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href="#Before_the_20th_century"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Before the 20th century</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Before_the_20th_century-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Before the 20th century subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Before_the_20th_century-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-19th_century" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#19th_century"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>19th century</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-19th_century-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Oregon_Country_and_Columbia_District" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Oregon_Country_and_Columbia_District"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1.1</span> <span>Oregon Country and Columbia District</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Oregon_Country_and_Columbia_District-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-American_Civil_War" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#American_Civil_War"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1.2</span> <span>American Civil War</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-American_Civil_War-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-20th_century" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#20th_century"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>20th century</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-20th_century-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle 20th century subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-20th_century-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-State_of_Jefferson" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#State_of_Jefferson"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>State of Jefferson</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-State_of_Jefferson-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ecotopia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ecotopia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span><i>Ecotopia</i></span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ecotopia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cascadia_and_bioregionalism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cascadia_and_bioregionalism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Cascadia and bioregionalism</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Cascadia_and_bioregionalism-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Cascadia and bioregionalism subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Cascadia_and_bioregionalism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Bioregional_congresses" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bioregional_congresses"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Bioregional congresses</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bioregional_congresses-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cascadia_bioregion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cascadia_bioregion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Cascadia bioregion</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cascadia_bioregion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cascadian_Bioregional_Flag" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cascadian_Bioregional_Flag"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Cascadian Bioregional Flag</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cascadian_Bioregional_Flag-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Regional_identity" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Regional_identity"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Regional identity</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Regional_identity-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Secessionist_activism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Secessionist_activism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Secessionist activism</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Secessionist_activism-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Secessionist activism subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Secessionist_activism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Public_support_for_secession" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Public_support_for_secession"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Public support for secession</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Public_support_for_secession-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Canada" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Canada"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1.1</span> <span>Canada</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Canada-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-United_States" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#United_States"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1.2</span> <span>United States</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-United_States-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_popular_culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_popular_culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>In popular culture</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_popular_culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon 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Available in 23 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-23" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">23 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kask%C3%A1dia" title="Kaskádia – Guarani" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Kaskádia" data-language-autonym="Avañe'ẽ" data-language-local-name="Guarani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Avañe'ẽ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ay mw-list-item"><a href="https://ay.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaskadiya" title="Kaskadiya – Aymara" lang="ay" hreflang="ay" data-title="Kaskadiya" data-language-autonym="Aymar aru" data-language-local-name="Aymara" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aymar aru</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Casc%C3%A0dia" title="Cascàdia – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Cascàdia" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kask%C3%A1die" title="Kaskádie – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Kaskádie" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cascadia" title="Cascadia – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Cascadia" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaskadien" title="Kaskadien – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Kaskadien" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cascadia" title="Cascadia – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Cascadia" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaskadia" title="Kaskadia – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Kaskadia" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cascadie" title="Cascadie – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Cascadie" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cascadia" title="Cascadia – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Cascadia" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%BA%90%EC%8A%A4%EC%BC%80%EC%9D%B4%EB%94%94%EC%95%84_%EC%9A%B4%EB%8F%99" title="캐스케이디아 운동 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="캐스케이디아 운동" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ik mw-list-item"><a href="https://ik.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kasqadia" title="Kasqadia – Inupiaq" lang="ik" hreflang="ik" data-title="Kasqadia" data-language-autonym="Iñupiatun" data-language-local-name="Inupiaq" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Iñupiatun</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cascadia_(movimento_indipendentista)" title="Cascadia (movimento indipendentista) – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Cascadia (movimento indipendentista)" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaskadija" title="Kaskadija – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Kaskadija" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cascadia" title="Cascadia – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Cascadia" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingua Franca Nova</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0" title="Каскадија – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Каскадија" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%AB%E3%82%B9%E3%82%AB%E3%83%87%E3%82%A3%E3%82%A2" title="カスカディア – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="カスカディア" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Casc%C3%A0dia" title="Cascàdia – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Cascàdia" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Casc%C3%A1dia" title="Cascádia – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Cascádia" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaskadiya" title="Kaskadiya – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Kaskadiya" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BF%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Республика Каскадия – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Республика