bin Jassim Al Thani to bring Qatar under its <a href="/wiki/Trucial_States" title="Trucial States">Trucial System of Administration</a>. The treaty reserved foreign affairs and defence to the United Kingdom but allowed internal autonomy. While Abdullah agreed not to enter into any relations with any other power without the prior consent of the British government, the latter guaranteed the protection of Qatar from aggression by sea and provide its 'good offices' in the event of an attack by land. This latter undertaking was left deliberately vague.<a href="#cite_note-diwan-91">[89]</a><a href="#cite_note-94">[92]</a> On 5 May 1935, while agreeing an oil concession with the <a href="/wiki/Anglo-Persian_Oil_Company" title="Anglo-Persian Oil Company">Anglo-Persian Oil Company</a>, Abdullah signed another treaty with the British government which granted Qatar protection against internal and external threats.<a href="#cite_note-diwan-91">[89]</a> Oil reserves were first discovered in 1939. Exploitation and development were, however, delayed by <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>.<a href="#cite_note-95">[93]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:British_stamp_overprinted_for_use_in_Qatar_1_April_1957.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/British_stamp_overprinted_for_use_in_Qatar_1_April_1957.jpg/250px-British_stamp_overprinted_for_use_in_Qatar_1_April_1957.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="258" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/British_stamp_overprinted_for_use_in_Qatar_1_April_1957.jpg/330px-British_stamp_overprinted_for_use_in_Qatar_1_April_1957.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/1e/British_stamp_overprinted_for_use_in_Qatar_1_April_1957.jpg 2x" data-file-width="350" data-file-height="411" /></a><figcaption>A British <a href="/wiki/Wilding_series" title="Wilding series">Wilding series</a> stamp, issued 1 April 1957, and overprinted for use in Qatar</figcaption></figure> The focus of British interests in Qatar changed after the Second World War with the independence of India, the creation of <a href="/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan">Pakistan</a> in 1947, and the development of oil in Qatar. In 1949, the appointment of the first British political officer in Doha, John Wilton, signified a strengthening of Anglo-Qatari relations.<a href="#cite_note-96">[94]</a> Oil exports began in 1949, and oil revenues became the country's main source of revenue; the pearl trade had gone into decline. These revenues were used to fund the expansion and modernisation of Qatar's infrastructure. When Britain officially announced in 1968 that it would withdraw from the Persian Gulf in three years' time, Qatar joined talks with Bahrain and seven other Trucial States to create a federation. Regional disputes, however, persuaded Qatar and Bahrain to withdraw from the talks and become independent states separate from the Trucial States, which went on to become the <a href="/wiki/United_Arab_Emirates" title="United Arab Emirates">United Arab Emirates</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Independence_and_later_(1971–2000)">Independence and later (1971–2000)</h3></div> Under an agreement with the United Kingdom,<a href="#cite_note-97">[95]</a><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-98">[96]</a> on 3 September 1971, the "special treaty arrangements" that were "inconsistent with full international responsibility as a sovereign and independent state" were terminated.<a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-98">[96]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Corniche_Doha_Qatar.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Corniche_Doha_Qatar.jpg/220px-Corniche_Doha_Qatar.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="145" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Corniche_Doha_Qatar.jpg/330px-Corniche_Doha_Qatar.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Corniche_Doha_Qatar.jpg/440px-Corniche_Doha_Qatar.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="674" /></a><figcaption>Traditional <a href="/wiki/Dhow" title="Dhow">dhows</a> in front of the West Bay skyline as seen from the <a href="/wiki/Doha_Corniche" title="Doha Corniche">Doha Corniche</a></figcaption></figure> In 1991, Qatar played a significant role in the <a href="/wiki/Gulf_War" title="Gulf War">Gulf War</a>, particularly during the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Khafji" title="Battle of Khafji">Battle of Khafji</a> in which Qatari tanks rolled through the streets of the town and provided fire support for <a href="/wiki/Saudi_Arabian_National_Guard" title="Saudi Arabian National Guard">Saudi Arabian National Guard</a> units that were engaging <a href="/wiki/Iraqi_Army" class="mw-redirect" title="Iraqi Army">Iraqi Army</a> troops. Qatar allowed coalition troops from Canada to use the country as an <a href="/wiki/Canada_Dry_One" title="Canada Dry One">airbase</a> to launch aircraft on <a href="/wiki/Combat_air_patrol" title="Combat air patrol">combat air patrol</a> duty and also permitted air forces from the United States and France to operate in its territories.<a href="#cite_note-cs1-42">[40]</a> In 1995, Emir <a href="/wiki/Hamad_bin_Khalifa_Al_Thani" title="Hamad bin Khalifa Al Thani">Hamad bin Khalifa Al Thani</a> <a href="/wiki/1995_Qatari_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1995 Qatari coup d'état">seized control</a> of the country from his father <a href="/wiki/Khalifa_bin_Hamad_Al_Thani" title="Khalifa bin Hamad Al Thani">Khalifa bin Hamad Al Thani</a>, with the support of the armed forces and cabinet, as well as neighbouring states<a href="#cite_note-resh-99">[97]</a> and France.<a href="#cite_note-nobs-100">[98]</a> Under Emir Hamad, Qatar experienced a moderate degree of liberalisation, including the launch of the <a href="/wiki/Al_Jazeera_Media_Network" title="Al Jazeera Media Network">Al Jazeera</a> television station (1996), the endorsement of <a href="/wiki/Women%27s_suffrage" title="Women's suffrage">women's suffrage</a> or right to vote in municipal elections (1999), drafting its first written <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Qatar" title="Constitution of Qatar">constitution</a> (2005) and inauguration of a Roman Catholic church (2008).[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="21st_century">21st century</h3></div> Qatar's economy and status as a regional power rapidly grew in the 2000s. According to the UN, the nation's economic growth, measured by GDP, was the fastest in the world during this decade.<a href="#cite_note-101">[99]</a><a href="#cite_note-102">[100]</a> The basis of this growth lay in the exploitation of <a href="/wiki/Natural_gas" title="Natural gas">natural gas</a> in the North Field during the 1990s. At the same time, the population tripled between 2001 and 2011, mostly from an influx of foreigners.<a href="#cite_note-103">[101]</a> In 2003, Qatar served as the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Central_Command" title="United States Central Command">United States Central Command</a> headquarters and one of the main launching sites of the <a href="/wiki/2003_invasion_of_Iraq" title="2003 invasion of Iraq">invasion of Iraq</a>.<a href="#cite_note-104">[102]</a> In March 2005, a <a href="/wiki/Suicide_attack" title="Suicide attack">suicide bombing</a> killed a British teacher<a href="#cite_note-105">[103]</a> at the Doha Players Theatre, shocking the country, which had not previously experienced acts of terrorism. The bombing was carried out by Omar Ahmed Abdullah Ali, an Egyptian resident in Qatar who had suspected ties to <a href="/wiki/Al-Qaeda_in_the_Arabian_Peninsula" title="Al-Qaeda in the Arabian Peninsula">Al-Qaeda in the Arabian Peninsula</a>.<a href="#cite_note-106">[104]</a><a href="#cite_note-107">[105]</a> The increased influence of Qatar and its role during the <a href="/wiki/Arab_Spring" title="Arab Spring">Arab Spring</a>, especially during the <a href="/wiki/Bahraini_protests_of_2011%E2%80%932014" class="mw-redirect" title="Bahraini protests of 2011–2014">Bahraini uprising in 2011</a>, <a href="/wiki/Qatar%E2%80%93Saudi_Arabia_diplomatic_conflict" title="Qatar–Saudi Arabia diplomatic conflict">worsened longstanding tensions with Saudi Arabia</a>, the neighboring United Arab Emirates, and Bahrain.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] In 2010, Qatar won the right to host the <a href="/wiki/2022_FIFA_World_Cup" title="2022 FIFA World Cup">2022 FIFA World Cup</a>, making it the first country in the Middle East to be selected to host the tournament. The awarding increased further investment and developments within the nation during the 2010s.<a href="#cite_note-108">[106]</a> In June 2013, Sheikh <a href="/wiki/Tamim_bin_Hamad_Al_Thani" title="Tamim bin Hamad Al Thani">Tamim bin Hamad Al Thani</a> became the emir of Qatar after his father handed over power.<a href="#cite_note-109">[107]</a> Sheikh Tamim has prioritised improving the domestic welfare of citizens, which includes establishing advanced healthcare and education systems, and expanding the country's infrastructure in preparation for the hosting of the 2022 World Cup.<a href="#cite_note-110">[108]</a> Qatar hosted the <a href="/wiki/2022_FIFA_World_Cup" title="2022 FIFA World Cup">2022 FIFA World Cup</a> from 21 November to 18 December, becoming the first Arab and Muslim-majority country to do so, and the third Asian country to host it following the <a href="/wiki/2002_FIFA_World_Cup" title="2002 FIFA World Cup">2002 FIFA World Cup</a> in Japan and South Korea.<a href="#cite_note-111">[109]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Politics">Politics</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Qatar" title="Politics of Qatar">Politics of Qatar</a></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1273380762/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner span:not(.skin-invert-image):not(.skin-invert):not(.bg-transparent) img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner span:not(.skin-invert-image):not(.skin-invert):not(.bg-transparent) img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:298px;max-width:298px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:147px;max-width:147px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:%D8%AA%D9%85%D9%8A%D9%85_%D8%A8%D9%86_%D8%AD%D9%85%D8%AF_%D8%A8%D9%86_%D8%AE%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%81%D8%A9_%D8%A2%D9%84_%D8%AB%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A_(49759678641)_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/%D8%AA%D9%85%D9%8A%D9%85_%D8%A8%D9%86_%D8%AD%D9%85%D8%AF_%D8%A8%D9%86_%D8%AE%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%81%D8%A9_%D8%A2%D9%84_%D8%AB%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A_%2849759678641%29_%28cropped%29.jpg/145px-%D8%AA%D9%85%D9%8A%D9%85_%D8%A8%D9%86_%D8%AD%D9%85%D8%AF_%D8%A8%D9%86_%D8%AE%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%81%D8%A9_%D8%A2%D9%84_%D8%AB%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A_%2849759678641%29_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="145" height="178" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/%D8%AA%D9%85%D9%8A%D9%85_%D8%A8%D9%86_%D8%AD%D9%85%D8%AF_%D8%A8%D9%86_%D8%AE%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%81%D8%A9_%D8%A2%D9%84_%D8%AB%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A_%2849759678641%29_%28cropped%29.jpg/218px-%D8%AA%D9%85%D9%8A%D9%85_%D8%A8%D9%86_%D8%AD%D9%85%D8%AF_%D8%A8%D9%86_%D8%AE%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%81%D8%A9_%D8%A2%D9%84_%D8%AB%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A_%2849759678641%29_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/%D8%AA%D9%85%D9%8A%D9%85_%D8%A8%D9%86_%D8%AD%D9%85%D8%AF_%D8%A8%D9%86_%D8%AE%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%81%D8%A9_%D8%A2%D9%84_%D8%AB%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A_%2849759678641%29_%28cropped%29.jpg/290px-%D8%AA%D9%85%D9%8A%D9%85_%D8%A8%D9%86_%D8%AD%D9%85%D8%AF_%D8%A8%D9%86_%D8%AE%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%81%D8%A9_%D8%A2%D9%84_%D8%AB%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A_%2849759678641%29_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="682" data-file-height="839" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption text-align-center"><a href="/wiki/Tamim_bin_Hamad_Al_Thani" title="Tamim bin Hamad Al Thani">Tamim bin Hamad Al Thani</a> <a href="/wiki/Emir_of_Qatar" title="Emir of Qatar">Emir</a> since 2013</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:147px;max-width:147px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:Mohammed_bin_Abdulrahman_Al-Thani_of_Qatar_on_25_January_2024_-_2_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Mohammed_bin_Abdulrahman_Al-Thani_of_Qatar_on_25_January_2024_-_2_%28cropped%29.jpg/250px-Mohammed_bin_Abdulrahman_Al-Thani_of_Qatar_on_25_January_2024_-_2_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="145" height="193" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Mohammed_bin_Abdulrahman_Al-Thani_of_Qatar_on_25_January_2024_-_2_%28cropped%29.jpg/330px-Mohammed_bin_Abdulrahman_Al-Thani_of_Qatar_on_25_January_2024_-_2_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1683" data-file-height="2243" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption text-align-center"><a href="/wiki/Mohammed_bin_Abdulrahman_bin_Jassim_Al_Thani" title="Mohammed bin Abdulrahman bin Jassim Al Thani">Mohammed bin Abdulrahman bin Jassim Al Thani</a> <a href="/wiki/List_of_prime_ministers_of_Qatar" class="mw-redirect" title="List of prime ministers of Qatar">Prime Minister</a> since 2023</div></div></div></div></div> Qatar is officially a <a href="/wiki/Semi-constitutional_monarchy" class="mw-redirect" title="Semi-constitutional monarchy">semi-constitutional monarchy</a>,<a href="#cite_note-BBC9Sep05-112">[110]</a><a href="#cite_note-USState2011-113">[111]</a> but the wide powers retained by the monarchy have it bordering an <a href="/wiki/Absolute_monarchy" title="Absolute monarchy">absolute monarchy</a><a href="#cite_note-ftManage-114">[112]</a><a href="#cite_note-115">[113]</a> ruled by the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Thani" title="House of Thani">Al Thani family</a>.<a href="#cite_note-116">[114]</a><a href="#cite_note-117">[115]</a> The Al Thani dynasty has been ruling Qatar since the family house was established in 1825.<a href="#cite_note-CIA-2">[2]</a> In 2003, Qatar adopted a <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Qatar" title="Constitution of Qatar">constitution</a> that provided for the direct election of 30 of the 45 members of a legislature.<a href="#cite_note-CIA-2">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-Lambert2011a-118">[116]</a><a href="#cite_note-Reut20111101-119">[117]</a> The constitution was overwhelmingly approved in a referendum, with almost 98% in favour.<a href="#cite_note-electionguide.org-120">[118]</a><a href="#cite_note-princeton.edu-121">[119]</a> Despite this, the government remains <a href="/wiki/Authoritarian" class="mw-redirect" title="Authoritarian">authoritarian</a>.<a href="#cite_note-122">[120]</a><a href="#cite_note-MEPEI-6">[6]</a> According to the <a href="/wiki/V-Dem_Democracy_indices" class="mw-redirect" title="V-Dem Democracy indices">V-Dem Democracy indices</a> Qatar is 2023 the second least <a href="/wiki/Democracy_in_the_Middle_East_and_North_Africa" title="Democracy in the Middle East and North Africa">electoral democratic country in the Middle East</a>.<a href="#cite_note-vdem_dataset-123">[121]</a> Qatari law does not permit the establishment of political bodies or trade unions.<a href="#cite_note-kuwari-124">[122]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:View_of_Amiri_Diwan_from_the_corniche.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/View_of_Amiri_Diwan_from_the_corniche.jpg/250px-View_of_Amiri_Diwan_from_the_corniche.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/View_of_Amiri_Diwan_from_the_corniche.jpg/330px-View_of_Amiri_Diwan_from_the_corniche.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/View_of_Amiri_Diwan_from_the_corniche.jpg/500px-View_of_Amiri_Diwan_from_the_corniche.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6000" data-file-height="4000" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Amiri_Diwan_of_the_State_of_Qatar" title="Amiri Diwan of the State of Qatar">Amiri Diwan of the State of Qatar</a>, administrative office of the Emir</figcaption></figure> The eighth emir of Qatar is <a href="/wiki/Tamim_bin_Hamad_Al_Thani" title="Tamim bin Hamad Al Thani">Tamim bin Hamad Al Thani</a>.<a href="#cite_note-New_Emir_BBC-125">[123]</a> The emir has the exclusive power to appoint the <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Qatar" title="Prime Minister of Qatar">prime minister</a> and cabinet ministers who, together, constitute the Council of Ministers, which is the supreme executive authority in the country.<a href="#cite_note-embassycouncil-126">[124]</a> The Council of Ministers also initiates legislation.<a href="#cite_note-embassycouncil-126">[124]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Consultative_Assembly_of_Qatar" title="Consultative Assembly of Qatar">Consultative Assembly</a> is made up of 30 popularly-elected members and 15 appointed by the emir. It can block legislation with a simple majority and can dismiss ministers, including the prime minister, with a two-thirds vote. The assembly had its first <a href="/wiki/2021_Qatari_general_election" title="2021 Qatari general election">elections in October 2021</a> after several postponements.<a href="#cite_note-127">[125]</a><a href="#cite_note-128">[126]</a><a href="#cite_note-129">[127]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Law">Law</h3></div> According to Qatar's Constitution, <a href="/wiki/Sharia" title="Sharia">Sharia</a> law is the main source of Qatari legislation,<a href="#cite_note-con-130">[128]</a><a href="#cite_note-qat1-131">[129]</a> although in practice Qatar's legal system is a mixture of <a href="/wiki/Civil_law_(legal_system)" title="Civil law (legal system)">civil law</a> and Sharia.<a href="#cite_note-132">[130]</a><a href="#cite_note-133">[131]</a> Sharia is applied to family law, inheritance, and several criminal acts (including adultery, robbery, and murder). In some cases, Sharia-based family courts treat a female's testimony as being worth half that of a man.<a href="#cite_note-134">[132]</a> Codified family law was introduced in 2006. <a href="/wiki/Polygyny_in_Islam" title="Polygyny in Islam">Islamic polygyny</a> is permitted.<a href="#cite_note-nobs-100">[98]</a> <a href="/wiki/Judicial_corporal_punishment" title="Judicial corporal punishment">Judicial corporal punishment</a> is a punishment in Qatar. Only Muslims considered medically fit are liable to have such sentences carried out. <a href="/wiki/Flogging" class="mw-redirect" title="Flogging">Flogging</a> is employed as a punishment for alcohol consumption or illicit sexual relations.<a href="#cite_note-amne-135">[133]</a> Article 88 of the criminal code declares that the penalty for adultery is 100 lashes.<a href="#cite_note-flog-136">[134]</a> <a href="/wiki/Stoning" title="Stoning">Stoning</a> is a legal punishment in Qatar,<a href="#cite_note-137">[135]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Apostasy" title="Apostasy">apostasy</a> and <a href="/wiki/Homosexuality" title="Homosexuality">homosexuality</a> are crimes punishable by the <a href="/wiki/Death_penalty" class="mw-redirect" title="Death penalty">death penalty</a>; however, the penalty has not been carried out for either crime.<a href="#cite_note-iheu-138">[136]</a><a href="#cite_note-139">[137]</a> <a href="/wiki/Blasphemy" title="Blasphemy">Blasphemy</a> can result in up to seven years in prison, while <a href="/wiki/Proselytizing" class="mw-redirect" title="Proselytizing">proselytising</a> can incur a 10-year sentence.<a href="#cite_note-iheu-138">[136]</a><a href="#cite_note-140">[138]</a> Alcohol consumption is partially legal; some five-star luxury hotels are allowed to sell alcohol to non-Muslim customers.<a href="#cite_note-wsj20120107-141">[139]</a><a href="#cite_note-arabist20120115-142">[140]</a> Muslims are not allowed to consume alcohol, and those caught consuming it are liable to flogging or deportation. Non-Muslim expatriates can obtain a permit to purchase alcohol for personal consumption. The Qatar Distribution Company (a subsidiary of <a href="/wiki/Qatar_Airways" title="Qatar Airways">Qatar Airways</a>) is permitted to import alcohol and pork; it operates the only liquor store in the country, which also sells pork to holders of liquor licences.<a href="#cite_note-143">[141]</a><a href="#cite_note-144">[142]</a> Qatari officials had indicated a willingness to allow alcohol in "fan zones" at the 2022 FIFA World Cup.<a href="#cite_note-145">[143]</a> However, on 18 November, two days before the start of the games, Qatari officials announced alcoholic beverages would not be permitted within the stadiums.<a href="#cite_note-146">[144]</a> In 2014, a modesty campaign was launched to remind tourists of the country's restrictive dress code.<a href="#cite_note-'Leggings_Are_Not_Pants'_Qatar's_New_Modesty_Campaign_Aimed_At_Westerners-147">[145]</a> Female tourists were advised not to wear leggings, miniskirts, sleeveless dresses, or short or tight clothing in public. Men were warned against wearing shorts and singlets.<a href="#cite_note-148">[146]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Foreign_relations">Foreign relations</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Qatar" title="Foreign relations of Qatar">Foreign relations of Qatar</a></div> Qatar's international profile and active role in international affairs have led some analysts to identify it as a <a href="/wiki/Middle_power" title="Middle power">middle power</a>. Since 2022, it has been a <a href="/wiki/Major_non-NATO_ally" title="Major non-NATO ally">major non-NATO ally</a> of the United States.<a href="#cite_note-149">[147]</a> Qatar also has particularly strong ties with France,<a href="#cite_note-150">[148]</a> China,<a href="#cite_note-151">[149]</a> Iran,<a href="#cite_note-152">[150]</a> Turkey,<a href="#cite_note-153">[151]</a> as well as a number of Islamist movements in the Middle East such as the <a href="/wiki/Muslim_Brotherhood" title="Muslim Brotherhood">Muslim Brotherhood</a>.<a href="#cite_note-nyt20130630-154">[152]</a><a href="#cite_note-Boghardt-155">[153]</a><a href="#cite_note-156">[154]</a> The country is an early member of <a href="/wiki/OPEC" title="OPEC">OPEC</a> and a founding member of the <a href="/wiki/Gulf_Cooperation_Council" title="Gulf Cooperation Council">Gulf Cooperation Council</a>, as well as a member of the <a href="/wiki/Arab_League" title="Arab League">Arab League</a>.<a href="#cite_note-CIA-2">[2]</a> Diplomatic missions to Qatar are based in its capital, Doha. Regional relations and foreign policies are characterized by the strategy of balancing and alliance building among regional and great powers. It maintains independent foreign policy and engages in regional balancing to secure its strategic priorities and to have recognition on the regional and international level.<a href="#cite_note-Boghardt-155">[153]</a><a href="#cite_note-157">[155]</a><a href="#cite_note-158">[156]</a> As a comparatively small state in the gulf, Qatar established an "open-door" foreign policy where Qatar maintains ties to all parties and regional players in the region.<a href="#cite_note-159">[157]</a> In 2011, Qatar joined <a href="/wiki/2011_military_intervention_in_Libya" title="2011 military intervention in Libya">NATO operations in Libya</a> and reportedly armed Libyan opposition groups.<a href="#cite_note-160">[158]</a> It was also a major funder of weapons for <a href="/wiki/Belligerents_in_the_Syrian_civil_war#Syrian_opposition_and_allies" class="mw-redirect" title="Belligerents in the Syrian civil war">rebel groups</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Syrian_civil_war" title="Syrian civil war">Syrian civil war</a>.<a href="#cite_note-ft-20130516-161">[159]</a> Qatar participated in the <a href="/wiki/Saudi-led_intervention_in_the_Yemeni_civil_war" title="Saudi-led intervention in the Yemeni civil war">Saudi Arabian-led intervention in Yemen</a> against the <a href="/wiki/Houthis" title="Houthis">Houthis</a> and forces loyal to former President <a href="/wiki/Ali_Abdullah_Saleh" title="Ali Abdullah Saleh">Ali Abdullah Saleh</a>.<a href="#cite_note-162">[160]</a> Since the 2000s, Qatar increasingly emerged on a wider foreign policy stage especially as a mediator, such as for Middle Eastern conflicts;<a href="#cite_note-163">[161]</a> for example, Qatar mediated between the rival Palestinian factions <a href="/wiki/Fatah" title="Fatah">Fatah</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hamas" title="Hamas">Hamas</a> in 2006<a href="#cite_note-164">[162]</a> and helped unite Lebanese leaders into forming a political agreement during the <a href="/wiki/2008_Lebanon_conflict" title="2008 Lebanon conflict">2008 crisis.</a><a href="#cite_note-165">[163]</a> Qatar has also emerged as mediators in African and Asian affairs, notably holding a peace process for <a href="/wiki/Sudan" title="Sudan">Sudan</a> amid the <a href="/wiki/Darfur_conflict" class="mw-redirect" title="Darfur conflict">Darfur conflict</a><a href="#cite_note-166">[164]</a> and facilitating peace talks for <a href="/wiki/Afghanistan" title="Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a>, setting up a political "office" for the Afghan <a href="/wiki/Taliban" title="Taliban">Taliban</a> to facilitate talks. <a href="/wiki/Ahmed_Rashid" title="Ahmed Rashid">Ahmed Rashid</a>, writing in the <a href="/wiki/Financial_Times" title="Financial Times">Financial Times</a>, stated that through the office Qatar has "facilitated meetings between the Taliban and many countries and organisations, including the US state department, the UN, Japan, several European governments and non-governmental organisations, all of whom have been trying to push forward the idea of peace talks."<a href="#cite_note-167">[165]</a> It played a major role in establishing the first ceasefire in the <a href="/wiki/2023_Israel-Hamas_war" class="mw-redirect" title="2023 Israel-Hamas war">2023 Israel-Hamas war</a> and the concurrent initial hostage exchange. These high-risk diplomatic <a href="/wiki/Intermediary" title="Intermediary">middle man</a> endeavors (and its own rigorous defense stance) have thus earned it a reputation as "a prickly <a href="/wiki/Switzerland" title="Switzerland">Switzerland</a>".<a href="#cite_note-168">[166]</a><figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:2019_Cerim%C3%B4nia_Oficial_de_Chegada_-_48976608931.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/2019_Cerim%C3%B4nia_Oficial_de_Chegada_-_48976608931.jpg/220px-2019_Cerim%C3%B4nia_Oficial_de_Chegada_-_48976608931.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/2019_Cerim%C3%B4nia_Oficial_de_Chegada_-_48976608931.jpg/330px-2019_Cerim%C3%B4nia_Oficial_de_Chegada_-_48976608931.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/2019_Cerim%C3%B4nia_Oficial_de_Chegada_-_48976608931.jpg/440px-2019_Cerim%C3%B4nia_Oficial_de_Chegada_-_48976608931.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3506" data-file-height="2337" /></a><figcaption>Emir <a href="/wiki/Tamim_bin_Hamad_Al_Thani" title="Tamim bin Hamad Al Thani">Tamim bin Hamad Al Thani</a> with president of Brazil <a href="/wiki/Jair_Bolsonaro" title="Jair Bolsonaro">Jair Bolsonaro</a> in October 2019</figcaption></figure> In June 2017, Saudi Arabia, the UAE, Bahrain, Egypt and Yemen <a href="/wiki/Qatar_diplomatic_crisis" title="Qatar diplomatic crisis">broke diplomatic ties</a> with Qatar, accusing Qatar of <a href="/wiki/Qatar_and_state-sponsored_terrorism" title="Qatar and state-sponsored terrorism">supporting terrorism</a>.<a href="#cite_note-169">[167]</a> The crisis escalated a dispute over Qatar's support of the <a href="/wiki/Muslim_Brotherhood" title="Muslim Brotherhood">Muslim Brotherhood</a>, which is considered a terrorist organization by some Arab nations.<a href="#cite_note-guard-170">[168]</a> The diplomatic crisis ended in January 2021 with the signing of AlUla declaration.<a href="#cite_note-171">[169]</a> On 2 October 2020, Qatari authorities strip-searched 13 Australian women on a plane at <a href="/wiki/Hamad_International_Airport" title="Hamad International Airport">Hamad International Airport</a> over a premature baby found in a bathroom at the terminal. This caused an international incident with Australia.<a href="#cite_note-172">[170]</a><a href="#cite_note-173">[171]</a> In September 2023, Qatar mediated the US-Iran prisoners swap deal. Iran freed five Americans in exchange for five Iranians held in the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">US</a> and transfer $6 billion in frozen Iranian money from South Korea to Qatar.<a href="#cite_note-174">[172]</a> In October 2023 United States President <a href="/wiki/Joe_Biden" title="Joe Biden">Joe Biden</a> thanked the Qatar's Sheikh Tamim bin Hamad Al Thani for his help in mediating a landmark prisoner swap deal with Iran.<a href="#cite_note-175">[173]</a> On September 24, 2024, Qatar was designated as the first Gulf country to join the U.S. Visa Waiver Program (VWP), allowing its citizens to travel to the United States for up to 90 days for business or tourism without a visa. The inclusion strengthens security cooperation between the two nations and eases travel for Qatari citizens. U.S. citizens are now permitted to stay in Qatar for up to 90 days without a visa, an increase from the previous 30-day limit.<a href="#cite_note-176">[174]</a><a href="#cite_note-177">[175]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Military">Military</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Qatar_Armed_Forces" title="Qatar Armed Forces">Qatar Armed Forces</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1273380762/mw-parser-output/.tmulti" /><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:204px;max-width:204px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:202px;max-width:202px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:AMX-10_RC_of_Qatar,_Eagle_Resolve_2013.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/AMX-10_RC_of_Qatar%2C_Eagle_Resolve_2013.jpg/200px-AMX-10_RC_of_Qatar%2C_Eagle_Resolve_2013.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="143" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/AMX-10_RC_of_Qatar%2C_Eagle_Resolve_2013.jpg/300px-AMX-10_RC_of_Qatar%2C_Eagle_Resolve_2013.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/AMX-10_RC_of_Qatar%2C_Eagle_Resolve_2013.jpg/400px-AMX-10_RC_of_Qatar%2C_Eagle_Resolve_2013.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3412" data-file-height="2437" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption text-align-center"><a href="/wiki/AMX-10_RC" title="AMX-10 RC">AMX-10 RC</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Qatari_Emiri_Land_Force" class="mw-redirect" title="Qatari Emiri Land Force">Qatari Emiri Land Force</a></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:202px;max-width:202px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:Qatar_Emiri_Air_Force_Rafale_fighter_aircraft_flies_above_after_receiving_fuel_from_a_U.S._Air_Force_KC-135.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Qatar_Emiri_Air_Force_Rafale_fighter_aircraft_flies_above_after_receiving_fuel_from_a_U.S._Air_Force_KC-135.jpg/200px-Qatar_Emiri_Air_Force_Rafale_fighter_aircraft_flies_above_after_receiving_fuel_from_a_U.S._Air_Force_KC-135.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="130" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Qatar_Emiri_Air_Force_Rafale_fighter_aircraft_flies_above_after_receiving_fuel_from_a_U.S._Air_Force_KC-135.jpg/300px-Qatar_Emiri_Air_Force_Rafale_fighter_aircraft_flies_above_after_receiving_fuel_from_a_U.S._Air_Force_KC-135.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Qatar_Emiri_Air_Force_Rafale_fighter_aircraft_flies_above_after_receiving_fuel_from_a_U.S._Air_Force_KC-135.jpg/400px-Qatar_Emiri_Air_Force_Rafale_fighter_aircraft_flies_above_after_receiving_fuel_from_a_U.S._Air_Force_KC-135.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3097" data-file-height="2015" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption text-align-center"><a href="/wiki/Dassault_Rafale" title="Dassault Rafale">Dassault Rafale</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Qatar_Emiri_Air_Force" title="Qatar Emiri Air Force">Qatar Emiri Air Force</a></div></div></div></div></div> The Qatar Armed Forces consist of 12,000 personnel in the <a href="/wiki/Qatari_Emiri_Land_Force" class="mw-redirect" title="Qatari Emiri Land Force">Qatari Emiri Land Forces</a>, 2,500 in the <a href="/wiki/Qatari_Emiri_Navy" title="Qatari Emiri Navy">Navy</a>, 2,000 in the <a href="/wiki/Qatar_Emiri_Air_Force" title="Qatar Emiri Air Force">Air Force</a>, and 5,000 in the Internal Security Forces.<a href="#cite_note-iiss2023-178">[176]</a> In 2008 Qatar spent US$2.6 billion on its military, which was 2% of the GDP,<a href="#cite_note-179">[177]</a> and its military spending increased to US$7.49 billion as of 2022.<a href="#cite_note-iiss2023-178">[176]</a> After the <a href="/wiki/Arab_spring" class="mw-redirect" title="Arab spring">Arab spring</a> events in 2011 and a diplomatic incident with Saudi Arabia and other Gulf countries in 2014, Qatar started expanding its armed forces.<a href="#cite_note-aljazeera2021-180">[178]</a> The country <a href="/wiki/Conscription_in_Qatar" title="Conscription in Qatar">introduced conscription</a> in 2013, the first Gulf state to do so in recent years. It is mandatory for Qatari male citizens to serve for up to 4 months, though not all of them are called up. The national service term was extended to one year in 2018. About 2,000 conscripts pass through the Qatar Armed Forces annually. Military service has become more popular in Qatar due to the recent tensions with Saudi Arabia and the UAE.<a href="#cite_note-181">[179]</a><a href="#cite_note-182">[180]</a> Since 2017, Qatar has also purchased large quantities of equipment from European countries and the United States, making its air force one of the largest among the Gulf states.<a href="#cite_note-iiss2023-178">[176]</a><a href="#cite_note-aljazeera2021-180">[178]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Stockholm_International_Peace_Research_Institute" title="Stockholm International Peace Research Institute">Stockholm International Peace Research Institute</a> (SIPRI) found that in 2010–2014 Qatar was the 46th-largest arms importer in the world. SIPRI writes that Qatar's plans to transform and significantly enlarge its armed forces have accelerated.<a href="#cite_note-183">[181]</a> In 2015, Qatar was the 16th largest arms importer in the world, and in 2016, it was the 11th largest, according to SIPRI.<a href="#cite_note-184">[182]</a> Qatar has signed defense pacts with the United States, the United Kingdom, and France.<a href="#cite_note-185">[183]</a> The forward headquarters of <a href="/wiki/United_States_Central_Command" title="United States Central Command">United States Central Command</a>, <a href="/wiki/Al_Udeid_Air_Base" title="Al Udeid Air Base">Al Udeid Air Base</a>, is located in Qatar and houses about 10,000 American military personnel.<a href="#cite_note-aljazeera2021-180">[178]</a> During the <a href="/wiki/2011_military_intervention_in_Libya" title="2011 military intervention in Libya">2011 military intervention in Libya</a>, Qatar deployed six Mirage 2000 fighter jets to assist the NATO air campaign against the Libyan government and special forces to provide training to Libyan rebels.<a href="#cite_note-186">[184]</a> During the <a href="/wiki/Saudi-led_intervention_in_the_Yemeni_civil_war" title="Saudi-led intervention in the Yemeni civil war">Saudi-led intervention in the Yemeni civil war</a> in September 2015, Qatar sent 1,000 troops, 200 armored vehicles, and 30 <a href="/wiki/Boeing_AH-64_Apache" title="Boeing AH-64 Apache">Apache helicopters</a> to assist with Saudi military operations.<a href="#cite_note-187">[185]</a><a href="#cite_note-188">[186]</a> As a result of the diplomatic crisis with Saudi Arabia that began in June 2017, Qatar withdrew its forces from Yemen.<a href="#cite_note-189">[187]</a> Qatar is the 29th most peaceful country in the world, according to the 2024 <a href="/wiki/Global_Peace_Index" title="Global Peace Index">Global Peace Index</a>. According to recent research, the later published in November 2024, Qatar has dramatically increased its military power, as its expenditure grew by 434%. This power increase is involved due to corrupted arms trade, featured mainly of bribe issues.<a href="#cite_note-190">[188]</a><a href="#cite_note-191">[189]</a><a href="#cite_note-192">[190]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Human_rights">Human rights</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Migrant_workers_in_West_Bay_Doha.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Migrant_workers_in_West_Bay_Doha.jpg/250px-Migrant_workers_in_West_Bay_Doha.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="145" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Migrant_workers_in_West_Bay_Doha.jpg/330px-Migrant_workers_in_West_Bay_Doha.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Migrant_workers_in_West_Bay_Doha.jpg/500px-Migrant_workers_in_West_Bay_Doha.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1632" data-file-height="1074" /></a><figcaption>Migrant workers in Doha</figcaption></figure> Qatar's <a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Qatar" title="Human rights in Qatar">human rights record</a> has been regarded by academics and <a href="/wiki/Non-governmental_organization" title="Non-governmental organization">non-governmental organisations</a> as being generally poor, with restrictions on civil liberties such as the freedoms of <a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_association" title="Freedom of association">association</a>, <a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_speech" title="Freedom of speech">expression</a> and the <a href="/wiki/World_Press_Freedom_Index" title="World Press Freedom Index">press</a>, as well as its <a href="/wiki/Treatment_of_South_Asian_labourers_in_the_Gulf_Cooperation_Council_region" title="Treatment of South Asian labourers in the Gulf Cooperation Council region">treatment of thousands of migrant workers</a> amounting to <a href="/wiki/Forced_labour" title="Forced labour">forced labour</a> for projects in the country.<a href="#cite_note-193">[191]</a><a href="#cite_note-194">[192]</a> In May 2012, Qatari officials declared their intention to allow the establishment of an independent trade union.