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class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Merewif"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.2 Merewif </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Merewif-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Origins" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Origins"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2 Origins </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Origins-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Origins subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Origins-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Sirens" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sirens"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1 Sirens </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sirens-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Medieval_sirens_as_mermaids" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Medieval_sirens_as_mermaids"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1.1 Medieval sirens as mermaids </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Medieval_sirens_as_mermaids-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Textual_attestations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Textual_attestations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1.2 Textual attestations </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Textual_attestations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Iconographic_attestations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Iconographic_attestations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1.3 Iconographic attestations </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Iconographic_attestations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_Greek_mythical_figures" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_Greek_mythical_figures"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2 Other Greek mythical figures </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_Greek_mythical_figures-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ancient_Middle_Eastern_mythology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ancient_Middle_Eastern_mythology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.3 Ancient Middle Eastern mythology </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ancient_Middle_Eastern_mythology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Kulullû" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Kulullû"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.3.1 Kulullû </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Kulullû-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Syrian_mermaid_goddess" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Syrian_mermaid_goddess"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.3.2 Syrian mermaid goddess </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Syrian_mermaid_goddess-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Rational_attempts_at_explanation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rational_attempts_at_explanation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.4 Rational attempts at explanation </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Rational_attempts_at_explanation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Medieval_literature" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Medieval_literature"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Medieval literature </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Medieval_literature-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Medieval literature subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Medieval_literature-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Merwomen_in_Germanic_literature" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Merwomen_in_Germanic_literature"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1 Merwomen in Germanic literature </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Merwomen_in_Germanic_literature-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Nibelungenlied" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Nibelungenlied"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1.1 Nibelungenlied </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Nibelungenlied-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Rabenschlacht" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rabenschlacht"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1.2 Rabenschlacht </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Rabenschlacht-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Folklore_of_Britain_and_Ireland" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Folklore_of_Britain_and_Ireland"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Folklore of Britain and Ireland </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Folklore_of_Britain_and_Ireland-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Scandinavian_folklore" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Scandinavian_folklore"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Scandinavian folklore </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Scandinavian_folklore-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Scandinavian folklore subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Scandinavian_folklore-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Haffrue" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Haffrue"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1 Haffrue </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Haffrue-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Havfrue_cognates" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Havfrue_cognates"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1.1 Havfrue cognates </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Havfrue_cognates-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_aliases" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_aliases"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.2 Other aliases </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_aliases-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-General_characteristics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#General_characteristics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.3 General characteristics </div> </a> <ul id="toc-General_characteristics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Omen,_prophecy_and_wisdom" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Omen,_prophecy_and_wisdom"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.4 Omen, prophecy and wisdom </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Omen,_prophecy_and_wisdom-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Merfolk_as_abductors" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Merfolk_as_abductors"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.5 Merfolk as abductors </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Merfolk_as_abductors-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Marmaele" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Marmaele"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.6 Marmaele </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Marmaele-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Margýgr" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Margýgr"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.7 Margýgr </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Margýgr-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Western_European_folklore" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Western_European_folklore"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Western European folklore </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Western_European_folklore-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Byzantine_and_Ottoman_Greek_folklore" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Byzantine_and_Ottoman_Greek_folklore"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Byzantine and Ottoman Greek folklore </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Byzantine_and_Ottoman_Greek_folklore-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Eastern_Europe" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Eastern_Europe"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 Eastern Europe </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Eastern_Europe-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Chinese_folklore" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Chinese_folklore"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 Chinese folklore </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Chinese_folklore-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Korean_folklore" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Korean_folklore"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 Korean folklore </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Korean_folklore-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Japanese_folklore" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Japanese_folklore"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11 Japanese folklore </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Japanese_folklore-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Japanese folklore subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Japanese_folklore-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Ningyo_flesh" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ningyo_flesh"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11.1 Ningyo flesh </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ningyo_flesh-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-As_yōkai" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#As_yōkai"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11.2 As yōkai </div> </a> <ul id="toc-As_yōkai-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Indian,_Southeast_Asian,_and_Polynesian_folklore" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Indian,_Southeast_Asian,_and_Polynesian_folklore"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12 Indian, Southeast Asian, and Polynesian folklore </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Indian,_Southeast_Asian,_and_Polynesian_folklore-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Indian, Southeast Asian, and Polynesian folklore subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Indian,_Southeast_Asian,_and_Polynesian_folklore-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Indonesia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Indonesia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12.1 Indonesia </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Indonesia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Philippines" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Philippines"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12.2 Philippines </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Philippines-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-New_Zealand" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#New_Zealand"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12.3 New Zealand </div> </a> <ul id="toc-New_Zealand-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-African_folklore" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#African_folklore"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 13 African folklore </div> </a> <ul id="toc-African_folklore-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Arabian_folklore" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Arabian_folklore"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 14 Arabian folklore </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Arabian_folklore-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Arabian folklore subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Arabian_folklore-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-One_Thousand_and_One_Nights" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#One_Thousand_and_One_Nights"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 14.1 One Thousand and One Nights </div> </a> <ul id="toc-One_Thousand_and_One_Nights-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-American_folklore" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#American_folklore"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 15 American folklore </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-American_folklore-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle American folklore subsection </button> <ul id="toc-American_folklore-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Iara_and_Ipupiara" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Iara_and_Ipupiara"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 15.1 Iara and Ipupiara </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Iara_and_Ipupiara-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Reported_sightings" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Reported_sightings"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 16 Reported sightings </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Reported_sightings-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Reported sightings subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Reported_sightings-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Roman_Lusitania_and_Gaul" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Roman_Lusitania_and_Gaul"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 16.1 Roman Lusitania and Gaul </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Roman_Lusitania_and_Gaul-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Age_of_Exploration_Americas_and_polar_frontiers" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Age_of_Exploration_Americas_and_polar_frontiers"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 16.2 Age of Exploration Americas and polar frontiers </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Age_of_Exploration_Americas_and_polar_frontiers-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Colonial_Brazil" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Colonial_Brazil"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 16.2.1 Colonial Brazil </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Colonial_Brazil-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Colonial_Southeast_Asia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Colonial_Southeast_Asia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 16.3 Colonial Southeast Asia </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Colonial_Southeast_Asia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Seventeenth-century_Visayas" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Seventeenth-century_Visayas"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 16.3.1 Seventeenth-century Visayas </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Seventeenth-century_Visayas-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Eighteenth-century_Moluccas" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Eighteenth-century_Moluccas"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 16.3.2 Eighteenth-century Moluccas </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Eighteenth-century_Moluccas-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Qing_dynasty_China" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Qing_dynasty_China"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 16.4 Qing dynasty China </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Qing_dynasty_China-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-U.S._and_Canada" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#U.S._and_Canada"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 16.5 U.S. and Canada </div> </a> <ul id="toc-U.S._and_Canada-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Twenty-first_century" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Twenty-first_century"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 16.6 Twenty-first century </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Twenty-first_century-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Hoaxes_and_show_exhibitions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hoaxes_and_show_exhibitions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 17 Hoaxes and show exhibitions </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Hoaxes_and_show_exhibitions-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Hoaxes and show exhibitions subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Hoaxes_and_show_exhibitions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Manufactured_merfolk_specimens" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Manufactured_merfolk_specimens"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 17.1 Manufactured merfolk specimens </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Manufactured_merfolk_specimens-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mermaid_shows" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mermaid_shows"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 17.2 Mermaid shows </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mermaid_shows-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Scientific_inquiry" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Scientific_inquiry"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 18 Scientific inquiry </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Scientific_inquiry-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Myth_interpretations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Myth_interpretations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 19 Myth interpretations </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Myth_interpretations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Arts,_entertainment,_and_media" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Arts,_entertainment,_and_media"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 20 Arts, entertainment, and media </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Arts,_entertainment,_and_media-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Arts, entertainment, and media subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Arts,_entertainment,_and_media-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Literature" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Literature"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 20.1 Literature </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Literature-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Art_and_music" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Art_and_music"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 