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class="box-Riset_asli plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Original_research" role="presentation"> <tbody> <tr> <td class="mbox-text"> <div class="mbox-text-span"> Artikel ini <b>mungkin mengandung <a href="https://id-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wikipedia:RISET?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:RISET">riset asli</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Anda dapat membantu <a class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title%3DBadan_usaha_milik_negara%26action%3Dedit">memperbaikinya</a> dengan <a href="https://id-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wikipedia:PASTI?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:PASTI">memastikan</a> pernyataan yang dibuat dan menambahkan <a href="https://id-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wikipedia:KUTIP?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:KUTIP">referensi</a>. Pernyataan yang berpangku pada riset asli harus dihapus.</span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="https://id-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bantuan:Penghapusan_templat_pemeliharaan?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Bantuan:Penghapusan templat pemeliharaan">Pelajari cara dan kapan saatnya untuk menghapus pesan templat ini</a></small>)</i></span> </div></td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r18844875">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}</style> <div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable"> Untuk nama kementerian, lihat <a href="https://id-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kementerian_Badan_Usaha_Milik_Negara_Republik_Indonesia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Kementerian Badan Usaha Milik Negara Republik Indonesia">Kementerian Badan Usaha Milik Negara Republik Indonesia</a>. </div> <p><b>Badan usaha milik negara </b> (disingkat <b>BUMN</b>), dahulu dikenal sebagai <b>perusahaan negara</b> (disingkat <b>PN</b>), adalah <a href="https://id-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Perusahaan?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Perusahaan">perusahaan</a> yang dimiliki baik sepenuhnya, sebagian besar, maupun sebagian kecil oleh pemerintah dan pemerintah memberi kontrol terhadapnya.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="https://id-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Perusahaan_milik_negara?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Yang membedakan BUMN dengan badan lain milik pemerintah adalah status badan hukum, sifat operasional, aktivitas, dan tujuan operasinya. Meski BUMN berperan dalam melaksanakan <a href="https://id-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kebijakan_publik?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Kebijakan publik">kebijakan publik</a> (misalnya <a href="https://id-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Perusahaan_perkeretaapian?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Perusahaan perkeretaapian">perusahaan perkeretaapian</a> milik negara bertujuan untuk mempermudah akses dan <a href="https://id-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Mobilisasi?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Mobilisasi">mobilitas</a> masyarakat), BUMN harus dibedakan dari <a href="https://id-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kementerian?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Kementerian">kementerian</a>, <a href="https://id-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Lembaga_pemerintah_nonkementerian?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Lembaga pemerintah nonkementerian">lembaga pemerintah nonkementerian</a>, <a href="https://id-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Lembaga_nonstruktural?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Lembaga nonstruktural">nonstruktural</a>, juga badan layanan umum karena memiliki status sifat layaknya swasta korporat atau yang berdiri independen sendiri untuk mencari keuntungan.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="https://id-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Perusahaan_milik_negara?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p> <div id="toc" class="toc" role="navigation" aria-labelledby="mw-toc-heading"> <input type="checkbox" role="button" id="toctogglecheckbox" class="toctogglecheckbox" style="display:none"> <div class="toctitle" lang="id" dir="ltr"> <h2 id="mw-toc-heading">Daftar isi</h2><span class="toctogglespan"><label class="toctogglelabel" for="toctogglecheckbox"></label></span> </div> <ul> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="https://id-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Perusahaan_milik_negara?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#BUMN_di_Indonesia"><span class="tocnumber">1</span> <span class="toctext">BUMN di Indonesia</span></a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-2"><a href="https://id-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Perusahaan_milik_negara?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Modal_BUMN_dan_Penyertaan_Modal_Negara_(PMN)"><span class="tocnumber">1.1</span> <span class="toctext">Modal BUMN dan Penyertaan Modal Negara (PMN)</span></a></li> </ul></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-3"><a href="https://id-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Perusahaan_milik_negara?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Terminologi"><span class="tocnumber">2</span> <span class="toctext">Terminologi</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-4"><a href="https://id-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Perusahaan_milik_negara?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Kegunaan"><span class="tocnumber">3</span> <span class="toctext">Kegunaan</span></a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-5"><a href="https://id-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Perusahaan_milik_negara?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Alasan_ekonomi"><span class="tocnumber">3.1</span> <span class="toctext">Alasan ekonomi</span></a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-6"><a href="https://id-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Perusahaan_milik_negara?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Monopoli"><span class="tocnumber">3.1.1</span> <span class="toctext">Monopoli</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-7"><a href="https://id-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Perusahaan_milik_negara?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Industri_berkembang"><span class="tocnumber">3.1.2</span> <span class="toctext">Industri berkembang</span></a></li> </ul></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-8"><a href="https://id-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Perusahaan_milik_negara?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Alasan_politik"><span class="tocnumber">3.2</span> <span class="toctext">Alasan politik</span></a></li> </ul></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-9"><a href="https://id-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Perusahaan_milik_negara?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Pengaruh"><span class="tocnumber">4</span> <span class="toctext">Pengaruh</span></a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-10"><a href="https://id-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Perusahaan_milik_negara?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Terhadap_birokrasi"><span class="tocnumber">4.1</span> <span class="toctext">Terhadap birokrasi</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-11"><a href="https://id-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Perusahaan_milik_negara?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Terhadap_badan_usaha_milik_swasta"><span class="tocnumber">4.2</span> <span class="toctext">Terhadap badan usaha milik swasta</span></a></li> </ul></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-12"><a href="https://id-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Perusahaan_milik_negara?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Perkembangan_di_seluruh_dunia"><span class="tocnumber">5</span> <span class="toctext">Perkembangan di seluruh dunia</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-13"><a href="https://id-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Perusahaan_milik_negara?