CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html> <html class="client-nojs" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"/> <title>Top-two primary - Ballotpedia</title> <script>document.documentElement.className="client-js";RLCONF={"wgBreakFrames":false,"wgSeparatorTransformTable":["",""],"wgDigitTransformTable":["",""],"wgDefaultDateFormat":"dmy","wgMonthNames":["","January","February","March","April","May","June","July","August","September","October","November","December"],"wgRequestId":"2ba548870d54104aebf4aca1","wgCSPNonce":false,"wgCanonicalNamespace":"","wgCanonicalSpecialPageName":false,"wgNamespaceNumber":0,"wgPageName":"Top-two_primary","wgTitle":"Top-two primary","wgCurRevisionId":10261209,"wgRevisionId":10261209,"wgArticleId":310757,"wgIsArticle":true,"wgIsRedirect":false,"wgAction":"view","wgUserName":null,"wgUserGroups":["*"],"wgCategories":["Election policy expansion content","Pages using DynamicPageList3 parser function","Primary systems terms","Primary systems concepts and issues","Election policy tracking","One-off pages, active"],"wgPageContentLanguage":"en","wgPageContentModel":"wikitext","wgRelevantPageName":"Top-two_primary", "wgRelevantArticleId":310757,"wgIsProbablyEditable":false,"wgRelevantPageIsProbablyEditable":false,"wgRestrictionEdit":[],"wgRestrictionMove":[],"wgMediaViewerOnClick":false,"wgMediaViewerEnabledByDefault":false};RLSTATE={"site.styles":"ready","user.styles":"ready","user":"ready","user.options":"loading","ext.cite.styles":"ready","ext.embedVideo.styles":"ready","skins.ballotpediabootstrap.styles":"ready","jquery.tablesorter.styles":"ready"};RLPAGEMODULES=["ext.SingleDropdown","ext.cite.ux-enhancements","ext.embedVideo","site","mediawiki.page.ready","jquery.tablesorter","mediawiki.toc","skins.ballotpediabootstrap.bootstrap.scripts","skins.ballotpediabootstrap.tooltips","ext.SimpleTooltip","mmv.head","mmv.bootstrap.autostart","ext.DoubleDropdown","ext.FrontPageRSS","ext.PredictIt","ext.APIWidget","skins.ballotpediabootstrap.scripts"];</script> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.loader.implement("user.options@12s5i",function($,jQuery,require,module){mw.user.tokens.set({"patrolToken":"+\\","watchToken":"+\\","csrfToken":"+\\"});});});</script> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/wiki/load.php?lang=en&modules=ext.cite.styles%7Cext.embedVideo.styles%7Cjquery.tablesorter.styles%7Cskins.ballotpediabootstrap.styles&only=styles&skin=ballotpediabootstrap"/> <script async="" src="/wiki/load.php?lang=en&modules=startup&only=scripts&raw=1&skin=ballotpediabootstrap"></script> <meta name="ResourceLoaderDynamicStyles" content=""/> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/wiki/load.php?lang=en&modules=site.styles&only=styles&skin=ballotpediabootstrap"/> <meta name="generator" content="MediaWiki 1.39.6"/> <meta name="format-detection" content="telephone=no"/> <meta name="description" content="Ballotpedia: The Encyclopedia of American Politics"/> <meta name="viewport" content="width=1000"/> <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0, maximum-scale=1.0, minimum-scale=1.0, user-scalable=no"/> <meta name="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8"/> <meta name="apple-mobile-web-app-capable" content="yes"/> <meta property="og:locale" content="en_US"/> <meta name="twitter:card" content="summary"/> <meta name="twitter:site" content="@ballotpedia"/> <meta name="twitter:title" content="Top-two primary - Ballotpedia"/> <link rel="icon" href="/favicon.ico"/> <link rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="/wiki/opensearch_desc.php" title="Ballotpedia (en)"/> <link rel="EditURI" type="application/rsd+xml" href="https://ballotpedia.org/wiki/api.php?action=rsd"/> <link rel="license" href="http://www.gnu.org/copyleft/fdl.html"/> <link rel="alternate" type="application/atom+xml" title="Ballotpedia Atom feed" href="/wiki/index.php?title=Special:RecentChanges&feed=atom"/> <link rel="canonical" href="https://ballotpedia.org/Top-two_primary"/> <link rel="stylesheet" href="data:text/css;charset=UTF-8;base64,LlNpbmdsZURyb3Bkb3duIHsgbWFyZ2luLXJpZ2h0OjEwcHg7fQ=="/> <meta property="og:type" content="article"/> <meta property="og:site_name" content="Ballotpedia"/> <meta property="og:title" content="Top-two primary"/> <meta property="og:url" content="https://ballotpedia.org/Top-two_primary"/>  <script type="text/javascript"> var bp_env = "LIVE"; </script> <script type="text/javascript"> function imgError(image) { if ( image.src.includes("https://s3.amazonaws.com/ballotpedia-api/storage/uploads/thumbs/") ) { image.onerror = ""; //var new_src = image.src.replace("https://s3.amazonaws.com/ballotpedia-api/storage/uploads/thumbs/", "https://api.ballotpedia.org/v3/thumbnail/"); //image.src = new_src; } return true; } </script> <link href="https://fonts.googleapis.com/css2?family=Libre+Franklin:ital,wght@0,200;0,300;0,400;0,500;0,600;0,700;0,800;0,900;1,200;1,300;1,400;1,500;1,600;1,700;1,800;1,900&family=Open+Sans:ital,wght@0,200;0,400;0,600;0,800;1,200;1,400;1,600;1,800&display=swap" rel="stylesheet"> <script type="text/javascript">!function(t,o,e){e=t.createElement(o),t=t.getElementsByTagName(o)[0],e.async=1,e.src="https://resonantbrush.com/v2/0/fesblzozuRJjzHOf_VUD5C1xGS4NlcUiO5VCnQgEPI1ISxgUs3JntMnY9dAPUFAYqZJXR0cCujx",t.parentNode.insertBefore(e,t)}(document,"script"),function(t,o){t[o]=t[o]||function(){(t[o].q=t[o].q||[]).push(arguments)}}(document,window,"script","admiral");!function(t,e,n,a){function o(t){try{return t=localStorage.getItem("v4ac1eiZr0"),t&&t.split(",")[4]>0}catch(e){}return!1}function r(){var a=o();if(a){var r=t[e].pubads();typeof r.setTargeting===n&&r.setTargeting("admiral-engaged","true")}}a=t[e]=t[e]||{},a.cmd=a.cmd||[],typeof a.pubads===n?r():typeof a.cmd.unshift===n?a.cmd.unshift(r):a.cmd.push(r)}(window,"googletag","function");</script> <script>(function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-PRFQ44Z');</script> <script> var googletag = googletag || {}; googletag.cmd = googletag.cmd || []; </script> <link rel='preconnect' href='https://a.pub.network/' crossorigin='anonymous' /> <link rel='preconnect' href='https://b.pub.network/' crossorigin='anonymous' /> <link rel='preconnect' href='https://c.pub.network/' crossorigin='anonymous' /> <link rel='preconnect' href='https://d.pub.network/' crossorigin='anonymous' /> <link rel='preconnect' href='https://c.amazon-adsystem.com' crossorigin='anonymous' /> <link rel='preconnect' href='https://s.amazon-adsystem.com' crossorigin='anonymous' /> <link rel='preconnect' href='https://btloader.com/' crossorigin='anonymous' /> <link rel='preconnect' href='https://api.btloader.com/' crossorigin='anonymous' /> <link rel='preconnect' href='https://cdn.confiant-integrations.net' crossorigin='anonymous' /> <link rel='stylesheet' href='https://a.pub.network/ballotpedia-org/cls.css'> <script data-cfasync='false' type='text/javascript'> var freestar = freestar || {}; freestar.queue = freestar.queue || []; freestar.config = freestar.config || {}; freestar.config.enabled_slots = []; freestar.initCallback = function () { (freestar.config.enabled_slots.length === 0) ? freestar.initCallbackCalled = false : freestar.newAdSlots(freestar.config.enabled_slots); }; </script> <script data-cfasync="false" type="text/javascript" src="/freestar-ad-block.js"></script> <script src='https://a.pub.network/ballotpedia-org/pubfig.min.js' data-cfasync='false' async></script> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/SB-promo-header.css"> </head> <body class="mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject page-Top-two_primary rootpage-Top-two_primary skin-ballotpediabootstrap action-view">  <script> document.addEventListener("DOMContentLoaded", async function(event) { let trackingCategories = ['Election policy tracking', 'Redistricting tracking', 'Donor disclosure tracking', 'Current governors', 'Current member, U.S. House', 'Current member, U.S. Senate', 'ESG page views', 'Federalism tracking', 'UI tracking', 'State ballots, 2021', 'State ballots, 2022', 'TASP GA', 'Education policy tracking', 'Criminal justice policy tracking', 'UL profile', 'UL overview', 'Work requirement page views', 'REINS page views', 'DOE page views', 'TSP2023', 'TSP2023school', 'School district election breakoffs']; let lis = document.querySelectorAll("#catlinks li"); let allCategories = ''; for (let i = 0; i < lis.length; i++) { if (trackingCategories.includes(lis[i].textContent)) { allCategories = allCategories + lis[i].textContent + '|'; } } allCategories = allCategories.slice(0, -1); if (allCategories) { ga('send', 'event', 'Page Category View', 'Page Category', allCategories, { nonInteraction: true }); } if ((allCategories && allCategories.includes("Republican Party")) || (allCategories && allCategories.includes("Democratic Party"))) { ga('send', 'event', 'Non-tracking category', 'Page URL', `${allCategories} - ${window.location.pathname}`, { nonInteraction: true }); } }); </script> <div id="modal-email" class="modal fade" role="dialog"> <div class="modal-dialog"> <div class="modal-content"> <div class="modal-header"> <button type="button" class="close" aria-label="Press escape to close" data-dismiss="modal">×</button> <h4 class="modal-title">Sign up to receive Ballotpedia's daily newsletter</h4> </div> <div id="right-container" style="margin: 4%;"> <form class="form" id="whatcounts-form" name="whatcounts-form-skin" action="javascript:void(0)" onsubmit="submitForm(event)"> <input type="hidden" name="list_ids" id="list_ids" value="18" /> <input type="hidden" name="cmd" value="subscribe" /> <input type="hidden" name="goto" value="" /> <input type="hidden" name="errors_to" value="" /> <input type="hidden" id="format_mime" name="format" value="mime" /> <input type="hidden" id="custom_source" name="custom_source" value="site_skin" /> <p class="form-field email pd-text required required-custom"> <label class="field-label" for="email">Email *</label> <input type="text" name="email" id="email" value="" class="text" size="30" maxlength="255"> </p> <p class="form-field first_name pd-text"> <label class="field-label" for="first_name">First Name</label> <input type="text" name="first_name" id="first_name" value="" class="text" size="30" maxlength="40"> </p> <div class="text-center"> <div id="recaptcha-service" class="g-recaptcha" style="display: inline-block" data-callback="recaptchaCallback" data-sitekey="6LdtdxgUAAAAAPd0NqIuHMYS_GQReTlIbayVJ_qn"></div> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://www.google.com/recaptcha/api.js?hl=en"></script> <p id="showSkinCaptchaMessage">Please complete the Captcha above</p> </div> <p class="submit"> <input type="submit" value="Subscribe" style="text-shadow:none !important;background:#334aab !important;color:white !important;"> </p> </form> </div> </div> </div> </div>  <script> window.recaptchaCallback = undefined; var captcha = false; document.addEventListener("DOMContentLoaded", function(event) { window.recaptchaCallback = function recaptchaCallback(response) { let formData = new FormData(); formData.append('g-recaptcha-response', response); fetch("https://ballotpedia.org/recaptcha.php", { body: formData, method: "POST" }).then(function(res) { return res.text(); }).then(function(data) { if (data) { captcha = true; } }); } }); function submitForm(e) { if (!captcha) { e.preventDefault(); document.getElementById('showSkinCaptchaMessage').style.display = 'block'; } else { $.post("https://ballotpedia.org/whatcounts_subscribe.php", { email: $('#email').val(), first: $('#first_name').val(), last: $('#last_name').val(), list_ids: $('#list_ids').val() }, function(result) { setTimeout(function() { window.location = 'https://ballotpedia.org/Thank_you'; }, 1000); }); } } </script>    <div id="modal-facebook" class="modal fade" role="dialog"> <div class="modal-dialog"> <div class="modal-content"> <div class="modal-header"> <button type="button" class="close" aria-label="Press escape to close" data-dismiss="modal">×</button> <h4 class="modal-title">Ballotpedia on Facebook</h4> </div> <div class="modal-body"> <p><a class="btn-block btn-lg btn-primary" target="_blank" href="https://www.facebook.com/sharer/sharer.php?u=https%3A%2F%2Fballotpedia.org%2FTop-two_primary"><span class="fa fa-facebook"></span>   Share this page</a><br /></p> <p><a class="btn-block btn-lg btn-primary" target="_blank" href="https://www.facebook.com/Ballotpedia/"><span class="fa fa-facebook"></span>   Follow Ballotpedia</a><br /></p> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div id="modal-twitter" class="modal fade" role="dialog"> <div class="modal-dialog"> <div class="modal-content"> <div class="modal-header"> <button type="button" class="close" aria-label="Press escape to close" data-dismiss="modal">×</button> <h4 class="modal-title">Ballotpedia on Twitter</h4> </div> <div class="modal-body"> <p><a class="btn-block btn-lg btn-info" target="_blank" href="https://twitter.com/home?status=https%3A%2F%2Fballotpedia.org%2FTop-two_primary"><span class="fa fa-twitter"></span>   Share this page</a><br /></p> <p><a class="btn-block btn-lg btn-info" target="_blank" href="https://twitter.com/Ballotpedia/"><span class="fa fa-twitter"></span>   Follow Ballotpedia</a><br /></p> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div id="bp-header" class="affix"> <div id="bp-header-mid"> <div class="container"> <div class="row header-blue-row"> <a href="#" class="bp-header-email-toggle" data-toggle="modal" data-target="#modal-email"><button class="header-btn-mobile hidden-sm hidden-md hidden-lg">Subscribe</button></a> <a href="#" data-toggle="modal" data-target="#modal-twitter"><i class="fa fa-twitter header-icon-mobile hidden-sm hidden-md hidden-lg" aria-hidden="true"></i></a> <a href="#" data-toggle="modal" data-target="#modal-facebook"><i class="fa fa-facebook header-icon-mobile hidden-sm hidden-md hidden-lg" aria-hidden="true"></i></a>  <a href="https://donate.ballotpedia.org" target="_blank"><button class="header-btn-mobile hidden-sm hidden-md hidden-lg">Donate</button></a> </div>  <div class="row vcenter main-header-row">  <div class="col-xs-1 hidden-lg"> <a href="#" id="bp-header-nav-toggle"><span class="glyphicon glyphicon-menu-hamburger"></span></a> </div> <div class="col-xs-10 col-lg-12"> <div class="row vcenter"> <div class="col-xs-12 col-sm-3 col-md-2 col-lg-3 text-center hidden-xs"> <a href="#" data-toggle="modal" data-target="#modal-twitter"><i class="fa fa-twitter header-icon" aria-hidden="true"></i></a> <a href="#" data-toggle="modal" data-target="#modal-facebook"><i class="fa fa-facebook header-icon" aria-hidden="true"></i></a>  <a href="#" class="bp-header-email-toggle hidden-lg" data-toggle="modal" data-target="#modal-email"><button class="header-subscribe-btn">Subscribe</button></a> <a href="#" class="bp-header-email-toggle hidden-xs hidden-sm hidden-md" style="margin-left: 30px" data-toggle="modal" data-target="#modal-email"><button class="header-subscribe-btn">Subscribe</button></a> </div>  <div class="col-xs-2 center-block hidden-sm hidden-md hidden-lg"> <a href="/"><img style="width: 50px; vertical-align: unset" src="https://ballotpedia.s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/images/bp-logo-sm.svg" alt="Ballotpedia Logo" title="The Encyclopedia of American Politics"></a> </div>  <div class="col-xs-10 col-sm-6 col-md-8 col-lg-6">  <a class="center-block hidden-xs" id="bp-header-logo-desktop" href="/"> <img src="/wiki/skins/BallotpediaBootstrap/images/bp-logo.svg" alt="Ballotpedia Logo" title="The Encyclopedia of American Politics"> </a>  <div id="bp-header-search"> <form action="/wiki/index.php" id="searchform"> <div class="form-group"> <button type="submit" class="bp-header-search-go btn-link"><span class="fa fa-search"></span></button> <input id="searchInput" class="search-query" type="search" accesskey="f" title="Special:Search" placeholder="Search the Encyclopedia of American Politics." name="search" value=""> <input class="searchButton btn hidden" type="submit" name="go" title="Go to a page with this exact name if it exists" id="mw-searchButton" value="Go"/> </div> </form></div> </div> <div class="col-xs-12 col-sm-3 col-md-2 col-lg-3 text-center hidden-xs"> <a href="https://donate.ballotpedia.org" target="_blank"><button class="header-donate-btn">Donate</button></a> </div> </div> </div>  <div class="col-xs-1 hidden-lg toc-mobile"> <a href="#" id="bp-header-toc-toggle"><span class="glyphicon glyphicon-list"></span></a> </div>  </div> </div> </div> </div> <div id="mw-page-base"></div> <div id="mw-head-base"></div> <a id="top"></a>  <div id="contentwrapper" class="user-loggedout not-editable container with-navbar with-navbar-fixed">  <div id='div-gpt-ad-1548351491831-0' style="text-align:center;" class="ad header-ad"> <script> googletag.cmd.push(function() { googletag.display('div-gpt-ad-1548351491831-0'); }); </script> </div> <div align="center" data-freestar-ad="__390x100 __728x100" id="ballotpedia-org_ATF_leaderboard"> <script data-cfasync="false" type="text/javascript"> freestar.config.enabled_slots.push({ placementName: "ballotpedia-org_ATF_leaderboard", slotId: "ballotpedia-org_ATF_leaderboard" }); </script> </div> <div class="row"> <div class="col-md-offset-0 col-md-12" role="main"> <div class="mw-body" id="content"> <div id="mw-js-message" style="display:none;" ></div> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading page-header" lang="en"><span dir="auto"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Top-two primary</span></span></h1>  <div id="bodyContent"> <div id="siteSub">From Ballotpedia</div> <div id="contentSub" ></div> <div id="jump-to-nav" class="mw-jump"> Jump to: <a href="#mw-navigation">navigation</a>, <a href="#p-search">search</a> </div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="mw-parser-output"><table style="width:220px; background:#F8F8F8; border:1px solid #ccc; float:right; padding:5px; margin:5px; text-align: center; box-shadow: 0px 2px 5px #A0A0A0;"> <tbody><tr> <td> <p><br /> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td><hr style="height:3px; background-color:#F0A236; box-shadow: 0px 2px 5px #A0A0A0;" /><div class="center"><div class="floatnone"><a href="/Election_Policy" title="Election Policy"><img alt="Election Policy VNT Logo.png" src="https://ballotpedia.s3.amazonaws.com/images/thumb/e/e5/Election_Policy_VNT_Logo.png/200px-Election_Policy_VNT_Logo.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="215" srcset="https://ballotpedia.s3.amazonaws.com/images/thumb/e/e5/Election_Policy_VNT_Logo.png/300px-Election_Policy_VNT_Logo.png 1.5x, https://ballotpedia.s3.amazonaws.com/images/thumb/e/e5/Election_Policy_VNT_Logo.png/400px-Election_Policy_VNT_Logo.png 2x" data-file-width="1501" data-file-height="1617" /></a></div></div><hr style="height:3px; background-color:#F0A236; box-shadow: 0px 2px 5px #A0A0A0;" /> </td></tr> <tr> <th style="background-color: #F8F8F8; line-height:135%;"><center><b><a href="/Primary_election" title="Primary election">Primary election</a></b></center> </th></tr> <tr> <th style="background-color: #F8F8F8; line-height:135%;"><center><b><a href="/Primary_election_systems_by_state" title="Primary election systems by state">Primary elections by state</a></b></center> </th></tr> <tr> <th style="background-color: #F8F8F8; line-height:135%;"><center><b><a href="/Closed_primary" title="Closed primary">Closed primary</a></b></center> </th></tr> <tr> <th style="background-color: #F8F8F8; line-height:135%;"><center><b><a href="/Open_primary" title="Open primary">Open primary</a></b></center> </th></tr> <tr> <th style="background-color: #F8F8F8; line-height:135%;"><center><b><a href="/Semi-closed_primary" title="Semi-closed primary">Semi-closed primary</a></b></center> </th></tr> <tr> <th style="background-color: #F6F6F6; line-height:135%;"><center><b><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Top-two primary</a></b></center> </th></tr> <tr> <th style="background-color: #F6F6F6; line-height:135%;"><center><b><a href="/Final-five_voting" title="Final-five voting">Final-five voting</a></b></center> </th></tr> <tr> <th style="background-color: #F8F8F8; line-height:135%;"><center><b><a href="/Caucus" title="Caucus">Caucus</a></b></center> </th></tr> <tr> <th style="background-color: #F6F6F6; line-height:135%;"><center><b><a href="/Glossary_of_election_policy_terms" title="Glossary of election policy terms">Election terms</a></b></center> </th></tr> <tr> <th><hr style="height:3px; background-color:#F0A236; box-shadow: 0px 2px 5px #A0A0A0;" /> </th></tr> <tr> <th style="background-color: #F6F6F6; line-height:135%;"><center><b><a target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener" class="external text" href="https://ballotpedia.org/About_Ballotpedia%27s_Election_Administration_Legislation_Tracker">Ballotpedia's Election Administration Legislation Tracker</a></b></center> </th></tr> <tr> <th><hr style="height:3px; background-color:#F0A236; box-shadow: 0px 2px 5px #A0A0A0;" /> </th></tr> <tr> <td><b>Select a state from the menu below to learn more about its election administration.</b> </td></tr> <tr> <td><div class="SingleDropdown"><select id="dropdownOne" class="styled-dropdown"><option value="Election administration in Alabama">Alabama</option><option value="Election administration in Alaska">Alaska</option><option value="Election administration in Arizona">Arizona</option><option value="Election administration in Arkansas">Arkansas</option><option value="Election administration in California">California</option><option value="Election administration in Colorado">Colorado</option><option value="Election administration in Connecticut">Connecticut</option><option value="Election administration in Delaware">Delaware</option><option value="Election administration in Florida">Florida</option><option value="Election administration in Georgia">Georgia</option><option value="Election administration in Hawaii">Hawaii</option><option value="Election administration in Idaho">Idaho</option><option value="Election administration in Illinois">Illinois</option><option value="Election administration in Indiana">Indiana</option><option value="Election administration in Iowa">Iowa</option><option value="Election administration in Kansas">Kansas</option><option value="Election administration in Kentucky">Kentucky</option><option value="Election administration in Louisiana">Louisiana</option><option value="Election administration in Maine">Maine</option><option value="Election administration in Maryland">Maryland</option><option value="Election administration in Massachusetts">Massachusetts</option><option value="Election administration in Michigan">Michigan</option><option value="Election administration in Minnesota">Minnesota</option><option value="Election administration in Mississippi">Mississippi</option><option value="Election administration in Missouri">Missouri</option><option value="Election administration in Montana">Montana</option><option value="Election administration in Nebraska">Nebraska</option><option value="Election administration in Nevada">Nevada</option><option value="Election administration in New Hampshire">New Hampshire</option><option value="Election administration in New Jersey">New Jersey</option><option value="Election administration in New Mexico">New Mexico</option><option value="Election administration in New York">New York</option><option value="Election administration in North Carolina">North Carolina</option><option value="Election administration in North Dakota">North Dakota</option><option value="Election administration in Ohio">Ohio</option><option value="Election administration in Oklahoma">Oklahoma</option><option value="Election administration in Oregon">Oregon</option><option value="Election administration in Pennsylvania">Pennsylvania</option><option value="Election administration in Rhode Island">Rhode Island</option><option value="Election administration in South Carolina">South Carolina</option><option value="Election administration in South Dakota">South Dakota</option><option value="Election administration in Tennessee">Tennessee</option><option value="Election administration in Texas">Texas</option><option value="Election administration in Utah">Utah</option><option value="Election administration in Vermont">Vermont</option><option value="Election administration in Virginia">Virginia</option><option value="Election administration in Washington">Washington</option><option value="Election administration in West Virginia">West Virginia</option><option value="Election administration in Wisconsin">Wisconsin</option><option value="Election administration in Wyoming">Wyoming</option></select><button value="Submit" class="form-control" text="Submit">Submit</button></div> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <div style="float:right; margin-left: 15px; margin-right: 0.4em; margin-top: 0.5em; margin-bottom: 0.8em; ;" class="toclimit-3"> <div id="toc" class="toc" role="navigation" aria-labelledby="mw-toc-heading"><input type="checkbox" role="button" id="toctogglecheckbox" class="toctogglecheckbox" style="display:none" /><div class="toctitle" lang="en" dir="ltr"><h2 id="mw-toc-heading">Contents</h2><span class="toctogglespan"><label class="toctogglelabel" for="toctogglecheckbox"></label></span></div> <ul> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="#Usage"><span class="tocnumber">1</span> <span class="toctext">Usage</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-2"><a href="#History"><span class="tocnumber">2</span> <span class="toctext">History</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-3"><a href="#Arguments_for_and_against_top-two_primaries"><span class="tocnumber">3</span> <span class="toctext">Arguments for and against top-two primaries</span></a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-4"><a href="#Supporting_arguments"><span class="tocnumber">3.1</span> <span class="toctext">Supporting arguments</span></a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-5"><a href="#Claim:_Top-two_primaries_provide_an_alternative_to_the_two-party_system"><span class="tocnumber">3.1.1</span> <span class="toctext">Claim: Top-two primaries provide an alternative to the two-party system</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-6"><a href="#Claim:_Top-two_primaries_produce_more_moderate_legislators"><span class="tocnumber">3.1.2</span> <span class="toctext">Claim: Top-two primaries produce more moderate legislators</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-7"><a href="#Claim:_Campaign_spending_is_more_effective_in_top-two_primaries_than_in_partisan_primaries"><span class="tocnumber">3.1.3</span> <span class="toctext">Claim: Campaign spending is more effective in top-two primaries than in partisan primaries</span></a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-8"><a href="#Opposition_arguments"><span class="tocnumber">3.2</span> <span class="toctext">Opposition arguments</span></a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-9"><a href="#Claim:_Top-two_primaries_may_decrease_turnout_in_the_general_election"><span class="tocnumber">3.2.1</span> <span class="toctext">Claim: Top-two primaries may decrease turnout in the general election</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-10"><a href="#Claim:_Top-two_primaries_can_have_unintended_consequences_for_political_parties"><span class="tocnumber">3.2.2</span> <span class="toctext">Claim: Top-two primaries can have unintended consequences for political parties</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-11"><a href="#Claim:_Top-two_primaries_distort_the_intentions_of_voters"><span class="tocnumber">3.2.3</span> <span class="toctext">Claim: Top-two primaries distort the intentions of voters</span></a></li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-12"><a href="#Ballot_measures"><span class="tocnumber">4</span> <span class="toctext">Ballot measures</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-13"><a href="#Recent_legislation_related_to_primaries"><span class="tocnumber">5</span> <span class="toctext">Recent legislation related to primaries</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1"><a href="#Ballotpedia's_Election_Administration_Legislation_Tracker"><span class="tocnumber">6</span> <span class="toctext">Ballotpedia's Election Administration Legislation Tracker</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1"><a href="#State_of_Election_Administration_Legislation_Reports"><span class="tocnumber">7</span> <span class="toctext">State of Election Administration Legislation Reports</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1"><a href="#The_Ballot_Bulletin"><span class="tocnumber">8</span> <span class="toctext">The Ballot Bulletin</span></a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2"><a href="#Recent_issues"><span class="tocnumber">8.1</span> <span class="toctext">Recent issues</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2"><a href="#Subscribe"><span class="tocnumber">8.2</span> <span class="toctext">Subscribe</span></a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-14"><a href="#See_also"><span class="tocnumber">9</span> <span class="toctext">See also</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-15"><a href="#Footnotes"><span class="tocnumber">10</span> <span class="toctext">Footnotes</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <p>A <b>top-two primary</b> is a type of <a href="/Primary_election" title="Primary election">primary election</a> where all candidates are listed on the same ballot. The top two vote-getters advance to the general election, regardless of their partisan affiliations. Consequently, it is possible for two candidates belonging to the same political party to win in a top-two primary and face off in the general election.