20.2 Art and music </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Art_and_music-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Motion_pictures" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Motion_pictures"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 20.3 Motion pictures </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Motion_pictures-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Heraldry" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Heraldry"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 20.4 Heraldry </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Heraldry-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Fandom" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fandom"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 21 Fandom </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Fandom-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Gallery" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gallery"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 22 Gallery </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Gallery-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 23 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Explanatory_notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Explanatory_notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 24 Explanatory notes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Explanatory_notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 25 References </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle References subsection </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Citations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Citations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 25.1 Citations </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Citations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-General_and_cited_references" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#General_and_cited_references"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 25.2 General and cited references </div> </a> <ul id="toc-General_and_cited_references-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 26 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Mermaid</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 93 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-93" aria-hidden="true" > 93 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meermin" title="Meermin – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Meermin" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ang mw-list-item"><a href="https://ang.wikipedia.org/wiki/Merem%C3%A6gden" title="Meremægden – Old English" lang="ang" hreflang="ang" data-title="Meremægden" data-language-autonym="Ænglisc" data-language-local-name="Old English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ænglisc</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AD%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A8%D8%AD%D8%B1" title="حورية البحر – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="حورية البحر" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%9C%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%81%E0%A7%B1%E0%A7%B0%E0%A7%80" title="জলকুঁৱৰী – Assamese" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="জলকুঁৱৰী" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="Assamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">অসমীয়া</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Su_p%C9%99risi" title="Su pərisi – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Su pərisi" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AE%E0%A7%8E%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BE" title="মৎস্যকন্যা – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="মৎস্যকন্যা" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magindara" title="Magindara – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Magindara" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bikol Central</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morganez" title="Morganez – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Morganez" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target">Brezhoneg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sirena" title="Sirena – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Sirena" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mo%C5%99sk%C3%A1_panna" title="Mořská panna – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Mořská panna" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ch mw-list-item"><a href="https://ch.wikipedia.org/wiki/Si_Sirena" title="Si Sirena – Chamorro" lang="ch" hreflang="ch" data-title="Si Sirena" data-language-autonym="Chamoru" data-language-local-name="Chamorro" class="interlanguage-link-target">Chamoru</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sn mw-list-item"><a href="https://sn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Njuzu" title="Njuzu – Shona" lang="sn" hreflang="sn" data-title="Njuzu" data-language-autonym="ChiShona" data-language-local-name="Shona" class="interlanguage-link-target">ChiShona</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%B4r-forwyn" title="Môr-forwyn – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Môr-forwyn" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cymraeg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Havfrue" title="Havfrue – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Havfrue" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meerjungfrau" title="Meerjungfrau – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Meerjungfrau" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Merineitsi" title="Merineitsi – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Merineitsi" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%93%CE%BF%CF%81%CE%B3%CF%8C%CE%BD%CE%B1_(%CE%BB%CE%B1%CE%BF%CE%B3%CF%81%CE%B1%CF%86%CE%AF%CE%B1)" title="Γοργόνα (λαογραφία) – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Γοργόνα (λαογραφία)" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sirena" title="Sirena – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Sirena" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sireno_(fi%C5%9Dvirino)" title="Sireno (fiŝvirino) – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Sireno (fiŝvirino)" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uhandre_(mitologia)" title="Uhandre (mitologia) – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Uhandre (mitologia)" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D8%B1%DB%8C_%D8%AF%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%A7%DB%8C%DB%8C" title="پری دریایی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="پری دریایی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Havfr%C3%BAgv" title="Havfrúgv – Faroese" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Havfrúgv" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="Faroese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Føroyskt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sir%C3%A8ne" title="Sirène – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Sirène" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maighdean_mhara" title="Maighdean mhara – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Maighdean mhara" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaeilge</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serea" title="Serea – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Serea" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-glk mw-list-item"><a href="https://glk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%84%D9%8A" title="مانلي – Gilaki" lang="glk" hreflang="glk" data-title="مانلي" data-language-autonym="گیلکی" data-language-local-name="Gilaki" class="interlanguage-link-target">گیلکی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gu mw-list-item"><a href="https://gu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AA%9C%E0%AA%B2%E0%AA%AA%E0%AA%B0%E0%AB%80" title="જલપરી – Gujarati" lang="gu" hreflang="gu" data-title="જલપરી" data-language-autonym="ગુજરાતી" data-language-local-name="Gujarati" class="interlanguage-link-target">ગુજરાતી</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%9D%B8%EC%96%B4" title="인어 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="인어" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8B%D6%80%D5%A1%D5%B0%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%BD" title="Ջրահարս – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Ջրահարս" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80" title="जलपरी – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="जलपरी" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sirena" title="Sirena – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Sirena" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sireno_(mitologio)" title="Sireno (mitologio) – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Sireno (mitologio)" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ido</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Putri_duyung" title="Putri duyung – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Putri duyung" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sirena" title="Sirena – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Sirena" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Interlingua</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hafmey" title="Hafmey – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Hafmey" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Íslenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sirene_(mitologia)" title="Sirene (mitologia) – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Sirene (mitologia)" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%91%D7%AA_%D7%99%D7%9D_(%D7%9E%D7%99%D7%AA%D7%95%D7%9C%D7%95%D7%92%D7%99%D7%94)" title="בת ים (מיתולוגיה) – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="בת ים (מיתולוגיה)" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dhuyung" title="Dhuyung – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Dhuyung" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Jawa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A5%E1%83%90%E1%83%9A%E1%83%97%E1%83%94%E1%83%95%E1%83%96%E1%83%90" title="ქალთევზა – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ქალთევზა" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ks mw-list-item"><a href="https://ks.