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src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Wuwei_Right_Troop1.jpg/250px-Wuwei_Right_Troop1.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="192" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Wuwei_Right_Troop1.jpg/375px-Wuwei_Right_Troop1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Wuwei_Right_Troop1.jpg/500px-Wuwei_Right_Troop1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="920" /></a><figcaption>Troops of the Wuwei Corps led by <a href="/wiki/Yuan_Shikai" title="Yuan Shikai">Yuan Shikai</a> escorting <a href="/wiki/Empress_Dowager_Cixi" title="Empress Dowager Cixi">Empress Dowager Cixi</a> back to the <a href="/wiki/Forbidden_City" title="Forbidden City">Forbidden City</a> in 1902</figcaption></figure> <p>The <b>Wuwei Corps</b><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDing198647_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDing198647-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (<a href="/wiki/Simplified_Chinese_characters" title="Simplified Chinese characters">simplified Chinese</a>: <span lang="zh-Hans"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E6%AD%A6" class="extiw" title="wikt:武">武</a><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E5%8D%AB" class="extiw" title="wikt:卫">卫</a><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E5%86%9B" class="extiw" title="wikt:军">军</a></span>; <a href="/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_characters" title="Traditional Chinese characters">traditional Chinese</a>: <span lang="zh-Hant"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E6%AD%A6" class="extiw" title="wikt:武">武</a><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E8%A1%9B" class="extiw" title="wikt:衛">衛</a><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E8%BB%8D" class="extiw" title="wikt:軍">軍</a></span>; <a href="/wiki/Pinyin" title="Pinyin">pinyin</a>: <i><span lang="zh-Latn">Wǔwèijūn</span></i>; <a href="/wiki/Wade%E2%80%93Giles" title="Wade–Giles">Wade–Giles</a>: <i><span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Wu-wei chün</span></i>)<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPowell1972102–103_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPowell1972102–103-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or <b>Guards Army</b><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPowell1972102–103_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPowell1972102–103-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWang1995[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidWjnKdLwrrWsCpgPA71_71]_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWang1995[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidWjnKdLwrrWsCpgPA71_71]-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> was a combined modernised army corps of the <a href="/wiki/Qing_dynasty" title="Qing dynasty">Qing dynasty</a> of China. Made up of infantry, cavalry, and artillery, it was formed in December 1898<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPowell1972102–103_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPowell1972102–103-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and trained by western military advisers. The guard took responsibility for the security of Peking (<a href="/wiki/Beijing" title="Beijing">Beijing</a>) and the <a href="/wiki/Forbidden_City" title="Forbidden City">Forbidden City</a>, with <a href="/wiki/Ronglu" title="Ronglu">Ronglu</a> as its supreme commander. This move was an attempt by the Qing imperial court to create a western-style army equipped with modern weaponry following the Qing Empire's defeat in the <a href="/wiki/First_Sino-Japanese_War" title="First Sino-Japanese War">First Sino-Japanese War</a>. Three out of the five divisions of the Wuwei Corps were disbanded after two years due to attrition caused by the <a href="/wiki/Boxer_Rebellion" title="Boxer Rebellion">Boxer Rebellion</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Formation">Formation</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wuwei_Corps&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Formation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Empress_Dowager_Cixi" title="Empress Dowager Cixi">Empress Dowager Cixi</a> held supreme power at the Qing imperial court after she placed the <a href="/wiki/Guangxu_Emperor" title="Guangxu Emperor">Guangxu Emperor</a> under house arrest. <a href="/wiki/Ronglu" title="Ronglu">Ronglu</a>, who controlled the <a href="/wiki/Grand_Council_(Qing_dynasty)" title="Grand Council (Qing dynasty)">Grand Council</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Three_Departments_and_Six_Ministries" title="Three Departments and Six Ministries">Ministry of Defence</a>, subsequently received orders to recruit a 90,000-men army drawn from various units under the control of <a href="/wiki/Nie_Shicheng" title="Nie Shicheng">Nie Shicheng</a>, <a href="/wiki/Song_Qing_(Qing_dynasty)" title="Song Qing (Qing dynasty)">Song Qing</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dong_Fuxiang" title="Dong Fuxiang">Dong Fuxiang</a> and <a href="/wiki/Yuan_Shikai" title="Yuan Shikai">Yuan Shikai</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELiu1978_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELiu1978-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Five_Divisions_of_the_Wuwei">Five Divisions of the Wuwei</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wuwei_Corps&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Five Divisions of the Wuwei"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The corps consisted of five "divisions" described as "regiments" by some sources:<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDing198647_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDing198647-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Left, Right, Front, Rear, and Center<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPowell1972102–103_2-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPowell1972102–103-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWang1995[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidWjnKdLwrrWsCpgPA71_71]_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWang1995[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidWjnKdLwrrWsCpgPA71_71]-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table border="1" class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; margin: 1em auto 1em auto;"> <caption>Wuwei Divisions </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Division</th> <th>Commander </th></tr> <tr> <td>Front</td> <td>Nie Shicheng </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Kansu_Braves" title="Kansu Braves">Rear</a></td> <td>Dong Fuxiang </td></tr> <tr> <td>Left</td> <td>Song Qing </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/New_Army" title="New Army">Right</a></td> <td>Yuan Shikai </td></tr> <tr> <td>Centre</td> <td>Ronglu </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Of these, "by far the strongest"<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPowell1972102–103_2-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPowell1972102–103-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> was Yuan Shikai's Right Division, which was merely a rebranding of his existing <a href="/wiki/New_Army" title="New Army">New Army</a> formed in 1895,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWang1995[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidWjnKdLwrrWsCpgPA71_71]_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWang1995[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidWjnKdLwrrWsCpgPA71_71]-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> while Nie Shicheng's Front Division, trained by German military advisers, ranked as second best.