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class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Character-oriented_terminals" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Character-oriented_terminals"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Character-oriented terminals</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Character-oriented_terminals-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Emulators" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Emulators"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Emulators</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Emulators-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Examples_of_terminals_emulated" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Examples_of_terminals_emulated"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Examples of terminals emulated</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Examples_of_terminals_emulated-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Implementation_details" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Implementation_details"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Implementation details</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Implementation_details-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Implementation details subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Implementation_details-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Unix-like_systems" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Unix-like_systems"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Unix-like systems</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Unix-like_systems-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-CLI_tools" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#CLI_tools"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1.1</span> <span>CLI tools</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-CLI_tools-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Local_echo" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Local_echo"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Local echo</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Local_echo-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Line-at-a-time_mode/Local_editing" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Line-at-a-time_mode/Local_editing"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Line-at-a-time mode/Local editing</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Line-at-a-time_mode/Local_editing-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Synchronous_terminals" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Synchronous_terminals"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4</span> <span>Synchronous terminals</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Synchronous_terminals-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Virtual_consoles" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Virtual_consoles"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.5</span> <span>Virtual consoles</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Virtual_consoles-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul 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href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%9F%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B2_%E0%A6%87%E0%A6%AE%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%B2%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%9F%E0%A6%B0" title="টার্মিনাল ইমুলেটর – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="টার্মিনাল ইমুলেটর" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD_%D0%B5%D0%BC%D1%83%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80" title="Терминален емулатор – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Терминален емулатор" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emulador_de_terminal" title="Emulador de terminal – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Emulador de terminal" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emul%C3%A1tor_termin%C3%A1lu" title="Emulátor terminálu – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Emulátor terminálu" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terminalemulation" title="Terminalemulation – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Terminalemulation" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emulador_de_terminal" title="Emulador de terminal – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Emulador de terminal" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89mulateur_de_terminal" title="Émulateur de terminal – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Émulateur de terminal" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%8B%A8%EB%A7%90_%EC%97%90%EB%AE%AC%EB%A0%88%EC%9D%B4%ED%84%B0" title="단말 에뮬레이터 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="단말 에뮬레이터" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terminale_virtuale" title="Terminale virtuale – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Terminale virtuale" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9E%D7%93%D7%9E%D7%94_%D7%9E%D7%A1%D7%95%D7%A3" title="מדמה מסוף – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="מדמה מסוף" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terminalemulator" title="Terminalemulator – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Terminalemulator" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%AB%AF%E6%9C%AB%E3%82%A8%E3%83%9F%E3%83%A5%E3%83%AC%E3%83%BC%E3%82%BF" title="端末エミュレータ – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="端末エミュレータ" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terminalemulator" title="Terminalemulator – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Terminalemulator" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terminalemulator" title="Terminalemulator – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Terminalemulator" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D0%BC%D1%83%D0%BB%D1%8F%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80_%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0" title="Эмулятор терминала – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Эмулятор