Каскадия" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%B4%D1%96%D1%8F" title="Каскадія – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Каскадія" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8D%A1%E6%96%AF%E5%8D%A1%E8%BF%AA%E4%BA%9A" title="卡斯卡迪亚 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="卡斯卡迪亚" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q1128483#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul 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America</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output 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.ib-country-ethnic,.mw-parser-output .ib-country-religion,.mw-parser-output .ib-country-sovereignty{font-weight:normal;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fake-li{text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fake-li2{text-indent:0.5em;margin-left:1em;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-website{line-height:11pt}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-map-caption3{position:relative;top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fn{text-align:left;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fn-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fn-num{margin-left:1em}</style><table class="infobox ib-country vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above adr"><div class="fn org country-name">Cascadia</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Cascadia_map_and_bioregion_vector.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Boundaries of the bioregion with respect to current political divisions (Washington, Oregon, and British Columbia)."><img alt="Boundaries of the bioregion with respect to current political divisions (Washington, Oregon, and British Columbia)." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Cascadia_map_and_bioregion_vector.svg/250px-Cascadia_map_and_bioregion_vector.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="394" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Cascadia_map_and_bioregion_vector.svg/375px-Cascadia_map_and_bioregion_vector.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Cascadia_map_and_bioregion_vector.svg/500px-Cascadia_map_and_bioregion_vector.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1588" data-file-height="2500" /></a></span><div class="ib-country-map-caption">Boundaries of the bioregion with respect to current political divisions (Washington, Oregon, and British Columbia).</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Largest city</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Seattle" title="Seattle">Seattle</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Official languages</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Pacific_Northwest_English" title="Pacific Northwest English">English</a> (<i><a href="/wiki/De_facto" title="De facto">de facto</a></i>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Demonym" title="Demonym">Demonym(s)</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Cascadian</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Area</th></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• Total</div></th><td class="infobox-data">1,384,588 km<sup>2</sup> (534,592 sq mi)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Population</th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• 2022 estimate</div></th><td class="infobox-data">17,250,000</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• 2020 census</div></th><td class="infobox-data">17,134,999</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Gross_domestic_product" title="Gross domestic product">GDP</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style><span class="nobold">(<a href="/wiki/Purchasing_power_parity" title="Purchasing power parity">PPP</a>)</span></th><td class="infobox-data">2018 estimate</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• Total</div></th><td class="infobox-data">US$1.1 trillion estimate<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• Per capita</div></th><td class="infobox-data">$69,153 estimate</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><div class="ib-country-fn"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1041539562">.mw-parser-output .citation{word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}</style><span class="citation wikicite" id="endnote_engoffbox"><b><a href="#ref_engoffbox">^</a></b></span> a. *Statistics are compiled from US and Canadian census records by combining information from the states of Washington, Oregon and the province of British Columbia.</div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>Cascadia movement</b> is a <a href="/wiki/Bioregionalism" title="Bioregionalism">bioregional</a> <a href="/wiki/Independence_movement" class="mw-redirect" title="Independence movement">independence movement</a> based in the <a href="/wiki/Cascadia_(bioregion)" title="Cascadia (bioregion)">Cascadia bioregion</a> of western North America. Potential boundaries differ, with some drawn along existing political state and provincial lines, and others drawn along larger ecological, cultural, political, and economic boundaries. </p><p>The proposed country or region largely would consist of the <a href="/wiki/Provinces_and_territories_of_Canada" title="Provinces and territories of Canada">Canadian province</a> of <a href="/wiki/British_Columbia" title="British Columbia">British Columbia</a> and the <a href="/wiki/U.S._state" title="U.S. state">U.S. states</a> of <a href="/wiki/Washington_(state)" title="Washington (state)">Washington</a> and <a href="/wiki/Oregon" title="Oregon">Oregon</a>, including the major cities of <a href="/wiki/Seattle" title="Seattle">Seattle</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vancouver" title="Vancouver">Vancouver</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Portland,_Oregon" title="Portland, Oregon">Portland</a>. When all parts of the <a href="/wiki/Bioregion" title="Bioregion">bioregion</a> are included, Cascadia would stretch from coastal <a href="/wiki/Alaska" title="Alaska">Alaska</a> in the north into <a href="/wiki/Northern_California" title="Northern California">Northern California</a> in the south, and inland to include parts of <a href="/wiki/Idaho" title="Idaho">Idaho</a>, <a href="/wiki/Montana" title="Montana">Montana</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nevada" title="Nevada">Nevada</a>, <a href="/wiki/Utah" title="Utah">Utah</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wyoming" title="Wyoming">Wyoming</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Yukon" title="Yukon">Yukon</a>. More conservative advocates propose borders that include the land west of the crest of the <a href="/wiki/Cascade_Range" title="Cascade Range">Cascade Range</a>, while some advocates propose borders as far north as <a href="/wiki/Alaska" title="Alaska">Alaska</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Yukon_River_Basin" title="Yukon River Basin">Yukon region</a>. </p><p>As measured only by the combination of present Washington, Oregon, and British Columbia statistics, Cascadia would be home to more than 17 million people, and would have an economy generating more than US$1.1 trillion worth of goods and services annually. This number would increase if portions of Northern California, Idaho, and Southern Alaska were also included. By land area Cascadia would be the 20th largest country in the world, with a land area of 534,572 sq mi (1,384,588 km<sup>2</sup>), placing it behind <a href="/wiki/Mongolia" title="Mongolia">Mongolia</a> and ahead of <a href="/wiki/Peru" title="Peru">Peru</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Its population would be similar in size to that of <a href="/wiki/Ecuador" title="Ecuador">Ecuador</a>, <a href="/wiki/Zambia" title="Zambia">Zambia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cambodia" title="Cambodia">Cambodia</a>, or the <a href="/wiki/Netherlands" title="Netherlands">Netherlands</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Description_of_the_movement">Description of the movement</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cascadia_movement&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Description of the movement"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Cascadia movement contains groups and organizations with a wide range of goals and strategies. Some groups, such as the Cascadian Bioregional Party, focus on the independence of the Cascadian bioregion<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> while others, such as the Cascadia Department of Bioregion, a 501(c)3 non-profit, seek to build a <a href="/wiki/Bioregionalism" title="Bioregionalism">bioregionalist</a> network as an alternative to the nation-state structure.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>There are several reasons why the Cascadia movement aims to foster connections and a <a href="/wiki/Sense_of_place" title="Sense of place">sense of place</a> within the Pacific Northwest region and strive toward independence. The main reasons stated by the movement include environmentalism, <a href="/wiki/Bioregionalism" title="Bioregionalism">bioregionalism</a>, privacy, civil liberties and freedom,<sup id="cite_ref-issues_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-issues-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> increased regional integration, and local food networks and economies.