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Lihat_pula"><span class="tocnumber">6</span> <span class="toctext">Lihat pula</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-14"><a href="https://id-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Perusahaan_milik_negara?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Referensi"><span class="tocnumber">7</span> <span class="toctext">Referensi</span></a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-15"><a href="https://id-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Perusahaan_milik_negara?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Catatan_kaki"><span class="tocnumber">7.1</span> <span class="toctext">Catatan kaki</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-16"><a href="https://id-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Perusahaan_milik_negara?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Sumber"><span class="tocnumber">7.2</span> <span class="toctext">Sumber</span></a></li> </ul></li> </ul> </div> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(1)"> <span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span> <h2 id="BUMN_di_Indonesia">BUMN di Indonesia</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://id-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Badan_usaha_milik_negara&action=edit&section=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Sunting bagian: BUMN di Indonesia" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>sunting</span> </a> </span> </div> <section class="mf-section-1 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-1"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r18844875"> <div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable"> Untuk daftar BUMN terkini, lihat <a href="https://id-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Daftar_Badan_Usaha_Milik_Negara_di_Indonesia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Daftar Badan Usaha Milik Negara di Indonesia">Daftar Badan Usaha Milik Negara di Indonesia</a>. </div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r23035139">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:#f9f9f9}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style> <div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r23782729">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"> <span typeof="mw:File"><span> <noscript> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/38px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="38" height="40" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 38px;height: 40px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/38px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="38" data-height="40" data-mw-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/57px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/76px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></span></span> </div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"> <a href="https://id-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wikisumber?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Wikisumber">Wikisumber</a> memiliki naskah asli yang berkaitan dengan artikel ini: <div style="margin-left: 10px;"> <b><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://id.wikisource.org/wiki/Undang-Undang_Republik_Indonesia_Nomor_19_Tahun_2003" class="extiw" title="s:Undang-Undang Republik Indonesia Nomor 19 Tahun 2003">Undang-Undang Republik Indonesia Nomor 19 Tahun 2003</a></b> </div> </div> </div> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://id-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Berkas:Logo_BUMN_Untuk_Indonesia_2020.svg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Logo_BUMN_Untuk_Indonesia_2020.svg/220px-Logo_BUMN_Untuk_Indonesia_2020.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="40" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="584" data-file-height="105"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 40px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Logo_BUMN_Untuk_Indonesia_2020.svg/220px-Logo_BUMN_Untuk_Indonesia_2020.svg.png" data-width="220" data-height="40" data-mw-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Logo_BUMN_Untuk_Indonesia_2020.svg/330px-Logo_BUMN_Untuk_Indonesia_2020.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Logo_BUMN_Untuk_Indonesia_2020.svg/440px-Logo_BUMN_Untuk_Indonesia_2020.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a> <figcaption> Logo BUMN untuk Indonesia per 1 Juli 2020 </figcaption> </figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://id-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Berkas:BUMN_Hadir_untuk_Negeri_logo.svg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/BUMN_Hadir_untuk_Negeri_logo.svg/220px-BUMN_Hadir_untuk_Negeri_logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="68" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="529" data-file-height="164"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 68px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/BUMN_Hadir_untuk_Negeri_logo.svg/220px-BUMN_Hadir_untuk_Negeri_logo.svg.png" data-width="220" data-height="68" data-mw-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/BUMN_Hadir_untuk_Negeri_logo.svg/330px-BUMN_Hadir_untuk_Negeri_logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/BUMN_Hadir_untuk_Negeri_logo.svg/440px-BUMN_Hadir_untuk_Negeri_logo.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a> <figcaption> Logo BUMN untuk Indonesia per 2015 </figcaption> </figure> <p>Berdasarkan Undang-Undang No. 19 tahun 2003 tentang Badan Usaha Milik Negara, maksud dan tujuan pendirian BUMN adalah: <i>(Pasal 2)</i></p> <ul> <li>memberikan sumbangan bagi perkembangan perekonomian nasional pada umumnya dan penerimaan negara pada khususnya;</li> <li>mengejar keuntungan;</li> <li>menyelenggarakan kemanfaatan umum berupa penyediaan barang dan/atau jasa yang bermutu tinggi dan memadai bagi pemenuhan hajat hidup orang banyak;</li> <li>menjadi perintis kegiatan-kegiatan usaha yang belum dapat dilaksanakan oleh sektor swasta dan koperasi;</li> <li>turut aktif memberikan bimbingan dan bantuan kepada pengusaha golongan ekonomi lemah, koperasi, dan masyarakat.</li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Modal_BUMN_dan_Penyertaan_Modal_Negara_(PMN)"><span id="Modal_BUMN_dan_Penyertaan_Modal_Negara_.28PMN.29"></span>Modal BUMN dan Penyertaan Modal Negara (PMN)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://id-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Badan_usaha_milik_negara&action=edit&section=2&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Sunting bagian: Modal BUMN dan Penyertaan Modal Negara (PMN)" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>sunting</span> </a> </span> </div> <p>Modal BUMN merupakan dan berasal dari kekayaan negara yang dipisahkan. Penyertaan modal negara (PMN) dalam rangka pendirian atau penyertaan pada BUMN bersumber dari: <i>(Pasal 4 ayat 1-2)</i></p> <ul> <li><a href="https://id-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Anggaran_Pendapatan_dan_Belanja_Negara_Indonesia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Anggaran Pendapatan dan Belanja Negara Indonesia">Anggaran Pendapatan dan Belanja Negara</a>;</li> <li>kapitalisasi cadangan;</li> <li>sumber lainnya.</li> </ul> <p>Pemerintah perlu menetapkan <a href="https://id-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Peraturan_Pemerintah_(Indonesia)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Peraturan Pemerintah (Indonesia)">Peraturan Pemerintah</a> untuk:</p> <ul> <li>Setiap penyertaan modal negara dalam rangka pendirian BUMN atau perseroan terbatas yang dananya berasal dari Anggaran Pendapatan dan Belanja Negara <i>(Pasal 4 ayat 3)</i></li> <li>Setiap perubahan penyertaan modal negara, baik berupa penambahan maupun pengurangan, termasuk perubahan struktur kepemilikan negara atas saham Persero atau perseroan terbatas <i>(Pasal 4 ayat 4)</i></li> </ul> <p>BUMN terdiri dari Persero dan Perum:</p> <ul> <li><b>Perusahaan Perseroan</b> (Persero), adalah BUMN yang berbentuk perseroan terbatas yang modalnya terbagi dalam saham yang seluruh atau paling sedikit 51 % (lima puluh satu persen) sahamnya dimiliki oleh Negara Republik Indonesia yang tujuan utamanya mengejar keuntungan.