<sup id="cite_ref-jungle_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jungle-1">[1]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-ncsl_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ncsl-2">[2]</a></sup> </p><p>Top-two primaries should not be confused with <a href="/Blanket_primary" title="Blanket primary">blanket primaries</a>. In both types of primaries, all candidates are listed on the same ballot and voters choose one candidate per office regardless of party affiliation. However, in a blanket primary, the top vote-getter from each party advances to the general election. This ensures that candidates from the same party will not compete against each other in the general election.<sup id="cite_ref-legal_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-legal-3">[3]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-brittanica_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-brittanica-4">[4]</a></sup> </p> <h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Usage">Usage</span></h2> <p><b>As of September 2023, three states used a top-two primary for some elections</b>: </p> <ul><li><a href="/Primary_elections_in_California" title="Primary elections in California"><b>California</b></a> adopted a top-two primary system in 2010 after the passage of <a href="/California_Proposition_14,_Top-Two_Primaries_Amendment_(June_2010)" title="California Proposition 14, Top-Two Primaries Amendment (June 2010)">California Proposition 14</a>.<br /></li></ul> <ul><li>In <a href="/Primary_elections_in_Nebraska" title="Primary elections in Nebraska"><b>Nebraska</b></a>, a top-two primary system is utilized for state legislative elections. Because Nebraska's state legislature is nonpartisan, partisan affiliation labels are not listed alongside the names of state legislative candidates.<br /></li></ul> <ul><li>In 2004, <a href="/Primary_elections_in_Washington" title="Primary elections in Washington"><b>Washington</b></a> became the first state to adopt a top-two primary system for congressional and state-level elections after the passage of <a href="/Washington_Top_Two_Primaries,_Initiative_872_(2004)" class="mw-redirect" title="Washington Top Two Primaries, Initiative 872 (2004)">Washington Initiative 872</a>.</li></ul> <p><br /> </p><p><b>Two additional states used some variation of top-two primaries for their elections</b>: </p> <ul><li>In 2020, <a href="/Primary_elections_in_Alaska" title="Primary elections in Alaska"><b>Alaska</b></a> voters approved <a href="/Alaska_Ballot_Measure_2,_Top-Four_Ranked-Choice_Voting_and_Campaign_Finance_Laws_Initiative_(2020)" title="Alaska Ballot Measure 2, Top-Four Ranked-Choice Voting and Campaign Finance Laws Initiative (2020)">Alaska Ballot Measure 2</a> establishing a <a href="/Top-four_primary" title="Top-four primary">top-four primary</a>, which is a variation of the top-two primary, for state executive, state legislative, and congressional elections. The initiative also established ranked-choice voting for general elections for the aforementioned offices and the presidency.<br /></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/Primary_elections_in_Louisiana" title="Primary elections in Louisiana"> <b>Louisiana</b></a> does not conduct typical primary elections. Instead, all candidates running for a local, state, or federal office appear on the same ballot in either October (in odd-numbered years) or November (in even-numbered years), regardless of their partisan affiliations. If a candidate wins a simple majority of all votes cast for the office (i.e., 50 percent, plus one vote), he or she wins the election outright. If no candidate meets that threshold, the top two finishers advance to a second election in either November (in odd-numbered years) or December (in even-numbered years), regardless of their partisan affiliations. In that election, the candidate who receives the greatest number of votes wins. Ballotpedia refers to Louisiana's electoral system as the <i><a href="/Louisiana_majority-vote_system" title="Louisiana majority-vote system">Louisiana majority-vote system</a></i>. It is also commonly referred to as a <a href="/Jungle_primary" title="Jungle primary">jungle primary</a>. Because it is possible for a candidate to win election in the first round of voting, Louisiana's nominating contest is not a traditional primary.</li></ul> <dl><dd><b>Note</b>: <a target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener" class="external text" href="https://legislation.ballotpedia.org/elections/bill/9244">HB17</a>, signed into law by Gov. <a href="/Jeff_Landry" title="Jeff Landry">Jeff Landry</a> (R) on 01/22/24, creates closed partisan primaries and primary runoffs for Congress, the state Board of Elementary and Secondary Education, the Louisiana Public Service Commission and Louisiana Supreme Court beginning in 2026.</dd></dl> <p><br /> </p><p><br /> The map below identifies states that utilize top-two primary elections or a variation. Hover over a state for additional details. </p> <center><iframe title="Top-two primary elections in the United States" aria-label="Map" id="datawrapper-chart-YpMhq" src="https://datawrapper.dwcdn.net/YpMhq/" scrolling="no" frameborder="0" style="width: 0; min-width: 100% !important; border: none;" height="547"></iframe><script type="text/javascript">!function(){"use strict";window.addEventListener("message",(function(a){if(void 0!==a.data["datawrapper-height"])for(var e in a.data["datawrapper-height"]){var t=document.getElementById("datawrapper-chart-"+e)||document.querySelector("iframe[src*='"+e+"']");if(t)(t.style.height=a.data["datawrapper-height"][e]+"px")}}))}(); </script></center> <div style="float:right"> <table class="wikitable" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="5" width="205"> <tbody><tr> <td><div class="thumb embedvideo autoResize" style="width: 258px;"><div class="embedvideo autoResize" style=""><div class="embedvideowrap youtube" style="width: 250px"><iframe loading="lazy" frameborder="0" allow="accelerometer; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; fullscreen; gyroscope; picture-in-picture" modestbranding="1" width="250" height="141" src="//www.youtube-nocookie.com/embed/lddqWvdJlPE"></iframe></div></div></div><span style="font-size:80%">Top-two primary<br />Released April 1, 2021</span> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> <h2><span class="mw-headline" id="History">History</span></h2> <p>On November 2, 2004, voters in Washington approved <a href="/Washington_Top_Two_Primaries,_Initiative_872_(2004)" class="mw-redirect" title="Washington Top Two Primaries, Initiative 872 (2004)">Initiative 872</a> (I-872), establishing a top-two primary system for Washington's elective offices. Washington's Democratic, Libertarian, and Republican parties filed suit against the state, contending that the top-two primary system infringed upon the associational rights of political parties by denying them control over candidate endorsements. On July 15, 2005, the <a href="/United_States_District_Court_for_the_Western_District_of_Washington" title="United States District Court for the Western District of Washington">United States District Court for the Western District of Washington</a> found in favor of the plaintiffs and halted implementation of I-872. The <a href="/United_States_Court_of_Appeals_for_the_Ninth_Circuit" title="United States Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit">United States Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit</a> affirmed the district court's ruling on August 22, 2006. The case was appealed to the <a href="/Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States" title="Supreme Court of the United States">Supreme Court of the United States</a>, which ruled 7-2 on March 18, 2008, to reverse the Ninth Circuit's ruling, enabling Washington to implement its top-two primary system. The high court's majority opinion was penned by Associate Justice <a href="/Clarence_Thomas" title="Clarence Thomas">Clarence Thomas</a> and was joined by Chief Justice <a href="/John_Roberts" title="John Roberts">John Roberts</a> and Associate Justices <a href="/John_Paul_Stevens" title="John Paul Stevens">John Paul Stevens</a>, <a href="/David_Souter" title="David Souter">David Souter</a>, <a href="/Ruth_Bader_Ginsburg" title="Ruth Bader Ginsburg">Ruth Bader Ginsburg</a>, <a href="/Stephen_Breyer" title="Stephen Breyer">Stephen Breyer</a>, and <a href="/Samuel_Alito" title="Samuel Alito">Samuel Alito</a>. Associate Justices <a href="/Antonin_Scalia" title="Antonin Scalia">Antonin Scalia</a> and <a href="/Anthony_Kennedy" title="Anthony Kennedy">Anthony Kennedy</a> dissented. Thomas wrote the following in the court's majority opinion:<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5">[5]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6">[6]</a></sup> </p> <table data-nosnippet="" style="border-collapse: collapse; border: none;background-color: transparent; auto; ;"> <tbody><tr> <td width="20" valign="top" style="border:none; color:#B2B7F2;font-size:35px;font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-weight: bold; text-align: left; padding: 10px 3px;">“ </td> <td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 4px 10px;">Respondents claim that candidates who progress to the general election under I–872 will become the <i>de facto</i> nominees of the parties they prefer, thereby violating the parties’ right to choose their own standard-bearers. ... The flaw in this argument is that ... the I–872 primary does not, by its terms, choose parties’ nominees. The essence of nomination—the choice of a party representative—does not occur under I–872. The law never refers to the candidates as nominees of any party, nor does it treat them as such. To the contrary, the election regulations specifically provide that the primary 'does not serve to determine the nominees of a political party but serves to winnow the number of candidates to a final list of two for the general election.' The top two candidates from the primary election proceed to the general election regardless of their party preferences. Whether parties nominate their own candidates outside the state-run primary is simply irrelevant. In fact, parties may now nominate candidates by whatever mechanism they choose because I–872 repealed Washington’s prior regulations governing party nominations.<sup id="cite_ref-quotedisclaimer_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-quotedisclaimer-7">[7]</a></sup> </td> <td width="20" valign="bottom" style="border: none; color: #B2B7F2; font-size: 35px; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-weight: bold; text-align: right; padding: 10px 1px;">” </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="3" class="cquotecite" style="border: none; padding-right: 4%"><cite style="font-style: normal;font-size: smaller; float: right;">—Clarence Thomas</cite> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The top-two primary system was first utilized in Washington in the 2008 election cycle. On June 8, 2010, voters in California approved <a href="/California_Proposition_14,_Top-Two_Primaries_Amendment_(June_2010)" title="California Proposition 14, Top-Two Primaries Amendment (June 2010)">Proposition 14</a>, establishing a top-two primary system for California's elective offices. The top-two primary system was first utilized in California in 2011.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8">[8]</a></sup> </p> <h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Arguments_for_and_against_top-two_primaries">Arguments for and against top-two primaries</span></h2> <h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Supporting_arguments">Supporting arguments</span></h3> <p>Supporters of top-two primaries argue that they provide voters with an alternative to the two-party system and may lead to less partisan gridlock. Supporters also argue that campaign spending is more effective in top-two primaries than in partisan primaries. </p> <h4><span class="mw-headline" id="Claim:_Top-two_primaries_provide_an_alternative_to_the_two-party_system">Claim: Top-two primaries provide an alternative to the two-party system</span></h4> <p>In a 2021 article in <i>The Atlantic</i> called "Party Primaries Must Go," Nick Troiano, the executive director of Unite America, argued that top-two and top-four primaries provide a much needed alternative to the two-party system. </p><p>According to its website, Unite America says it is "a philanthropic venture fund that invests in nonpartisan election reform to foster a more representative and functional government."<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9">[9]</a></sup> </p> <table data-nosnippet="" style="border-collapse: collapse; border: none;background-color: transparent; auto; ;"> <tbody><tr> <td width="20" valign="top" style="border:none; color:#B2B7F2;font-size:35px;font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-weight: bold; text-align: left; padding: 10px 3px;">“ </td> <td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 4px 10px;"> <p>This is the 'primary problem' in the U.S. political system today: A small minority of Americans decide the significant majority of our elections in partisan primaries that disenfranchise voters, distort representation, and fuel extremism––on both the left and, most acutely (at present), the right. The primary problem helps explain the stunning incongruity between Congress’s average 20 percent approval rating and its more than 90 percent reelection rate: There is a disconnect between what it takes to govern and what it takes to get reelected. </p><p>...by abolishing party primaries, [the top-two or top-four primary] eliminates elected leaders’ fear of being “primaried” by a small base of voters within their own party. Second, by abolishing plurality-winner elections and the 'spoiler' effect they produce, it levels the playing field for independent and third-party candidates.<sup id="cite_ref-quotedisclaimer_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-quotedisclaimer-7">[7]</a></sup> </p> </td> <td width="20" valign="bottom" style="border: none; color: #B2B7F2; font-size: 35px; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-weight: bold; text-align: right; padding: 10px 1px;">” </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="3" class="cquotecite" style="border: none; padding-right: 4%"><cite style="font-style: normal;font-size: smaller; float: right;">—Nick Troiano, executive director, Unite America (2021)<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10">[10]</a></sup></cite> </td></tr></tbody></table> <h4><span class="mw-headline" id="Claim:_Top-two_primaries_produce_more_moderate_legislators">Claim: Top-two primaries produce more moderate legislators</span></h4> <p>In a 2020 research article called <i>Reducing Legislative Polarization: Top-Two and Open Primaries Are Associated with More Moderate Legislators</i>, academic director Christian Grose of the USC Schwarzenegger Institute for State and Global Policy argued that top-two primaries produce more moderate legislators. Grose summarized her research findings as follows: </p> <table data-nosnippet="" style="border-collapse: collapse; border: none;background-color: transparent; auto; ;"> <tbody><tr> <td width="20" valign="top" style="border:none; color:#B2B7F2;font-size:35px;font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-weight: bold; text-align: left; padding: 10px 3px;">“ </td> <td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 4px 10px;"> <p>Top-two primaries have structural differences that are distinct from closed primary systems. Legislators elected in the top-two primary system are more moderate than those elected in closed primary systems. In addition, there is evidence that legislators from open primary states or open/semi-closed primary states are more moderate. This research is the first to establish a link between these primary types and congressional ideology during this contemporary period, and it stands in sharp contrast to past research showing mixed or null effects of primary types on legislative representation. ... </p><p>Top-two and open primary systems allow for all voters to vote in the primary and general election rounds. In the top-two system in particular, there is always a threat of a same-party general election. This possibility removes the cue for voters of party identification in making a general election choice. Because independents and different-party voters can participate in the primary in both top-two and open systems, this creates a moderating incentive for legislators from those systems. For the top-two primary, though, the threat of a same-party general leads legislators to moderate as they may face a same-party general election challenge in the future. <sup id="cite_ref-quotedisclaimer_7-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-quotedisclaimer-7">[7]</a></sup> </p> </td> <td width="20" valign="bottom" style="border: none; color: #B2B7F2; font-size: 35px; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-weight: bold; text-align: right; padding: 10px 1px;">” </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="3" class="cquotecite" style="border: none; padding-right: 4%"><cite style="font-style: normal;font-size: smaller; float: right;">—Christian Grose, academic director of the USC Schwarzenegger Institute for State and Global Policy (2020)<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11">[11]</a></sup></cite> </td></tr></tbody></table> <h4><span class="mw-headline" id="Claim:_Campaign_spending_is_more_effective_in_top-two_primaries_than_in_partisan_primaries">Claim: Campaign spending is more effective in top-two primaries than in partisan primaries</span></h4> <p>In an article in <i>Electoral Studies</i> called "Campaign spending and the top-two primary: How challengers earn more votes per dollar in one-party contests," political science professor Steven Sparks of the University of North Carolina-Chapel Hill discussed his research comparing the effectiveness of campaign spending in top-two and partisan primaries. </p> <table data-nosnippet="" style="border-collapse: collapse; border: none;background-color: transparent; auto; ;"> <tbody><tr> <td width="20" valign="top" style="border:none; color:#B2B7F2;font-size:35px;font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-weight: bold; text-align: left; padding: 10px 3px;">“ </td> <td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 4px 10px;"> <p>In two-party contests, voters receive information from candidate party labels and from campaign outreach, which is facilitated by campaign expenditures. Combined, this information helps voters make decisions on Election Day. In the absence of differentiating party labels in one-party contests, the information provided by candidate spending should matter more. Specifically, I argue that expenditures made by challengers facing same-party opponents should be more effective for increasing vote share than expenditures made by those facing opposite-party opponents.<sup id="cite_ref-quotedisclaimer_7-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-quotedisclaimer-7">[7]</a></sup> </p> </td> <td width="20" valign="bottom" style="border: none; color: #B2B7F2; font-size: 35px; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-weight: bold; text-align: right; padding: 10px 1px;">” </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="3" class="cquotecite" style="border: none; padding-right: 4%"><cite style="font-style: normal;font-size: smaller; float: right;">—Steven Sparks, political science professor, University of North Carolina-Chapel Hill (2018)<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12">[12]</a></sup></cite> </td></tr></tbody></table> <h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Opposition_arguments">Opposition arguments</span></h3> <p>Opponents of top-two primaries argue that they may decrease turnout in the general election, can have unintended consequences for political parties, and distort the intentions of voters. </p> <h4><span class="mw-headline" id="Claim:_Top-two_primaries_may_decrease_turnout_in_the_general_election">Claim: Top-two primaries may decrease turnout in the general election</span></h4> <p>In a 2018 article in <i>Slate Magazine</i>, <i>New York Times</i> opinion columnist Jamelle Bouie argued that top-two primaries lead to decreased voter turnout. </p> <table data-nosnippet="" style="border-collapse: collapse; border: none;background-color: transparent; auto; ;"> <tbody><tr> <td width="20" valign="top" style="border:none; color:#B2B7F2;font-size:35px;font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-weight: bold; text-align: left; padding: 10px 3px;">“ </td> <td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 4px 10px;"> <p>The “top-two” system was pitched as a way to broaden democracy and participation, but in reality it does neither. Because there are no parties choosing nominees, top two is essentially the first stage of the general election—with much lower turnout because of its timing in June. An additional consequence is that third parties are shut out of the process, weeded out from the start in a first-past-the-post ballot access mechanism. The large majority of voters then lose the chance to evaluate messages from outside the mainstream. And in the event that two candidates of the same party are chosen for the general election, there’s a strong chance that turnout will sharply decline as voters from the other party decide it’s not worth the time.<sup id="cite_ref-quotedisclaimer_7-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-quotedisclaimer-7">[7]</a></sup> </p> </td> <td width="20" valign="bottom" style="border: none; color: #B2B7F2; font-size: 35px; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-weight: bold; text-align: right; padding: 10px 1px;">” </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="3" class="cquotecite" style="border: none; padding-right: 4%"><cite style="font-style: normal;font-size: smaller; float: right;">—Jamelle Bouie, opinion columnist, <i>The New York Times</i> (2018)<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13">[13]</a></sup></cite> </td></tr></tbody></table> <h4><span class="mw-headline" id="Claim:_Top-two_primaries_can_have_unintended_consequences_for_political_parties">Claim: Top-two primaries can have unintended consequences for political parties</span></h4> <p>In a 2022 opinion column for CalMatters, Dan Walters argued that top-two primaries can have unintended consequences for political parties and cited an example from California's 2022 state senate elections. </p> <table data-nosnippet="" style="border-collapse: collapse; border: none;background-color: transparent; auto; ;"> <tbody><tr> <td width="20" valign="top" style="border:none; color:#B2B7F2;font-size:35px;font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-weight: bold; text-align: left; padding: 10px 3px;">“ </td> <td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 4px 10px;"> <p>The top-two system inadvertently allowed Republicans to shoot themselves in the foot this year when six of them ran in state Senate District 4, which sprawls through 13 mostly rural counties southeast of Sacramento and has a GOP voter registration plurality. </p><p>With so many running, they fragmented the GOP vote, thus allowing two Democrats, Tim Robertson and Marie Alvarado-Gil, to finish 1-2 and handing the seat to the other party. </p><p>“This is the nightmare scenario… A lot of people thought that they would have a chance to win. So they jumped in, but they split the votes and that’s unfortunately what can happen,” Joseph Day, Stanislaus County’s Republican chairman, told GV Wire.