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D9%84_%D9%BE%D8%B1%DB%8C" title="جل پری – Kashmiri" lang="ks" hreflang="ks" data-title="جل پری" data-language-autonym="कॉशुर / کٲشُر" data-language-local-name="Kashmiri" class="interlanguage-link-target">कॉशुर / کٲشُر</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ke%C3%A7a_deryay%C3%AA" title="Keça deryayê – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Keça deryayê" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kurdî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nympha_marina" title="Nympha marina – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Nympha marina" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/N%C4%81ra" title="Nāra – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Nāra" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Undin%C4%97" title="Undinė – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Undinė" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zie%C3%ABmeermin" title="Zieëmeermin – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Zieëmeermin" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Limburgs</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sirenna_(donna-pess)" title="Sirenna (donna-pess) – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Sirenna (donna-pess)" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lombard</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sell%C5%91" title="Sellő – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Sellő" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zazavavindrano" title="Zazavavindrano – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Zazavavindrano" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target">Malagasy</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%AE%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AF%E0%B4%95%E0%B4%A8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AF%E0%B4%95" title="മത്സ്യകന്യക – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="മത്സ്യകന്യക" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target">മലയാളം</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80" title="जलपरी – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="जलपरी" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target">मराठी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C%D9%84%DB%8C%D8%A7" title="مانیلیا – Mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="مانیلیا" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target">مازِرونی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ikan_duyung" title="Ikan duyung – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Ikan duyung" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%9B%E1%80%B1%E1%80%9E%E1%80%B0%E1%80%99" title="ရေသူမ – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="ရေသူမ" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target">မြန်မာဘာသာ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zeemeermin" title="Zeemeermin – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Zeemeermin" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds-nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zeewiefke" title="Zeewiefke – Low Saxon" lang="nds-NL" hreflang="nds-NL" data-title="Zeewiefke" data-language-autonym="Nedersaksies" data-language-local-name="Low Saxon" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nedersaksies</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE" title="मत्स्यकन्या – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="मत्स्यकन्या" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target">नेपाली</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%BA%BA%E9%AD%9A" title="人魚 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="人魚" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Havfrue" title="Havfrue – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Havfrue" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Havfrue" title="Havfrue – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Havfrue" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nrm mw-list-item"><a href="https://nrm.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%A9raine" title="Séraine – Norman" lang="nrf" hreflang="nrf" data-title="Séraine" data-language-autonym="Nouormand" data-language-local-name="Norman" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nouormand</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-om mw-list-item"><a href="https://om.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haadhmaanyaa" title="Haadhmaanyaa – Oromo" lang="om" hreflang="om" data-title="Haadhmaanyaa" data-language-autonym="Oromoo" data-language-local-name="Oromo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oromoo</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suv_parisi" title="Suv parisi – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Suv parisi" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%9C%E0%A8%B2%E0%A8%AA%E0%A8%B0%E0%A9%80" title="ਜਲਪਰੀ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਜਲਪਰੀ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sereia" title="Sereia – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Sereia" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siren%C4%83" title="Sirenă – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Sirenă" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sirinu" title="Sirinu – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Sirinu" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Runa Simi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B0" title="Морская дева – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Морская дева" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szy mw-list-item"><a href="https://szy.wikipedia.org/wiki/masatademaway_a_buting" title="masatademaway a buting – Sakizaya" lang="szy" hreflang="szy" data-title="masatademaway a buting" data-language-autonym="Sakizaya" data-language-local-name="Sakizaya" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sakizaya</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sm mw-list-item"><a href="https://sm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tama%27ita%27i" title="Tama'ita'i – Samoan" lang="sm" hreflang="sm" data-title="Tama'ita'i" data-language-autonym="Gagana Samoa" data-language-local-name="Samoan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gagana Samoa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sirena" title="Sirena – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Sirena" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Shqip</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mermaid" title="Mermaid – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Mermaid" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D9%84_%D9%BE%D8%B1%D9%8A" title="جل پري – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="جل پري" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target">سنڌي</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morsk%C3%A1_panna" title="Morská panna – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Morská panna" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morska_deklica" title="Morska deklica – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Morska deklica" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gabareey-maanyo" title="Gabareey-maanyo – Somali" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="Gabareey-maanyo" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="Somali" class="interlanguage-link-target">Soomaaliga</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morska_vila" title="Morska vila – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Morska vila" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Merenneito" title="Merenneito – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Merenneito" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sj%C3%B6jungfru" title="Sjöjungfru – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Sjöjungfru" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sirena" title="Sirena – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Sirena" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tagalog</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%9F%E0%AE%B1%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A9%E0%AE%BF" title="கடற்கன்னி – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="கடற்கன்னி" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target">தமிழ்</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%9C%E0%B0%B2_%E0%B0%95%E0%B0%A8%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%AF%E0%B0%B2%E0%B1%81" title="జల