терминала" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C3%A4%C3%A4te-emulaattori" title="Pääte-emulaattori – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Pääte-emulaattori" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terminalemulator" title="Terminalemulator – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Terminalemulator" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A1%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%99%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%9A%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%A5" title="โปรแกรมเลียนแบบเทอร์มินัล – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="โปรแกรมเลียนแบบเทอร์มินัล" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terminal_em%C3%BClat%C3%B6r%C3%BC" title="Terminal emülatörü – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Terminal emülatörü" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D0%BC%D1%83%D0%BB%D1%8F%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80_%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BC%D1%96%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0" title="Емулятор термінала – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Емулятор термінала" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%93%AC%E7%B5%82%E7%AB%AF" title="擬終端 – Literary Chinese" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" data-title="擬終端" data-language-autonym="文言" data-language-local-name="Literary Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>文言</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%99%9A%E6%8B%9F%E7%BB%88%E7%AB%AF" title="虚拟终端 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="虚拟终端" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q1071233#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Terminal_emulator" title="View the 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<div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Program that emulates a video terminal</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-More_citations_needed plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Terminal_emulator" title="Special:EditPage/Terminal emulator">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.<br /><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Terminal+emulator%22">"Terminal emulator"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Terminal+emulator%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Terminal+emulator%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Terminal+emulator%22+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Terminal+emulator%22">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Terminal+emulator%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">October 2009</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Xterm.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Xterm.png/300px-Xterm.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="169" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Xterm.png/450px-Xterm.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Xterm.png/600px-Xterm.png 2x" data-file-width="796" data-file-height="448" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Xterm" title="Xterm">xterm</a>, a terminal emulator designed for the <a href="/wiki/X_Window_System" title="X Window System">X Window System</a></figcaption></figure> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Windows_Terminal_v1.0_1138x624.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Windows_Terminal_v1.0_1138x624.png/300px-Windows_Terminal_v1.0_1138x624.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="164" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Windows_Terminal_v1.0_1138x624.png/450px-Windows_Terminal_v1.0_1138x624.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Windows_Terminal_v1.0_1138x624.png/600px-Windows_Terminal_v1.0_1138x624.png 2x" data-file-width="1138" data-file-height="624" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Windows_Terminal" title="Windows Terminal">Windows Terminal</a>, an open-source terminal emulator for <a href="/wiki/Windows_10" title="Windows 10">Windows 10</a> and <a href="/wiki/Windows_11" title="Windows 11">Windows 11</a></figcaption></figure> <p>A <b>terminal emulator</b>, or <b>terminal application</b>, is a <a href="/wiki/Application_software" title="Application software">computer program</a> that <a href="/wiki/Emulator" title="Emulator">emulates</a> a video <a href="/wiki/Computer_terminal#Dumb_terminals" title="Computer terminal">terminal</a> within some other display architecture. Though typically synonymous with a <a href="/wiki/Command-line_interface" title="Command-line interface">shell</a> or <a href="/wiki/Text_terminal" class="mw-redirect" title="Text terminal">text terminal</a>, the term <i>terminal</i> covers all remote terminals, including graphical interfaces. A terminal emulator inside a <a href="/wiki/Graphical_user_interface" title="Graphical user interface">graphical user interface</a> is often called a <b>terminal window</b>. </p><p>A terminal window allows the user access to a text terminal and all its applications such as <a href="/wiki/Command-line_interface" title="Command-line interface">command-line interfaces</a> (CLI) and <a href="/wiki/Text_user_interface" class="mw-redirect" title="Text user interface">text user interface</a> (TUI) applications. These may be running either on the same machine or on a different one via <a href="/wiki/Telnet" title="Telnet">telnet</a>, <a href="/wiki/Secure_Shell" title="Secure Shell">ssh</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dial-up" class="mw-redirect" title="Dial-up">dial-up</a>, or over a direct <a href="/wiki/Serial_port" title="Serial port">serial connection</a>. On <a href="/wiki/Unix-like" title="Unix-like">Unix-like</a> operating systems, it is common to have one or more terminal windows connected to the local machine. </p><p>Terminals usually support a set of <a href="/wiki/Escape_sequences" class="mw-redirect" title="Escape sequences">escape sequences</a> for controlling color, <a href="/wiki/Cursor_(computers)" class="mw-redirect" title="Cursor (computers)">cursor</a> position, etc. Examples include the family of terminal control sequence standards that includes <a href="/wiki/ECMA-48" class="mw-redirect" title="ECMA-48">ECMA-48</a>, <a href="/wiki/ANSI_X3.64" class="mw-redirect" title="ANSI X3.64">ANSI X3.64</a>, and <a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_6429" class="mw-redirect" title="ISO/IEC 6429">ISO/IEC 6429</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Background">Background</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Terminal_emulator&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Background"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the early days of computing, with the advent of interactive computing, the prevailing model involved a central computer connected to multiple terminals.