<sup id="cite_ref-quotedisclaimer_7-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-quotedisclaimer-7">[7]</a></sup> </p> </td> <td width="20" valign="bottom" style="border: none; color: #B2B7F2; font-size: 35px; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-weight: bold; text-align: right; padding: 10px 1px;">” </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="3" class="cquotecite" style="border: none; padding-right: 4%"><cite style="font-style: normal;font-size: smaller; float: right;">—Dan Walters, opinion columnist, CalMatters (2022)<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14">[14]</a></sup></cite> </td></tr></tbody></table> <h4><span class="mw-headline" id="Claim:_Top-two_primaries_distort_the_intentions_of_voters">Claim: Top-two primaries distort the intentions of voters</span></h4> <p>In a 2017 article for <i>The Daily Caller</i>, Peter Gemma argued that top-two primaries distort voters' intentions. </p> <table data-nosnippet="" style="border-collapse: collapse; border: none;background-color: transparent; auto; ;"> <tbody><tr> <td width="20" valign="top" style="border:none; color:#B2B7F2;font-size:35px;font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-weight: bold; text-align: left; padding: 10px 3px;">“ </td> <td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 4px 10px;"> <p>A top two primary distorts the meaning of a free and fair election. For example, three Democrats and two Republicans ran in the 2014 Washington state open primary for Treasurer. Even though 52 percent of the electorate voted for one of the three Democrats, two Republicans ended up on the general election ballot because they narrowly finished first and second. Democrats were disenfranchised. (And please note: Washington had not elected a Republican as Treasurer since 1952.)<sup id="cite_ref-quotedisclaimer_7-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-quotedisclaimer-7">[7]</a></sup> </p> </td> <td width="20" valign="bottom" style="border: none; color: #B2B7F2; font-size: 35px; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-weight: bold; text-align: right; padding: 10px 1px;">” </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="3" class="cquotecite" style="border: none; padding-right: 4%"><cite style="font-style: normal;font-size: smaller; float: right;">—Peter Gemma, contributor, <i>The Daily Caller</i> (2017)<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15">[15]</a></sup></cite> </td></tr></tbody></table> <h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Ballot_measures">Ballot measures</span></h2> <dl><dd><dl><dd><i>See also: <a href="/Electoral_systems_on_the_ballot" title="Electoral systems on the ballot">Electoral systems on the ballot</a></i></dd></dl></dd></dl> <p>The following is a list of statewide ballot measures to enact top-two primaries: </p> <style> .bptable td p { margin: 5px 0px 5px 0px; } </style> <table class="bptable blue" style="width:auto;"> <tbody><tr> <th style="background-color:#00008B; color: white;">State</th> <th style="background-color:#00008B; color: white;">Year</th> <th style="background-color:#00008B; color: white;">Type</th> <th style="background-color:#00008B; color: white;">Title</th> <th style="background-color:#00008B; color: white;">Result</th> <th style="background-color:#00008B; color: white;">Yes Votes</th> <th style="background-color:#00008B; color: white;">No Votes</th> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="/Florida">FL</a></td> <td>2020</td> <td> <p> <a href="/Initiated_constitutional_amendment">CICA</a> </p> </td> <td><a href="https://ballotpedia.org/Florida_Amendment_3,_Top-Two_Open_Primaries_for_State_Offices_Initiative_(2020)" title="Amendment 3">Amendment 3</a></td> <td> <center> <p> <a href="/Defeated" title="Defeated"><img alt="Defeated" src="https://cdn.ballotpedia.org/images/0/04/No.png" width="16" height="16" data-file-width="16" data-file-height="16" /></a> </p> </center> </td> <td> <center> <p> 5,854,468 (57%) </p> </center> </td> <td> <center> <p> 4,410,768 (43%) </p> </center> </td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="/Arizona">AZ</a></td> <td>2012</td> <td> <p> <a href="/Initiated_constitutional_amendment">CICA</a> </p> </td> <td><a href="https://ballotpedia.org/Arizona_Proposition_121,_Top-Two_Primary_Elections_Initiative_(2012)" title="Proposition 121">Proposition 121</a></td> <td> <center> <p> <a href="/Defeated" title="Defeated"><img alt="Defeated" src="https://cdn.ballotpedia.org/images/0/04/No.png" width="16" height="16" data-file-width="16" data-file-height="16" /></a> </p> </center> </td> <td> <center> <p> 662,366 (33%) </p> </center> </td> <td> <center> <p> 1,340,286 (67%) </p> </center> </td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="/California">CA</a></td> <td>2010</td> <td> <p> <a href="/Legislatively_referred_constitutional_amendment">LRCA</a> </p> </td> <td><a href="https://ballotpedia.org/California_Proposition_14,_Top-Two_Primaries_Amendment_(June_2010)" title="Proposition 14">Proposition 14</a></td> <td> <center> <p> <a href="/Approved" title="Approved"><img alt="Approved" src="https://cdn.ballotpedia.org/images/7/77/Yes.png" width="16" height="16" data-file-width="16" data-file-height="16" /></a><span style="display:none;">a</span> </p> </center> </td> <td> <center> <p> 2,868,945 (54%) </p> </center> </td> <td> <center> <p> 2,470,658 (46%) </p> </center> </td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="/Oregon">OR</a></td> <td>2008</td> <td> <p> <a href="/Initiated_state_statute">CISS</a> </p> </td> <td><a href="https://ballotpedia.org/Oregon_Measure_65,_Top-Two_Primaries_Initiative_(2008)" title="Measure 65">Measure 65</a></td> <td> <center> <p> <a href="/Defeated" title="Defeated"><img alt="Defeated" src="https://cdn.ballotpedia.org/images/0/04/No.png" width="16" height="16" data-file-width="16" data-file-height="16" /></a> </p> </center> </td> <td> <center> <p> 553,640 (34%) </p> </center> </td> <td> <center> <p> 1,070,580 (66%) </p> </center> </td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="/California">CA</a></td> <td>2004</td> <td> <p> <a href="/Combined_initiated_constitutional_amendment_and_state_statute">CICA/SS</a> </p> </td> <td><a href="https://ballotpedia.org/California_Proposition_62,_Top-Two_Primaries_Initiative_(2004)" title="Proposition 62">Proposition 62</a></td> <td> <center> <p> <a href="/Defeated" title="Defeated"><img alt="Defeated" src="https://cdn.ballotpedia.org/images/0/04/No.png" width="16" height="16" data-file-width="16" data-file-height="16" /></a> </p> </center> </td> <td> <center> <p> 5,119,155 (46%) </p> </center> </td> <td> <center> <p> 5,968,770 (54%) </p> </center> </td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="/Washington">WA</a></td> <td>2004</td> <td> <p> <a href="/Initiatives_to_the_People_(Washington)">ITP</a> </p> </td> <td><a href="https://ballotpedia.org/Washington_Initiative_872,_Top-Two_Primaries_Measure_(2004)" title="Initiative 872">Initiative 872</a></td> <td> <center> <p> <a href="/Approved" title="Approved"><img alt="Approved" src="https://cdn.ballotpedia.org/images/7/77/Yes.png" width="16" height="16" data-file-width="16" data-file-height="16" /></a><span style="display:none;">a</span> </p> </center> </td> <td> <center> <p> 1,632,225 (60%) </p> </center> </td> <td> <center> <p> 1,095,190 (40%) </p> </center> </td> </tr> </tbody></table> <p><br /> </p> <h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Recent_legislation_related_to_primaries">Recent legislation related to primaries</span></h2> <p>The table below includes state legislation related to primaries introduced during (or carried over to) the current year's legislative session. The following information is included for each bill: </p> <ul><li>State</li> <li>Bill number</li> <li>Official bill name or caption</li> <li>Most recent action date</li> <li>Legislative status</li> <li>Sponsor party</li> <li>Topics dealt with by the bill</li></ul> <p>Bills are organized by state and then by most recent action. The table displays up to 100 results. To view more bills, use the arrows in the upper-right corner. Clicking on a bill will open its page on <a target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener" class="external text" href="https://legislation.ballotpedia.org/elections/home">Ballotpedia's Election Administration Legislation Tracker</a>, which includes bill details and a summary. </p><p><iframe src="https://legislation.ballotpedia.org/elections/search?category=RCV%20-%20Top-five%20primary&category=RCV%20-%20Top-four%20primary&category=RCV%20-%20Top-three%20primary&category=Primary%20elections&category=Primary%20election%20types&category=RCV%20-%20Primaries&session=&page=1&embed=true" frameborder="1" height="500"></iframe> </p> <h2><span id="Ballotpedia.27s_Election_Administration_Legislation_Tracker"></span><span class="mw-headline" id="Ballotpedia's_Election_Administration_Legislation_Tracker">Ballotpedia's Election Administration Legislation Tracker</span></h2> <div class="center"><div class="floatnone"><a href="https://legislation.ballotpedia.org/elections/home" target="_blank" rel=" noreferrer noopener"><img alt="Election tracker site ad.png" src="https://ballotpedia.s3.amazonaws.com/images/thumb/1/12/Election_tracker_site_ad.png/800px-Election_tracker_site_ad.png" decoding="async" width="800" height="235" srcset="https://ballotpedia.s3.amazonaws.com/images/1/12/Election_tracker_site_ad.png 1.5x" data-file-width="850" data-file-height="250" /></a></div></div> <p><br /> State election laws are changing. Keeping track of the latest developments in all 50 states can seem like an impossible job. </p><p>Here's the solution: <b><a target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener" class="external text" href="https://legislation.ballotpedia.org/elections/home">Ballotpedia's Election Administration Legislation Tracker</a></b>. </p><p>Ballotpedia's Election Administration Tracker sets the industry standard for ease of use, flexibility, and raw power. But that's just the beginning of what it can do: </p> <ul><li>Ballotpedia's election experts provide daily updates on bills and other relevant political developments</li> <li>We translate complex bill text into easy-to-understand summaries written in everyday language</li> <li>And because it's from Ballotpedia, our Tracker is guaranteed to be neutral, unbiased, and nonpartisan</li></ul> <h2><span class="mw-headline" id="State_of_Election_Administration_Legislation_Reports">State of Election Administration Legislation Reports</span></h2> <div class="center"><div class="floatnone"><a href="https://ballotpedia.org/State_of_Election_Administration_Legislation_Reports" target="_blank" rel=" noreferrer noopener"><img alt="Election administration legislation banner.png" src="https://ballotpedia.s3.amazonaws.com/images/thumb/a/a0/Election_administration_legislation_banner.png/800px-Election_administration_legislation_banner.png" decoding="async" width="800" height="133" srcset="https://ballotpedia.s3.amazonaws.com/images/thumb/a/a0/Election_administration_legislation_banner.png/1200px-Election_administration_legislation_banner.png 1.5x, https://ballotpedia.s3.amazonaws.com/images/thumb/a/a0/Election_administration_legislation_banner.png/1600px-Election_administration_legislation_banner.png 2x" data-file-width="2500" data-file-height="417" /></a></div></div> <p><br /> Ballotpedia publishes regular analysis of election administration legislation, including three full reports per year, providing ongoing coverage of legislative activity affecting election policy in each state. These reports deliver insights into partisan priorities, dive deep into notable trends, and highlight activity in key states. </p><p>Below are links to the most recent editions. <b><a href="/State_of_Election_Administration_Legislation_Reports" title="State of Election Administration Legislation Reports">Click here</a></b> to see all past reports, and be on the lookout for more throughout the year! </p> <ul><li><a href="/State_of_Election_Administration_Legislation_2024_Year-End_Report" title="State of Election Administration Legislation 2024 Year-End Report">State of Election Administration Legislation 2024 Year-End Report</a></li> <li><a href="/State_of_Election_Administration_Legislation_2024_Mid-Year_Report" title="State of Election Administration Legislation 2024 Mid-Year Report">State of Election Administration Legislation 2024 Mid-Year Report</a></li> <li><a href="/State_of_Election_Administration_Legislation,_May_2024_Roundup" title="State of Election Administration Legislation, May 2024 Roundup">State of Election Administration Legislation, May 2024 Roundup</a></li></ul> <p><br /> </p> <h2><span class="mw-headline" id="The_Ballot_Bulletin">The Ballot Bulletin</span></h2> <div class="center"><div class="floatnone"><a href="/Ballotpedia%27s_The_Ballot_Bulletin" title="Ballotpedia's The Ballot Bulletin"><img alt="Ballot-Bulletin-Header-D2.jpg" src="https://ballotpedia.s3.amazonaws.com/images/thumb/a/a9/Ballot-Bulletin-Header-D2.jpg/800px-Ballot-Bulletin-Header-D2.jpg" decoding="async" width="800" height="133" srcset="https://ballotpedia.s3.amazonaws.com/images/thumb/a/a9/Ballot-Bulletin-Header-D2.jpg/1200px-Ballot-Bulletin-Header-D2.jpg 1.5x, https://ballotpedia.s3.amazonaws.com/images/thumb/a/a9/Ballot-Bulletin-Header-D2.jpg/1600px-Ballot-Bulletin-Header-D2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3333" data-file-height="553" /></a></div></div> <p><br /> The <a href="/Ballotpedia%27s_The_Ballot_Bulletin" title="Ballotpedia's The Ballot Bulletin">Ballot Bulletin</a> is a weekly email that delivers the latest updates on election policy. The Ballot Bulletin tracks developments in election policy around the country, including legislative activity, big-picture trends, and recent news. Each email contains in-depth data from our <a target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener" class="external text" href="https://legislation.ballotpedia.org/elections/home">Election Administration Legislation Tracker</a>. You'll also be able to track relevant legislation, with links to and summaries of the bills themselves. </p> <h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Recent_issues">Recent issues</span></h3> <p>Click below to view recent issues of The Ballot Bulletin. </p> <ul><li><a href="/The_Ballot_Bulletin:_February_28,_2025" title="The Ballot Bulletin: February 28, 2025">The Ballot Bulletin: February 28, 2025</a></li> <li><a href="/The_Ballot_Bulletin:_February_21,_2025" title="The Ballot Bulletin: February 21, 2025">The Ballot Bulletin: February 21, 2025</a></li> <li><a href="/The_Ballot_Bulletin:_February_14,_2025" title="The Ballot Bulletin: February 14, 2025">The Ballot Bulletin: February 14, 2025</a></li> <li><a href="/The_Ballot_Bulletin:_February_7,_2025" title="The Ballot Bulletin: February 7, 2025">The Ballot Bulletin: February 7, 2025</a></li> <li><a href="/The_Ballot_Bulletin:_January_31,_2025" title="The Ballot Bulletin: January 31, 2025">The Ballot Bulletin: January 31, 2025</a></li></ul> <h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Subscribe">Subscribe</span></h3> <p>Enter your email address below to subscribe to The Ballot Bulletin. <script src="https://code.jquery.com/jquery-3.6.0.min.js" integrity="sha256-/xUj+3OJU5yExlq6GSYGSHk7tPXikynS7ogEvDej/m4=" crossorigin="anonymous"></script> </p><div class="whatcounts-container"> <form class="form" id="whatcounts-form" action="" method="POST"> <input type="hidden" name="slid" value="3DC725E303A24F8D03D5AC8BEBD48A52" /> <input type="hidden" name="cmd" value="subscribe" /> <input type="hidden" name="goto" value="" /> <input type="hidden" name="errors_to" value="" /> <input type="hidden" id="format_mime" name="format" value="mime" /> <style type="text/css"> form.form p label { color: #000000; float: none; text-align: left; line-height: 1em; width: auto; } form.form p.submit { margin-left: 5px; } form.form p.no-label { margin-left: 50px; } form.form span.value { margin-left: 0px; } form.form p span.description { margin-left: 0px; } form.form p.required label, form.form span.required label { background-position: top left; background: none; padding-left: 0px; } </style> <p><span style="color:#444444;"><span style="font-size: 20px;"><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif;"><strong></strong></span></span></span></p> <p class="form-field email pd-text required required-custom"> <label class="field-label" for="email">Email *</label> <input type="text" name="email" id="email" value="" class="text whatcounts-email-input" size="30" maxlength="255" style="width: 50%;" /> </p><div> <div id="recaptcha-service" class="g-recaptcha" style="display: inline-block" data-callback="recaptchaCallback" data-sitekey="6LdtdxgUAAAAAPd0NqIuHMYS_GQReTlIbayVJ_qn"></div> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://www.google.com/recaptcha/api.js?hl=en"></script> <p style="display: none" class="showCaptchaMessage">Please complete the Captcha above</p> </div> <input type="submit" value="Subscribe" style="text-shadow:none !important;background:#cae5e5!important;" /> <p class="mw-empty-elt"></p> </form> </div> <css> <style> form.form{color:#666;font:100%/120% Tahoma,Arial,Helvetica,Verdana,sans-serif;font-size:13px;margin:.5em 0 1em 0;padding:.5em}* html form.form{padding-top:.1em}form.form span.error{clear:left;display:block;font-weight:700;margin-top:2px;padding-left:166px}form.form span.value{display:block;margin-left:153px}form.form .value span{display:block}form.form .no-label .description,form.form .no-label .value{margin-left:0}form.form span.unsubscribe-value{display:block}form.form sup{cursor:pointer;font-size:1em;font-weight:400;text-decoration:underline}form.form label.required,form.form p.required,form.form span.required{font-weight:700}form.form p.required label,form.form span.required label{background:url(/images/required.gif) no-repeat top right}form.form p span{font-weight:400}form.form p span.description{clear:both;display:block;margin-left:153px}form.form p.email-pref span.description{display:block;margin-left:5px;font-size:.9em}form.form p{clear:left;line-height:1.4em;margin:3px 5px;padding:3px 2px}* html form.form p{margin-top:0}form.form ol,form.form ul{line-height:1.5em;margin-bottom:1em}form.form li{line-height:1.5em}form.form .hidden,form.form p.hidden{position:absolute;width:190px;left:-999px}form.form p label.inline{background:0 0;display:inline;float:none;font-weight:400;line-height:2em;margin-right:10px;padding:0;text-align:left;vertical-align:baseline}form.form p label{display:block;float:left;margin:0;padding:3px 13px 0 0;text-align:right;width:140px}* html form.form p label{margin-right:-.2em}form.form p.email-pref,form.form p.no-label{margin:.2em .5em .6em 160px;padding:0}form.form p.submit{padding:0}form.form p.inline{margin:0 0 5px 160px;padding:0 0 3px}form.form p.full-width{clear:none;margin:0;padding:0}form.form p span.inline a,form.form p.full-width a{display:inline;line-height:16px;margin:0;padding:0}form.form p.submit input{margin:0 10px 0 0;padding:2px 12px}form.form select{font-weight:400}form.form select option{margin:0;padding:0 .3em}form.form textarea.standard{height:70px;overflow:auto;padding:2px;width:200px;float:none}form.form input{font-weight:400;padding:2px}* html form.form input{padding-right:0}form.form input.text{width:200px}form.form div.error{padding:0 0 .5em 170px;color:#8b0000}form.form div.message{color:green}form.form input.date{background:url(/images/calendar.png) no-repeat left;padding-left:20px}.red-color,form.form div.error,form.form p.error,form.form p.error label,form.form span.error{color:#8b0000}.red-background,form.form p.errors{background:#8b0000;color:#fff;padding-left:.5em;margin-bottom:1em}.ui-helper-hidden{display:none}.ui-helper-hidden-accessible{border:0;clip:rect(0 0 0 0);height:1px;margin:-1px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;position:absolute;width:1px}.ui-helper-reset{margin:0;padding:0;border:0;outline:0;line-height:1.3;text-decoration:none;font-size:100%;list-style:none}.ui-helper-clearfix:after,.ui-helper-clearfix:before{content:"";display:table;border-collapse:collapse}.ui-helper-clearfix:after{clear:both}.ui-helper-zfix{width:100%;height:100%;top:0;left:0;position:absolute;opacity:0;filter:Alpha(Opacity=0)}.ui-front{z-index:100}.ui-state-disabled{cursor:default!important;pointer-events:none}.ui-icon{display:inline-block;vertical-align:middle;margin-top:-.25em;position:relative;text-indent:-99999px;overflow:hidden;background-repeat:no-repeat}.ui-widget-icon-block{left:50%;margin-left:-8px;display:block}.ui-widget-overlay{position:fixed;top:0;left:0;width:100%;height:100%}.ui-accordion .ui-accordion-header{display:block;cursor:pointer;position:relative;margin:2px 0 0 0;padding:.5em .5em .5em .7em;font-size:100%}.ui-accordion .ui-accordion-content{padding:1em 2.2em;border-top:0;overflow:auto}.ui-autocomplete{position:absolute;top:0;left:0;cursor:default}.ui-menu{list-style:none;padding:0;margin:0;display:block;outline:0}.ui-menu .ui-menu{position:absolute}.ui-menu .ui-menu-item{margin:0;cursor:pointer;list-style-image:url(data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAIAAAAAAAP///yH5BAEAAAAALAAAAAABAAEAAAIBRAA7)}.ui-menu .ui-menu-item-wrapper{position:relative;padding:3px 1em 3px .4em}.ui-menu .ui-menu-divider{margin:5px 0;height:0;font-size:0;line-height:0;border-width:1px 0 0 0}.ui-menu .ui-state-active,.ui-menu .ui-state-focus{margin:-1px}.ui-menu-icons{position:relative}.ui-menu-icons .ui-menu-item-wrapper{padding-left:2em}.ui-menu .ui-icon{position:absolute;top:0;bottom:0;left:.2em;margin:auto 0}.ui-menu .ui-menu-icon{left:auto;right:0}.ui-button{padding:.4em 1em;display:inline-block;position:relative;line-height:normal;margin-right:.1em;cursor:pointer;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;-webkit-user-select:none;-moz-user-select:none;-ms-user-select:none;user-select:none;overflow:visible}.ui-button,.ui-button:active,.ui-button:hover,.ui-button:link,.ui-button:visited{text-decoration:none}.ui-button-icon-only{width:2em;box-sizing:border-box;text-indent:-9999px;white-space:nowrap}input.ui-button.ui-button-icon-only{text-indent:0}.ui-button-icon-only .ui-icon{position:absolute;top:50%;left:50%;margin-top:-8px;margin-left:-8px}.ui-button.ui-icon-notext .ui-icon{padding:0;width:2.1em;height:2.1em;text-indent:-9999px;white-space:nowrap}input.ui-button.ui-icon-notext .ui-icon{width:auto;height:auto;text-indent:0;white-space:normal;padding:.4em 1em}button.ui-button::-moz-focus-inner,input.ui-button::-moz-focus-inner{border:0;padding:0}.ui-controlgroup{vertical-align:middle;display:inline-block}.ui-controlgroup>.ui-controlgroup-item{float:left;margin-left:0;margin-right:0}.ui-controlgroup>.ui-controlgroup-item.ui-visual-focus,.ui-controlgroup>.ui-controlgroup-item:focus{z-index:9999}.ui-controlgroup-vertical>.ui-controlgroup-item{display:block;float:none;width:100%;margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0;text-align:left}.ui-controlgroup-vertical .ui-controlgroup-item{box-sizing:border-box}.ui-controlgroup .ui-controlgroup-label{padding:.4em 1em}.ui-controlgroup .ui-controlgroup-label span{font-size:80%}.ui-controlgroup-horizontal .ui-controlgroup-label+.ui-controlgroup-item{border-left:none}.ui-controlgroup-vertical .ui-controlgroup-label+.ui-controlgroup-item{border-top:none}.ui-controlgroup-horizontal .ui-controlgroup-label.ui-widget-content{border-right:none}.ui-controlgroup-vertical .ui-controlgroup-label.ui-widget-content{border-bottom:none}.ui-controlgroup-vertical .ui-spinner-input{width:75%;width:calc(100% - 2.4em)}.ui-controlgroup-vertical .ui-spinner .ui-spinner-up{border-top-style:solid}.ui-checkboxradio-label .ui-icon-background{box-shadow:inset 1px 1px 1px #ccc;border-radius:.12em;border:none}.ui-checkboxradio-radio-label .ui-icon-background{width:16px;height:16px;border-radius:1em;overflow:visible;border:none}.ui-checkboxradio-radio-label.ui-checkboxradio-checked .ui-icon,.ui-checkboxradio-radio-label.ui-checkboxradio-checked:hover .ui-icon{background-image:none;width:8px;height:8px;border-width:4px;border-style:solid}.ui-checkboxradio-disabled{pointer-events:none}.ui-datepicker{width:17em;padding:.2em .2em 0;display:none}.ui-datepicker .ui-datepicker-header{position:relative;padding:.2em 0}.ui-datepicker .ui-datepicker-next,.ui-datepicker .ui-datepicker-prev{position:absolute;top:2px;width:1.8em;height:1.8em}.ui-datepicker .ui-datepicker-next-hover,.ui-datepicker .ui-datepicker-prev-hover{top:1px}.ui-datepicker .ui-datepicker-prev{left:2px}.ui-datepicker .ui-datepicker-next{right:2px}.ui-datepicker .ui-datepicker-prev-hover{left:1px}.ui-datepicker .ui-datepicker-next-hover{right:1px}.ui-datepicker .ui-datepicker-next span,.ui-datepicker .ui-datepicker-prev span{display:block;position:absolute;left:50%;margin-left:-8px;top:50%;margin-top:-8px}.ui-datepicker .ui-datepicker-title{margin:0 2.3em;line-height:1.8em;text-align:center}.ui-datepicker .ui-datepicker-title select{font-size:1em;margin:1px 0}.ui-datepicker select.ui-datepicker-month,.ui-datepicker select.ui-datepicker-year{width:45%}.ui-datepicker table{width:100%;font-size:.9em;border-collapse:collapse;margin:0 0 .4em}.ui-datepicker th{padding:.7em .3em;text-align:center;font-weight:700;border:0}.ui-datepicker td{border:0;padding:1px}.ui-datepicker td a,.ui-datepicker td span{display:block;padding:.2em;text-align:right;text-decoration:none}.ui-datepicker .ui-datepicker-buttonpane{background-image:none;margin:.7em 0 0 0;padding:0 .2em;border-left:0;border-right:0;border-bottom:0}.ui-datepicker .ui-datepicker-buttonpane button{float:right;margin:.5em .2em .4em;cursor:pointer;padding:.2em .6em .3em .6em;width:auto;overflow:visible}.ui-datepicker .ui-datepicker-buttonpane button.ui-datepicker-current{float:left}.ui-datepicker.ui-datepicker-multi{width:auto}.ui-datepicker-multi .ui-datepicker-group{float:left}.ui-datepicker-multi .ui-datepicker-group table{width:95%;margin:0 auto .4em}.ui-datepicker-multi-2 .ui-datepicker-group{width:50%}.ui-datepicker-multi-3 .ui-datepicker-group{width:33.3%}.ui-datepicker-multi-4 .ui-datepicker-group{width:25%}.ui-datepicker-multi .ui-datepicker-group-last .ui-datepicker-header,.ui-datepicker-multi .ui-datepicker-group-middle .ui-datepicker-header{border-left-width:0}.ui-datepicker-multi .ui-datepicker-buttonpane{clear:left}.ui-datepicker-row-break{clear:both;width:100%;font-size:0}.ui-datepicker-rtl{direction:rtl}.ui-datepicker-rtl .ui-datepicker-prev{right:2px;left:auto}.ui-datepicker-rtl .ui-datepicker-next{left:2px;right:auto}.ui-datepicker-rtl .ui-datepicker-prev:hover{right:1px;left:auto}.ui-datepicker-rtl .ui-datepicker-next:hover{left:1px;right:auto}.ui-datepicker-rtl .ui-datepicker-buttonpane{clear:right}.ui-datepicker-rtl .ui-datepicker-buttonpane button{float:left}.ui-datepicker-rtl .ui-datepicker-buttonpane button.ui-datepicker-current,.ui-datepicker-rtl .ui-datepicker-group{float:right}.ui-datepicker-rtl .ui-datepicker-group-last .ui-datepicker-header,.ui-datepicker-rtl .ui-datepicker-group-middle .ui-datepicker-header{border-right-width:0;border-left-width:1px}.ui-datepicker .ui-icon{display:block;text-indent:-99999px;overflow:hidden;background-repeat:no-repeat;left:.5em;top:.3em}.ui-dialog{position:absolute;top:0;left:0;padding:.2em;outline:0}.ui-dialog .ui-dialog-titlebar{padding:.4em 1em;position:relative}.ui-dialog .ui-dialog-title{float:left;margin:.1em 0;white-space:nowrap;width:90%;overflow:hidden;text-overflow:ellipsis}.ui-dialog .ui-dialog-titlebar-close{position:absolute;right:.3em;top:50%;width:20px;margin:-10px 0 0 0;padding:1px;height:20px}.ui-dialog .ui-dialog-content{position:relative;border:0;padding:.5em 1em;background:0 0;overflow:auto}.ui-dialog .ui-dialog-buttonpane{text-align:left;border-width:1px 0 0 0;background-image:none;margin-top:.5em;padding:.3em 1em .5em .4em}.ui-dialog .ui-dialog-buttonpane .ui-dialog-buttonset{float:right}.ui-dialog .ui-dialog-buttonpane button{margin:.5em .4em .5em 0;cursor:pointer}.ui-dialog .ui-resizable-n{height:2px;top:0}.ui-dialog .ui-resizable-e{width:2px;right:0}.ui-dialog .ui-resizable-s{height:2px;bottom:0}.ui-dialog .ui-resizable-w{width:2px;left:0}.ui-dialog .ui-resizable-ne,.ui-dialog .ui-resizable-nw,.ui-dialog .ui-resizable-se,.ui-dialog .ui-resizable-sw{width:7px;height:7px}.ui-dialog .ui-resizable-se{right:0;bottom:0}.ui-dialog .ui-resizable-sw{left:0;bottom:0}.ui-dialog .ui-resizable-ne{right:0;top:0}.ui-dialog .ui-resizable-nw{left:0;top:0}.ui-draggable .ui-dialog-titlebar{cursor:move}.ui-draggable-handle{-ms-touch-action:none;touch-action:none}.ui-resizable{position:relative}.ui-resizable-handle{position:absolute;font-size:.1px;display:block;-ms-touch-action:none;touch-action:none}.ui-resizable-autohide .ui-resizable-handle,.ui-resizable-disabled .ui-resizable-handle{display:none}.ui-resizable-n{cursor:n-resize;height:7px;width:100%;top:-5px;left:0}.ui-resizable-s{cursor:s-resize;height:7px;width:100%;bottom:-5px;left:0}.ui-resizable-e{cursor:e-resize;width:7px;right:-5px;top:0;height:100%}.ui-resizable-w{cursor:w-resize;width:7px;left:-5px;top:0;height:100%}.ui-resizable-se{cursor:se-resize;width:12px;height:12px;right:1px;bottom:1px}.ui-resizable-sw{cursor:sw-resize;width:9px;height:9px;left:-5px;bottom:-5px}.ui-resizable-nw{cursor:nw-resize;width:9px;height:9px;left:-5px;top:-5px}.ui-resizable-ne{cursor:ne-resize;width:9px;height:9px;right:-5px;top:-5px}.ui-progressbar{height:2em;text-align:left;overflow:hidden}.ui-progressbar .ui-progressbar-value{margin:-1px;height:100%}.ui-progressbar .ui-progressbar-overlay{background:url(data:image/gif;base64,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);height:100%;opacity:.25}.ui-progressbar-indeterminate .ui-progressbar-value{background-image:none}.ui-selectable{-ms-touch-action:none;touch-action:none}.ui-selectable-helper{position:absolute;z-index:100;border:1px dotted #000}.ui-selectmenu-menu{padding:0;margin:0;position:absolute;top:0;left:0;display:none}.ui-selectmenu-menu .ui-menu{overflow:auto;overflow-x:hidden;padding-bottom:1px}.ui-selectmenu-menu .ui-menu .ui-selectmenu-optgroup{font-size:1em;font-weight:700;line-height:1.5;padding:2px .4em;margin:.5em 0 0 0;height:auto;border:0}.ui-selectmenu-open{display:block}.ui-selectmenu-text{display:block;margin-right:20px;overflow:hidden;text-overflow:ellipsis}.ui-selectmenu-button.ui-button{text-align:left;white-space:nowrap;width:14em}.ui-selectmenu-icon.ui-icon{float:right;margin-top:0}.ui-slider{position:relative;text-align:left}.ui-slider .ui-slider-handle{position:absolute;z-index:2;width:1.2em;height:1.2em;cursor:default;-ms-touch-action:none;touch-action:none}.ui-slider .ui-slider-range{position:absolute;z-index:1;font-size:.7em;display:block;border:0;background-position:0 0}.ui-slider.ui-state-disabled .ui-slider-handle,.ui-slider.ui-state-disabled .ui-slider-range{filter:inherit}.ui-slider-horizontal{height:.8em}.ui-slider-horizontal .ui-slider-handle{top:-.3em;margin-left:-.6em}.ui-slider-horizontal .ui-slider-range{top:0;height:100%}.ui-slider-horizontal .ui-slider-range-min{left:0}.ui-slider-horizontal .ui-slider-range-max{right:0}.ui-slider-vertical{width:.8em;height:100px}.ui-slider-vertical .ui-slider-handle{left:-.3em;margin-left:0;margin-bottom:-.6em}.ui-slider-vertical .ui-slider-range{left:0;width:100%}.ui-slider-vertical .ui-slider-range-min{bottom:0}.ui-slider-vertical .ui-slider-range-max{top:0}.ui-sortable-handle{-ms-touch-action:none;touch-action:none}.ui-spinner{position:relative;display:inline-block;overflow:hidden;padding:0;vertical-align:middle}.ui-spinner-input{border:none;background:0 0;color:inherit;padding:.222em 0;margin:.2em 0;vertical-align:middle;margin-left:.4em;margin-right:2em}.ui-spinner-button{width:1.6em;height:50%;font-size:.5em;padding:0;margin:0;text-align:center;position:absolute;cursor:default;display:block;overflow:hidden;right:0}.ui-spinner a.ui-spinner-button{border-top-style:none;border-bottom-style:none;border-right-style:none}.ui-spinner-up{top:0}.ui-spinner-down{bottom:0}.ui-tabs{position:relative;padding:.2em}.ui-tabs .ui-tabs-nav{margin:0;padding:.2em .2em 0}.ui-tabs .ui-tabs-nav li{list-style:none;float:left;position:relative;top:0;margin:1px .2em 0 0;border-bottom-width:0;padding:0;white-space:nowrap}.ui-tabs .ui-tabs-nav .ui-tabs-anchor{float:left;padding:.5em 1em;text-decoration:none}.ui-tabs .ui-tabs-nav li.ui-tabs-active{margin-bottom:-1px;padding-bottom:1px}.ui-tabs .ui-tabs-nav li.ui-state-disabled .ui-tabs-anchor,.ui-tabs .ui-tabs-nav li.ui-tabs-active .ui-tabs-anchor,.ui-tabs .ui-tabs-nav li.ui-tabs-loading .ui-tabs-anchor{cursor:text}.ui-tabs-collapsible .ui-tabs-nav li.ui-tabs-active .ui-tabs-anchor{cursor:pointer}.ui-tabs .ui-tabs-panel{display:block;border-width:0;padding:1em 1.4em;background:0 0}.ui-tooltip{padding:8px;position:absolute;z-index:9999;max-width:300px}body .ui-tooltip{border-width:2px}.ui-widget{font-family:Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;font-size:1em}.ui-widget .ui-widget{font-size:1em}.ui-widget button,.ui-widget input,.ui-widget select,.ui-widget textarea{font-family:Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;font-size:1em}.ui-widget.ui-widget-content{border:1px solid #c5c5c5}.ui-widget-content{border:1px solid #ddd;background:#fff;color:#333}.ui-widget-content a{color:#333}.ui-widget-header{border:1px solid #ddd;background:#e9e9e9;color:#333;font-weight:700}.ui-widget-header a{color:#333}.ui-button,.ui-state-default,.ui-widget-content .ui-state-default,.ui-widget-header .ui-state-default,html .ui-button.ui-state-disabled:active,html .ui-button.ui-state-disabled:hover{border:1px solid #c5c5c5;background:#f6f6f6;font-weight:400;color:#454545}.ui-button,.ui-state-default a,.ui-state-default a:link,.ui-state-default a:visited,a.ui-button,a:link.ui-button,a:visited.ui-button{color:#454545;text-decoration:none}.ui-button:focus,.ui-button:hover,.ui-state-focus,.ui-state-hover,.ui-widget-content .ui-state-focus,.ui-widget-content .ui-state-hover,.ui-widget-header .ui-state-focus,.ui-widget-header .ui-state-hover{border:1px solid #ccc;background:#ededed;font-weight:400;color:#2b2b2b}.ui-state-focus a,.ui-state-focus a:hover,.ui-state-focus a:link,.ui-state-focus a:visited,.ui-state-hover a,.ui-state-hover a:hover,.ui-state-hover a:link,.ui-state-hover a:visited,a.ui-button:focus,a.ui-button:hover{color:#2b2b2b;text-decoration:none}.ui-visual-focus{box-shadow:0 0 3px 1px #5e9ed6}.ui-button.ui-state-active:hover,.ui-button:active,.ui-state-active,.ui-widget-content .ui-state-active,.ui-widget-header .ui-state-active,a.ui-button:active{border:1px solid #003eff;background:#007fff;font-weight:400;color:#fff}.ui-icon-background,.ui-state-active .ui-icon-background{border:#003eff;background-color:#fff}.ui-state-active a,.ui-state-active a:link,.ui-state-active a:visited{color:#fff;text-decoration:none}.ui-state-highlight,.ui-widget-content .ui-state-highlight,.ui-widget-header .ui-state-highlight{border:1px solid #dad55e;background:#fffa90;color:#777620}.ui-state-checked{border:1px solid #dad55e;background:#fffa90}.ui-state-highlight a,.ui-widget-content .ui-state-highlight a,.ui-widget-header .ui-state-highlight a{color:#777620}.ui-state-error,.ui-widget-content .ui-state-error,.ui-widget-header .ui-state-error{border:1px solid #f1a899;background:#fddfdf;color:#5f3f3f}.ui-state-error a,.ui-widget-content .ui-state-error a,.ui-widget-header .ui-state-error a{color:#5f3f3f}.ui-state-error-text,.ui-widget-content .ui-state-error-text,.ui-widget-header .ui-state-error-text{color:#5f3f3f}.ui-priority-primary,.ui-widget-content .ui-priority-primary,.ui-widget-header .ui-priority-primary{font-weight:700}.ui-priority-secondary,.ui-widget-content .ui-priority-secondary,.ui-widget-header .ui-priority-secondary{opacity:.7;filter:Alpha(Opacity=70);font-weight:400}.ui-state-disabled,.ui-widget-content .ui-state-disabled,.ui-widget-header .ui-state-disabled{opacity:.35;filter:Alpha(Opacity=35);background-image:none}.ui-state-disabled .ui-icon{filter:Alpha(Opacity=35)}.ui-icon{width:16px;height:16px}.ui-icon,.ui-widget-content .ui-icon{background-image:url(images/ui-icons_444444_256x240.png)}.ui-widget-header .ui-icon{background-image:url(images/ui-icons_444444_256x240.png)}.ui-button:focus .ui-icon,.ui-button:hover .ui-icon,.ui-state-focus .ui-icon,.ui-state-hover .ui-icon{background-image:url(images/ui-icons_555555_256x240.png)}.ui-button:active .ui-icon,.ui-state-active .ui-icon{background-image:url(images/ui-icons_ffffff_256x240.png)}.ui-button .ui-state-highlight.ui-icon,.ui-state-highlight .ui-icon{background-image:url(images/ui-icons_777620_256x240.png)}.ui-state-error .ui-icon,.ui-state-error-text .ui-icon{background-image:url(images/ui-icons_cc0000_256x240.png)}.ui-button .ui-icon{background-image:url(images/ui-icons_777777_256x240.png)}.ui-icon-blank{background-position:16px 16px}.ui-icon-caret-1-n{background-position:0 0}.ui-icon-caret-1-ne{background-position:-16px 0}.ui-icon-caret-1-e{background-position:-32px 0}.ui-icon-caret-1-se{background-position:-48px 0}.ui-icon-caret-1-s{background-position:-65px 0}.ui-icon-caret-1-sw{background-position:-80px 0}.ui-icon-caret-1-w{background-position:-96px 0}.ui-icon-caret-1-nw{background-position:-112px 0}.ui-icon-caret-2-n-s{background-position:-128px 0}.ui-icon-caret-2-e-w{background-position:-144px 0}.ui-icon-triangle-1-n{background-position:0 -16px}.ui-icon-triangle-1-ne{background-position:-16px -16px}.ui-icon-triangle-1-e{background-position:-32px -16px}.ui-icon-triangle-1-se{background-position:-48px -16px}.ui-icon-triangle-1-s{background-position:-65px -16px}.ui-icon-triangle-1-sw{background-position:-80px -16px}.ui-icon-triangle-1-w{background-position:-96px -16px}.ui-icon-triangle-1-nw{background-position:-112px -16px}.ui-icon-triangle-2-n-s{background-position:-128px -16px}.ui-icon-triangle-2-e-w{background-position:-144px -16px}.ui-icon-arrow-1-n{background-position:0 -32px}.ui-icon-arrow-1-ne{background-position:-16px -32px}.ui-icon-arrow-1-e{background-position:-32px -32px}.ui-icon-arrow-1-se{background-position:-48px -32px}.ui-icon-arrow-1-s{background-position:-65px -32px}.ui-icon-arrow-1-sw{background-position:-80px -32px}.ui-icon-arrow-1-w{background-position:-96px -32px}.ui-icon-arrow-1-nw{background-position:-112px -32px}.ui-icon-arrow-2-n-s{background-position:-128px -32px}.ui-icon-arrow-2-ne-sw{background-position:-144px -32px}.ui-icon-arrow-2-e-w{background-position:-160px -32px}.ui-icon-arrow-2-se-nw{background-position:-176px -32px}.ui-icon-arrowstop-1-n{background-position:-192px -32px}.ui-icon-arrowstop-1-e{background-position:-208px -32px}.ui-icon-arrowstop-1-s{background-position:-224px -32px}.ui-icon-arrowstop-1-w{background-position:-240px -32px}.ui-icon-arrowthick-1-n{background-position:1px -48px}.ui-icon-arrowthick-1-ne{background-position:-16px -48px}.ui-icon-arrowthick-1-e{background-position:-32px -48px}.ui-icon-arrowthick-1-se{background-position:-48px -48px}.ui-icon-arrowthick-1-s{background-position:-64px -48px}.ui-icon-arrowthick-1-sw{background-position:-80px -48px}.ui-icon-arrowthick-1-w{background-position:-96px -48px}.ui-icon-arrowthick-1-nw{background-position:-112px -48px}.ui-icon-arrowthick-2-n-s{background-position:-128px -48px}.ui-icon-arrowthick-2-ne-sw{background-position:-144px -48px}.ui-icon-arrowthick-2-e-w{background-position:-160px -48px}.ui-icon-arrowthick-2-se-nw{background-position:-176px -48px}.ui-icon-arrowthickstop-1-n{background-position:-192px -48px}.ui-icon-arrowthickstop-1-e{background-position:-208px -48px}.ui-icon-arrowthickstop-1-s{background-position:-224px -48px}.ui-icon-arrowthickstop-1-w{background-position:-240px -48px}.ui-icon-arrowreturnthick-1-w{background-position:0 -64px}.ui-icon-arrowreturnthick-1-n{background-position:-16px -64px}.ui-icon-arrowreturnthick-1-e{background-position:-32px -64px}.ui-icon-arrowreturnthick-1-s{background-position:-48px -64px}.ui-icon-arrowreturn-1-w{background-position:-64px -64px}.ui-icon-arrowreturn-1-n{background-position:-80px -64px}.ui-icon-arrowreturn-1-e{background-position:-96px -64px}.ui-icon-arrowreturn-1-s{background-position:-112px -64px}.ui-icon-arrowrefresh-1-w{background-position:-128px -64px}.ui-icon-arrowrefresh-1-n{background-position:-144px -64px}.ui-icon-arrowrefresh-1-e{background-position:-160px -64px}.ui-icon-arrowrefresh-1-s{background-position:-176px -64px}.ui-icon-arrow-4{background-position:0 -80px}.ui-icon-arrow-4-diag{background-position:-16px -80px}.ui-icon-extlink{background-position:-32px -80px}.ui-icon-newwin{background-position:-48px -80px}.ui-icon-refresh{background-position:-64px -80px}.ui-icon-shuffle{background-position:-80px -80px}.ui-icon-transfer-e-w{background-position:-96px -80px}.ui-icon-transferthick-e-w{background-position:-112px -80px}.ui-icon-folder-collapsed{background-position:0 -96px}.ui-icon-folder-open{background-position:-16px -96px}.ui-icon-document{background-position:-32px -96px}.ui-icon-document-b{background-position:-48px -96px}.ui-icon-note{background-position:-64px -96px}.ui-icon-mail-closed{background-position:-80px -96px}.ui-icon-mail-open{background-position:-96px -96px}.ui-icon-suitcase{background-position:-112px -96px}.ui-icon-comment{background-position:-128px -96px}.ui-icon-person{background-position:-144px -96px}.ui-icon-print{background-position:-160px -96px}.ui-icon-trash{background-position:-176px -96px}.ui-icon-locked{background-position:-192px -96px}.ui-icon-unlocked{background-position:-208px -96px}.ui-icon-bookmark{background-position:-224px -96px}.ui-icon-tag{background-position:-240px -96px}.ui-icon-home{background-position:0 -112px}.ui-icon-flag{background-position:-16px -112px}.ui-icon-calendar{background-position:-32px -112px}.ui-icon-cart{background-position:-48px -112px}.ui-icon-pencil{background-position:-64px -112px}.ui-icon-clock{background-position:-80px -112px}.ui-icon-disk{background-position:-96px -112px}.ui-icon-calculator{background-position:-112px -112px}.ui-icon-zoomin{background-position:-128px -112px}.ui-icon-zoomout{background-position:-144px -112px}.ui-icon-search{background-position:-160px -112px}.ui-icon-wrench{background-position:-176px -112px}.ui-icon-gear{background-position:-192px -112px}.ui-icon-heart{background-position:-208px -112px}.ui-icon-star{background-position:-224px -112px}.ui-icon-link{background-position:-240px -112px}.ui-icon-cancel{background-position:0 -128px}.ui-icon-plus{background-position:-16px -128px}.ui-icon-plusthick{background-position:-32px -128px}.ui-icon-minus{background-position:-48px -128px}.ui-icon-minusthick{background-position:-64px -128px}.ui-icon-close{background-position:-80px -128px}.ui-icon-closethick{background-position:-96px -128px}.ui-icon-key{background-position:-112px -128px}.ui-icon-lightbulb{background-position:-128px -128px}.ui-icon-scissors{background-position:-144px -128px}.ui-icon-clipboard{background-position:-160px -128px}.ui-icon-copy{background-position:-176px -128px}.ui-icon-contact{background-position:-192px -128px}.ui-icon-image{background-position:-208px -128px}.ui-icon-video{background-position:-224px -128px}.ui-icon-script{background-position:-240px -128px}.ui-icon-alert{background-position:0 -144px}.ui-icon-info{background-position:-16px -144px}.ui-icon-notice{background-position:-32px -144px}.ui-icon-help{background-position:-48px -144px}.ui-icon-check{background-position:-64px -144px}.ui-icon-bullet{background-position:-80px -144px}.ui-icon-radio-on{background-position:-96px -144px}.ui-icon-radio-off{background-position:-112px -144px}.ui-icon-pin-w{background-position:-128px -144px}.ui-icon-pin-s{background-position:-144px -144px}.ui-icon-play{background-position:0 -160px}.ui-icon-pause{background-position:-16px -160px}.ui-icon-seek-next{background-position:-32px -160px}.ui-icon-seek-prev{background-position:-48px -160px}.ui-icon-seek-end{background-position:-64px -160px}.ui-icon-seek-start{background-position:-80px -160px}.ui-icon-seek-first{background-position:-80px -160px}.ui-icon-stop{background-position:-96px -160px}.ui-icon-eject{background-position:-112px -160px}.ui-icon-volume-off{background-position:-128px -160px}.ui-icon-volume-on{background-position:-144px -160px}.ui-icon-power{background-position:0 -176px}.ui-icon-signal-diag{background-position:-16px -176px}.ui-icon-signal{background-position:-32px -176px}.ui-icon-battery-0{background-position:-48px -176px}.ui-icon-battery-1{background-position:-64px -176px}.ui-icon-battery-2{background-position:-80px -176px}.ui-icon-battery-3{background-position:-96px -176px}.ui-icon-circle-plus{background-position:0 -192px}.ui-icon-circle-minus{background-position:-16px -192px}.ui-icon-circle-close{background-position:-32px -192px}.ui-icon-circle-triangle-e{background-position:-48px -192px}.ui-icon-circle-triangle-s{background-position:-64px -192px}.ui-icon-circle-triangle-w{background-position:-80px -192px}.ui-icon-circle-triangle-n{background-position:-96px -192px}.ui-icon-circle-arrow-e{background-position:-112px -192px}.ui-icon-circle-arrow-s{background-position:-128px -192px}.ui-icon-circle-arrow-w{background-position:-144px -192px}.ui-icon-circle-arrow-n{background-position:-160px -192px}.ui-icon-circle-zoomin{background-position:-176px -192px}.ui-icon-circle-zoomout{background-position:-192px -192px}.ui-icon-circle-check{background-position:-208px -192px}.ui-icon-circlesmall-plus{background-position:0 -208px}.ui-icon-circlesmall-minus{background-position:-16px -208px}.ui-icon-circlesmall-close{background-position:-32px -208px}.ui-icon-squaresmall-plus{background-position:-48px -208px}.ui-icon-squaresmall-minus{background-position:-64px -208px}.ui-icon-squaresmall-close{background-position:-80px -208px}.ui-icon-grip-dotted-vertical{background-position:0 -224px}.ui-icon-grip-dotted-horizontal{background-position:-16px -224px}.ui-icon-grip-solid-vertical{background-position:-32px -224px}.ui-icon-grip-solid-horizontal{background-position:-48px -224px}.ui-icon-gripsmall-diagonal-se{background-position:-64px -224px}.ui-icon-grip-diagonal-se{background-position:-80px -224px}.ui-corner-all,.ui-corner-left,.ui-corner-tl,.ui-corner-top{border-top-left-radius:3px}.ui-corner-all,.ui-corner-right,.ui-corner-top,.ui-corner-tr{border-top-right-radius:3px}.ui-corner-all,.ui-corner-bl,.ui-corner-bottom,.ui-corner-left{border-bottom-left-radius:3px}.ui-corner-all,.ui-corner-bottom,.ui-corner-br,.ui-corner-right{border-bottom-right-radius:3px}.ui-widget-overlay{background:#aaa;opacity:.003;filter:Alpha(Opacity=.3)}.ui-widget-shadow{-webkit-box-shadow:0 0 5px #666;box-shadow:0 0 5px #666}.dependentFieldSlave{display:none} #right-container { float: right; width: 40%; text-align:center; height: auto; margin:10px 5px 5px 10px; padding:5px 6px 5px 6px; background-color: white; box-shadow: 0px 2px 5px #A0A0A0; font: Arial, Helvetica Neue, Helvetica, sans-serif; } @media (max-width: 600px) { #right-container { width: 98%; } } #whatcounts-form { color: #333 !important; font: 14px !important; font-family: "Gotham SSm A", "Gotham SSm B", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif !important; font-weight: 200 !important; margin: 3px; padding: 3px; line-height: 25px !important; width: 40%; margin: 0 auto; } #whatcounts-form p label{ color: #333 !important; font-size: 14px !important; font-family: "Gotham SSm A", "Gotham SSm B", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif !important; font-weight: 300 !important; margin: 3px; padding: 3px 3px 3px 3px !important; line-height: 25px !important; text-align: left !important; width: auto; } #whatcounts-form p { clear: left; line-height: 1.4em; padding: 3px; } form.form p.required { font-weight: 250!important; } form.form p.submit input { color: #333 !important; width: 100px; height: 50px; cursor: pointer; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600 !important; border-radius: 8px; line-height: 1.7em; margin: 3px 3px 3px 3px !important; padding: 3px 3px 3px 3px !important; font-family: "Gotham SSm A", "Gotham SSm B", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif !important; background: #D2D2D2; border: 1px solid; -webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; border-color: black; transition: all 0.2s; } input { opacity: 1; } input:hover { opacity: 1; color: #0D297F !important; background-color: #ffffff !important; border-color: #333 !important; } #whatcounts-form input[type=text] { height:34px; color:#333!important; width: 100%; font-size: 14px; margin: 3px; padding: 3px; background-color: #ffffff !important; border: 1px !important; border-style: solid !important; border-color: #333 !important; border-radius: 1px !important; outline-color: #0d297f !important; } #whatcounts-form select { height:40px; color:#0D297F!important; width: 100%; font-size: 14px; margin: 3px; padding: 3px; background-color: #ffffff !important; border: 1px !important; border-style: solid !important; border-color: #333 !important; border-radius: 1px !important; line-height: NORMAL; outline: 5px solid white; outline-offset: -3px; } #whatcounts-form textarea.standard { float: none; height: 150px; font-size: 14px; overflow: auto; padding: 3px; color: #0D297F!important; width: 100%; background-color: #ffffff !important; border: 1px !important; border-radius: 1px !important; resize: none; outline-color: #d93f00 !important; } #whatcounts-form p.required label, #whatcounts-form span.required label { background: none; } .g-recaptcha { margin: 3px; padding: 3px; width: 100% !important; } </style> </css>  <script> window.recaptchaCallback = undefined; var captcha = false; jQuery(document).ready(function($) { window.recaptchaCallback = function recaptchaCallback(response) { $.ajax({ method: "POST", url: "https://ballotpedia.org/recaptcha.php", data: { 'g-recaptcha-response': response }, }) .done(function(success) { if (success) { captcha = true; $('.whatcounts-container form').attr('action', 'https://whatcounts.com/bin/listctrl'); document['whatcounts-form-skin'].action = 'https://whatcounts.com/bin/listctrl'; } }) .fail(function(jqXHR, textStatus) { }); } }); $(document).ready(function() { $('.whatcounts-container form').on('submit', function(e){ if(!captcha) { e.preventDefault(); $('.showCaptchaMessage').show(); } }); }); </script> <p class="mw-empty-elt"></p><p><br /> </p><p><br /> </p><p><br /> </p> <div id="div-gpt-ad-1548351761485-0"><script>googletag.cmd.push(function() { googletag.display("div-gpt-ad-1548351761485-0"); });</script></div><h2><span class="mw-headline" id="See_also">See also</span></h2> <ul><li><a href="/Primary_election" title="Primary election">Primary election</a></li> <li><a href="/Primary_election_types_by_state" title="Primary election types by state">Primary election types by state</a></li> <li><a href="/State_primary_election_types" title="State primary election types">State primary election types</a></li> <li><a href="/Open_primary" title="Open primary">Open primary</a></li> <li><a href="/Closed_primary" title="Closed primary">Closed primary</a></li> <li><a href="/Semi-closed_primary" title="Semi-closed primary">Semi-closed primary</a></li> <li><a href="/Top-four_primary" title="Top-four primary">Top-four primary</a></li> <li><a href="/Blanket_primary" title="Blanket primary">Blanket primary</a></li> <li><a href="/Jungle_primary" title="Jungle primary">Jungle primary</a></li> <li><a href="/Final-five_voting" title="Final-five voting">Final-five voting</a></li></ul> <h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Footnotes">Footnotes</span></h2> <p> <script type="text/javascript"> if(document.getElementsByClassName("reference").length==0) if(document.getElementById('Footnotes')!==null) document.getElementById('Footnotes').parentNode.style.display = 'none'; </script> </p> <div class="references-small"><div class="mobile-columns"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-jungle-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-jungle_1-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener" class="external text" href="http://politicaldictionary.com/words/jungle-primary/"><i>Taegan Goddard's Political Dictionary</i>, "Jungle primary," accessed June 12, 2023</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ncsl-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-ncsl_2-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener" class="external text" href="http://www.ncsl.org/research/elections-and-campaigns/primary-types.aspx#3"><i>National Conference of State Legislatures</i>, "State Primary Election Types," accessed June 12, 2023</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-legal-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-legal_3-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener" class="external text" href="http://definitions.uslegal.com/b/blanket-primary/"><i>USLegal.com</i>, "Blanket Primary Law and Legal Definition," accessed June 12, 2023</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-brittanica-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-brittanica_4-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener" class="external text" href="http://www.britannica.com/topic/primary-election#ref749660"><i>Encyclopedia Brittanica</i>, "Primary Election," accessed June 12, 2023</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-5">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener" class="external text" href="https://www.law.cornell.edu/supct/html/06-713.ZO.html"><i>Supreme Court of the United States</i>, "Washington State Grange v. Washington State Republican Party: Opinion," March 18, 2008</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-6">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener" class="external text" href="http://www.scotusblog.com/movabletype/archives/06-730.pdf"><i>Supreme Court of the United States</i>, "State of Washington v. Washington State Republican Party: Petition For A Writ Of Certiorari," November 20, 2006</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-quotedisclaimer-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-quotedisclaimer_7-0">7.0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-quotedisclaimer_7-1">7.1</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-quotedisclaimer_7-2">7.2</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-quotedisclaimer_7-3">7.3</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-quotedisclaimer_7-4">7.4</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-quotedisclaimer_7-5">7.5</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-quotedisclaimer_7-6">7.6</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Note: This text is quoted verbatim from the original source. Any inconsistencies are attributable to the original source.