కన్యలు – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="జల కన్యలు" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target">తెలుగు</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%B7%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%81" title="เงือก – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="เงือก" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-chr mw-list-item"><a href="https://chr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8E%A0%E1%8E%BA%E1%8F%89_%E1%8E%A0%E1%8E%A8%E1%8F%B4" title="ᎠᎺᏉ ᎠᎨᏴ – Cherokee" lang="chr" hreflang="chr" data-title="ᎠᎺᏉ ᎠᎨᏴ" data-language-autonym="ᏣᎳᎩ" data-language-local-name="Cherokee" class="interlanguage-link-target">ᏣᎳᎩ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deniz_k%C4%B1z%C4%B1" title="Deniz kızı – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Deniz kızı" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%B4%D1%96%D0%B2%D0%B0" title="Морська діва – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Морська діва" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D9%84_%D9%BE%D8%B1%DB%8C" title="جل پری – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="جل پری" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target">اردو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/N%C3%A0ng_ti%C3%AAn_c%C3%A1" title="Nàng tiên cá – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Nàng tiên cá" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%AE%AB%E4%BA%BA" title="鮫人 – Literary Chinese" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" data-title="鮫人" data-language-autonym="文言" data-language-local-name="Literary Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">文言</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vls mw-list-item"><a href="https://vls.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zeemarminne" title="Zeemarminne – West Flemish" lang="vls" hreflang="vls" data-title="Zeemarminne" data-language-autonym="West-Vlams" data-language-local-name="West Flemish" class="interlanguage-link-target">West-Vlams</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kataw" title="Kataw – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Kataw" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target">Winaray</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%BE%8E%E4%BA%BA%E9%AD%9A" title="美人魚 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="美人魚" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target">吴语</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%BE%8E%E4%BA%BA%E9%AD%9A" title="美人魚 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="美人魚" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">粵語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%BA%BA%E9%AD%9A" title="人魚 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="人魚" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">中文</a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q182559#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" 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Click here for more information." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/94/Symbol_support_vote.svg/19px-Symbol_support_vote.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/94/Symbol_support_vote.svg/29px-Symbol_support_vote.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/94/Symbol_support_vote.svg/39px-Symbol_support_vote.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a></div></div> <div id="mw-indicator-pp-default" class="mw-indicator"><div class="mw-parser-output"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Protection_policy#semi" title="This article is semi-protected."><img alt="Page semi-protected" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1b/Semi-protection-shackle.svg/20px-Semi-protection-shackle.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1b/Semi-protection-shackle.svg/30px-Semi-protection-shackle.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1b/Semi-protection-shackle.svg/40px-Semi-protection-shackle.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Legendary aquatic creature with an upper body in human female form</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about fish-bodied female merfolk. For the males, see <a href="/wiki/Merman" title="Merman">merman</a>. For the people, see <a href="/wiki/Merfolk" title="Merfolk">merfolk</a>. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Mermaid_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Mermaid (disambiguation)">Mermaid (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox"><caption class="infobox-title">Mermaid</caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:John_William_Waterhouse_A_Mermaid.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/John_William_Waterhouse_A_Mermaid.jpg/220px-John_William_Waterhouse_A_Mermaid.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="320" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/John_William_Waterhouse_A_Mermaid.jpg/330px-John_William_Waterhouse_A_Mermaid.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/John_William_Waterhouse_A_Mermaid.jpg/440px-John_William_Waterhouse_A_Mermaid.jpg 2x" data-file-width="825" data-file-height="1200" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure><div class="infobox-caption"><a href="/wiki/John_William_Waterhouse" title="John William Waterhouse">John William Waterhouse</a>, A Mermaid (1900).</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Grouping</th><td class="infobox-data">Mythological</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Sub grouping</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Water_spirit" title="Water spirit">Water spirit</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Country</th><td class="infobox-data">Worldwide</td></tr></tbody></table> In <a href="/wiki/Folklore" title="Folklore">folklore</a>, a mermaid is an aquatic creature with the head and upper body of a female human and the tail of a fish.<a href="#cite_note-oxforddictionaries1-1">[1]</a> Mermaids appear in the folklore of many cultures worldwide, including Europe, Asia, and Africa. Mermaids are sometimes associated with perilous events such as floods, storms, <a href="/wiki/Shipwreck" title="Shipwreck">shipwrecks</a>, and drownings. In other folk traditions (or sometimes within the same traditions), they can be benevolent or beneficent, bestowing boons or falling in love with humans. The male equivalent of the mermaid is the <a href="/wiki/Merman" title="Merman">merman</a>, also a familiar figure in folklore and <a href="/wiki/Heraldry" title="Heraldry">heraldry</a>. Although traditions about and reported sightings of mermen are less common than those of mermaids, they are in folklore generally assumed to co-exist with their female counterparts. The male and the female collectively are sometimes referred to as <a href="/wiki/Merfolk" title="Merfolk">merfolk</a> or merpeople. The Western concept of mermaids as beautiful, seductive singers may have been influenced by the <a href="/wiki/Siren_(mythology)" title="Siren (mythology)">sirens</a> of <a href="/wiki/Greek_mythology" title="Greek mythology">Greek mythology</a>, which were originally half-birdlike, but came to be pictured as half-fishlike in the Christian era. Historical accounts of mermaids, such as those reported by <a href="/wiki/Christopher_Columbus" title="Christopher Columbus">Christopher Columbus</a> during his exploration of the <a href="/wiki/Caribbean" title="Caribbean">Caribbean</a>, may have been sightings of <a href="/wiki/Manatee" title="Manatee">manatees</a> or similar aquatic mammals. While there is no evidence that mermaids exist outside folklore, reports of mermaid sightings continue to the present day. Mermaids have been a popular <a href="/wiki/Sea_in_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Sea in culture">subject of art and literature</a> in recent centuries, such as in <a href="/wiki/Hans_Christian_Andersen" title="Hans Christian Andersen">Hans Christian Andersen</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Fairytale_fantasy" title="Fairytale fantasy">literary fairy tale</a> "<a href="/wiki/The_Little_Mermaid" title="The Little Mermaid">The Little Mermaid</a>" (1837). They have subsequently been depicted in operas, paintings, books, comics, animation, and live-action films. <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etymologies">Etymologies</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Leighton-The_Fisherman_and_the_Syren-c._1856-1858.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Leighton-The_Fisherman_and_the_Syren-c._1856-1858.jpg/220px-Leighton-The_Fisherman_and_the_Syren-c._1856-1858.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="343" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Leighton-The_Fisherman_and_the_Syren-c._1856-1858.jpg/330px-Leighton-The_Fisherman_and_the_Syren-c._1856-1858.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Leighton-The_Fisherman_and_the_Syren-c._1856-1858.jpg/440px-Leighton-The_Fisherman_and_the_Syren-c._1856-1858.