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We first present a detailed study of the Column of Trajan examples, focusing on both composition and broader narrative context. We argue, based on this methodology, that the traditional identification of these figures as masculine […]" /> <meta property="og:url" content="https://ajaonline.org/article/4805/" /> <meta property="og:site_name" content="American Journal of Archaeology" /> <meta property="article:publisher" content="https://www.facebook.com/aja.journal" /> <meta property="article:published_time" content="2024-07-01T04:00:00+00:00" /> <meta property="article:modified_time" content="2024-08-13T03:45:45+00:00" /> <meta property="og:image" content="https://ajaonline.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/06/Greene_1.jpg" /> <meta property="og:image:width" content="550" /> <meta property="og:image:height" content="1000" /> <meta property="og:image:type" content="image/jpeg" /> <meta name="author" content="website" /> <meta name="twitter:card" content="summary_large_image" /> <meta name="twitter:label1" content="Written by" /> <meta name="twitter:data1" content="website" /> <meta name="twitter:label2" content="Est. reading time" /> <meta name="twitter:data2" content="1 minute" /> <script type="application/ld+json" class="yoast-schema-graph">{"@context":"https://schema.org","@graph":[{"@type":"Article","@id":"https://ajaonline.org/article/4805/#article","isPartOf":{"@id":"https://ajaonline.org/article/4805/"},"author":{"name":"website","@id":"https://ajaonline.org/#/schema/person/bcd3529f618645988f4793e2588854f3"},"headline":"Representations of Gender: Recognizing the Role of Feminine Sacrificial Attendants in the Column of Trajan Sacrifice Scenes","datePublished":"2024-07-01T04:00:00+00:00","dateModified":"2024-08-13T03:45:45+00:00","mainEntityOfPage":{"@id":"https://ajaonline.org/article/4805/"},"wordCount":150,"publisher":{"@id":"https://ajaonline.org/#organization"},"image":{"@id":"https://ajaonline.org/article/4805/#primaryimage"},"thumbnailUrl":"https://ajaonline.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/06/Greene_1.jpg","keywords":["Iconography","Sculpture","Roman Period","Gender"],"articleSection":["Article"],"inLanguage":"en-US"},{"@type":"WebPage","@id":"https://ajaonline.org/article/4805/","url":"https://ajaonline.org/article/4805/","name":"Representations of Gender: Recognizing the Role of Feminine Sacrificial Attendants in the Column of Trajan Sacrifice Scenes | July 2024 (128.3) | American Journal of Archaeology","isPartOf":{"@id":"https://ajaonline.org/#website"},"primaryImageOfPage":{"@id":"https://ajaonline.org/article/4805/#primaryimage"},"image":{"@id":"https://ajaonline.org/article/4805/#primaryimage"},"thumbnailUrl":"https://ajaonline.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/06/Greene_1.jpg","datePublished":"2024-07-01T04:00:00+00:00","dateModified":"2024-08-13T03:45:45+00:00","breadcrumb":{"@id":"https://ajaonline.org/article/4805/#breadcrumb"},"inLanguage":"en-US","potentialAction":[{"@type":"ReadAction","target":["https://ajaonline.org/article/4805/"]}]},{"@type":"ImageObject","inLanguage":"en-US","@id":"https://ajaonline.org/article/4805/#primaryimage","url":"https://ajaonline.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/06/Greene_1.jpg","contentUrl":"https://ajaonline.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/06/Greene_1.jpg","width":550,"height":1000,"caption":"Column of Trajan, Scene 8, detail of FSA-008. 