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This configuration, known as the centralized or mainframe model, featured a powerful central computer that performed all the processing tasks, while <a href="/wiki/Computer_terminals" class="mw-redirect" title="Computer terminals">terminals</a> served as input/output devices for users to interact with the system. These systems were initially character based. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Character-oriented_terminals">Character-oriented terminals</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Terminal_emulator&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Character-oriented terminals"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="excerpt-block"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1066933788">.mw-parser-output .excerpt-hat .mw-editsection-like{font-style:normal}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable dablink excerpt-hat selfref">This section is an excerpt from <a href="/wiki/Computer_terminal#Character-oriented_terminals" title="Computer terminal">Computer terminal § Character-oriented terminals</a>.<span class="mw-editsection-like plainlinks"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Computer_terminal&action=edit">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div><div class="excerpt"> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Televideo925Terminal.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Televideo925Terminal.jpg/220px-Televideo925Terminal.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="182" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Televideo925Terminal.jpg/330px-Televideo925Terminal.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Televideo925Terminal.jpg/440px-Televideo925Terminal.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1145" data-file-height="949" /></a><figcaption>A Televideo <a href="/wiki/ASCII" title="ASCII">ASCII</a> character mode terminal</figcaption></figure> <p>A character-oriented terminal is a type of computer terminal that communicates with its host one character at a time, as opposed to a <a href="#Block-oriented_terminal">block-oriented terminal</a> that communicates in blocks of data. It is the most common type of data terminal, because it is easy to implement and program. Connection to the mainframe computer or <a href="/wiki/Terminal_server" title="Terminal server">terminal server</a> is achieved via RS-232 serial links, <a href="/wiki/Ethernet" title="Ethernet">Ethernet</a> or other <a href="/wiki/Proprietary_protocol" title="Proprietary protocol">proprietary protocols</a>. </p> Character-oriented terminals can be "dumb" or "smart". Dumb terminals<sup id="cite_ref-Computer_terminal_DicDumb_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Computer_terminal_DicDumb-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> are those that can interpret a limited number of control codes (CR, LF, etc.) but do not have the ability to process special escape sequences that perform functions such as clearing a line, clearing the screen, or controlling cursor position. In this context dumb terminals are sometimes dubbed <i>glass Teletypes</i>, for they essentially have the same limited functionality as does a mechanical Teletype. This type of dumb terminal is still supported on modern Unix-like systems by setting the <a href="/wiki/Environment_variable" title="Environment variable">environment variable</a> <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-text mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">TERM</code> to <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-text mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">dumb</code>. Smart or intelligent terminals are those that also have the ability to process escape sequences, in particular the VT52, VT100 or ANSI escape sequences.</div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Emulators">Emulators</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Terminal_emulator&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Emulators"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>When personal computers became ubiquitous in the 1980s, they offered the option of running software on the user's personal computer, providing an opportunity to replace the expensive and space consuming hardware terminals with something that had additional functions.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Immediately software became available, that could emulate the functions of the hardware terminals on a PC. Examples of such software for <a href="/wiki/DOS" title="DOS">DOS</a> were <a href="/wiki/Telix" title="Telix">Telix</a> or Telemate, which was published in 1988 and could emulate a DEC VT102 terminal.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Workstation" title="Workstation">Workstations</a>, usually running versions of <a href="/wiki/Unix" title="Unix">Unix</a>, also became common in the 1980s. Unix systems usually provided access to the <a href="/wiki/Command_line" class="mw-redirect" title="Command line">command line</a> with locally-attached or dial-up terminals. Unix workstations were designed to be used primarily through a <a href="/wiki/Graphical_user_interface" title="Graphical user interface">graphical user interface</a> (GUI); to provide access to the command line, the GUI included terminal emulator applications that behaved like locally-attached terminals. </p><p>During the 1990s, new operating systems like <a href="/wiki/Windows" class="mw-redirect" title="Windows">Windows</a> and <a href="/wiki/OS/2" title="OS/2">OS/2</a> arrived, providing the technical background for more terminal emulators like <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://winworldpc.com/product/telix/100-for-windows">Telix for Windows</a>, <a href="/wiki/ZOC_(software)" title="ZOC (software)">ZOC for OS/2</a>, or <a href="/wiki/PuTTY" title="PuTTY">PuTTY</a>, which was initially released for Windows in 1998 and which (together with its derivates) is still one a very popular choice to this day.