<sup id="cite_ref-independence_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-independence-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The designer of the <a href="/wiki/Doug_flag" title="Doug flag">Doug flag</a>, Alexander Baretich, claims that Cascadia is not necessarily about secession but is rather about survival after the collapse of <a href="/wiki/Peak_oil" title="Peak oil">peak oil</a>, <a href="/wiki/Global_warming" class="mw-redirect" title="Global warming">global warming</a>, and other pending environmental and socioeconomic problems.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Before_the_20th_century">Before the 20th century</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cascadia_movement&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Before the 20th century"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Before 1800, it is estimated that more than 500,000 people lived within the region in dozens of nations, such as the <a href="/wiki/Tillamook_people" title="Tillamook people">Tillamook</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chinookan_peoples" title="Chinookan peoples">Chinook</a>, <a href="/wiki/Haida_people" title="Haida people">Haida</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nuu-chah-nulth" title="Nuu-chah-nulth">Nootka</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Tlingit" title="Tlingit">Tlingit</a>. They lived and traded largely within the Cascadia Bioregion, using its extensive system of waterways for transport and pre-colonial trade.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They spoke many different languages.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Indigenous sovereignty, the rights of nature, and decolonization remain a key point for many Cascadian<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and first nation organizers, who argue that indigenous <a href="/wiki/Self-determination" title="Self-determination">self-determination</a> cannot be gained legally under the framework of the United States constitution.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="19th_century">19th century</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cascadia_movement&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: 19th century"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Oregon_Country_and_Columbia_District">Oregon Country and Columbia District</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cascadia_movement&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Oregon Country and Columbia District"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:T_Jefferson_by_Charles_Willson_Peale_1791_2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/T_Jefferson_by_Charles_Willson_Peale_1791_2.jpg/220px-T_Jefferson_by_Charles_Willson_Peale_1791_2.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="309" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/T_Jefferson_by_Charles_Willson_Peale_1791_2.jpg/330px-T_Jefferson_by_Charles_Willson_Peale_1791_2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/46/T_Jefferson_by_Charles_Willson_Peale_1791_2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="360" data-file-height="506" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Jefferson" title="Thomas Jefferson">Thomas Jefferson</a> said he viewed <a href="/wiki/Fort_Astoria" title="Fort Astoria">Fort Astoria</a> "as the germ of a great, free, and independent empire on that side of our continent".<sup id="cite_ref-cyclopedia_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cyclopedia-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>An 1813 letter from American statesman <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Jefferson" title="Thomas Jefferson">Thomas Jefferson</a> to fur tycoon <a href="/wiki/John_Jacob_Astor" title="John Jacob Astor">John Jacob Astor</a> congratulated Astor on the establishment of <a href="/wiki/Fort_Astoria" title="Fort Astoria">Fort Astoria</a> (the coastal <a href="/wiki/Fur_trade" title="Fur trade">fur trade</a> post of Astor's <a href="/wiki/Pacific_Fur_Company" title="Pacific Fur Company">Pacific Fur Company</a>) and described Fort Astoria as "the germ of a great, free, and independent empire on that side of our continent, and that liberty and self-government spreading from that as well as from this side, will insure their complete establishment over the whole. It would be an afflicting thing, indeed, should the English be able to break up the settlement. Their bigotry to the bastard liberty of their own country, and habitual hostility to every degree of freedom in any other, will induce the attempt."<sup id="cite_ref-cyclopedia_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cyclopedia-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Oregon_History_Project_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Oregon_History_Project-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The same year of Jefferson's letter, Fort Astoria was sold to the British <a href="/wiki/North_West_Company" title="North West Company">North West Company</a>, which was based in <a href="/wiki/Montreal" title="Montreal">Montreal</a>. </p><p><a href="/wiki/John_Quincy_Adams" title="John Quincy Adams">John Quincy Adams</a> agreed with Jefferson's views about Fort Astoria, and labeled the entire Northwest as "the empire of Astoria",<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> although he also saw the whole continent as "destined by Divine Providence to be peopled by one nation."<sup id="cite_ref-horsman_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-horsman-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As late as the 1820s <a href="/wiki/James_Monroe" title="James Monroe">James Monroe</a> and <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Hart_Benton_(senator)" class="mw-redirect" title="Thomas Hart Benton (senator)">Thomas Hart Benton</a> thought the region west of the Rockies would be an independent nation.<sup id="cite_ref-horsman_18-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-horsman-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Elements among the region's white American population starting in the 1840s sought to form their own country, despite their small number. Oregon pioneer <a href="/wiki/John_McLoughlin" title="John McLoughlin">John McLoughlin</a> was employed as the <a href="/wiki/Chief_Factor" class="mw-redirect" title="Chief Factor">Chief Factor</a> (regional administrator) by the <a href="/wiki/Hudson%27s_Bay_Company" title="Hudson's Bay Company">Hudson's Bay Company</a> for the Columbia District, administered from <a href="/wiki/Fort_Vancouver" title="Fort Vancouver">Fort Vancouver</a>. McLoughlin was a significant force in the early history of the Oregon Country, and argued for its independence.<sup id="cite_ref-LOC_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LOC-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1842 McLoughlin (through his lawyer) advocated an independent nation that would be free of the United States during debates at the <a href="/wiki/Oregon_Lyceum" title="Oregon Lyceum">Oregon Lyceum</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-LOC_19-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LOC-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This view won support at first and a resolution was adopted. When the first settlers of the Willamette Valley held a series of politically foundational meetings in 1843, called the Wolf Meetings, a majority voted to establish an independent republic.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Action was postponed by <a href="/wiki/George_Abernethy" title="George Abernethy">George Abernethy</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Methodist_Mission" class="mw-redirect" title="Methodist Mission">Methodist Mission</a> to wait on forming an independent country.<sup id="cite_ref-LOC_19-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LOC-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In May 1843, the settlers in the <a href="/wiki/Oregon_Country" title="Oregon Country">Oregon Country</a> created their first western-style government as a Provisional Government. Several months later the <a href="/wiki/Organic_Laws_of_Oregon" title="Organic Laws of Oregon">Organic Laws of Oregon</a> were drawn up to create a legislature, an executive committee, a judicial system, and a system of subscriptions to defray expenses. Members of the ultra-American party insisted that the final lines of the Organic Act would be "until such time as the USA extend their jurisdiction over us" to try to end the Oregon Territorial independence movement.<sup id="cite_ref-Grover_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Grover-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Yale_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Yale-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/George_Abernethy" title="George Abernethy">George Abernethy</a> was elected its first and only Provisional Governor.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> From the mid-1850s to the early 1860s, the territory explored ideas of secession, with pro-slavery Democrat <a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Stark" title="Benjamin Stark">Bemjamin Stark</a> laying claim to the idea, supporting the formation of a "Pacific Union", along with California politician <a href="/wiki/William_Gwinn" title="William Gwinn">William Gwin</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>British claims north of the <a href="/wiki/Columbia_River" title="Columbia River">Columbia River</a> were ceded to the United States by the contentious <a href="/wiki/Oregon_Treaty" title="Oregon Treaty">Oregon Treaty</a> of 1846. In 1860, there were three different statements from separate influential individuals on the creation of a "Pacific Republic".