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display: block; } .desktop-feature-image { display:none; } .foobox img { padding-top: 0; } } </style> <article id="post-1895" class="post-1895 post type-post status-publish format-standard has-post-thumbnail hentry category-article tag-iconography tag-sculpture tag-romanperiod tag-gender issues-799 region-italy-rome"> <div class="entry-content open_access_logo"> <div class="open_access"> <p>AJA Open Access</p> </div> </div> <div class="entry-content flex flex-wrap md:flex-nowrap gap-[92px] "> <div class="flex-auto w-full md:w-2/3 flex flex-col"> <header class="entry-header"> <a class="flex w-max" href="https://ajaonline.org/toc/1283/"><h2 class="w-max entry-term-title">July 2024 (128.3)</h2></a><h4 class="cateories">Article</h4><h1 class="entry-title">Representations of Gender: Recognizing the Role of Feminine Sacrificial Attendants in the Column of Trajan Sacrifice Scenes</h1><p class="pauthers text-[#000] text-[14px] font-semibold leading-normal">By <a href="https://ajaonline.org/author/829/" >Elizabeth Wolfram Thill</a>, <a href="https://ajaonline.org/author/4022/" >Maryl B. Gensheimer</a> and <a href="https://ajaonline.org/author/4742/" >Elizabeth M. Greene</a></p> <div class="link read-article"> <a class="readArticle" href="https://doi.org/10.1086/730184" target="_blank"> <svg width="11" height="11" viewBox="0 0 11 11" fill="none" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><path fill-rule="evenodd" clip-rule="evenodd" d="M3.16729 1.65445e-07H4.4C4.70376 1.65445e-07 4.95 0.246246 4.95 0.55C4.95 0.85376 4.70376 1.1 4.4 1.1H3.19C2.71888 1.1 2.39862 1.10043 2.15107 1.12065C1.90994 1.14035 1.78663 1.17607 1.70061 1.21989C1.49364 1.32535 1.32535 1.49364 1.21989 1.70061C1.17607 1.78663 1.14035 1.90994 1.12065 2.15107C1.10043 2.39862 1.1 2.71888 1.1 3.19V7.81C1.1 8.28113 1.10043 8.6014 1.12065 8.84895C1.14035 9.09007 1.17607 9.21338 1.21989 9.2994C1.32535 9.50637 1.49364 9.67467 1.70061 9.7801C1.78663 9.82393 1.90994 9.85963 2.15107 9.87938C2.39862 9.89956 2.71888 9.9 3.19 9.9H7.81C8.28113 9.9 8.6014 9.89956 8.84895 9.87938C9.09007 9.85963 9.21338 9.82393 9.2994 9.7801C9.50637 9.67467 9.67467 9.50637 9.7801 9.2994C9.82393 9.21338 9.85963 9.09007 9.87938 8.84895C9.89956 8.6014 9.9 8.28113 9.9 7.81V6.6C9.9 6.29624 10.1462 6.05 10.45 6.05C10.7538 6.05 11 6.29624 11 6.6V7.83272C11 8.27547 11 8.64083 10.9757 8.93849C10.9504 9.24765 10.8962 9.53183 10.7602 9.7988C10.5493 10.2127 10.2127 10.5493 9.7988 10.7602C9.53183 10.8962 9.24765 10.9504 8.93849 10.9757C8.64083 11 8.27547 11 7.83272 11H3.16727C2.72455 11 2.35915 11 2.0615 10.9757C1.75234 10.9504 1.46815 10.8962 1.20122 10.7602C0.787265 10.5493 0.450709 10.2127 0.239789 9.7988C0.103774 9.53183 0.0495661 9.24765 0.0243046 8.93849C-1.08736e-05 8.64083 -5.33456e-06 8.27547 1.65445e-07 7.83272V3.16729C-5.33456e-06 2.72455 -1.08736e-05 2.35915 0.0243046 2.0615C0.0495661 1.75234 0.103774 1.46815 0.239784 1.20122C0.450709 0.787265 0.787265 0.450709 1.20122 0.239784C1.46815 0.103774 1.75234 0.0495661 2.0615 0.0243046C2.35915 -1.08736e-05 2.72455 -5.33456e-06 3.16729 1.65445e-07ZM6.6 0.550006C6.6 0.246252 6.84624 5.67291e-06 7.15 5.67291e-06H10.45C10.7538 5.67291e-06 11 0.246252 11 0.550006V3.85001C11 4.15377 10.7538 4.4 10.45 4.4C10.1462 4.4 9.9 4.15377 9.9 3.85001V1.87783L5.88891 5.88891C5.67413 6.10368 5.32587 6.10368 5.11109 5.88891C4.89632 5.67413 4.89632 5.32587 5.11109 5.11109L9.12219 1.10001H7.15C6.84624 1.10001 6.6 0.853765 6.6 0.550006Z" fill="#CC8624"/></svg> <span class="ra">Read Article</span> </a> </div> </header> <div class="content"><p>This article offers an analysis of the Feminine Sacrificial Attendant figure type on the Column of Trajan frieze in Rome. We first present a detailed study of the Column of Trajan examples, focusing on both composition and broader narrative context. We argue, based on this methodology, that the traditional identification of these figures as masculine must be abandoned, in favor of a more demonstrable identification as feminine. By analyzing these figures as materializations of a sacrificial role—that both referred to contemporary norms and participated in their construction—this article demonstrates that our feminine identification has wide implications beyond the frieze itself. In particular, this figure type broadens our understanding of the variety of players in the life of the Roman army and the rites of Roman state religion more generally.