<a href="#cite_note-195">[193]</a> In 2014, Qatar commissioned international law firm DLA Piper to produce a report investigating the immigrant labour system. In May 2014, DLA Piper released more than 60 recommendations for reforming the kafala system including the abolition of exit visas and the introduction of a minimum wage, which Qatar has pledged to implement. Qatar also announced it would scrap its sponsor system for foreign labour, which requires that all foreign workers be sponsored by local employers.<a href="#cite_note-196">[194]</a> The <a href="/wiki/UN_Committee_Against_Torture" class="mw-redirect" title="UN Committee Against Torture">UN Committee Against Torture</a> found that the provisions for flogging and stoning within the Qatari criminal code constituted a breach of the obligations imposed by the <a href="/wiki/UN_Convention_Against_Torture" class="mw-redirect" title="UN Convention Against Torture">UN Convention Against Torture</a>.<a href="#cite_note-197">[195]</a><a href="#cite_note-198">[196]</a> <a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_Qatar" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in Qatar">Homosexual acts</a> are illegal and can be <a href="/wiki/Death_penalty_for_homosexuality" class="mw-redirect" title="Death penalty for homosexuality">punished by death</a>.<a href="#cite_note-199">[197]</a> However, there is no such evidence that the death penalty has been given for same-sex relations due to homosexual acts.<a href="#cite_note-200">[198]</a> Under the provisions of Qatar's sponsorship law, sponsors had the unilateral power to cancel workers' residency permits, deny workers' ability to change employers, report a worker as "absconded" to police authorities, and deny permission to leave the country.<a href="#cite_note-2011narrq-201">[199]</a> As a result, sponsors may restrict workers' movements, and workers may be afraid to report abuses or claim their rights.<a href="#cite_note-2011narrq-201">[199]</a> According to the <a href="/wiki/ITUC" class="mw-redirect" title="ITUC">ITUC</a>, the visa sponsorship system allows the exaction of <a href="/wiki/Forced_labour" title="Forced labour">forced labour</a> by making it difficult for a migrant worker to leave an abusive employer or travel overseas without permission.<a href="#cite_note-202">[200]</a> Qatar also did not maintain wage standards for its <a href="/wiki/Immigrant" class="mw-redirect" title="Immigrant">immigrant</a> labourers. Additional changes to labour laws include a provision guaranteeing that all workers' salaries are paid directly into their bank accounts and new restrictions on working outdoors in the hottest hours during the summer.<a href="#cite_note-203">[201]</a> In 2016 laws were reformed to mandate that companies that fail to pay workers' wages on time could temporarily lose their ability to hire more employees.<a href="#cite_note-204">[202]</a><a href="#cite_note-205">[203]</a> <a href="/wiki/Human_Rights_Watch" title="Human Rights Watch">Human Rights Watch</a> claimed that the changes might fail to address some labour rights issues.<a href="#cite_note-206">[204]</a><a href="#cite_note-207">[205]</a> A minimum wage was instituted in 2021.<a href="#cite_note-208">[206]</a> The country <a href="/wiki/Female_suffrage" class="mw-redirect" title="Female suffrage">enfranchised women</a> at the same time as men in connection with the 1999 elections for a Central Municipal Council.<a href="#cite_note-Lambert2011a-118">[116]</a><a href="#cite_note-209">[207]</a> These elections—the first-ever in Qatar—were intentionally held on 8 March 1999, <a href="/wiki/International_Women%27s_Day" title="International Women's Day">International Women's Day</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Lambert2011a-118">[116]</a> As of 2024 Qatar is still ranked 40 out of 180 countries in the Corruption Perceptions Index.<a href="#cite_note-210">[208]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Labour_Rights_and_Reforms">Labour Rights and Reforms</h4></div> Qatar has made a lot of changes to improve workers' rights, especially for foreign workers, who make up most of the workforce. In the past few years, the country got rid of the controversial kafala system, set a minimum wage for 2021, and put in place steps to make sure workers got paid on time. These changes are in line with Qatar's National Vision 2030 and are meant to make working conditions better as the country becomes more famous around the world. Reforms have been praised at international events like the UN Least Developed Countries 5 meeting (LDC5), showing that Qatar is serious about fixing labor problems and improving its economy at the same time.<a href="#cite_note-LDC5-211">[209]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Terror">Terror</h4></div> Qatar has been criticized for allowing terror financiers to operate within its borders, with accusations originating from intelligence reports, government officials, and journalists. In 2014, U.S. officials, including David S. Cohen, claimed that Qatar had failed to take action against blacklisted individuals living freely in the country. Despite introducing anti-terrorism laws in 2004 and updating them in subsequent years, Qatar faced allegations of supporting groups like <a href="/wiki/Hamas" title="Hamas">Hamas</a>, which it denied, stating its goal was to facilitate constructive engagement with the Palestinian Authority. These concerns contributed to the Qatar diplomatic crisis from 2017 to 2021.<a href="#cite_note-212">[210]</a><a href="#cite_note-213">[211]</a><a href="#cite_note-214">[212]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Administrative_divisions">Administrative divisions</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Municipalities_of_Qatar" title="Municipalities of Qatar">Municipalities of Qatar</a></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Qatar,_administrative_divisions_-_Nmbrs_-_colored_2015.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Qatar%2C_administrative_divisions_-_Nmbrs_-_colored_2015.svg/285px-Qatar%2C_administrative_divisions_-_Nmbrs_-_colored_2015.svg.png" decoding="async" width="285" height="271" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Qatar%2C_administrative_divisions_-_Nmbrs_-_colored_2015.svg/428px-Qatar%2C_administrative_divisions_-_Nmbrs_-_colored_2015.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Qatar%2C_administrative_divisions_-_Nmbrs_-_colored_2015.svg/570px-Qatar%2C_administrative_divisions_-_Nmbrs_-_colored_2015.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1039" data-file-height="987" /></a><figcaption>Municipalities of Qatar as of 2014</figcaption></figure> Qatar is divided into eight municipalities (Arabic: <a href="/wiki/Baladiyah" title="Baladiyah">baladiyah</a>).<a href="#cite_note-215">[213]</a> <ol><li><a href="/wiki/Al_Shamal" title="Al Shamal">Al Shamal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al_Khor" title="Al Khor">Al Khor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Shahaniya" title="Al-Shahaniya">Al-Shahaniya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Umm_Salal" title="Umm Salal">Umm Salal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al_Daayen" title="Al Daayen">Al Daayen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ad-Dawhah_(municipality)" title="Ad-Dawhah (municipality)">Ad-Dawhah</a> (<a href="/wiki/Doha" title="Doha">Doha</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al_Rayyan" title="Al Rayyan">Al Rayyan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al_Wakrah_(municipality)" title="Al Wakrah (municipality)">Al Wakrah</a></li></ol> For statistical purposes, the municipalities are further subdivided into 98 <a href="/wiki/Zones_of_Qatar" title="Zones of Qatar">zones</a>,<a href="#cite_note-2015census-216">[214]</a> which are in turn subdivided into blocks.<a href="#cite_note-217">[215]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Former_municipalities">Former municipalities</h3></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Al_Jemailiya" title="Al Jemailiya">Al Jemailiya</a> (until 2004)<a href="#cite_note-2004census-218">[216]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al_Ghuwariyah" title="Al Ghuwariyah">Al Ghuwariyah</a> (until 2004)<a href="#cite_note-2004census-218">[216]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jariyan_al_Batnah" class="mw-redirect" title="Jariyan al Batnah">Jariyan al Batnah</a> (until 2004)<a href="#cite_note-2004census-218">[216]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mesaieed" title="Mesaieed">Mesaieed</a> (<a href="/wiki/Umm_Sa%27id" class="mw-redirect" title="Umm Sa'id">Umm Sa'id</a>) (until 2006)<a href="#cite_note-219">[217]</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Geography">Geography</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Qatar" title="Geography of Qatar">Geography of Qatar</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1273380762/mw-parser-output/.tmulti" /><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:392px;max-width:392px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:219px;max-width:219px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:144px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Desert_Coast_(6996854733).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Desert_Coast_%286996854733%29.jpg/217px-Desert_Coast_%286996854733%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="217" height="144" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Desert_Coast_%286996854733%29.jpg/326px-Desert_Coast_%286996854733%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Desert_Coast_%286996854733%29.jpg/434px-Desert_Coast_%286996854733%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="681" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption">Desert coast</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:169px;max-width:169px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:144px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Arabian_oryx_(oryx_leucoryx).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Arabian_oryx_%28oryx_leucoryx%29.jpg/167px-Arabian_oryx_%28oryx_leucoryx%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="167" height="144" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Arabian_oryx_%28oryx_leucoryx%29.jpg/251px-Arabian_oryx_%28oryx_leucoryx%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Arabian_oryx_%28oryx_leucoryx%29.jpg/334px-Arabian_oryx_%28oryx_leucoryx%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2816" data-file-height="2425" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption"><a href="/wiki/Arabian_oryx" title="Arabian oryx">Arabian oryx</a>, the national animal of Qatar</div></div></div></div></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Water_Stress,_Top_Countries_(2020).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Water_Stress%2C_Top_Countries_%282020%29.svg/220px-Water_Stress%2C_Top_Countries_%282020%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="114" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Water_Stress%2C_Top_Countries_%282020%29.svg/330px-Water_Stress%2C_Top_Countries_%282020%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Water_Stress%2C_Top_Countries_%282020%29.svg/440px-Water_Stress%2C_Top_Countries_%282020%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="265" /></a><figcaption>Qatar is the fifth most water-stressed country in the world.</figcaption></figure> The Qatari peninsula protrudes 160 kilometres (100 mi) into the <a href="/wiki/Persian_Gulf" title="Persian Gulf">Persian Gulf</a>, north of Saudi Arabia. It lies between latitudes <a href="/wiki/24th_parallel_north" title="24th parallel north">24°</a> and <a href="/wiki/27th_parallel_north" title="27th parallel north">27° N</a>, and longitudes <a href="/wiki/50th_meridian_east" title="50th meridian east">50°</a> and <a href="/wiki/52nd_meridian_east" title="52nd meridian east">52° E</a>. Most of the country consists of a low, barren plain, covered with sand. To the southeast lies the <a href="/wiki/Khor_al_Adaid" class="mw-redirect" title="Khor al Adaid">Khor al Adaid</a> ("Inland Sea"), an area of rolling sand dunes surrounding an inlet of the Persian Gulf. The highest point is Qurayn Abu al Bawl at 103 metres (338 ft)<a href="#cite_note-CIA-2">[2]</a> in the Jebel Dukhan to the west, a range of low <a href="/wiki/Limestone" title="Limestone">limestone</a> <a href="/wiki/Outcrop" title="Outcrop">outcroppings</a> running north–south from Zikrit through <a href="/wiki/Umm_Bab" title="Umm Bab">Umm Bab</a> to the southern border. The Jebel Dukhan area also contains Qatar's main onshore <a href="/wiki/Oil_field" class="mw-redirect" title="Oil field">oil deposits</a>, while the <a href="/wiki/Natural_gas_field" class="mw-redirect" title="Natural gas field">natural gas fields</a> lie offshore, to the northwest of the peninsula.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] Qatar's geography is defined by its flat, dry desert scenery and sunshine all year. The winters are mild, with average temperatures of 17°C in January, and the summers are very hot, with temperatures often reaching 40°C. The country only gets 70 mm of rain a year on average, and most of that falls between October and March. These weather conditions make it possible to enjoy outdoor sports and travel for most of the year.<a href="#cite_note-MOFA-220">[218]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Biodiversity">Biodiversity</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Wildlife_of_Qatar" title="Wildlife of Qatar">Wildlife of Qatar</a> and <a href="/wiki/Natural_areas_of_Qatar" title="Natural areas of Qatar">Natural areas of Qatar</a></div> Qatar became part of the Rio <a href="/wiki/Convention_on_Biological_Diversity" title="Convention on Biological Diversity">Convention on Biological Diversity</a> in 1996.<a href="#cite_note-221">[219]</a> It subsequently produced a <a href="/wiki/Biodiversity_Action_Plan" class="mw-redirect" title="Biodiversity Action Plan">National Biodiversity Strategy and Action Plan</a> in 2005.<a href="#cite_note-222">[220]</a> A total of 142 <a href="/wiki/Fungus" title="Fungus">fungal</a> species have been recorded from Qatar.<a href="#cite_note-223">[221]</a> A book recently produced by the Ministry of Environment documents the lizards known or believed to occur in Qatar, based on surveys conducted by an international team of scientists and other collaborators.<a href="#cite_note-224">[222]</a> Like other members of the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Framework_Convention_on_Climate_Change" title="United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change">UNFCCC</a> Qatar is supposed to publish details of its <a href="/wiki/Greenhouse_gas_emissions" title="Greenhouse gas emissions">greenhouse gas emissions</a> two years after they occur - however as of 2024 the latest official details are for 2007 emissions.<a href="#cite_note-225">[223]</a><a href="#cite_note-226">[224]</a> According to the <a href="/wiki/Emissions_Database_for_Global_Atmospheric_Research" title="Emissions Database for Global Atmospheric Research">Emissions Database for Global Atmospheric Research</a>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_carbon_dioxide_emissions_per_capita" title="List of countries by carbon dioxide emissions per capita">carbon dioxide emissions per person</a> average over 30 tonnes, one of the highest in the world.<a href="#cite_note-227">[225]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Climate">Climate</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Climate_change_in_the_Middle_East_and_North_Africa" title="Climate change in the Middle East and North Africa">Climate change in the Middle East and North Africa</a></div><div> <table class="wikitable mw-collapsible" style="width:auto; text-align:center; line-height:1.2em;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="14">Climate data for Qatar </th></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">Month </th> <th scope="col">Jan </th> <th scope="col">Feb </th> <th scope="col">Mar </th> <th scope="col">Apr </th> <th scope="col">May </th> <th scope="col">Jun </th> <th scope="col">Jul </th> <th scope="col">Aug </th> <th scope="col">Sep </th> <th scope="col">Oct </th> <th scope="col">Nov </th> <th scope="col">Dec </th> <th scope="col" style="border-left-width:medium">Year </th></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Mean daily maximum °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #FF860D; color:#000000;" class="notheme">22 (72) </td> <td style="background: #FF7F00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">23 (73) </td> <td style="background: #FF6300; color:#000000;" class="notheme">27 (81) </td> <td style="background: #FF3A00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">33 (91) </td> <td style="background: #FF1100; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">39 (102) </td> <td style="background: #F80000; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">42 (108) </td> <td style="background: #F80000; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">42 (108) </td> <td style="background: #F80000; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">42 (108) </td> <td style="background: #FF1100; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">39 (102) </td> <td style="background: #FF2C00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">35 (95) </td> <td style="background: #FF4F00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">30 (86) </td> <td style="background: #FF7100; color:#000000;" class="notheme">25 (77) </td> <td style="background: #FF3A00; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">33 (92) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Mean daily minimum °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #FFBD7C; color:#000000;" class="notheme">14 (57) </td> <td style="background: #FFB66E; color:#000000;" class="notheme">15 (59) </td> <td style="background: #FFA852; color:#000000;" class="notheme">17 (63) </td> <td style="background: #FF8D1B; color:#000000;" class="notheme">21 (70) </td> <td style="background: #FF6300; color:#000000;" class="notheme">27 (81) </td> <td style="background: #FF5600; color:#000000;" class="notheme">29 (84) </td> <td style="background: #FF4800; color:#000000;" class="notheme">31 (88) </td> <td style="background: #FF4800; color:#000000;" class="notheme">31 (88) </td> <td style="background: #FF5600; color:#000000;" class="notheme">29 (84) </td> <td style="background: #FF7100; color:#000000;" class="notheme">25 (77) </td> <td style="background: #FF8D1B; color:#000000;" class="notheme">21 (70) </td> <td style="background: #FFAF60; color:#000000;" class="notheme">16 (61) </td> <td style="background: #FF7F00; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">23 (74) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Average <a href="/wiki/Precipitation" title="Precipitation">precipitation</a> mm (inches) </th> <td style="background: #ECECFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">12.7 (0.50) </td> <td style="background: #E1E1FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">17.8 (0.70) </td> <td style="background: #E8E8FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">15.2 (0.60) </td> <td style="background: #F3F3FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">7.6 (0.30) </td> <td style="background: #FBFBFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">2.5 (0.10) </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0 (0) </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0 (0) </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0 (0) </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0 (0) </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0 (0) </td> <td style="background: #FBFBFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">2.5 (0.10) </td> <td style="background: #ECECFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">12.7 (0.50) </td> <td style="background: #F6F6FF; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">71 (2.8) </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="14" style="text-align:center;font-size:95%;">Source: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://us.worldweatheronline.com/doha-weather-averages/ad-dawhah/qa.aspx">"Doha Annual Weather Averages"</a>. World Weather Online. Retrieved 24 December 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=World+Weather+Online&rft.atitle=Doha+Annual+Weather+Averages&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fus.worldweatheronline.com%2Fdoha-weather-averages%2Fad-dawhah%2Fqa.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQatar" class="Z3988"> </td></tr></tbody></table> </div> <table style="width:100%;text-align:center;line-height:1.2em;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto" class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="14">Sea Climate Data For <a href="/wiki/Doha" title="Doha">Doha</a> </th></tr> <tr> <th>Month </th> <th>Jan </th> <th>Feb </th> <th>Mar </th> <th>Apr </th> <th>May </th> <th>Jun </th> <th>Jul </th> <th>Aug </th> <th>Sep </th> <th>Oct </th> <th>Nov </th> <th>Dec </th> <th style="border-left-width:medium">Year </th></tr> <tr> <th>Average sea temperature °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #FF9429; color:#000000; font-size:85%;">21.0 (69.8) </td> <td style="background: #FFC081; color:#000000; font-size:85%;">19.4 (66.9) </td> <td style="background: #FF962E; color:#000000; font-size:85%;">20.9 (69.6) </td> <td style="background: #FF5400; color:#000000; font-size:85%;">23.3 (73.9) </td> <td style="background: #B00000; color:#FFFFFF; font-size:85%;">27.8 (82) </td> <td style="background: #1B0000; color:#FFFFFF; font-size:85%;">30.5 (86.9) </td> <td style="background: #000000; color:#FFFFFF; font-size:85%;">32.4 (90.3) </td> <td style="background: #000000; color:#FFFFFF; font-size:85%;">33.6 (92.5) </td> <td style="background: #000000; color:#FFFFFF; font-size:85%;">32.8 (91) </td> <td style="background: #0B0000; color:#FFFFFF; font-size:85%;">30.8 (87.4) </td> <td style="background: #C00000; color:#FFFFFF; font-size:85%;">27.5 (81.5) </td> <td style="background: #FF4F00; color:#000000; font-size:85%;">23.5 (74.3) </td> <td style="background: #E20000; color:#FFFFFF; font-size:85%;">26.9 (80.5) </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="14" style="background:#ffffff;font-weight:normal;font-size:100%;">Source:<a href="#cite_note-228">[226]</a> </th></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Economy">Economy</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Qatar" title="Economy of Qatar">Economy of Qatar</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:P1000015_-_panoramio.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/3/39/P1000015_-_panoramio.jpg/250px-P1000015_-_panoramio.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/3/39/P1000015_-_panoramio.jpg/330px-P1000015_-_panoramio.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/3/39/P1000015_-_panoramio.jpg/500px-P1000015_-_panoramio.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1536" /></a><figcaption>High-rise buildings in <a href="/wiki/Doha" title="Doha">Doha</a>.</figcaption></figure> Before the discovery of oil, the economy focused on fishing and <a href="/wiki/Pearl_hunting" title="Pearl hunting">pearl hunting</a>. A report prepared by local governors of the Ottoman Empire in 1892 states that income from pearl hunting in 1892 is 2,450,000 kran.<a href="#cite_note-Fromhertz2012-82">[80]</a> After the introduction of the Japanese <a href="/wiki/Cultured_pearl" title="Cultured pearl">cultured pearl</a> onto the world market in the 1920s and 1930s, Qatar's pearling industry crashed. Oil was discovered in Qatar in 1940, in <a href="/wiki/Dukhan_Field" title="Dukhan Field">Dukhan Field</a>.<a href="#cite_note-emboil-229">[227]</a> The discovery transformed the state's economy. Now, the country has a high <a href="/wiki/Standard_of_living" title="Standard of living">standard of living</a> for its legal citizens. With no <a href="/wiki/Income_tax" title="Income tax">income tax</a>, Qatar (along with Bahrain) is one of the countries with the lowest tax rates in the world. The unemployment rate in June 2013 was 0.1%.<a href="#cite_note-newhopenyt-230">[228]</a> Corporate law mandates that Qatari nationals must hold 51% of any venture in the emirate.<a href="#cite_note-nobs-100">[98]</a> Trade and industry is overseen by the <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Business_and_Trade_(Qatar)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ministry of Business and Trade (Qatar)">Ministry of Business and Trade</a>.<a href="#cite_note-231">[229]</a> As of 2016<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Qatar&action=edit">[update]</a>, Qatar has the fourth highest GDP per capita in the world, according to the International Monetary Fund.<a href="#cite_note-imfoct-232">[230]</a> It relies heavily on foreign labor to grow its economy, to the extent that <a href="/wiki/Migrant_worker" title="Migrant worker">migrant workers</a> compose 86% of the population and 94% of the workforce.<a href="#cite_note-233">[231]</a><a href="#cite_note-234">[232]</a> Economic growth has been almost exclusively based on its petroleum and natural gas industries, which began in 1940.<a href="#cite_note-235">[233]</a> Qatar is the leading exporter of <a href="/wiki/Liquefied_natural_gas" title="Liquefied natural gas">liquefied natural gas</a>.<a href="#cite_note-strangepow-236">[234]</a> In 2012, it was estimated that Qatar would invest over $120 billion in the energy sector in the next 10 years.<a href="#cite_note-237">[235]</a> The country was a member state of <a href="/wiki/OPEC" title="OPEC">Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries</a> (OPEC), having joined in 1961, and having left in January 2019.<a href="#cite_note-238">[236]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:QatarCentralBankOffice.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/QatarCentralBankOffice.jpg/250px-QatarCentralBankOffice.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/QatarCentralBankOffice.jpg/330px-QatarCentralBankOffice.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/QatarCentralBankOffice.jpg/500px-QatarCentralBankOffice.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3888" data-file-height="2592" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Qatar_Central_Bank" title="Qatar Central Bank">Qatar Central Bank</a>'s office in Doha</figcaption></figure> In 2012, Qatar retained its title of richest country in the world (according to per capita income) for the third time in a row, having first overtaken <a href="/wiki/Luxembourg" title="Luxembourg">Luxembourg</a> in 2010. According to the study published by the <a href="/wiki/Washington,_D.C." title="Washington, D.C.">Washington</a>-based Institute of International Finance, the per capita GDP at purchasing power parity (PPP) was $106,000 (QR387,000) in 2012, helping the country retain its ranking as the world's wealthiest nation. Luxembourg came a distant second with nearly $80,000 and Singapore third with per capita income of about $61,000.The research put Qatar's GDP at $182bn in 2012 and said it had climbed to an all-time high due to soaring gas exports and high oil prices. Its population stood at 1.8 million in 2012. <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Doha_City,_UNCTAD_XIII_(7115124733).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Doha_City%2C_UNCTAD_XIII_%287115124733%29.jpg/220px-Doha_City%2C_UNCTAD_XIII_%287115124733%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="148" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Doha_City%2C_UNCTAD_XIII_%287115124733%29.jpg/330px-Doha_City%2C_UNCTAD_XIII_%287115124733%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Doha_City%2C_UNCTAD_XIII_%287115124733%29.jpg/440px-Doha_City%2C_UNCTAD_XIII_%287115124733%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="2023" /></a><figcaption>Business district in <a href="/wiki/Doha" title="Doha">Doha</a></figcaption></figure> Established in 2005, <a href="/wiki/Qatar_Investment_Authority" title="Qatar Investment Authority">Qatar Investment Authority</a> is the country's <a href="/wiki/Sovereign_wealth_fund" title="Sovereign wealth fund">sovereign wealth fund</a>, specializing in foreign investment.<a href="#cite_note-239">[237]</a> In 2012, with assets of $115bn, QIA was ranked 12th among the richest sovereign wealth funds in the world.<a href="#cite_note-240">[238]</a> With billions of dollars in surpluses from the oil and gas industry, the Qatari government has directed investments into United States, Europe, and <a href="/wiki/Asia_Pacific" class="mw-redirect" title="Asia Pacific">Asia Pacific</a>. <a href="/wiki/Qatar_Holding" class="mw-redirect" title="Qatar Holding">Qatar Holding</a> is the international investment arm of QIA. Since 2009, Qatar Holding has received $30–40bn per year from the state. As of 2014<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Qatar&action=edit">[update]</a>, it has investments around the world in <a href="/wiki/Valentino_SpA" class="mw-redirect" title="Valentino SpA">Valentino</a>, <a href="/wiki/Siemens" title="Siemens">Siemens</a>, <a href="/wiki/Printemps" title="Printemps">Printemps</a>, <a href="/wiki/Harrods" title="Harrods">Harrods</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_Shard" title="The Shard">The Shard</a>, <a href="/wiki/Barclays_Bank" class="mw-redirect" title="Barclays Bank">Barclays Bank</a>, <a href="/wiki/Heathrow_Airport" title="Heathrow Airport">Heathrow Airport</a>, <a href="/wiki/Paris_Saint-Germain_F.C." class="mw-redirect" title="Paris Saint-Germain F.C.">Paris Saint-Germain F.C.</a>, <a href="/wiki/Volkswagen_Group" title="Volkswagen Group">Volkswagen Group</a>, <a href="/wiki/Royal_Dutch_Shell" class="mw-redirect" title="Royal Dutch Shell">Royal Dutch Shell</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bank_of_America" title="Bank of America">Bank of America</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tiffany_%26_Co." title="Tiffany & Co.">Tiffany</a>, <a href="/wiki/Agricultural_Bank_of_China" title="Agricultural Bank of China">Agricultural Bank of China</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sainsbury%27s" title="Sainsbury's">Sainsbury's</a>, <a href="/wiki/BlackBerry" title="BlackBerry">BlackBerry</a>,<a href="#cite_note-241">[239]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Santander_Brasil" title="Santander Brasil">Santander Brasil</a>.<a href="#cite_note-242">[240]</a><a href="#cite_note-243">[241]</a> The country has no taxes on non-companies,<a href="#cite_note-244">[242]</a> but authorities have announced plans to levy taxes on junk food and luxury items. The taxes would be implemented on goods that harm the human body—for example, fast food, tobacco products, and soft drinks. The rollout of these initial taxes is believed to be the result of the fall in oil prices and a deficit that the country faced in 2016. Additionally, the country saw job cuts in 2016 from its petroleum companies and other sectors in the government.<a href="#cite_note-245">[243]</a><a href="#cite_note-246">[244]</a> As part of Qatar National Vision 2030, the country is making its economy less dependent on oil and gas by expanding its range of industries. Funds are being put into projects related to schooling, tourism, and green energy. Qatar is putting a lot of effort into green energy. By 2030, they want 20% of their energy to come from solar power. As part of the economic transformation, the tourist industry is growing, which helps the GDP grow and makes the country less reliant on oil exports.<a href="#cite_note-247">[245]</a><a href="#cite_note-MOFA-220">[218]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Energy">Energy</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Energy_in_Qatar" title="Energy in Qatar">Energy in Qatar</a></div> As of 2012<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Qatar&action=edit">[update]</a>, Qatar has proven oil reserves of 15 billion barrels and gas fields that account for more than 13% of the global resource. The economy was in a downturn from 1982 to 1989. OPEC quotas on crude oil production, the <a href="/wiki/1980s_oil_glut" title="1980s oil glut">lower price for oil</a>, and the generally unpromising outlook on international markets reduced oil earnings. In turn, the Qatari government's spending plans had to be cut to match lower income. The resulting recessionary local business climate caused many firms to lay off expatriate staff. With the economy recovering in the 1990s, expatriate populations, particularly from Egypt and South Asia, have grown again.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] Qatar's proven reserves of gas are the third-largest in the world, exceeding 250 trillion cubic feet (7,000 km3). The economy was boosted in 1991 by completion of the $1.5-billion Phase I of North Field gas development. In 1996, the Qatargas project began exporting <a href="/wiki/Liquefied_natural_gas" title="Liquefied natural gas">liquefied natural gas</a> to Japan. Qatar's heavy industrial projects, all based in <a href="/wiki/Umm_Said" class="mw-redirect" title="Umm Said">Umm Said</a>, include a refinery with a 50,000 barrels (8,000 m3) per day capacity, a fertiliser plant for urea and ammonia, a steel plant, and a petrochemical plant. All these industries use gas for fuel. Most are joint ventures between European and Japanese firms and the state-owned <a href="/wiki/QatarEnergy" title="QatarEnergy">QatarEnergy</a>. The US is the major equipment supplier for Qatar's oil and gas industry, and US companies are playing a major role in North Field gas development.<a href="#cite_note-bdlive.co.za-248">[246]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mesaieed_Industrial_Area_panoramic_view_at_night.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Mesaieed_Industrial_Area_panoramic_view_at_night.png/250px-Mesaieed_Industrial_Area_panoramic_view_at_night.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="106" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Mesaieed_Industrial_Area_panoramic_view_at_night.png/330px-Mesaieed_Industrial_Area_panoramic_view_at_night.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Mesaieed_Industrial_Area_panoramic_view_at_night.png/500px-Mesaieed_Industrial_Area_panoramic_view_at_night.png 2x" data-file-width="1360" data-file-height="655" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Mesaieed_Industrial_Area" title="Mesaieed Industrial Area">Mesaieed Industrial Area</a></figcaption></figure> In 2008 Qatar launched its <a href="/wiki/Qatar_National_Vision_2030" title="Qatar National Vision 2030">National Vision 2030</a> which highlights environmental development as one of the four main goals for Qatar over the next two decades.<a href="#cite_note-Qatar_National_Vision_2030-249">[247]</a> The National Vision pledges to develop sustainable alternatives to oil-based energy to preserve the local and global environment.<a href="#cite_note-Qatar_National_Vision_2030-249">[247]</a> Qatar has made investment in renewable resources a major goal for the country over the next two decades. By 2030, Qatar has set the goal of attaining 20% of its energy from solar power.<a href="#cite_note-oxford1-250">[248]</a> The country is well-positioned to capitalize on <a href="/wiki/Photovoltaic_system" title="Photovoltaic system">photovoltaic systems</a>, as it has a global horizontal irradiance value of approximately 2,140 kWh per square meter annually. Furthermore, the direct irradiance parameter is roughly 2,008 kWh per square meter annually, implying that it would be able to benefit from <a href="/wiki/Concentrated_solar_power" title="Concentrated solar power">concentrated solar power</a> as well.<a href="#cite_note-251">[249]</a> <a href="/wiki/Qatar_Foundation" title="Qatar Foundation">Qatar Foundation</a> has been active in helping the solar power goals. It established Qatar Solar, which, together with <a href="/wiki/Qatar_Development_Bank" title="Qatar Development Bank">Qatar Development Bank</a> and German company <a href="/wiki/SolarWorld" title="SolarWorld">SolarWorld</a>, embarked on a joint venture resulting in the creation of Qatar Solar Technologies (QSTec). In 2017, QSTec commissioned its polysillicon plant in <a href="/wiki/Ras_Laffan" class="mw-redirect" title="Ras Laffan">Ras Laffan</a>. This plant has a capacity of 1.1 MW of solar power.<a href="#cite_note-oxford1-250">[248]</a> Qatar pursues a vigorous programme of "<a href="/wiki/Qatarization" title="Qatarization">Qatarisation</a>", under which all joint venture industries and government departments strive to move Qatari nationals into positions of greater authority. Growing numbers of foreign-educated Qataris, including many educated in the US, are returning home to assume key positions formerly occupied by expatriates. To control the influx of expatriate workers, Qatar has tightened the administration of its foreign manpower programmes over the past several years. Security is the principal basis for Qatar's strict entry and immigration rules and regulations.<a href="#cite_note-bdlive.co.za-248">[246]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Tourism">Tourism</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/List_of_tourist_attractions_in_Qatar" title="List of tourist attractions in Qatar">List of tourist attractions in Qatar</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1273380762/mw-parser-output/.tmulti" /><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:192px;max-width:192px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:190px;max-width:190px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:135px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Grid_Qatar_Aerials_Day_01_N1A4476_Wip_4.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Grid_Qatar_Aerials_Day_01_N1A4476_Wip_4.jpg/188px-Grid_Qatar_Aerials_Day_01_N1A4476_Wip_4.jpg" decoding="async" width="188" height="135" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Grid_Qatar_Aerials_Day_01_N1A4476_Wip_4.jpg/282px-Grid_Qatar_Aerials_Day_01_N1A4476_Wip_4.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Grid_Qatar_Aerials_Day_01_N1A4476_Wip_4.jpg/376px-Grid_Qatar_Aerials_Day_01_N1A4476_Wip_4.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2928" data-file-height="2108" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption">Tourist resort at <a href="/wiki/Banana_Island_(Qatar)" title="Banana Island (Qatar)">Banana Island</a> in Qatar</div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:190px;max-width:190px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:141px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Doha_Qatar_-_Katara_Towers_Lusail.