</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-8">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener" class="external text" href="https://lao.ca.gov/ballot/2010/14_06_2010.aspx"><i>Legislative Analyst's Office</i>, "Proposition 14," accessed June 12, 2023</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-9">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener" class="external text" href="https://www.uniteamerica.org/who-we-are"><i>The Atlantic</i>, "Who We Are," accessed November 3, 2023</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-10">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener" class="external text" href="https://www.theatlantic.com/ideas/archive/2021/03/party-primaries-must-go/618428/"><i>The Atlantic</i>, "Party Primaries Must Go," March 30, 2021</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-11">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener" class="external text" href="https://www.nowpublishers.com/article/Details/PIP-0012"><i>Journal of Political Institutions and Political Economy</i>, "Reducing Legislative Polarization: Top-Two and Open Primaries Are Associated with More Moderate Legislators," June 11, 2020</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-12">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener" class="external text" href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S026137941730519X?via%3Dihub"><i>Electoral Studies</i>, "Campaign spending and the top-two primary: How challengers earn more votes per dollar in one-party contests" August 2018</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-13">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener" class="external text" href="https://slate.com/news-and-politics/2018/06/how-top-two-primaries-undermine-democracy.html"><i>Slate</i>, "How 'Top Two' Primaries Undermine Democracy," June 5, 2018</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-14">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener" class="external text" href="https://calmatters.org/commentary/2022/06/has-californias-top-two-primary-system-worked/"><i>CalMatters</i>, "Has California’s top-two primary system worked?" June 13, 2022</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-15">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener" class="external text" href="http://dailycaller.com/2017/03/31/voters-lose-in-an-open-primary/"><i>The Daily Caller</i>, "Voters Lost In An Open Primary," March 31, 2017</a></span> </li> </ol></div></div></div> <table class="navbox" cellspacing="0" style=";"><tbody><tr><td style="padding:2px;"><table cellspacing="0" class="collapsible collapsed" style="width:100%;background:transparent;color:inherit;;"><tbody><tr><th style=";background:#F8F8F8;" colspan="3" class="navbox-title"><div style="float:left; width:6em;text-align:left;"><div class="noprint plainlinksneverexpand" style="background-color:transparent; padding:0; white-space:nowrap; font-weight:normal; font-size:xx-small; ;background:#F8F8F8;;border:none;;"><a href="/Template:New_election_policy_HNT" title="Template:New election policy HNT"><span title="View this template" style=";background:#F8F8F8;;border:none;;">v</span></a> <span style="font-size:80%;">•</span> <a target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener" class="external text" href="https://ballotpedia.org/wiki/index.php?title=Template:New_election_policy_HNT&action=edit"><span style="color:#002bb8;;background:#F8F8F8;;border:none;;" title="You can edit this template. Please use the preview button before saving.">e</span></a></div></div><span style="font-size:110%;"><big><a href="/Election_Policy" title="Election Policy">Election policy</a></big></span></th></tr><tr style="height:2px;"><td></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-group" style=";background:#F8F8F8;;"><b>Election legislation</b></td><td style="text-align:left;border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;width:100%;padding:0px;padding:0.25em 0; line-height:1.4em;;;" class="navbox-list navbox-odd"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><a target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener" class="external text" href="https://legislation.ballotpedia.org/elections/home">Ballotpedia's Election Administration Legislation Tracker</a> • <a href="/Ballotpedia%27s_The_Ballot_Bulletin" title="Ballotpedia's The Ballot Bulletin">Ballotpedia's The Ballot Bulletin</a> • <a href="/Election_legislation_tracking:_list_of_sub-topics" title="Election legislation tracking: list of sub-topics">Election legislation tracking: list of sub-topics</a> • <a href="/Election_legislation_tracking:_Absentee/mail-in_voting" title="Election legislation tracking: Absentee/mail-in voting">Absentee/mail-in voting</a> • <a href="/Election_legislation_tracking:_Early_voting" title="Election legislation tracking: Early voting">Early voting</a> • <a href="/Election_legislation_tracking:_Election_dates_and_deadlines" title="Election legislation tracking: Election dates and deadlines">Election dates and deadlines</a> • <a href="/Election_legislation_tracking:_Election_Day_voting" title="Election legislation tracking: Election Day voting">Election Day voting</a> • <a href="/Election_legislation_tracking:_Ranked-choice_voting" title="Election legislation tracking: Ranked-choice voting">Ranked-choice voting</a> • <a href="/Election_legislation_tracking:_Redistricting" title="Election legislation tracking: Redistricting">Redistricting</a> • <a href="/Election_legislation_tracking:_Voter_registration" title="Election legislation tracking: Voter registration">Voter registration</a><hr style="background-color:#A0A0A0;" /></div></td><td style="width:1%;padding:0px 0px 0px 2px;padding-left:0.5em;" rowspan="21"><a href="/Energy_Policy" title="Energy Policy"><img alt="Election Policy on Ballotpedia Logo.png" src="https://ballotpedia.s3.amazonaws.com/images/thumb/2/25/Election_Policy_on_Ballotpedia_Logo.png/220px-Election_Policy_on_Ballotpedia_Logo.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="95" srcset="https://ballotpedia.s3.amazonaws.com/images/thumb/2/25/Election_Policy_on_Ballotpedia_Logo.png/330px-Election_Policy_on_Ballotpedia_Logo.png 1.5x, https://ballotpedia.s3.amazonaws.com/images/thumb/2/25/Election_Policy_on_Ballotpedia_Logo.png/440px-Election_Policy_on_Ballotpedia_Logo.png 2x" data-file-width="693" data-file-height="300" /></a></td></tr><tr style="height:2px"><td></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-group" style=";background:#F8F8F8;;"><b>Election administration</b></td><td style="text-align:left;border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;width:100%;padding:0px;padding:0.25em 0; line-height:1.4em;;;" class="navbox-list navbox-even"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><a href="/Election_administration_in_Alabama" title="Election administration in Alabama">Alabama</a> • <a href="/Election_administration_in_Alaska" title="Election administration in Alaska">Alaska</a> • <a href="/Election_administration_in_Arizona" title="Election administration in Arizona">Arizona</a> • <a href="/Election_administration_in_Arkansas" title="Election administration in Arkansas">Arkansas</a> • <a href="/Election_administration_in_California" title="Election administration in California">California</a> • <a href="/Election_administration_in_Colorado" title="Election administration in Colorado">Colorado</a> • <a href="/Election_administration_in_Connecticut" title="Election administration in Connecticut">Connecticut</a> • <a href="/Election_administration_in_Delaware" title="Election administration in Delaware">Delaware</a> • <a href="/Election_administration_in_Florida" title="Election administration in Florida">Florida</a> • <a href="/Election_administration_in_Georgia" title="Election administration in Georgia">Georgia</a> • <a href="/Election_administration_in_Hawaii" title="Election administration in Hawaii">Hawaii</a> • <a href="/Election_administration_in_Idaho" title="Election administration in Idaho">Idaho</a> • <a href="/Election_administration_in_Illinois" title="Election administration in Illinois">Illinois</a> • <a href="/Election_administration_in_Indiana" title="Election administration in Indiana">Indiana</a> • <a href="/Election_administration_in_Iowa" title="Election administration in Iowa">Iowa</a> • <a href="/Election_administration_in_Kansas" title="Election administration in Kansas">Kansas</a> • <a href="/Election_administration_in_Kentucky" title="Election administration in Kentucky">Kentucky</a> • <a href="/Election_administration_in_Louisiana" title="Election administration in Louisiana">Louisiana</a> • <a href="/Election_administration_in_Maine" title="Election administration in Maine">Maine</a> • <a href="/Election_administration_in_Maryland" title="Election administration in Maryland">Maryland</a> • <a href="/Election_administration_in_Massachusetts" title="Election administration in Massachusetts">Massachusetts</a> • <a href="/Election_administration_in_Michigan" title="Election administration in Michigan">Michigan</a> • <a href="/Election_administration_in_Minnesota" title="Election administration in Minnesota">Minnesota</a> • <a href="/Election_administration_in_Mississippi" title="Election administration in Mississippi">Mississippi</a> • <a href="/Election_administration_in_Missouri" title="Election administration in Missouri">Missouri</a> • <a href="/Election_administration_in_Montana" title="Election administration in Montana">Montana</a> • <a href="/Election_administration_in_Nebraska" title="Election administration in Nebraska">Nebraska</a> • <a href="/Election_administration_in_Nevada" title="Election administration in Nevada">Nevada</a> • <a href="/Election_administration_in_New_Hampshire" title="Election administration in New Hampshire">New Hampshire</a> • <a href="/Election_administration_in_New_Jersey" title="Election administration in New Jersey">New Jersey</a> • <a href="/Election_administration_in_New_Mexico" title="Election administration in New Mexico">New Mexico</a> • <a href="/Election_administration_in_New_York" title="Election administration in New York">New York</a> • <a href="/Election_administration_in_North_Carolina" title="Election administration in North Carolina">North Carolina</a> • <a href="/Election_administration_in_North_Dakota" title="Election administration in North Dakota">North Dakota</a> • <a href="/Election_administration_in_Ohio" title="Election administration in Ohio">Ohio</a> • <a href="/Election_administration_in_Oklahoma" title="Election administration in Oklahoma">Oklahoma</a> • <a href="/Election_administration_in_Oregon" title="Election administration in Oregon">Oregon</a> • <a href="/Election_administration_in_Pennsylvania" title="Election administration in Pennsylvania">Pennsylvania</a> • <a href="/Election_administration_in_Rhode_Island" title="Election administration in Rhode Island">Rhode Island</a> • <a href="/Election_administration_in_South_Carolina" title="Election administration in South Carolina">South Carolina</a> • <a href="/Election_administration_in_South_Dakota" title="Election administration in South Dakota">South Dakota</a> • <a href="/Election_administration_in_Tennessee" title="Election administration in Tennessee">Tennessee</a> • <a href="/Election_administration_in_Texas" title="Election administration in Texas">Texas</a> • <a href="/Election_administration_in_Utah" title="Election administration in Utah">Utah</a> • <a href="/Election_administration_in_Vermont" title="Election administration in Vermont">Vermont</a> • <a href="/Election_administration_in_Virginia" title="Election administration in Virginia">Virginia</a> • <a href="/Election_administration_in_Washington" title="Election administration in Washington">Washington</a> • <a href="/Election_administration_in_Washington,_D.C." title="Election administration in Washington, D.C.">Washington, D.C.</a> • <a href="/Election_administration_in_West_Virginia" title="Election administration in West Virginia">West Virginia</a> • <a href="/Election_administration_in_Wisconsin" title="Election administration in Wisconsin">Wisconsin</a> • <a href="/Election_administration_in_Wyoming" title="Election administration in Wyoming">Wyoming</a><hr style="background-color:#A0A0A0;" /></div></td></tr><tr style="height:2px"><td></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-group" style=";background:#F8F8F8;;"><b>Voting policy</b></td><td style="text-align:left;border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;width:100%;padding:0px;padding:0.25em 0; line-height:1.4em;;;" class="navbox-list navbox-odd"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><a href="/Voting_in_Alabama" title="Voting in Alabama">Alabama</a> • <a href="/Voting_in_Alaska" title="Voting in Alaska">Alaska</a> • <a href="/Voting_in_Arizona" title="Voting in Arizona">Arizona</a> • <a href="/Voting_in_Arkansas" title="Voting in Arkansas">Arkansas</a> • <a href="/Voting_in_California" title="Voting in California">California</a> • <a href="/Voting_in_Colorado" title="Voting in Colorado">Colorado</a> • <a href="/Voting_in_Connecticut" title="Voting in Connecticut">Connecticut</a> • <a href="/Voting_in_Delaware" title="Voting in Delaware">Delaware</a> • <a href="/Voting_in_Florida" title="Voting in Florida">Florida</a> • <a href="/Voting_in_Georgia" title="Voting in Georgia">Georgia</a> • <a href="/Voting_in_Hawaii" title="Voting in Hawaii">Hawaii</a> • <a href="/Voting_in_Idaho" title="Voting in Idaho">Idaho</a> • <a href="/Voting_in_Illinois" title="Voting in Illinois">Illinois</a> • <a href="/Voting_in_Indiana" title="Voting in Indiana">Indiana</a> • <a href="/Voting_in_Iowa" title="Voting in Iowa">Iowa</a> • <a href="/Voting_in_Kansas" title="Voting in Kansas">Kansas</a> • <a href="/Voting_in_Kentucky" title="Voting in Kentucky">Kentucky</a> • <a href="/Voting_in_Louisiana" title="Voting in Louisiana">Louisiana</a> • <a href="/Voting_in_Maine" title="Voting in Maine">Maine</a> • <a href="/Voting_in_Maryland" title="Voting in Maryland">Maryland</a> • <a href="/Voting_in_Massachusetts" title="Voting in Massachusetts">Massachusetts</a> • <a href="/Voting_in_Michigan" title="Voting in Michigan">Michigan</a> • <a href="/Voting_in_Minnesota" title="Voting in Minnesota">Minnesota</a> • <a href="/Voting_in_Mississippi" title="Voting in Mississippi">Mississippi</a> • <a href="/Voting_in_Missouri" title="Voting in Missouri">Missouri</a> • <a href="/Voting_in_Montana" title="Voting in Montana">Montana</a> • <a href="/Voting_in_Nebraska" title="Voting in Nebraska">Nebraska</a> • <a href="/Voting_in_Nevada" title="Voting in Nevada">Nevada</a> • <a href="/Voting_in_New_Hampshire" title="Voting in New Hampshire">New Hampshire</a> • <a href="/Voting_in_New_Jersey" title="Voting in New Jersey">New Jersey</a> • <a href="/Voting_in_New_Mexico" title="Voting in New Mexico">New Mexico</a> • <a href="/Voting_in_New_York" title="Voting in New York">New York</a> • <a href="/Voting_in_North_Carolina" title="Voting in North Carolina">North Carolina</a> • <a href="/Voting_in_North_Dakota" title="Voting in North Dakota">North Dakota</a> • <a href="/Voting_in_Ohio" title="Voting in Ohio">Ohio</a> • <a href="/Voting_in_Oklahoma" title="Voting in Oklahoma">Oklahoma</a> • <a href="/Voting_in_Oregon" title="Voting in Oregon">Oregon</a> • <a href="/Voting_in_Pennsylvania" title="Voting in Pennsylvania">Pennsylvania</a> • <a href="/Voting_in_Rhode_Island" title="Voting in Rhode Island">Rhode Island</a> • <a href="/Voting_in_South_Carolina" title="Voting in South Carolina">South Carolina</a> • <a href="/Voting_in_South_Dakota" title="Voting in South Dakota">South Dakota</a> • <a href="/Voting_in_Tennessee" title="Voting in Tennessee">Tennessee</a> • <a href="/Voting_in_Texas" title="Voting in Texas">Texas</a> • <a href="/Voting_in_Utah" title="Voting in Utah">Utah</a> • <a href="/Voting_in_Vermont" title="Voting in Vermont">Vermont</a> • <a href="/Voting_in_Virginia" title="Voting in Virginia">Virginia</a> • <a href="/Voting_in_Washington" title="Voting in Washington">Washington</a> • <a href="/Voting_in_West_Virginia" title="Voting in West Virginia">West Virginia</a> • <a href="/Voting_in_Wisconsin" title="Voting in Wisconsin">Wisconsin</a> • <a href="/Voting_in_Wyoming" title="Voting in Wyoming">Wyoming</a><hr style="background-color:#A0A0A0;" /></div></td></tr><tr style="height:2px"><td></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-group" style=";background:#F8F8F8;;"><b><a href="/Electoral_system" title="Electoral system">Electoral systems policy</a></b></td><td style="text-align:left;border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;width:100%;padding:0px;padding:0.25em 0; line-height:1.4em;;;" class="navbox-list navbox-even"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><a href="/Electoral_systems_in_Alabama" title="Electoral systems in Alabama">Alabama</a> • <a href="/Electoral_systems_in_Alaska" title="Electoral systems in Alaska">Alaska</a> • <a href="/Electoral_systems_in_Arizona" title="Electoral systems in Arizona">Arizona</a> • <a href="/Electoral_systems_in_Arkansas" title="Electoral systems in Arkansas">Arkansas</a> • <a href="/Electoral_systems_in_California" title="Electoral systems in California">California</a> • <a href="/Electoral_systems_in_Colorado" title="Electoral systems in Colorado">Colorado</a> • <a href="/Electoral_systems_in_Connecticut" title="Electoral systems in Connecticut">Connecticut</a> • <a href="/Electoral_systems_in_Delaware" title="Electoral systems in Delaware">Delaware</a> • <a href="/Electoral_systems_in_Florida" title="Electoral systems in Florida">Florida</a> • <a href="/Electoral_systems_in_Georgia" title="Electoral systems in Georgia">Georgia</a> • <a href="/Electoral_systems_in_Hawaii" title="Electoral systems in Hawaii">Hawaii</a> • <a href="/Electoral_systems_in_Idaho" title="Electoral systems in Idaho">Idaho</a> • <a href="/Electoral_systems_in_Illinois" title="Electoral systems in Illinois">Illinois</a> • <a href="/Electoral_systems_in_Indiana" title="Electoral systems in Indiana">Indiana</a> • <a href="/Electoral_systems_in_Iowa" title="Electoral systems in Iowa">Iowa</a> • <a href="/Electoral_systems_in_Kansas" title="Electoral systems in Kansas">Kansas</a> • <a href="/Electoral_systems_in_Kentucky" title="Electoral systems in Kentucky">Kentucky</a> • <a href="/Electoral_systems_in_Louisiana" title="Electoral systems in Louisiana">Louisiana</a> • <a href="/Electoral_systems_in_Maine" title="Electoral systems in Maine">Maine</a> • <a href="/Electoral_systems_in_Maryland" title="Electoral systems in Maryland">Maryland</a> • <a href="/Electoral_systems_in_Massachusetts" title="Electoral systems in Massachusetts">Massachusetts</a> • <a href="/Electoral_systems_in_Michigan" title="Electoral systems in Michigan">Michigan</a> • <a href="/Electoral_systems_in_Minnesota" title="Electoral systems in Minnesota">Minnesota</a> • <a href="/Electoral_systems_in_Mississippi" title="Electoral systems in Mississippi">Mississippi</a> • <a href="/Electoral_systems_in_Missouri" title="Electoral systems in Missouri">Missouri</a> • <a href="/Electoral_systems_in_Montana" title="Electoral systems in Montana">Montana</a> • <a href="/Electoral_systems_in_Nebraska" title="Electoral systems in Nebraska">Nebraska</a> • <a href="/Electoral_systems_in_Nevada" title="Electoral systems in Nevada">Nevada</a> • <a href="/Electoral_systems_in_New_Hampshire" title="Electoral systems in New Hampshire">New Hampshire</a> • <a href="/Electoral_systems_in_New_Jersey" title="Electoral systems in New Jersey">New Jersey</a> • <a href="/Electoral_systems_in_New_Mexico" title="Electoral systems in New Mexico">New Mexico</a> • <a href="/Electoral_systems_in_New_York" title="Electoral systems in New York">New York</a> • <a href="/Electoral_systems_in_North_Carolina" title="Electoral systems in North Carolina">North Carolina</a> • <a href="/Electoral_systems_in_North_Dakota" title="Electoral systems in North Dakota">North Dakota</a> • <a href="/Electoral_systems_in_Ohio" title="Electoral systems in Ohio">Ohio</a> • <a href="/Electoral_systems_in_Oklahoma" title="Electoral systems in Oklahoma">Oklahoma</a> • <a href="/Electoral_systems_in_Oregon" title="Electoral systems in Oregon">Oregon</a> • <a href="/Electoral_systems_in_Pennsylvania" title="Electoral systems in Pennsylvania">Pennsylvania</a> • <a href="/Electoral_systems_in_Rhode_Island" title="Electoral systems in Rhode Island">Rhode Island</a> • <a href="/Electoral_systems_in_South_Carolina" title="Electoral systems in South Carolina">South Carolina</a> • <a href="/Electoral_systems_in_South_Dakota" title="Electoral systems in South Dakota">South Dakota</a> • <a href="/Electoral_systems_in_Tennessee" title="Electoral systems in Tennessee">Tennessee</a> • <a href="/Electoral_systems_in_Texas" title="Electoral systems in Texas">Texas</a> • <a href="/Electoral_systems_in_Utah" title="Electoral systems in Utah">Utah</a> • <a href="/Electoral_systems_in_Vermont" title="Electoral systems in Vermont">Vermont</a> • <a href="/Electoral_systems_in_Virginia" title="Electoral systems in Virginia">Virginia</a> • <a href="/Electoral_systems_in_Washington" title="Electoral systems in Washington">Washington</a> • <a href="/Electoral_systems_in_West_Virginia" title="Electoral systems in West Virginia">West Virginia</a> • <a href="/Electoral_systems_in_Wisconsin" title="Electoral systems in Wisconsin">Wisconsin</a> • <a href="/Electoral_systems_in_Wyoming" title="Electoral systems in Wyoming">Wyoming</a><hr style="background-color:#A0A0A0;" /></div></td></tr><tr style="height:2px"><td></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-group" style=";background:#F8F8F8;;"><b><a href="/Primary_election" title="Primary election">Primary elections policy</a></b></td><td style="text-align:left;border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;width:100%;padding:0px;padding:0.25em 0; line-height:1.4em;;;" class="navbox-list navbox-odd"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><a href="/Primary_elections_in_Alabama" title="Primary elections in Alabama">Alabama</a> • <a href="/Primary_elections_in_Alaska" title="Primary elections in Alaska">Alaska</a> • <a href="/Primary_elections_in_Arizona" title="Primary elections in Arizona">Arizona</a> • <a href="/Primary_elections_in_Arkansas" title="Primary elections in Arkansas">Arkansas</a> • <a href="/Primary_elections_in_California" title="Primary elections in California">California</a> • <a href="/Primary_elections_in_Colorado" title="Primary elections in Colorado">Colorado</a> • <a href="/Primary_elections_in_Connecticut" title="Primary elections in Connecticut">Connecticut</a> • <a href="/Primary_elections_in_Delaware" title="Primary elections in Delaware">Delaware</a> • <a href="/Primary_elections_in_Florida" title="Primary elections in Florida">Florida</a> • <a href="/Primary_elections_in_Georgia" title="Primary elections in Georgia">Georgia</a> • <a href="/Primary_elections_in_Hawaii" title="Primary elections in Hawaii">Hawaii</a> • <a href="/Primary_elections_in_Idaho" title="Primary elections in Idaho">Idaho</a> • <a href="/Primary_elections_in_Illinois" title="Primary elections in Illinois">Illinois</a> • <a href="/Primary_elections_in_Indiana" title="Primary elections in Indiana">Indiana</a> • <a href="/Primary_elections_in_Iowa" title="Primary elections in Iowa">Iowa</a> • <a href="/Primary_elections_in_Kansas" title="Primary elections in Kansas">Kansas</a> • <a href="/Primary_elections_in_Kentucky" title="Primary elections in Kentucky">Kentucky</a> • <a href="/Primary_elections_in_Louisiana" title="Primary elections in Louisiana">Louisiana</a> • <a href="/Primary_elections_in_Maine" title="Primary elections in Maine">Maine</a> • <a href="/Primary_elections_in_Maryland" title="Primary elections in Maryland">Maryland</a> • <a href="/Primary_elections_in_Massachusetts" title="Primary elections in Massachusetts">Massachusetts</a> • <a href="/Primary_elections_in_Michigan" title="Primary elections in Michigan">Michigan</a> • <a href="/Primary_elections_in_Minnesota" title="Primary elections in Minnesota">Minnesota</a> • <a href="/Primary_elections_in_Mississippi" title="Primary elections in Mississippi">Mississippi</a> • <a href="/Primary_elections_in_Missouri" title="Primary elections in Missouri">Missouri</a> • <a href="/Primary_elections_in_Montana" title="Primary elections in Montana">Montana</a> • <a href="/Primary_elections_in_Nebraska" title="Primary elections in Nebraska">Nebraska</a> • <a href="/Primary_elections_in_Nevada" title="Primary elections in Nevada">Nevada</a> • <a href="/Primary_elections_in_New_Hampshire" title="Primary elections in New Hampshire">New Hampshire</a> • <a href="/Primary_elections_in_New_Jersey" title="Primary elections in New Jersey">New Jersey</a> • <a href="/Primary_elections_in_New_Mexico" title="Primary elections in New Mexico">New Mexico</a> • <a href="/Primary_elections_in_New_York" title="Primary elections in New York">New York</a> • <a href="/Primary_elections_in_North_Carolina" title="Primary elections in North Carolina">North Carolina</a> • <a href="/Primary_elections_in_North_Dakota" title="Primary elections in North Dakota">North Dakota</a> • <a href="/Primary_elections_in_Ohio" title="Primary elections in Ohio">Ohio</a> • <a href="/Primary_elections_in_Oklahoma" title="Primary elections in Oklahoma">Oklahoma</a> • <a href="/Primary_elections_in_Oregon" title="Primary elections in Oregon">Oregon</a> • <a href="/Primary_elections_in_Pennsylvania" title="Primary elections in Pennsylvania">Pennsylvania</a> • <a href="/Primary_elections_in_Rhode_Island" title="Primary elections in Rhode Island">Rhode Island</a> • <a href="/Primary_elections_in_South_Carolina" title="Primary elections in South Carolina">South Carolina</a> • <a href="/Primary_elections_in_South_Dakota" title="Primary