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBodin197926_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBodin197926-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These two divisions enjoyed the advantage of a modernised infantry military system and training, while the other three divisions still employed the traditional <a href="/wiki/Eight_Banners" title="Eight Banners">Manchu Banners Army system</a>. Differences in the prowess of the divisions became apparent during training, even though the entire Guards Army had the same modern weaponry. </p><p>Prior to the creation of the Wuwei Corps, Nie Shicheng's Front Division was known as the "Tenacious Army" (<a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E6%AD%A6" class="extiw" title="wikt:武">武</a><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E6%AF%85" class="extiw" title="wikt:毅">毅</a><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E8%BB%8D" class="extiw" title="wikt:軍">軍</a> <i>Wuyi jun</i>,<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>b<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>),<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPowell1972102–103_2-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPowell1972102–103-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> while Song Qing's troops previously bore the name "Resolute Army" (毅軍 <i>Yi jun</i>).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPowell1972102–103Bodin197926_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPowell1972102–103Bodin197926-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These armies were similarly armed with <a href="/wiki/Mauser_rifle" class="mw-redirect" title="Mauser rifle">Mauser rifles</a> and <a href="/wiki/Maxim_machine_gun" class="mw-redirect" title="Maxim machine gun">Maxim machine guns</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPowell1972102–103_2-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPowell1972102–103-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Dong Fuxiang (<i><span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Tung Fu-hsiang</span></i>) led an army of Muslim warriors, dubbed "the 10,000 Islamic rabble" in the West at the time.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBodin197926_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBodin197926-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In China, Dong's troops were familiarly known as the "Gan army" (甘軍<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>c<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>) which used the abbreviated name of <a href="/wiki/Gansu_Province" class="mw-redirect" title="Gansu Province">Gansu Province</a> where many of these soldiers originated. "Gan army" is a literal translation, but English sources usually use the paraphrased name "<a href="/wiki/Kansu_Braves" title="Kansu Braves">Kansu Braves</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBodin197926_8-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBodin197926-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>By imperial edict, Ronglu received nominal command of the entire Wuwei Corps.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPurcell201029_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPurcell201029-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His initial task was to incorporate the four pre-existing divisions within the new structure of the Wuwei Corps.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPurcell201029_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPurcell201029-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ronglu later added the Centre Division with himself as commander, a unit composed mostly of Manchu bannermen.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPurcell201029_12-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPurcell201029-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>d<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Boxer_Uprising">Boxer Uprising</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wuwei_Corps&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Boxer Uprising"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Boxer_Uprising" class="mw-redirect" title="Boxer Uprising">Boxer Uprising</a></div> <p>During the war against the <a href="/wiki/Eight-Nation_Alliance" title="Eight-Nation Alliance">Eight-Nation Alliance</a>, the Front Division, Rear Division and the Center Division suffered heavy casualties and were disbanded following signature of the <a href="/wiki/Boxer_Protocol" title="Boxer Protocol">Boxer Protocol</a>. The Right Division and the Left Division remained in <a href="/wiki/Shandong_Province" class="mw-redirect" title="Shandong Province">Shandong Province</a> to suppress a group of Boxers known as the <i>Yihetuan</i> rebels. Both these units remained at full strength as they had not come up against troops of the foreign powers. </p><p>From March 1899 onwards at the height of the Boxer conflict, <a href="/wiki/Ma_Yukun" title="Ma Yukun">Ma Yukun</a> (<a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%A6%AC%E7%8E%89%E5%B4%91" class="extiw" title="zh:馬玉崑">馬玉崑</a>) and <a href="/wiki/Jiang_Guiti" title="Jiang Guiti">Jiang Guiti</a> became co-commanders alongside Song Qing at the head of the Left Division.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDing198647_("On_the_Chinese_side,_the_left_regiment_of_the_Wuwei_division_led_by_Ma_Yukun_and_the_Lian_division_of_Zhili_led_by_He_Yongsheng_were_putting_up_a_stubborn_defence_within_the_city"Rhoads201182_("It_looked_to_Jian_Guiti_(1843–1922),_commander_of_the_Left_Division_of_the_Guards_Army"Liu197898_("時間：光緒二十五年二月至宣統三年九月(1899年3月至1911年12月)..._總統:_宋慶_馬玉崑_姜桂題_二十一～三十五營_武衛左軍"_[translation:_"Time:_March_1899_to_December_1911,_commander:_Song_Qing,_Ma_Yukun,_Jiang_Guiti._21–35_battalions._Guards_Army's_Left_Division"]_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDing198647_("On_the_Chinese_side,_the_left_regiment_of_the_Wuwei_division_led_by_Ma_Yukun_and_the_Lian_division_of_Zhili_led_by_He_Yongsheng_were_putting_up_a_stubborn_defence_within_the_city"Rhoads201182_("It_looked_to_Jian_Guiti_(1843–1922),_commander_of_the_Left_Division_of_the_Guards_Army"Liu197898_("時間：光緒二十五年二月至宣統三年九月(1899年3月至1911年12月)..._總統:_宋慶_馬玉崑_姜桂題_二十一～三十五營_武衛左軍"_[translation:_"Time:_March_1899_to_December_1911,_commander:_Song_Qing,_Ma_Yukun,_Jiang_Guiti._21–35_battalions._Guards_Army's_Left_Division"]-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Explanatory_notes">Explanatory notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wuwei_Corps&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Explanatory notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Although the Chinese names for these units featured the stem <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E8%BB%8D" class="extiw" title="wikt:軍">軍</a> <i>jun</i>, literally "corps" or "army", recent studies in English appear to coalesce around referring to these units as "divisions" (<a href="#CITEREFPurcell2010">Purcell 2010</a>, <a href="#CITEREFWang1995">Wang 1995</a>, etc. probably after <a href="#CITEREFPowell1972">Powell 1972</a>). The transition from "army" to "divisions" was expressed in one study as follows: "Jung-lu [Ronglu] then proceeded to reorganize the four armies (now divisions)".