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Through the <a href="/wiki/History_of_Linux" title="History of Linux">success of Linux</a>, especially running on data centers and cloud servers,<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the necessity of accessing remote computers through character based terminals remains. This is evident in the fact, that today lists of terminal emulators that could serve as alternative to the aforementioned <a href="/wiki/PuTTY" title="PuTTY">PuTTY</a> offers over 100 alternatives.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Accuracy_dispute#Disputed_statement" title="Wikipedia:Accuracy dispute"><span title="The material near this tag is possibly inaccurate or nonfactual. (February 2024)">dubious</span></a> – <a href="/wiki/Talk:Terminal_emulator#poor_source_usage_for_putty" title="Talk:Terminal emulator">discuss</a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Examples_of_terminals_emulated">Examples of terminals emulated</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Terminal_emulator&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Examples of terminals emulated"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Many terminal emulators have been developed for physical hardware terminals such as <a href="/wiki/VT52" title="VT52">VT52</a>, <a href="/wiki/VT100" title="VT100">VT100</a>, <a href="/wiki/VT220" title="VT220">VT220</a>, <a href="/wiki/VT320" title="VT320">VT320</a>, <a href="/wiki/IBM_3270" title="IBM 3270">IBM 3270/8/9/E</a>, <a href="/wiki/IBM_5250" title="IBM 5250">IBM 5250</a>, <a href="/wiki/IBM_3179G" class="mw-redirect" title="IBM 3179G">IBM 3179G</a>, <a href="/wiki/Data_General" title="Data General">Data General</a> D211, <a href="/wiki/Hewlett-Packard" title="Hewlett-Packard">Hewlett-Packard</a> HP700/92, Sperry/Unisys 2000-series <a href="/wiki/Uniscope" title="Uniscope">UTS60</a>, Burroughs/Unisys A-series T27/TD830/ET1100, <a href="/wiki/Applied_Digital_Data_Systems" title="Applied Digital Data Systems">ADDS</a> ViewPoint, AT386, <a href="/wiki/Siemens_Nixdorf" title="Siemens Nixdorf">Siemens Nixdorf</a> (SNI) 97801, <a href="/wiki/Televideo" class="mw-redirect" title="Televideo">Televideo</a> 925, and <a href="/wiki/Wyse" title="Wyse">Wyse</a> 50/60. </p><p>Some terminal emulators, such as <a href="/wiki/Xterm" title="Xterm">xterm</a>, implement additional features not present in the emulated terminal.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Additionally, programs have been developed to emulate assorted <a href="/wiki/System_console" class="mw-redirect" title="System console">system console</a> "terminals" such as the <a href="/wiki/Sun_workstation" class="mw-redirect" title="Sun workstation">Sun workstation</a> console and the <a href="/wiki/Linux_console" title="Linux console">Linux console</a>. </p><p>Finally, some emulators simply refer to a set of standards, such as the standards for <a href="/wiki/ANSI_escape_code" title="ANSI escape code">ANSI escape codes</a>. </p><p>Such programs are available on many platforms, including <a href="/wiki/DOS" title="DOS">DOS</a>, <a href="/wiki/Unix-like" title="Unix-like">Unix-like</a> systems including <a href="/wiki/Linux" title="Linux">Linux</a> and <a href="/wiki/MacOS" title="MacOS">macOS</a>, <a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Windows" title="Microsoft Windows">Windows</a>, and embedded operating systems found in cellphones and industrial hardware. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Implementation_details">Implementation details</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Terminal_emulator&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Implementation details"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Unix-like_systems">Unix-like systems</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Terminal_emulator&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Unix-like systems"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the past, <a href="/wiki/Unix" title="Unix">Unix</a> and <a href="/wiki/Unix-like" title="Unix-like">Unix-like</a> systems used serial port devices such as <a href="/wiki/RS-232" title="RS-232">RS-232</a> ports, and provided <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-text mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">/dev/*</code> <a href="/wiki/Device_file" title="Device file">device files</a> for them.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>With terminal emulators these device files are themselves emulated by a pair of <a href="/wiki/Pseudoterminal" title="Pseudoterminal">pseudoterminal</a> devices. These in turn emulate a physical port/connection to the host computing endpoint – hardware provided by operating system APIs, or software such as <a href="/wiki/Rlogin" class="mw-redirect" title="Rlogin">rlogin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Telnet" title="Telnet">telnet</a> or <a href="/wiki/Secure_Shell" title="Secure Shell">SSH</a>, among others.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In Linux systems, example, these would be <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-text mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">/dev/ptyp0</code> (for the master side) and <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-text mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">/dev/ttyp0</code> (for the slave side) pseudoterminal devices respectively. </p><p>There are also special <a href="/wiki/Virtual_console" title="Virtual console">virtual console</a> files like <code>/dev/console</code>. In text mode, writing to the file displays text on the virtual console and reading from the file returns text the user writes to the virtual console. As with other <a href="/wiki/Text_terminal" class="mw-redirect" title="Text terminal">text terminals</a>, there are also special <a href="/wiki/Escape_sequence" title="Escape sequence">escape sequences</a>, <a href="/wiki/Control_character" title="Control character">control characters</a> and <a href="/wiki/System_call" title="System call">functions</a> that a program can use, most easily via a library such as <i><a href="/wiki/Ncurses" title="Ncurses">ncurses</a></i>. For more complex operations, the programs can use console and terminal special <i><a href="/wiki/Ioctl" title="Ioctl">ioctl</a></i> system calls. One can compare devices using the patterns vcs ("virtual console screen") and vcsa ("virtual console screen with attributes") such as <code>/dev/vcs1</code> and <code>/dev/vcsa1</code>.