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4f/Doha_Qatar_-_Katara_Towers_Lusail.jpg/188px-Doha_Qatar_-_Katara_Towers_Lusail.jpg" decoding="async" width="188" height="141" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4f/Doha_Qatar_-_Katara_Towers_Lusail.jpg/282px-Doha_Qatar_-_Katara_Towers_Lusail.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4f/Doha_Qatar_-_Katara_Towers_Lusail.jpg/376px-Doha_Qatar_-_Katara_Towers_Lusail.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4032" data-file-height="3024" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption"><a href="/wiki/Katara_Towers" title="Katara Towers">Katara Towers</a> Part of the new hospitality at <a href="/wiki/Lusail" title="Lusail">Lusail</a> Qatar</div></div></div></div></div> Qatar is one of the fastest growing countries in the field of tourism. According to the <a href="/wiki/World_Tourism_rankings#Middle_East" title="World Tourism rankings">World Tourism rankings</a>, more than 2.3 million international tourists visited in 2017. Qatar has become one of the most open countries in the <a href="/wiki/Middle_East" title="Middle East">Middle East</a> due to its recent <a href="/wiki/Visa_policy_of_Qatar" title="Visa policy of Qatar">visa facilitation</a> improvements, including allowing nationals of 88 countries to enter visa-free and free-of charge.<a href="#cite_note-252">[250]</a> Qatar was recently put in the top eight in market climate in the Middle East by the Travel & Tourism Competitiveness Survey 2019 of the World Economic Forum.<a href="#cite_note-253">[251]</a><a href="#cite_note-254">[252]</a> Doha is one of the fastest-growing hotel and hospitality markets in the world. The $220 billion spent on infrastructure since the successful World Cup bid of 2010 has helped boost the industry. Hotels have also been helped by the country’s geographic location. The tourism sector continues to witness a strong recovery with more than 729,000 international visitors in the first half of 2022, marking a 19% increase compared to the full year of 2021, and the aim is to raise tourism to 12% of GDP by 2030.<a href="#cite_note-255">[253]</a> The tourist industry in Doha has grown very quickly, making it a hub for people traveling from all over the world. The Museum of Islamic Art, Souq Waqif, and the Katara Cultural Village are some of the most popular places to visit. People from 88 countries can now enter Qatar without a visa thanks to new rules. This makes it one of the easiest places to visit in the Middle East. The country also wants to increase the share of tourism in its GDP to 12% by 2030 by holding events like the 2022 FIFA World Cup and the upcoming 2030 Asian Games.<a href="#cite_note-visitqatar-256">[254]</a> The nation is also on course to experience a major jump in athletic and corporate tourism with hosting world-class tournaments such as the <a href="/wiki/2030_Asian_Games" title="2030 Asian Games">2030 Asian Games</a> and the <a href="/wiki/2022_FIFA_World_Cup" title="2022 FIFA World Cup">2022 FIFA World Cup</a>.<a href="#cite_note-257">[255]</a> Qatar National Airlines, as well as Hamad International Airport, provide travelers with one of the best transportation services in the world, and this has increased tourism in Qatar. Gulf News, a research center in Qatar, by examining the statistics of recent years and upcoming events, has predicted that this country will earn 11 billion and 900 million dollars from attracting foreign travelers by 2020. The reason for this upward trend is the increase in hospitality and attention to the country's culture in Qatar.<a href="#cite_note-258">[256]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Transport">Transport</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Qatar" title="Transport in Qatar">Transport in Qatar</a> and <a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Qatar" title="Geography of Qatar">Geography of Qatar</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1273380762/mw-parser-output/.tmulti" /><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:219px;max-width:219px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:217px;max-width:217px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:Hamad_International_Airport_Doha_Qatar_6.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Hamad_International_Airport_Doha_Qatar_6.jpg/250px-Hamad_International_Airport_Doha_Qatar_6.jpg" decoding="async" width="215" height="143" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Hamad_International_Airport_Doha_Qatar_6.jpg/330px-Hamad_International_Airport_Doha_Qatar_6.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Hamad_International_Airport_Doha_Qatar_6.jpg/500px-Hamad_International_Airport_Doha_Qatar_6.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5472" data-file-height="3648" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption"><a href="/wiki/Hamad_International_Airport" title="Hamad International Airport">Hamad International Airport</a></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:217px;max-width:217px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:QTR_A7-APA_A380!137_EDHI_16-04-14.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/QTR_A7-APA_A380%21137_EDHI_16-04-14.jpg/215px-QTR_A7-APA_A380%21137_EDHI_16-04-14.jpg" decoding="async" width="215" height="161" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/QTR_A7-APA_A380%21137_EDHI_16-04-14.jpg/323px-QTR_A7-APA_A380%21137_EDHI_16-04-14.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/QTR_A7-APA_A380%21137_EDHI_16-04-14.jpg/430px-QTR_A7-APA_A380%21137_EDHI_16-04-14.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="3000" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption"><a href="/wiki/Qatar_Airways" title="Qatar Airways">Qatar Airways</a> <a href="/wiki/Airbus_A380" title="Airbus A380">Airbus A380</a>. Qatar Airways, one of the world's largest airlines, links over 150 international destinations from its base in <a href="/wiki/Doha" title="Doha">Doha</a>.</div></div></div></div></div> In 2008 the public works authority (<a href="/wiki/Ashghal" title="Ashghal">Ashghal</a>), one of the bodies that oversees infrastructure development, underwent a major reorganisation in order to streamline and modernise the authority in preparation for major project expansions across all segments in the near future. Ashghal works in tandem with the Urban Planning and Development Authority, the body that designed the transportation master plan, instituted in March 2006 and running to 2025.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] The road network is a major focus of the plan. Project highlights in this segment include the multibillion-dollar Doha Expressway and the <a href="/wiki/Qatar_Bahrain_Causeway" class="mw-redirect" title="Qatar Bahrain Causeway">Qatar Bahrain Causeway</a>. Mass-transit options, such as a <a href="/wiki/Doha_metro" class="mw-redirect" title="Doha metro">Doha metro</a>, light-rail system and more extensive bus networks are also under development to ease road congestion. In addition, the railway system is being significantly expanded and could eventually form an integral part of a GCC-wide network linking all the <a href="/wiki/Arab_states_of_the_Persian_Gulf" title="Arab states of the Persian Gulf">Arab states of the Persian Gulf</a>. <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Al_Wahda_Arches_Qatar_Architect_Erik_Behrens_Aerial_Photo.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Al_Wahda_Arches_Qatar_Architect_Erik_Behrens_Aerial_Photo.jpg/220px-Al_Wahda_Arches_Qatar_Architect_Erik_Behrens_Aerial_Photo.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="275" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Al_Wahda_Arches_Qatar_Architect_Erik_Behrens_Aerial_Photo.jpg/330px-Al_Wahda_Arches_Qatar_Architect_Erik_Behrens_Aerial_Photo.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Al_Wahda_Arches_Qatar_Architect_Erik_Behrens_Aerial_Photo.jpg/440px-Al_Wahda_Arches_Qatar_Architect_Erik_Behrens_Aerial_Photo.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1610" data-file-height="2012" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Al_Wahda_Arches" title="Al Wahda Arches">Al Wahda Arches</a> over <a href="/wiki/Lusail" title="Lusail">Lusail</a> Expressway</figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Hamad_International_Airport" title="Hamad International Airport">Hamad International Airport</a> is located in Doha. In 2014, it replaced the former <a href="/wiki/Doha_International_Airport" title="Doha International Airport">Doha International Airport</a> as Qatar's principal airport. In 2016, the airport was named the <a href="/wiki/List_of_busiest_airports_by_passenger_traffic" title="List of busiest airports by passenger traffic">50th busiest airport in the world by passenger traffic</a>, serving 37,283,987 passengers, a 20.2% increase from 2015.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] <a href="/wiki/Qatar_Airways" title="Qatar Airways">Qatar Airways</a> is one of the <a href="/wiki/Largest_airlines_in_the_world" title="Largest airlines in the world">largest airlines in the world</a> that serves in six continents connecting more than 160 destinations every day. It has won Airline of the Year in 2011, 2012, 2015, 2017 and 2019 and employs more than 46,000 people.<a href="#cite_note-259">[257]</a><a href="#cite_note-260">[258]</a> Qatar is increasingly activating its logistics and ports in order to participate in trade between Europe and China or Africa.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] For this purpose, ports such as Hamad Port are rapidly expanded and investments are made in their technology.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] The country is historically and currently part of the Maritime <a href="/wiki/Silk_Road" title="Silk Road">Silk Road</a> that runs from the Chinese coast to the south via the southern tip of India to <a href="/wiki/Mombasa" title="Mombasa">Mombasa</a>, from there through the Red Sea via the <a href="/wiki/Suez_Canal" title="Suez Canal">Suez Canal</a> to the Mediterranean, there to the Upper Adriatic region to the northern Italian hub of <a href="/wiki/Trieste" title="Trieste">Trieste</a> with its rail connections to <a href="/wiki/Central_Europe" title="Central Europe">Central Europe</a>, Eastern Europe and the <a href="/wiki/North_Sea" title="North Sea">North Sea</a>.<a href="#cite_note-261">[259]</a><a href="#cite_note-262">[260]</a><a href="#cite_note-263">[261]</a> <a href="/wiki/Hamad_Port" title="Hamad Port">Hamad Port</a> is Qatar's main seaport, located south of Doha in the Umm Al Houl area. Construction of the port began in 2010; it became operational in December 2016.<a href="#cite_note-264">[262]</a> Capable of handling up to 7.8 million tonnes of products annually, the bulk of trade which passes through the port consists of food and building materials.<a href="#cite_note-reuters1-265">[263]</a> On the northern coast, <a href="/wiki/Ras_Laffan_Industrial_City#Port_of_Ras_Laffan" title="Ras Laffan Industrial City">Ras Laffan Port</a> serves as the most extensive liquid natural gas export facility in the world.<a href="#cite_note-266">[264]</a> Qatar has made a lot of progress in public transportation, and the Doha Metro is one of the most important parts of the system. The metro system connects important parts of the capital, like Hamad International Airport and major business hubs. It's a modern and quick way for residents and tourists to get around. More expansions are being planned, which will improve connections across the area. Qatar Rail has a lot of information about tickets, plans, and what's going to happen in the future.<a href="#cite_note-QR-267">[265]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Demographics">Demographics</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Qatar" title="Demographics of Qatar">Demographics of Qatar</a></div> <div class="thumb tnone" style="margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto;overflow:hidden;width:auto;max-width:710px"><div class="thumbinner"><div class="noresize thumbimage" style="overflow:auto"><a href="/wiki/File:Doha_skyline_banner.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Skyline of Doha, capital and largest city of Qatar"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Doha_skyline_banner.jpg/700px-Doha_skyline_banner.jpg" decoding="async" width="700" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Doha_skyline_banner.jpg/1050px-Doha_skyline_banner.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Doha_skyline_banner.jpg/1400px-Doha_skyline_banner.jpg 2x" data-file-width="9225" data-file-height="1317" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Doha_skyline_banner.jpg" title="File:Doha skyline banner.jpg"> </a></div>Skyline of <a href="/wiki/Doha" title="Doha">Doha</a>, capital and largest city of Qatar</div></div></div><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1261442011">.mw-parser-output .abbr-header{white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output .caption-purple{border:1px #a2a9b1 solid;border-bottom:none;background-color:lavender}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .caption-purple{background:inherit!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .caption-purple{background:inherit!important}}.mw-parser-output .table-pale{border:1px #a2a9b1 solid;border-top:none;background-color:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);padding:5px}@media screen and (max-width:640px){.mw-parser-output .table-pale{border-top:1px #a2a9b1 solid!important}.mw-parser-output .caption-purple{border:none}}</style><table class="table-pale" style="width:15em;border-top-width:0;border-spacing: 0;float:right;clear:right;margin:0.5em 0 1em 0.5em;"><caption class="caption-purple" style="padding:0.25em;font-weight:bold">Historical population</caption><tbody><tr style="font-size:95%"><th style="border-bottom:1px solid var(--color-base, #000000);padding:1px;width:3em">Year</th><th style="border-bottom:1px solid var(--color-base, #000000);padding:1px 2px;text-align:right"><abbr title="Population" class="abbr-header">Pop.</abbr></th><th style="border-bottom:1px solid var(--color-base, #000000);padding:1px;text-align:right"><abbr title="Percent change" class="abbr-header">±%</abbr></th></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1950</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">25,000</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">—    </td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1960</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">47,000</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+88.0%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1970</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">110,000</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+134.0%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1980</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">224,000</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+103.6%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">1990</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">476,000</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">+112.5%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">2000</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">592,000</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+24.4%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">2010</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">1,856,000</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+213.5%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">2019</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">2,832,000</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+52.6%</td></tr><tr><td colspan="3" style="border-top:1px solid var(--color-base, #000000);font-size:85%;text-align:left">source:<a href="#cite_note-UN_WPP-268">[266]</a><a href="#cite_note-UN_WPP_2022-269">[267]</a></td></tr></tbody></table>The number of people in Qatar fluctuates considerably depending on the season, since the country relies heavily on migrant labour. In early 2017, the population was 2.6 million, with foreigners making up a vast majority. Only 313,000 (12%) were Qatari citizens, while the remaining 2.3 million were <a href="/wiki/Expatriates" class="mw-redirect" title="Expatriates">expatriates</a>.<a href="#cite_note-pop-22">[20]</a> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pearl-Qatar_Doha_Qatar_11Nov2017_SkySat.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Pearl-Qatar_Doha_Qatar_11Nov2017_SkySat.jpg/250px-Pearl-Qatar_Doha_Qatar_11Nov2017_SkySat.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="125" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Pearl-Qatar_Doha_Qatar_11Nov2017_SkySat.jpg/500px-Pearl-Qatar_Doha_Qatar_11Nov2017_SkySat.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="1400" data-file-height="700" /></a><figcaption>Residential buildings at <a href="/wiki/The_Pearl-Qatar" class="mw-redirect" title="The Pearl-Qatar">the Pearl</a></figcaption></figure>The combined number of <a href="/wiki/South_Asia" title="South Asia">South Asians</a> (from the countries of the <a href="/wiki/Indian_subcontinent" title="Indian subcontinent">Indian subcontinent</a> including Sri Lanka) represent over 1.5 million people (60%). Among these, <a href="/wiki/Indians_in_Qatar" title="Indians in Qatar">Indians</a> are the largest community, numbering 650,000 in 2017,<a href="#cite_note-pop-22">[20]</a> followed by 350,000 <a href="/wiki/Nepalis_in_Qatar" title="Nepalis in Qatar">Nepalese</a>, 280,000 <a href="/wiki/Bangladeshis" title="Bangladeshis">Bangladeshis</a>, 145,000 <a href="/wiki/Sri_Lankans" class="mw-redirect" title="Sri Lankans">Sri Lankans</a>, and 125,000 <a href="/wiki/Pakistanis_in_Qatar" title="Pakistanis in Qatar">Pakistanis</a>. The contingent of expatriates who are not of South Asian origin represent around 28% of Qatar's population, of which the largest group is 260,000 <a href="/wiki/Filipinos_in_Qatar" title="Filipinos in Qatar">Filipinos</a> and 200,000 <a href="/wiki/Egyptians" title="Egyptians">Egyptians</a>, plus many other nationalities (including nationals of other Arab countries, Europeans, etc.).<a href="#cite_note-pop-22">[20]</a> Qatar's first demographic records date back to 1892, conducted by Ottoman governors in the region. Based on this census, which includes only the residents in cities, the population in 1892 was 9,830.<a href="#cite_note-Fromhertz2012-82">[80]</a> At the time of the first census, held in 1970, the population was 111,133.<a href="#cite_note-qsahist-270">[268]</a> The 2010 census recorded the population at 1,699,435.<a href="#cite_note-census10-8">[8]</a> In January 2013, the Qatar Statistics Authority estimated the population at 1,903,447, of which 1,405,164 were males and 498,283 females.<a href="#cite_note-qsa-jan13-271">[269]</a> The influx of male labourers has skewed the gender balance, and women are now just one-quarter of the population. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Religion">Religion</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Qatar" title="Religion in Qatar">Religion in Qatar</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Alwakhra_Masjid.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Alwakhra_Masjid.jpg/220px-Alwakhra_Masjid.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="156" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Alwakhra_Masjid.jpg/330px-Alwakhra_Masjid.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Alwakhra_Masjid.jpg/440px-Alwakhra_Masjid.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2754" data-file-height="1958" /></a><figcaption>Mosque in Qatar</figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a> is the predominant religion and is the <a href="/wiki/State_religion" title="State religion">state religion</a> although not the only religion practiced in the country,<a href="#cite_note-272">[270]</a> and the constitution guarantees freedom to practise any faith within "moral" bounds.<a href="#cite_note-273">[271]</a> Most citizens belong to the <a href="/wiki/Salafi" class="mw-redirect" title="Salafi">Salafi</a> <a href="/wiki/Muslim" class="mw-redirect" title="Muslim">Muslim</a> movement of <a href="/wiki/Wahhabism" title="Wahhabism">Wahhabism</a>,<a href="#cite_note-wahh-274">[272]</a><a href="#cite_note-insom-275">[273]</a><a href="#cite_note-risingreuters-276">[274]</a> and 5–15% of Muslims follow <a href="/wiki/Shia_Islam" title="Shia Islam">Shia Islam</a> with other Islamic sects being very small in number.<a href="#cite_note-277">[275]</a> In 2010, Qatar's population was 67.7% <a href="/wiki/Muslim" class="mw-redirect" title="Muslim">Muslim</a>, 13.8% <a href="/wiki/Christians" title="Christians">Christian</a>, 13.8% <a href="/wiki/Hindu" class="mw-redirect" title="Hindu">Hindu</a>, and 3.1% <a href="/wiki/Buddhist" class="mw-redirect" title="Buddhist">Buddhist</a>; other religions and religiously unaffiliated people accounted for the remaining 1.6%.<a href="#cite_note-pewl-278">[276]</a> Sharia is the main source of legislation according to the constitution.<a href="#cite_note-con-130">[128]</a><a href="#cite_note-qat1-131">[129]</a> Qatar's interpretation of Sharia is said to be not as "strict" as neighboring Saudi Arabia<a href="#cite_note-279">[277]</a> but not as "liberal" as Dubai.<a href="#cite_note-280">[278]</a> The vision of the <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Awqaf_and_Islamic_Affairs_(Qatar)" title="Ministry of Awqaf and Islamic Affairs (Qatar)">Ministry of Awqaf and Islamic Affairs</a> is "to build a contemporary Islamic society along with fostering the Sharee’ah and cultural heritage".<a href="#cite_note-Contempory_Sharee’ah-281">[279]</a> The non-Muslim population is composed almost entirely of foreign migrants. Since 2008, Christians have been allowed to build churches on ground donated by the government,<a href="#cite_note-282">[280]</a><a href="#cite_note-283">[281]</a> Active churches include the <a href="/wiki/Malankara_Mar_Thoma_Syrian_Church" class="mw-redirect" title="Malankara Mar Thoma Syrian Church">Mar Thoma Church</a>, <a href="/wiki/Malankara_Orthodox_Syrian_Church" title="Malankara Orthodox Syrian Church">Malankara Orthodox Syrian Church</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Catholic">Roman Catholic</a> <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_of_Our_Lady_of_the_Rosary_(Doha)" class="mw-redirect" title="Catholic Church of Our Lady of the Rosary (Doha)">Church of Our Lady of the Rosary</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Anglican" class="mw-redirect" title="Anglican">Anglican</a> Church of the Epiphany.<a href="#cite_note-Report_on_Qatar-284">[282]</a><a href="#cite_note-The_Anglican_Centre_in_Qatar-285">[283]</a><a href="#cite_note-Oxford_University_Press-286">[284]</a> There are also two <a href="/wiki/Ward_(LDS_Church)" title="Ward (LDS Church)">Mormon wards</a><a href="#cite_note-Report_on_Qatar-284">[282]</a><a href="#cite_note-The_Anglican_Centre_in_Qatar-285">[283]</a><a href="#cite_note-Oxford_University_Press-286">[284]</a> and a <a href="/wiki/Bah%C3%A1%CA%BC%C3%AD_Faith" title="Baháʼí Faith">Baháʼí Faith</a> community.<a href="#cite_note-Guardian20221109-287">[285]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Languages">Languages</h3></div> Arabic is the official language, with <a href="/wiki/Qatari_Arabic" title="Qatari Arabic">Qatari Arabic</a> the local dialect. <a href="/wiki/Qatari_Sign_Language" class="mw-redirect" title="Qatari Sign Language">Qatari Sign Language</a> is the language of the deaf community. <a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English</a> is commonly used as a second language,<a href="#cite_note-288">[286]</a> and a rising <a href="/wiki/Lingua_franca" title="Lingua franca">lingua franca</a>, especially in commerce, to the extent that steps are being taken to try to preserve Arabic from English's encroachment.<a href="#cite_note-289">[287]</a> English is particularly useful for communication with Qatar's large expatriate community. In the medical community, and in situations such as the training of nurses to work in Qatar, English acts as a lingua franca.<a href="#cite_note-290">[288]</a> Reflecting the multicultural make-up of the country, many other languages are also spoken, including <a href="/wiki/Malayalam" title="Malayalam">Malayalam</a>, <a href="/wiki/Persian_language" title="Persian language">Persian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Baluchi_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Baluchi language">Baluchi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Brahui_language" title="Brahui language">Brahui</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hindi" title="Hindi">Hindi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Urdu" title="Urdu">Urdu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pashto" title="Pashto">Pashto</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kannada_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Kannada language">Kannada</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tamil_language" title="Tamil language">Tamil</a>, <a href="/wiki/Telugu_language" title="Telugu language">Telugu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nepali_language" title="Nepali language">Nepali</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sinhalese_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Sinhalese language">Sinhalese</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bengali_language" title="Bengali language">Bengali</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tagalog_language" title="Tagalog language">Tagalog</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tulu_language" title="Tulu language">Tulu</a> and <a href="/wiki/Indonesian_language" title="Indonesian language">Indonesian</a>.<a href="#cite_note-291">[289]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Healthcare">Healthcare</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Healthcare_in_Qatar" title="Healthcare in Qatar">Healthcare in Qatar</a></div> Healthcare standards are generally high. Qatari citizens are covered by a national health-insurance plan, while expatriates must either receive health insurance from their employers, or in the case of the self-employed, purchase insurance.<a href="#cite_note-imtj-292">[290]</a> Government healthcare spending is among the highest in the <a href="/wiki/Middle_East" title="Middle East">Middle East</a>, with $4.7 billion being invested in healthcare in 2014.<a href="#cite_note-293">[291]</a> This was a $2.1 billion increase from 2010.<a href="#cite_note-294">[292]</a> The premier healthcare provider is <a href="/wiki/Hamad_Medical_Corporation" title="Hamad Medical Corporation">Hamad Medical Corporation</a>, established by the government as a non-profit healthcare provider, which runs a network of hospitals, ambulance services, and a home healthcare service, all of which are accredited by the <a href="/wiki/Joint_Commission" title="Joint Commission">Joint Commission</a>.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] In 2010, spending on healthcare accounted for 2.2% of the country's GDP; the highest in the <a href="/wiki/Middle_East" title="Middle East">Middle East</a>.<a href="#cite_note-295">[293]</a> In 2006, there were 23.12 physicians and 61.81 nurses per 10,000 inhabitants.<a href="#cite_note-296">[294]</a> The life expectancy at birth was 82.08 years in 2014, or 83.27 years for males and 77.95 years for females, rendering it the highest life expectancy in the Middle East.<a href="#cite_note-297">[295]</a> Qatar has a low infant mortality rate of 7 in 100,000.<a href="#cite_note-298">[296]</a> In 2006, there were 25 beds per 10,000 people, and 27.6 doctors and 73.8 nurses per 10,000 people.<a href="#cite_note-299">[297]</a> In 2011, the number of beds decreased to 12 per 10,000 people, whereas the number of doctors increased to 28 per 10,000 people. While the country has one of the lowest proportions of hospital beds in the region, the availability of physicians is the highest in the GCC.<a href="#cite_note-300">[298]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Culture">Culture</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_festivals_in_Qatar" title="List of festivals in Qatar">List of festivals in Qatar</a></div> The <a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Qatar" title="Culture of Qatar">culture of Qatar</a> is similar to other countries in <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Arabia" title="Eastern Arabia">Eastern Arabia</a>, being significantly influenced by Islam. <a href="/wiki/Qatar_National_Day" class="mw-redirect" title="Qatar National Day">Qatar National Day</a>, hosted annually on 18 December, has had an important role in developing a sense of national identity.<a href="#cite_note-301">[299]</a> It is observed in remembrance of <a href="/wiki/Jassim_bin_Mohammed_Al_Thani" title="Jassim bin Mohammed Al Thani">Jassim bin Mohammed Al Thani</a>'s succession to the throne and his subsequent unification of the country's various tribes.<a href="#cite_note-302">[300]</a><a href="#cite_note-303">[301]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Doha_Cultural_Festival" title="Doha Cultural Festival">Doha Cultural Festival</a> is one of the cultural activities carried out annually by the Qatari Ministry of Culture, Arts and Heritage, which began in 2002 with the aim of spreading Qatari culture inside and outside Qatar.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Arts">Arts</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Collecting_practices_of_the_Al-Thani_Family" title="Collecting practices of the Al-Thani Family">Collecting practices of the Al-Thani Family</a>, <a href="/wiki/Qatari_art" title="Qatari art">Qatari art</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Public_art_in_Qatar" title="Public art in Qatar">Public art in Qatar</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Old_Palace_at_National_Museum_of_Qatar.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Old_Palace_at_National_Museum_of_Qatar.jpg/250px-Old_Palace_at_National_Museum_of_Qatar.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Old_Palace_at_National_Museum_of_Qatar.jpg/330px-Old_Palace_at_National_Museum_of_Qatar.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Old_Palace_at_National_Museum_of_Qatar.jpg/500px-Old_Palace_at_National_Museum_of_Qatar.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5568" data-file-height="3132" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/National_Museum_of_Qatar" title="National Museum of Qatar">National Museum of Qatar</a> in Doha</figcaption></figure> Qatari officials, especially the Al Thani family and the sister of the Emir of Qatar, <a href="/wiki/Al-Mayassa_bint_Hamad_bin_Khalifa_Al_Thani" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-Mayassa bint Hamad bin Khalifa Al Thani">Al-Mayassa bint Hamad bin Khalifa Al Thani</a>, pay special attention to art.<a href="#cite_note-304">[302]</a><a href="#cite_note-305">[303]</a> Al-Mayassa leads the <a href="/wiki/Qatar_Museums" title="Qatar Museums">Qatar Museums</a> Authority. The <a href="/wiki/Museum_of_Islamic_Art,_Doha" title="Museum of Islamic Art, Doha">Museum of Islamic Art</a>, opened in 2008, is regarded as one of the best museums in the region.<a href="#cite_note-sandsmith-306">[304]</a> This and several other Qatari museums, like the <a href="/wiki/Mathaf:_Arab_Museum_of_Modern_Art" title="Mathaf: Arab Museum of Modern Art">Arab Museum of Modern Art</a>, fall under the Qatar Museums Authority,<a href="#cite_note-307">[305]</a> which also sponsors artistic events abroad, such as major exhibitions by Takahashi Murakami in Versailles (2010) and Damien Hirst in London (2012). <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:IslamicArtMuseumDohaSkyline.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/IslamicArtMuseumDohaSkyline.jpg/220px-IslamicArtMuseumDohaSkyline.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="149" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/IslamicArtMuseumDohaSkyline.jpg/330px-IslamicArtMuseumDohaSkyline.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/IslamicArtMuseumDohaSkyline.jpg/440px-IslamicArtMuseumDohaSkyline.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="675" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Museum_of_Islamic_Art,_Doha" title="Museum of Islamic Art, Doha">Museum of Islamic Art</a> in Doha</figcaption></figure> Qatar is the world's biggest buyer in the art market by value.<a href="#cite_note-theart-308">[306]</a> The Qatari cultural sector is being developed to enable the country to reach world recognition to contribute to the development of a country that comes mainly from its resources from the gas industry.<a href="#cite_note-309">[307]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Literature">Literature</h3></div> <a href="/wiki/Qatari_literature" title="Qatari literature">Qatari literature</a> traces its origins back to the 19th century. Originally, written poetry was the most common form of expression. Abdul Jalil Al-Tabatabai and Mohammed bin Abdullah bin Uthaymeen, two poets dating back to the early 19th century, formed the corpus of Qatar's earliest written poetry. Poetry later fell out of favor after Qatar began reaping the profits from oil exports in the mid-20th century and many Qataris abandoned their <a href="/wiki/Bedouin" title="Bedouin">Bedouin</a> traditions in favor of more urban lifestyles.<a href="#cite_note-tawfiq-310">[308]</a> Due to the increasing number of Qataris who began receiving formal education during the 1950s and other significant societal changes, 1970 witnessed the introduction of the first short story anthology, and in 1993 the first locally authored novels were published. Poetry, particularly the predominant <a href="/wiki/Nabati" title="Nabati">nabati</a> form, retained some importance but would soon be overshadowed by other literary types.<a href="#cite_note-tawfiq-310">[308]</a> Unlike in most other forms of art in Qatari society, women have been involved in the modern literature movement to a similar extent to men.<a href="#cite_note-cambridge1-311">[309]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Media">Media</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Al_Jazeera_English_Newsdesk.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Al_Jazeera_English_Newsdesk.jpg/220px-Al_Jazeera_English_Newsdesk.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Al_Jazeera_English_Newsdesk.jpg/330px-Al_Jazeera_English_Newsdesk.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Al_Jazeera_English_Newsdesk.jpg/440px-Al_Jazeera_English_Newsdesk.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3264" data-file-height="2448" /></a><figcaption>The news desk of <a href="/wiki/Al_Jazeera_English" title="Al Jazeera English">Al Jazeera English</a>, a Qatari news channel</figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Mass_media_in_Qatar" title="Mass media in Qatar">Qatar's media</a> was classified as "not free" in the 2014 Freedom of the Press report by <a href="/wiki/Freedom_House" title="Freedom House">Freedom House</a>.<a href="#cite_note-freedomhouse1-312">[310]</a> TV broadcasting was started in 1970.<a href="#cite_note-313">[311]</a> <a href="/wiki/Al_Jazeera_Media_Network" title="Al Jazeera Media Network">Al Jazeera</a> is a main television network headquartered in Doha. Al Jazeera initially launched in 1996 as an <a href="/wiki/Arabic" title="Arabic">Arabic</a> news and current affairs satellite TV channel of the same name and has since expanded into a global network of several speciality TV channels. It has been reported that journalists practice <a href="/wiki/Self-censorship" title="Self-censorship">self-censorship</a>, particularly in regards to the government and <a href="/wiki/House_of_Thani" title="House of Thani">ruling family</a> of Qatar.<a href="#cite_note-blanchard-314">[312]</a> Criticism of the government, emir, and ruling family in the media is illegal. According to article 46 of the press law "The Emir of the state of Qatar shall not be criticised and no statement can be attributed to him unless under a written permission from the manager of his office."<a href="#cite_note-315">[313]</a> Journalists are also subject to prosecution for insulting Islam.<a href="#cite_note-freedomhouse1-312">[310]</a> In 2014, a Cybercrime Prevention Law was passed. The law is said to restrict press freedom and carries prison sentences and fines for broad reasons such as jeopardising local peace or publishing false news.<a href="#cite_note-316">[314]</a> The Gulf Center for Human Rights has stated that the law is a threat to freedom of speech and has called for certain articles of the law to be revoked.<a href="#cite_note-317">[315]</a> Press media has undergone expansion in recent years. There are currently <a href="/wiki/List_of_newspapers_in_Qatar" title="List of newspapers in Qatar">seven newspapers in circulation in Qatar</a>, with four being published in Arabic and three being published in English.<a href="#cite_note-318">[316]</a> There are also newspapers from India, Nepal and Sri Lanka with editions printed from Qatar.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] In regards to telecommunication infrastructure, Qatar is the highest-ranked Middle Eastern country in the World Economic Forum's Network Readiness Index (NRI)—an indicator for determining the development level of a country's information and communication technologies. Qatar ranked number 23 overall in the 2014 NRI ranking, unchanged from 2013.<a href="#cite_note-319">[317]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Music">Music</h3></div> The <a href="/wiki/Music_of_Qatar" title="Music of Qatar">music of Qatar</a> is based on Bedouin poetry, song and dance. Traditional dances in Doha are performed on Friday afternoons; one such dance is the <a href="/wiki/Ardah" title="Ardah">Ardah</a>, a stylised martial dance performed by two rows of dancers who are accompanied by an array of percussion instruments, including <a href="/wiki/Al-ras_(drum)" title="Al-ras (drum)">al-ras</a> (a large drum whose leather is heated by an open fire), tambourines and cymbals with small drums.<a href="#cite_note-qatarembassy1-320">[318]</a> Other percussion instruments used in folk music include galahs (a tall clay jar) and tin drinking cups known as tus or tasat, usually used in conjunction with a tabl, a longitudinal drum beaten with a stick.<a href="#cite_note-321">[319]</a> String instruments, such as the <a href="/wiki/Oud" title="Oud">oud</a> and <a href="/wiki/Rebaba" class="mw-redirect" title="Rebaba">rebaba</a>, are also commonly used.<a href="#cite_note-qatarembassy1-320">[318]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sport">Sport</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Lusail_Sports_Arena.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/ee/Lusail_Sports_Arena.jpg/220px-Lusail_Sports_Arena.