</li> <li><b>Perusahaan Umum</b> (Perum), adalah BUMN yang seluruh modalnya dimiliki negara dan tidak terbagi atas saham, yang bertujuan untuk kemanfaatan umum berupa penyediaan barang dan/atau jasa yang bermutu tinggi dan sekaligus mengejar keuntungan berdasarkan prinsip pengelolaan perusahaan.</li> </ul> <p><a href="https://id-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Daftar_Menteri_Badan_Usaha_Milik_Negara_Indonesia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Daftar Menteri Badan Usaha Milik Negara Indonesia">Menteri BUMN</a> adalah menteri yang ditunjuk dan/atau diberi kuasa untuk mewakili pemerintah selaku pemegang saham negara pada Persero dan pemilik modal pada Perum dengan memperhatikan peraturan perundangundangan.</p> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(2)"> <span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span> <h2 id="Terminologi">Terminologi</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://id-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Badan_usaha_milik_negara&action=edit&section=3&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Sunting bagian: Terminologi" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>sunting</span> </a> </span> </div> <section class="mf-section-2 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-2"> <p>Pendapat mengenai terminologi BUMN menurut para ahli berbeda-beda, terutama dalam mendefinisikan istilah bahasa Inggris untuk BUMN, <i>state-owned enterprise</i>. Pertama, istilah <i>state</i> sering tidak jelas dan bahkan diperdebatkan, (semisal, kurang jelas apakah <a href="https://id-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Badan_usaha_milik_daerah?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Badan usaha milik daerah">badan usaha milik daerah</a>, BUMD, dianggap "milik negara"). Selain itu, tidak ada kejelasan apakah syarat pembentukan BUMN adalah "benar-benar milik negara" (<i>state-owned</i>) seutuhnya (perlu diketahui bahwa BUMN dapat sebagian atau seluruhnya dikuasai oleh negara; bahkan sangat susah mengetahui seberapakah kepemilikan negara dalam perusahaan memenuhi syarat sebagai "milik negara" karena pemerintah dapat memiliki modal sendiri, tanpa mencampuri urusan perusahaan). Terakhir, istilah <i>enterprise</i> (badan usaha) sering dipertanyakan, karena secara umum <i>enterprise</i> adalah badan hukum perdata walaupun ada juga BUMN yang berbadan hukum publik, yang akibatnya istilah <i>corporation</i> (perusahaan) lebih sering digunakan.<sup id="cite_ref-TavaresCamoes_3-0" class="reference"><a href="https://id-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Perusahaan_milik_negara?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-TavaresCamoes-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Voornetal_4-0" class="reference"><a href="https://id-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Perusahaan_milik_negara?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Voornetal-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p> <p>Dalam BUMN sendiri, anak perusahaannya dapat bersifat tertutup ataupun terbuka (dicatat dalam bursa efek), tetapi pemerintah memiliki perusahaan tersebut melalui <a href="https://id-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Perusahaan_induk?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Perusahaan induk">perusahaan induk</a> (membentuk <i>holding</i> BUMN). Terdapat dua definisi mengenai "anak perusahaan BUMN" bergantung kepemilikan pemerintah, yakni definisi pertama adalah pemerintah memiliki setidaknya lebih dari 50% saham pada anak perusahaannya, atau definisi kedua, berapa pun jumlah saham aktif yang ada di tangan pemerintah.</p> <p>Suatu tindakan yang mengubah badan layanan umum milik pemerintah menjadi BUMN disebut <a href="https://id-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Korporatisasi?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Korporatisasi">korporatisasi</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-GrossiReichard_5-0" class="reference"><a href="https://id-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Perusahaan_milik_negara?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-GrossiReichard-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Ferryetal_6-0" class="reference"><a href="https://id-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Perusahaan_milik_negara?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Ferryetal-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Voornetal18_7-0" class="reference"><a href="https://id-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Perusahaan_milik_negara?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Voornetal18-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(3)"> <span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span> <h2 id="Kegunaan">Kegunaan</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://id-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Badan_usaha_milik_negara&action=edit&section=4&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Sunting bagian: Kegunaan" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>sunting</span> </a> </span> </div> <section class="mf-section-3 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-3"> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Alasan_ekonomi">Alasan ekonomi</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://id-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Badan_usaha_milik_negara&action=edit&section=5&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Sunting bagian: Alasan ekonomi" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>sunting</span> </a> </span> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"> <h4 id="Monopoli">Monopoli</h4><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://id-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Badan_usaha_milik_negara&action=edit&section=6&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Sunting bagian: Monopoli" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>sunting</span> </a> </span> </div> <p>BUMN sangat identik dengan <a href="https://id-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Monopoli?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Monopoli">monopoli</a>, karena BUMN didirikan untuk memenuhi kepentingan umum. Akibatnya, BUMN dapat mengejar seluas-luasnya nilai ekonomi dari cabang-cabang produksi yang penting bagi negara dan yang menguasai hajat hidup orang banyak. Oleh karena itu, BUMN banyak memonopoli infrastuktur dan penyelenggaraan distribusi dan transportasi (misalnya perusahaan kereta api), barang dan jasa strategis (misalnya jasa pos dan telekomunikasi, produsen senjata, dan pengadaan barang milik negara), sumber daya alam dan energi (misalnya minyak bumi, tambang, atau energi alternatif), bisnis yang secara politis bersifat sensitif, lembaga penyiaran, perbankan, barang yang membawa mudarat (misalnya <a href="https://id-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Minuman_keras?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Minuman keras">minuman keras</a>), dan barang bermanfaat (misalnya pelayanan kesehatan).</p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"> <h4 id="Industri_berkembang">Industri berkembang</h4><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://id-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Badan_usaha_milik_negara&action=edit&section=7&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Sunting bagian: Industri berkembang" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>sunting</span> </a> </span> </div> <p>BUMN dapat membantu industri berkembang yang dianggap "bermanfaat bagi ekonomi negara dan dianggap tidak sesuai bila dikelola oleh swasta".<sup id="cite_ref-Kowalskietal_8-0" class="reference"><a href="https://id-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Perusahaan_milik_negara?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Kowalskietal-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Saat industri yang mulai berkembang mengalami kesulitan suntikan modal dari swasta (mungkin karena barang yang diproduksi membutuhkan investasi berisiko tinggi, sukar dipatenkan, atau terjadi <i>spillover effect</i>), pemerintah dapat membantu industri tersebut hadir di pasar dengan pengaruh ekonomis yang positif. Namun, pemerintah tidak dapat memperkirakan mana suatu sektor industri tersebut sebagai industri berkembang, sehingga peranan BUMN dalam menumbuhkan industri berkembang sering diperdebatkan.