<a href="#CITEREFPurcell2010">Purcell 2010</a>, p. 29</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span lang="zh-Hant"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E6%AD%A6" class="extiw" title="wikt:武">武</a><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E6%AF%85" class="extiw" title="wikt:毅">毅</a><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E8%BB%8D" class="extiw" title="wikt:軍">軍</a></span>; <i><span lang="zh-Latn">Wǔyì jūn</span></i>; <i><span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Wu-i chün</span></i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span lang="zh-Hans">甘军</span>; <span lang="zh-Hant">甘軍</span>; <i><span lang="zh-Latn">Gān Jūn</span></i>; <i><span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Kan Chün</span></i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">During this period, despite his appointment to the Grand Council, Ronglu retained command of the <a href="/wiki/Beiyang_Army" title="Beiyang Army">Beiyang Army</a> that defended the capital region.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPowell1972102–103_2-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPowell1972102–103-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Citations">Citations</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wuwei_Corps&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Citations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Wuwei_Troop" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Wuwei Troop">Wuwei Troop</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDing198647-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDing198647_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDing198647_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDing1986">Ding 1986</a>, p. 47.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPowell1972102–103-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPowell1972102–103_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPowell1972102–103_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPowell1972102–103_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPowell1972102–103_2-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPowell1972102–103_2-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPowell1972102–103_2-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPowell1972102–103_2-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPowell1972102–103_2-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPowell1972">Powell 1972</a>, pp. 102–103.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWang1995[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidWjnKdLwrrWsCpgPA71_71]-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWang1995[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidWjnKdLwrrWsCpgPA71_71]_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWang1995[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidWjnKdLwrrWsCpgPA71_71]_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWang1995[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidWjnKdLwrrWsCpgPA71_71]_3-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWang1995">Wang 1995</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=WjnKdLwrrWsC&pg=PA71">71</a>: "In May 1899, Yuan Shikai, commander of China's strongest army, the Wuwei Youjun or the Right Division (new name for Yuan's Newly Created Army) of the Guards Army [Note: The Guards Army or Wuwei Jun included Left, Right, Front, Rear, and Center Divisions]..."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELiu1978-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELiu1978_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLiu1978">Liu 1978</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFGuo_Hui_郭辉2009" class="citation thesis cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Guo Hui 郭辉 (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140222042658/http://cdmd.cnki.com.cn/Article/CDMD-10075-2010022983.htm"><i><span></span></i>"An Account of Ronglu's Military Activities" 荣禄军事活动述论<i><span></span></i></a> (Thesis) (in Chinese). M.A. Thesis, <a href="/wiki/Hebei_University" title="Hebei University">Hebei University</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://cdmd.cnki.com.cn/Article/CDMD-10075-2010022983.htm">the original</a> on 2014-02-22<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2014-02-14</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Adissertation&rft.title=%22An+Account+of+Ronglu%27s+Military+Activities%22+%E8%8D%A3%E7%A6%84%E5%86%9B%E4%BA%8B%E6%B4%BB%E5%8A%A8%E8%BF%B0%E8%AE%BA&rft.date=2009&rft.au=Guo+Hui+%E9%83%AD%E8%BE%89&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcdmd.cnki.com.cn%2FArticle%2FCDMD-10075-2010022983.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWuwei+Corps" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120812115542/http://www.xinhai.org/shi/qingbeijing/2010-12-06/1053.html">"The specifics of 'Cixi's westward journey' (＂慈禧西行＂始末)"</a>. <i>Xinhai Net (辛亥革命网)</i> (in Chinese). 2010-12-06. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.xinhai.org/shi/qingbeijing/2010-12-06/1053.html">the original</a> on 2012-08-12<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2014-02-15</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Xinhai+Net+%28%E8%BE%9B%E4%BA%A5%E9%9D%A9%E5%91%BD%E7%BD%91%29&rft.atitle=The+specifics+of+%27Cixi%27s+westward+journey%27+%28%EF%BC%82%E6%85%88%E7%A6%A7%E8%A5%BF%E8%A1%8C%EF%BC%82%E5%A7%8B%E6%9C%AB%29&rft.date=2010-12-06&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.xinhai.org%2Fshi%2Fqingbeijing%2F2010-12-06%2F1053.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWuwei+Corps" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBodin197926-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBodin197926_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBodin197926_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBodin197926_8-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBodin1979">Bodin 1979</a>, p. 26.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPowell1972102–103Bodin197926-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPowell1972102–103Bodin197926_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPowell1972">Powell 1972</a>, pp. 102–103; <a href="#CITEREFBodin1979">Bodin 1979</a>, p. 26.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPurcell201029-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPurcell201029_12-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPurcell201029_12-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPurcell201029_12-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPurcell2010">Purcell 2010</a>, p. 29.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDing198647_("On_the_Chinese_side,_the_left_regiment_of_the_Wuwei_division_led_by_Ma_Yukun_and_the_Lian_division_of_Zhili_led_by_He_Yongsheng_were_putting_up_a_stubborn_defence_within_the_city"Rhoads201182_("It_looked_to_Jian_Guiti_(1843–1922),_commander_of_the_Left_Division_of_the_Guards_Army"Liu197898_("時間：光緒二十五年二月至宣統三年九月(1899年3月至1911年12月)..._總統:_宋慶_馬玉崑_姜桂題_二十一～三十五營_武衛左軍"_[translation:_"Time:_March_1899_to_December_1911,_commander:_Song_Qing,_Ma_Yukun,_Jiang_Guiti._21–35_battalions._Guards_Army's_Left_Division"]-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDing198647_("On_the_Chinese_side,_the_left_regiment_of_the_Wuwei_division_led_by_Ma_Yukun_and_the_Lian_division_of_Zhili_led_by_He_Yongsheng_were_putting_up_a_stubborn_defence_within_the_city"Rhoads201182_("It_looked_to_Jian_Guiti_(1843–1922),_commander_of_the_Left_Division_of_the_Guards_Army"Liu197898_("時間：光緒二十五年二月至宣統三年九月(1899年3月至1911年12月)..._總統:_宋慶_馬玉崑_姜桂題_二十一～三十五營_武衛左軍"_[translation:_"Time:_March_1899_to_December_1911,_commander:_Song_Qing,_Ma_Yukun,_Jiang_Guiti._21–35_battalions._Guards_Army's_Left_Division"]_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDing1986">Ding 1986</a>, p. 47 ("On the Chinese side, the left regiment of the Wuwei division led by Ma Yukun and the Lian division of Zhili led by He Yongsheng were putting up a stubborn defence within the city"; <a href="#CITEREFRhoads2011">Rhoads 2011</a>, p. 82 ("It looked to Jian Guiti (1843–1922), commander of the Left Division of the Guards Army"; <a href="#CITEREFLiu1978">Liu 1978</a>, p. 98 ("時間：光緒二十五年二月至宣統三年九月(1899年3月至1911年12月)... 