<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="American_Civil_War">American Civil War</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cascadia_movement&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: American Civil War"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>When the <a href="/wiki/Southern_United_States" title="Southern United States">Southern states</a> of the U.S. seceded to form the <a href="/wiki/Confederate_States_of_America" title="Confederate States of America">Confederate States of America</a>, some Oregon Territory settlers reacted to the instability of the union as another opportunity to seek independence. The leader of California's federal forces at the outset of the Civil War was himself a supporter of the Confederate cause, but that movement proved weaker than its opposition. For his role in convincing Californians to remain in the Union, <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Starr_King" title="Thomas Starr King">Thomas Starr King</a> was honored as one of the two "heroes of California" in the U.S. Capitol's <a href="/wiki/National_Statuary_Hall_Collection" title="National Statuary Hall Collection">National Statuary Hall Collection</a><sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> until 2009, when his statue was replaced by one of <a href="/wiki/Ronald_Reagan" title="Ronald Reagan">Ronald Reagan</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>While independence movements during this time failed to take root, <a href="/wiki/Adella_M._Parker" title="Adella M. Parker">Adella M. Parker</a>, president of the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Washington" title="University of Washington">University of Washington</a> Alumni Association, argued in her speech at the groundbreaking of the Seattle campus that the Pacific Northwest should build a new regional culture: </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>That the West should un-falteringly follow the East in fashions and ideals would be as false and fatal as that America should obey the standards of Europe. Let the West, daring and unprejudiced, discover its own ideals and follow them. The American standard in literature and philosophy has long been fixed by the remote East. Something wild and free, something robust and full will come out of the West and be recognized in the final American type. Under the shadow of those great mountains a distinct personality shall arise, it shall adopt other fashions, create new ideals, and generations shall justify them.<br />—With Due Formality, 1894<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="20th_century">20th century</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cascadia_movement&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: 20th century"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="State_of_Jefferson">State of Jefferson</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cascadia_movement&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: State of Jefferson"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Jefferson_(proposed_Pacific_state)" title="Jefferson (proposed Pacific state)">Jefferson (proposed Pacific state)</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Jefferson_state_flag.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Jefferson_state_flag.svg/220px-Jefferson_state_flag.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="134" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Jefferson_state_flag.svg/330px-Jefferson_state_flag.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Jefferson_state_flag.svg/440px-Jefferson_state_flag.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1101" data-file-height="671" /></a><figcaption>Proposed flag of the State of Jefferson.</figcaption></figure> <p>After attempts in the mid-19th century at forming a State of Jefferson prior to becoming Oregon and then again in the 1930s, citizens attempted the best known of such movements in the region. During 1940 and 1941, organizers attracted media attention by arming themselves and blockading Highway 99 to the south of <a href="/wiki/Yreka,_California" title="Yreka, California">Yreka, California</a>, where they collected tolls from motorists and passed out proclamations of independence. When a <a href="/wiki/California_Highway_Patrol" title="California Highway Patrol">California Highway Patrol</a> officer arrived at the scene, he was told to "get down the road back to California". The movement was created to draw attention to the area by proposing that Southern Oregon and Northern California secede from their respective state governments to form a separate state within the United States.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A perceived lack of attention and resources from their state governments led to the adoption of a flag design bearing a gold pan and two X's, a "<a href="/wiki/Double_cross_(betrayal)" class="mw-redirect" title="Double cross (betrayal)">double cross</a>."<sup id="cite_ref-ijpr.org_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ijpr.org-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The movement quickly ended, however, after the <a href="/wiki/Attack_on_Pearl_Harbor" title="Attack on Pearl Harbor">Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor</a> on December 7, 1941.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Stanton_Delaplane" title="Stanton Delaplane">Stanton Delaplane</a>'s coverage of the State of Jefferson won the 1942 <a href="/wiki/Pulitzer_Prize_for_Reporting" title="Pulitzer Prize for Reporting">Pulitzer Prize for Reporting</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-nyt_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nyt-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1956, groups from <a href="/wiki/Cave_Junction,_Oregon" title="Cave Junction, Oregon">Cave Junction, Oregon</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dunsmuir,_California" title="Dunsmuir, California">Dunsmuir, California</a> threatened to tear Southern Oregon and Northern California from their respective state rulers to form the State of Jefferson.<sup id="cite_ref-ijpr.org_31-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ijpr.org-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ecotopia"><i>Ecotopia</i></h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cascadia_movement&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Ecotopia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Ecotopia" title="Ecotopia">Ecotopia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Eco-socialism" title="Eco-socialism">Eco-socialism</a></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Ernest_Callenbach" title="Ernest Callenbach">Ernest Callenbach</a>'s environmental Utopian novel <i>Ecotopia</i> (1975) follows an American reporter, William Weston, on his tour through a secretive republic (the former Washington, Oregon, and northern California) 20 years after their secession from the U.S. At first wary and uncomfortable, Weston is shown a society that has been centrally planned, scaled down, and readapted to fit within the constraints of <a href="/wiki/Environmental_sustainability" class="mw-redirect" title="Environmental sustainability">environmental sustainability</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Cascadia_and_bioregionalism">Cascadia and bioregionalism</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cascadia_movement&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Cascadia and bioregionalism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cascadia%2BBioregional%2BCongress%2B1986%2BProceedings_(3).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Cascadia%2BBioregional%2BCongress%2B1986%2BProceedings_%283%29.jpg/173px-Cascadia%2BBioregional%2BCongress%2B1986%2BProceedings_%283%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="173" height="226" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Cascadia%2BBioregional%2BCongress%2B1986%2BProceedings_%283%29.jpg/260px-Cascadia%2BBioregional%2BCongress%2B1986%2BProceedings_%283%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Cascadia%2BBioregional%2BCongress%2B1986%2BProceedings_%283%29.jpg/347px-Cascadia%2BBioregional%2BCongress%2B1986%2BProceedings_%283%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1956" /></a><figcaption>The cover from the first Cascadia Bioregional Congress, held July 25–28, 1986 at The Evergreen State College in Olympia, Washington</figcaption></figure> <p>Cascadia is an idea rooted in <a href="/wiki/Bioregionalism" title="Bioregionalism">bioregionalism</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Cascadians believe that the Cascadia <a href="/wiki/Bioregion" title="Bioregion">bioregion</a> is a better representation of place, and the people and inhabitants living there, than the current United States or Canadian borders or state lines, which they feel arbitrarily divides the geography and communities living within it.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bioregional_congresses">Bioregional congresses</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cascadia_movement&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Bioregional congresses"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The early Cascadia movement was formed through a series of Cascadia "Bioregional Congresses" held in the early 1980s. They were a regional extension of the North American Bioregional Congresses (NABC), and were designed to alternate in tandem with continental and regionally focused meetings about social needs and governance. The first Cascadia Bioregional Congress was held in 1986 at The Evergreen State College in Olympia, Washington,<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> followed by the Ish River Bioregional Confluence in 1987,<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and a Pacific Cascadia Bioregional Congress held in 1988.