<sup id="cite_ref-Baldwin_9-0" class="reference"><a href="https://id-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Perusahaan_milik_negara?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Baldwin-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Alasan_politik">Alasan politik</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://id-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Badan_usaha_milik_negara&action=edit&section=8&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Sunting bagian: Alasan politik" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>sunting</span> </a> </span> </div> <p>BUMN dapat didirikan untuk membantu program pemerintah dalam pemenuhan kebutuhan masyarakat. Dari sini, BUMN bertujuan untuk meningkatkan efisiensi pelayanan umum.<sup id="cite_ref-Tavares_10-0" class="reference"><a href="https://id-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Perusahaan_milik_negara?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Tavares-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> BUMN juga dapat dijadikan sebagai sarana meringankan tekanan fiskal suatu negara, mengingat BUMN tidak ikut dihitung dalam APBN.<sup id="cite_ref-GrossiReichard_5-1" class="reference"><a href="https://id-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Perusahaan_milik_negara?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-GrossiReichard-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Ferryetal_6-1" class="reference"><a href="https://id-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Perusahaan_milik_negara?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Ferryetal-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Voornetal18_7-1" class="reference"><a href="https://id-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Perusahaan_milik_negara?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Voornetal18-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Tavares_10-1" class="reference"><a href="https://id-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Perusahaan_milik_negara?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Tavares-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Citronietal_11-0" class="reference"><a href="https://id-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Perusahaan_milik_negara?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Citronietal-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(4)"> <span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span> <h2 id="Pengaruh">Pengaruh</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://id-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Badan_usaha_milik_negara&action=edit&section=9&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Sunting bagian: Pengaruh" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>sunting</span> </a> </span> </div> <section class="mf-section-4 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-4"> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Terhadap_birokrasi">Terhadap birokrasi</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://id-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Badan_usaha_milik_negara&action=edit&section=10&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Sunting bagian: Terhadap birokrasi" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>sunting</span> </a> </span> </div> <p>Dibandingkan dengan badan layanan umum, penyelenggaraan kegiatan usaha ekonomi oleh BUMN sangat bermanfaat karena peran politisi tidak digantungkan dalam menyelenggarakan kebijakan pemerintah di bidang ekonomi.<sup id="cite_ref-ShleiferVishny94_12-0" class="reference"><a href="https://id-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Perusahaan_milik_negara?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-ShleiferVishny94-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-ShleiferVishny97_13-0" class="reference"><a href="https://id-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Perusahaan_milik_negara?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-ShleiferVishny97-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sebaliknya BUMN dapat merugikan karena pengawasannya relatif lemah seperti naiknya biaya transaksi (termasuk biaya pengawasan, yakni dibutuhkan biaya tinggi dan sukar untuk memimpin BUMN yang sudah otonom daripada di badan layanan umum). Ada bukti kecenderungan bahwa kegiatan BUMN dirasa lebih efisien daripada badan layanan umum, tetapi nilai manfaatnya berkurang saat pelayanannya menjadi cenderung bersifat teknis dan memiliki tujuan publik yang kurang terbuka.<sup id="cite_ref-Voornetal_4-1" class="reference"><a href="https://id-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Perusahaan_milik_negara?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Voornetal-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Terhadap_badan_usaha_milik_swasta">Terhadap badan usaha milik swasta</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://id-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Badan_usaha_milik_negara&action=edit&section=11&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Sunting bagian: Terhadap badan usaha milik swasta" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>sunting</span> </a> </span> </div> <p>Dibandingkan dengan badan usaha milik swasta, BUMN kurang efisien dalam menjalankan kegiatan usahanya karena ada campur tangan politik. Namun tidak seperti perusahaan yang digerakkan keuntungan, BUMN lebih berfokus pada tujuan publik.<sup id="cite_ref-ShleiferVishny97_13-1" class="reference"><a href="https://id-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Perusahaan_milik_negara?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-ShleiferVishny97-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(5)"> <span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span> <h2 id="Perkembangan_di_seluruh_dunia">Perkembangan di seluruh dunia</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://id-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Badan_usaha_milik_negara&action=edit&section=12&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Sunting bagian: Perkembangan di seluruh dunia" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>sunting</span> </a> </span> </div> <section class="mf-section-5 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-5"> <p>Di <a href="https://id-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Eropa_Barat?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Eropa Barat">Eropa Barat</a> dan <a href="https://id-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Eropa_Timur?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Eropa Timur">Eropa Timur</a> pernah ada nasionalisasi besar-besaran pada abad ke-20, khususnya setelah <a href="https://id-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Perang_Dunia_II?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Perang Dunia II">Perang Dunia II</a>. Di Eropa Timur, pemerintahan berideologi komunis banyak memanfaatkan model-model ala Soviet. Pemerintah di Eropa Barat, baik golongan kanan maupun kiri, melihat campur tangan negara sangat diperlukan dalam membangun kembali perekonomian pascaperang.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="https://id-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Perusahaan_milik_negara?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Kontrol pemerintah atas <a href="https://id-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Monopoli?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Monopoli">monopoli</a> industri sudah termaktub dalam aturan. Sektor-sektor tersebut adalah <a href="https://id-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Telekomunikasi?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Telekomunikasi">telekomunikasi</a>, <a href="https://id-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pembangkit_listrik?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Pembangkit listrik">pembangkit listrik</a>, <a href="https://id-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bahan_bakar_fosil?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Bahan bakar fosil">bahan bakar fosil</a>, <a href="https://id-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kereta_api?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Kereta api">kereta api</a>, <a href="https://id-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bandara?