總統: 宋慶馬玉崑姜桂題二十一～三十五營武衛左軍" [translation: "Time: March 1899 to December 1911, commander: Song Qing, Ma Yukun, Jiang Guiti. 21–35 battalions. Guards Army's Left Division"].</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wuwei_Corps&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBodin1979" class="citation book cs1">Bodin, Lynn (1979). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=2YleP1OP4HsC&pg=PA26"><i>The Boxer Rebellion</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(preview)</span>. Chris Warner (illus.). <a href="/wiki/Osprey_Publishing" title="Osprey Publishing">Osprey Publishing</a>. p. 26. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780850453355" title="Special:BookSources/9780850453355"><bdi>9780850453355</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Boxer+Rebellion&rft.pages=26&rft.pub=Osprey+Publishing&rft.date=1979&rft.isbn=9780850453355&rft.aulast=Bodin&rft.aufirst=Lynn&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D2YleP1OP4HsC%26pg%3DPA26&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWuwei+Corps" class="Z3988"></span> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-850-45335-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-850-45335-5">978-0-850-45335-5</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDing1986" class="citation journal cs1">Ding, Mingnan (Summer 1986). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=i3xwAAAAMAAJ">"A Decade of Japan's Aggressive Tactics toward China Oriented by Its" National Policy" of Waging a Final War with Russia (1895-1904)"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(snippet)</span>. <i>Chinese Studies in History</i>. <b>19</b> (4): <span class="nowrap">37–</span>62. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2753%2FCSH0009-4633190437">10.2753/CSH0009-4633190437</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Chinese+Studies+in+History&rft.atitle=A+Decade+of+Japan%27s+Aggressive+Tactics+toward+China+Oriented+by+Its%22+National+Policy%22+of+Waging+a+Final+War+with+Russia+%281895-1904%29&rft.ssn=summer&rft.volume=19&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E37-%3C%2Fspan%3E62&rft.date=1986&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2753%2FCSH0009-4633190437&rft.aulast=Ding&rft.aufirst=Mingnan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Di3xwAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWuwei+Corps" class="Z3988"></span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://mesharpe.metapress.com/app/home/contribution.asp?referrer=parent&backto=issue,2,5;journal,94,155;linkingpublicationresults,1:110905,1">abstract</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLiu1978" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Liu, Fenghan 劉鳳翰 (1978). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mh.sinica.edu.tw/MHDocument/Publication/Publication_137.pdf"><i>The Wuwei Army</i> 武衛軍<i><span></span></i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> (in Chinese). Taipei: Institute of Modern History, Academia Sinica 中央研究院近代史研究所. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/706894661">706894661</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Wuwei+Army+%E6%AD%A6%E8%A1%9B%E8%BB%8D&rft.place=Taipei&rft.pub=Institute+of+Modern+History%2C+Academia+Sinica+%E4%B8%AD%E5%A4%AE%E7%A0%94%E7%A9%B6%E9%99%A2%E8%BF%91%E4%BB%A3%E5%8F%B2%E7%A0%94%E7%A9%B6%E6%89%80&rft.date=1978&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F706894661&rft.aulast=Liu&rft.aufirst=Fenghan+%E5%8A%89%E9%B3%B3%E7%BF%B0&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mh.sinica.edu.tw%2FMHDocument%2FPublication%2FPublication_137.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWuwei+Corps" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPowell1972" class="citation book cs1">Powell, Ralph L. (1972). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=zs4mAQAAMAAJ"><i>The Rise of Chinese Military Power 1895-1912</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(snippet)</span>. Princeton: Kennikat Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780804616454" title="Special:BookSources/9780804616454"><bdi>9780804616454</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Rise+of+Chinese+Military+Power+1895-1912&rft.place=Princeton&rft.pub=Kennikat+Press&rft.date=1972&rft.isbn=9780804616454&rft.aulast=Powell&rft.aufirst=Ralph+L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dzs4mAQAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWuwei+Corps" class="Z3988"></span> (Cited by <a href="#CITEREFWang1995">Wang 1995</a> below as a reference for English translation of terminology.)</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPurcell2010" class="citation book cs1">Purcell, Victor (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=zs4mAQAAMAAJ"><i>The Boxer Uprising: A Background Study</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(preview)</span>. <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>. p. 29. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780804616454" title="Special:BookSources/9780804616454"><bdi>9780804616454</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Boxer+Uprising%3A+A+Background+Study&rft.pages=29&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=9780804616454&rft.aulast=Purcell&rft.aufirst=Victor&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dzs4mAQAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWuwei+Corps" class="Z3988"></span> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-14812-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-14812-2">978-0-521-14812-2</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRhoads2011" class="citation book cs1">Rhoads, Edward J. M. (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=tgq1miGno-4C&pg=PA82"><i>Manchus and Han: Ethnic Relations and Political Power in Late Qing and Early Republican China, 1861–1928</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(preview)</span>. <a href="/wiki/University_of_Washington_Press" title="University of Washington Press">University of Washington Press</a>. p. 82. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780295804125" title="Special:BookSources/9780295804125"><bdi>9780295804125</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Manchus+and+Han%3A+Ethnic+Relations+and+Political+Power+in+Late+Qing+and+Early+Republican+China%2C+1861%E2%80%931928&rft.pages=82&rft.pub=University+of+Washington+Press&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=9780295804125&rft.aulast=Rhoads&rft.aufirst=Edward+J.+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dtgq1miGno-4C%26pg%3DPA82&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWuwei+Corps" class="Z3988"></span> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-295-80412-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-295-80412-5">978-0-295-80412-5</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWang1995" class="citation journal cs1">Wang, Jianhua (Spring–Summer 1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=7VZwAAAAMAAJ">"Military Reforms, 1895-1908"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(snippet)</span>. <i>Chinese Studies in History</i>. <b>28</b> (<span class="nowrap">3–</span>4): <span class="nowrap">67–</span>84. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2753%2FCSH0009-463328030467">10.2753/CSH0009-463328030467</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Chinese+Studies+in+History&rft.atitle=Military+Reforms%2C+1895-1908&rft.chron=spring%E2%80%93summer&rft.volume=28&rft.issue=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E3%E2%80%93%3C%2Fspan%3E4&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E67-%3C%2Fspan%3E84&rft.date=1995&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2753%2FCSH0009-463328030467&rft.aulast=Wang&rft.aufirst=Jianhua&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D7VZwAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWuwei+Corps" class="Z3988"></span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://mesharpe.metapress.com/app/home/contribution.asp?referrer=parent&backto=issue,6,12;journal,64,155;linkingpublicationresults,1:110905,1">abstract</a>. Reprinted in <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDouglas_R._Reynolds_(ed._and_trans.)1995" class="citation book cs1">Douglas R. Reynolds (ed. and trans.) (1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=WjnKdLwrrWsC&pg=PA71"><i>China, 1895-1912: State Sponsored Reforms and China's Late-Qing</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(preview)</span>. A special issue of <i>Chinese Studies in History</i>, a journal of translations. M. E. Sharpe. pp. <span class="nowrap">67–</span>84. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-56-324749-6" title="Special:BookSources/1-56-324749-6"><bdi>1-56-324749-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=China%2C+1895-1912%3A+State+Sponsored+Reforms+and+China%27s+Late-Qing&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E67-%3C%2Fspan%3E84&rft.pub=M.+E.+Sharpe&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=1-56-324749-6&rft.au=Douglas+R.+Reynolds+%28ed.+and+trans.%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DWjnKdLwrrWsC%26pg%3DPA71&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWuwei+Corps" class="Z3988"></span> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-563-24749-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-563-24749-1">978-1-563-24749-1</a>.</li></ul> </div> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · 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class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Qing_dynasty" title="History of the Qing dynasty">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">Early <div style="float: right;"><span style="font-size:85%;">(1616–1683)</span></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jurchen_unification" title="Jurchen unification">Jurchen unification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Later_Jin_(1616%E2%80%931636)" title="Later Jin (1616–1636)">Later Jin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seven_Grievances" title="Seven Grievances">Seven Grievances</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Later_Jin_invasion_of_Joseon" title="Later Jin invasion of Joseon">Later Jin invasion of Joseon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qing_invasion_of_Joseon" title="Qing invasion of Joseon">Qing invasion of Joseon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transition_from_Ming_to_Qing" title="Transition from Ming to Qing">Transition from Ming to Qing</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Shanhai_Pass" title="Battle of Shanhai Pass">Battle of Shanhai Pass</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Clearance" title="Great Clearance">Great Clearance</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Penghu" title="Battle of Penghu">Battle of Penghu</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolt_of_the_Three_Feudatories" title="Revolt of the Three Feudatories">Revolt of the Three Feudatories</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/High_Qing_era" title="High Qing era">High Qing</a> <div style="float: right;"><span style="font-size:85%;">(1683–1799)</span></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sino-Russian_border_conflicts" title="Sino-Russian border conflicts">Sino-Russian border conflicts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dzungar%E2%80%93Qing_Wars" title="Dzungar–Qing Wars">Dzungar–Qing Wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_expedition_to_Tibet_(1720)" title="Chinese expedition to Tibet (1720)">Chinese expedition to Tibet (1720)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Rites_controversy" title="Chinese Rites controversy">Chinese Rites controversy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ten_Great_Campaigns" title="Ten Great Campaigns">Ten Great Campaigns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miao_Rebellion_(1735%E2%80%931736)" title="Miao Rebellion (1735–1736)">Miao Rebellion (1735–1736)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lhasa_riot_of_1750" title="Lhasa riot of 1750">Lhasa riot of 1750</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolt_of_the_Altishahr_Khojas" title="Revolt of the Altishahr Khojas">Revolt of the Altishahr Khojas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afaqi_Khoja_revolts" title="Afaqi Khoja revolts">Afaqi Khoja revolts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sino-Burmese_War" title="Sino-Burmese War">Sino-Burmese War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lin_Shuangwen_rebellion" title="Lin Shuangwen rebellion">Lin Shuangwen rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Ng%E1%BB%8Dc_H%E1%BB%93i-%C4%90%E1%BB%91ng_%C4%90a" title="Battle of Ngọc Hồi-Đống Đa">Battle of Ngọc Hồi-Đống Đa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sino-Nepalese_War" title="Sino-Nepalese War">Sino-Nepalese War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miao_Rebellion_(1795%E2%80%931806)" title="Miao Rebellion (1795–1806)">Miao Rebellion (1795–1806)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_Lotus_Rebellion" title="White Lotus Rebellion">White Lotus Rebellion</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">19th century <div style="float: right;"><span style="font-size:85%;">(1801–1900)</span></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eight_Trigrams_uprising_of_1813" title="Eight Trigrams uprising of 1813">Eight Trigrams uprising of 1813</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Opium_War" title="First Opium War">First Opium War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dogra%E2%80%93Tibetan_war" title="Dogra–Tibetan war">Dogra–Tibetan war (Sino-Sikh war)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taiping_Rebellion" title="Taiping Rebellion">Taiping Rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nian_Rebellion" title="Nian Rebellion">Nian Rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_Turban_Rebellion_(1854%E2%80%931856)" title="Red Turban Rebellion (1854–1856)">Red Turban Rebellion (1854–1856)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Small_Swords_Society" title="Small Swords Society">Small Swords Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miao_Rebellion_(1854%E2%80%931873)" title="Miao Rebellion (1854–1873)">Miao Rebellion (1854–1873)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nepal%E2%80%93Tibet_War_(1855%E2%80%931856)" title="Nepal–Tibet War (1855–1856)">Nepal–Tibet War (1855–1856)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panthay_Rebellion" title="Panthay Rebellion">Panthay Rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Opium_War" title="Second Opium War">Second Opium War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Punti%E2%80%93Hakka_Clan_Wars" title="Punti–Hakka Clan Wars">Punti–Hakka Clan Wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amur_Annexation" title="Amur Annexation">Amur Annexation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Self-Strengthening_Movement" title="Self-Strengthening Movement">Self-Strengthening Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tongzhi_Restoration" title="Tongzhi Restoration">Tongzhi Restoration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dungan_Revolt_(1862%E2%80%931877)" title="Dungan Revolt (1862–1877)">Dungan Revolt (1862–1877)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mudan_incident" title="Mudan