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/ee/Lusail_Sports_Arena.jpg/330px-Lusail_Sports_Arena.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/ee/Lusail_Sports_Arena.jpg/440px-Lusail_Sports_Arena.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2480" data-file-height="1653" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Lusail_Sports_Arena" title="Lusail Sports Arena">Lusail Sports Arena</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Education_City_Stadium.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/5/5c/Education_City_Stadium.jpg/220px-Education_City_Stadium.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/5/5c/Education_City_Stadium.jpg/330px-Education_City_Stadium.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/5/5c/Education_City_Stadium.jpg/440px-Education_City_Stadium.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2795" data-file-height="1863" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Education_City_Stadium" title="Education City Stadium">Education City Stadium</a> during <a href="/wiki/2022_FIFA_World_Cup" title="2022 FIFA World Cup">2022 FIFA World Cup</a></figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Association_football" title="Association football">Association football</a> is the most popular <a href="/wiki/Sport_in_Qatar" title="Sport in Qatar">sport in Qatar</a>, both in terms of players and spectators.<a href="#cite_note-322">[320]</a> Shortly after the <a href="/wiki/Qatar_Football_Association" title="Qatar Football Association">Qatar Football Association</a> became affiliated with <a href="/wiki/FIFA" title="FIFA">FIFA</a> in 1970, one of the country's earliest international accolades came in 1981 when the <a href="/wiki/Qatar_national_under-20_football_team" title="Qatar national under-20 football team">Qatar national under-20 team</a>'s emerged as runners-up to West Germany in <a href="/wiki/1981_FIFA_World_Youth_Championship" title="1981 FIFA World Youth Championship">that year's edition</a> of the <a href="/wiki/FIFA_World_Youth_Championship" class="mw-redirect" title="FIFA World Youth Championship">FIFA World Youth Championship</a> after being defeated 4–0 in the final. At the senior level, Qatar has played host to three editions of the <a href="/wiki/AFC_Asian_Cup" title="AFC Asian Cup">AFC Asian Cup</a>; the first being the <a href="/wiki/1988_AFC_Asian_Cup" title="1988 AFC Asian Cup">ninth edition in 1988</a>, the second being the fifteenth edition <a href="/wiki/2011_AFC_Asian_Cup" title="2011 AFC Asian Cup">held in 2011</a>, and the third being the eighteenth edition <a href="/wiki/2023_AFC_Asian_Cup" title="2023 AFC Asian Cup">held in 2023</a>.<a href="#cite_note-323">[321]</a> For the first time in the country's history, the <a href="/wiki/Qatar_national_football_team" title="Qatar national football team">Qatar national football team</a> won the AFC Asian Cup in the <a href="/wiki/2019_Asian_Cup" class="mw-redirect" title="2019 Asian Cup">2019 edition</a> hosted in the United Arab Emirates, beating <a href="/wiki/Japan_national_football_team" title="Japan national football team">Japan</a> 3–1 in the <a href="/wiki/2019_AFC_Asian_Cup_final" title="2019 AFC Asian Cup final">final</a>. They won all seven of their matches, conceding only a single goal throughout the tournament.<a href="#cite_note-324">[322]</a> As hosts and defending champions in the following 2023 edition, Qatar successfully retained their title, defeating <a href="/wiki/Jordan_national_football_team" title="Jordan national football team">Jordan</a> in the <a href="/wiki/2023_AFC_Asian_Cup_final" title="2023 AFC Asian Cup final">final</a>.<a href="#cite_note-325">[323]</a> On 2 December 2010, Qatar won their bid to host the <a href="/wiki/2022_FIFA_World_Cup" title="2022 FIFA World Cup">2022 FIFA World Cup</a>, despite never previously qualifying for the <a href="/wiki/FIFA_World_Cup_Finals" class="mw-redirect" title="FIFA World Cup Finals">FIFA World Cup Finals</a>.<a href="#cite_note-326">[324]</a> Local organisers built seven new stadiums and expanded one existing stadium for this event.<a href="#cite_note-327">[325]</a><a href="#cite_note-328">[326]</a> Qatar's winning bid for the 2022 World Cup was greeted enthusiastically in the Persian Gulf region as it was the first time a country in the Middle East had been selected to host the tournament. At the same time, the bid was embroiled in much controversy, including <a href="/wiki/Allegations_of_corruption_and_bribery_related_to_the_2022_FIFA_World_Cup" title="Allegations of corruption and bribery related to the 2022 FIFA World Cup">allegations of bribery and interference in the investigation</a> of the alleged bribery. European football associations also objected to the 2022 World Cup being held in Qatar for a variety of reasons, from the impact of warm temperatures on players' fitness, to the disruption it might cause in European domestic league calendars should the event be rescheduled to take place during winter.<a href="#cite_note-329">[327]</a><a href="#cite_note-330">[328]</a> In May 2014, Qatari football official <a href="/wiki/Mohammed_bin_Hammam" title="Mohammed bin Hammam">Mohammed bin Hammam</a> was accused of making payments totalling £3 million to officials in return for their support for the Qatar bid.<a href="#cite_note-331">[329]</a><a href="#cite_note-332">[330]</a> A FIFA inquiry into the bidding process in November 2014 cleared Qatar of any wrongdoing.<a href="#cite_note-333">[331]</a><a href="#cite_note-334">[332]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:2015_Ladies_Tour_of_Qatar_Cucinotta_winning_stage_1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/2015_Ladies_Tour_of_Qatar_Cucinotta_winning_stage_1.jpg/220px-2015_Ladies_Tour_of_Qatar_Cucinotta_winning_stage_1.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/2015_Ladies_Tour_of_Qatar_Cucinotta_winning_stage_1.jpg/330px-2015_Ladies_Tour_of_Qatar_Cucinotta_winning_stage_1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/2015_Ladies_Tour_of_Qatar_Cucinotta_winning_stage_1.jpg/440px-2015_Ladies_Tour_of_Qatar_Cucinotta_winning_stage_1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="576" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/2015_Ladies_Tour_of_Qatar" title="2015 Ladies Tour of Qatar">2015 Ladies Tour of Qatar</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Al-Rayan-Stadium-doha.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/6c/Al-Rayan-Stadium-doha.jpg/220px-Al-Rayan-Stadium-doha.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="99" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/6c/Al-Rayan-Stadium-doha.jpg/330px-Al-Rayan-Stadium-doha.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/6c/Al-Rayan-Stadium-doha.jpg/440px-Al-Rayan-Stadium-doha.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1576" data-file-height="709" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Al-Rayyan_Stadium" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-Rayyan Stadium">Al-Rayyan Stadium</a></figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/The_Guardian" title="The Guardian">The Guardian</a>, a British national daily newspaper, produced a short documentary named "Abuse and exploitation of migrant workers preparing emirate for 2022".<a href="#cite_note-Guardian20130925-335">[333]</a> A 2014 investigation by The Guardian reported that migrant workers who had been constructing luxurious offices for the organisers of the 2022 World Cup had not been paid in over a year, and were now "working illegally from cockroach-infested lodgings".<a href="#cite_note-336">[334]</a> For 2014, <a href="/wiki/Nepali_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Nepali people">Nepalese</a> migrants involved in constructing infrastructure for the 2022 World Cup died at a rate of one every two days.<a href="#cite_note-337">[335]</a> The Qatar 2022 organising committee responded to various allegations by claiming that hosting the World Cup in Qatar would act as a "catalyst for change" in the region.<a href="#cite_note-338">[336]</a> According to a February 2021 article in The Guardian, some 6,500 migrant construction workers had died.<a href="#cite_note-339">[337]</a> However, the World Cup in Qatar was the most expensive in the competition's history and had many modern technologies, with many expressing their satisfaction with the country's handling of the tournament.<a href="#cite_note-340">[338]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">failed verification</a>] Qatar was estimated to host a <a href="/wiki/Association_football" title="Association football">football</a> fanbase of 1.6 million for the 2022 FIFA World Cup. However, the construction work in country was expected to only take the available 37,000 hotel rooms to 70,000 by the end of 2021. In December 2019, the Qatari World Cup officials approached the organizers of the <a href="/wiki/Glastonbury_Festival" title="Glastonbury Festival">Glastonbury Festival</a> in England and the <a href="/wiki/Coachella_Valley_Music_and_Arts_Festival" class="mw-redirect" title="Coachella Valley Music and Arts Festival">Coachella Festival</a> in the United States, to plan huge desert campsites for thousands of football fans. The World Cup campsites on the outskirts were reported to have licensed bars, restaurants, entertainment and washing facilities. Moreover, two cruise ships were also reserved as temporary floating accommodations for nearly 40,000 people during the tournament.<a href="#cite_note-341">[339]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Khalifa_International_Stadium.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/16/Khalifa_International_Stadium.jpg/250px-Khalifa_International_Stadium.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/16/Khalifa_International_Stadium.jpg/330px-Khalifa_International_Stadium.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/16/Khalifa_International_Stadium.jpg/500px-Khalifa_International_Stadium.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2944" data-file-height="2208" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Khalifa_International_Stadium" title="Khalifa International Stadium">Khalifa International Stadium</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:17_11_2021_-_Visita_ao_Est%C3%A1dio_Lusail_(51688270420).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a5/17_11_2021_-_Visita_ao_Est%C3%A1dio_Lusail_%2851688270420%29.jpg/250px-17_11_2021_-_Visita_ao_Est%C3%A1dio_Lusail_%2851688270420%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a5/17_11_2021_-_Visita_ao_Est%C3%A1dio_Lusail_%2851688270420%29.jpg/330px-17_11_2021_-_Visita_ao_Est%C3%A1dio_Lusail_%2851688270420%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a5/17_11_2021_-_Visita_ao_Est%C3%A1dio_Lusail_%2851688270420%29.jpg/500px-17_11_2021_-_Visita_ao_Est%C3%A1dio_Lusail_%2851688270420%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5472" data-file-height="3648" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Lusail_Iconic_Stadium" class="mw-redirect" title="Lusail Iconic Stadium">Lusail Iconic Stadium</a> with capacity of 80,000 seats.</figcaption></figure> Though football is the most popular sport, other team sports have experienced considerable success at senior level. In 2015, the <a href="/wiki/Qatar_men%27s_national_handball_team" title="Qatar men's national handball team">national handball team</a> emerged as runners-up to <a href="/wiki/France_men%27s_national_handball_team" title="France men's national handball team">France</a> in the <a href="/wiki/2015_World_Men%27s_Handball_Championship" title="2015 World Men's Handball Championship">World Men's Handball Championship</a> as hosts, however the tournament was marred by numerous controversies regarding the host nation and its team.<a href="#cite_note-342">[340]</a> Further, in 2014, <a href="/wiki/Qatar_national_3x3_team" class="mw-redirect" title="Qatar national 3x3 team">Qatar</a> won the world championship in men's <a href="/wiki/FIBA_3x3_World_Championships" class="mw-redirect" title="FIBA 3x3 World Championships">3x3 basketball</a>.<a href="#cite_note-343">[341]</a> Cricket is popular amongst the South Asian diaspora in Qatar. Casual <a href="/wiki/Street_cricket" class="mw-redirect" title="Street cricket">street cricket</a> is the most popular format of the game, but the <a href="/wiki/Qatar_Cricket_Association" title="Qatar Cricket Association">Qatar Cricket Association</a> has been a member of the <a href="/wiki/International_Cricket_Council" title="International Cricket Council">International Cricket Council</a> (ICC) since 1999 and the <a href="/wiki/Qatar_national_cricket_team" title="Qatar national cricket team">men's</a> and <a href="/wiki/Qatar_women%27s_national_cricket_team" title="Qatar women's national cricket team">women's national teams</a> both play regularly in ICC competitions. The primary cricket ground in Qatar is the <a href="/wiki/West_End_Park_International_Cricket_Stadium" title="West End Park International Cricket Stadium">West End Park International Cricket Stadium</a>.<a href="#cite_note-344">[342]</a> Basketball is a developed sport amongst Asian people in Qatar. Qatar hosted the <a href="/wiki/2005_FIBA_Asia_Championship" title="2005 FIBA Asia Championship">2005 FIBA Asia Championship</a>, <a href="/wiki/2013_FIBA_Asia_3x3_Championship" title="2013 FIBA Asia 3x3 Championship">2013 FIBA Asia 3x3 Championship</a>, <a href="/wiki/2014_FIBA_Asia_Under-18_Championship" title="2014 FIBA Asia Under-18 Championship">2014 FIBA Asia Under-18 Championship</a> and <a href="/wiki/2022_FIBA_Under-16_Asian_Championship" title="2022 FIBA Under-16 Asian Championship">2022 FIBA Under-16 Asian Championship</a>.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] Qatar will host the <a href="/wiki/2027_FIBA_Basketball_World_Cup" title="2027 FIBA Basketball World Cup">2027 FIBA Basketball World Cup</a> making this become the first Arab country to host the FIBA Basketball World Cup.<a href="#cite_note-qatar2027-345">[343]</a> <a href="/wiki/Khalifa_International_Tennis_and_Squash_Complex" title="Khalifa International Tennis and Squash Complex">Khalifa International Tennis and Squash Complex</a> in Doha hosted the <a href="/wiki/WTA_Tour_Championships" class="mw-redirect" title="WTA Tour Championships">WTA Tour Championships</a> in women's tennis between 2008 and 2010. Doha holds the <a href="/wiki/Women%27s_Tennis_Association" title="Women's Tennis Association">WTA</a> Premier tournament <a href="/wiki/Qatar_Ladies_Open" class="mw-redirect" title="Qatar Ladies Open">Qatar Ladies Open</a> annually. Since 2002, Qatar has hosted the annual <a href="/wiki/Tour_of_Qatar" title="Tour of Qatar">Tour of Qatar</a>, a cycling race in six stages. Every February, riders are racing on the roads across Qatar's flat land for six days. Each stage covers a distance of more than 100 km, though the time trial usually is a shorter distance. Tour of Qatar is organised by the Qatar Cycling Federation for professional riders in the category of Elite Men.<a href="#cite_note-346">[344]</a> The Qatar Army Skydiving Team has several different skydiving disciplines placing among the top nations in the world. The Qatar National Parachute team performs annually during Qatar's National Day and at other large events, such as the 2015 World Handball Championship.<a href="#cite_note-347">[345]</a> Doha four times was the host of the official <a href="/wiki/FIVB_Volleyball_Men%27s_Club_World_Championship" class="mw-redirect" title="FIVB Volleyball Men's Club World Championship">FIVB Volleyball Men's Club World Championship</a> and three times host <a href="/wiki/FIVB_Volleyball_Women%27s_Club_World_Championship" class="mw-redirect" title="FIVB Volleyball Women's Club World Championship">FIVB Volleyball Women's Club World Championship</a>. Doha also hosted the <a href="/wiki/1997_Asian_Men%27s_Volleyball_Championship" title="1997 Asian Men's Volleyball Championship">Asian Volleyball Championship</a> once.<a href="#cite_note-348">[346]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Education">Education</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Education_in_Qatar" title="Education in Qatar">Education in Qatar</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Entrance_to_Student_Center_in_Education_City.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Entrance_to_Student_Center_in_Education_City.jpg/220px-Entrance_to_Student_Center_in_Education_City.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Entrance_to_Student_Center_in_Education_City.jpg/330px-Entrance_to_Student_Center_in_Education_City.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Entrance_to_Student_Center_in_Education_City.jpg/440px-Entrance_to_Student_Center_in_Education_City.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1634" data-file-height="1087" /></a><figcaption>Student Center in <a href="/wiki/Education_City" title="Education City">Education City</a>. Education City houses various educational facilities, including satellite campuses of eight international universities.</figcaption></figure> Qatar hired the <a href="/wiki/RAND_Corporation" title="RAND Corporation">RAND Corporation</a> to reform its K–12 education system.<a href="#cite_note-strangepow-236">[234]</a> Through <a href="/wiki/Qatar_Foundation" title="Qatar Foundation">Qatar Foundation</a>, the country has built <a href="/wiki/Education_City" title="Education City">Education City</a>, a campus that hosts local branches of the <a href="/wiki/Weill_Cornell_Medical_College_in_Qatar" title="Weill Cornell Medical College in Qatar">Weill Cornell Medical College</a>, <a href="/wiki/Carnegie_Mellon_School_of_Computer_Science" title="Carnegie Mellon School of Computer Science">Carnegie Mellon School of Computer Science</a>, <a href="/wiki/Georgetown_University_School_of_Foreign_Service_in_Qatar" class="mw-redirect" title="Georgetown University School of Foreign Service in Qatar">Georgetown University School of Foreign Service</a>, <a href="/wiki/Northwestern_University_in_Qatar" title="Northwestern University in Qatar">Northwestern's Medill School of Journalism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Texas_A%26M_University_at_Qatar" title="Texas A&M University at Qatar">Texas A&M's School of Engineering</a>, <a href="/wiki/Virginia_Commonwealth_University_-_Qatar" class="mw-redirect" title="Virginia Commonwealth University - Qatar">Virginia Commonwealth University School of the Arts</a> and other Western institutions.<a href="#cite_note-strangepow-236">[234]</a><a href="#cite_note-wapo-349">[347]</a> The <a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_literacy_rate" title="List of countries by literacy rate">illiteracy rate</a> was 3.1% for males and 4.2% for females in 2012, the lowest in the Arab-speaking world and 86th in the world.<a href="#cite_note-350">[348]</a> Citizens are required to attend government-provided education from kindergarten through high school.<a href="#cite_note-351">[349]</a> <a href="/wiki/Qatar_University" title="Qatar University">Qatar University</a>, founded in 1973, is the country's oldest and largest institution of higher education.<a href="#cite_note-352">[350]</a><a href="#cite_note-353">[351]</a> In November 2002, Emir Hamad bin Khalifa Al Thani created <a href="/wiki/The_Supreme_Education_Council_(Qatar)" class="mw-redirect" title="The Supreme Education Council (Qatar)">The Supreme Education Council</a>.<a href="#cite_note-354">[352]</a> The Council directs and controls education for all ages from the pre-school level through the university level, including the "Education for a New Era" initiative which was established to try to position Qatar as a leader in education reform.<a href="#cite_note-355">[353]</a><a href="#cite_note-356">[354]</a> According to the <a href="/wiki/Webometrics_Ranking_of_World_Universities" title="Webometrics Ranking of World Universities">Webometrics Ranking of World Universities</a>, the top-ranking universities in the country are Qatar University (1,881st worldwide), <a href="/wiki/Texas_A%26M_University_at_Qatar" title="Texas A&M University at Qatar">Texas A&M University at Qatar</a> (3,905th) and <a href="/wiki/Weill_Cornell_Medical_College_in_Qatar" title="Weill Cornell Medical College in Qatar">Weill Cornell Medical College in Qatar</a> (6,855th).<a href="#cite_note-357">[355]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:QatarUniversityEastView.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/QatarUniversityEastView.jpg/220px-QatarUniversityEastView.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/QatarUniversityEastView.jpg/330px-QatarUniversityEastView.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/QatarUniversityEastView.jpg/440px-QatarUniversityEastView.jpg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="450" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Qatar_University" title="Qatar University">Qatar University</a>, east view</figcaption></figure> In 2009, Qatar established the <a href="/wiki/Qatar_Science_%26_Technology_Park" title="Qatar Science & Technology Park">Qatar Science & Technology Park</a> in Education City to link those universities with industry. Education City is also home to a fully <a href="/wiki/School_accreditation" class="mw-redirect" title="School accreditation">accredited</a> <a href="/wiki/International_Baccalaureate" title="International Baccalaureate">international Baccalaureate</a> school, <a href="/wiki/Qatar_Academy" title="Qatar Academy">Qatar Academy</a>. In addition, two Canadian institutions, the <a href="/wiki/College_of_the_North_Atlantic" title="College of the North Atlantic">College of the North Atlantic</a> (headquarters in Newfoundland and Labrador) and the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Calgary" title="University of Calgary">University of Calgary</a>, have inaugurated campuses in Doha. Other <a href="/wiki/For-profit_school" class="mw-redirect" title="For-profit school">for-profit universities</a> have also established campuses in the city.<a href="#cite_note-358">[356]</a> In 2012, Qatar was ranked third from the bottom of the 65 OECD countries participating in the PISA test of mathematics, reading and skills for 15- and 16-year-olds, despite having the highest per capita income in the world.<a href="#cite_note-359">[357]</a><a href="#cite_note-360">[358]</a> Qatar was ranked 49th in the <a href="/wiki/Global_Innovation_Index" title="Global Innovation Index">Global Innovation Index</a> in 2024, up from 65th in 2019.<a href="#cite_note-361">[359]</a><a href="#cite_note-362">[360]</a><a href="#cite_note-363">[361]</a> As part of its national development strategy, Qatar has outlined a 10-year strategic plan to improve the level of education.<a href="#cite_note-364">[362]</a> The government has launched educational outreach programs, such as <a href="/wiki/AL-Bairaq" class="mw-redirect" title="AL-Bairaq">Al-Bairaq</a>. Al-Bairaq was launched in 2010 aims to provide high school students with an opportunity to experience a research environment in the <a href="/wiki/Center_for_Advanced_Materials" title="Center for Advanced Materials">Center for Advanced Materials</a> in Qatar University. The program encompasses the <a href="/wiki/STEM_fields" class="mw-redirect" title="STEM fields">STEM fields</a> and languages.<a href="#cite_note-365">[363]</a> Launched in 2006 as part of an initiative of the Qatar Foundation, the <a href="/wiki/Qatar_National_Research_Fund" title="Qatar National Research Fund">Qatar National Research Fund</a> was created with the intent of securing public funds for scientific research. The fund functions as a means to diversify its economy from a primarily oil and gas-based one to a <a href="/wiki/Knowledge_economy" title="Knowledge economy">knowledge-based economy</a>.<a href="#cite_note-366">[364]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Qatar_Science_%26_Technology_Park" title="Qatar Science & Technology Park">Qatar Science & Technology Park</a> (QSTP) was established by Qatar Foundation in March 2009 as an attempt to assist the country's transition towards a knowledge economy.<a href="#cite_note-367">[365]</a><a href="#cite_note-menon-368">[366]</a> With a seed capital of $800 million and initially hosting 21 organizations,<a href="#cite_note-menon-368">[366]</a> the QSTP became Qatar's first <a href="/wiki/Free-trade_zone" title="Free-trade zone">free-trade zone</a>.<a href="#cite_note-369">[367]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Qatar-related_topics" title="List of Qatar-related topics">List of Qatar-related topics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Qatar" title="Outline of Qatar">Outline of Qatar</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-19"><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a> The English pronunciation is commonly <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/kəˈtɑːr/</a> or, approximating Arabic, <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/ˈkɑːtɑːr/</a>; others variants include <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/ˈkʌtɑːr, ˈkætɑːr, ˈkɑːtɑːr, -ər, kəˈtɑːr, kæˈtɑːr, kɑːˈtɑːr/</a>; respectively: <a href="/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key" title="Help:Pronunciation respelling key">KUT-ar, KAT-ar, KAH-tar, KUT-ər, KAT-ər, KAH-tər, kə-TAR, ka(h)-TAR</a>;<a href="#cite_note-13">[13]</a><a href="#cite_note-14">[14]</a><a href="#cite_note-15">[15]</a><a href="#cite_note-16">[16]</a><a href="#cite_note-17">[17]</a> <a href="/wiki/Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic</a>: قطر, <a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Arabic" title="Romanization of Arabic">romanized</a>: Qaṭar, <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style>pronounced <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Arabic" title="Help:IPA/Arabic">[ˈqɑtˤɑr]</a>, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1177148991" /><a href="/wiki/Qatari_Arabic" title="Qatari Arabic">local vernacular</a> <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA" title="Help:IPA">[ˈɡɪtˤɑr]</a><a href="#cite_note-EoI-18">[18]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic</a>: دولة قطر, <a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Arabic" title="Romanization of Arabic">romanized</a>: Dawlat Qaṭar, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1177148991" />pronounced <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Arabic" title="Help:IPA/Arabic">[ˈdawlat ˈqɑtˤɑr]</a>. </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626" /><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gco.gov.qa/wp-content/uploads/2016/09/GCO-Constitution-English.pdf">"The Constitution"</a> (PDF). Government Communications Office. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201129012504/https://www.gco.gov.qa/wp-content/uploads/2016/09/GCO-Constitution-English.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 29 November 2020. Retrieved 31 August 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Government+Communications+Office&rft.atitle=The+Constitution&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.gco.gov.qa%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2F2016%2F09%2FGCO-Constitution-English.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQatar" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-CIA-2">^ <a href="#cite_ref-CIA_2-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-CIA_2-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-CIA_2-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-CIA_2-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-CIA_2-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-CIA_2-5">f</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/qatar/">"Qatar"</a>. <a href="/wiki/CIA_World_Factbook" class="mw-redirect" title="CIA World Factbook">CIA World Factbook</a>. <a href="/wiki/Central_Intelligence_Agency" title="Central Intelligence Agency">Central Intelligence Agency</a>. 8 February 2012. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210709105408/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/qatar/">Archived</a> from the original on 9 July 2021. Retrieved 4 March 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=CIA+World+Factbook&rft.atitle=Qatar&rft.date=2012-02-08&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cia.gov%2Fthe-world-factbook%2Fcountries%2Fqatar%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQatar" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-qsa-Aug13-3"><a href="#cite_ref-qsa-Aug13_3-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180930175429/http://priyadsouza.com/population-of-qatar-by-nationality-in-2017">"Population of Qatar by nationality"</a>. Priya Dsouza. 19 August 2019. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://priyadsouza.com/population-of-qatar-by-nationality-in-2017/">the original</a> on 30 September 2018. Retrieved 19 November 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Population+of+Qatar+by+nationality&rft.pub=Priya+Dsouza&rft.date=2019-08-19&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpriyadsouza.com%2Fpopulation-of-qatar-by-nationality-in-2017%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQatar" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.qsa.gov.qa/QatarCensus/sensus_2020/pubulation-eng/Tabels/Pubulation/T06.htm">"Population By Religion, Gender And Municipality March 2020"</a>. 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This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the <a href="/wiki/Public_domain" title="Public domain">public domain</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-haya-43">^ <a href="#cite_ref-haya_43-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-haya_43-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFKhalifaRice1986" class="citation book cs1">Khalifa, Haya; Rice, Michael (1986). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=2hmbc9evgB0C">Bahrain Through the Ages: The Archaeology</a>. Routledge. pp. 79, 215. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0710301123" title="Special:BookSources/978-0710301123"><bdi>978-0710301123</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Bahrain+Through+the+Ages%3A+The+Archaeology&rft.pages=79%2C+215&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=1986&rft.isbn=978-0710301123&rft.aulast=Khalifa&rft.aufirst=Haya&rft.au=Rice%2C+Michael&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D2hmbc9evgB0C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQatar" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-thaiembassy-44">^ <a href="#cite_ref-thaiembassy_44-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-thaiembassy_44-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.qatarembassy.or.th/download/Complete_History_of_Qatar.pdf">"History of Qatar"</a> (PDF). www.qatarembassy.or.th. Ministry of Foreign Affairs. Qatar. London: Stacey International, 2000. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171010092636/http://www.qatarembassy.or.th/download/Complete_History_of_Qatar.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 10 October 2017. Retrieved 9 January 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.qatarembassy.or.th&rft.atitle=History+of+Qatar&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.qatarembassy.or.th%2Fdownload%2FComplete_History_of_Qatar.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQatar" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFRice1994" class="citation book cs1">Rice, Michael (1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=0maIAgAAQBAJ">Archaeology of the Persian Gulf</a>. Routledge. pp. 206, 232–233. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0415032681" title="Special:BookSources/978-0415032681"><bdi>978-0415032681</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Archaeology+of+the+Persian+Gulf&rft.pages=206%2C+%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E232-%3C%2Fspan%3E233&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=978-0415032681&rft.aulast=Rice&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D0maIAgAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQatar" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://brewminate.com/dilmun-ancient-polity-of-modern-bahrain-kuwait-qatar-and-saudi-arabia/">"Dilmun: Ancient Polity of Modern Bahrain, Kuwait, Qatar, and Saudi Arabia"</a>. Brewminate: A Bold Blend of News and Ideas. 14 March 2019. Retrieved 19 October 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Brewminate%3A+A+Bold+Blend+of+News+and+Ideas&rft.atitle=Dilmun%3A+Ancient+Polity+of+Modern+Bahrain%2C+Kuwait%2C+Qatar%2C+and+Saudi+Arabia&rft.date=2019-03-14&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbrewminate.com%2Fdilmun-ancient-polity-of-modern-bahrain-kuwait-qatar-and-saudi-arabia%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQatar" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sjsu.edu/faculty/watkins/sumer.htm">"SUMERIAN CIVILIZATION"</a>. www.sjsu.edu. Retrieved 19 October 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.sjsu.edu&rft.atitle=SUMERIAN+CIVILIZATION&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sjsu.edu%2Ffaculty%2Fwatkins%2Fsumer.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQatar" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFTIME1960" class="citation magazine cs1">TIME (18 April 1960). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://time.com/archive/6811703/science-home-city-of-sumer/">"Science: Home City of Sumer?"</a>. TIME. Retrieved 19 October 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=TIME&rft.atitle=Science%3A+Home+City+of+Sumer%3F&rft.date=1960-04-18&rft.au=TIME&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftime.com%2Farchive%2F6811703%2Fscience-home-city-of-sumer%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQatar" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFKramer1963" class="citation journal cs1">Kramer, S. N. (1963). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/antiquity/article/abs/dilmun-quest-for-paradise/1E05877729B4510B9CADA85307925845">"Dilmun: Quest for Paradise"</a>. Antiquity. 37 (146): 111–115. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0003598X00037212">10.1017/S0003598X00037212</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0003-598X">0003-598X</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Antiquity&rft.atitle=Dilmun%3A+Quest+for+Paradise&rft.volume=37&rft.issue=146&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E111-%3C%2Fspan%3E115&rft.date=1963&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS0003598X00037212&rft.issn=0003-598X&rft.aulast=Kramer&rft.aufirst=S.+N.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cambridge.org%2Fcore%2Fjournals%2Fantiquity%2Farticle%2Fabs%2Fdilmun-quest-for-paradise%2F1E05877729B4510B9CADA85307925845&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQatar" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMagee2014" class="citation book cs1">Magee, Peter (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=FqlkAwAAQBAJ">The Archaeology of Prehistoric Arabia</a>. Cambridge Press. pp. 50, 178. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780521862318" title="Special:BookSources/9780521862318"><bdi>9780521862318</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Archaeology+of+Prehistoric+Arabia&rft.pages=50%2C+178&rft.pub=Cambridge+Press&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=9780521862318&rft.aulast=Magee&rft.aufirst=Peter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DFqlkAwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQatar" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSterman2012" class="citation book cs1">Sterman, Baruch (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=XGdBBAAAQBAJ">Rarest Blue: The Remarkable Story Of An Ancient Color Lost To History And Rediscovered</a>. Lyons Press. pp. 21–22. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0762782222" title="Special:BookSources/978-0762782222"><bdi>978-0762782222</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Rarest+Blue%3A+The+Remarkable+Story+Of+An+Ancient+Color+Lost+To+History+And+Rediscovered&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E21-%3C%2Fspan%3E22&rft.pub=Lyons+Press&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-0762782222&rft.aulast=Sterman&rft.aufirst=Baruch&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DXGdBBAAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQatar" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFCadène2013" class="citation book cs1">Cadène, Philippe (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=fSSzAQAAQBAJ">Atlas of the Gulf States</a>. BRILL. p. 10. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9004245600" title="Special:BookSources/978-9004245600"><bdi>978-9004245600</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Atlas+of+the+Gulf+States&rft.pages=10&rft.pub=BRILL&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-9004245600&rft.aulast=Cad%C3%A8ne&rft.aufirst=Philippe&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DfSSzAQAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQatar" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.qatarembassy.or.th/download/Complete_History_of_Qatar.pdf">"History of Qatar"</a> (PDF). www.qatarembassy.or.th. Ministry of Foreign Affairs. Qatar. London: Stacey International, 2000. Retrieved 9 July 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.qatarembassy.or.th&rft.atitle=History+of+Qatar&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.qatarembassy.or.th%2Fdownload%2FComplete_History_of_Qatar.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQatar" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-gillman-54"><a href="#cite_ref-gillman_54-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGillmanKlimkeit1999" class="citation book cs1">Gillman, Ian; Klimkeit, Hans-Joachim (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=UGpr2KsbS94C">Christians in Asia Before 1500</a>. University of Michigan Press. pp. 87, 121. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0472110407" title="Special:BookSources/978-0472110407"><bdi>978-0472110407</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230801122401/https://books.google.com/books?id=UGpr2KsbS94C">Archived</a> from the original on 1 August 2023. Retrieved 23 February 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Christians+in+Asia+Before+1500&rft.pages=87%2C+121&rft.pub=University+of+Michigan+Press&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-0472110407&rft.aulast=Gillman&rft.aufirst=Ian&rft.au=Klimkeit%2C+Hans-Joachim&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DUGpr2KsbS94C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQatar" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFCommins2012" class="citation book cs1">Commins, David (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=T56CBAAAQBAJ">The Gulf States: A Modern History</a>. I. B. Tauris. p. 16. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1848852785" title="Special:BookSources/978-1848852785"><bdi>978-1848852785</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Gulf+States%3A+A+Modern+History&rft.pages=16&rft.pub=I.+B.+Tauris&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-1848852785&rft.aulast=Commins&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DT56CBAAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQatar" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a> Habibur Rahman, p. 33 </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150528053210/http://www.aub.edu.lb/communications/media/Documents/May_2011/grant-syriac-EN.pdf">"AUB academics awarded $850,000 grant for project on the Syriac writers of Qatar in the 7th century AD"</a> (PDF). American University of Beirut. 31 May 2011. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.aub.edu.lb/communications/media/Documents/May_2011/grant-syriac-EN.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 28 May 2015. Retrieved 12 May 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=AUB+academics+awarded+%24850%2C000+grant+for+project+on+the+Syriac+writers+of+Qatar+in+the+7th+century+AD&rft.pub=American+University+of+Beirut&rft.date=2011-05-31&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.aub.edu.lb%2Fcommunications%2Fmedia%2FDocuments%2FMay_2011%2Fgrant-syriac-EN.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQatar" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFKozahAbu-HusaynAl-Murikhi2014" class="citation book cs1">Kozah, Mario; <a href="/wiki/Abdulrahim_Abu-Husayn" title="Abdulrahim Abu-Husayn">Abu-Husayn, Abdulrahim</a>; Al-Murikhi, Saif Shaheen (2014). The Syriac Writers of Qatar in the Seventh Century. Gorgias Press LLC. p. 24. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1463203559" title="Special:BookSources/978-1463203559"><bdi>978-1463203559</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Syriac+Writers+of+Qatar+in+the+Seventh+Century&rft.pages=24&rft.pub=Gorgias+Press+LLC&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-1463203559&rft.aulast=Kozah&rft.aufirst=Mario&rft.au=Abu-Husayn%2C+Abdulrahim&rft.au=Al-Murikhi%2C+Saif+Shaheen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQatar" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.maritimeheritage.org/ports/bahrain.html">"Bahrain"</a>. maritimeheritage.org. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180714191117/http://www.maritimeheritage.org/ports/bahrain.html">Archived</a> from the original on 14 July 2018. Retrieved 17 January 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Bahrain&rft.pub=maritimeheritage.org&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.maritimeheritage.org%2Fports%2Fbahrain.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQatar" class="Z3988">[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:NOTRS" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:NOTRS">better source needed</a>] </li> <li id="cite_note-fromherz-60">^ <a href="#cite_ref-fromherz_60-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-fromherz_60-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-fromherz_60-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFFromherz2012" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Allen_James_Fromherz" title="Allen James Fromherz">Fromherz, Allen</a> (13 April 2012). Qatar: A Modern History. Georgetown University Press. pp. 44, 60, 98. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-58901-910-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-58901-910-2"><bdi>978-1-58901-910-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Qatar%3A+A+Modern+History&rft.pages=44%2C+60%2C+98&rft.pub=Georgetown+University+Press&rft.date=2012-04-13&rft.isbn=978-1-58901-910-2&rft.aulast=Fromherz&rft.aufirst=Allen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQatar" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-rahman-61">^ <a href="#cite_ref-rahman_61-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-rahman_61-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFRahman2006" class="citation book cs1">Rahman, Habibur (2006). The Emergence Of Qatar. Routledge. p. 34. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0710312136" title="Special:BookSources/978-0710312136"><bdi>978-0710312136</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Emergence+Of+Qatar&rft.pages=34&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0710312136&rft.aulast=Rahman&rft.aufirst=Habibur&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQatar" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=eCSOT0_JAnwC">A political chronology of the Middle East</a>. Routledge / Europa Publications. 2001. p. 192. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1857431155" title="Special:BookSources/978-1857431155"><bdi>978-1857431155</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230629132054/https://books.google.com/books?id=eCSOT0_JAnwC">Archived</a> from the original on 29 June 2023. Retrieved 23 February 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+political+chronology+of+the+Middle+East&rft.pages=192&rft.pub=Routledge+%2F+Europa+Publications&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-1857431155&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DeCSOT0_JAnwC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQatar" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-kogan-63"><a href="#cite_ref-kogan_63-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFPage2004" class="citation book cs1">Page, Kogan (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=78ACLNgHdf4C">Middle East Review 2003–04: The Economic and Business Report</a>. Kogan Page Ltd. p. 169. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0749440664" title="Special:BookSources/978-0749440664"><bdi>978-0749440664</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240328152941/https://books.google.com/books?id=78ACLNgHdf4C">Archived</a> from the original on 28 March 2024. Retrieved 23 February 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Middle+East+Review+2003%E2%80%9304%3A+The+Economic+and+Business+Report&rft.pages=169&rft.pub=Kogan+Page+Ltd&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0749440664&rft.aulast=Page&rft.aufirst=Kogan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D78ACLNgHdf4C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQatar" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=1JsAZouLOVQC">Qatar, 2012 (The Report: Qatar)</a>. Oxford Business Group. 2012. p. 233. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1907065682" title="Special:BookSources/978-1907065682"><bdi>978-1907065682</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Qatar%2C+2012+%28The+Report%3A+Qatar%29&rft.pages=233&rft.pub=Oxford+Business+Group&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-1907065682&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D1JsAZouLOVQC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQatar" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFCaseyVine1992" class="citation book cs1">Casey, Paula; Vine, Peter (1992). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/heritageofqatar00vinerich">The heritage of Qatar</a>. Immel Publishing. pp. 184–185. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780907151500" title="Special:BookSources/9780907151500"><bdi>9780907151500</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+heritage+of+Qatar&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E184-%3C%2Fspan%3E185&rft.pub=Immel+Publishing&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=9780907151500&rft.aulast=Casey&rft.aufirst=Paula&rft.au=Vine%2C+Peter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fheritageofqatar00vinerich&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQatar" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFRussell2014" class="citation book cs1">Russell, Malcolm (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=v6RjBAAAQBAJ">The Middle East and South Asia 2014</a>. Rowman & Littlefield Publishers. p. 151. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1475812350" title="Special:BookSources/978-1475812350"><bdi>978-1475812350</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Middle+East+and+South+Asia+2014&rft.pages=151&rft.pub=Rowman+%26+Littlefield+Publishers&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-1475812350&rft.aulast=Russell&rft.aufirst=Malcolm&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dv6RjBAAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQatar" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150217204727/http://qatarembassy.net/page/history">"History"</a>. qatarembassy.net. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.qatarembassy.net/page/history">the original</a> on 17 February 2015. Retrieved 18 January 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=History&rft.pub=qatarembassy.net&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.qatarembassy.net%2Fpage%2Fhistory&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQatar" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFLarsen1984" class="citation book cs1">Larsen, Curtis (1984). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Q65mRSPPU6UC">Life and Land Use on the Bahrain Islands: The Geoarchaeology of an Ancient Society (Prehistoric Archeology and Ecology series)</a>. University of Chicago Press. p. 54. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0226469065" title="Special:BookSources/978-0226469065"><bdi>978-0226469065</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240328152942/https://books.google.com/books?id=Q65mRSPPU6UC">Archived</a> from the original on 28 March 2024. Retrieved 23 February 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Life+and+Land+Use+on+the+Bahrain+Islands%3A+The+Geoarchaeology+of+an+Ancient+Society+%28Prehistoric+Archeology+and+Ecology+series%29&rft.pages=54&rft.pub=University+of+Chicago+Press&rft.date=1984&rft.isbn=978-0226469065&rft.aulast=Larsen&rft.aufirst=Curtis&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DQ65mRSPPU6UC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQatar" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-mohamed-69">^ <a href="#cite_ref-mohamed_69-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-mohamed_69-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFAlthani2013" class="citation book cs1">Althani, Mohamed (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=X_J9kiBRdIgC">Jassim the Leader: Founder of Qatar</a>. Profile Books. p. 16. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1781250709" title="Special:BookSources/978-1781250709"><bdi>978-1781250709</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231212120320/https://books.google.com/books?id=X_J9kiBRdIgC">Archived</a> from the original on 12 December 2023. Retrieved 23 February 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Jassim+the+Leader%3A+Founder+of+Qatar&rft.pages=16&rft.pub=Profile+Books&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-1781250709&rft.aulast=Althani&rft.aufirst=Mohamed&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DX_J9kiBRdIgC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQatar" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-gillespie-70"><a href="#cite_ref-gillespie_70-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGillespie2002" class="citation book cs1">Gillespie, Carol Ann (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=OoR1e79B3mAC">Bahrain (Modern World Nations)</a>. Chelsea House Publications. p. 31. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0791067796" title="Special:BookSources/978-0791067796"><bdi>978-0791067796</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240328152942/https://books.google.com/books?id=OoR1e79B3mAC">Archived</a> from the original on 28 March 2024. Retrieved 23 February 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Bahrain+%28Modern+World+Nations%29&rft.pages=31&rft.pub=Chelsea+House+Publications&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0791067796&rft.aulast=Gillespie&rft.aufirst=Carol+Ann&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DOoR1e79B3mAC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQatar" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFAnscombe1997" class="citation book cs1">Anscombe, Frederick (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=og5vjx2V_xoC">The Ottoman Gulf: The Creation of Kuwait, Saudi Arabia, and Qatar</a>. Columbia University Press. p. 12. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0231108393" title="Special:BookSources/978-0231108393"><bdi>978-0231108393</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240328152955/https://books.google.com/books?id=og5vjx2V_xoC">Archived</a> from the original on 28 March 2024. Retrieved 23 February 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Ottoman+Gulf%3A+The+Creation+of+Kuwait%2C+Saudi+Arabia%2C+and+Qatar&rft.pages=12&rft.pub=Columbia+University+Press&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-0231108393&rft.aulast=Anscombe&rft.aufirst=Frederick&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dog5vjx2V_xoC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQatar" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mytrip.sa/tour/tarot-island/">"Tarot Island • MyTrip Saudi Tour Operator - رحلتي السياحية"</a>. MyTrip Saudi Tour Operator - رحلتي السياحية. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240111165659/https://mytrip.sa/tour/tarot-island/">Archived</a> from the original on 11 January 2024. Retrieved 11 January 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=MyTrip+Saudi+Tour+Operator+-+%D8%B1%D8%AD%D9%84%D8%AA%D9%8A+%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%AD%D9%8A%D8%A9&rft.atitle=Tarot+Island+%E2%80%A2+MyTrip+Saudi+Tour+Operator+-+%D8%B1%D8%AD%D9%84%D8%AA%D9%8A+%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%AD%D9%8A%D8%A9&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmytrip.sa%2Ftour%2Ftarot-island%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQatar" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFPetersenAl-NaimiGreyEdwards2016" class="citation journal cs1">Petersen, Andrew; Al-Naimi, Faisal Abdullah; Grey, Tony; Edwards, Ifan; Hill, Austin; Russ, Hannah; Williams, Dee (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/33395202">"Ruwayda: an historic urban settlement in north Qatar"</a>. Post-Medieval Archaeology. 50 (2): 321. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F00794236.2016.1229093">10.1080/00794236.2016.1229093</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0079-4236">0079-4236</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:164311802">164311802</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Post-Medieval+Archaeology&rft.atitle=Ruwayda%3A+an+historic+urban+settlement+in+north+Qatar&rft.volume=50&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=321&rft.date=2016&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A164311802%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=0079-4236&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F00794236.2016.1229093&rft.aulast=Petersen&rft.aufirst=Andrew&rft.au=Al-Naimi%2C+Faisal+Abdullah&rft.au=Grey%2C+Tony&rft.au=Edwards%2C+Ifan&rft.au=Hill%2C+Austin&rft.au=Russ%2C+Hannah&rft.au=Williams%2C+Dee&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F33395202&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQatar" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://gis.psa.gov.qa/QatarAtlas/History">"Qatar Timeline"</a>. Planning and Statistics Authority (Qatar). Retrieved 26 June 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Qatar+Timeline&rft.pub=Planning+and+Statistics+Authority+%28Qatar%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fgis.psa.gov.qa%2FQatarAtlas%2FHistory&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQatar" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFPotter2010" class="citation book cs1">Potter, Lawrence (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ncfIAAAAQBAJ">The Persian Gulf in History</a>. Palgrave Macmillan. p. 262. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0230612822" title="Special:BookSources/978-0230612822"><bdi>978-0230612822</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240328153108/https://books.google.com/books?id=ncfIAAAAQBAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 28 March 2024. Retrieved 23 February 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Persian+Gulf+in+History&rft.pages=262&rft.pub=Palgrave+Macmillan&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0230612822&rft.aulast=Potter&rft.aufirst=Lawrence&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DncfIAAAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQatar" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-frauke-76">^ <a href="#cite_ref-frauke_76-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-frauke_76-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHeard-Bey2008" class="citation book cs1">Heard-Bey, Frauke (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=mIqNAwAAQBAJ">From Tribe to State. The Transformation of Political Structure in Five States of the GCC</a>. EDUCatt - Ente per il diritto allo studio universitario dell'Università Cattolica. p. 39. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-88-8311-602-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-88-8311-602-5"><bdi>978-88-8311-602-5</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240328152943/https://books.google.com/books?id=mIqNAwAAQBAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 28 March 2024. 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Retrieved 14 June 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=GMA+News+Online&rft.atitle=Filipino+woman+gets+100+lashes+for+giving+birth+in+Qatar&rft.date=2006-06-30&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.gmanetwork.com%2Fnews%2Fstory%2F9758%2Fnews%2Fnation%2Ffilipino-woman-gets-100-lashes-for-giving-birth-in-qatar%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQatar" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-137"><a href="#cite_ref-137">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/politics/special-report-the-punishment-was-death-by-stoning-the-crime-having-a-mobile-phone-8846585.html">"Special report: The punishment was death by stoning. The crime? Having"</a>. 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Retrieved 10 September 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Independent&rft.atitle=Special+report%3A+The+punishment+was+death+by+stoning.+The+crime%3F+Having&rft.date=2013-09-28&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.independent.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fworld%2Fpolitics%2Fspecial-report-the-punishment-was-death-by-stoning-the-crime-having-a-mobile-phone-8846585.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQatar" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-iheu-138">^ <a href="#cite_ref-iheu_138-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-iheu_138-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFJenifer_Fenton" class="citation news cs1">Jenifer Fenton. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://iheu.org/religious-law-prison-for-blasphemy-severe-sexual-inequalilty-qatars-human-rights-review/">"Religious law, prison for "blasphemy", severe sexual inequalilty: Qatar's human rights review"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150318210908/http://iheu.org/religious-law-prison-for-blasphemy-severe-sexual-inequalilty-qatars-human-rights-review/">Archived</a> from the original on 18 March 2015. 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Qatar Loving. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210224170401/https://www.qatarloving.com/qatar-distribution-company">Archived</a> from the original on 24 February 2021. Retrieved 5 August 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Qatar+Distribution+Company&rft.pub=Qatar+Loving&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.qatarloving.com%2Fqatar-distribution-company&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQatar" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-144"><a href="#cite_ref-144">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110501044507/http://www.qatarvisitor.com/index.php?cID=414&pID=1053">"Purchasing Alcohol in Qatar"</a>. Qatar Visitor. 2 June 2007. 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The New York Times. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220316091302/https://www.nytimes.com/2022/01/31/us/politics/biden-qatar-nato.html">Archived</a> from the original on 16 March 2022. Retrieved 14 February 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Biden+Designates+Qatar+as+a+Major+Non-NATO+Ally&rft.date=2022-01-31&rft.aulast=Shear&rft.aufirst=Michael+D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2022%2F01%2F31%2Fus%2Fpolitics%2Fbiden-qatar-nato.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQatar" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-150"><a href="#cite_ref-150">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.lemonde.fr/en/m-le-mag/article/2022/11/19/qatar-and-france-fifty-years-of-advantageous-friendship_6004912_117.html">"Qatar and France: 50 years of advantageous friendship"</a>. 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Retrieved 28 December 2022 – via Le Monde.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Le+Monde.fr&rft.atitle=Qatar+and+France%3A+50+years+of+advantageous+friendship&rft.date=2022-11-19&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.lemonde.fr%2Fen%2Fm-le-mag%2Farticle%2F2022%2F11%2F19%2Fqatar-and-france-fifty-years-of-advantageous-friendship_6004912_117.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQatar" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-151"><a href="#cite_ref-151">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gulf-times.com/story/599134/Qatar-China-enjoy-strong-ties-based-on-respect">"Qatar, China enjoy strong ties based on respect"</a>. 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Retrieved 5 June 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Six+nations+cut+diplomatic+ties+to+Qatar+as+Arab+rift+deepens&rft.date=2017-06-05&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hurriyetdailynews.com%2Fsix-nations-cut-diplomatic-ties-to-qatar-as-arab-rift-deepens.aspx%3FpageID%3D238%26nID%3D113926%26NewsCatID%3D352&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQatar" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-guard-170"><a href="#cite_ref-guard_170-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/world/2017/jun/05/saudi-arabia-and-bahrain-break-diplomatic-ties-with-qatar-over-terrorism">"Saudi Arabia, UAE, Egypt and Bahrain break diplomatic ties with Qatar over 'terrorism'"</a>. 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Retrieved 9 September 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Qatar+appoints+first+ambassador+to+Saudi+Arabia+Since+Rift&rft.pub=Al+Jazeera&rft.date=2021-08&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.aljazeera.com%2Fnews%2F2021%2F8%2F11%2Fqatar-appoints-first-ambassador-to-saudi-arabia-since-rift&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQatar" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-172"><a href="#cite_ref-172">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFCarla_Mascarenhas2023" class="citation news cs1">Carla Mascarenhas (26 May 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.news.com.au/travel/terrified-humiliated-invasive-strip-search-lawsuit-against-qatar-airlines-gains-momentum/news-story/c1c1fb598202cdb5bcb10ac5976d822e">"'Terrified, humiliated': Invasive strip search lawsuit against Qatar Airlines gains momentum"</a>. <a href="/wiki/News.com.au" title="News.com.au">news.com.au</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230525214403/https://www.news.com.au/travel/terrified-humiliated-invasive-strip-search-lawsuit-against-qatar-airlines-gains-momentum/news-story/c1c1fb598202cdb5bcb10ac5976d822e">Archived</a> from the original on 25 May 2023. 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October 2016. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170110023135/http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2016/02/weodata/weorept.aspx?pr.x=34&pr.y=13&sy=2015&ey=2015&scsm=1&ssd=1&sort=country&ds=.&br=1&c=512%2C672%2C914%2C946%2C612%2C137%2C614%2C546%2C311%2C962%2C213%2C674%2C911%2C676%2C193%2C548%2C122%2C556%2C912%2C678%2C313%2C181%2C419%2C867%2C513%2C682%2C316%2C684%2C913%2C273%2C124%2C868%2C339%2C921%2C638%2C948%2C514%2C943%2C218%2C686%2C963%2C688%2C616%2C518%2C223%2C728%2C516%2C558%2C918%2C138%2C748%2C196%2C618%2C278%2C624%2C692%2C522%2C694%2C622%2C142%2C156%2C449%2C626%2C564%2C628%2C565%2C228%2C283%2C924%2C853%2C233%2C288%2C632%2C293%2C636%2C566%2C634%2C964%2C238%2C182%2C662%2C359%2C960%2C453%2C423%2C968%2C935%2C922%2C128%2C714%2C611%2C862%2C321%2C135%2C243%2C716%2C248%2C456%2C469%2C722%2C253%2C942%2C642%2C718%2C643%2C724%2C939%2C576%2C644%2C936%2C819%2C961%2C172%2C813%2C132%2C199%2C646%2C733%2C648%2C184%2C915%2C524%2C134%2C361%2C652%2C362%2C174%2C364%2C328%2C732%2C258%2C366%2C656%2C734%2C654%2C144%2C336%2C146%2C263%2C463%2C268%2C528%2C532%2C923%2C944%2C738%2C176%2C578%2C534%2C537%2C536%2C742%2C429%2C866%2C433%2C369%2C178%2C744%2C436%2C186%2C136%2C925%2C343%2C869%2C158%2C746%2C439%2C926%2C916%2C466%2C664%2C112%2C826%2C111%2C542%2C298%2C967%2C927%2C443%2C846%2C917%2C299%2C544%2C582%2C941%2C474%2C446%2C754%2C666%2C698%2C668&s=NGDPDPC&grp=0&a=">Archived</a> from the original on 10 January 2017. Retrieved 4 January 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Report+for+Selected+Countries+and+Subjects+%28PPP+valuation+of+country+GDP%29&rft.pub=IMF&rft.date=2016-10&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.imf.org%2Fexternal%2Fpubs%2Fft%2Fweo%2F2016%2F02%2Fweodata%2Fweorept.aspx%3Fpr.x%3D34%26pr.y%3D13%26sy%3D2015%26ey%3D2015%26scsm%3D1%26ssd%3D1%26sort%3Dcountry%26ds%3D.%26br%3D1%26c%3D512%252C672%252C914%252C946%252C612%252C137%252C614%252C546%252C311%252C962%252C213%252C674%252C911%252C676%252C193%252C548%252C122%252C556%252C912%252C678%252C313%252C181%252C419%252C867%252C513%252C682%252C316%252C684%252C913%252C273%252C124%252C868%252C339%252C921%252C638%252C948%252C514%252C943%252C218%252C686%252C963%252C688%252C616%252C518%252C223%252C728%252C516%252C558%252C918%252C138%252C748%252C196%252C618%252C278%252C624%252C692%252C522%252C694%252C622%252C142%252C156%252C449%252C626%252C564%252C628%252C565%252C228%252C283%252C924%252C853%252C233%252C288%252C632%252C293%252C636%252C566%252C634%252C964%252C238%252C182%252C662%252C359%252C960%252C453%252C423%252C968%252C935%252C922%252C128%252C714%252C611%252C862%252C321%252C135%252C243%252C716%252C248%252C456%252C469%252C722%252C253%252C942%252C642%252C718%252C643%252C724%252C939%252C576%252C644%252C936%252C819%252C961%252C172%252C813%252C132%252C199%252C646%252C733%252C648%252C184%252C915%252C524%252C134%252C361%252C652%252C362%252C174%252C364%252C328%252C732%252C258%252C366%252C656%252C734%252C654%252C144%252C336%252C146%252C263%252C463%252C268%252C528%252C532%252C923%252C944%252C738%252C176%252C578%252C534%252C537%252C536%252C742%252C429%252C866%252C433%252C369%252C178%252C744%252C436%252C186%252C136%252C925%252C343%252C869%252C158%252C746%252C439%252C926%252C916%252C466%252C664%252C112%252C826%252C111%252C542%252C298%252C967%252C927%252C443%252C846%252C917%252C299%252C544%252C582%252C941%252C474%252C446%252C754%252C666%252C698%252C668%26s%3DNGDPDPC%26grp%3D0%26a%3D&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQatar" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-233"><a href="#cite_ref-233">^</a> Bill Crane (20 April 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jacobinmag.com/2015/04/gulf-states-slave-labor-migrant-workers/">Gravediggers of the Gulf</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171010092113/https://www.jacobinmag.com/2015/04/gulf-states-slave-labor-migrant-workers/">Archived</a> 10 October 2017 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. <a href="/wiki/Jacobin_(magazine)" title="Jacobin (magazine)">Jacobin</a>. Retrieved 20 April 2015. </li> <li id="cite_note-234"><a href="#cite_ref-234">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.hrw.org/news/2012/06/12/qatar-migrant-construction-workers-face-abuse">"Qatar: Migrant Construction Workers Face Abuse"</a>. Human Rights Watch. 12 June 2012. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151016072824/https://www.hrw.org/news/2012/06/12/qatar-migrant-construction-workers-face-abuse">Archived</a> from the original on 16 October 2015. Retrieved 4 December 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Qatar%3A+Migrant+Construction+Workers+Face+Abuse&rft.pub=Human+Rights+Watch&rft.date=2012-06-12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.hrw.org%2Fnews%2F2012%2F06%2F12%2Fqatar-migrant-construction-workers-face-abuse&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQatar" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-235"><a href="#cite_ref-235">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.onlineqatar.com/info/tourist-info.aspx">"Qatar tourist guide"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180616153325/https://www.onlineqatar.com/info/tourist-info.aspx">Archived</a> from the original on 16 June 2018. Retrieved 14 February 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Qatar+tourist+guide&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.onlineqatar.com%2Finfo%2Ftourist-info.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQatar" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-strangepow-236">^ <a href="#cite_ref-strangepow_236-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-strangepow_236-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-strangepow_236-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation magazine cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nybooks.com/articles/archives/2011/oct/27/strange-power-qatar/?pagination=false">"The Strange Power of Qatar by Hugh Eakin"</a>. The New York Review of Books. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150906071533/http://www.nybooks.com/articles/archives/2011/oct/27/strange-power-qatar/?pagination=false">Archived</a> from the original on 6 September 2015. Retrieved 16 June 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Review+of+Books&rft.atitle=The+Strange+Power+of+Qatar+by+Hugh+Eakin&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nybooks.com%2Farticles%2Farchives%2F2011%2Foct%2F27%2Fstrange-power-qatar%2F%3Fpagination%3Dfalse&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQatar" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-237"><a href="#cite_ref-237">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130116235824/http://export.gov/qatar/static/2012%20CCG%20Qatar%20Final_Latest_eg_qa_050999.pdf">"Doing Business in Qatar: 2012 Country Commercial Guide for U.S. Companies"</a> (PDF). US & Foreign Commercial Service And US Department of State. 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Retrieved 30 December 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Financial+Times&rft.atitle=New+Qatar+emir+shakes+up+sovereign+wealth+fund&rft.date=2013-10-28&rft.aulast=Kortekaas&rft.aufirst=Vanessa&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ft.com%2Fintl%2Fcms%2Fs%2F0%2F90b2885a-3d85-11e3-9928-00144feab7de.html%23axzz2kYginHGM&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQatar" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-240"><a href="#cite_ref-240">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.forbes.com/sites/bethgreenfield/2012/02/22/the-worlds-richest-countries/">"The World's Richest Countries"</a>. Forbes. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180131151855/https://www.forbes.com/sites/bethgreenfield/2012/02/22/the-worlds-richest-countries/">Archived</a> from the original on 31 January 2018. Retrieved 10 September 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Forbes&rft.atitle=The+World%27s+Richest+Countries&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.forbes.com%2Fsites%2Fbethgreenfield%2F2012%2F02%2F22%2Fthe-worlds-richest-countries%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQatar" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-241"><a href="#cite_ref-241">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.berryreview.com/2013/11/06/quatar-holding-llc-among-investors-in-blackberrys-1-billion-convertible-debt/">"Qatar Holding LLC Among Investors in BlackBerrys $1 Billion Convertible Debt"</a>. Berryreview.com. 6 November 2013. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171010092113/http://www.berryreview.com/2013/11/06/quatar-holding-llc-among-investors-in-blackberrys-1-billion-convertible-debt/">Archived</a> from the original on 10 October 2017. Retrieved 30 December 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Qatar+Holding+LLC+Among+Investors+in+BlackBerrys+%241+Billion+Convertible+Debt&rft.pub=Berryreview.com&rft.date=2013-11-06&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.berryreview.com%2F2013%2F11%2F06%2Fquatar-holding-llc-among-investors-in-blackberrys-1-billion-convertible-debt%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQatar" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-242"><a href="#cite_ref-242">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHall2013" class="citation web cs1">Hall, Camilla (30 October 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ft.com/intl/cms/s/0/2b1628f4-40b3-11e3-ae19-00144feabdc0.html#axzz2kYkTnRz9">"Qatar fund quietly builds $1bn Bank of America stake"</a>. Financial Times. Retrieved 30 December 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Financial+Times&rft.atitle=Qatar+fund+quietly+builds+%241bn+Bank+of+America+stake&rft.date=2013-10-30&rft.aulast=Hall&rft.aufirst=Camilla&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ft.com%2Fintl%2Fcms%2Fs%2F0%2F2b1628f4-40b3-11e3-ae19-00144feabdc0.html%23axzz2kYkTnRz9&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQatar" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-243"><a href="#cite_ref-243">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHall2013" class="citation web cs1">Hall, Camilla (4 July 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ft.com/intl/cms/s/2/dc99ef1e-de45-11e2-9b47-00144feab7de.html#slide0">"Qatar: what's next for the world's most aggressive deal hunter?"</a>. Financial Times. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160619043411/http://www.ft.com/intl/cms/s/2/dc99ef1e-de45-11e2-9b47-00144feab7de.html#slide0">Archived</a> from the original on 19 June 2016. 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The Economist. 1 January 2011. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171018120109/http://www.economist.com/node/17797006">Archived</a> from the original on 18 October 2017. Retrieved 16 June 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Economist&rft.atitle=Art+in+Qatar%3A+A+Smithsonian+in+the+sand&rft.date=2011-01-01&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.economist.com%2Fnode%2F17797006&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQatar" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-307"><a href="#cite_ref-307">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150402092712/http://www.qma.org.qa/online/index.php/en/about-us/board-of-trustees">"QMA Board of Trustees"</a>. Qatar Museums Authority. 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Chaos International. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141025103108/http://www.chaos-international.org/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=580:the-political-trump-cards-of-cultural-potency-qatars-policy-of-cultural-grandeur&catid=49:list-of-pac&directory=65&lang=fr&d0be771fd5b4869be0ea91b8cce6b72e=306e651d1e1820724639ce6e92e6acf3">Archived</a> from the original on 25 October 2014. 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Al Jasra Cultural and Social Club. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180827075610/http://aljasra.org/archive/cms/?p=2727">Archived</a> from the original on 27 August 2018. 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Scheindlin & Michael Sells (1992). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Pk5TA0sfERIC&pg=PA448">Modern Arabic Literature</a>. Vol. 3. Cambridge University Press. p. 448. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780521331975" title="Special:BookSources/9780521331975"><bdi>9780521331975</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Modern+Arabic+Literature&rft.pages=448&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=9780521331975&rft.au=Mu%E1%B8%A5ammad+Mu%E1%B9%A3%E1%B9%ADaf%C3%A1+Badaw%C4%AB&rft.au=Muhammad+Mustafa+Badawi&rft.au=M.+M.+Badawi&rft.au=Mar%C3%ADa+Rosa+Menocal&rft.au=Raymond+P.+Scheindlin&rft.au=Michael+Sells&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DPk5TA0sfERIC%26pg%3DPA448&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQatar" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-freedomhouse1-312">^ <a href="#cite_ref-freedomhouse1_312-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-freedomhouse1_312-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190330170221/https://freedomhouse.org/report/freedom-press/2014/qatar#.VL1KFkfF95a">"Qatar Freedom of the Press"</a>. 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Retrieved 24 March 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Qatar+National+Development+Strategy+2011~2016&rft.place=Doha%2C+Qatar&rft.pub=Gulf+Publishing+and+Printing+Company&rft.date=2011-03&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.gsdp.gov.qa%2Fportal%2Fpage%2Fportal%2Fgsdp_en%2Fknowledge_center%2FTab%2FQatar_NDS_reprint_complete_lowres_16May.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQatar" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-365"><a href="#cite_ref-365">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140419220638/http://www.qu.edu.qa/offices/research/CAM/dmsprogram/index.php">"Welcome to Al-Bairaq World"</a>. Qu.edu.qa. 6 March 2014. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.qu.edu.qa/offices/research/CAM/dmsprogram/index.php">the original</a> on 19 April 2014. Retrieved 14 July 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Welcome+to+Al-Bairaq+World&rft.pub=Qu.edu.qa&rft.date=2014-03-06&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.qu.edu.qa%2Foffices%2Fresearch%2FCAM%2Fdmsprogram%2Findex.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQatar" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-366"><a href="#cite_ref-366">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.qatar.tamu.edu/news-and-events/news/2021/01/26/qf-partner-texas-a-and-m-at-qatar-receives-11-qnrf-grants-for-research-to-benefit-qatar/">"QF partner Texas A&M at Qatar receives 11 QNRF grants for research to benefit Qatar"</a>. Texas A&M University at Qatar. 