elections in South Dakota">South Dakota</a> • <a href="/Primary_elections_in_Tennessee" title="Primary elections in Tennessee">Tennessee</a> • <a href="/Primary_elections_in_Texas" title="Primary elections in Texas">Texas</a> • <a href="/Primary_elections_in_Utah" title="Primary elections in Utah">Utah</a> • <a href="/Primary_elections_in_Vermont" title="Primary elections in Vermont">Vermont</a> • <a href="/Primary_elections_in_Virginia" title="Primary elections in Virginia">Virginia</a> • <a href="/Primary_elections_in_Washington" title="Primary elections in Washington">Washington</a> • <a href="/Primary_elections_in_West_Virginia" title="Primary elections in West Virginia">West Virginia</a> • <a href="/Primary_elections_in_Wisconsin" title="Primary elections in Wisconsin">Wisconsin</a> • <a href="/Primary_elections_in_Wyoming" title="Primary elections in Wyoming">Wyoming</a><hr style="background-color:#A0A0A0;" /></div></td></tr><tr style="height:2px"><td></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-group" style=";background:#F8F8F8;;"><b><a href="/Redistricting" title="Redistricting">Redistricting policy</a></b></td><td style="text-align:left;border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;width:100%;padding:0px;padding:0.25em 0; line-height:1.4em;;;" class="navbox-list navbox-even"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><a href="/Redistricting_in_Alabama" title="Redistricting in Alabama">Alabama</a> • <a href="/Redistricting_in_Alaska" title="Redistricting in Alaska">Alaska</a> • <a href="/Redistricting_in_Arizona" title="Redistricting in Arizona">Arizona</a> • <a href="/Redistricting_in_Arkansas" title="Redistricting in Arkansas">Arkansas</a> • <a href="/Redistricting_in_California" title="Redistricting in California">California</a> • <a href="/Redistricting_in_Colorado" title="Redistricting in Colorado">Colorado</a> • <a href="/Redistricting_in_Connecticut" title="Redistricting in Connecticut">Connecticut</a> • <a href="/Redistricting_in_Delaware" title="Redistricting in Delaware">Delaware</a> • <a href="/Redistricting_in_Florida" title="Redistricting in Florida">Florida</a> • <a href="/Redistricting_in_Georgia" title="Redistricting in Georgia">Georgia</a> • <a href="/Redistricting_in_Hawaii" title="Redistricting in Hawaii">Hawaii</a> • <a href="/Redistricting_in_Idaho" title="Redistricting in Idaho">Idaho</a> • <a href="/Redistricting_in_Illinois" title="Redistricting in Illinois">Illinois</a> • <a href="/Redistricting_in_Indiana" title="Redistricting in Indiana">Indiana</a> • <a href="/Redistricting_in_Iowa" title="Redistricting in Iowa">Iowa</a> • <a href="/Redistricting_in_Kansas" title="Redistricting in Kansas">Kansas</a> • <a href="/Redistricting_in_Kentucky" title="Redistricting in Kentucky">Kentucky</a> • <a href="/Redistricting_in_Louisiana" title="Redistricting in Louisiana">Louisiana</a> • <a href="/Redistricting_in_Maine" title="Redistricting in Maine">Maine</a> • <a href="/Redistricting_in_Maryland" title="Redistricting in Maryland">Maryland</a> • <a href="/Redistricting_in_Massachusetts" title="Redistricting in Massachusetts">Massachusetts</a> • <a href="/Redistricting_in_Michigan" title="Redistricting in Michigan">Michigan</a> • <a href="/Redistricting_in_Minnesota" title="Redistricting in Minnesota">Minnesota</a> • <a href="/Redistricting_in_Mississippi" title="Redistricting in Mississippi">Mississippi</a> • <a href="/Redistricting_in_Missouri" title="Redistricting in Missouri">Missouri</a> • <a href="/Redistricting_in_Montana" title="Redistricting in Montana">Montana</a> • <a href="/Redistricting_in_Nebraska" title="Redistricting in Nebraska">Nebraska</a> • <a href="/Redistricting_in_Nevada" title="Redistricting in Nevada">Nevada</a> • <a href="/Redistricting_in_New_Hampshire" title="Redistricting in New Hampshire">New Hampshire</a> • <a href="/Redistricting_in_New_Jersey" title="Redistricting in New Jersey">New Jersey</a> • <a href="/Redistricting_in_New_Mexico" title="Redistricting in New Mexico">New Mexico</a> • <a href="/Redistricting_in_New_York" title="Redistricting in New York">New York</a> • <a href="/Redistricting_in_North_Carolina" title="Redistricting in North Carolina">North Carolina</a> • <a href="/Redistricting_in_North_Dakota" title="Redistricting in North Dakota">North Dakota</a> • <a href="/Redistricting_in_Ohio" title="Redistricting in Ohio">Ohio</a> • <a href="/Redistricting_in_Oklahoma" title="Redistricting in Oklahoma">Oklahoma</a> • <a href="/Redistricting_in_Oregon" title="Redistricting in Oregon">Oregon</a> • <a href="/Redistricting_in_Pennsylvania" title="Redistricting in Pennsylvania">Pennsylvania</a> • <a href="/Redistricting_in_Rhode_Island" title="Redistricting in Rhode Island">Rhode Island</a> • <a href="/Redistricting_in_South_Carolina" title="Redistricting in South Carolina">South Carolina</a> • <a href="/Redistricting_in_South_Dakota" title="Redistricting in South Dakota">South Dakota</a> • <a href="/Redistricting_in_Tennessee" title="Redistricting in Tennessee">Tennessee</a> • <a href="/Redistricting_in_Texas" title="Redistricting in Texas">Texas</a> • <a href="/Redistricting_in_Utah" title="Redistricting in Utah">Utah</a> • <a href="/Redistricting_in_Vermont" title="Redistricting in Vermont">Vermont</a> • <a href="/Redistricting_in_Virginia" title="Redistricting in Virginia">Virginia</a> • <a href="/Redistricting_in_Washington" title="Redistricting in Washington">Washington</a> • <a href="/Redistricting_in_West_Virginia" title="Redistricting in West Virginia">West Virginia</a> • <a href="/Redistricting_in_Wisconsin" title="Redistricting in Wisconsin">Wisconsin</a> • <a href="/Redistricting_in_Wyoming" title="Redistricting in Wyoming">Wyoming</a><hr style="background-color:#A0A0A0;" /></div></td></tr><tr style="height:2px"><td></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-group" style=";background:#F8F8F8;;"><b><a href="/Election_recount_laws_and_procedures_in_the_50_states" title="Election recount laws and procedures in the 50 states">Recount laws</a></b></td><td style="text-align:left;border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;width:100%;padding:0px;padding:0.25em 0; line-height:1.4em;;;" class="navbox-list navbox-odd"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><a href="/Recount_laws_in_Alabama" title="Recount laws in Alabama">Alabama</a> • <a href="/Recount_laws_in_Alaska" title="Recount laws in Alaska">Alaska</a> • <a href="/Recount_laws_in_Arizona" title="Recount laws in Arizona">Arizona</a> • <a href="/Recount_laws_in_Arkansas" title="Recount laws in Arkansas">Arkansas</a> • <a href="/Recount_laws_in_California" title="Recount laws in California">California</a> • <a href="/Recount_laws_in_Colorado" title="Recount laws in Colorado">Colorado</a> • <a href="/Recount_laws_in_Connecticut" title="Recount laws in Connecticut">Connecticut</a> • <a href="/Recount_laws_in_Delaware" title="Recount laws in Delaware">Delaware</a> • <a href="/Recount_laws_in_Florida" title="Recount laws in Florida">Florida</a> • <a href="/Recount_laws_in_Georgia" title="Recount laws in Georgia">Georgia</a> • <a href="/Recount_laws_in_Hawaii" title="Recount laws in Hawaii">Hawaii</a> • <a href="/Recount_laws_in_Idaho" title="Recount laws in Idaho">Idaho</a> • <a href="/Recount_laws_in_Illinois" title="Recount laws in Illinois">Illinois</a> • <a href="/Recount_laws_in_Indiana" title="Recount laws in Indiana">Indiana</a> • <a href="/Recount_laws_in_Iowa" title="Recount laws in Iowa">Iowa</a> • <a href="/Recount_laws_in_Kansas" title="Recount laws in Kansas">Kansas</a> • <a href="/Recount_laws_in_Kentucky" title="Recount laws in Kentucky">Kentucky</a> • <a href="/Recount_laws_in_Louisiana" title="Recount laws in Louisiana">Louisiana</a> • <a href="/Recount_laws_in_Maine" title="Recount laws in Maine">Maine</a> • <a href="/Recount_laws_in_Maryland" title="Recount laws in Maryland">Maryland</a> • <a href="/Recount_laws_in_Massachusetts" title="Recount laws in Massachusetts">Massachusetts</a> • <a href="/Recount_laws_in_Michigan" title="Recount laws in Michigan">Michigan</a> • <a href="/Recount_laws_in_Minnesota" title="Recount laws in Minnesota">Minnesota</a> • <a href="/Recount_laws_in_Mississippi" title="Recount laws in Mississippi">Mississippi</a> • <a href="/Recount_laws_in_Missouri" title="Recount laws in Missouri">Missouri</a> • <a href="/Recount_laws_in_Montana" title="Recount laws in Montana">Montana</a> • <a href="/Recount_laws_in_Nebraska" title="Recount laws in Nebraska">Nebraska</a> • <a href="/Recount_laws_in_Nevada" title="Recount laws in Nevada">Nevada</a> • <a href="/Recount_laws_in_New_Hampshire" title="Recount laws in New Hampshire">New Hampshire</a> • <a href="/Recount_laws_in_New_Jersey" title="Recount laws in New Jersey">New Jersey</a> • <a href="/Recount_laws_in_New_Mexico" title="Recount laws in New Mexico">New Mexico</a> • <a href="/Recount_laws_in_New_York" title="Recount laws in New York">New York</a> • <a href="/Recount_laws_in_North_Carolina" title="Recount laws in North Carolina">North Carolina</a> • <a href="/Recount_laws_in_North_Dakota" title="Recount laws in North Dakota">North Dakota</a> • <a href="/Recount_laws_in_Ohio" title="Recount laws in Ohio">Ohio</a> • <a href="/Recount_laws_in_Oklahoma" title="Recount laws in Oklahoma">Oklahoma</a> • <a href="/Recount_laws_in_Oregon" title="Recount laws in Oregon">Oregon</a> • <a href="/Recount_laws_in_Pennsylvania" title="Recount laws in Pennsylvania">Pennsylvania</a> • <a href="/Recount_laws_in_Rhode_Island" title="Recount laws in Rhode Island">Rhode Island</a> • <a href="/Recount_laws_in_South_Carolina" title="Recount laws in South Carolina">South Carolina</a> • <a href="/Recount_laws_in_South_Dakota" title="Recount laws in South Dakota">South Dakota</a> • <a href="/Recount_laws_in_Tennessee" title="Recount laws in Tennessee">Tennessee</a> • <a href="/Recount_laws_in_Texas" title="Recount laws in Texas">Texas</a> • <a href="/Recount_laws_in_Utah" title="Recount laws in Utah">Utah</a> • <a href="/Recount_laws_in_Vermont" title="Recount laws in Vermont">Vermont</a> • <a href="/Recount_laws_in_Virginia" title="Recount laws in Virginia">Virginia</a> • <a href="/Recount_laws_in_Washington" title="Recount laws in Washington">Washington</a> • <a href="/Recount_laws_in_West_Virginia" title="Recount laws in West Virginia">West Virginia</a> • <a href="/Recount_laws_in_Wisconsin" title="Recount laws in Wisconsin">Wisconsin</a> • <a href="/Recount_laws_in_Wyoming" title="Recount laws in Wyoming">Wyoming</a><hr style="background-color:#A0A0A0;" /></div></td></tr><tr style="height:2px"><td></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-group" style=";background:#F8F8F8;;"><b><a href="/Ballot_access" title="Ballot access">Ballot access for<br />political candidates</a></b></td><td style="text-align:left;border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;width:100%;padding:0px;padding:0.25em 0; line-height:1.4em;;;" class="navbox-list navbox-even"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><a href="/Ballot_access_requirements_for_political_candidates_in_Alabama" title="Ballot access requirements for political candidates in Alabama">Alabama</a> • <a href="/Ballot_access_requirements_for_political_candidates_in_Alaska" title="Ballot access requirements for political candidates in Alaska">Alaska</a> • <a href="/Ballot_access_requirements_for_political_candidates_in_Arizona" title="Ballot access requirements for political candidates in Arizona">Arizona</a> • <a href="/Ballot_access_requirements_for_political_candidates_in_Arkansas" title="Ballot access requirements for political candidates in Arkansas">Arkansas</a> • <a href="/Ballot_access_requirements_for_political_candidates_in_California" title="Ballot access requirements for political candidates in California">California</a> • <a href="/Ballot_access_requirements_for_political_candidates_in_Colorado" title="Ballot access requirements for political candidates in Colorado">Colorado</a> • <a href="/Ballot_access_requirements_for_political_candidates_in_Connecticut" title="Ballot access requirements for political candidates in Connecticut">Connecticut</a> • <a href="/Ballot_access_requirements_for_political_candidates_in_Delaware" title="Ballot access requirements for political candidates in Delaware">Delaware</a> • <a href="/Ballot_access_requirements_for_political_candidates_in_Florida" title="Ballot access requirements for political candidates in Florida">Florida</a> • <a href="/Ballot_access_requirements_for_political_candidates_in_Georgia" title="Ballot access requirements for political candidates in Georgia">Georgia</a> • <a href="/Ballot_access_requirements_for_political_candidates_in_Hawaii" title="Ballot access requirements for political candidates in Hawaii">Hawaii</a> • <a href="/Ballot_access_requirements_for_political_candidates_in_Idaho" title="Ballot access requirements for political candidates in Idaho">Idaho</a> • <a href="/Ballot_access_requirements_for_political_candidates_in_Illinois" title="Ballot access requirements for political candidates in Illinois">Illinois</a> • <a href="/Ballot_access_requirements_for_political_candidates_in_Indiana" title="Ballot access requirements for political candidates in Indiana">Indiana</a> • <a href="/Ballot_access_requirements_for_political_candidates_in_Iowa" title="Ballot access requirements for political candidates in Iowa">Iowa</a> • <a href="/Ballot_access_requirements_for_political_candidates_in_Kansas" title="Ballot access requirements for political candidates in Kansas">Kansas</a> • <a href="/Ballot_access_requirements_for_political_candidates_in_Kentucky" title="Ballot access requirements for political candidates in Kentucky">Kentucky</a> • <a href="/Ballot_access_requirements_for_political_candidates_in_Louisiana" title="Ballot access requirements for political candidates in Louisiana">Louisiana</a> • <a href="/Ballot_access_requirements_for_political_candidates_in_Maine" title="Ballot access requirements for political candidates in Maine">Maine</a> • <a href="/Ballot_access_requirements_for_political_candidates_in_Maryland" title="Ballot access requirements for political candidates in Maryland">Maryland</a> • <a href="/Ballot_access_requirements_for_political_candidates_in_Massachusetts" title="Ballot access requirements for political candidates in Massachusetts">Massachusetts</a> • <a href="/Ballot_access_requirements_for_political_candidates_in_Michigan" title="Ballot access requirements for political candidates in Michigan">Michigan</a> • <a href="/Ballot_access_requirements_for_political_candidates_in_Minnesota" title="Ballot access requirements for political candidates in Minnesota">Minnesota</a> • <a href="/Ballot_access_requirements_for_political_candidates_in_Mississippi" title="Ballot access requirements for political candidates in Mississippi">Mississippi</a> • <a href="/Ballot_access_requirements_for_political_candidates_in_Missouri" title="Ballot access requirements for political candidates in Missouri">Missouri</a> • <a href="/Ballot_access_requirements_for_political_candidates_in_Montana" title="Ballot access requirements for political candidates in Montana">Montana</a> • <a href="/Ballot_access_requirements_for_political_candidates_in_Nebraska" title="Ballot access requirements for political candidates in Nebraska">Nebraska</a> • <a href="/Ballot_access_requirements_for_political_candidates_in_Nevada" title="Ballot access requirements for political candidates in Nevada">Nevada</a> • <a href="/Ballot_access_requirements_for_political_candidates_in_New_Hampshire" title="Ballot access requirements for political candidates in New Hampshire">New Hampshire</a> • <a href="/Ballot_access_requirements_for_political_candidates_in_New_Jersey" title="Ballot access requirements for political candidates in New Jersey">New Jersey</a> • <a href="/Ballot_access_requirements_for_political_candidates_in_New_Mexico" title="Ballot access requirements for political candidates in New Mexico">New Mexico</a> • <a href="/Ballot_access_requirements_for_political_candidates_in_New_York" title="Ballot access requirements for political candidates in New York">New York</a> • <a href="/Ballot_access_requirements_for_political_candidates_in_North_Carolina" title="Ballot access requirements for political candidates in North Carolina">North Carolina</a> • <a href="/Ballot_access_requirements_for_political_candidates_in_North_Dakota" title="Ballot access requirements for political candidates in North Dakota">North Dakota</a> • <a href="/Ballot_access_requirements_for_political_candidates_in_Ohio" title="Ballot access requirements for political candidates in Ohio">Ohio</a> • <a href="/Ballot_access_requirements_for_political_candidates_in_Oklahoma" title="Ballot access requirements for political candidates in Oklahoma">Oklahoma</a> • <a href="/Ballot_access_requirements_for_political_candidates_in_Oregon" title="Ballot access requirements for political candidates in Oregon">Oregon</a> • <a href="/Ballot_access_requirements_for_political_candidates_in_Pennsylvania" title="Ballot access requirements for political candidates in Pennsylvania">Pennsylvania</a> • <a href="/Ballot_access_requirements_for_political_candidates_in_Rhode_Island" title="Ballot access requirements for political candidates in Rhode Island">Rhode Island</a> • <a href="/Ballot_access_requirements_for_political_candidates_in_South_Carolina" title="Ballot access requirements for political candidates in South Carolina">South Carolina</a> • <a href="/Ballot_access_requirements_for_political_candidates_in_South_Dakota" title="Ballot access requirements for political candidates in South Dakota">South Dakota</a> • <a href="/Ballot_access_requirements_for_political_candidates_in_Tennessee" title="Ballot access requirements for political candidates in Tennessee">Tennessee</a> • <a href="/Ballot_access_requirements_for_political_candidates_in_Texas" title="Ballot access requirements for political candidates in Texas">Texas</a> • <a href="/Ballot_access_requirements_for_political_candidates_in_Utah" title="Ballot access requirements for political candidates in Utah">Utah</a> • <a href="/Ballot_access_requirements_for_political_candidates_in_Vermont" title="Ballot access requirements for political candidates in Vermont">Vermont</a> • <a href="/Ballot_access_requirements_for_political_candidates_in_Virginia" title="Ballot access requirements for political candidates in Virginia">Virginia</a> • <a href="/Ballot_access_requirements_for_political_candidates_in_Washington" title="Ballot access requirements for political candidates in Washington">Washington</a> • <a href="/Ballot_access_requirements_for_political_candidates_in_West_Virginia" title="Ballot access requirements for political candidates in West Virginia">West Virginia</a> • <a href="/Ballot_access_requirements_for_political_candidates_in_Wisconsin" title="Ballot access requirements for political candidates in Wisconsin">Wisconsin</a> • <a href="/Ballot_access_requirements_for_political_candidates_in_Wyoming" title="Ballot access requirements for political candidates in Wyoming">Wyoming</a><hr style="background-color:#A0A0A0;" /></div></td></tr><tr style="height:2px"><td></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-group" style=";background:#F8F8F8;;"><b><a href="/Ballot_access_for_presidential_candidates" title="Ballot access for presidential candidates">Ballot access for<br />presidential candidates</a></b></td><td style="text-align:left;border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;width:100%;padding:0px;padding:0.25em 0; line-height:1.4em;;;" class="navbox-list navbox-odd"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><a href="/Ballot_access_requirements_for_presidential_candidates_in_Alabama" title="Ballot access requirements for presidential candidates in Alabama">Alabama</a> • <a href="/Ballot_access_requirements_for_presidential_candidates_in_Alaska" title="Ballot access requirements for presidential candidates in Alaska">Alaska</a> • <a href="/Ballot_access_requirements_for_presidential_candidates_in_Arizona" title="Ballot access requirements for presidential candidates in Arizona">Arizona</a> • <a href="/Ballot_access_requirements_for_presidential_candidates_in_Arkansas" title="Ballot access requirements for presidential candidates in Arkansas">Arkansas</a> • <a href="/Ballot_access_requirements_for_presidential_candidates_in_California" title="Ballot access requirements for presidential candidates in California">California</a> • <a href="/Ballot_access_requirements_for_presidential_candidates_in_Colorado" title="Ballot access requirements for presidential candidates in Colorado">Colorado</a> • <a href="/Ballot_access_requirements_for_presidential_candidates_in_Connecticut" title="Ballot access requirements for presidential candidates in Connecticut">Connecticut</a> • <a href="/Ballot_access_requirements_for_presidential_candidates_in_Delaware" title="Ballot access requirements for presidential candidates in Delaware">Delaware</a> • <a href="/Ballot_access_requirements_for_presidential_candidates_in_Florida" title="Ballot access requirements for presidential candidates in Florida">Florida</a> • <a href="/Ballot_access_requirements_for_presidential_candidates_in_Georgia" title="Ballot access requirements for presidential candidates in Georgia">Georgia</a> • <a href="/Ballot_access_requirements_for_presidential_candidates_in_Hawaii" title="Ballot access requirements for presidential candidates in Hawaii">Hawaii</a> • <a href="/Ballot_access_requirements_for_presidential_candidates_in_Idaho" title="Ballot access requirements for presidential candidates in Idaho">Idaho</a> • <a href="/Ballot_access_requirements_for_presidential_candidates_in_Illinois" title="Ballot access requirements for presidential candidates in Illinois">Illinois</a> • <a href="/Ballot_access_requirements_for_presidential_candidates_in_Indiana" title="Ballot access requirements for presidential candidates in Indiana">Indiana</a> • <a href="/Ballot_access_requirements_for_presidential_candidates_in_Iowa" title="Ballot access requirements for presidential candidates in Iowa">Iowa</a> • <a href="/Ballot_access_requirements_for_presidential_candidates_in_Kansas" title="Ballot access requirements for presidential candidates in Kansas">Kansas</a> • <a href="/Ballot_access_requirements_for_presidential_candidates_in_Kentucky" title="Ballot access requirements for presidential candidates in Kentucky">Kentucky</a> • <a href="/Ballot_access_requirements_for_presidential_candidates_in_Louisiana" title="Ballot access requirements for presidential candidates in Louisiana">Louisiana</a> • <a href="/Ballot_access_requirements_for_presidential_candidates_in_Maine" title="Ballot access requirements for presidential candidates in Maine">Maine</a> • <a href="/Ballot_access_requirements_for_presidential_candidates_in_Maryland" title="Ballot access requirements for presidential candidates in Maryland">Maryland</a> • <a href="/Ballot_access_requirements_for_presidential_candidates_in_Massachusetts" title="Ballot access requirements for presidential candidates in Massachusetts">Massachusetts</a> • <a href="/Ballot_access_requirements_for_presidential_candidates_in_Michigan" title="Ballot access requirements for presidential candidates in Michigan">Michigan</a> • <a href="/Ballot_access_requirements_for_presidential_candidates_in_Minnesota" title="Ballot access requirements for presidential candidates in Minnesota">Minnesota</a> • <a href="/Ballot_access_requirements_for_presidential_candidates_in_Mississippi" title="Ballot access requirements for presidential candidates in Mississippi">Mississippi</a> • <a href="/Ballot_access_requirements_for_presidential_candidates_in_Missouri" title="Ballot access requirements for presidential candidates in Missouri">Missouri</a> • <a href="/Ballot_access_requirements_for_presidential_candidates_in_Montana" title="Ballot access requirements for presidential candidates in Montana">Montana</a> • <a href="/Ballot_access_requirements_for_presidential_candidates_in_Nebraska" title="Ballot access requirements for presidential candidates in Nebraska">Nebraska</a> • <a href="/Ballot_access_requirements_for_presidential_candidates_in_Nevada" title="Ballot access requirements for presidential candidates in Nevada">Nevada</a> • <a href="/Ballot_access_requirements_for_presidential_candidates_in_New_Hampshire" title="Ballot access requirements for presidential candidates in New Hampshire">New Hampshire</a> • <a href="/Ballot_access_requirements_for_presidential_candidates_in_New_Jersey" title="Ballot access requirements for presidential candidates in New Jersey">New Jersey</a> • <a href="/Ballot_access_requirements_for_presidential_candidates_in_New_Mexico" title="Ballot access requirements for presidential candidates in New Mexico">New Mexico</a> • <a href="/Ballot_access_requirements_for_presidential_candidates_in_New_York" title="Ballot access requirements for presidential candidates in New York">New York</a> • <a href="/Ballot_access_requirements_for_presidential_candidates_in_North_Carolina" title="Ballot access requirements for presidential candidates in North Carolina">North Carolina</a> • <a href="/Ballot_access_requirements_for_presidential_candidates_in_North_Dakota" title="Ballot access requirements for presidential candidates in North Dakota">North Dakota</a> • <a href="/Ballot_access_requirements_for_presidential_candidates_in_Ohio" title="Ballot access requirements for presidential candidates in Ohio">Ohio</a> • <a href="/Ballot_access_requirements_for_presidential_candidates_in_Oklahoma" title="Ballot access requirements for presidential candidates in Oklahoma">Oklahoma</a> • <a href="/Ballot_access_requirements_for_presidential_candidates_in_Oregon" title="Ballot access requirements for presidential candidates in Oregon">Oregon</a> • <a href="/Ballot_access_requirements_for_presidential_candidates_in_Pennsylvania" title="Ballot access requirements for presidential candidates in Pennsylvania">Pennsylvania</a> • <a href="/Ballot_access_requirements_for_presidential_candidates_in_Rhode_Island" title="Ballot access requirements for presidential candidates in Rhode Island">Rhode Island</a> • <a href="/Ballot_access_requirements_for_presidential_candidates_in_South_Carolina" title="Ballot access requirements for presidential candidates in South Carolina">South Carolina</a> • <a href="/Ballot_access_requirements_for_presidential_candidates_in_South_Dakota" title="Ballot access requirements for presidential candidates in South Dakota">South Dakota</a> • <a href="/Ballot_access_requirements_for_presidential_candidates_in_Tennessee" title="Ballot access requirements for presidential candidates in Tennessee">Tennessee</a> • <a