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1400" data-file-height="2180" /></a><figcaption>The Fisherman and the Syren, by <a href="/wiki/Frederic_Leighton" title="Frederic Leighton">Frederic Leighton</a>, c. 1856–1858</figcaption></figure> The English word "mermaid" has its earliest-known attestation in <a href="/wiki/Middle_English" title="Middle English">Middle English</a> (<a href="/wiki/Chaucer" class="mw-redirect" title="Chaucer">Chaucer</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_Nun%27s_Priest%27s_Tale" title="The Nun's Priest's Tale">Nun's Priest's Tale</a>, c. 1390). The compound word is formed from "<a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/mere" class="extiw" title="wikt:mere">mere</a>" (sea), and "<a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/maid" class="extiw" title="wikt:maid">maid</a>".<a href="#cite_note-oxforddictionaries1-1">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-oed-mermaid-2">[2]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mermin">Mermin</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See <a href="#Scandinavian_folklore">§ Scandinavian folklore</a> for the modern Danish <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/havfrue" class="extiw" title="wikt:havfrue">havfrue</a>, modern Swedish hafsfru, etc.</div> Another English word "†mermin" (<a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/headword" class="extiw" title="wikt:headword">headword</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Oxford_English_Dictionary" title="Oxford English Dictionary">OED</a>) for 'siren or mermaid' is older, though now obsolete.<a href="#cite_note-oed-mermin-3">[3]</a> It derives from <a href="/wiki/Old_English" title="Old English">Old English</a> męremęnen, ad. męre 'sea' + męnen 'female slave',<a href="#cite_note-oed-mermin-3">[3]</a> earliest attestation mereminne, as a gloss for "siren", in <a href="/wiki/Corpus_Glossary" title="Corpus Glossary">Corpus Glossary</a> (c. 725).<a href="#cite_note-oed-mermin-3">[3]</a> A Middle English example mereman in a bestiary (c. 1220?;<a href="#cite_note-oed-mermin-3">[3]</a> manuscript now dated to 1275–1300<a href="#cite_note-arundel-catalogue-4">[4]</a>) is indeed a 'mermaid', part maiden,<a href="#cite_note-oed-mermin-3">[3]</a> part fish-like.<a href="#cite_note-MEBestiary-5">[5]</a><a href="#cite_note-6">[a]</a><a href="#cite_note-ME-bestiary-ed-morris-7">[6]</a> Its <a href="/wiki/Old_High_German" title="Old High German">Old High German</a> cognate merimenni<a href="#cite_note-10">[b]</a> is known from biblical glosses<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPakis2010126,_n40-8">[7]</a><a href="#cite_note-althochdeutschen-glossen-11">[9]</a><a href="#cite_note-12">[c]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Physiologus" title="Physiologus">Physiologus</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Vienna-ONB-223-13">[10]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Middle_High_German" title="Middle High German">Middle High German</a> cognate merminne,<a href="#cite_note-oed-mermin-3">[3]</a> (mod. German "meerweib"), "mermaid", is attested in epics,<a href="#cite_note-lexer-merminne-14">[11]</a> and the one in <a href="/wiki/Rabenschlacht" title="Rabenschlacht">Rabenschlacht</a> is a great-grandmother;<a href="#cite_note-18">[d]</a> this same figure is in an <a href="/wiki/Old_Swedish" title="Old Swedish">Old Swedish</a> text a haffru,<a href="#cite_note-didriks_saga-ed-hylten-cavallius-19">[15]</a><a href="#cite_note-22">[18]</a><a href="#cite_note-23">[e]</a> and in Old Norse a <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/sj%C3%B3" class="extiw" title="wikt:sjó">sjó</a><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/kona" class="extiw" title="wikt:kona">kona</a> (siókona [sic.]; "sea-woman").<a href="#cite_note-25">[20]</a><a href="#cite_note-buchholz-16">[13]</a><a href="#cite_note-bashe-26">[21]</a> Old Norse <a href="/wiki/Marmennill" title="Marmennill">marmennill</a>, -dill, <a href="/wiki/Masculine_noun" class="mw-redirect" title="Masculine noun">masculine noun</a>, is also listed as cognate to "†mermin", as well as ON margmelli, modern Icelandic marbendill, and modern Norwegian marmæle.<a href="#cite_note-oed-mermin-3">[3]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Merewif">Merewif</h3></div> Old English męrewif is another related term,<a href="#cite_note-oed-mermaid-2">[2]</a> and appears once in reference not so much to a mermaid but a <a href="/wiki/Grendel%27s_mother" title="Grendel's mother">certain sea hag</a>,<a href="#cite_note-bosworth-toller-merewif-27">[22]</a><a href="#cite_note-beowulf-ed-klaeber-28">[23]</a> and not well-attested later.<a href="#cite_note-oed-mermaid-2">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-29">[f]</a> Its MHG cognate merwîp, also defined as "meerweib" in modern German<a href="#cite_note-schade-altd_woerterbuch-9">[8]</a> with perhaps "<a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/merwoman" class="extiw" title="wikt:merwoman">merwoman</a>"<a href="#cite_note-oed-merwoman-30">[24]</a> a valid English definition.<a href="#cite_note-31">[25]</a> The word is attested, among other medieval epics, in the <a href="/wiki/Nibelungenlied" title="Nibelungenlied">Nibelungenlied</a>,<a href="#cite_note-lexer-merwip-32">[26]</a> and rendered "merwoman",<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrimmStallybrass_tr.1883490-33">[27]</a> "mermaid", "water sprite", or other terms;<a href="#cite_note-lionarons-34">[28]</a> the two in the story<a href="#cite_note-nibelungenlied-35">[29]</a> are translated as ON <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/sj%C3%B3" class="extiw" title="wikt:sjó">sjó</a><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/konur" class="extiw" title="wikt:konur">konur</a> ("sea-women").<a href="#cite_note-lionarons-34">[28]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Origins">Origins</h2></div> The <a href="/wiki/Siren_(mythology)" title="Siren (mythology)">siren</a> of <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek" title="Ancient Greek">Ancient Greek</a> mythology became conflated with mermaids during the <a href="/wiki/Medieval" class="mw-redirect" title="Medieval">medieval</a> period. Some European Romance languages still use <a href="/wiki/Cognate" title="Cognate">cognate</a> terms for siren to denote the mermaid, e.g., French <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/sir%C3%A8ne" class="extiw" title="wikt:sirène">sirène</a> and Spanish and Italian <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/sirena#Spanish" class="extiw" title="wikt:sirena">sirena</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Mittman_Dendle_2016_p._352-36">[30]</a> Some commentators have sought to trace origins further back into <a href="#Ancient_Middle_Eastern_mythology">§ Ancient Middle Eastern mythology</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sirens">Sirens</h3></div> In the early Greek period, the sirens were conceived of as human-headed birds,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHolford-Strevens200617–18-37">[31]</a><a href="#cite_note-argonautica-4.891-38">[32]</a> but by the classical period, the Greeks sporadically depicted the siren as part fish in art.<a href="#cite_note-39">[33]</a><a href="#cite_note-44">[g]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Medieval_sirens_as_mermaids">Medieval sirens as mermaids</h4></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:392px;max-width:392px"><div class="trow"><div class="theader">Sirens in Physiologus and bestiaries</div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:186px;max-width:186px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:152px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Bern_Cod.318,_f.013v-de_natura_serenae_et_honocentauris.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Siren and onocentaur, Bern Physiologus" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Bern_Cod.318%2C_f.013v-de_natura_serenae_et_honocentauris.jpg/184px-Bern_Cod.318%2C_f.013v-de_natura_serenae_et_honocentauris.jpg" decoding="async" width="184" height="152" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Bern_Cod.318%2C_f.013v-de_natura_serenae_et_honocentauris.jpg/276px-Bern_Cod.318%2C_f.013v-de_natura_serenae_et_honocentauris.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Bern_Cod.318%2C_f.013v-de_natura_serenae_et_honocentauris.jpg/368px-Bern_Cod.318%2C_f.013v-de_natura_serenae_et_honocentauris.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3169" data-file-height="2619" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption">Siren and <a href="/wiki/Onocentaur" title="Onocentaur">onocentaur</a>.<div style="float:right;">―Bern Physiologus. Berner Burgerbibliothek, Cod. 281, fol. 13v<a href="#cite_note-Bern-45">[38]</a></div></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:202px;max-width:202px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:152px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:BL-Add_11283,_fo.020v-siren.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Siren in a Second Family bestiary, Additional manuscript" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/BL-Add_11283%2C_fo.020v-siren.jpg/200px-BL-Add_11283%2C_fo.020v-siren.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="152" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/BL-Add_11283%2C_fo.020v-siren.jpg/300px-BL-Add_11283%2C_fo.020v-siren.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/BL-Add_11283%2C_fo.020v-siren.jpg/400px-BL-Add_11283%2C_fo.020v-siren.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1464" data-file-height="1114" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption">Siren in a Second Family bestiary<div style="float:right;">―British Library MS Add. 11283, fol. 20v.