26 January 2021. Retrieved 2 September 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=QF+partner+Texas+A%26M+at+Qatar+receives+11+QNRF+grants+for+research+to+benefit+Qatar&rft.pub=Texas+A%26M+University+at+Qatar&rft.date=2021-01-26&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.qatar.tamu.edu%2Fnews-and-events%2Fnews%2F2021%2F01%2F26%2Fqf-partner-texas-a-and-m-at-qatar-receives-11-qnrf-grants-for-research-to-benefit-qatar%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQatar" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-367"><a href="#cite_ref-367">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGremmBarthFietkiewiczStock2017" class="citation book cs1">Gremm, Julia; Barth, Julia; Fietkiewicz, Kaja J.; Stock, Wolfgang G. 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Springer International Publishing. p. 49. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9783319711959" title="Special:BookSources/9783319711959"><bdi>9783319711959</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Transitioning+Towards+a+Knowledge+Society&rft.pages=49&rft.pub=Springer+International+Publishing&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=9783319711959&rft.aulast=Gremm&rft.aufirst=Julia&rft.au=Barth%2C+Julia&rft.au=Fietkiewicz%2C+Kaja+J.&rft.au=Stock%2C+Wolfgang+G.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dx9FBDwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQatar" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-menon-368">^ <a href="#cite_ref-menon_368-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-menon_368-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFVineetha_Menon2009" class="citation news cs1">Vineetha Menon (23 February 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.arabianbusiness.com/qatar-foundation-pumps-800-million-into-r-d-hub-65118.html">"Qatar Foundation pumps $800 million into R&D hub"</a>. Arabian Business. Retrieved 2 September 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Arabian+Business&rft.atitle=Qatar+Foundation+pumps+%24800+million+into+R%26D+hub&rft.date=2009-02-23&rft.au=Vineetha+Menon&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.arabianbusiness.com%2Fqatar-foundation-pumps-800-million-into-r-d-hub-65118.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQatar" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-369"><a href="#cite_ref-369">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFLesley_Walker2015" class="citation web cs1">Lesley Walker (14 July 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://dohanews.co/qatari-spanish-jv-win-qr1-6bn-contract-to-build-new-economic-zone/">"Qatari-Spanish JV win QR1.6bn contract to build new economic zone"</a>. Doha News. Retrieved 2 September 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Qatari-Spanish+JV+win+QR1.6bn+contract+to+build+new+economic+zone&rft.pub=Doha+News&rft.date=2015-07-14&rft.au=Lesley+Walker&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdohanews.co%2Fqatari-spanish-jv-win-qr1-6bn-contract-to-build-new-economic-zone%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQatar" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBantekasAl-Ahmed2023" class="citation book cs1">Bantekas, Ilias; Al-Ahmed, Ahmed (2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/contract-law-of-qatar/F2DD12EA391FE77B26948ED57D5E185E">Contract Law of Qatar</a>. <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781009052009" title="Special:BookSources/9781009052009"><bdi>9781009052009</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Contract+Law+of+Qatar&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2023&rft.isbn=9781009052009&rft.aulast=Bantekas&rft.aufirst=Ilias&rft.au=Al-Ahmed%2C+Ahmed&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cambridge.org%2Fcore%2Fbooks%2Fcontract-law-of-qatar%2FF2DD12EA391FE77B26948ED57D5E185E&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQatar" class="Z3988"></li> <li>Bianco, C. (2020b). A Gulf apart: How Europe can gain influence with the Gulf Cooperation Council. European Council on Foreign Relations, February 2020.</li> <li>Bianco, C. (2021). Can Europe Choreograph a Saudi-Iranian Détente? European University Institute, Robert Schuman Center for Advanced Studies, Middle East Directions.</li> <li>Bianco, C., & Stansfield, G. (2018). The intra-GCC crises: Mapping GCC fragmentation after 2011. International Affairs, 94(3), 613–635.</li> <li>Miniaoui, Héla, ed. Economic Development in the Gulf Cooperation Council Countries: From Rentier States to Diversified Economies. Vol. 1. Springer Nature, 2020.</li> <li>Guzansky, Y., & Even, S. (2020). The economic crisis in the Gulf States: A challenge to the “contract” between rulers and ruled. INSS Insight No. 1327, 1 June 2020.</li> <li>Guzansky, Y., & Marshall, Z. A. (2020). The Abraham accords: Immediate significance and long-term implications. Israel Journal of Foreign Affairs, 1–11.</li> <li>Guzansky, Y., & Segal, E. (2020). All in the family: Leadership changes in the Gulf. INSS Insight No. 1378, 30 August 2020.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFScott-Jackson2021" class="citation book cs1">Scott-Jackson, Julie (2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.archaeopress.com/Archaeopress/Products/9781803270500">Qatar: Evidence of the Palaeolithic Earliest People Revealed</a>. <a href="/wiki/Archaeopress" title="Archaeopress">Archaeopress</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781803270517" title="Special:BookSources/9781803270517"><bdi>9781803270517</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Qatar%3A+Evidence+of+the+Palaeolithic+Earliest+People+Revealed&rft.pub=Archaeopress&rft.date=2021&rft.isbn=9781803270517&rft.aulast=Scott-Jackson&rft.aufirst=Julie&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.archaeopress.com%2FArchaeopress%2FProducts%2F9781803270500&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQatar" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFTauschHeshmatiKaroui2015" class="citation book cs1">Tausch, Arno; Heshmati, Almas; Karoui, Hichem (2015). The political algebra of global value change. General models and implications for the Muslim world (1st ed.). New York: Nova Science. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-62948-899-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-62948-899-8"><bdi>978-1-62948-899-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+political+algebra+of+global+value+change.+General+models+and+implications+for+the+Muslim+world&rft.place=New+York&rft.edition=1st&rft.pub=Nova+Science&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-1-62948-899-8&rft.aulast=Tausch&rft.aufirst=Arno&rft.au=Heshmati%2C+Almas&rft.au=Karoui%2C+Hichem&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQatar" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFTausch2021" class="citation book cs1">Tausch, Arno (2021). The Future of the Gulf Region: Value Change and Global Cycles. Gulf Studies, Volume 2, edited by Prof. Mizanur Rahman, Qatar University (1st ed.). Cham, Switzerland: Springer. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-030-78298-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-030-78298-6"><bdi>978-3-030-78298-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Future+of+the+Gulf+Region%3A+Value+Change+and+Global+Cycles.+Gulf+Studies%2C+Volume+2%2C+edited+by+Prof.+Mizanur+Rahman%2C+Qatar+University&rft.place=Cham%2C+Switzerland&rft.edition=1st&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=2021&rft.isbn=978-3-030-78298-6&rft.aulast=Tausch&rft.aufirst=Arno&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQatar" class="Z3988"></li> <li>Woertz, Eckart. "Wither the self-sufficiency illusion? Food security in Arab Gulf States and the impact of COVID-19." Food Security 12.4 (2020): 757–760.</li> <li>Zweiri, Mahjoob, Md Mizanur Rahman, and Arwa Kamal, eds. The 2017 Gulf Crisis: An Interdisciplinary Approach. Vol. 3. Springer Nature, 2020.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style 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class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Qatar%E2%80%93Saudi_Arabia_border" title="Qatar–Saudi Arabia border">Border</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Qatar" title="List of cities in Qatar">Cities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_of_Qatar" title="List of islands of Qatar">Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Municipalities_of_Qatar" title="Municipalities of Qatar">Municipalities</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Zones_of_Qatar" title="Zones of Qatar">Zones</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_protected_areas_of_Qatar" class="mw-redirect" title="List of protected areas of Qatar">Protected areas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Time_in_Qatar" title="Time in Qatar">Time in Qatar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_wadis_of_Qatar" title="List of wadis of Qatar">Wadis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wildlife_of_Qatar" title="Wildlife of Qatar">Wildlife</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Qatar" title="Politics of Qatar">Politics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cabinet_of_Qatar" title="Cabinet of Qatar">Cabinet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Qatar" title="Constitution of Qatar">Constitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Consultative_Assembly_of_Qatar" title="Consultative Assembly of Qatar">Consultative Assembly (parliament)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_emirs_of_Qatar" class="mw-redirect" title="List of emirs of Qatar">Emir</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/House_of_Al_Thani" class="mw-redirect" title="House of Al Thani">House of Al Thani</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Qatar" title="Foreign relations of Qatar">Foreign relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Qatar" title="Human rights in Qatar">Human rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_Qatar" title="Law enforcement in Qatar">Law enforcement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qatar_Armed_Forces" title="Qatar Armed Forces">Military</a> (<a href="/wiki/Qatari_Emiri_Navy" title="Qatari Emiri Navy"> Navy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qatar_Emiri_Air_Force" title="Qatar Emiri Air Force">Air Force</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qatar_Amiri_Guard" title="Qatar Amiri Guard">Amiri Guard</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_prime_ministers_of_Qatar" class="mw-redirect" title="List of prime ministers of Qatar">Prime Minister</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Visa_policy_of_Qatar" title="Visa policy of Qatar">Visa policy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Qatar" title="Economy of Qatar">Economy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_Qatar" title="Agriculture in Qatar">Agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_in_Qatar" title="Energy in Qatar">Energy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural_gas_in_Qatar" title="Natural gas in Qatar">Natural gas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qatari_riyal" title="Qatari riyal">Riyal (currency)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qatar_Exchange" class="mw-redirect" title="Qatar Exchange">Stock exchange</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Qatar" title="Telecommunications in Qatar">Telecommunications</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Qatar" title="Transport in Qatar">Transport</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Society_of_Qatar" title="Category:Society of Qatar">Society</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Crime_in_Qatar" title="Crime in Qatar">Crime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Qatar" title="Demographics of Qatar">Demographics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Qatar" title="Education in Qatar">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_in_Qatar" title="Health in Qatar">Health</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Healthcare_in_Qatar" title="Healthcare in Qatar">Healthcare</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qataris" title="Qataris">Qataris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Qatar" title="Religion in Qatar">Religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Qatar" title="Women in Qatar">Women</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Qatar" title="Culture of Qatar">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/As_Salam_al_Amiri" class="mw-redirect" title="As Salam al Amiri">Anthem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_Qatar" title="Architecture of Qatar">Architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qatari_art" title="Qatari art">Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Qatar" title="Cinema of Qatar">Cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qatari_clothing" title="Qatari clothing">Clothing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qatari_cuisine" title="Qatari cuisine">Cuisine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emblem_of_Qatar" title="Emblem of Qatar">Emblem of Qatar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Qatar" title="Flag of Qatar">Flag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qatari_folklore" title="Qatari folklore">Folklore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qatari_literature" title="Qatari literature">Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_of_Qatar" class="mw-redirect" title="Media of Qatar">Media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Qatar" title="Music of Qatar">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_holidays_in_Qatar" title="Public holidays in Qatar">Public holidays</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sport_in_Qatar" title="Sport in Qatar">Sports</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Television_in_Qatar" title="Television in Qatar">Television</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theatre_of_Qatar" title="Theatre of Qatar">Theatre</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="font-weight:bold;"><div><div style="margin-bottom:-0.4em;"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Qatar" title="Outline of Qatar">Outline</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Qatar-related_topics" title="List of Qatar-related topics">Index</a></li></ul></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Qatar" title="Category:Qatar">Category</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Related_articles83" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#e8e8ff;"><div id="Related_articles83" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Related articles</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;font-size:114%"><div style="padding:0px"> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Countries_and_dependencies_of_Asia997" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Countries_of_Asia" title="Template:Countries of Asia"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Countries_of_Asia" title="Template talk:Countries of Asia"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Countries_of_Asia" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Countries of Asia"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Countries_and_dependencies_of_Asia997" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_sovereign_states_and_dependent_territories_in_Asia" title="List of sovereign states and dependent territories in Asia">Countries and dependencies</a> of <a href="/wiki/Asia" title="Asia">Asia</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sovereign_state" title="Sovereign state">Sovereign states</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Afghanistan" title="Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenia" title="Armenia">Armenia</a>2</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azerbaijan" title="Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a>1</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bahrain" title="Bahrain">Bahrain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bangladesh" title="Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhutan" title="Bhutan">Bhutan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brunei" title="Brunei">Brunei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cambodia" title="Cambodia">Cambodia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyprus" title="Cyprus">Cyprus</a>2</li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Timor" class="mw-redirect" title="East Timor">East Timor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a>1</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgia_(country)" title="Georgia (country)">Georgia</a>1</li> <li><a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia">Indonesia</a>1</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iraq" title="Iraq">Iraq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Israel" title="Israel">Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japan" title="Japan">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jordan" title="Jordan">Jordan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kazakhstan" title="Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a>1</li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Korea" title="North Korea">North Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Korea" title="South Korea">South Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuwait" title="Kuwait">Kuwait</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kyrgyzstan" title="Kyrgyzstan">Kyrgyzstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laos" title="Laos">Laos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lebanon" title="Lebanon">Lebanon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malaysia" title="Malaysia">Malaysia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maldives" title="Maldives">Maldives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongolia" title="Mongolia">Mongolia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Myanmar" title="Myanmar">Myanmar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nepal" title="Nepal">Nepal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oman" title="Oman">Oman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan">Pakistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippines" title="Philippines">Philippines</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Qatar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a>1</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saudi_Arabia" title="Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Singapore" title="Singapore">Singapore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sri_Lanka" title="Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syria" title="Syria">Syria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tajikistan" title="Tajikistan">Tajikistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thailand" title="Thailand">Thailand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a>1</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkmenistan" title="Turkmenistan">Turkmenistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Arab_Emirates" title="United Arab Emirates">United Arab Emirates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uzbekistan" title="Uzbekistan">Uzbekistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vietnam" title="Vietnam">Vietnam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yemen" title="Yemen">Yemen</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_states_with_limited_recognition" title="List of states with limited recognition">States with limited recognition</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abkhazia" title="Abkhazia">Abkhazia</a>2</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Cyprus" title="Northern Cyprus">Northern Cyprus</a>2</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palestine" title="Palestine">Palestine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Ossetia" title="South Ossetia">South Ossetia</a>2</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taiwan" title="Taiwan">Taiwan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Dependent_territory" title="Dependent territory">Dependent territories</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Australia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christmas_Island" title="Christmas Island">Christmas Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cocos_(Keeling)_Islands" title="Cocos (Keeling) Islands">Cocos (Keeling) Islands</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Greece</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kastellorizo" title="Kastellorizo">Kastellorizo</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">United Kingdom</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Akrotiri_and_Dhekelia" title="Akrotiri and Dhekelia">Akrotiri and Dhekelia</a>2 (Sovereign Base Areas)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Indian_Ocean_Territory" title="British Indian Ocean Territory">British Indian Ocean Territory</a> (<a href="/wiki/British_Overseas_Territories" title="British Overseas Territories">British Overseas Territory</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Special_administrative_regions_of_China" title="Special administrative regions of China">Special administrative regions of China</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong" title="Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macau" title="Macau">Macau</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li>1 Spans the conventional boundary between Asia and another continent.</li> <li>2 Considered European for cultural, political and historical reasons but is geographically in West Asia.</li></ul> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Asia" title="Category:Asia">Category</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/File:Symbol_portal_class.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Portal"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/20px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/40px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Asia" title="Portal:Asia">Asia portal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Middle_East150" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Middle_East" title="Template:Middle East"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Middle_East" title="Template talk:Middle East"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Middle_East" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Middle East"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Middle_East150" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Middle_East" title="Middle East">Middle East</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Middle_Eastern_countries_by_population" title="List of Middle Eastern countries by population">Countries</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bahrain" title="Bahrain">Bahrain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyprus" title="Cyprus">Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iraq" title="Iraq">Iraq</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kurdistan_Region" title="Kurdistan Region">Iraqi Kurdistan</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Israel" title="Israel">Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jordan" title="Jordan">Jordan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuwait" title="Kuwait">Kuwait</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lebanon" title="Lebanon">Lebanon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Cyprus" title="Northern Cyprus">Northern Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oman" title="Oman">Oman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palestine" title="Palestine">Palestine</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gaza_Strip" title="Gaza Strip">Gaza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Bank" title="West Bank">West Bank</a></li></ul></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Qatar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saudi_Arabia" title="Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syria" title="Syria">Syria</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Autonomous_Administration_of_North_and_East_Syria" class="mw-redirect" title="Autonomous Administration of North and East Syria">Rojava</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_occupation_of_northern_Syria" title="Turkish occupation of northern Syria">Turkish occupation of northern Syria</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Arab_Emirates" title="United Arab Emirates">United Arab Emirates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yemen" title="Yemen">Yemen</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Society</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_in_the_Middle_East_and_North_Africa" title="Climate change in the Middle East and North Africa">Climate change</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democracy_in_the_Middle_East_and_North_Africa" title="Democracy in the Middle East and North Africa">Democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_the_Middle_East" title="Economy of the Middle East">Economy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Energy_in_the_Middle_East" title="Energy in the Middle East">Energy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Middle_East" title="History of the Middle East">History</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Middle_Eastern_history" title="Timeline of Middle Eastern history">Timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_modern_conflicts_in_the_Middle_East" title="List of modern conflicts in the Middle East">Modern conflicts</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_the_Middle_East" title="Human rights in the Middle East">Human rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_politics_in_the_Middle_East" title="Water politics in the Middle East">Water politics</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Water_conflict_in_the_Middle_East_and_North_Africa" title="Water conflict in the Middle East and North Africa">conflict</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_the_Middle_East" title="Demographics of the Middle East">Demographics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_groups_in_the_Middle_East" title="Ethnic groups in the Middle East">Ethnic groups</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genetic_history_of_the_Middle_East" title="Genetic history of the Middle East">Genetics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_largest_metropolitan_areas_of_the_Middle_East" class="mw-redirect" title="List of largest metropolitan areas of the Middle East">Metropolitan areas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_the_Middle_East" title="Religion in the Middle East">Religion</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Irreligion_in_the_Middle_East" title="Irreligion in the Middle East">Irreligion</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Culture</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Near_Eastern_archaeology" title="Near Eastern archaeology">Archaeology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_the_Middle_East" title="Cinema of the Middle East">Cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middle_Eastern_cuisine" title="Middle Eastern cuisine">Cuisine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Etiquette_in_the_Middle_East" title="Etiquette in the Middle East">Etiquette</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middle_Eastern_music" title="Middle Eastern music">Music</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Middle_Eastern_dance" title="Middle Eastern dance">Dance</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middle_Eastern_studies" title="Middle Eastern studies">Studies</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related terms</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Mediterranean" title="Eastern Mediterranean">Eastern Mediterranean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fertile_Crescent" title="Fertile Crescent">Fertile Crescent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greater_Middle_East" title="Greater Middle East">Greater Middle East</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Levant" title="Levant">Levant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mashriq" title="Mashriq">Mashriq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middle_East_and_North_Africa" title="Middle East and North Africa">Middle East and North Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Near_East" title="Near East">Near East</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syria_(region)" title="Syria (region)">Syria (region)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Asia" title="West Asia">West Asia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Countries_and_regions_in_the_Arabian_plate74" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Countries_and_regions_in_the_Arabian_Plate" title="Template:Countries and regions in the Arabian Plate"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Countries_and_regions_in_the_Arabian_Plate" title="Template talk:Countries and regions in the Arabian Plate"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Countries_and_regions_in_the_Arabian_Plate" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Countries and regions in the Arabian Plate"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Countries_and_regions_in_the_Arabian_plate74" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Countries and regions in the <a href="/wiki/Arabian_plate" title="Arabian plate">Arabian plate</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Country" title="Country">Countries</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bahrain" title="Bahrain">Bahrain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Djibouti" title="Djibouti">Djibouti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iraq" title="Iraq">Iraq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Israel" title="Israel">Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jordan" title="Jordan">Jordan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuwait" title="Kuwait">Kuwait</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lebanon" title="Lebanon">Lebanon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oman" title="Oman">Oman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palestine" title="Palestine">Palestine</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Qatar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saudi_Arabia" title="Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syria" title="Syria">Syria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Arab_Emirates" title="United Arab Emirates">United Arab Emirates</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Regions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Khuzestan_Province" class="mw-redirect" title="Khuzestan Province">Khuzestan Province</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southeastern_Anatolia_region" title="Southeastern Anatolia region">Southeastern Anatolia region</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Denkalya_subregion" title="Southern Denkalya subregion">Southern Denkalya subregion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Awdal" title="Awdal">Awdal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Sinai_Governorate" title="South Sinai Governorate">South Sinai Governorate</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Countries_and_territories_bordering_the_Indian_Ocean71" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Countries_and_territories_bordering_the_Indian_Ocean" title="Template:Countries and territories bordering the Indian Ocean"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Countries_and_territories_bordering_the_Indian_Ocean" title="Template talk:Countries and territories bordering the Indian Ocean"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Countries_and_territories_bordering_the_Indian_Ocean" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Countries and territories bordering the Indian Ocean"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Countries_and_territories_bordering_the_Indian_Ocean71" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Countries and territories bordering the <a href="/wiki/Indian_Ocean" title="Indian Ocean">Indian Ocean</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Africa</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Comoros" title="Comoros">Comoros</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Djibouti" title="Djibouti">Djibouti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eritrea" title="Eritrea">Eritrea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mayotte" title="Mayotte">Mayotte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R%C3%A9union" title="Réunion">Réunion</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kenya" title="Kenya">Kenya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madagascar" title="Madagascar">Madagascar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mauritius" title="Mauritius">Mauritius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mozambique" title="Mozambique">Mozambique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seychelles" title="Seychelles">Seychelles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Somalia" title="Somalia">Somalia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Somaliland" title="Somaliland">Somaliland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Africa" title="South Africa">South Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sudan" title="Sudan">Sudan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tanzania" title="Tanzania">Tanzania</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="3" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><a href="/wiki/File:Indian_Ocean.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Map of the Indian Ocean"><img alt="Map of the Indian Ocean" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Indian_Ocean.svg/100px-Indian_Ocean.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Indian_Ocean.svg/150px-Indian_Ocean.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Indian_Ocean.svg/200px-Indian_Ocean.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="440" data-file-height="440" /></a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Asia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bahrain" title="Bahrain">Bahrain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bangladesh" title="Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Indian_Ocean_Territory" title="British Indian Ocean Territory">British Indian Ocean Territory</a> United Kingdom</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christmas_Island" title="Christmas Island">Christmas Island</a> (Australia)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cocos_(Keeling)_Islands" title="Cocos (Keeling) Islands">Cocos (Keeling) Islands</a> (Australia)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia">Indonesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iraq" title="Iraq">Iraq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Israel" title="Israel">Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jordan" title="Jordan">Jordan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuwait" title="Kuwait">Kuwait</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malaysia" title="Malaysia">Malaysia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maldives" title="Maldives">Maldives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Myanmar" title="Myanmar">Myanmar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oman" title="Oman">Oman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan">Pakistan</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Qatar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saudi_Arabia" title="Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Singapore" title="Singapore">Singapore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sri_Lanka" title="Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thailand" title="Thailand">Thailand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Timor" class="mw-redirect" title="East Timor">Timor-Leste</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Arab_Emirates" title="United Arab Emirates">United Arab Emirates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yemen" title="Yemen">Yemen</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antarctica" title="Antarctica">Antarctica</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Australian_Antarctic_Territory" title="Australian Antarctic Territory">Australian Antarctic Territory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Southern_and_Antarctic_Lands" title="French Southern and Antarctic Lands">French Southern and Antarctic Lands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heard_Island_and_McDonald_Islands" title="Heard Island and McDonald Islands">Heard Island and McDonald Islands</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Countries_bordering_the_Persian_Gulf40" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Countries_bordering_the_Persian_Gulf" title="Template:Countries bordering the Persian Gulf"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Countries_bordering_the_Persian_Gulf" title="Template talk:Countries bordering the Persian Gulf"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Countries_bordering_the_Persian_Gulf" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Countries bordering the Persian Gulf"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Countries_bordering_the_Persian_Gulf40" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Countries bordering the <a href="/wiki/Persian_Gulf" title="Persian Gulf">Persian Gulf</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Flag_of_Bahrain.svg/40px-Flag_of_Bahrain.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Flag_of_Bahrain.svg/60px-Flag_of_Bahrain.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Bahrain" title="Bahrain">Bahrain</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Flag_of_Iran.svg/23px-Flag_of_Iran.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Flag_of_Iran.svg/35px-Flag_of_Iran.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Flag_of_Iran.svg/46px-Flag_of_Iran.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="630" data-file-height="360" /> <a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Flag_of_Iraq.svg/40px-Flag_of_Iraq.