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Bandara">bandara</a>, <a href="https://id-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Maskapai_penerbangan?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Maskapai penerbangan">maskapai penerbangan</a>, <a href="https://id-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Transportasi_umum?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Transportasi umum">transportasi umum</a>, <a href="https://id-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bijih_besi?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Bijih besi">bijih besi</a>, <a href="https://id-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pelayanan_kesehatan?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Pelayanan kesehatan">pelayanan kesehatan</a>, <a href="https://id-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pos?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Pos">pos</a>, dan kadang-kadang <a href="https://id-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bank?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Bank">bank</a>. Banyak perusahaan industri besar juga dinasionalisasi atau dibentuk sebagai perusahaan negara, sebagai contoh <a href="https://id-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=British_Steel_Corporation&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="British Steel Corporation (halaman belum tersedia)">British Steel Corporation</a>, <a href="https://id-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Statoil?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Statoil">Statoil</a>, dan <a href="https://id-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Irish_Sugar&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Irish Sugar (halaman belum tersedia)">Irish Sugar</a>. Mulai dekade 1970-an dan terus melesat pada 1980 dan 1990-an banyak perusahaan yang diswastanisasi, walau ada yang tetap menjadi milik pemerintah.</p> <p>BUMN dapat bekerja berbeda dengan perseroan terbatas. Sebagai contoh, di Finlandia, BUMN (<i>liikelaitos</i>) dikendalikan oleh pelaku terpisah. Meski harus bertanggung jawab dengan keuangannya sendiri, mereka tidak dapat menyatakan <a href="https://id-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bangkrut?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Bangkrut">bangkrut</a>; negara dapat melunasi kewajibannya. Aktiva perusahaan tidak dapat dijual dan jika hendak dipinjam harus dengan persetujuan, mengingat aktiva tersebut merupakan kewajiban pemerintah.</p> <p>Di banyak negara-negara anggota <a href="https://id-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/OPEC?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="OPEC">OPEC</a>, pemerintah memiliki perusahaan minyak yang beroperasi di tanah-tanah miliknya. Misalnya perusahaan <a href="https://id-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Saudi_Aramco?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Saudi Aramco">Saudi Aramco</a> milik <a href="https://id-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Arab_Saudi?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Arab Saudi">Arab Saudi</a>, yang dibeli sahamnya oleh Pemerintah Arab Saudi pada tahun 1988, yang kemudian diganti namanya dari Arabian American Oil Company menjadi Saudi Arabian Oil Company. Pemerintah Arab Saudi juga memiliki <a href="https://id-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Maskapai_penerbangan_nasional?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Maskapai penerbangan nasional">maskapai penerbangan nasional</a>, <a href="https://id-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Saudia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Saudia">Saudi Arabian Airlines</a>, dan memegang 70% saham <a href="https://id-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/SABIC?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="SABIC">SABIC</a> serta sejumlah perusahaan lain. Namun, sebagian di antara perusahaan itu diprivatisasi satu persatu.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span title="Kalimat yang diikuti tag ini membutuhkan rujukan. since July 2018" style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="https://id-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wikipedia:Kutip_sumber_tulisan?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Wikipedia:Kutip sumber tulisan">butuh rujukan</a></i>]</span></sup></p> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(6)"> <span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span> <h2 id="Lihat_pula">Lihat pula</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://id-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Badan_usaha_milik_negara&action=edit&section=13&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Sunting bagian: Lihat pula" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only 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Indonesia</a></li> </ul> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(7)"> <span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span> <h2 id="Referensi">Referensi</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://id-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Badan_usaha_milik_negara&action=edit&section=14&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Sunting bagian: Referensi" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>sunting</span> </a> </span> </div> <section class="mf-section-7 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-7"> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Catatan_kaki">Catatan kaki</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://id-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Badan_usaha_milik_negara&action=edit&section=15&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Sunting bagian: Catatan kaki" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>sunting</span> </a> </span> </div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r18833634">.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%;margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style> <div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="https://id-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Perusahaan_milik_negara?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.pwc.com/gx/en/psrc/publications/assets/pwc-state-owned-enterprise-psrc.pdf">"State-Owned Enterprises Catalysts for public value creation?"</a> <span 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Van Genugten, and Sandra Van Thiel (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/03003930.2017.1319360">"The efficiency and effectiveness of municipally owned corporations: A systematic review"</a>. Local Government Studies, 43(5): 820–841.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+efficiency+and+effectiveness+of+municipally+owned+corporations%3A+A+systematic+review&rft.pub=Local+Government+Studies%2C+43%285%29%3A+820%E2%80%93841.&rft.au=Voorn%2C+Bart%2C+Marieke+L.+Van+Genugten%2C+and+Sandra+Van+Thiel+%282017%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.tandfonline.com%2Fdoi%2Ffull%2F10.1080%2F03003930.2017.1319360&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ABadan+usaha+milik+negara" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span><span class="citation-comment" style="display:none; color:#33aa33; margin-left:0.3em">Pemeliharaan CS1: Banyak nama: authors list (<a href="https://id-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kategori:Pemeliharaan_CS1:_Banyak_nama:_authors_list?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Kategori:Pemeliharaan CS1: Banyak nama: authors list">link</a>) </span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-GrossiReichard-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="https://id-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Perusahaan_milik_negara?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-GrossiReichard_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://id-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Perusahaan_milik_negara?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-GrossiReichard_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">Grossi, Giuseppe, and Reichard, C. 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Public Management Review, 10(5): 597–617.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Municipal+corporatization+in+Germany+and+Italy&rft.pub=Public+Management+Review%2C+10%285%29%3A+597%E2%80%93617.