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Some terminal emulators also include escape sequences for configuring the behavior of the terminal to facilitate good interoperation between the terminal and programs running inside of it, for example to configure <a href="/wiki/Paste_bracketing" class="mw-redirect" title="Paste bracketing">paste bracketing</a>. </p><p>The virtual consoles can be configured in the file <code>/etc/inittab</code> read by <i><a href="/wiki/Init" title="Init">init</a></i>—typically it starts the text mode <a href="/wiki/Logging_(computer_security)" class="mw-redirect" title="Logging (computer security)">login</a> process <i><a href="/wiki/Getty_(Unix)" class="mw-redirect" title="Getty (Unix)">getty</a></i> for several virtual consoles. <a href="/wiki/X_Window_System" title="X Window System">X Window System</a> can be configured in <code>/etc/inittab</code> or by an <a href="/wiki/X_display_manager_(program_type)" class="mw-redirect" title="X display manager (program type)">X display manager</a>. A number of <a href="/wiki/Linux" title="Linux">Linux</a> distributions use <a href="/wiki/Systemd" title="Systemd">systemd</a> instead of <a href="/wiki/Init" title="Init">init</a>, which also allows virtual console configuration. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="CLI_tools">CLI tools</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Terminal_emulator&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: CLI tools"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Typical Linux system programs used to access the virtual consoles include: </p> <ul><li><code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-text mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">chvt</code> to switch the current virtual console</li> <li><code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-text mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">openvt</code> to run a program on a new virtual console</li> <li><code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-text mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">deallocvt</code> to close a currently unused virtual console</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Local_echo">Local echo</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Terminal_emulator&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Local echo"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Echo_(computing)#Terminal_emulators" title="Echo (computing)">echo (computing) § Terminal emulators</a></div> <p>Terminal emulators may implement a <a href="/wiki/Echo_(computing)" title="Echo (computing)">local echo</a> function, which may <a href="/wiki/Echo_(computing)#Terminological_confusion:_echo_is_not_duplex" title="Echo (computing)">erroneously</a> be named "<a href="/wiki/Duplex_(telecommunications)#Half_duplex" title="Duplex (telecommunications)">half-duplex</a>", or still slightly incorrectly "echoplex" (which is formally an <a href="/wiki/Error_detection" class="mw-redirect" title="Error detection">error detection</a> mechanism rather than an input display option).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDaintith2004171_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDaintith2004171-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWeik2000"echo"_p._478_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWeik2000"echo"_p._478-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWeik2000"echoplex"_p._479_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWeik2000"echoplex"_p._479-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWeik2000"echoplex_mode"_p._479_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWeik2000"echoplex_mode"_p._479-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Line-at-a-time_mode/Local_editing"><span id="Line-at-a-time_mode.2FLocal_editing"></span>Line-at-a-time mode/Local editing</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Terminal_emulator&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Line-at-a-time mode/Local editing"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Computer_terminal#Modes" title="Computer terminal">Computer terminal § Modes</a></div> <p>Terminal emulators may implement local editing, also known as "line-at-a-time mode". This is also mistakenly referred to as "<a href="/wiki/Half-duplex" class="mw-redirect" title="Half-duplex">half-duplex</a>".<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2017)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> In this mode, the terminal emulator only sends complete lines of input to the host system. The user enters and edits a line, but it is held locally within the terminal emulator as it is being edited. It is not transmitted until the user signals its completion, usually with the <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1249182868">.mw-parser-output .keyboard-key{border:1px solid #aaa;border-radius:0.2em;box-shadow:0.1em 0.1em 0.2em rgba(0,0,0,0.1);background-color:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);background-image:linear-gradient(to bottom,var(--background-color-neutral,#eaecf0),var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa),var(--background-color-neutral,#eaecf0));color:var(--color-base,#202122);padding:0.1em 0.3em;font-family:inherit;font-size:0.85em}</style><kbd class="keyboard-key nowrap">↵ Enter</kbd> key on the keyboard or a "send" button of some sort in the user interface. At that point, the entire line is transmitted. Line-at-a-time mode implies local echo, since otherwise the user will not be able to see the line as it is being edited and constructed.