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Each of these gatherings brought together about a hundred people as "delegates" for their watersheds. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cascadia_bioregion">Cascadia bioregion</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cascadia_movement&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Cascadia bioregion"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Cascadia_(bioregion)" title="Cascadia (bioregion)">Cascadia (bioregion)</a></div> <p>The Cascadia bioregion is defined by the watersheds of the Fraser, Snake and Columbia River, and encompasses all or portions of Washington, Oregon, Idaho, California, Nevada, Wyoming, Montana, Alaska, British Columbia, and Alberta. It stretches from Cape Mendocino in the south, to Mt. St. Alias in the North, and as far east as the Yellowstone Caldera.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The delineation of a bioregion is defined through watersheds and ecoregions, with the belief that political boundaries should match ecological and cultural boundaries, and that culture stems from place. Current Cascadian bioregionalists use this framework as an argument for independence, autonomy and what they feel better represents the communities and area as an alternative to capitalism and the nation state.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cascadian_Bioregional_Flag">Cascadian Bioregional Flag</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cascadia_movement&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Cascadian Bioregional Flag"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Doug_flag" title="Doug flag">Doug flag</a></div> <p>The Cascadian Bioregional Flag, also known as the Doug Flag, or simply the Cascadia Flag, is a commonly accepted symbol for the Cascadia movement.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was designed in 1994 by Portland native Alexander Baretich. It is intended to be a direct representation of the bioregion, with green for the forests, blue for the waters, and white for the snow-capped mountains, with a Douglas Fir tree to symbolize the resilience of the region.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Writing about the flag's symbolism Baretich said:<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>The Cascadia flag conveys something more tangible than an abstract concept of demarcation of space. It is not a flag of blood nor of the glory of a nation, but a love of the bioregion; our ecological family, natural boundaries & the place in which we live & love.</p></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Regional_identity">Regional identity</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cascadia_movement&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Regional identity"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The idea of Cascadia as an economic <a href="/wiki/Cross-border_region" title="Cross-border region">cross-border region</a> has been embraced by a wide diversity of civic leaders and organizations. The "Main Street Cascadia" transportation corridor concept was formed by former <a href="/wiki/Mayor_of_Seattle" title="Mayor of Seattle">mayor of Seattle</a> <a href="/wiki/Paul_Schell" title="Paul Schell">Paul Schell</a> during 1991 and 1992.<sup id="cite_ref-vancouverreview_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-vancouverreview-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Schell later defended his cross-border efforts during the 1999 American Planning Association convention, saying "that Cascadia represents better than states, countries and cities the cultural and geographical realities of the corridor from Eugene to Vancouver, B.C."<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Schell also formed the Cascadia Mayors Council, bringing together mayors from cities along the corridor from <a href="/wiki/Whistler,_British_Columbia" title="Whistler, British Columbia">Whistler, British Columbia</a>, to <a href="/wiki/Medford,_Oregon" title="Medford, Oregon">Medford, Oregon</a>. The last meeting was held in May 2004.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other cross-border groups were set up in the 1990s, such as the Cascadia Economic Council and the Cascadia Corridor Commission.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Oregoncountry2.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Oregoncountry2.png/220px-Oregoncountry2.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="224" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Oregoncountry2.png/330px-Oregoncountry2.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Oregoncountry2.png/440px-Oregoncountry2.png 2x" data-file-width="992" data-file-height="1011" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Oregon_Country" title="Oregon Country">Oregon Country</a> as claimed by the United States. The <a href="/wiki/Columbia_District" title="Columbia District">Columbia District</a> extended much farther north.</figcaption></figure> <p>The region is served by several cooperative organizations and interstate or international agencies, especially since 2008 with the signing of the <a href="/wiki/Pacific_Coast_Collaborative" title="Pacific Coast Collaborative">Pacific Coast Collaborative</a> which places new emphasis on bio-regionally coordinated policies on the environmental, <a href="/wiki/Forestry" title="Forestry">forestry</a> and <a href="/wiki/Fishery" title="Fishery">fishery</a> management, <a href="/wiki/Emergency_preparedness" class="mw-redirect" title="Emergency preparedness">emergency preparedness</a> and critical infrastructure, regional high-speed rail and road transportation as well as tourism.<sup id="cite_ref-governor_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-governor-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The area from Vancouver, B.C. down to Portland<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> has been termed an emerging <a href="/wiki/Megaregion" class="mw-redirect" title="Megaregion">megaregion</a> by the National Committee for America 2050, a coalition of regional planners, scholars, and policy-makers. This group defines a megaregion as an area where "boundaries [between metropolitan regions] begin to blur, creating a new scale of geography".<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These areas have interlocking economic systems, shared natural resources and ecosystems, and common transportation systems link these population centers together. This area contains 17 percent of Cascadian land mass, but more than 80 percent of the Cascadian population. Programs such as the <a href="/wiki/Enhanced_driver%27s_license" title="Enhanced driver's license">enhanced driver's license program</a> can be used to more easily cross the border between Washington and British Columbia.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Secessionist_activism">Secessionist activism</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cascadia_movement&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Secessionist activism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Cascadian secessionist movements generally state that their political motivations deal mostly with political, economic, cultural, and ecological ties, as well as the beliefs that the eastern federal governments are out of touch, slow to respond, and hinder provincial and state attempts at further bioregional integration.<sup id="cite_ref-vsun-may-2008_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-vsun-may-2008-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These connections go back to the Oregon Territory, and further back to the Oregon Country, the land most commonly associated with Cascadia, and the last time the region was treated as a single political unit, though administered by two countries.<sup id="cite_ref-vsun-may-2008_54-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-vsun-may-2008-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some have asserted that political protest in the wake of the <a href="/wiki/2004_United_States_presidential_election" title="2004 United States presidential election">2004 United States presidential election</a> appears to be the primary reason for renewed separatist movements throughout states with substantial Democratic majorities, such as Washington and Oregon.<sup id="cite_ref-Washington_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Washington-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Cascadian independence has seen a resurgence in popularity following the election of <a href="/wiki/Donald_Trump" title="Donald Trump">Donald Trump</a> as president of the United States on November 8, 2016, with a secession referendum proposed in Oregon.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The individuals who put forward the proposal have since withdrawn their petition.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Several new Cascadia organizations have also formed in that time period. Immediately after Trump's election, a series of Yes Cascadia meetings were formed to explore the idea of a Cascadia Secession Movement gathering hundreds of people in person, later changing their name to Vote Cascadia.