&rft.au=Grossi%2C+Giuseppe%2C+and+Reichard%2C+C.+%282008%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.tandfonline.com%2Fdoi%2Fabs%2F10.1080%2F14719030802264275&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ABadan+usaha+milik+negara" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span><span class="citation-comment" style="display:none; color:#33aa33; margin-left:0.3em">Pemeliharaan CS1: Banyak nama: authors list (<a href="https://id-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kategori:Pemeliharaan_CS1:_Banyak_nama:_authors_list?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Kategori:Pemeliharaan CS1: Banyak nama: authors list">link</a>) </span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-Ferryetal-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="https://id-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Perusahaan_milik_negara?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-Ferryetal_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://id-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Perusahaan_milik_negara?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-Ferryetal_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">Ferry, Laurence, Rhys Andrews, Chris Skelcher, and Piotr Wegorowski (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/09540962.2018.1486629">"New development: Corporatization of local authorities in England in the wake of austerity 2010–2016"</a>. 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Public Money & Management.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Debate%3A+Corporatization+as+more+than+a+recent+crisis-driven+development&rft.pub=Public+Money+%26+Management&rft.au=Voorn%2C+Bart%2C+Sandra+Van+Thiel%2C+and+Marieke+van+Genugten+%282018%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.tandfonline.com%2Fdoi%2Ffull%2F10.1080%2F09540962.2018.1527533&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ABadan+usaha+milik+negara" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span><span class="citation-comment" style="display:none; color:#33aa33; margin-left:0.3em">Pemeliharaan CS1: Banyak nama: authors list (<a href="https://id-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kategori:Pemeliharaan_CS1:_Banyak_nama:_authors_list?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Kategori:Pemeliharaan CS1: Banyak nama: authors list">link</a>) </span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-Kowalskietal-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="https://id-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Perusahaan_milik_negara?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-Kowalskietal_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">Kowalski, P., Büge, M., Sztajerowska, M. and Egeland, M. (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://baobab.uc3m.es/monet/monnet/IMG/pdf/5k4869ckqk7l_1_.pdf">"State-Owned Enterprises: Trade Effects and Policy Implications"</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</span>. OECD Trade Policy Papers, No. 147.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=State-Owned+Enterprises%3A+Trade+Effects+and+Policy+Implications&rft.pub=OECD+Trade+Policy+Papers%2C+No.+147&rft.au=Kowalski%2C+P.%2C+B%C3%BCge%2C+M.%2C+Sztajerowska%2C+M.+and+Egeland%2C+M.+%282013%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbaobab.uc3m.es%2Fmonet%2Fmonnet%2FIMG%2Fpdf%2F5k4869ckqk7l_1_.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ABadan+usaha+milik+negara" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span><span class="citation-comment" style="display:none; color:#33aa33; margin-left:0.3em">Pemeliharaan CS1: Banyak nama: authors list (<a href="https://id-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kategori:Pemeliharaan_CS1:_Banyak_nama:_authors_list?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Kategori:Pemeliharaan CS1: Banyak nama: authors list">link</a>) </span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-Baldwin-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="https://id-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Perusahaan_milik_negara?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-Baldwin_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">Baldwin, R. E. (1969). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://mcadams.posc.mu.edu/econ/Baldwin,%252520Case%252520Against%252520Infant%252520Industry.pdf">"The case against infant-industry tariff protection"</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</span>. Journal of political economy, 77(3), 295-305.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+case+against+infant-industry+tariff+protection&rft.pub=Journal+of+political+economy%2C+77%283%29%2C+295-305.&rft.au=Baldwin%2C+R.+E.+%281969%29.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmcadams.posc.mu.edu%2Fecon%2FBaldwin%2C%252520Case%252520Against%252520Infant%252520Industry.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ABadan+usaha+milik+negara" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-Tavares-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="https://id-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Perusahaan_milik_negara?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-Tavares_10-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://id-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Perusahaan_milik_negara?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-Tavares_10-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">António F. Tavares (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/03003930.2017.1356723">"Ten years after: revisiting the determinants of the adoption of municipal corporations for local service delivery"</a>. Local Government Studies, 43(5): 697–706.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Ten+years+after%3A+revisiting+the+determinants+of+the+adoption+of+municipal+corporations+for+local+service+delivery&rft.pub=Local+Government+Studies%2C+43%285%29%3A+697%E2%80%93706.&rft.au=Ant%C3%B3nio+F.+Tavares+%282017%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.tandfonline.com%2Fdoi%2Ffull%2F10.1080%2F03003930.2017.1356723&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ABadan+usaha+milik+negara" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-Citronietal-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="https://id-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Perusahaan_milik_negara?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-Citronietal_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">Citroni, Giulio, Andrea Lippi, and Stefania Profeti (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/03003930.2012.707615">"Remapping the state: inter-municipal cooperation through corporatization and public-private governance structures"</a>. Local Government Studies.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Remapping+the+state%3A+inter-municipal+cooperation+through+corporatization+and+public-private+governance+structures&rft.pub=Local+Government+Studies&rft.au=Citroni%2C+Giulio%2C+Andrea+Lippi%2C+and+Stefania+Profeti+%282013%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.tandfonline.com%2Fdoi%2Fabs%2F10.1080%2F03003930.2012.707615&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ABadan+usaha+milik+negara" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span><span class="citation-comment" style="display:none; color:#33aa33; margin-left:0.3em">Pemeliharaan CS1: Banyak nama: authors list (<a href="https://id-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kategori:Pemeliharaan_CS1:_Banyak_nama:_authors_list?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Kategori:Pemeliharaan CS1: Banyak nama: authors list">link</a>) </span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-ShleiferVishny94-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="https://id-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Perusahaan_milik_negara?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-ShleiferVishny94_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">Shleifer, Andrei, and Robert W. Vishny (1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://academic.oup.com/qje/article-abstract/109/4/995/1866508?redirectedFrom%3Dfulltext">"Politicians and firms"</a>. Quarterly Journal of Economics, 109(4): 995–1025.