incident">Mudan incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tianjin_Massacre" title="Tianjin Massacre">Tianjin Massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Margary_Affair" title="Margary Affair">Margary Affair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_invasion_of_Taiwan_(1874)" title="Japanese invasion of Taiwan (1874)">Japanese invasion of Taiwan (1874)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Chinese_Famine_of_1876%E2%80%931879" title="Northern Chinese Famine of 1876–1879">Northern Chinese Famine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qing_reconquest_of_Xinjiang" title="Qing reconquest of Xinjiang">Qing reconquest of Xinjiang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sino-French_War" title="Sino-French War">Sino-French War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikkim_expedition" title="Sikkim expedition">Sikkim expedition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jindandao_incident" title="Jindandao incident">Jindandao incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Sino-Japanese_War" title="First Sino-Japanese War">First Sino-Japanese War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gongche_Shangshu_movement" title="Gongche Shangshu movement">Gongche Shangshu movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dungan_Revolt_(1895%E2%80%931896)" title="Dungan Revolt (1895–1896)">Dungan Revolt (1895–1896)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hundred_Days%27_Reform" title="Hundred Days' Reform">Hundred Days' Reform</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_plague_pandemic" title="Third plague pandemic">Third plague pandemic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boxer_Rebellion" title="Boxer Rebellion">Boxer Rebellion</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Red_Lanterns_(Boxer_Uprising)" title="Red Lanterns (Boxer Uprising)">Red Lanterns</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eight-Nation_Alliance" title="Eight-Nation Alliance">Eight-Nation Alliance</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Imperial_decree_of_declaration_of_war_against_foreign_powers" title="Imperial decree of declaration of war against foreign powers">Declaration of war</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">20th century <div style="float: right;"><span style="font-size:85%;">(1901–1912)</span></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Late_Qing_reforms" title="Late Qing reforms">Late Qing reforms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_expedition_to_Tibet" title="British expedition to Tibet">British expedition to Tibet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Batang_uprising" title="Batang uprising">1905 Batang uprising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Preparative_Constitutionalism" title="Preparative Constitutionalism">Preparative Constitutionalism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1909_Chinese_parliamentary_election" title="1909 Chinese parliamentary election">1909 Parliamentary election</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1909_Chinese_provincial_elections" title="1909 Chinese provincial elections">1909 Provincial Assembly elections</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_expedition_to_Tibet_(1910)" title="Chinese expedition to Tibet (1910)">Chinese expedition to Tibet (1910)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manchurian_plague" title="Manchurian plague">Manchurian plague</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Railway_Protection_Movement" title="Railway Protection Movement">Railway Protection Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1911_Revolution" title="1911 Revolution">1911 Revolution</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wuchang_Uprising" title="Wuchang Uprising">Wuchang Uprising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xinhai_Lhasa_turmoil" title="Xinhai Lhasa turmoil">Xinhai Lhasa turmoil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongolian_Revolution_of_1911" title="Mongolian Revolution of 1911">Mongolian Revolution of 1911</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1911_Revolution_in_Xinjiang" title="1911 Revolution in Xinjiang">1911 Revolution in Xinjiang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imperial_Edict_of_the_Abdication_of_the_Qing_Emperor" title="Imperial Edict of the Abdication of the Qing Emperor">Imperial Edict of the Abdication of Puyi</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Articles_of_Favourable_Treatment_of_the_Great_Qing_Emperor_after_His_Abdication" title="Articles of Favourable Treatment of the Great Qing Emperor after His Abdication">Articles of Favourable Treatment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manchu_Restoration" title="Manchu Restoration">Manchu Restoration</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/Government_of_the_Qing_dynasty" title="Government of the Qing dynasty">Government</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Emperor_of_China" title="Emperor of China">Emperor</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_emperors_of_the_Qing_dynasty" title="List of emperors of the Qing dynasty">List</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_emperors_family_tree_(late)#Qing_dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Chinese emperors family tree (late)">Family tree</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Advisory_Council_(Qing_dynasty)" title="Advisory Council (Qing dynasty)">Advisory Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amban" title="Amban">Amban</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Consultative_Bureau" class="mw-redirect" title="Consultative Bureau">Consultative Bureau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cup_of_Solid_Gold" title="Cup of Solid Gold">Cup of Solid Gold</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dates_of_establishment_of_diplomatic_relations_with_the_Qing_dynasty" title="Dates of establishment of diplomatic relations with the Qing dynasty">Dates of establishment of diplomatic relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Da-Qing_Bank" title="Da-Qing Bank">Da-Qing Bank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deliberative_Council_of_Princes_and_Ministers" title="Deliberative Council of Princes and Ministers">Deliberative Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_diplomatic_missions_of_the_Qing_dynasty" title="List of diplomatic missions of the Qing dynasty">Diplomatic missions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_the_Qing_dynasty" title="Flag of the Qing dynasty">Flag of the Qing dynasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Council_(Qing_dynasty)" title="Grand Council (Qing dynasty)">Grand Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Qing_Legal_Code" title="Great Qing Legal Code">Great Qing Legal Code</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imperial_Clan_Court" title="Imperial Clan Court">Imperial Clan Court</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imperial_Commissioner_(China)" title="Imperial Commissioner (China)">Imperial Commissioner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imperial_Household_Department" title="Imperial Household Department">Imperial Household Department</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lifan_Yuan" title="Lifan Yuan">Lifan Yuan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Posts_and_Communications" title="Ministry of Posts and Communications">Ministry of Posts and Communications</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nine_Gates_Infantry_Commander" title="Nine Gates Infantry Commander">Nine Gates Infantry