<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Members of the Cascadian independence movement have declared May 18 as "Cascadia Day", in recognition of the lateral <a href="/wiki/1980_eruption_of_Mount_St._Helens" title="1980 eruption of Mount St. Helens">eruption of Mount St. Helens in 1980</a>, with the week surrounding that date being "Cascadia Culture Week".<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Cascadia Party of British Columbia formed in 2016 and nominated two candidates, though neither were elected, in the <a href="/wiki/2017_British_Columbia_general_election" title="2017 British Columbia general election">2017 British Columbia general election</a> to advocate for sovereignty for the <a href="/wiki/Cascadia_(bioregion)" title="Cascadia (bioregion)">Cascadia bioregion</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It did not run any candidates in the <a href="/wiki/2020_British_Columbia_general_election" title="2020 British Columbia general election">2020 British Columbia general election</a>. </p><p>In May 2021, the Cascadia Bioregional Party was established, advocating the independence of the Cascadian Bioregion from the United States and Canada, and several social, environmental and economic reforms.<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Public_support_for_secession">Public support for secession</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cascadia_movement&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Public support for secession"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Canada">Canada</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cascadia_movement&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Canada"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In <a href="/wiki/British_Columbia" title="British Columbia">British Columbia</a>, a 2020 poll by Glacier Media and Research Co. has shown a significant growth of support for Cascadia and British Columbia as a standalone independent country. As a standalone country, support has gone up to 27 percent from 17 percent in 2018 and 2019. British Columbians aged 18 to 34 are more likely to feel that the province could be independent (37% growth in support) than those aged 35 to 54 (28% growth in support) and those aged 55 and over (18% growth in support). Support for the idea Cascadia specifically, of joining with Washington and Oregon in some fashion held quite a positive view, especially among younger generations, with those in support aged 18 to 34 at 66 percent, 60 percent of those aged 35 to 54 and 48 percent of those aged 55 and over. Support for the “Wexit” movement in Alberta remains low at 15 percent.<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A poll commissioned by the <i><a href="/wiki/Western_Standard" title="Western Standard">Western Standard</a></i> magazine in 2005 asked whether "western Canadians should begin to explore the idea of forming their own country", and 35.6 percent of respondents from <a href="/wiki/Western_Canada" title="Western Canada">Western Canada</a> agreed.<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Angus Reid conducted a four part study on Western Canadian identity and surveyed 4,024 Canadians in late December and early January 2017 and 2018. It showed that 54 percent of British Columbians felt they had the most in common with Washington state, 18 percent picked California while just 15 per cent chose Alberta, 9 percent chose Ontario, and less than 3 percent chose Manitoba, Saskatchewan or another Canadian area. This connection, while not new, has steadily continued to grow. (In 1991, fully half of B.C. respondents told the Angus Reid Group they had the most in common with Washington) More telling, in 1991, there was a much greater degree of mutual recognition between British Columbia and Alberta, and other parts of Canada.<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="United_States">United States</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cascadia_movement&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: United States"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>While it is difficult to gauge support for Cascadia specifically in Washington and Oregon, because no research has been done for those states, support for the idea of secession is at one of its highest points in the history of the United States.<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2021, a study was conducted by Brightline Watch of 2,750 Americans between June 16 and June 26 that asked "Would you support or oppose (your state) seceding from the United States to join a new union (list of five regional unions)?". The poll found that support for the idea of regional secession was highest in the Pacific and Southern regions, with 66 percent of Republicans, 50 percent of independents in the South, and 47 percent of Democrats in the Pacific supporting the idea of secession. In this survey, Brightline used the regional union of Washington, Oregon, Alaska, Hawaii and California<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as the Pacific regional union. Overall, support for the idea of secession was 37 percent in the US in general.<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In a 2022 poll, the Center for Politics at University of Virginia ran a poll that found similar results, finding that 52 percent of Trump voters and 41 percent of Biden voters at least somewhat agree that "it's time to split the country, favoring blue/red states seceding from the union".<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>This builds on earlier work by Zogby International, which in 2018 conducted a national poll that found that 39 percent of Americans support the idea of independence, with 68 percent of people being open to a state's or region's right to peacefully secede from the United States, the highest rate since the American Civil War.<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This number included 41 percent of Democrats, with the largest demographic supporting the idea being Black Americans at 47 percent, replacing the previous current highest block (which had been Latinos 51% in 2017), and followed by Republicans at 39 percent.<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>However, none of these studies are specifically about forming an independent Cascadia. The movement saw much discussion in the 1990s,<sup id="cite_ref-vancouverreview_46-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-vancouverreview-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and while the increase in security and American nationalism after the <a href="/wiki/September_11_attacks" title="September 11 attacks">September 11 attacks</a> set back the movement's momentum for some time, the concept has continued to become more ingrained into society and the public consciousness.<sup id="cite_ref-vancouverreview_46-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-vancouverreview-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In January 2011, <i><a href="/wiki/Time_(magazine)" title="Time (magazine)">Time</a></i> magazine included Cascadia number eight on a list of "Top 10 Aspiring Nations", noting it "has little chance of ever becoming a reality".<sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="In_popular_culture">In popular culture</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cascadia_movement&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: In popular culture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cascadiaflag1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Cascadiaflag1.jpg/170px-Cascadiaflag1.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="238" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Cascadiaflag1.jpg/255px-Cascadiaflag1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Cascadiaflag1.jpg/340px-Cascadiaflag1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="686" data-file-height="960" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Timbers_Army" title="Timbers Army">Timbers Army loyalists</a> at a <a href="/wiki/Portland_Timbers" title="Portland Timbers">Portland Timbers</a> game fly the <a href="/wiki/Doug_flag" title="Doug flag">Doug flag</a></figcaption></figure> <ul><li>The <a href="/wiki/Doug_flag" title="Doug flag">Doug flag</a> showing a Douglas fir tree appears to be the most commonly adopted flag of the Cascadian movement.<sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Designed in the academic year of 1994–1995 by <a href="/wiki/Portland,_Oregon" title="Portland, Oregon">Portland, Oregon</a> native and Cascadian bioregional awareness activist Alexander Baretich,<sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> its blue represents sky and the Pacific Ocean, the white represents clouds and snow, and the green represents the forest.<sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As of 2010, the "Doug" has also been adopted by the <a href="/wiki/Portland_Timbers" title="Portland Timbers">Portland Timbers</a> supporters group <a href="/wiki/Timbers_Army" title="Timbers Army">Timbers Army</a>, sometimes of giant size, although the flag is also raised by Seattle and Vancouver supporters, as well.<sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The three teams compete in the supporter-sponsored <a href="/wiki/Cascadia_Cup" title="Cascadia Cup">Cascadia Cup</a>. In 2010, <a href="/wiki/Hopworks_Urban_Brewery" title="Hopworks Urban Brewery">Hopworks Urban Brewery</a> in Portland introduced Secession Black <a href="/wiki/India_Pale_Ale" class="mw-redirect" title="India Pale Ale">IPA</a> with the Doug flag as part of its label.<sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>The documentary <i>Occupied Cascadia</i> is focused on bioregionalism and environmentalism, and explores concepts of <a href="/wiki/Decolonization" title="Decolonization">decolonization</a>, and the growth of the Cascadia independence movement.<sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>The 2005 North American Science Fiction Convention (or <a href="/wiki/NASFiC" class="mw-redirect" title="NASFiC">NASFiC</a>), <a href="/wiki/Cascadia_Con" title="Cascadia Con">Cascadia Con</a>, presented itself as a Cascadian convention, using material from the Republic of Cascadia website, and other sources.<sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>In 2010, Lloyd Vivola, an artist, bioregion supporter and environmental activist, wrote and recorded a song called "O Cascadia – A Folk Anthem for the Pacific Northwest".<sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>In 2013, the <a href="/wiki/Cascadia_official_soccer_team" title="Cascadia official soccer team">Cascadia Association Football Federation (CAFF)</a> was founded and admitted to the <a href="/wiki/N.F.-Board" title="N.F.-Board">N.F.-Board</a> at their annual general meeting in <a href="/wiki/Munich" title="Munich">Munich</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Later that year they joined <a href="/wiki/Confederation_of_Independent_Football_Associations" title="Confederation of Independent Football Associations">ConIFA</a>.</li> <li>The 2016 book <i>Towards Cascadia</i> explores the societal identity of the Pacific Northwest, the concepts of bioregionalism and freedom, pressing civic issues, and the possibility of Cascadian independence achieved both peacefully and constitutionally.<sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template noprint Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:No_original_research#Primary,_secondary_and_tertiary_sources" title="Wikipedia:No original research"><span title="Need independent verification of notability. WP:SPS (March 2020)">non-primary source needed</span></a></i>]</sup></li> <li>In 2017, the <a href="/wiki/Cascadia_official_soccer_team" title="Cascadia official soccer team">Cascadia Association Football Federation</a> qualified for ConIFA's 2018 World Football Cup. In 2018, they sent a soccer team to the <a href="/wiki/2018_ConIFA_World_Football_Cup" class="mw-redirect" title="2018 ConIFA World Football Cup">2018 ConIFA World Football Cup</a> in London captained by former <a href="/wiki/Seattle_Sounders_FC" title="Seattle Sounders FC">Seattle Sounders FC</a> defender <a href="/wiki/James_Riley_(soccer)" title="James Riley (soccer)">James Riley</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This would mark the first time a team from North America played in a ConIFA competition.</li> <li>In 2018, an orchestral version of Lloyd Vivola's song "O Cascadia" was adopted by the <a href="/wiki/Cascadia_official_soccer_team" title="Cascadia official soccer team">Cascadia National Team</a>. On June 2, 2018, it along with the Barawan anthem was played prior to the kickoff of their match vs <a href="/wiki/Barawa_football_team" title="Barawa football team">Barawa</a> at <a href="/wiki/Carshalton_Athletic_F.C." title="Carshalton Athletic F.C.">Carshalton Athletic FC</a>'s War Memorial Sports Ground in <a href="/wiki/Sutton,_London" title="Sutton, London">Sutton</a>. They earned sixth place.</li> <li>In 2019, the <a href="/wiki/Vancouver" title="Vancouver">Vancouver</a>-based band <a href="/wiki/Said_the_Whale" title="Said the Whale">Said the Whale</a> released an album called "Cascadia".<sup id="cite_ref-86" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-87" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>The 2020 video game <i><a href="/wiki/Project_Wingman" title="Project Wingman">Project Wingman</a></i> depicts a war loosely based on the concept of Cascadian independence that takes place in a <a href="/wiki/Post-apocalyptic" class="mw-redirect" title="Post-apocalyptic">post-apocalyptic</a> Earth with drastically altered geography and <a href="/wiki/Geopolitics" title="Geopolitics">geopolitics</a>. United Cascadia, which includes Alaska and parts of the North American West Coast which have become an island, is shown seceding from a superpower, the Pacific Federation, which comprises the <a href="/wiki/Pacific_Rim" title="Pacific Rim">Pacific Rim</a> rather than the continent alone.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cascadia_movement&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239009302">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output 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typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Maple_Leaf_%28from_roundel%29.svg/25px-Maple_Leaf_%28from_roundel%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Maple_Leaf_%28from_roundel%29.svg/37px-Maple_Leaf_%28from_roundel%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Maple_Leaf_%28from_roundel%29.svg/50px-Maple_Leaf_%28from_roundel%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="305" data-file-height="343" /></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Canada" title="Portal:Canada">Canada portal</a></span></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/32px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/48px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/64px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:United_States" title="Portal:United States">United States portal</a></span></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Secession_in_the_United_States" title="Secession in the United States">Secession in the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secessionist_movements_of_Canada" title="Secessionist movements of Canada">Secession in Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oregon_boundary_dispute" title="Oregon boundary dispute">Oregon boundary dispute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lincoln_(proposed_Northwestern_state)" title="Lincoln (proposed Northwestern state)">Lincoln (proposed Northwestern state)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jefferson_(proposed_Pacific_state)" title="Jefferson (proposed Pacific state)">Jefferson (proposed Pacific state)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greater_Idaho_movement" title="Greater Idaho movement">Greater Idaho movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_American_integration" title="North American integration">North American integration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cascadia_Cup" title="Cascadia Cup">Cascadia Cup</a>, a trophy which is awarded each season to the best <a href="/wiki/Major_League_Soccer" title="Major League Soccer">Major League Soccer</a> team in the Pacific Northwest</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Left_Coast" title="Left Coast">Left Coast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northwest_Territorial_Imperative" title="Northwest Territorial Imperative">Northwest Territorial Imperative</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cascadia_movement&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output 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.cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160806012919/https://www.bea.gov/iTable/iTable.cfm?reqid=70&step=1&isuri=1&acrdn=1#reqid=70&step=10&isuri=1&7003=200&7035=-1&7004=naics&7005=-1&7006=53000&7010=0&7036=-1&7001=1200&7002=1&7090=70&7007=2013&7093=levels">"U.S. Bureau of Economic Analysis (BEA)"</a>. <i>bea.gov</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bea.gov/iTable/iTable.cfm?reqid=70&step=1&isuri=1&acrdn=1#reqid=70&step=10&isuri=1&7003=200&7035=-1&7004=naics&7005=-1&7006=53000&7010=0&7036=-1&7001=1200&7002=1&7090=70&7007=2013&7093=levels">the original</a> on August 6, 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 9,</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=bea.gov&rft.atitle=U.S.+Bureau+of+Economic+Analysis+%28BEA%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bea.gov%2FiTable%2FiTable.cfm%3Freqid%3D70%26step%3D1%26isuri%3D1%26acrdn%3D1%23reqid%3D70%26step%3D10%26isuri%3D1%267003%3D200%267035%3D-1%267004%3Dnaics%267005%3D-1%267006%3D53000%267010%3D0%267036%3D-1%267001%3D1200%267002%3D1%267090%3D70%267007%3D2013%267093%3Dlevels&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACascadia+movement" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160806012919/https://www.bea.gov/iTable/iTable.cfm?reqid=70&step=1&isuri=1&acrdn=1#reqid=70&step=10&isuri=1&7003=200&7035=-1&7004=naics&7005=-1&7006=41000&7010=0&7036=-1&7001=1200&7002=1&7090=70&7007=2013&7093=levels">"U.S. Bureau of Economic Analysis (BEA)"</a>. <i>bea.gov</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bea.gov/iTable/iTable.cfm?reqid=70&step=1&isuri=1&acrdn=1#reqid=70&step=10&isuri=1&7003=200&7035=-1&7004=naics&7005=-1&7006=41000&7010=0&7036=-1&7001=1200&7002=1&7090=70&7007=2013&7093=levels">the original</a> on August 6, 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 9,</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=bea.gov&rft.atitle=U.S.