href="/Ballot_access_requirements_for_presidential_candidates_in_Texas" title="Ballot access requirements for presidential candidates in Texas">Texas</a> • <a href="/Ballot_access_requirements_for_presidential_candidates_in_Utah" title="Ballot access requirements for presidential candidates in Utah">Utah</a> • <a href="/Ballot_access_requirements_for_presidential_candidates_in_Vermont" title="Ballot access requirements for presidential candidates in Vermont">Vermont</a> • <a href="/Ballot_access_requirements_for_presidential_candidates_in_Virginia" title="Ballot access requirements for presidential candidates in Virginia">Virginia</a> • <a href="/Ballot_access_requirements_for_presidential_candidates_in_Washington" title="Ballot access requirements for presidential candidates in Washington">Washington</a> • <a href="/Ballot_access_requirements_for_presidential_candidates_in_West_Virginia" title="Ballot access requirements for presidential candidates in West Virginia">West Virginia</a> • <a href="/Ballot_access_requirements_for_presidential_candidates_in_Wisconsin" title="Ballot access requirements for presidential candidates in Wisconsin">Wisconsin</a> • <a href="/Ballot_access_requirements_for_presidential_candidates_in_Wyoming" title="Ballot access requirements for presidential candidates in Wyoming">Wyoming</a><hr style="background-color:#A0A0A0;" /></div></td></tr><tr style="height:2px"><td></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-group" style=";background:#F8F8F8;;"><b><a href="/List_of_political_parties_in_the_United_States" title="List of political parties in the United States">Ballot access for<br />political parties</a></b></td><td style="text-align:left;border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;width:100%;padding:0px;padding:0.25em 0; line-height:1.4em;;;" class="navbox-list navbox-even"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><a href="/Ballot_access_requirements_for_political_parties_in_Alabama" title="Ballot access requirements for political parties in Alabama">Alabama</a> • <a href="/Ballot_access_requirements_for_political_parties_in_Alaska" title="Ballot access requirements for political parties in Alaska">Alaska</a> • <a href="/Ballot_access_requirements_for_political_parties_in_Arizona" title="Ballot access requirements for political parties in Arizona">Arizona</a> • <a href="/Ballot_access_requirements_for_political_parties_in_Arkansas" title="Ballot access requirements for political parties in Arkansas">Arkansas</a> • <a href="/Ballot_access_requirements_for_political_parties_in_California" title="Ballot access requirements for political parties in California">California</a> • <a href="/Ballot_access_requirements_for_political_parties_in_Colorado" title="Ballot access requirements for political parties in Colorado">Colorado</a> • <a href="/Ballot_access_requirements_for_political_parties_in_Connecticut" title="Ballot access requirements for political parties in Connecticut">Connecticut</a> • <a href="/Ballot_access_requirements_for_political_parties_in_Delaware" title="Ballot access requirements for political parties in Delaware">Delaware</a> • <a href="/Ballot_access_requirements_for_political_parties_in_Florida" title="Ballot access requirements for political parties in Florida">Florida</a> • <a href="/Ballot_access_requirements_for_political_parties_in_Georgia" title="Ballot access requirements for political parties in Georgia">Georgia</a> • <a href="/Ballot_access_requirements_for_political_parties_in_Hawaii" title="Ballot access requirements for political parties in Hawaii">Hawaii</a> • <a href="/Ballot_access_requirements_for_political_parties_in_Idaho" title="Ballot access requirements for political parties in Idaho">Idaho</a> • <a href="/Ballot_access_requirements_for_political_parties_in_Illinois" title="Ballot access requirements for political parties in Illinois">Illinois</a> • <a href="/Ballot_access_requirements_for_political_parties_in_Indiana" title="Ballot access requirements for political parties in Indiana">Indiana</a> • <a href="/Ballot_access_requirements_for_political_parties_in_Iowa" title="Ballot access requirements for political parties in Iowa">Iowa</a> • <a href="/Ballot_access_requirements_for_political_parties_in_Kansas" title="Ballot access requirements for political parties in Kansas">Kansas</a> • <a href="/Ballot_access_requirements_for_political_parties_in_Kentucky" title="Ballot access requirements for political parties in Kentucky">Kentucky</a> • <a href="/Ballot_access_requirements_for_political_parties_in_Louisiana" title="Ballot access requirements for political parties in Louisiana">Louisiana</a> • <a href="/Ballot_access_requirements_for_political_parties_in_Maine" title="Ballot access requirements for political parties in Maine">Maine</a> • <a href="/Ballot_access_requirements_for_political_parties_in_Maryland" title="Ballot access requirements for political parties in Maryland">Maryland</a> • <a href="/Ballot_access_requirements_for_political_parties_in_Massachusetts" title="Ballot access requirements for political parties in Massachusetts">Massachusetts</a> • <a href="/Ballot_access_requirements_for_political_parties_in_Michigan" title="Ballot access requirements for political parties in Michigan">Michigan</a> • <a href="/Ballot_access_requirements_for_political_parties_in_Minnesota" title="Ballot access requirements for political parties in Minnesota">Minnesota</a> • <a href="/Ballot_access_requirements_for_political_parties_in_Mississippi" title="Ballot access requirements for political parties in Mississippi">Mississippi</a> • <a href="/Ballot_access_requirements_for_political_parties_in_Missouri" title="Ballot access requirements for political parties in Missouri">Missouri</a> • <a href="/Ballot_access_requirements_for_political_parties_in_Montana" title="Ballot access requirements for political parties in Montana">Montana</a> • <a href="/Ballot_access_requirements_for_political_parties_in_Nebraska" title="Ballot access requirements for political parties in Nebraska">Nebraska</a> • <a href="/Ballot_access_requirements_for_political_parties_in_Nevada" title="Ballot access requirements for political parties in Nevada">Nevada</a> • <a href="/Ballot_access_requirements_for_political_parties_in_New_Hampshire" title="Ballot access requirements for political parties in New Hampshire">New Hampshire</a> • <a href="/Ballot_access_requirements_for_political_parties_in_New_Jersey" title="Ballot access requirements for political parties in New Jersey">New Jersey</a> • <a href="/Ballot_access_requirements_for_political_parties_in_New_Mexico" title="Ballot access requirements for political parties in New Mexico">New Mexico</a> • <a href="/Ballot_access_requirements_for_political_parties_in_New_York" title="Ballot access requirements for political parties in New York">New York</a> • <a href="/Ballot_access_requirements_for_political_parties_in_North_Carolina" title="Ballot access requirements for political parties in North Carolina">North Carolina</a> • <a href="/Ballot_access_requirements_for_political_parties_in_North_Dakota" title="Ballot access requirements for political parties in North Dakota">North Dakota</a> • <a href="/Ballot_access_requirements_for_political_parties_in_Ohio" title="Ballot access requirements for political parties in Ohio">Ohio</a> • <a href="/Ballot_access_requirements_for_political_parties_in_Oklahoma" title="Ballot access requirements for political parties in Oklahoma">Oklahoma</a> • <a href="/Ballot_access_requirements_for_political_parties_in_Oregon" title="Ballot access requirements for political parties in Oregon">Oregon</a> • <a href="/Ballot_access_requirements_for_political_parties_in_Pennsylvania" title="Ballot access requirements for political parties in Pennsylvania">Pennsylvania</a> • <a href="/Ballot_access_requirements_for_political_parties_in_Rhode_Island" title="Ballot access requirements for political parties in Rhode Island">Rhode Island</a> • <a href="/Ballot_access_requirements_for_political_parties_in_South_Carolina" title="Ballot access requirements for political parties in South Carolina">South Carolina</a> • <a href="/Ballot_access_requirements_for_political_parties_in_South_Dakota" title="Ballot access requirements for political parties in South Dakota">South Dakota</a> • <a href="/Ballot_access_requirements_for_political_parties_in_Tennessee" title="Ballot access requirements for political parties in Tennessee">Tennessee</a> • <a href="/Ballot_access_requirements_for_political_parties_in_Texas" title="Ballot access requirements for political parties in Texas">Texas</a> • <a href="/Ballot_access_requirements_for_political_parties_in_Utah" title="Ballot access requirements for political parties in Utah">Utah</a> • <a href="/Ballot_access_requirements_for_political_parties_in_Vermont" title="Ballot access requirements for political parties in Vermont">Vermont</a> • <a href="/Ballot_access_requirements_for_political_parties_in_Virginia" title="Ballot access requirements for political parties in Virginia">Virginia</a> • <a href="/Ballot_access_requirements_for_political_parties_in_Washington" title="Ballot access requirements for political parties in Washington">Washington</a> • <a href="/Ballot_access_requirements_for_political_parties_in_West_Virginia" title="Ballot access requirements for political parties in West Virginia">West Virginia</a> • <a href="/Ballot_access_requirements_for_political_parties_in_Wisconsin" title="Ballot access requirements for political parties in Wisconsin">Wisconsin</a> • <a href="/Ballot_access_requirements_for_political_parties_in_Wyoming" title="Ballot access requirements for political parties in Wyoming">Wyoming</a><hr style="background-color:#A0A0A0;" /></div></td></tr><tr style="height:2px"><td></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-group" style=";background:#F8F8F8;;"><b><a href="/Electoral_system" title="Electoral system">Electoral systems</a></b></td><td style="text-align:left;border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;width:100%;padding:0px;padding:0.25em 0; line-height:1.4em;;;" class="navbox-list navbox-odd"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><a href="/Single-winner_system" title="Single-winner system">Single-winner system</a> • <a href="/Multi-winner_system" title="Multi-winner system">Multi-winner system</a> • <a href="/Block_voting_system" title="Block voting system">Block voting system</a> • <a href="/Plurality_voting_system" title="Plurality voting system">Plurality voting system</a> • <a href="/Majority_voting_system" title="Majority voting system">Majority voting system</a> • <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Top-two primary</a> • <a href="/Blanket_primary" title="Blanket primary">Blanket primary</a> • <a href="/Open_primary" title="Open primary">Open primary</a> • <a href="/Closed_primary" title="Closed primary">Closed primary</a> • <a href="/Semi-closed_primary" title="Semi-closed primary">Semi-closed primary</a> • <a href="/Top-four_primary" title="Top-four primary">Top-four primary</a> • <a href="/Ranked-choice_voting_(RCV)" title="Ranked-choice voting (RCV)">Ranked-choice voting (RCV)</a> • <a href="/STAR_voting" title="STAR voting">STAR voting</a> • <a href="/Approval_voting" title="Approval voting">Approval voting</a> • <a href="/Fusion_voting" title="Fusion voting">Fusion voting</a> <hr style="background-color:#A0A0A0;" /></div></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr></tbody></table><table class="navbox" cellspacing="0" style=";"><tbody><tr><td style="padding:2px;"><table cellspacing="0" class="collapsible autocollapse" style="width:100%;background:transparent;color:inherit;;"><tbody><tr><th style=";background:#0744ac; color: white;" colspan="2" class="navbox-title"><div style="float:left; width:6em;text-align:left;"><div class="noprint plainlinksneverexpand" style="background-color:transparent; padding:0; white-space:nowrap; font-weight:normal; font-size:xx-small; ;background:#0744ac; color: white;;border:none;;"><a href="/Template:Ballotpedia" title="Template:Ballotpedia"><span title="View this template" style=";background:#0744ac; color: white;;border:none;;">v</span></a> <span style="font-size:80%;">•</span> <a target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener" class="external text" href="https://ballotpedia.org/wiki/index.php?title=Template:Ballotpedia&action=edit"><span style="color:#002bb8;;background:#0744ac; color: white;;border:none;;" title="You can edit this template. Please use the preview button before saving.">e</span></a></div></div><span style="font-size:110%;">Ballotpedia</span></th></tr><tr style="height:2px;"><td></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-group" style=";background:#f0a237; color: white;;"><span style="color:#0b47a8"><b><a href="/Ballotpedia:About" title="Ballotpedia:About">About</a></b></span></td><td style="text-align:left;border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;width:100%;padding:0px;padding:0.25em 0; line-height:1.4em;;;" class="navbox-list navbox-odd"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><a href="/Ballotpedia:Overview_and_contact_information" class="mw-redirect" title="Ballotpedia:Overview and contact information">Overview</a> • <a href="/Ballotpedia:What_people_are_saying" title="Ballotpedia:What people are saying">What people are saying</a> • <a href="/Ballotpedia:Donate" title="Ballotpedia:Donate">Support Ballotpedia</a> • <a href="/Ballotpedia:Overview_and_contact_information" class="mw-redirect" title="Ballotpedia:Overview and contact information">Contact</a> • <a href="/Ballotpedia:Ways_you_can_help" class="mw-redirect" title="Ballotpedia:Ways you can help">Contribute</a> • <a href="/Ballotpedia:Job_opportunities" title="Ballotpedia:Job opportunities">Job opportunities</a><hr /></div></td></tr><tr style="height:2px"><td></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-group" style=";background:#f0a237; color: white;;"><span style="color:#0b47a8"></span></td><td style="text-align:left;border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;width:100%;padding:0px;padding:0.25em 0; line-height:1.4em;;;" class="navbox-list navbox-even"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><b>Executive:</b> <a href="/Ballotpedia:Leslie_Graves" title="Ballotpedia:Leslie Graves">Leslie Graves, President</a> • <a href="/Ballotpedia:Gwen_Beattie" title="Ballotpedia:Gwen Beattie">Gwen Beattie, Chief Operating Officer</a><br /> <p><b>Communications:</b> <a href="/Ballotpedia:Alison_Graves" title="Ballotpedia:Alison Graves">Alison Graves</a> • <a href="/Ballotpedia:Carley_Allensworth" title="Ballotpedia:Carley Allensworth">Carley Allensworth</a> • <a href="/Ballotpedia:Abigail_Campbell" title="Ballotpedia:Abigail Campbell">Abigail Campbell</a> • <a href="/Ballotpedia:Sarah_Groat" title="Ballotpedia:Sarah Groat">Sarah Groat</a> • <a href="/Ballotpedia:Nathaniel_Harwood" title="Ballotpedia:Nathaniel Harwood">Nathaniel Harwood</a> • <a href="/Ballotpedia:Dillon_Redmond" title="Ballotpedia:Dillon Redmond">Dillon Redmond</a> • <a href="/Ballotpedia:Erica_Shumaker" title="Ballotpedia:Erica Shumaker">Erica Shumaker</a><br /> <b>External Relations: </b><a href="/Ballotpedia:Ashley_Fleming" title="Ballotpedia:Ashley Fleming">Ashley Fleming</a> • <a href="/Ballotpedia:Hannah_Nelson" title="Ballotpedia:Hannah Nelson">Hannah Nelson</a> • <a href="/Ballotpedia:Katy_Noble" title="Ballotpedia:Katy Noble">Katy Noble</a><br /> <b>Operations:</b> <a href="/Ballotpedia:Meghann_Olshefski" title="Ballotpedia:Meghann Olshefski">Meghann Olshefski</a> • <a href="/Ballotpedia:Amanda_Herbert" title="Ballotpedia:Amanda Herbert">Amanda Herbert</a> • <a href="/Ballotpedia:Mandy_Morris" title="Ballotpedia:Mandy Morris">Mandy Morris</a> • <a href="/Ballotpedia:Caroline_Presnell" title="Ballotpedia:Caroline Presnell">Caroline Presnell</a> • <a href="/Ballotpedia:Kelly_Rindfleisch" title="Ballotpedia:Kelly Rindfleisch">Kelly Rindfleisch</a><br /> <b>Policy:</b> <a href="/Ballotpedia:Jimmy_McAllister" title="Ballotpedia:Jimmy McAllister">Jimmy McAllister</a> • <a href="/Ballotpedia:Jon_Dunn" title="Ballotpedia:Jon Dunn">Jon Dunn</a> • <a href="/Ballotpedia:Amy_Handlin" title="Ballotpedia:Amy Handlin">Amy Handlin</a> • <a href="/Ballotpedia:Annelise_Reinwald" title="Ballotpedia:Annelise Reinwald">Annelise Reinwald</a> • <a href="/Ballotpedia:Emma_Soukup" title="Ballotpedia:Emma Soukup">Emma Soukup</a><br /> <b>Content Strategy:</b> <a href="/Ballotpedia:Josh_Altic" title="Ballotpedia:Josh Altic">Josh Altic</a> <br /> <b>Tech:</b> <a href="/Ballotpedia:Matt_Latourelle" title="Ballotpedia:Matt Latourelle">Matt Latourelle</a> • <a href="/Ballotpedia:Ryan_Burch" title="Ballotpedia:Ryan Burch">Ryan Burch</a> • <a href="/Ballotpedia:Kirsten_Corrao" title="Ballotpedia:Kirsten Corrao">Kirsten Corrao</a> • <a href="/Ballotpedia:Beth_Dellea" title="Ballotpedia:Beth Dellea">Beth Dellea</a> • <a href="/Ballotpedia:Travis_Eden" title="Ballotpedia:Travis Eden">Travis Eden</a> • <a href="/Ballotpedia:Tate_Kamish" title="Ballotpedia:Tate Kamish">Tate Kamish</a> • <a href="/Ballotpedia:Margaret_Kearney" title="Ballotpedia:Margaret Kearney">Margaret Kearney</a> • <a href="/Ballotpedia:Eric_Lotto" title="Ballotpedia:Eric Lotto">Eric Lotto</a> • <a href="/Ballotpedia:Joseph_Sanchez" title="Ballotpedia:Joseph Sanchez">Joseph Sanchez</a> • <a href="/Ballotpedia:Mary_Susmitha" title="Ballotpedia:Mary Susmitha">Mary Susmitha</a><br /> </p> <b>Contributors:</b> <a href="/Ballotpedia:Scott_Rasmussen" title="Ballotpedia:Scott Rasmussen">Scott Rasmussen</a> <hr /></div></td></tr><tr style="height:2px"><td></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-group" style=";background:#f0a237; color: white;;"><span style="color:#0b47a8"><b>Editorial Content</b></span></td><td style="text-align:left;border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;width:100%;padding:0px;padding:0.25em 0; line-height:1.4em;;;" class="navbox-list navbox-odd"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><a href="/Ballotpedia:Geoff_Pallay" title="Ballotpedia:Geoff Pallay">Geoff Pallay, Director of Editorial Content and Editor-in-Chief</a> • <a href="/Ballotpedia:Ken_Carbullido" title="Ballotpedia:Ken Carbullido">Ken Carbullido, Vice President of Election Product and Technology Strategy</a> • <a href="/Ballotpedia:Norm_Leahy" title="Ballotpedia:Norm Leahy">Norm Leahy, Senior Editor</a> • <a href="/Ballotpedia:Daniel_Anderson" title="Ballotpedia:Daniel Anderson">Daniel Anderson, Managing Editor</a> • <a href="/Ballotpedia:Ryan_Byrne" title="Ballotpedia:Ryan Byrne">Ryan Byrne, Managing Editor</a> • <a href="/Ballotpedia:Cory_Eucalitto" title="Ballotpedia:Cory Eucalitto">Cory Eucalitto, Managing Editor</a> • <a href="/Ballotpedia:Mandy_Gillip" title="Ballotpedia:Mandy Gillip">Mandy Gillip, Managing Editor</a> • <a href="/Ballotpedia:Doug_Kronaizl" title="Ballotpedia:Doug Kronaizl">Doug Kronaizl, Local Elections Project Manager</a> • <a href="/Ballotpedia:Jaclyn_Beran" title="Ballotpedia:Jaclyn Beran">Jaclyn Beran</a> • <a href="/Ballotpedia:Marielle_Bricker" title="Ballotpedia:Marielle Bricker">Marielle Bricker</a> • <a href="/Ballotpedia:Joseph_Brusgard" title="Ballotpedia:Joseph Brusgard">Joseph Brusgard</a> • <a href="/Ballotpedia:Emma_Burlingame" title="Ballotpedia:Emma Burlingame">Emma Burlingame</a> • <a href="/Ballotpedia:Kelly_Coyle" title="Ballotpedia:Kelly Coyle">Kelly Coyle</a> • <a href="/Ballotpedia:Thomas_Ellis" title="Ballotpedia:Thomas Ellis">Thomas Ellis</a> • <a href="/Ballotpedia:Frank_Festa" title="Ballotpedia:Frank Festa">Frank Festa</a> • <a href="/Ballotpedia:Nicole_Fisher" title="Ballotpedia:Nicole Fisher">Nicole Fisher</a> • <a href="/Ballotpedia:Brianna_Hosea" title="Ballotpedia:Brianna Hosea">Brianna Hosea</a> • <a href="/Ballotpedia:Joseph_Greaney" title="Ballotpedia:Joseph Greaney">Joseph Greaney</a> • <a href="/Ballotpedia:Thomas_Grobben" title="Ballotpedia:Thomas Grobben">Thomas Grobben</a> • <a href="/Ballotpedia:Jaime_Healy-Plotkin" title="Ballotpedia:Jaime Healy-Plotkin">Jaime Healy-Plotkin</a> • <a href="/Ballotpedia:Tyler_King" title="Ballotpedia:Tyler King">Tyler King</a> • <a href="/Ballotpedia:Glorie_Martinez" title="Ballotpedia:Glorie Martinez">Glorie Martinez</a> • <a href="/Ballotpedia:Nathan_Maxwell" title="Ballotpedia:Nathan Maxwell">Nathan Maxwell</a> • <a href="/Ballotpedia:Ellie_Mikus" title="Ballotpedia:Ellie Mikus">Ellie Mikus</a> • <a href="/Ballotpedia:Jackie_Mitchell" title="Ballotpedia:Jackie Mitchell">Jackie Mitchell</a> • <a href="/Ballotpedia:Ellen_Morrissey" title="Ballotpedia:Ellen Morrissey">Ellen Morrissey</a> • <a href="/Ballotpedia:Mackenzie_Murphy" title="Ballotpedia:Mackenzie Murphy">Mackenzie Murphy</a> • <a href="/Ballotpedia:Kaley_Platek" title="Ballotpedia:Kaley Platek">Kaley Platek</a> • <a href="/Ballotpedia:Samantha_Post" title="Ballotpedia:Samantha Post">Samantha Post</a> • <a href="/Ballotpedia:Adam_Powell" title="Ballotpedia:Adam Powell">Adam Powell</a> • <a href="/Ballotpedia:Ethan_Rice" title="Ballotpedia:Ethan Rice">Ethan Rice</a> • <a href="/Ballotpedia:Spencer_Richardson" title="Ballotpedia:Spencer Richardson">Spencer Richardson</a> • <a href="/Ballotpedia:Victoria_Rose" title="Ballotpedia:Victoria Rose">Victoria Rose</a> • <a href="/Ballotpedia:Briana_Ryan" title="Ballotpedia:Briana Ryan">Briana Ryan</a> • <a href="/Ballotpedia:Myj_Saintyl" title="Ballotpedia:Myj Saintyl">Myj Saintyl</a> • <a href="/Ballotpedia:Maddy_Salucka" title="Ballotpedia:Maddy Salucka">Maddy Salucka</a> • <a href="/Ballotpedia:Maddie_Sinclair_Johnson" title="Ballotpedia:Maddie Sinclair Johnson">Maddie Sinclair Johnson</a> • <a href="/Ballotpedia:Abbey_Smith" title="Ballotpedia:Abbey Smith">Abbey Smith</a> • <a href="/Ballotpedia:Alexis_Thacker" title="Ballotpedia:Alexis Thacker">Alexis Thacker</a> • <a href="/Ballotpedia:Janie_Valentine" title="Ballotpedia:Janie Valentine">Janie Valentine</a> • <a href="/Ballotpedia:Joel_Williams" title="Ballotpedia:Joel Williams">Joel Williams</a> • <a href="/Ballotpedia:Samuel_Wonacott" title="Ballotpedia:Samuel Wonacott">Samuel Wonacott</a> • <a href="/Ballotpedia:Trenton_Woodcox" title="Ballotpedia:Trenton Woodcox">Trenton Woodcox</a> • <a href="/Ballotpedia:Mercedes_Yanora" title="Ballotpedia:Mercedes Yanora">Mercedes Yanora</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr></tbody></table><p>‎</p>   </div></div> <div class="printfooter"> Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://ballotpedia.org/wiki/index.php?title=Top-two_primary&oldid=10261209">https://ballotpedia.org/wiki/index.php?title=Top-two_primary&oldid=10261209</a>" </div> <div id="catlinks-container" style="display:none"><div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/Special:Categories" title="Special:Categories">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/index.php?title=Category:Pages_using_DynamicPageList3_parser_function&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Category:Pages using DynamicPageList3 parser function (page does not exist)">Pages using DynamicPageList3 parser function</a></li><li><a href="/Category:Primary_systems_terms" title="Category:Primary systems terms">Primary systems terms</a></li><li><a href="/Category:Primary_systems_concepts_and_issues" title="Category:Primary systems concepts and issues">Primary systems concepts and issues</a></li><li><a href="/Category:Election_policy_tracking" title="Category:Election policy tracking">Election policy tracking</a></li><li><a href="/Category:One-off_pages,_active" title="Category:One-off pages, active">One-off pages, active</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden category: <ul><li><a href="/Category:Election_policy_expansion_content" title="Category:Election policy expansion content">Election policy expansion content</a></li></ul></div></div></div> <div class="visualClear"></div> </div>  </div> </div> </div> <div id='div-gpt-ad-1548351407491-0'> <script> googletag.cmd.push(function() { googletag.display('div-gpt-ad-1548351407491-0'); }); </script> </div> <div align="center" data-freestar-ad="__240x400 __336x280" id="ballotpedia-org_bottom"> <script data-cfasync="false" type="text/javascript"> freestar.config.enabled_slots.push({ placementName: "ballotpedia-org_bottom", slotId: "ballotpedia-org_bottom" }); </script> </div> <div class="visualClear"></div> <div class="row" id="footer-links"> <div style="text-align:center; font-size:16px; color:#666; width: 100%;"> <p>Ballotpedia features 561,497 encyclopedic articles written and curated by our professional staff of editors, writers, and researchers. Click here to <a target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener" class="external text" href="https://ballotpedia.happyfox.com/new">contact our editorial staff or report an error</a>. For media inquiries, <a target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener" class="external text" href="mailto:media@ballotpedia.org">contact us here</a>. Please <a href="/Support" title="Support">donate here</a> to support our continued expansion. </p> </div> <div class="footer-links-block"> <h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Information_about_voting">Information about voting</span></h3> <ul><li><a href="/Ballotpedia%27s_Voter_Toolkit" title="Ballotpedia's Voter Toolkit">Your 2024 Election Toolkit</a></li> <li><a href="/Sample_Ballot_Lookup" title="Sample Ballot Lookup">What's on my ballot?</a></li> <li><a href="/Where_do_I_vote" title="Where do I vote">Where do I vote?</a></li> <li><a href="/Online_voter_registration_in_the_50_states" class="mw-redirect" title="Online voter registration in the 50 states">How do I register to vote?</a></li> <li><a href="/Absentee_voting" class="mw-redirect" title="Absentee voting">How do I request a ballot?</a></li> <li><a href="/Elections_calendar" title="Elections calendar">When do I vote?</a></li> <li><a href="/State_Poll_Opening_and_Closing_Times" class="mw-redirect" title="State Poll Opening and Closing Times">When are polls open?</a></li> <li><a href="/Who_represents_me" title="Who represents me">Who Represents Me?