Commander</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_coordinator_and_provincial_governor" title="Grand coordinator and provincial governor">Provincial governor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Provincial_military_commander" title="Provincial military commander">Provincial military commander</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Principles_of_the_Constitution_(1908)" class="mw-redirect" title="Principles of the Constitution (1908)">Principles of the Constitution (1908)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_and_noble_ranks_of_the_Qing_dynasty" title="Royal and noble ranks of the Qing dynasty">Royal and noble ranks of the Qing dynasty</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ejen" title="Ejen">Ejen</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Administrative_divisions_of_the_Qing_dynasty" title="Administrative divisions of the Qing dynasty">Administrative divisions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viceroys_in_China" title="Viceroys in China">Viceroys</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Viceroy_of_Zhili" title="Viceroy of Zhili">Zhili</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viceroy_of_Shaan-Gan" title="Viceroy of Shaan-Gan">Shaan-Gan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viceroy_of_Liangjiang" title="Viceroy of Liangjiang">Liangjiang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viceroy_of_Huguang" title="Viceroy of Huguang">Huguang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viceroy_of_Sichuan" title="Viceroy of Sichuan">Sichuan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viceroy_of_Min-Zhe" title="Viceroy of Min-Zhe">Min-Zhe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viceroy_of_Liangguang" title="Viceroy of Liangguang">Liangguang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viceroy_of_Yun-Gui" title="Viceroy of Yun-Gui">Yun-Gui</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viceroy_of_the_Three_Eastern_Provinces" title="Viceroy of the Three Eastern Provinces">Three Eastern Provinces</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zongli_Yamen" title="Zongli Yamen">Zongli Yamen</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/Military_of_the_Qing_dynasty" title="Military of the Qing dynasty">Military</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Beiyang_Army" title="Beiyang Army">Beiyang Army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eight_Banners" title="Eight Banners">Eight Banners</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ever_Victorious_Army" title="Ever Victorious Army">Ever Victorious Army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_Standard_Army" title="Green Standard Army">Green Standard Army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imperial_Guards_(Qing_dynasty)" title="Imperial Guards (Qing dynasty)">Imperial Guards</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Firearm_Battalion" title="Firearm Battalion">Firearm Battalion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peking_Field_Force" title="Peking Field Force">Peking Field Force</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Army" title="New Army">New Army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hushenying" title="Hushenying">Hushenying</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shuishiying" title="Shuishiying">Shuishiying</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Wuwei Corps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yong_Ying" title="Yong Ying">Yong Ying</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chu_Army" title="Chu Army">Chu Army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huai_Army" title="Huai Army">Huai Army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xiang_Army" title="Xiang Army">Xiang Army</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imperial_Chinese_Navy" title="Imperial Chinese Navy">Navy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">Special regions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Qing_dynasty_in_Inner_Asia" title="Qing dynasty in Inner Asia">Inner Asia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manchuria_under_Qing_rule" title="Manchuria under Qing rule">Manchuria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongolia_under_Qing_rule" title="Mongolia under Qing rule">Mongolia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Administrative_divisions_of_Mongolia_during_Qing" title="Administrative divisions of Mongolia during Qing">Administrative divisions</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibet_under_Qing_rule" title="Tibet under Qing rule">Tibet</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Golden_Urn" title="Golden Urn">Golden Urn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Qing_ambans_in_Tibet" title="List of Qing ambans in Tibet">List of ambans</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xinjiang_under_Qing_rule" title="Xinjiang under Qing rule">Xinjiang</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Xinjiang_under_Qing_rule" title="Timeline of Xinjiang under Qing rule">Timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/General_of_Ili" title="General of Ili">General of Ili</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taiwan_under_Qing_rule" title="Taiwan under Qing rule">Taiwan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Guest_House_of_Imperial_Envoys" title="Guest House of Imperial Envoys">Guest House of Imperial Envoys</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">Palaces &<br />mausoleums</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chengde_Mountain_Resort" title="Chengde Mountain Resort">Chengde Mountain Resort</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forbidden_City" title="Forbidden City">Forbidden City</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hetu_Ala" title="Hetu Ala">Hetu Ala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mukden_Palace" title="Mukden Palace">Mukden Palace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Summer_Palace" title="Old Summer Palace">Old Summer Palace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Summer_Palace" title="Summer Palace">Summer Palace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Qing_tombs" title="Eastern Qing tombs">Eastern Qing tombs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Qing_tombs" title="Western Qing tombs">Western Qing tombs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fuling_Mausoleum" title="Fuling Mausoleum">Fuling Mausoleum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhao_Mausoleum_(Qing_dynasty)" title="Zhao Mausoleum (Qing dynasty)">Zhao Mausoleum (Qing dynasty)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imperial_Tombs_of_the_Ming_and_Qing_Dynasties" title="Imperial Tombs of the Ming and Qing Dynasties">Imperial Tombs of the Ming and Qing Dynasties</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">Society &<br />culture</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Booi_Aha" title="Booi Aha">Booi Aha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Changzhou_School_of_Thought" title="Changzhou School of Thought">Changzhou School of Thought</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Complete_Classics_Collection_of_Ancient_China" title="Complete Classics Collection of Ancient China">Complete Classics Collection of Ancient China</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dibao" title="Dibao">Dibao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_the_Qing_dynasty" title="Economy of the Qing dynasty">Economy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_Qing_dynasty%27s_economic_performance" title="Criticism of Qing dynasty's economic performance">performance criticism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Four_Wangs" title="Four