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Politicians+and+firms&rft.pub=Quarterly+Journal+of+Economics%2C+109%284%29%3A+995%E2%80%931025.&rft.au=Shleifer%2C+Andrei%2C+and+Robert+W.+Vishny+%281994%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Facademic.oup.com%2Fqje%2Farticle-abstract%2F109%2F4%2F995%2F1866508%3FredirectedFrom%3Dfulltext&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ABadan+usaha+milik+negara" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span><span class="citation-comment" style="display:none; color:#33aa33; margin-left:0.3em">Pemeliharaan CS1: Banyak nama: authors list (<a href="https://id-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kategori:Pemeliharaan_CS1:_Banyak_nama:_authors_list?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Kategori:Pemeliharaan CS1: Banyak nama: authors list">link</a>) </span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-ShleiferVishny97-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="https://id-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Perusahaan_milik_negara?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-ShleiferVishny97_13-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://id-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Perusahaan_milik_negara?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-ShleiferVishny97_13-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">Shleifer, Andrei, and Robert W. Vishny (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://academic.oup.com/qje/article-abstract/109/4/995/1866508?redirectedFrom%3Dfulltext">"A survey of corporate governance"</a>. Journal of Finance, 52(2): 737–783.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=A+survey+of+corporate+governance&rft.pub=Journal+of+Finance%2C+52%282%29%3A+737%E2%80%93783.&rft.au=Shleifer%2C+Andrei%2C+and+Robert+W.+Vishny+%281997%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Facademic.oup.com%2Fqje%2Farticle-abstract%2F109%2F4%2F995%2F1866508%3FredirectedFrom%3Dfulltext&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ABadan+usaha+milik+negara" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span><span class="citation-comment" style="display:none; color:#33aa33; margin-left:0.3em">Pemeliharaan CS1: Banyak nama: authors list (<a href="https://id-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kategori:Pemeliharaan_CS1:_Banyak_nama:_authors_list?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Kategori:Pemeliharaan CS1: Banyak nama: authors list">link</a>) </span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="https://id-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Perusahaan_milik_negara?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.economist.com/news/finance-and-economics/21592635-revisiting-old-argument-about-impact-capitalism-all-men-are-created">"All Men Are Created Unequal"</a>. <i><a href="https://id-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/The_Economist?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="The Economist">The Economist</a></i>. 4 January 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Diakses tanggal <span class="nowrap">27 September</span> 2015</span>. <q>Quote: «The wars and depressions between 1914 and 1950 dragged the wealthy back to earth. Wars brought physical destruction of capital, nationalisation, taxation and inflation»</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=All+Men+Are+Created+Unequal&rft.date=2014-01-04&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.economist.com%2Fnews%2Ffinance-and-economics%2F21592635-revisiting-old-argument-about-impact-capitalism-all-men-are-created&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ABadan+usaha+milik+negara" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li> </ol> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Sumber">Sumber</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://id-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Badan_usaha_milik_negara&action=edit&section=16&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Sunting bagian: Sumber" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>sunting</span> </a> </span> </div> <ul> <li><cite class="citation"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.gao.gov/assets/90/88616.pdf"><i>Profiles of Existing Government Corporations—A Study Prepared by the U.S. General Accounting Office for the Committee on Government Operations</i></a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(pdf)</span>, Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1988, hlm. 301, GAO/AFMD-89-43FS Document: H402-4</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Profiles+of+Existing+Government+Corporations%E2%80%94A+Study+Prepared+by+the+U.S.+General+Accounting+Office+for+the+Committee+on+Government+Operations&rft.place=Washington%2C+DC&rft.pages=301&rft.pub=U.S.+Government+Printing+Office&rft.date=1988&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.gao.gov%2Fassets%2F90%2F88616.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ABadan+usaha+milik+negara" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.yumpu.com/en/document/view/6535622/profiles-of-existing-government-corporations-us-government-">Alternate location:</a></li> <li><cite class="citation"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20151025042213/http://www.glcopenday.com.my/exhibitors.html"><i>Malaysia GLC OpenDay 2015</i></a>, diarsipkan dari <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.glcopenday.com.my/exhibitors.html">versi asli</a> tanggal 2015-10-25</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Malaysia+GLC+OpenDay+2015&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.glcopenday.com.my%2Fexhibitors.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ABadan+usaha+milik+negara" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span>.</li> </ul>   </section> </div> <noscript> <img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=mobile&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"> </noscript> <div class="printfooter" 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class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statsejet_virksomhed" title="Statsejet virksomhed – Dansk" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Statsejet virksomhed" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Dansk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State-owned_enterprise" title="State-owned enterprise – Inggris" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="State-owned enterprise" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="Inggris" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25C5%259Ctata_entrepreno" title="Ŝtata entrepreno – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Ŝtata entrepreno" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Empresa_p%25C3%25BAblica" title="Empresa pública – Spanyol" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Empresa pública" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanyol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riigiettev%25C3%25B5te" title="Riigiettevõte – Estonia" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Riigiettevõte" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D8%25B4%25D8%25B1%25DA%25A9%25D8%25AA_%25D8%25AF%25D9%2588%25D9%2584%25D8%25AA%25DB%258C" title="شرکت دولتی – Persia" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="شرکت دولتی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valtionyhti%25C3%25B6" title="Valtionyhtiö – Suomi" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Valtionyhtiö" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Suomi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25C3%2589tat_actionnaire" title="État actionnaire – Prancis" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="État actionnaire" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="Prancis" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D7%2597%25D7%2591%25D7%25A8%25D7%2594_%25D7%259E%25D7%259E%25D7%25A9%25D7%259C%25D7%25AA%25D7%2599%25D7%25AA" title="חברה ממשלתית – Ibrani" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="חברה ממשלתית" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Ibrani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E0%25A4%25B8%25E0%25A4%25BE%25E0%25A4%25B0%25E0%25A5%258D%25E0%25A4%25B5%25E0%25A4%259C%25E0%25A4%25A8%25E0%25A4%25BF%25E0%25A4%2595_%25E0%25A4%25B8%25E0%25A4%2582%25E0%25A4%25B8%25E0%25A5%258D%25E0%25A4%25A5%25E0%25A4%25BE%25E0%25A4%25A8" title="सार्वजनिक