<a href="#cite_note-BL-Add11283-46">[39]</a></div></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:390px;max-width:390px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:367px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Bodleian-Library-MS-Bodl-764_00070_fol-074v-sirene.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Sirens swimming, in Bodleian bestiary" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Bodleian-Library-MS-Bodl-764_00070_fol-074v-sirene.jpg/388px-Bodleian-Library-MS-Bodl-764_00070_fol-074v-sirene.jpg" decoding="async" width="388" height="368" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Bodleian-Library-MS-Bodl-764_00070_fol-074v-sirene.jpg/582px-Bodleian-Library-MS-Bodl-764_00070_fol-074v-sirene.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Bodleian-Library-MS-Bodl-764_00070_fol-074v-sirene.jpg/776px-Bodleian-Library-MS-Bodl-764_00070_fol-074v-sirene.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2577" data-file-height="2441" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption">Sirens swimming in sea.<div style="float:right;">―Bestiary (Bodl. 764), fol. 74v © Bodleian Libraries, University of Oxford</div></div></div></div></div></div> The siren's part-fish appearance became increasingly popular during the Middle Ages.<a href="#cite_note-harrison-41">[35]</a> The traits of the classical sirens, such as using their beautiful song as a lure as told by Homer, have often been transferred to mermaids.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWaugh196078–79-47">[40]</a> These change of the medieval siren from bird to fish were thought by some to be the influence of <a href="/wiki/Teutons" title="Teutons">Teutonic</a> myth, later expounded in literary legends of <a href="/wiki/Lorelei" title="Lorelei">Lorelei</a> and <a href="/wiki/Undine" title="Undine">Undine</a>;<a href="#cite_note-harrison-41">[35]</a> though a dissenting comment is that parallels are not limited to Teutonic culture.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMustard190822-48">[41]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Textual_attestations">Textual attestations</h4></div> The earliest text describing the siren as fish-tailed occurs in the <a href="/wiki/Liber_Monstrorum" title="Liber Monstrorum">Liber Monstrorum de diversis generibus</a> (seventh to mid-eighth century), which described sirens as "sea girls" (<a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/marinae" class="extiw" title="wikt:marinae">marinae </a><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/pullae" class="extiw" title="wikt:pullae">pullae</a>) whose beauty in form and sweet song allure seafarers, but beneath the human head and torso, have the <a href="/wiki/Scale_(anatomy)" class="mw-redirect" title="Scale (anatomy)">scaly</a> tail-end of a fish with which they can navigate the sea.<a href="#cite_note-50">[43]</a><a href="#cite_note-52">[45]</a> "Sirens are mermaids" (Old High German/Early <a href="/wiki/Middle_High_German_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Middle High German language">Middle High German</a>: Sirêne sínt méremanniu) is explicit in the aforementioned Old German Physiologus (eleventh century<a href="#cite_note-handschriftencensus-11043-53">[46]</a>).<a href="#cite_note-Vienna-ONB-223-13">[10]</a><a href="#cite_note-55">[48]</a><a href="#cite_note-56">[h]</a> The Middle English bestiary (mid-13th century) clearly means "mermaid" when it explains the siren to be a mereman,<a href="#cite_note-oed-mermin-3">[3]</a><a href="#cite_note-57">[49]</a> stating that she has a body and breast like that of a maiden but joined, at the navel, by a body part which is definitely fish, with fins growing out of her.<a href="#cite_note-MEBestiary-5">[5]</a><a href="#cite_note-58">[50]</a><a href="#cite_note-ME-bestiary-ed-morris-7">[6]</a> <a href="/wiki/Old_French" title="Old French">Old French</a> verse bestiaries (e.g. <a href="/wiki/Philip_de_Thaun" title="Philip de Thaun">Philipp de Thaun</a>'s version, written c. 1121–1139) also accommodated by stating that a part of the siren may be bird or fish.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHolford-Strevens200634-59">[51]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Iconographic_attestations">Iconographic attestations</h4></div> In a ninth-century Physiologus manufactured in France (Fig., top left),<a href="#cite_note-Bern-45">[38]</a> the siren was illustrated as a "woman-fish", i.e., mermaid-like, despite being described as bird-like in the text.<a href="#cite_note-woodruff-61">[53]</a><a href="#cite_note-leclercq-marx-62">[54]</a> The Bodleian bestiary dated 1220–12 also pictures a group of fish-tailed mermaid-like sirens (Fig. bottom), contradicting its text which likens it to a winged fowl (volatilis habet figuram) down to their feet.<a href="#cite_note-67">[59]</a> In the interim, the siren as pure mermaid was becoming commonplace, particularly in the so-called "Second Family" Latin bestiaries, as represented in one of the early manuscripts classified into this group (<a href="/wiki/Additional_manuscripts" title="Additional manuscripts">Additional manuscript</a> 11283, c. 1170–1180s. Fig., top right).<a href="#cite_note-clark-68">[60]</a> <dl><dt>Mirror and comb</dt></dl> While the siren holding a fish was a commonplace theme,<a href="#cite_note-clark-68">[60]</a> the siren in bestiaries were also sometimes depicted holding the comb,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGeorgeYapp199199-69">[61]</a><a href="#cite_note-71">[63]</a> or the mirror.<a href="#cite_note-73">[65]</a> The comb and mirror became a persistent symbol of the siren-mermaid.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHolford-Strevens200636-74">[66]</a><a href="#cite_note-peacock-75">[67]</a> In the Christian moralizing context (e.g the bestiaries), the mermaid's mirror and comb were held as the symbol of vanity.<a href="#cite_note-peacock-75">[67]</a><a href="#cite_note-80">[i]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Other_Greek_mythical_figures">Other Greek mythical figures</h3></div> The sea-monsters <a href="/wiki/Scylla" title="Scylla">Scylla</a> and <a href="/wiki/Charybdis" title="Charybdis">Charybdis</a>, who lived near the sirens, were also female and had some fishlike attributes. Though Scylla's violence is contrasted with the sirens' seductive ways by certain classical writers,<a href="#cite_note-81">[72]</a> Scylla and Charybdis lived near the sirens' domain.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHolford-Strevens200629-82">[73]</a><a href="#cite_note-84">[j]</a> In <a href="/wiki/Etruscan_art" title="Etruscan art">Etruscan art</a> before the sixth century BC, Scylla was portrayed as a mermaid-like creature with two tails.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHolford-Strevens200629-82">[73]</a> This may be tied to images of two-tailed mermaids ranging from ancient times to modern depictions, and is sometimes attached to the later character of <a href="/wiki/Melusine" title="Melusine">Melusine</a>.<a href="#cite_note-86">[76]</a><a href="#cite_note-:0-87">[77]</a> A sporadic example of sirens as mermaids (tritonesses) in Early Greek art (third century BC), can be explained as the contamination of the siren myth with Scylla and Charybdis.<a href="#cite_note-thompson-88">[78]</a> The female <a href="/wiki/Oceanid" class="mw-redirect" title="Oceanid">oceanids</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nereids" title="Nereids">nereids</a> and <a href="/wiki/Naiad" title="Naiad">naiads</a> are mythical water nymphs or deities, although not depicted with fish tails. "Nereid" and "nymph" have also been applied to actual mermaid-like marine creatures purported to exist, from Pliny (cf. <a href="#Roman_Lusitania_and_Gaul">§Roman Lusitania and Gaul</a>) and onwards. <a href="/wiki/Jane_Ellen_Harrison" title="Jane Ellen Harrison">Jane Ellen Harrison</a> (1882) has speculated that the mermaids or tritonesses of Greek and <a href="/wiki/Roman_mythology" title="Roman mythology">Roman mythology</a> may have been brought from the <a href="/wiki/Middle_East" title="Middle East">Middle East</a>, possibly transmitted by <a href="/wiki/Phoenicia" title="Phoenicia">Phoenician</a> mariners.<a href="#cite_note-harrison-41">[35]</a> The Greek god <a href="/wiki/Triton_(mythology)" title="Triton (mythology)">Triton</a> had two fish tails instead of legs, and later became pluralized as a group. The prophetic sea deity <a href="/wiki/Glaucus" title="Glaucus">Glaucus</a> was also depicted with a fish tail and sometimes with fins for arms. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ancient_Middle_Eastern_mythology">Ancient Middle Eastern mythology</h3></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Kulullû">Kulullû</h4></div> Depictions of entities with the upper bodies of humans and the tails of fish appear in <a href="/wiki/Mesopotamia" title="Mesopotamia">Mesopotamian</a> artwork from the <a href="/wiki/First_Babylonian_dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="First Babylonian dynasty">Old Babylonian Period</a> onwards, on <a href="/wiki/Cylinder_seals" class="mw-redirect" title="Cylinder seals">cylinder seals</a>. These figures are usually mermen (<a href="/wiki/Kulull%C3%BB" title="Kulullû">kulullû</a>),<a href="#cite_note-ornan-89">[79]</a> but mermaids do occasionally appear. The name for the mermaid figure may have been *kuliltu, meaning "fish-woman".