Wangs">Four Wangs</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/History_of_Ming" title="History of Ming">History of Ming</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kangxi_Dictionary" title="Kangxi Dictionary">Kangxi Dictionary</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaozheng" title="Kaozheng">Kaozheng</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Literary_inquisition" title="Literary inquisition">Literary inquisition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manchu_Han_Imperial_Feast" class="mw-redirect" title="Manchu Han Imperial Feast">Manchu Han Imperial Feast</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Peiwen_Yunfu" title="Peiwen Yunfu">Peiwen Yunfu</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Pentaglot_Dictionary" title="Pentaglot Dictionary">Pentaglot Dictionary</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qing_official_headwear" title="Qing official headwear">Qing official headwear</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qing_poetry" title="Qing poetry">Qing poetry</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Complete_Tang_Poems" title="Complete Tang Poems">Complete Tang Poems</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queue_(hairstyle)" title="Queue (hairstyle)">Queue</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Researches_on_Manchu_Origins" title="Researches on Manchu Origins">Researches on Manchu Origins</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sacred_Edict_of_the_Kangxi_Emperor" title="Sacred Edict of the Kangxi Emperor">Sacred Edict of the Kangxi Emperor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shamanism_during_the_Qing_dynasty" title="Shamanism during the Qing dynasty">Shamanism during the Qing dynasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_during_the_Qing_dynasty" title="Islam during the Qing dynasty">Islam during the Qing dynasty</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Siku_Quanshu" title="Siku Quanshu">Complete Library of the Four Treasuries</a></i> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Siku_Quanshu_Zongmu_Tiyao" title="Siku Quanshu Zongmu Tiyao">Annotated Bibliography</a></i></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_treaties_of_China_before_the_People%27s_Republic#Qing_dynasty" title="List of treaties of China before the People's Republic">Treaties</a><br /></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Kyakhta_(1727)" title="Treaty of Kyakhta (1727)">Treaty of Kyakhta (1727)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Nerchinsk" title="Treaty of Nerchinsk">Treaty of Nerchinsk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unequal_treaties" title="Unequal treaties">Unequal treaties</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Boxer_Protocol" title="Boxer Protocol">Boxer Protocol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burlingame_Treaty" title="Burlingame Treaty">Burlingame Treaty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chefoo_Convention" title="Chefoo Convention">Chefoo Convention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Convention_Between_Great_Britain_and_China_Respecting_Tibet" title="Convention Between Great Britain and China Respecting Tibet">Convention Between Great Britain and China Respecting Tibet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Convention_for_the_Extension_of_Hong_Kong_Territory" title="Convention for the Extension of Hong Kong Territory">Convention for the Extension of Hong Kong Territory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Convention_of_Peking" title="Convention of Peking">Convention of Peking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Convention_of_Tientsin" title="Convention of Tientsin">Convention of Tientsin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Li%E2%80%93Lobanov_Treaty" title="Li–Lobanov Treaty">Li–Lobanov Treaty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sino-Portuguese_Treaty_of_Peking" title="Sino-Portuguese Treaty of Peking">Sino-Portuguese Treaty of Peking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Aigun" title="Treaty of Aigun">Treaty of Aigun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_the_Bogue" title="Treaty of the Bogue">Treaty of the Bogue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Canton" title="Treaty of Canton">Treaty of Canton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Kulja" title="Treaty of Kulja">Treaty of Kulja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Nanking" title="Treaty of Nanking">Treaty of Nanking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Saint_Petersburg_(1881)" title="Treaty of Saint Petersburg (1881)">Treaty of Saint Petersburg (1881)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Shimonoseki" title="Treaty of Shimonoseki">Treaty of Shimonoseki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Tarbagatai" title="Treaty of Tarbagatai">Treaty of Tarbagatai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Tientsin" title="Treaty of Tientsin">Treaty of Tientsin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Wanghia" title="Treaty of Wanghia">Treaty of Wanghia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Whampoa" title="Treaty of Whampoa">Treaty of Whampoa</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">Currency</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/Qing_dynasty_coinage" title="Qing dynasty coinage">Coinage</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Zhiqian" title="Zhiqian">Zhiqian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kangxi_Tongbao" title="Kangxi Tongbao">Kangxi Tongbao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qianlong_Tongbao" title="Qianlong Tongbao">Qianlong Tongbao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hongqian" title="Hongqian">Hongqian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Qing_Copper_Coin" title="Great Qing Copper Coin">Great Qing Copper Coin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Qing_Gold_Coin" title="Great Qing Gold Coin">Great Qing Gold Coin</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/Paper_money_of_the_Qing_dynasty" title="Paper money of the Qing dynasty">Paper money</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Great_Qing_Treasure_Note" title="Great Qing Treasure Note">Great Qing Treasure Note</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hubu_Guanpiao" title="Hubu Guanpiao">Hubu Guanpiao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banknotes_of_the_Da_Qing_Bank" title="Banknotes of the Da Qing Bank">Banknotes of the Da Qing Bank</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">Other topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aisin_Gioro" class="mw-redirect" title="Aisin Gioro">Aisin Gioro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Qing_sentiment" title="Anti-Qing sentiment">Anti-Qing sentiment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canton_System" title="Canton System">Canton System</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chuang_Guandong" title="Chuang Guandong">Chuang Guandong</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Draft_History_of_Qing" title="Draft History of Qing">Draft History of Qing</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/History_of_Qing_(People%27s_Republic)" title="History of Qing (People's Republic)">History of Qing (People's Republic)</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imperial_hunt_of_the_Qing_dynasty" title="Imperial hunt of the Qing dynasty">Imperial hunt of the Qing dynasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legacy_of_the_Qing_dynasty" title="Legacy of the Qing dynasty">Legacy of the Qing 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