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Flag_of_Iraq.svg/60px-Flag_of_Iraq.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Iraq" title="Iraq">Iraq</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Flag_of_Kuwait.svg/23px-Flag_of_Kuwait.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Flag_of_Kuwait.svg/35px-Flag_of_Kuwait.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Flag_of_Kuwait.svg/46px-Flag_of_Kuwait.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Kuwait" title="Kuwait">Kuwait</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Flag_of_Oman.svg/40px-Flag_of_Oman.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Flag_of_Oman.svg/60px-Flag_of_Oman.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1050" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Oman" title="Oman">Oman</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Flag_of_Qatar.svg/23px-Flag_of_Qatar.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="9" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Flag_of_Qatar.svg/35px-Flag_of_Qatar.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Flag_of_Qatar.svg/46px-Flag_of_Qatar.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1400" data-file-height="550" /> <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Qatar</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Flag_of_Saudi_Arabia.svg/40px-Flag_of_Saudi_Arabia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Flag_of_Saudi_Arabia.svg/60px-Flag_of_Saudi_Arabia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Saudi_Arabia" title="Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Flag_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Flag_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Flag_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/United_Arab_Emirates" title="United Arab Emirates">United Arab Emirates</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Organisation_of_Islamic_Cooperation_(OIC)298" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Organisation_of_Islamic_Cooperation" title="Template:Organisation of Islamic Cooperation"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Organisation_of_Islamic_Cooperation" title="Template talk:Organisation of Islamic Cooperation"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Organisation_of_Islamic_Cooperation" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Organisation of Islamic Cooperation"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Organisation_of_Islamic_Cooperation_(OIC)298" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Organisation_of_Islamic_Cooperation" title="Organisation of Islamic Cooperation">Organisation of Islamic Cooperation</a> (OIC)</div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Secretary-General_of_the_Organisation_of_Islamic_Cooperation" title="Secretary-General of the Organisation of Islamic Cooperation">Secretary-General of the Organisation of Islamic Cooperation</a>: <a href="/wiki/Hissein_Brahim_Taha" title="Hissein Brahim Taha">Hissein Brahim Taha</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Member_states_of_the_Organisation_of_Islamic_Cooperation" title="Member states of the Organisation of Islamic Cooperation">Member states</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Members</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Afghanistan" title="Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albania" title="Albania">Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Algeria" title="Algeria">Algeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azerbaijan" title="Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bahrain" title="Bahrain">Bahrain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bangladesh" title="Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benin" title="Benin">Benin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burkina_Faso" title="Burkina Faso">Burkina Faso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brunei" title="Brunei">Brunei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cameroon" title="Cameroon">Cameroon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chad" title="Chad">Chad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comoros" title="Comoros">Comoros</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Djibouti" title="Djibouti">Djibouti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gabon" title="Gabon">Gabon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Gambia" title="The Gambia">Gambia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guinea" title="Guinea">Guinea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guinea-Bissau" title="Guinea-Bissau">Guinea-Bissau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guyana" title="Guyana">Guyana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia">Indonesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iraq" title="Iraq">Iraq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ivory_Coast" title="Ivory Coast">Ivory Coast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jordan" title="Jordan">Jordan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kazakhstan" title="Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuwait" title="Kuwait">Kuwait</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kyrgyzstan" title="Kyrgyzstan">Kyrgyzstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lebanon" title="Lebanon">Lebanon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libya" title="Libya">Libya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malaysia" title="Malaysia">Malaysia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maldives" title="Maldives">Maldives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mali" title="Mali">Mali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mauritania" title="Mauritania">Mauritania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morocco" title="Morocco">Morocco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mozambique" title="Mozambique">Mozambique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niger" title="Niger">Niger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nigeria" title="Nigeria">Nigeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oman" title="Oman">Oman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan">Pakistan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pakistan_and_the_Organisation_of_Islamic_Cooperation" title="Pakistan and the Organisation of Islamic Cooperation">Pakistan-OIC relations</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palestine" title="Palestine">Palestine</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Qatar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saudi_Arabia" title="Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Senegal" title="Senegal">Senegal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sierra_Leone" title="Sierra Leone">Sierra Leone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Somalia" title="Somalia">Somalia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sudan" title="Sudan">Sudan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suriname" title="Suriname">Suriname</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tajikistan" title="Tajikistan">Tajikistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Togo" title="Togo">Togo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tunisia" title="Tunisia">Tunisia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkmenistan" title="Turkmenistan">Turkmenistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uganda" title="Uganda">Uganda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uzbekistan" title="Uzbekistan">Uzbekistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Arab_Emirates" title="United Arab Emirates">United Arab Emirates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yemen" title="Yemen">Yemen</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Suspended</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Syria" title="Syria">Syria</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Syria_and_the_Organisation_of_Islamic_Cooperation" title="Syria and the Organisation of Islamic Cooperation">Syria and OIC</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Observers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left;padding-right:0.75em;font-weight:normal;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Countries and territories</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bosnia_and_Herzegovina" title="Bosnia and Herzegovina">Bosnia and Herzegovina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_African_Republic" title="Central African Republic">Central African Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Cyprus" title="Northern Cyprus">Northern Cyprus</a>1</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thailand" title="Thailand">Thailand</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left;padding-right:0.75em;font-weight:normal;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Muslim communities</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Moro_National_Liberation_Front" title="Moro National Liberation Front">Moro National Liberation Front</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left;padding-right:0.75em;font-weight:normal;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">International organizations</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Economic_Cooperation_Organization" title="Economic Cooperation Organization">Economic Cooperation Organization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Union" title="African Union">African Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arab_League" title="Arab League">Arab League</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-Aligned_Movement" title="Non-Aligned Movement">Non-Aligned Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations" title="United Nations">United Nations</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">History</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Declarations195" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Declarations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abuja_Declaration_(1989)" title="Abuja Declaration (1989)">Abuja Declaration (1989)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cairo_Declaration_on_Human_Rights_in_Islam" title="Cairo Declaration on Human Rights in Islam">Cairo Declaration on Human Rights in Islam</a> (1990)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/OIC_Resolution_10/11" title="OIC Resolution 10/11">OIC Resolution 10/11</a> (2008)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/OIC_Council_of_Foreign_Ministers_Resolution_10/37" title="OIC Council of Foreign Ministers Resolution 10/37">OIC Council of Foreign Ministers Resolution 10/37</a> (2010)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sessions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Extraordinary748" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Extraordinary</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_Extraordinary_Session_of_the_Islamic_Summit_Conference" title="First Extraordinary Session of the Islamic Summit Conference">First</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Extraordinary_Session_of_the_Islamic_Summit_Conference" title="Second Extraordinary Session of the Islamic Summit Conference">Second</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Extraordinary_Session_of_the_Islamic_Summit_Conference" title="Third Extraordinary Session of the Islamic Summit Conference">Third</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fourth_Extraordinary_Session_of_the_Islamic_Summit_Conference" title="Fourth Extraordinary Session of the Islamic Summit Conference">Fourth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fifth_Extraordinary_Session_of_the_Islamic_Summit_Conference" title="Fifth Extraordinary Session of the Islamic Summit Conference">Fifth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sixth_Extraordinary_Session_of_the_Islamic_Summit_Conference" title="Sixth Extraordinary Session of the Islamic Summit Conference">Sixth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seventh_Extraordinary_Session_of_the_Islamic_Summit_Conference" title="Seventh Extraordinary Session of the Islamic Summit Conference">Seventh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eighth_Extraordinary_Session_of_the_Islamic_Summit_Conference" title="Eighth Extraordinary Session of the Islamic Summit Conference">Eighth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ninth_Extraordinary_Session_of_the_Islamic_Summit_Conference" title="Ninth Extraordinary Session of the Islamic Summit Conference">Ninth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2023_Arab%E2%80%93Islamic_extraordinary_summit" title="2023 Arab–Islamic extraordinary summit">Arab–Islamic (2023)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Demographics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_the_Organisation_of_Islamic_Cooperation" title="Economy of the Organisation of Islamic Cooperation">Economy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Organisation_of_Islamic_Cooperation_member_states_by_GDP_(PPP)" title="List of Organisation of Islamic Cooperation member states by GDP (PPP)">GDP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Organisation_of_Islamic_Cooperation_member_states_by_GDP_per_capita_(PPP)" title="List of Organisation of Islamic Cooperation member states by GDP per capita (PPP)">GDP per capita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Organisation_of_Islamic_Cooperation_member_states_by_exports" title="List of Organisation of Islamic Cooperation member states by exports">Exports</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Organisation_of_Islamic_Cooperation_member_states_by_imports" title="List of Organisation of Islamic Cooperation member states by imports">Imports</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Organisation_of_Islamic_Cooperation_member_states_by_population" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Organisation of Islamic Cooperation member states by population">Population</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_largest_cities_in_Organisation_of_Islamic_Cooperation_member_countries" class="mw-redirect" title="List of largest cities in Organisation of Islamic Cooperation member countries">Largest cities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_the_member_states_of_the_Organisation_of_Islamic_Cooperation" title="Education in the member states of the Organisation of Islamic Cooperation">Education</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li>1 As the "Turkish Cypriot State".</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Arab_League398" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Arab_League" title="Template:Arab League"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Arab_League" title="Template talk:Arab League"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Arab_League" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Arab League"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Arab_League398" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Arab_League" title="Arab League">Arab League</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Arab_League" title="Category:Arab League">Arab League</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/16px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/23px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/31px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Lists_of_the_Arab_League" title="Lists of the Arab League">Lists</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_the_Arab_League" title="Politics of the Arab League">Politics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Charter_of_the_Arab_League" title="Charter of the Arab League">Charter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_the_Arab_League" title="Council of the Arab League">Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_the_Arab_League" title="Flag of the Arab League">Flag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_the_Arab_world" title="Geography of the Arab world">Geography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Headquarters_of_the_Arab_League" title="Headquarters of the Arab League">Headquarters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Arab_League" class="mw-redirect" title="History of the Arab League">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_of_the_Arab_League" title="Military of the Arab League">Military</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Central_Command" title="United States Central Command">United States Central Command</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_military_bases" class="mw-redirect" title="List of United States military bases">United States military bases</a>)</li> <li>Joint Defence Council</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arab_Parliament" title="Arab Parliament">Parliament</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arab_Union" title="Arab Union">Arab Union</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="4" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><a href="/wiki/File:Emblem_of_the_Arab_League.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Emblem_of_the_Arab_League.svg/55px-Emblem_of_the_Arab_League.svg.png" decoding="async" width="55" height="59" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Emblem_of_the_Arab_League.svg/83px-Emblem_of_the_Arab_League.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Emblem_of_the_Arab_League.svg/110px-Emblem_of_the_Arab_League.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="420" data-file-height="450" /></a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Membership</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Member_states_of_the_Arab_League" title="Member states of the Arab League">Members</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Algeria" title="Algeria">Algeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bahrain" title="Bahrain">Bahrain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comoros" title="Comoros">Comoros</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Djibouti" title="Djibouti">Djibouti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iraq" title="Iraq">Iraq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jordan" title="Jordan">Jordan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuwait" title="Kuwait">Kuwait</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lebanon" title="Lebanon">Lebanon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libya" title="Libya">Libya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mauritania" title="Mauritania">Mauritania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morocco" title="Morocco">Morocco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oman" title="Oman">Oman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palestine" title="Palestine">Palestine</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Qatar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saudi_Arabia" title="Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Somalia" title="Somalia">Somalia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sudan" title="Sudan">Sudan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syria" title="Syria">Syria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tunisia" title="Tunisia">Tunisia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Arab_Emirates" title="United Arab Emirates">United Arab Emirates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yemen" title="Yemen">Yemen</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Observers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Armenia" title="Armenia">Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brazil" title="Brazil">Brazil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chad" title="Chad">Chad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eritrea" title="Eritrea">Eritrea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greece" title="Greece">Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venezuela" title="Venezuela">Venezuela</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Candidates</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/South_Sudan" title="South Sudan">South Sudan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Diplomacy</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arab_Peace_Initiative" title="Arab Peace Initiative">Arab Peace Initiative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arab_League_monitors_in_Syria" title="Arab League monitors in Syria">Arab League monitors in Syria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arab_League%E2%80%93European_Union_relations" title="Arab League–European Union relations">Arab League–European Union relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_the_Arab_League" title="Foreign relations of the Arab League">Foreign relations</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Life</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_the_Arab_League" class="mw-redirect" title="Demographics of the Arab League">Demographics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_the_Arab_League" title="Economy of the Arab League">Economy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Arab_League_countries_by_GDP_(nominal)" title="List of Arab League countries by GDP (nominal)">GDP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_and_Social_Council_(Arab_League)" title="Economic and Social Council (Arab League)">Economic and Social Council</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Institutions_of_the_Arab_League" title="Institutions of the Arab League">Institutions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sport_policies_of_the_Arab_League" title="Sport policies of the Arab League">Sport</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pan-Arabism" title="Pan-Arabism">Pan-Arabism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Union_of_Arab_National_Olympic_Committees" title="Union of Arab National Olympic Committees">Union of Arab National Olympic Committees</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pan_Arab_Games" class="mw-redirect" title="Pan Arab Games">Pan Arab Games</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Organization_of_the_Petroleum_Exporting_Countries_(OPEC)65" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:OPEC" title="Template:OPEC"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:OPEC" title="Template talk:OPEC"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:OPEC" title="Special:EditPage/Template:OPEC"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Organization_of_the_Petroleum_Exporting_Countries_(OPEC)65" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/OPEC" title="OPEC">Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries</a> (OPEC)</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Algeria" title="Economy of Algeria">Algeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Equatorial_Guinea" title="Economy of Equatorial Guinea">Equatorial Guinea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Gabon" title="Economy of Gabon">Gabon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Iran" title="Economy of Iran">Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Iraq" title="Economy of Iraq">Iraq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Kuwait" title="Economy of Kuwait">Kuwait</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Libya" title="Economy of Libya">Libya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Nigeria" title="Economy of Nigeria">Nigeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_the_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Economy of the Republic of the Congo">Republic of the Congo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Saudi_Arabia" title="Economy of Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates" title="Economy of the United Arab Emirates">United Arab Emirates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Venezuela" title="Economy of Venezuela">Venezuela</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_secretaries_general_of_OPEC" title="List of secretaries general of OPEC">List of secretaries general</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OPEC_Fund_for_International_Development" title="OPEC Fund for International Development">OPEC Fund for International Development</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OPEC_Reference_Basket" title="OPEC Reference Basket">OPEC Reference Basket</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Shanghai_Cooperation_Organisation_(SCO)212" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Shanghai_Cooperation_Organisation" title="Template:Shanghai Cooperation Organisation"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Shanghai_Cooperation_Organisation" title="Template talk:Shanghai Cooperation Organisation"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Shanghai_Cooperation_Organisation" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Shanghai Cooperation Organisation"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Shanghai_Cooperation_Organisation_(SCO)212" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Shanghai_Cooperation_Organisation" title="Shanghai Cooperation Organisation">Shanghai Cooperation Organisation (SCO)</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Summits</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2012_SCO_summit" title="2012 SCO summit">Beijing 2012</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2014_SCO_summit" title="2014 SCO summit">Dushanbe 2014</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2017_SCO_summit" title="2017 SCO summit">Astana 2017</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2022_SCO_summit" title="2022 SCO summit">Samarkand 2022</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2024_SCO_summit" title="2024 SCO summit">Astana 2024</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2024_SCO_summit_(heads_of_government)" class="mw-redirect" title="2024 SCO summit (heads of government)">Islamabad 2024</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Member_states_of_the_Shanghai_Cooperation_Organisation" title="Member states of the Shanghai Cooperation Organisation">Member states</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Flag_of_Belarus.svg/40px-Flag_of_Belarus.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Flag_of_Belarus.svg/60px-Flag_of_Belarus.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Belarus" title="Belarus">Belarus</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/23px-Flag_of_India.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/35px-Flag_of_India.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/45px-Flag_of_India.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Flag_of_Iran.svg/23px-Flag_of_Iran.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Flag_of_Iran.svg/35px-Flag_of_Iran.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Flag_of_Iran.svg/46px-Flag_of_Iran.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="630" data-file-height="360" /> <a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Flag_of_Kazakhstan.svg/40px-Flag_of_Kazakhstan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Flag_of_Kazakhstan.svg/60px-Flag_of_Kazakhstan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="500" /> <a href="/wiki/Kazakhstan" title="Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Flag_of_Kyrgyzstan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Kyrgyzstan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Flag_of_Kyrgyzstan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Kyrgyzstan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Flag_of_Kyrgyzstan.svg/46px-Flag_of_Kyrgyzstan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Kyrgyzstan" title="Kyrgyzstan">Kyrgyzstan</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Flag_of_Pakistan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Pakistan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Flag_of_Pakistan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Pakistan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Flag_of_Pakistan.svg/45px-Flag_of_Pakistan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan">Pakistan</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Flag_of_Tajikistan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Tajikistan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Flag_of_Tajikistan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Tajikistan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Flag_of_Tajikistan.svg/46px-Flag_of_Tajikistan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="560" data-file-height="280" /> <a href="/wiki/Tajikistan" title="Tajikistan">Tajikistan</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Flag_of_Uzbekistan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Uzbekistan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Flag_of_Uzbekistan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Uzbekistan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Flag_of_Uzbekistan.svg/46px-Flag_of_Uzbekistan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="500" /> <a href="/wiki/Uzbekistan" title="Uzbekistan">Uzbekistan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Observer states</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Mongolia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Mongolia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Mongolia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Mongolia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Mongolia.svg/46px-Flag_of_Mongolia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Mongolia" title="Mongolia">Mongolia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Dialogue partners</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Flag_of_Armenia.svg/40px-Flag_of_Armenia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Flag_of_Armenia.svg/60px-Flag_of_Armenia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Armenia" title="Armenia">Armenia</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Flag_of_Azerbaijan.svg/40px-Flag_of_Azerbaijan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Flag_of_Azerbaijan.svg/60px-Flag_of_Azerbaijan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Azerbaijan" title="Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Flag_of_Bahrain.svg/40px-Flag_of_Bahrain.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Flag_of_Bahrain.svg/60px-Flag_of_Bahrain.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Bahrain" title="Bahrain">Bahrain</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Flag_of_Cambodia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Cambodia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Flag_of_Cambodia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Cambodia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Flag_of_Cambodia.svg/46px-Flag_of_Cambodia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="640" /> <a href="/wiki/Cambodia" title="Cambodia">Cambodia</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Flag_of_Egypt.svg/23px-Flag_of_Egypt.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Flag_of_Egypt.svg/35px-Flag_of_Egypt.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Flag_of_Egypt.svg/45px-Flag_of_Egypt.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Flag_of_Kuwait.svg/23px-Flag_of_Kuwait.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Flag_of_Kuwait.svg/35px-Flag_of_Kuwait.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Flag_of_Kuwait.svg/46px-Flag_of_Kuwait.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Kuwait" title="Kuwait">Kuwait</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Flag_of_Maldives.svg/23px-Flag_of_Maldives.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Flag_of_Maldives.svg/35px-Flag_of_Maldives.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Flag_of_Maldives.svg/45px-Flag_of_Maldives.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="720" data-file-height="480" /> <a href="/wiki/Maldives" title="Maldives">Maldives</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Flag_of_Myanmar.svg/23px-Flag_of_Myanmar.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Flag_of_Myanmar.svg/35px-Flag_of_Myanmar.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Flag_of_Myanmar.svg/45px-Flag_of_Myanmar.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /> <a href="/wiki/Myanmar" title="Myanmar">Myanmar</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Flag_of_Nepal.svg/12px-Flag_of_Nepal.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Flag_of_Nepal.svg/19px-Flag_of_Nepal.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Flag_of_Nepal.svg/25px-Flag_of_Nepal.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="726" data-file-height="885" /> <a href="/wiki/Nepal" title="Nepal">Nepal</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Flag_of_Qatar.svg/23px-Flag_of_Qatar.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="9" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Flag_of_Qatar.svg/35px-Flag_of_Qatar.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Flag_of_Qatar.svg/46px-Flag_of_Qatar.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1400" data-file-height="550" /> <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Qatar</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Flag_of_Saudi_Arabia.svg/40px-Flag_of_Saudi_Arabia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Flag_of_Saudi_Arabia.svg/60px-Flag_of_Saudi_Arabia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Saudi_Arabia" title="Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Flag_of_Sri_Lanka.svg/23px-Flag_of_Sri_Lanka.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Flag_of_Sri_Lanka.svg/35px-Flag_of_Sri_Lanka.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Flag_of_Sri_Lanka.svg/46px-Flag_of_Sri_Lanka.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Sri_Lanka" title="Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/23px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/35px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/45px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /> <a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Flag_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Flag_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Flag_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/United_Arab_Emirates" title="United Arab Emirates">United Arab Emirates</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Guests</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ASEAN" title="ASEAN">ASEAN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_of_Independent_States" title="Commonwealth of Independent States">Commonwealth of Independent States</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Flag_of_Turkmenistan.svg/40px-Flag_of_Turkmenistan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Flag_of_Turkmenistan.svg/60px-Flag_of_Turkmenistan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Turkmenistan" title="Turkmenistan">Turkmenistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations" title="United Nations">United Nations</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Applicants</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Algeria.svg/40px-Flag_of_Algeria.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Algeria.svg/60px-Flag_of_Algeria.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Algeria" title="Algeria">Algeria</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Flag_of_Bangladesh.svg/23px-Flag_of_Bangladesh.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Flag_of_Bangladesh.svg/35px-Flag_of_Bangladesh.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Flag_of_Bangladesh.svg/46px-Flag_of_Bangladesh.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="307" /> <a href="/wiki/Bangladesh" title="Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Flag_of_Iraq.svg/40px-Flag_of_Iraq.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Flag_of_Iraq.svg/60px-Flag_of_Iraq.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Iraq" title="Iraq">Iraq</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Flag_of_Israel.svg/21px-Flag_of_Israel.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Flag_of_Israel.svg/32px-Flag_of_Israel.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Flag_of_Israel.svg/41px-Flag_of_Israel.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1100" data-file-height="800" /> <a href="/wiki/Israel" title="Israel">Israel</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Flag_of_Laos.svg/23px-Flag_of_Laos.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Flag_of_Laos.svg/35px-Flag_of_Laos.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Flag_of_Laos.svg/45px-Flag_of_Laos.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Laos" title="Laos">Laos</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Flag_of_the_Syrian_revolution.svg/40px-Flag_of_the_Syrian_revolution.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Flag_of_the_Syrian_revolution.svg/60px-Flag_of_the_Syrian_revolution.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Syria" title="Syria">Syria</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">See also</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Member_states_of_the_Shanghai_Cooperation_Organisation" title="Member states of the Shanghai Cooperation Organisation">Member states</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regional_Anti-Terrorist_Structure" title="Regional Anti-Terrorist Structure">Regional Anti-Terrorist Structure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Three_Evils" title="Three Evils">Three Evils</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SCO_Interbank_Consortium" title="SCO Interbank Consortium">SCO Interbank Consortium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eurasian_Land_Bridge" title="Eurasian Land Bridge">Eurasian Land Bridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Working_language" title="Working language">Working languages</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_language" title="Chinese language">Chinese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_language" title="Russian language">Russian</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Gulf_Cooperation_Council195" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Gulf_Cooperation_Council" title="Template:Gulf Cooperation Council"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Gulf_Cooperation_Council" title="Template talk:Gulf Cooperation Council"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Gulf_Cooperation_Council" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Gulf Cooperation Council"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Gulf_Cooperation_Council195" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Gulf_Cooperation_Council" title="Gulf Cooperation Council">Gulf Cooperation Council</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Member states</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bahrain" title="Bahrain">Bahrain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuwait" title="Kuwait">Kuwait</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oman" title="Oman">Oman</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Qatar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saudi_Arabia" title="Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Arab_Emirates" title="United Arab Emirates">United Arab Emirates</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="4" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_the_Cooperation_Council_for_the_Arab_States_of_the_Gulf.