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDaintith2004171_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDaintith2004171-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBangia2010324_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBangia2010324-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, line-at-a-time mode is independent of echo mode and does not <i>require</i> local echo. When entering a password, for example, line-at-a-time entry with local editing is possible, but local echo is turned off (otherwise the password would be displayed).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStevensWright1994413_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStevensWright1994413-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The complexities of line-at-a-time mode are exemplified by the line-at-a-time mode option in the telnet protocol. To implement it correctly, the <i>Network Virtual Terminal</i> implementation provided by the terminal emulator program must be capable of recognizing and properly dealing with "interrupt" and "abort" events that arrive in the middle of locally editing a line.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMiller2009590,_591_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMiller2009590,_591-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Synchronous_terminals">Synchronous terminals</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Terminal_emulator&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Synchronous terminals"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444" /><table class="box-Original_research plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Original_research" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/40px-Ambox_important.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/60px-Ambox_important.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/80px-Ambox_important.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="40" data-file-height="40" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>possibly contains <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:No_original_research" title="Wikipedia:No original research">original research</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Terminal_emulator&action=edit">improve it</a> by <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verifying</a> the claims made and adding <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#Inline_citations" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">inline citations</a>. Statements consisting only of original research should be removed.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">January 2011</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>In asynchronous terminals data can flow in any direction at any time. In <b>synchronous terminals</b> a protocol controls who may send data when. <a href="/wiki/IBM_3270" title="IBM 3270">IBM 3270</a>-based terminals used with <a href="/wiki/IBM" title="IBM">IBM</a> mainframe computers are an example of <b>synchronous terminals</b>. They operate in an essentially "screen-at-a-time" mode (also known as <a href="/wiki/Block-oriented_terminal" class="mw-redirect" title="Block-oriented terminal">block mode</a>). Users can make numerous changes to a page, before submitting the updated screen to the remote machine as a single action. </p><p>Terminal emulators that simulate the 3270 protocol are available for most operating systems, for use both by those administering systems such as the <a href="/wiki/System_z9" class="mw-redirect" title="System z9">z9</a>, as well as those using the corresponding applications such as <a href="/wiki/CICS" title="CICS">CICS</a>. </p><p>Other examples of synchronous terminals include the <a href="/wiki/IBM_5250" title="IBM 5250">IBM 5250</a>, <a href="/wiki/International_Computers_Limited" title="International Computers Limited">ICL</a> 7561, <a href="/wiki/Honeywell_Bull" class="mw-redirect" title="Honeywell Bull">Honeywell Bull</a> VIP7800 and <a href="/wiki/Hewlett-Packard" title="Hewlett-Packard">Hewlett-Packard</a> 700/92. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Virtual_consoles">Virtual consoles</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Terminal_emulator&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Virtual consoles"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444" /><table class="box-Unreferenced_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Unreferenced" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>does not <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">cite</a> any <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">sources</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Terminal_emulator" title="Special:EditPage/Terminal emulator">improve this section</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Burden_of_evidence" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">removed</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">October 2021</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><a href="/wiki/Virtual_console" title="Virtual console">Virtual consoles</a>, also called virtual terminals, are emulated <a href="/wiki/Computer_terminal" title="Computer terminal">text terminals</a>, using the keyboard and monitor of a personal computer or workstation. The word "text" is key since virtual consoles are not GUI terminals and they do not run inside a graphical interface. Virtual consoles are found on most <a href="/wiki/Unix-like" title="Unix-like">Unix-like</a> systems. They are primarily used to access and interact with servers, without using a graphical desktop environment. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Terminal_emulator&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Binary_Synchronous_Communications" title="Binary Synchronous Communications">Binary Synchronous Communications</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_terminal_emulators" title="List of terminal emulators">List of terminal emulators</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Online_service_provider" title="Online service provider">Online service provider</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serial_interface" class="mw-redirect" title="Serial interface">Serial interface</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terminal_multiplexer" title="Terminal multiplexer">Terminal multiplexer</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Terminal_emulator&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.inf.fu-berlin.de/lehre/SS01/hc/minicomp/">FU Berlin, 3. Minicomputer architecture</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Computer_terminal_DicDumb-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Computer_terminal_DicDumb_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200813062015/http://www.businessdictionary.com/definition/dumb-terminal.html">"What is dumb terminal? definition and meaning"</a>. <i>BusinessDictionary.com</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.businessdictionary.com/definition/dumb-terminal.html">the original</a> on August 13, 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 13,</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=BusinessDictionary.com&rft.atitle=What+is+dumb+terminal%3F+definition+and+meaning&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.businessdictionary.com%2Fdefinition%2Fdumb-terminal.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATerminal+emulator" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.emtec.com/zoc/terminal-emulator.html">"Emulating a Terminal on Personal Computers"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Emulating+a+Terminal+on+Personal+Computers&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.emtec.com%2Fzoc%2Fterminal-emulator.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATerminal+emulator" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thealmightyguru.com/Wiki/index.php?title=Telemate">"Telemate Wiki"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Telemate+Wiki&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thealmightyguru.com%2FWiki%2Findex.php%3Ftitle%3DTelemate&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATerminal+emulator" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.slant.co/topics/1552/~best-terminal-emulators-for-windows">"SSH Clients for Windows"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=SSH+Clients+for+Windows&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.slant.co%2Ftopics%2F1552%2F~best-terminal-emulators-for-windows&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATerminal+emulator" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.debianadmin.com/powering-linux-in-the-data-center.htm">"Powering Linux in the Data-Center"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Powering+Linux+in+the+Data-Center&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.debianadmin.com%2Fpowering-linux-in-the-data-center.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATerminal+emulator" class="Z3988"></span> <sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged February 2024">dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://alternativeto.net/software/putty/">"Alternatives to Putty"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Alternatives+to+Putty&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Falternativeto.net%2Fsoftware%2Fputty%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATerminal+emulator" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFThomas_E._Dickey" class="citation web cs1">Thomas E. Dickey. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://invisible-island.net/xterm/xterm.faq.html#what_vt220">"XTerm - Frequently Asked Questions (FAQ)"</a>. Why a VT220?.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=XTerm+-+Frequently+Asked+Questions+%28FAQ%29&rft.pages=Why+a+VT220%3F&rft.au=Thomas+E.+Dickey&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Finvisible-island.net%2Fxterm%2Fxterm.faq.html%23what_vt220&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATerminal+emulator" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ttwin.com/blog/270-history-terminal-emulation">"A Brief History of Terminal Emulation | Turbosoft"</a>. <i>www.ttwin.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-10-04</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.ttwin.com&rft.atitle=A+Brief+History+of+Terminal+Emulation+%7C+Turbosoft&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ttwin.com%2Fblog%2F270-history-terminal-emulation&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATerminal+emulator" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:0_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://manpages.ubuntu.com/manpages/bionic/man4/tty.4freebsd.html">"Ubuntu Manpage: tty — general terminal interface"</a>. <i>manpages.ubuntu.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-10-04</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=manpages.ubuntu.com&rft.atitle=Ubuntu+Manpage%3A+tty+%E2%80%94+general+terminal+interface&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmanpages.ubuntu.com%2Fmanpages%2Fbionic%2Fman4%2Ftty.4freebsd.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATerminal+emulator" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://tldp.org/HOWTO/Keyboard-and-Console-HOWTO-20.html">"Screen dumps"</a>. <i>The Linux keyboard and console HOWTO</i>. The <a href="/wiki/Linux_Documentation_Project" title="Linux Documentation Project">Linux Documentation Project</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2008-07-31</span></span>. <q>The current contents of the screen of /dev/ttyN can be accessed using the device /dev/vcsN (where `vcs' stands for `virtual console screen'). [...] From a program it is usually better to use /dev/vcsaN (`virtual console screen with attributes') instead - it starts with a header giving the number of rows and columns and the location of the cursor. See vcs(4).</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Linux+keyboard+and+console+HOWTO&rft.atitle=Screen+dumps&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftldp.org%2FHOWTO%2FKeyboard-and-Console-HOWTO-20.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATerminal+emulator" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDaintith2004171-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDaintith2004171_12-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDaintith2004171_12-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDaintith2004">Daintith 2004</a>, p. 171.