</p> </div> <div class="mobile-feature-image d-none"> <div class="flex-auto w-full md:w-1/3 order-first md:order-none"> <a href="https://ajaonline.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/06/Greene_1.jpg" class="foobox"> <img src="https://ajaonline.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/06/Greene_1.jpg" alt="Column of Trajan, Scene 8, detail of FSA-008. Cast in Rome, Museo della Civiltà Romana (© Roma – Sovrintendenza Capitolina ai Beni Culturali)." /> </a> <p class="image-caption"> Column of Trajan, Scene 8, detail of FSA-008. Cast in Rome, Museo della Civiltà Romana (© Roma – Sovrintendenza Capitolina ai Beni Culturali). </p> </div> </div> <div class="malt"><p>More articles like this:</p><a href="https://ajaonline.org/tag/iconography/" target="_blank">Iconography</a> • <a href="https://ajaonline.org/tag/sculpture/" target="_blank">Sculpture</a> • <a href="https://ajaonline.org/tag/romanperiod/" target="_blank">Roman Period</a> • <a href="https://ajaonline.org/tag/gender/" target="_blank">Gender</a> • <a href="https://ajaonline.org/region/italy-rome/" target="_blank">Italy > Rome</a></div> </div> <div class="flex-auto w-full md:w-1/3 order-first md:order-none desktop-feature-image"> <a href="https://ajaonline.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/06/Greene_1.jpg" class="foobox"> <img src="https://ajaonline.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/06/Greene_1.jpg" alt="Column of Trajan, Scene 8, detail of FSA-008. Cast in Rome, Museo della Civiltà Romana (© Roma – Sovrintendenza Capitolina ai Beni Culturali)." /> </a> <p class="image-caption"> Column of Trajan, Scene 8, detail of FSA-008. Cast in Rome, Museo della Civiltà Romana (© Roma – Sovrintendenza Capitolina ai Beni Culturali). </p> </div> </div> <footer class="entry-footer flex flex-col w-full md:w-1/3 mt-[36px] py-[36px]"> <a href="https://doi.org/10.1086/730184" target="_blank">Representations of Gender: Recognizing the Role of Feminine Sacrificial Attendants in the Column of Trajan Sacrifice Scenes</a><p class="pauthers text-[#000] text-[14px] font-semibold leading-normal">By <span>Elizabeth Wolfram Thill</span>, <span>Maryl B. Gensheimer</span> and <span>Elizabeth M. Greene</span></p><p><i>American Journal of Archaeology</i> Vol. 128, No. 3 (July 2024), pp. 309-339</p><p>DOI: 10.1086/730184</p><p>© 2024 Archaeological Institute of America</p> </footer> </article> </main> <footer id="colophon" class="site-footer w-full bg-[#2A2A2A]" style="position:relative;overflow:hidden;"> <div id="eupdate" class="footer-inner aja-update" style="position:relative;background:transparent;"> <div class="w-full max-w-[992.65px] mx-auto grid grid-cols-1 lg:grid-cols-21 py-[61px] pl-[32px] pr-[36px] md:px-[10px] lg:gap-[100px] md:gap-[4em] gap-[2rem] " style="position:relative;background:transparent;"> <style> .aja-update::before { content:''; width:100vw; height:100%; background:linear-gradient(0deg, rgba(0,0,0,0.6) 0%, rgba(0,0,0,0.6) 100%), url(https://ajaonline.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/08/footer-background-aja-update.jpg) lightgray 0 -268.596px / 113.502% 227.006% no-repeat; position:absolute; left:0; top:0; z-index:0; background-size: cover; } 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