+Bureau+of+Economic+Analysis+%28BEA%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bea.gov%2FiTable%2FiTable.cfm%3Freqid%3D70%26step%3D1%26isuri%3D1%26acrdn%3D1%23reqid%3D70%26step%3D10%26isuri%3D1%267003%3D200%267035%3D-1%267004%3Dnaics%267005%3D-1%267006%3D41000%267010%3D0%267036%3D-1%267001%3D1200%267002%3D1%267090%3D70%267007%3D2013%267093%3Dlevels&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACascadia+movement" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170309005834/http://www.bcstats.gov.bc.ca/StatisticsBySubject/Economy/EconomicAccounts.aspx">"Economic Accounts - BC Stats"</a>. <i>gov.bc.ca</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bcstats.gov.bc.ca/StatisticsBySubject/Economy/EconomicAccounts.aspx">the original</a> on March 9, 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 12,</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=gov.bc.ca&rft.atitle=Economic+Accounts+-+BC+Stats&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bcstats.gov.bc.ca%2FStatisticsBySubject%2FEconomy%2FEconomicAccounts.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACascadia+movement" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="#mg" class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140131115000/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/fields/2147.html">"The World Factbook"</a>. <i>CIA.gov</i>. Central Intelligence Agency. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/fields/2147.html">the original</a> on January 31, 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 28,</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=FYIMusicNews&rft.atitle=Ariana+Grande%27s+%27Thank+U%27+Is+This+Week%27s+Chart+Topper&rft.date=2019-02-18&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.fyimusicnews.ca%2Farticles%2F2019%2F02%2F18%2Fariana-grandes-thank-u-weeks-chart-topper&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACascadia+movement" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cascadia_movement&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Todd, Douglas. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080509063915/http://www.canada.com/vancouversun/news/westcoastnews/story.html?id=46e85afe-2e9c-4b5f-8c21-e5dcd72b35c3">"Cascadians: Shared Cultural Traits, Values."</a> <i><a href="/wiki/The_Vancouver_Sun" class="mw-redirect" title="The Vancouver Sun">The Vancouver Sun</a></i>. May 7, 2008.</li> <li>Abraham, Kera. "A Free Cascadia." <i>Eugene Weekly</i>. September 9, 2006.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Fleming_(political_writer)" title="Thomas Fleming (political writer)">Fleming, Thomas</a>. "America's Crackup." <i><a href="/wiki/National_Review" title="National Review">National Review</a></i>, June 28, 1997, Vol. 49, Issue 14</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGauk2006" class="citation web cs1">Gauk, Matthew (November 9, 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://martlet.ca/view.php?aid=39053">"Welcome to the Evergreen Revolution"</a>. <i>The Martlet</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 6,</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Martlet&rft.atitle=Welcome+to+the+Evergreen+Revolution&rft.date=2006-11-09&rft.aulast=Gauk&rft.aufirst=Matthew&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmartlet.ca%2Fview.php%3Faid%3D39053&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACascadia+movement" class="Z3988"></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged November 2024">dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://republic-of-cascadia.tripod.com/index.html">Alt URL</a></li> <li>Henkel, William B. "Cascadia: A state of (various) mind(s)." <i><a href="/wiki/Chicago_Review" title="Chicago Review">Chicago Review</a></i>, 1993, Vol. 39, Issue 3/4</li> <li>Jannsson, David. Divided we Stand, United We Fall (2006) – <i><a href="/wiki/CounterPunch" title="CounterPunch">CounterPunch</a></i>, December 20, 2006</li> <li>Ketcham, Christopher. "Most Likely to Secede – Interviews with a few prominent figures who actively promote self governance." <i>Good Magazine</i>, January 2008.</li> <li>Moothart, Ryan C. <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://towardscascadia.com/">Towards Cascadia</a>.</i> Minneapolis, MN: Mill City Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-63505-158-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-63505-158-2">978-1-63505-158-2</a>.</li> <li>Nussbaum, Paul. "Coming together to Ponder Pulling Apart." <i><a href="/wiki/The_Philadelphia_Inquirer" title="The Philadelphia Inquirer">The Philadelphia Inquirer</a></i>, November 2006.</li> <li>Overby, Peter. "We're outta here." <i><a href="/wiki/Common_Cause" title="Common Cause">Common Cause</a> Magazine</i>, Win92, Vol. 18, Issue 4</li> <li>Crane, David, Paul Fraser, and James D. Phillips. "Western Regionalism: Views on Cascadia." <i>Canada-United States Law Journal</i>, 2004, Vol. 30, p321-347, 22p</li> <li>Powell, Mark W. "The Americas: British Columbia's future may not lie with 'Old Canada'." <i><a href="/wiki/The_Wall_Street_Journal" title="The Wall Street Journal">The Wall Street Journal</a></i>. June 9, 1995. pg. A11</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTodd2008" class="citation book cs1">Todd, Douglas (2008). <i>Cascadia, The Elusive Utopia: Exploring the Spirit of the Pacific Northwest</i>. Vancouver, B.C., Canada: Ronsdale Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-55380-060-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-55380-060-6"><bdi>978-1-55380-060-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Cascadia%2C+The+Elusive+Utopia%3A+Exploring+the+Spirit+of+the+Pacific+Northwest&rft.place=Vancouver%2C+B.C.%2C+Canada&rft.pub=Ronsdale+Press&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-1-55380-060-6&rft.aulast=Todd&rft.aufirst=Douglas&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACascadia+movement" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Will, Gudrun. "Cascadia Rising." <i>Vancouver Review</i>, 2006.</li> <li>Woodward, Steve. "Welcome to Cascadia" <i>The Oregonian</i>, November 14, 2004.</li> <li>"Welcome to Cascadia." <i><a href="/wiki/The_Economist" title="The Economist">The Economist</a></i>, 5/21/94, Vol. 331, Issue 7864</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cascadia_movement&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output 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style="width:1%">Active movements</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alaskan_Independence_Party" title="Alaskan Independence Party">Alaska</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_separatism" title="Black separatism">Black</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Partition_and_secession_in_California" title="Partition and secession in California">California</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Cascadia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Confederates" title="Neo-Confederates">Confederate States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hawaiian_sovereignty_movement" title="Hawaiian sovereignty movement">Hawaii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Lakotah_proposal" title="Republic of Lakotah proposal">Lakotah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_of_Sequoyah" title="State of Sequoyah">Sequoyah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Independence_movement_in_Puerto_Rico" title="Independence movement in Puerto Rico">Puerto Rico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Texas_secession_movements" title="Texas secession movements">Texas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_nationalism" title="White nationalism">White</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Northwest_Territorial_Imperative" title="Northwest Territorial Imperative">Northwest Territorial Imperative</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">History</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Confederate_States_of_America" title="Confederate States of America">Confederate States of America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arkansas_secession" title="Arkansas secession">Arkansas secession</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louisiana_secession" title="Louisiana secession">Louisiana secession</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mississippi_Secession_Ordinance" title="Mississippi Secession Ordinance">Mississippi Secession Ordinance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Missouri_secession" title="Missouri secession">Missouri secession</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Carolina_Declaration_of_Secession" title="South Carolina Declaration of Secession">South Carolina Declaration of Secession</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virginia_Secession_Convention_of_1861" title="Virginia Secession Convention of 1861">Virginia Secession Convention of 1861</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Miscellaneous</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2012_U.S._state_secession_petitions" class="mw-redirect" title="2012 U.S. state secession petitions">2012 U.S. state secession petitions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ordinance_of_Secession" title="Ordinance of Secession">Ordinance of Secession</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_state_partition_proposals_in_the_United_States" title="List of state partition proposals in the United States">List of state partition proposals</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cascadia_movement&oldid=1256415998">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cascadia_movement&oldid=1256415998</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Cascadia_movement" title="Category:Cascadia movement">Cascadia movement</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Canada%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Category:Canada–United States relations">Canada–United States 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