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWeik2000"echo"_p._478-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWeik2000"echo"_p._478_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWeik2000">Weik 2000</a>, "echo" p. 478.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWeik2000"echoplex"_p._479-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWeik2000"echoplex"_p._479_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWeik2000">Weik 2000</a>, "echoplex" p. 479.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWeik2000"echoplex_mode"_p._479-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWeik2000"echoplex_mode"_p._479_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWeik2000">Weik 2000</a>, "echoplex mode" p. 479.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBangia2010324-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBangia2010324_16-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBangia2010">Bangia 2010</a>, p. 324.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStevensWright1994413-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStevensWright1994413_17-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFStevensWright1994">Stevens & Wright 1994</a>, p. 413.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMiller2009590,_591-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMiller2009590,_591_18-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMiller2009">Miller 2009</a>, p. 590, 591.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Terminal_emulator&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBangia2010" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Bangia, Ramesh (2010). "line mode terminal". <i>Dictionary of Information Technology</i>. Laxmi. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-93-8029-815-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-93-8029-815-3"><bdi>978-93-8029-815-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=line+mode+terminal&rft.btitle=Dictionary+of+Information+Technology&rft.pub=Laxmi&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-93-8029-815-3&rft.aulast=Bangia&rft.aufirst=Ramesh&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATerminal+emulator" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFDaintith2004" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Daintith, John (2004). "echo". <i>Oxford dictionary of computing</i> (5th ed.). Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-860877-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-860877-6"><bdi>978-0-19-860877-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=echo&rft.btitle=Oxford+dictionary+of+computing&rft.edition=5th&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-19-860877-6&rft.aulast=Daintith&rft.aufirst=John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATerminal+emulator" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMiller2009" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol">Miller, Philip M. (2009). <i>TCP/IP – The Ultimate Protocol Guide</i>. Vol. 2 – Applications, Access and Data Security. Universal-Publishers. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-59942-493-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-59942-493-4"><bdi>978-1-59942-493-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=TCP%2FIP+%E2%80%93+The+Ultimate+Protocol+Guide&rft.pub=Universal-Publishers&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-1-59942-493-4&rft.aulast=Miller&rft.aufirst=Philip+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATerminal+emulator" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFStevensWright1994" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol"><a href="/wiki/W._Richard_Stevens" title="W. Richard Stevens">Stevens, W. Richard</a>; Wright, Gary R. (1994). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/tcpipillustrated00stev"><i>TCP/IP illustrated</i></a></span>. Addison-Wesley professional computing series. Vol. 1: The protocols. Addison-Wesley. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-201-63346-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-201-63346-7"><bdi>978-0-201-63346-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=TCP%2FIP+illustrated&rft.series=Addison-Wesley+professional+computing+series&rft.pub=Addison-Wesley&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=978-0-201-63346-7&rft.aulast=Stevens&rft.aufirst=W.+Richard&rft.au=Wright%2C+Gary+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Ftcpipillustrated00stev&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATerminal+emulator" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFWeik2000" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Weik, Martin H. (2000). "terminal emulation". <i>Computer Science and Communications Dictionary</i>. Vol. 1. Springer. p. 1763. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2F1-4020-0613-6_19359">10.1007/1-4020-0613-6_19359</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7923-8425-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7923-8425-0"><bdi>978-0-7923-8425-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=terminal+emulation&rft.btitle=Computer+Science+and+Communications+Dictionary&rft.pages=1763&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=2000&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2F1-4020-0613-6_19359&rft.isbn=978-0-7923-8425-0&rft.aulast=Weik&rft.aufirst=Martin+H.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATerminal+emulator" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Terminal_emulator&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Terminal_emulators" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Terminal emulators">Terminal emulators</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.linfo.org/terminal_window.html">Terminal Window Definition</a> by The Linux Information Project (LINFO)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://invisible-island.net/vttest/">VTTEST – VT100/VT220/XTerm test utility</a>  –  A terminal test utility by Thomas E. 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