संस्थान – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="सार्वजनिक संस्थान" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25C3%2581llami_v%25C3%25A1llalat" title="Állami vállalat – Hungaria" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Állami vállalat" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungaria" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azienda_pubblica" title="Azienda pubblica – Italia" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Azienda pubblica" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E5%259B%25BD%25E6%259C%2589%25E4%25BC%2581%25E6%25A5%25AD" title="国有企業 – Jepang" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="国有企業" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Jepang" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%259C%25D0%25B5%25D0%25BC%25D0%25BB%25D0%25B5%25D0%25BA%25D0%25B5%25D1%2582%25D1%2582%25D1%2596%25D0%25BA_%25D0%25BA%25D3%2599%25D1%2581%25D1%2596%25D0%25BF%25D0%25BE%25D1%2580%25D1%258B%25D0%25BD" title="Мемлекеттік кәсіпорын – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Мемлекеттік кәсіпорын" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25EA%25B5%25AD%25EC%259C%25A0%25EA%25B8%25B0%25EC%2597%2585" title="국유기업 – Korea" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="국유기업" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korea" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lo mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://lo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E0%25BA%25A5%25E0%25BA%25B1%25E0%25BA%2594%25E0%25BA%25A7%25E0%25BA%25B4%25E0%25BA%25AA%25E0%25BA%25B2%25E0%25BA%25AB%25E0%25BA%25B0%25E0%25BA%2581%25E0%25BA%25B4%25E0%25BA%2594" title="ລັດວິສາຫະກິດ – Lao" lang="lo" hreflang="lo" data-title="ລັດວິສາຫະກິດ" data-language-autonym="ລາວ" data-language-local-name="Lao" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ລາວ</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valstyb%25C4%2597s_%25C4%25AFmon%25C4%2597" title="Valstybės įmonė – Lituania" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Valstybės įmonė" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lituania" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perusahaan_milik_negara" title="Perusahaan milik negara – Melayu" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Perusahaan milik negara" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Melayu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E0%25A4%25B8%25E0%25A4%25B0%25E0%25A4%2595%25E0%25A4%25BE%25E0%25A4%25B0%25E0%25A5%2580_%25E0%25A4%25B8%25E0%25A4%2582%25E0%25A4%25B8%25E0%25A5%258D%25E0%25A4%25A5%25E0%25A4%25BE%25E0%25A4%25A8" title="सरकारी संस्थान – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="सरकारी संस्थान" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Staatsbedrijf" title="Staatsbedrijf – Belanda" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Staatsbedrijf" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Belanda" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statlig_selskap" title="Statlig selskap – Bokmål Norwegia" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Statlig selskap" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Bokmål Norwegia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pap mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://pap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Compania_di_gobierno" title="Compania di gobierno – Papiamento" lang="pap" hreflang="pap" data-title="Compania di gobierno" data-language-autonym="Papiamentu" data-language-local-name="Papiamento" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Papiamentu</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Przedsi%25C4%2599biorstwo_pa%25C5%2584stwowe" title="Przedsiębiorstwo państwowe – Polski" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Przedsiębiorstwo państwowe" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Empresa_estatal" title="Empresa estatal – Portugis" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Empresa estatal" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portugis" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25C3%258Entreprindere_de_stat" title="Întreprindere de stat – Rumania" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Întreprindere de stat" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Rumania" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%2593%25D0%25BE%25D1%2581%25D1%2583%25D0%25B4%25D0%25B0%25D1%2580%25D1%2581%25D1%2582%25D0%25B2%25D0%25B5%25D0%25BD%25D0%25BD%25D0%25BE%25D0%25B5_%25D0%25BF%25D1%2580%25D0%25B5%25D0%25B4%25D0%25BF%25D1%2580%25D0%25B8%25D1%258F%25D1%2582%25D0%25B8%25D0%25B5" title="Государственное предприятие – Rusia" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Государственное предприятие" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Rusia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Javno_preduze%25C4%2587e" title="Javno preduzeće – Serbo-Kroasia" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Javno preduzeće" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Kroasia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/State-owned_enterprise" title="State-owned enterprise – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="State-owned enterprise" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25C5%25A0t%25C3%25A1tny_podnik" title="Štátny podnik – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Štátny podnik" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%2588%25D0%25B0%25D0%25B2%25D0%25BD%25D0%25BE_%25D0%25BF%25D1%2580%25D0%25B5%25D0%25B4%25D1%2583%25D0%25B7%25D0%25B5%25D1%259B%25D0%25B5" title="Јавно предузеће – Serbia" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Јавно предузеће" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statligt_bolag" title="Statligt bolag – Swedia" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Statligt bolag" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E0%25B8%25A3%25E0%25B8%25B1%25E0%25B8%2590%25E0%25B8%25A7%25E0%25B8%25B4%25E0%25B8%25AA%25E0%25B8%25B2%25E0%25B8%25AB%25E0%25B8%2581%25E0%25B8%25B4%25E0%25B8%2588" title="รัฐวิสาหกิจ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="รัฐวิสาหกิจ" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Korporasyong_pag-aari_ng_pamahalaan" title="Korporasyong pag-aari ng pamahalaan – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Korporasyong pag-aari ng pamahalaan" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kamu_%25C4%25B0ktisadi_Te%25C5%259Febb%25C3%25BCs%25C3%25BC" title="Kamu İktisadi Teşebbüsü – Turki" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Kamu İktisadi Teşebbüsü" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%2594%25D0%25B5%25D1%2580%25D0%25B6%25D0%25B0%25D0%25B2%25D0%25BD%25D0%25B5_%25D0%25BF%25D1%2596%25D0%25B4%25D0%25BF%25D1%2580%25D0%25B8%25D1%2594%25D0%25BC%25D1%2581%25D1%2582%25D0%25B2%25D0%25BE" title="Державне підприємство – Ukraina" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Державне підприємство" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukraina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dita_p%25C3%25B9blega" title="Dita pùblega – Venesia" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Dita pùblega" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="Venesia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vèneto</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doanh_nghi%25E1%25BB%2587p_nh%25C3%25A0_n%25C6%25B0%25E1%25BB%259Bc" title="Doanh nghiệp nhà nước – Vietnam" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Doanh nghiệp nhà nước" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E5%259B%25BD%25E6%259C%2589%25E4%25BC%2581%25E4%25B8%259A" title="国有企业 – Wu Tionghoa" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="国有企业" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu Tionghoa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E5%259B%25BD%25E6%259C%2589%25E4%25BC%2581%25E4%25B8%259A" title="国有企业 – Tionghoa" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="国有企业" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Tionghoa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kok-i%25C3%25BA_kh%25C3%25AC-gia%25CC%258Dp" title="Kok-iú khì-gia̍p – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Kok-iú khì-gia̍p" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a 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