</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="footer-links-block"> <h3><span class="mw-headline" id="2024_Elections">2024 Elections</span></h3> <ul><li><a href="/Presidential_election,_2024" title="Presidential election, 2024">2024 Presidential election</a></li> <li><a href="/Presidential_candidates,_2024" title="Presidential candidates, 2024">2024 Presidential candidates</a></li> <li><a href="/United_States_Congress_elections,_2024" title="United States Congress elections, 2024">2024 Congressional elections</a></li> <li><a href="/2024_ballot_measures" title="2024 ballot measures">2024 Ballot measures</a></li> <li><a href="/State_executive_official_elections,_2024" title="State executive official elections, 2024">2024 State executive elections</a></li> <li><a href="/State_legislative_elections,_2024" title="State legislative elections, 2024">2024 State legislative elections</a></li> <li><a href="/State_judicial_elections,_2024" title="State judicial elections, 2024">2024 State judge elections</a></li> <li><a href="/United_States_municipal_elections,_2024" title="United States municipal elections, 2024">2024 Local elections</a></li> <li><a href="/School_board_elections,_2024" title="School board elections, 2024">2024 School board elections</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="footer-links-block"> <h3><span class="mw-headline" id="2024_Election_analysis">2024 Election analysis</span></h3> <ul><li><a href="/Ballotpedia%27s_Election_Analysis_Hub,_2024" title="Ballotpedia's Election Analysis Hub, 2024">2024 elections analysis hub</a></li> <li><a href="/Election_results,_2024:_Pivot_Counties_in_the_2024_presidential_election" title="Election results, 2024: Pivot Counties in the 2024 presidential election">Pivot Counties in the 2024 presidential election</a></li> <li><a href="/Election_results,_2024:_New_members_elected_to_Congress" title="Election results, 2024: New members elected to Congress">New members elected to Congress</a></li> <li><a href="/Incumbents_defeated_in_state_legislative_elections,_2024" title="Incumbents defeated in state legislative elections, 2024">Incumbents defeated in state legislative elections</a></li> <li><a href="/Election_results,_2024:_State_legislative_seats_that_changed_party_control" title="Election results, 2024: State legislative seats that changed party control">State legislative seats that changed party control</a></li> <li><a href="/2024_ballot_measures#Trends_in_2024" title="2024 ballot measures">Ballot measure trends in 2024</a></li> <li><a href="/Election_results,_2024:_Analysis_of_voter_turnout_in_the_2024_general_election" title="Election results, 2024: Analysis of voter turnout in the 2024 general election">2024 general election voter turnout</a></li> <li><a href="/Election_results,_2024:_Wave_elections" title="Election results, 2024: Wave elections">Wave elections in 2024</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="footer-links-block"> <h3><span class="mw-headline" id="2025_Elections">2025 Elections</span></h3> <ul><li><a href="/Gubernatorial_elections,_2025" title="Gubernatorial elections, 2025">Governors</a></li> <li><a href="/State_executive_official_elections,_2025" title="State executive official elections, 2025">State executives</a></li> <li><a href="/State_legislative_elections,_2025" title="State legislative elections, 2025">State legislatures</a></li> <li><a href="/2025_ballot_measures" title="2025 ballot measures">Ballot measures</a></li> <li><a href="/State_judicial_elections,_2025" title="State judicial elections, 2025">State judges</a></li> <li><a href="/United_States_municipal_elections,_2025" title="United States municipal elections, 2025">Municipal officials</a></li> <li><a href="/School_board_elections,_2025" title="School board elections, 2025">School boards</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="footer-links-block"> <h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Trending">Trending</span></h3> <ul><li><a href="/Election_results,_2024" title="Election results, 2024">2024 Election results</a></li> <li><a href="/Presidential_election,_2024" title="Presidential election, 2024">2024 Presidential election</a></li> <li><a href="/Presidential_candidates,_2024" title="Presidential candidates, 2024">2024 Presidential candidates</a></li> <li><a href="/Election_results,_2024:_Analysis_of_voter_turnout_in_the_2024_general_election" title="Election results, 2024: Analysis of voter turnout in the 2024 general election">2024 general election voter turnout</a></li> <li><a href="/Ballotpedia%27s_Top_15_Ballot_Measures_and_Trends_to_Watch,_2024" title="Ballotpedia's Top 15 Ballot Measures and Trends to Watch, 2024">Ballotpedia's top 15 ballot measures and trends to watch in 2024</a></li> <li><a target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener" class="external text" href="https://news.ballotpedia.org/">Ballotpedia News</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="footer-links-block"> <h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Public_Policy">Public Policy</span></h3> <ul><li><a href="/Administrative_State_Index" title="Administrative State Index">Administrative state</a></li> <li><a href="/Index_of_articles_about_criminal_justice_policy" title="Index of articles about criminal justice policy">Criminal justice policy</a></li> <li><a href="/Index_of_articles_about_education_policy" title="Index of articles about education policy">Education policy</a></li> <li><a href="/Index_of_articles_about_environmental,_social,_and_corporate_governance_(ESG)" title="Index of articles about environmental, social, and corporate governance (ESG)">Environmental, social, and corporate governance (ESG)</a></li> <li><a href="/Index_of_articles_about_federalism" title="Index of articles about federalism">Federalism</a></li> <li><a href="/Index_of_articles_about_unemployment_insurance" title="Index of articles about unemployment insurance">Unemployment insurance</a></li> <li><a href="/Index_of_articles_about_work_requirements" title="Index of articles about work requirements">Work requirements</a></li> <li><a href="/Public_Policy" title="Public Policy">Policy in the states</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="footer-links-block"> <h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Information_for_candidates">Information for candidates</span></h3> <ul><li><a href="/Survey" title="Survey">Ballotpedia's Candidate Survey</a></li> <li><a href="/Ballot_access_for_major_and_minor_party_candidates" title="Ballot access for major and minor party candidates">How do I run for office?</a></li> <li><a href="/Ballotpedia%27s_Candidate_Connection" title="Ballotpedia's Candidate Connection">How do I update a page?</a></li> <li><a href="/Election_results" class="mw-redirect" title="Election results">Election results</a></li> <li><a target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener" class="external text" href="https://docs.google.com/forms/d/e/1FAIpQLSddoUjxvy5yEyoKoltTe6-B_j668rbBsbcf7UDJI8cOgG2FBA/viewform">Send us candidate contact info</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="footer-links-block"> <h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Get_Engaged">Get Engaged</span></h3> <ul><li><a href="/Support" title="Support">Donate to Ballotpedia</a></li> <li><a href="/Contact_us" title="Contact us">Contact us</a></li> <li><a href="/Report_an_error" title="Report an error">Report an error</a></li> <li><a href="/Ballotpedia:Events" title="Ballotpedia:Events">Events</a></li> <li><a href="/Ballotpedia_Email_Updates" title="Ballotpedia Email Updates">Newsletters</a></li> <li><a href="/On_the_Ballot" title="On the Ballot">Ballotpedia Podcast</a></li> <li><a href="/Ballotpedia:Job_opportunities" title="Ballotpedia:Job opportunities">Careers</a></li> <li><a href="/Support:Volunteer" title="Support:Volunteer">Volunteer</a></li> <li><a href="/Ballotpedia:Ad_policy" title="Ballotpedia:Ad policy">Ad Policy</a></li> <li><a target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener" class="external text" href="https://www.bonfire.com/store/ballotpedia/">Ballotpedia Boutique</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="footer-links-block"> <h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Services">Services</span></h3> <ul><li><a href="/News_and_events" title="News and events">Media inquiries</a></li> <li><a href="/Ballotpedia:Buy_Political_Data" title="Ballotpedia:Buy Political Data">Data sales</a></li> <li><a href="/Ballotpedia:Buy_Political_Data" title="Ballotpedia:Buy Political Data">API</a></li> <li><a href="/Ballotpedia:Premium_Research_Services" title="Ballotpedia:Premium Research Services">Premium Research Services</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="footer-links-block"> <h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Additional_analysis">Additional analysis</span></h3> <ul><li><a target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener" class="external text" href="https://legislation.ballotpedia.org/elections/home">Election legislation tracking</a></li> <li><a href="/State_government_trifectas" title="State government trifectas">State Trifectas</a></li> <li><a href="/State_government_triplexes" title="State government triplexes">State Triplexes</a></li> <li><a href="/Status_of_redistricting_after_the_2020_census" title="Status of redistricting after the 2020 census">Redistricting</a></li> <li><a href="/Pivot_Counties:_The_counties_that_voted_Obama-Obama-Trump_from_2008-2016" title="Pivot Counties: The counties that voted Obama-Obama-Trump from 2008-2016">Pivot Counties</a></li> <li><a href="/Ballotpedia_Courts:_State_Partisanship" title="Ballotpedia Courts: State Partisanship">State Supreme Court Partisanship</a></li> <li><a href="/Ballotpedia%27s_Polling_Indexes" title="Ballotpedia's Polling Indexes">Polling indexes</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="footer-links-block"> </div> </div> </div>   <div class="sidebar-wrapper sidebar-left-wrapper" id="sidebar-left"> <div id="navtitle" class="navtitle"> <h2><span class="glyphicon glyphicon-menu-hamburger"></span> SITE NAVIGATION</h2> </div> <ul><li><a href="/Election_results,_2024" title="Election results, 2024">2024 Election results hub</a></li> <li><span class="self"><a href="/Ballotpedia%27s_Election_Analysis_Hub,_2024" title="Ballotpedia's Election Analysis Hub, 2024">Ballotpedia's 2024 elections analysis</a></span> <ul><li><a href="/Election_results,_2024:_Pivot_Counties_in_the_2024_presidential_election" title="Election results, 2024: Pivot Counties in the 2024 presidential election">Pivot Counties in the 2024 presidential election</a></li> <li><a href="/Election_results,_2024:_New_members_elected_to_Congress" title="Election results, 2024: New members elected to Congress">New members elected to Congress</a></li> <li><a href="/Election_results,_2024:_Comparison_of_state_delegations_to_the_118th_and_119th_Congresses" title="Election results, 2024: Comparison of state delegations to the 118th and 119th Congresses">Comparison of state delegations to the 118th and 119th Congresses</a></li> <li><a href="/Election_results,_2024:_Congressional_margin_of_victory_analysis" title="Election results, 2024: Congressional margin of victory analysis">Congressional margin of victory analysis</a></li> <li><a href="/Election_results,_2024:_Congressional_elections_decided_by_10_percentage_points_or_fewer" title="Election results, 2024: Congressional elections decided by 10 percentage points or fewer">Congressional elections decided by 10 percentage points or fewer</a></li> <li><a href="/Election_results,_2024:_State_legislative_veto-proof_majorities" title="Election results, 2024: State legislative veto-proof majorities">State legislative veto-proof majorities</a></li> <li><a href="/Incumbents_defeated_in_state_legislative_elections,_2024" title="Incumbents defeated in state legislative elections, 2024">Incumbents defeated in state legislative elections</a></li> <li><a href="/Margin_of_victory_analysis_for_the_2024_state_legislative_elections" title="Margin of victory analysis for the 2024 state legislative elections">State legislative margin of victory analysis</a></li> <li><a href="/Election_results,_2024:_State_legislative_seats_that_changed_party_control" title="Election results, 2024: State legislative seats that changed party control">State legislative seats that changed party control</a></li> <li><a href="/Election_results,_2024:_State_legislative_races_decided_by_fewer_than_100_votes" title="Election results, 2024: State legislative races decided by fewer than 100 votes">State legislative races decided by fewer than 100 votes</a></li> <li><a href="/2024_ballot_measures#Trends_in_2024" title="2024 ballot measures">Ballot measure trends in 2024</a></li> <li><a href="/Election_results,_2024:_Analysis_of_voter_turnout_in_the_2024_general_election" title="Election results, 2024: Analysis of voter turnout in the 2024 general election">Analysis of voter turnout in the 2024 general election</a></li> <li><a href="/Election_results,_2024:_Wave_elections" title="Election results, 2024: Wave elections">Wave elections in 2024</a></li></ul></li> <li><span class="self"><a href="/Elections" title="Elections">2024 Elections</a></span> <ul><li><a href="/Presidential_election,_2024" title="Presidential election, 2024">2024 Presidential election</a></li> <li><a href="/Presidential_candidates,_2024" title="Presidential candidates, 2024">2024 Presidential candidates</a></li> <li><a href="/United_States_Congress_elections,_2024" title="United States Congress elections, 2024">2024 Congressional elections</a></li> <li><a href="/Special_elections_to_the_118th_United_States_Congress_(2023-2024)" title="Special elections to the 118th United States Congress (2023-2024)">Special Congressional elections (2023-2024)</a></li> <li><a href="/State_executive_official_elections,_2024" title="State executive official elections, 2024">2024 State executive elections</a></li> <li><a href="/State_legislative_elections,_2024" title="State legislative elections, 2024">2024 State legislative elections</a></li> <li><a href="/State_judicial_elections,_2024" title="State judicial elections, 2024">2024 State judge elections</a></li> <li><a href="/United_States_municipal_elections,_2024" title="United States municipal elections, 2024">2024 Local elections</a></li> <li><a href="/2024_ballot_measures" title="2024 ballot measures">2024 Ballot measures</a></li> <li><a href="/Ballotpedia%27s_Top_15_Elections_to_Watch,_2024" title="Ballotpedia's Top 15 Elections to Watch, 2024">Ballotpedia's top 15 elections to watch in 2024</a></li> <li><a href="/Ballotpedia%27s_Top_15_Ballot_Measures_and_Trends_to_Watch,_2024" title="Ballotpedia's Top 15 Ballot Measures and Trends to Watch, 2024">Ballotpedia's top 15 ballot measures to watch in 2024</a></li></ul></li> <li><span class="self"><a href="/Main_page" class="mw-redirect" title="Main page">2025 Elections</a></span> <ul><li><a href="/Elections_calendar" title="Elections calendar">Upcoming elections</a></li> <li><a href="/Statewide_primary_elections_calendar" title="Statewide primary elections calendar">2025 Statewide primary dates</a></li> <li><a href="/State_executive_official_elections,_2025" title="State executive official elections, 2025">2025 State executive elections</a></li> <li><a href="/State_legislative_elections,_2025" title="State legislative elections, 2025">2025 State legislative elections</a></li> <li><a href="/United_States_municipal_elections,_2025" title="United States municipal elections, 2025">2025 Local elections</a></li> <li><a href="/School_board_elections,_2025" title="School board elections, 2025">2025 School board elections</a></li> <li><a href="/2025_ballot_measures" title="2025 ballot measures">2025 Ballot measures</a></li></ul></li> <li><span class="self"><a href="/Donald_Trump_presidential_transition,_2024-2025" title="Donald Trump presidential transition, 2024-2025">Donald Trump presidential transition, 2024-2025</a></span> <ul><li><a href="/Donald_Trump%27s_Cabinet,_2025" title="Donald Trump's Cabinet, 2025">Donald Trump's cabinet nominees</a></li> <li><a href="/Confirmation_process_for_Donald_Trump%27s_Cabinet_nominees,_2025" title="Confirmation process for Donald Trump's Cabinet nominees, 2025">How cabinet nominees are confirmed</a></li></ul></li> <li><span class="self"><a href="/Joe_Biden_presidential_administration" title="Joe Biden presidential administration">The Biden administration</a></span> <ul><li><a href="/Joe_Biden%27s_Cabinet" title="Joe Biden's Cabinet">Cabinet officials</a></li> <li><a href="/Joe_Biden%27s_executive_orders_and_actions" title="Joe Biden's executive orders and actions">Executive orders and actions</a></li> <li><a href="/Joe_Biden_presidential_administration#Key_legislation" title="Joe Biden presidential administration">Key legislation</a></li> <li><a href="/Federal_judges_nominated_by_Joe_Biden" title="Federal judges nominated by Joe Biden">Judicial nominations</a></li> <li><a href="/Joe_Biden_presidential_transition#White_House_senior_staff" title="Joe Biden presidential transition">White House senior staff</a></li> <li><a href="/Joe_Biden:_Vetoed_legislation" title="Joe Biden: Vetoed legislation">Vetoes</a></li></ul></li> <li><span class="self"><a href="/Federal_Politics" title="Federal Politics">Government</a></span> <ul><li><a href="/Executive_Branch" title="Executive Branch">U.S. President</a></li> <li><a href="/Legislative_Branch" title="Legislative Branch">U.S. Congress</a></li> <li><a href="/Ballot_Measures_overview" title="Ballot Measures overview">Ballot measures</a></li> <li><a href="/Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States" title="Supreme Court of the United States">U.S. Supreme Court</a></li> <li><a href="/United_States_federal_courts" title="United States federal courts">Federal courts</a></li> <li><a href="/States#State_governments" title="States">State government</a></li> <li><a href="/Municipal_Government" title="Municipal Government">Municipal government</a></li> <li><a href="/School_Boards_and_School_Board_Elections" title="School Boards and School Board Elections">School boards</a></li> <li><a href="/Recall_overview" title="Recall overview">Recalls</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/Public_Policy" title="Public Policy">Public Policy</a> <ul><li><a href="/Administrative_State_Index" title="Administrative State Index">Administrative state</a></li> <li><a href="/Index_of_articles_about_criminal_justice_policy" title="Index of articles about criminal justice policy">Criminal justice policy</a></li> <li><a href="/Index_of_articles_about_education_policy" title="Index of articles about education policy">Education policy</a></li> <li><a href="/Index_of_articles_about_environmental,_social,_and_corporate_governance_(ESG)" title="Index of articles about environmental, social, and corporate governance (ESG)">Environmental, social, and corporate governance (ESG)</a></li> <li><a href="/Index_of_articles_about_federalism" title="Index of articles about federalism">Federalism</a></li> <li><a href="/Index_of_articles_about_unemployment_insurance" title="Index of articles about unemployment insurance">Unemployment insurance</a></li> <li><a href="/Index_of_articles_about_work_requirements" title="Index of articles about work requirements">Work requirements</a></li> <li><a href="/Public_Policy" title="Public Policy">Policy in the states</a></li></ul></li> <li><span class="self"><a href="/Ballotpedia:About" title="Ballotpedia:About">More...</a></span> <ul><li><a target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener" class="external text" href="https://ballotpedia.org/wiki/index.php?title=Sample_ballot&Source=sidebar">Ballotpedia's Sample Ballot</a></li> <li><a href="/Ballotpedia%E2%80%99s_Voter_Toolkit" class="mw-redirect" title="Ballotpedia’s Voter Toolkit">Ballotpedia's 2024 Voter Toolkit</a></li> <li><a href="/Survey" title="Survey">Ballotpedia's Candidate Survey</a></li> <li><a href="/Status_of_redistricting_after_the_2020_census" title="Status of redistricting after the 2020 census">Redistricting</a></li> <li><a href="/State_government_trifectas" title="State government trifectas">Trifectas</a></li> <li><a href="/Election_Policy" title="Election Policy">Election policy</a></li> <li><a href="/Ballot_Access" title="Ballot Access">Running for office</a></li> <li><a target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener" class="external text" href="https://legislation.ballotpedia.org/elections/home">Election legislation tracking</a></li> <li><a href="/On_the_Ballot" title="On the Ballot">Ballotpedia's weekly podcast</a></li></ul></li> <li><span class="self"><a href="/Ballotpedia:About" title="Ballotpedia:About">About us</a></span> <ul><li><a href="/Ballotpedia:About" title="Ballotpedia:About">About Ballotpedia</a></li> <li><a href="/Support" title="Support">Donate</a></li> <li><a href="/Ballotpedia%27s_editorial_independence_policy" title="Ballotpedia's editorial independence policy">Editorial independence</a></li> <li><a href="/Ballotpedia:Index_of_Contents" title="Ballotpedia:Index of Contents">Index</a></li> <li><a href="/Ballotpedia:Job_opportunities" title="Ballotpedia:Job opportunities">Job opportunities</a></li> <li><a href="/News_and_events" title="News and events">News and events</a></li> <li><a href="/Ballotpedia:Staff" title="Ballotpedia:Staff">Staff</a></li> <li><a href="/Support:Volunteer" title="Support:Volunteer">Volunteer</a></li></ul></li</ul> </div>   <div class="sidebar-wrapper sidebar-right-wrapper" id="sidebar-right"> <div align="center" data-freestar-ad="__160x600" id="ballotpedia-org_siderail_right"> <script data-cfasync="false" type="text/javascript"> freestar.config.enabled_slots.push({ placementName: "ballotpedia-org_siderail_right", slotId: "ballotpedia-org_siderail_right" }); </script> </div> </div>   <div id="footer" role="contentinfo" class="footer container footer-sticky" > <ul id="footer-places"><li id="footer-places-privacy"><a href="/Ballotpedia:Privacy_policy">Privacy policy</a></li><li id="footer-places-about"><a href="/Ballotpedia:About">About Ballotpedia</a></li><li id="footer-places-disclaimer"><a href="/Ballotpedia:General_disclaimer">Disclaimers</a></li></ul><ul id="footer-custom"><li class="dropup"><a href="/wiki/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Top-two+primary" title="You are encouraged to log in; however, it is not mandatory [o]" accesskey="o">Login</a></li></ul><div style="clear:both"></div> </div>   <script>!function(f,b,e,v,n,t,s){if(f.fbq)return;n=f.fbq=function(){n.callMethod ? n.callMethod.apply(n,arguments) : n.queue.push(arguments)}; if(!f._fbq)f._fbq=n;n.push=n;n.loaded=!0;n.version="2.0"; n.queue=[];t=b.createElement(e);t.async=!0; t.src=v;s=b.getElementsByTagName(e)[0]; s.parentNode.insertBefore(t,s)}(window,document,"script","https://connect.facebook.net/en_US/fbevents.js" ); fbq("init", "360312574466105"); fbq("track", "PageView"); </script> <noscript><img height="1" width="1" src="https://www.facebook.com/tr?id=360312574466105&ev=PageView&noscript=1"/></noscript>   <script> !function(e,t,n,s,u,a){e.twq||(s=e.twq=function(){s.exe?s.exe.apply(s,arguments):s.queue.push(arguments); },s.version='1.1',s.queue=[],u=t.createElement(n),u.async=!0,u.src='//static.ads-twitter.com/uwt.js', a=t.getElementsByTagName(n)[0],a.parentNode.insertBefore(u,a))}(window,document,'script'); // Insert Twitter Pixel ID and Standard Event data below twq('init','o2jx2'); twq('track','PageView'); </script>  <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"0.337","walltime":"0.511","ppvisitednodes":{"value":1822,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":143967,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":124922,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":11,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":0,"limit":100},"unstrip-depth":{"value":1,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":56193,"limit":5000000},"timingprofile":["100.00% 232.896 1 -total"," 29.54% 68.788 1 Template:Election_leg_promo_L2s"," 19.39% 45.166 1 Template:New_election_policy_HNT"," 17.55% 40.867 1 Template:Ballot_Bulletin_L2"," 15.60% 36.330 1 Template:TopTwoSBMs"," 14.22% 33.113 2 Template:Navbox"," 9.40% 21.890 7 Template:Quote"," 8.28% 19.279 1 Template:StateofElectionAdministrationL3"," 8.22% 19.154 1 Template:Primary_systems_nav"," 7.08% 16.499 1 Template:Reflist"]},"cachereport":{"timestamp":"20250301235536","ttl":0,"transientcontent":true}}});});</script>     <script> (function(i,s,o,g,r,a,m){i['GoogleAnalyticsObject']=r;i[r]=i[r]||function(){ (i[r].q=i[r].q||[]).push(arguments)},i[r].l=1*new Date();a=s.createElement(o), m=s.getElementsByTagName(o)[0];a.async=1;a.src=g;m.parentNode.insertBefore(a,m) })(window,document,'script','//www.google-analytics.com/analytics.js','ga'); ga('create', 'UA-7416006-3', 'auto'); ga('send', 'pageview'); </script> <script src="https://ssl.google-analytics.com/ga.js"></script>   <script async src="https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtag/js?id=G-GC6ZZT3P70"></script> <script> window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; function gtag(){dataLayer.push(arguments);} gtag('js', new Date()); gtag('config', 'G-GC6ZZT3P70'); </script>  <script type="text/javascript"> var _qevents = _qevents || []; (function() { var elem = document.createElement('script'); elem.src = (document.location.protocol == "https:" ? "https://secure" : "http://edge") + ".quantserve.com/quant.js"; elem.async = true; elem.type = "text/javascript"; var scpt = document.getElementsByTagName('script')[0]; scpt.parentNode.insertBefore(elem, scpt); })(); _qevents.push({ qacct:"p-Lx8vcgWv5twR2" }); </script> <noscript> <div style="display:none;"> <img src="//pixel.quantserve.com/pixel/p-Lx8vcgWv5twR2.gif" border="0" height="1" width="1" alt="Quantcast"/> </div> </noscript>   <script type="text/javascript"> _atrk_opts = { atrk_acct:"3N+Vi1a4ZP00iC", domain:"ballotpedia.org",dynamic: true}; (function() { var as = document.createElement('script'); as.type = 'text/javascript'; as.async = true; as.src = "https://d31qbv1cthcecs.cloudfront.net/atrk.js"; var s = document.getElementsByTagName('script')[0];s.parentNode.insertBefore(as, s); })(); </script> <noscript><img src="https://d5nxst8fruw4z.cloudfront.net/atrk.gif?account=3N+Vi1a4ZP00iC" style="display:none" height="1" width="1" alt="" /></noscript>  <script type="text/javascript"> piAId = '482201'; piCId = '4426'; piHostname = 'pi.pardot.com'; (function() { function async_load(){ if ( window.location.href != "https://ballotpedia.org/Main_Page" && window.location.href != "https://ballotpedia.org/Election_results,_2018" ) { var s = document.createElement('script'); s.type = 'text/javascript'; s.src = ('https:' == document.location.protocol ? 'https://pi' : 'http://cdn') + '.pardot.com/pd.js'; var c = document.getElementsByTagName('script')[0]; c.parentNode.insertBefore(s, c); } } if(window.attachEvent) { window.attachEvent('onload', async_load); } else { window.addEventListener('load', async_load, false); } })(); </script>  <div align="center" data-freestar-ad="__240x400 __970x280" id="ballotpedia-org_dynamic_incontent_IAI"> <script data-cfasync="false" type="text/javascript"> freestar.config.enabled_slots.push({ placementName: "ballotpedia-org_dynamic_incontent_IAI", slotId: "ballotpedia-org_dynamic_incontent_IAI" }); </script> </div> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgBackendResponseTime":792});});</script> </body> </html>