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Flag of the Cooperation Council for the Arab States of the (Persian) Gulf"><img alt="Flag of the Cooperation Council for the Arab States of the (Persian) Gulf" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Flag_of_the_Cooperation_Council_for_the_Arab_States_of_the_Gulf.svg/75px-Flag_of_the_Cooperation_Council_for_the_Arab_States_of_the_Gulf.svg.png" decoding="async" width="75" height="38" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Flag_of_the_Cooperation_Council_for_the_Arab_States_of_the_Gulf.svg/113px-Flag_of_the_Cooperation_Council_for_the_Arab_States_of_the_Gulf.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Flag_of_the_Cooperation_Council_for_the_Arab_States_of_the_Gulf.svg/150px-Flag_of_the_Cooperation_Council_for_the_Arab_States_of_the_Gulf.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="431" data-file-height="216" /></a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Economy</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dolphin_Gas_Project" title="Dolphin Gas Project">Dolphin Gas Project</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GCC_Patent_Office" title="GCC Patent Office">GCC Patent Office</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GCC_Standardization_Organization" title="GCC Standardization Organization">GCC Standardization Organization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gulf_and_Arabian_Peninsula_Unity_Forum" title="Gulf and Arabian Peninsula Unity Forum">Gulf and Arabian Peninsula Unity Forum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gulf_Conformity_mark" title="Gulf Conformity mark">Gulf Conformity mark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gulf_Organization_for_Industrial_Consulting" title="Gulf Organization for Industrial Consulting">Gulf Organization for Industrial Consulting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gulf_Railway" title="Gulf Railway">Gulf Railway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khaleeji_(currency)" title="Khaleeji (currency)">Khaleeji currency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_bilateral_free-trade_agreements#Gulf_Cooperation_Council" class="mw-redirect" title="List of bilateral free-trade agreements">Bilateral free-trade agreements</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Migrant_workers_in_the_Gulf_Cooperation_Council_region" title="Migrant workers in the Gulf Cooperation Council region">Migrant workers in the GCC</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kafala_system" title="Kafala system">kafala system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GCC_homosexuality_test" title="GCC homosexuality test">homosexuality test</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Workforce_nationalization" title="Workforce nationalization">Workforce nationalization</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Geopolitical history</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gulf_War" title="Gulf War">Gulf War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iran%E2%80%93Saudi_Arabia_proxy_conflict" title="Iran–Saudi Arabia proxy conflict">Iran–Saudi Arabia proxy conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2011_Bahraini_uprising" title="2011 Bahraini uprising">2011 Bahraini uprising</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Saudi-led_intervention_in_Bahrain" title="Saudi-led intervention in Bahrain">Saudi-led intervention in Bahrain</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qatar%E2%80%93Saudi_Arabia_diplomatic_conflict" title="Qatar–Saudi Arabia diplomatic conflict">Qatar–Saudi Arabia diplomatic conflict</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Qatar_diplomatic_crisis" title="Qatar diplomatic crisis">Qatar diplomatic crisis</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yemeni_civil_war_(2014%E2%80%93present)" title="Yemeni civil war (2014–present)">Yemeni Civil War</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Saudi_Arabian%E2%80%93led_intervention_in_Yemen" class="mw-redirect" title="Saudi Arabian–led intervention in Yemen">Saudi-led intervention</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peninsula_Shield_Force" title="Peninsula Shield Force">Peninsula Shield Force</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exercise_North_Thunder" title="Exercise North Thunder">Exercise North Thunder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arab%E2%80%93Israeli_alliance" title="Arab–Israeli alliance">Arab–Israeli alliance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Riyadh_meetings_on_Syria_(2025)" title="Riyadh meetings on Syria (2025)">Riyadh meetings on Syria (2025)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sport</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arabian_Gulf_Cup" title="Arabian Gulf Cup">Arabian Gulf Cup</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arabian_Gulf_Futsal_Cup" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabian Gulf Futsal Cup">Arabian Gulf Futsal Cup</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arabian_Gulf_rugby_union_team" title="Arabian Gulf rugby union team">Arabian Gulf rugby union team</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AGCFF_Gulf_Club_Champions_League" title="AGCFF Gulf Club Champions League">AGCFF Gulf Club Champions League</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GCC_Games" title="GCC Games">GCC Games</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2011_GCC_Games" title="2011 GCC Games">2011 Games</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gulf_Cooperation_Council_Athletics_Championships" title="Gulf Cooperation Council Athletics Championships">GCC Athletics Championships</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gulf_Ice_Hockey_Championship" title="Gulf Ice Hockey Championship">Gulf Ice Hockey Championship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GCC_U-17_Championship" title="GCC U-17 Championship">GCC U-17 Championship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GCC_U-19_Championship" title="GCC U-19 Championship">GCC U-19 Championship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GCC_U-23_Championship" title="GCC U-23 Championship">GCC U-23 Championship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GCC_Volleyball_Club_Championship" title="GCC Volleyball Club Championship">GCC Volleyball Club Championship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gulf_Cooperation_Council_Youth_Athletics_Championships" title="Gulf Cooperation Council Youth Athletics Championships">GCC Youth Athletics Championships</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Gulf_Cooperation_Council" title="Category:Gulf Cooperation Council">Category:Gulf Cooperation Council</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Monarchies295" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Monarchies" title="Template:Monarchies"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Monarchies" title="Template talk:Monarchies"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Monarchies" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Monarchies"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Monarchies295" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Monarchy" title="Monarchy">Monarchies</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Monarch" title="Monarch">Monarch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imperial,_royal_and_noble_ranks" title="Imperial, royal and noble ranks">Imperial, royal and noble ranks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_current_monarchs_of_sovereign_states" title="List of current monarchs of sovereign states">List of current sovereign monarchs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_current_non-sovereign_monarchs" title="List of current non-sovereign monarchs">List of current non-sovereign monarchs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_monarchy_referendums" title="List of monarchy referendums">List of monarchy referendums</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Type</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Absolute_monarchy" title="Absolute monarchy">Absolute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitutional_monarchy" title="Constitutional monarchy">Constitutional</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diarchy" title="Diarchy">Diarchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elective_monarchy" title="Elective monarchy">Elective</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_monarchy" title="Federal monarchy">Federal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hereditary_monarchy" title="Hereditary monarchy">Hereditary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-sovereign_monarchy" title="Non-sovereign monarchy">Non-sovereign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Personal_union" title="Personal union">Personal union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regent" title="Regent">Regency</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abdication" title="Abdication">Abdication</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abolition_of_monarchy" title="Abolition of monarchy">Abolition of monarchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aristocracy_(class)" title="Aristocracy (class)">Aristocracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_monarchy" title="Criticism of monarchy">Criticism of monarchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Decolonization" title="Decolonization">Decolonization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratization" title="Democratization">Democratization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dynasty" title="Dynasty">Dynasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government" title="Government">Government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Head_of_state" title="Head of state">Head of state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legitimacy_(political)" class="mw-redirect" title="Legitimacy (political)">Legitimacy (political)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oligarchy" title="Oligarchy">Oligarchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Order_of_succession" title="Order of succession">Order of succession</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republicanism" title="Republicanism">Republicanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Self-proclaimed_monarchy" title="Self-proclaimed monarchy">Self-proclaimed monarchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sovereignty" title="Sovereignty">Sovereignty</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Titles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chhatrapati" title="Chhatrapati">Chhatrapati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emperor" title="Emperor">Emperor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khan_(title)" title="Khan (title)">Khan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/King" title="King">King</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Queen_regnant" title="Queen regnant">Queen regnant</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pharaoh" title="Pharaoh">Pharaoh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prince_regnant" class="mw-redirect" title="Prince regnant">Prince regnant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raja" title="Raja">Raja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shah" title="Shah">Shah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sultan" title="Sultan">Sultan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tsar" title="Tsar">Tsar</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Current</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Africa145" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Monarchies_in_Africa" title="Monarchies in Africa">Africa</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ngwenyama" title="Ngwenyama">Eswatini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_monarchs_of_Lesotho" class="mw-redirect" title="List of monarchs of Lesotho">Lesotho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/King_of_Morocco" title="King of Morocco">Morocco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_current_constituent_African_monarchs" class="mw-redirect" title="List of current constituent African monarchs">list</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Monarchies_in_Asia" title="Monarchies in Asia">Asia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/King_of_Bahrain" title="King of Bahrain">Bahrain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/King_of_Bhutan" title="King of Bhutan">Bhutan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Sultans_of_Brunei" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Sultans of Brunei">Brunei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Cambodia" title="Monarchy of Cambodia">Cambodia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emperor_of_Japan" title="Emperor of Japan">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_kings_of_Jordan" title="List of kings of Jordan">Jordan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emir_of_Kuwait" title="Emir of Kuwait">Kuwait</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yang_di-Pertuan_Agong" class="mw-redirect" title="Yang di-Pertuan Agong">Malaysia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_rulers_of_Oman" title="List of rulers of Oman">Oman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emir_of_Qatar" title="Emir of Qatar">Qatar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/King_of_Saudi_Arabia" title="King of Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Thailand" title="Monarchy of Thailand">Thailand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates" title="President of the United Arab Emirates">United Arab Emirates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_current_non-sovereign_Asian_monarchs" title="List of current non-sovereign Asian monarchs">list</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Monarchies_in_Europe" title="Monarchies in Europe">Europe</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Co-Princes_of_Andorra" class="mw-redirect" title="Co-Princes of Andorra">Andorra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Belgium" title="Monarchy of Belgium">Belgium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Denmark" title="Monarchy of Denmark">Denmark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Liechtenstein" title="Monarchy of Liechtenstein">Liechtenstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Luxembourg" title="Monarchy of Luxembourg">Luxembourg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Monaco" title="Monarchy of Monaco">Monaco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_the_Netherlands" title="Monarchy of the Netherlands">Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Norway" title="Monarchy of Norway">Norway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Spain" title="Monarchy of Spain">Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Sweden" title="Monarchy of Sweden">Sweden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_sovereigns_of_Vatican_City_State" class="mw-redirect" title="List of sovereigns of Vatican City State">Vatican City (Holy See)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Monarchies_in_Oceania" title="Monarchies in Oceania">Oceania</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_monarchs_of_Tonga" title="List of monarchs of Tonga">Tonga</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_realm" title="Commonwealth realm">Commonwealth realms</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Antigua_and_Barbuda" title="Monarchy of Antigua and Barbuda">Antigua and Barbuda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Australia" title="Monarchy of Australia">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_the_Bahamas" title="Monarchy of the Bahamas">Bahamas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Belize" title="Monarchy of Belize">Belize</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Canada" title="Monarchy of Canada">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Grenada" title="Monarchy of Grenada">Grenada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Jamaica" title="Monarchy of Jamaica">Jamaica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_New_Zealand" title="Monarchy of New Zealand">New Zealand</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_in_the_Cook_Islands" title="Monarchy in the Cook Islands">Cook Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Niuean_monarchs" title="List of Niuean monarchs">Niue</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Papua_New_Guinea" title="Monarchy of Papua New Guinea">Papua New Guinea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Saint_Kitts_and_Nevis" title="Monarchy of Saint Kitts and Nevis">Saint Kitts and Nevis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Saint_Lucia" title="Monarchy of Saint Lucia">Saint Lucia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Saint_Vincent_and_the_Grenadines" title="Monarchy of Saint Vincent and the Grenadines">Saint Vincent and the Grenadines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Solomon_Islands" title="Monarchy of Solomon Islands">Solomon Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Tuvalu" title="Monarchy of Tuvalu">Tuvalu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Monarchy of the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Abolition_of_monarchy" title="Abolition of monarchy">Former</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Africa</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adamawa_Emirate" title="Adamawa Emirate">Adamawa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ankole" title="Ankole">Ankole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sultanate_of_Aussa" title="Sultanate of Aussa">Aussa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sultanate_of_Bagirmi" title="Sultanate of Bagirmi">Bagirmi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barotseland" title="Barotseland">Barotseland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kanem%E2%80%93Bornu_Empire" title="Kanem–Bornu Empire">Bornu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Burundi" title="Kingdom of Burundi">Burundi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_African_Empire" title="Central African Empire">Central Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dahomey" title="Dahomey">Dahomey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Egypt" title="Kingdom of Egypt">Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_Empire" title="Ethiopian Empire">Ethiopia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghana_Empire" title="Ghana Empire">Ghana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Gomma" title="Kingdom of Gomma">Gomma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Gumma" title="Kingdom of Gumma">Gumma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islands_of_Refreshment" title="Islands of Refreshment">Islands of Refreshment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Kaffa" title="Kingdom of Kaffa">Kaffa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Kongo" title="Kingdom of Kongo">Kongo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Libya" title="Kingdom of Libya">Libya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Luba" class="mw-redirect" title="Kingdom of Luba">Luba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Merina_Kingdom" title="Merina Kingdom">Madagascar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mali_Empire" title="Mali Empire">Mali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mayotte#History" title="Mayotte">Maore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maravi" title="Maravi">Maravi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moh%C3%A9li#History" title="Mohéli">Mwali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anjouan#Early_and_colonial_history" title="Anjouan">Ndzuwani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grande_Comore#History" title="Grande Comore">Ngazidja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Rwanda" title="Kingdom of Rwanda">Rwanda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shilluk_Kingdom" title="Shilluk Kingdom">Shilluk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Tunisia" title="Kingdom of Tunisia">Tunisia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wituland" title="Wituland">Wituland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wassoulou_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Wassoulou Empire">Wassoulou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yeke_Kingdom" title="Yeke Kingdom">Yeke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sultanate_of_Zanzibar" title="Sultanate of Zanzibar">Zanzibar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Zimbabwe" title="Kingdom of Zimbabwe">Zimbabwe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_kingdoms_in_pre-colonial_Africa" class="mw-redirect" title="List of kingdoms in pre-colonial Africa">and other</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Americas</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Araucan%C3%ADa_and_Patagonia" title="Kingdom of Araucanía and Patagonia">Araucanía</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aztec_Empire" title="Aztec Empire">Aztec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Empire_of_Brazil" title="Empire of Brazil">Brazil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Empire_of_Haiti" title="Second Empire of Haiti">Haiti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inca_Empire" title="Inca Empire">Inca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Mexican_Empire" title="Second Mexican Empire">Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mosquito_Coast" title="Mosquito Coast">Miskito</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suriname_(Kingdom_of_the_Netherlands)" title="Suriname (Kingdom of the Netherlands)">Suriname</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Talamanca" title="Kingdom of Talamanca">Talamanca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Trinidad" title="Principality of Trinidad">Trinidad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thirteen_Colonies" title="Thirteen Colonies">Thirteen Colonies</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Asia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Afghanistan" title="Kingdom of Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Idrisid_Emirate_of_Asir" title="Idrisid Emirate of Asir">Asir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bengal_Sultanate" title="Bengal Sultanate">Bengal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emirate_of_Bukhara" title="Emirate of Bukhara">Bukhara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Konbaung_dynasty" title="Konbaung dynasty">Burma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cebu_(historical_polity)" title="Cebu (historical polity)">Cebu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shihab_dynasty" title="Shihab dynasty">Chehab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_China" title="Monarchy of China">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dapitan_Kingdom" title="Dapitan Kingdom">Dapitan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Hejaz" title="Kingdom of Hejaz">Hejaz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Indonesian_monarchies" title="List of Indonesian monarchies">Indonesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pahlavi_dynasty" title="Pahlavi dynasty">Iran</a> (<a href="/wiki/Qajar_Iran" title="Qajar Iran">Qajar</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Iraq" title="Kingdom of Iraq">Iraq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emirate_of_Jabal_Shammar" title="Emirate of Jabal Shammar">Jabal Shammar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kathiri" title="Kathiri">Kathiri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khanate_of_Khiva" title="Khanate of Khiva">Khiva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_Empire" title="Korean Empire">Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kumul_Khanate" title="Kumul Khanate">Kumul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Kurdistan" title="Kingdom of Kurdistan">Kurdistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Laos" title="Kingdom of Laos">Laos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sultanate_of_Maguindanao" title="Sultanate of Maguindanao">Maguindanao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahra_Sultanate" title="Mahra Sultanate">Mahra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Maldivian_monarchs" title="List of Maldivian monarchs">Maldives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manchukuo" title="Manchukuo">Manchukuo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bogd_Khanate_of_Mongolia" title="Bogd Khanate of Mongolia">Mongolia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Najran" title="Principality of Najran">Najran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Nepal" title="Kingdom of Nepal">Nepal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qu%27aiti" title="Qu'aiti">Qu'aiti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ryukyu_Kingdom" title="Ryukyu Kingdom">Ryukyu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raj_of_Sarawak" title="Raj of Sarawak">Sarawak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shan_States" title="Shan States">Shan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Sikkim" title="Kingdom of Sikkim">Sikkim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sinhalese_monarchy" title="Sinhalese monarchy">Sri Lanka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sip_Song_Chau_Tai" title="Sip Song Chau Tai">Sip Song Chau Tai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sultanate_of_Sulu" title="Sultanate of Sulu">Sulu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arab_Kingdom_of_Syria" title="Arab Kingdom of Syria">Syria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibet_(1912%E2%80%931951)" title="Tibet (1912–1951)">Tibet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Tungning" title="Kingdom of Tungning">Taiwan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sheikdom_of_Upper_Asir" title="Sheikdom of Upper Asir">Upper Asir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upper_Yafa" title="Upper Yafa">Upper Yafa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_monarchs_of_Vietnam" title="List of monarchs of Vietnam">Vietnam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Yemen" title="Kingdom of Yemen">Yemen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emirates_of_South_Arabia" class="mw-redirect" title="Emirates of South Arabia">Emirates of South Arabia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federation_of_South_Arabia" title="Federation of South Arabia">South Arabia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Europe</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Albanian_Kingdom_(1928%E2%80%931939)" title="Albanian Kingdom (1928–1939)">Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Aragon" title="Kingdom of Aragon">Aragon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Asturias" title="Kingdom of Asturias">Asturias</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Austrian_Empire" title="Austrian Empire">Austria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Austria-Hungary" title="Austria-Hungary">Austria-Hungary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Bavaria" title="Kingdom of Bavaria">Bavaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Bosnia" title="Kingdom of Bosnia">Bosnia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Brittany" title="Duchy of Brittany">Brittany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Bulgaria" class="mw-redirect" title="Kingdom of Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Catalonia" title="Principality of Catalonia">Catalonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_Kingdom_of_Cilicia" title="Armenian Kingdom of Cilicia">Cilicia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Corsica_(1736)" title="Kingdom of Corsica (1736)">Corsica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crimean_Khanate" title="Crimean Khanate">Crimea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Cyprus" title="Kingdom of Cyprus">Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Finland_(1918)" title="Kingdom of Finland (1918)">Finland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_French_Empire" title="Second French Empire">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Galicia" title="Kingdom of Galicia">Galicia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Georgia" title="Kingdom of Georgia">Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_Empire" title="German Empire">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emirate_of_Granada" title="Emirate of Granada">Granada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Greece" title="Kingdom of Greece">Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Hanover" title="Kingdom of Hanover">Hanover</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Hungary" title="Kingdom of Hungary">Hungary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Iceland" title="Kingdom of Iceland">Iceland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Imereti" title="Kingdom of Imereti">Imereti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Ireland" title="Monarchy of Ireland">Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Italy" title="Kingdom of Italy">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Kartli-Kakheti" title="Kingdom of Kartli-Kakheti">Kartli-Kakheti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Lithuania_(1918)" title="Kingdom of Lithuania (1918)">Lithuania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Majorca" title="Kingdom of Majorca">Majorca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_the_Isles" title="Kingdom of the Isles">Man</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moldavia" title="Moldavia">Moldavia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Montenegro" title="Kingdom of Montenegro">Montenegro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Navarre" title="Kingdom of Navarre">Navarre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canton_of_Neuch%C3%A2tel#History" title="Canton of Neuchâtel">Neuchâtel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papal_States" title="Papal States">Papal States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Sardinia_(1720%E2%80%931861)" title="Kingdom of Sardinia (1720–1861)">Piedmont-Sardinia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish%E2%80%93Lithuanian_Commonwealth" title="Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth">Poland–Lithuania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Portugal" title="Kingdom of Portugal">Portugal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Prussia" title="Kingdom of Prussia">Prussia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Romania" title="Kingdom of Romania">Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Samos" title="Principality of Samos">Samos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Savoy" title="Duchy of Savoy">Savoy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Saxony" title="Kingdom of Saxony">Saxony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Scotland" title="Kingdom of Scotland">Scotland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Serbia" title="Kingdom of Serbia">Serbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Tavolara" title="Kingdom of Tavolara">Tavolara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Duchy_of_Tuscany" title="Grand Duchy of Tuscany">Tuscany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_the_Two_Sicilies" title="Kingdom of the Two Sicilies">Two Sicilies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Baltic_Duchy" title="United Baltic Duchy">United Baltic Duchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Valencia" title="Kingdom of Valencia">Valencia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_W%C3%BCrttemberg" title="Kingdom of Württemberg">Württemberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Yugoslavia" title="Kingdom of Yugoslavia">Yugoslavia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Oceania</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abemama" title="Abemama">Abemama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Bora_Bora" title="Kingdom of Bora Bora">Bora Bora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/King_of_Easter_Island" title="King of Easter Island">Easter Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Fiji" title="Kingdom of Fiji">Fiji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hawaiian_Kingdom" title="Hawaiian Kingdom">Hawaii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huahine" title="Huahine">Huahine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mangareva" title="Mangareva">Mangareva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niue" title="Niue">Niuē-Fekai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuku_Hiva" title="Nuku Hiva">Nuku Hiva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_monarchs_of_Raiatea" title="List of monarchs of Raiatea">Raiatea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rapa_Iti" title="Rapa Iti">Rapa Iti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Rarotonga" title="Kingdom of Rarotonga">Rarotonga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rimatara" title="Rimatara">Rimatara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rurutu" title="Rurutu">Rurutu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Tahiti" title="Kingdom of Tahiti">Tahiti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tahuata" title="Tahuata">Tahuata</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Commonwealth realms</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Barbados" title="Monarchy of Barbados">Barbados</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Ceylon_(1948%E2%80%931972)" title="Monarchy of Ceylon (1948–1972)">Ceylon</a> (Sri Lanka)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Fiji" title="Monarchy of Fiji">Fiji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queen_of_the_Gambia" title="Queen of the Gambia">The Gambia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queen_of_Ghana" title="Queen of Ghana">Ghana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queen_of_Guyana" title="Queen of Guyana">Guyana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dominion_of_India" title="Dominion of India">India</a> (<a href="/wiki/British_Raj" title="British Raj">British Raj</a>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_princely_states_of_British_India_(alphabetical)" title="List of princely states of British India (alphabetical)">princely states</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_Free_State" title="Irish Free State">Irish Free State</a> / <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Ireland" title="Republic of Ireland">Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queen_of_Kenya" title="Queen of Kenya">Kenya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queen_of_Malawi" title="Queen of Malawi">Malawi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queen_of_Malta" title="Queen of Malta">Malta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queen_of_Mauritius" title="Queen of Mauritius">Mauritius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queen_of_Nigeria" class="mw-redirect" title="Queen of Nigeria">Nigeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Pakistan" title="Monarchy of Pakistan">Pakistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queen_of_Rhodesia" title="Queen of Rhodesia">Rhodesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queen_of_Sierra_Leone" title="Queen of Sierra Leone">Sierra Leone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_South_Africa" title="Monarchy of South Africa">South Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queen_of_Tanganyika" title="Queen of Tanganyika">Tanganyika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queen_of_Trinidad_and_Tobago" title="Queen of Trinidad and Tobago">Trinidad and Tobago</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queen_of_Uganda" title="Queen of Uganda">Uganda</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /><style 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href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q846#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000120973908">ISNI</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/130142909">VIAF</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/1205755/">FAST</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJv8KgGgP3hbDmC9bcYdcP">WorldCat</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4029924-7">Germany</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n79077269">United States</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb119457077">France</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb119457077">BnF data</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00565155">Japan</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ge222888&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://datos.bne.es/resource/XX453567">Spain</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nli.org.il/en/authorities/987007547812005171">Israel</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Geographic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://musicbrainz.org/area/348dcc25-7bb6-3f75-8739-97eabc84a330">MusicBrainz area</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" 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