<a href="#cite_note-BlackGreen1992-90">[80]</a> Such figures were used in <a href="/wiki/Neo-Assyrian_Empire" title="Neo-Assyrian Empire">Neo-Assyrian</a> art as protective figures<a href="#cite_note-BlackGreen1992-90">[80]</a> and were shown in both monumental sculpture and in small, protective figurines.<a href="#cite_note-BlackGreen1992-90">[80]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Syrian_mermaid_goddess">Syrian mermaid goddess</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Atargatis" title="Atargatis">Atargatis</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:DemetriusIIICoin.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/DemetriusIIICoin.png/220px-DemetriusIIICoin.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="96" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/DemetriusIIICoin.png/330px-DemetriusIIICoin.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/DemetriusIIICoin.png/440px-DemetriusIIICoin.png 2x" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="326" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Atargatis" title="Atargatis">Atargatis</a> depicted as a fish with a woman's head, on a coin of <a href="/wiki/Demetrius_III_Eucaerus" title="Demetrius III Eucaerus">Demetrius III</a></figcaption></figure> A mermaid-like goddess, identified by Greek and Roman writers as Derceto or Atargatis, was worshipped at <a href="/wiki/Ashkelon" title="Ashkelon">Ashkelon</a>.<a href="#cite_note-macalister-91">[81]</a><a href="#cite_note-ringgren-92">[82]</a> In a myth recounted by <a href="/wiki/Diodorus_Siculus" title="Diodorus Siculus">Diodorus Siculus</a> in the first century BC, Derceto gave birth to a child from an affair. Ashamed, she abandoned the child in the desert and drowned herself in a lake, only to be transformed into a human-headed fish. The child, <a href="/wiki/Semiramis" title="Semiramis">Semiramis</a>, was fed by doves and survived to become a queen.<a href="#cite_note-grabbe-93">[83]</a> In the second century, <a href="/wiki/Lucian" title="Lucian">Lucian</a> described seeing a Phoenician statue of Derceto with the upper body of a woman and the tail of a fish. He noted the contrast with the grand statue located at her Holy City (<a href="/wiki/Hierapolis_Bambyce" class="mw-redirect" title="Hierapolis Bambyce">Hierapolis Bambyce</a>), which appeared entirely human.<a href="#cite_note-95">[85]</a><a href="#cite_note-d-syra14-cowper-96">[86]</a> In the myth, Semiramis's first husband is named Onnes. Some scholars have compared this to the earlier Mesopotamian myth of <a href="/wiki/Oannes_(mythology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Oannes (mythology)">Oannes</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESmith,_W._Robertson1887313–314-97">[87]</a> one of the <a href="/wiki/Apkallu" title="Apkallu">apkallu</a> or seven sages described as fish-men in <a href="/wiki/Cuneiform" title="Cuneiform">cuneiform</a> texts.<a href="#cite_note-breucker-98">[88]</a><a href="#cite_note-101">[91]</a> While Oannes was a servant of the water deity <a href="/wiki/Ea_(mythology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ea (mythology)">Ea</a>, having gained wisdom from the god,<a href="#cite_note-breucker-98">[88]</a> English writer <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Waugh_(author)" class="mw-redirect" title="Arthur Waugh (author)">Arthur Waugh</a> understood Oannes to be equivalent to Ea,<a href="#cite_note-102">[92]</a> and proposed that surely "Oannes had a fish-tailed wife" and descendants,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWaugh196073–74-103">[93]</a> with Atargatis being one deity thus descended, "through the mists of time".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWaugh196073–74-103">[93]</a> Diodorus's chronology of Queen Semiramis resembles the feats of <a href="/wiki/Alexander_the_Great" title="Alexander the Great">Alexander the Great</a> (campaigns to India, etc.), and Diodorus may have woven the Macedonian king's material via some unnamed source.<a href="#cite_note-grabbe-93">[83]</a> There is a mermaid legend attached to Alexander the Great's sister, but this is of post-medieval vintage (see <a href="#Byzantine_and_Ottoman_Greece">below</a>).<a href="#cite_note-russell-104">[94]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Rational_attempts_at_explanation">Rational attempts at explanation</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="#Reported_sightings">§ Reported sightings</a>, <a href="#Hoaxes_and_show_exhibitions">§ Hoaxes and show exhibitions</a>, and <a href="#Scientific_inquiry">§ Scientific inquiry</a></div> Sometime before 546 BC, <a href="/wiki/Milesian_school" class="mw-redirect" title="Milesian school">Milesian</a> philosopher <a href="/wiki/Anaximander" title="Anaximander">Anaximander</a> postulated that mankind had sprung from an aquatic animal species, a theory that is sometimes called the <a href="/wiki/Aquatic_Ape_Theory" class="mw-redirect" title="Aquatic Ape Theory">Aquatic Ape Theory</a>. He thought that humans, who begin life with prolonged <a href="/wiki/Infancy" class="mw-redirect" title="Infancy">infancy</a>, could not have survived otherwise.<a href="#cite_note-105">[95]</a><a href="#cite_note-106">[96]</a> There are also naturalist theories on the origins of the mermaid, postulating they derive from sightings of <a href="/wiki/Manatee" title="Manatee">manatees</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dugong" title="Dugong">dugongs</a> or even <a href="/wiki/Pinniped" title="Pinniped">seals</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWaugh196077–78-107">[97]</a><a href="#cite_note-108">[98]</a> Still another theory, tangentially related to the aforementioned <a href="/wiki/Aquatic_Ape_Theory" class="mw-redirect" title="Aquatic Ape Theory">Aquatic Ape Theory</a>, is that the mermaids of folklore were actually human women who trained over time to be skilled <a href="/wiki/Underwater_diving" title="Underwater diving">divers</a> for things like <a href="/wiki/Sponges" class="mw-redirect" title="Sponges">sponges</a>, and spent a lot of time in the sea as a result. One proponent of this theory is British author <a href="/wiki/William_Bond_(author)" title="William Bond (author)">William Bond</a>, who has written several books about it.<a href="#cite_note-109">[99]</a><a href="#cite_note-110">[100]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Medieval_literature">Medieval literature</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Merwomen_in_Germanic_literature">Merwomen in Germanic literature</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:392px;max-width:392px"><div class="trow"><div class="theader">Nibelungenlied</div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:191px;max-width:191px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:288px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Pfizer_(1843)-ed-Nibelungen_Not-p211-Hagen%26merminnen.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Hagen sinking the Nibelungen hoard, Rhine maidens" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Pfizer_%281843%29-ed-Nibelungen_Not-p211-Hagen%26merminnen.jpg/189px-Pfizer_%281843%29-ed-Nibelungen_Not-p211-Hagen%26merminnen.jpg" decoding="async" width="189" height="288" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Pfizer_%281843%29-ed-Nibelungen_Not-p211-Hagen%26merminnen.jpg/284px-Pfizer_%281843%29-ed-Nibelungen_Not-p211-Hagen%26merminnen.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Pfizer_%281843%29-ed-Nibelungen_Not-p211-Hagen%26merminnen.jpg/378px-Pfizer_%281843%29-ed-Nibelungen_Not-p211-Hagen%26merminnen.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1057" data-file-height="1609" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption">Hagen unloads Nibelungen treasure where the Rhine mermaids await. Adventure 19.</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:197px;max-width:197px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:288px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Pfizer_(1843)-ed-Nibelungen_Not-p281-Hagen%26meerweiber_Hadeburg%26Sigelind.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Hagen and the prophetic meerweiben" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Pfizer_%281843%29-ed-Nibelungen_Not-p281-Hagen%26meerweiber_Hadeburg%26Sigelind.jpg/195px-Pfizer_%281843%29-ed-Nibelungen_Not-p281-Hagen%26meerweiber_Hadeburg%26Sigelind.jpg" decoding="async" width="195" height="289" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Pfizer_%281843%29-ed-Nibelungen_Not-p281-Hagen%26meerweiber_Hadeburg%26Sigelind.jpg/293px-Pfizer_%281843%29-ed-Nibelungen_Not-p281-Hagen%26meerweiber_Hadeburg%26Sigelind.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Pfizer_%281843%29-ed-Nibelungen_Not-p281-Hagen%26meerweiber_Hadeburg%26Sigelind.jpg/390px-Pfizer_%281843%29-ed-Nibelungen_Not-p281-Hagen%26meerweiber_Hadeburg%26Sigelind.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1636" data-file-height="2421" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption">Hagen with the prophetic mermaids, Hadeburg and Sigelind. Adventure 25.</div></div></div><div class="trow" style="display:flex"><div class="thumbcaption"><div style="float:right;">—Pfizer ed. (1843) Nibelungen noth. Wooodcuts by <a href="/wiki/Julius_Schnorr_von_Carolsfeld" title="Julius Schnorr von Carolsfeld">Julius Schnorr von Carolsfeld</a> and <a href="/wiki/Eugen_Napoleon_Neureuther" title="Eugen Napoleon Neureuther">Eugen Napoleon Neureuther</a>.</div></div></div></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Nibelungenlied">Nibelungenlied</h4></div> Two prophetic merwomen (MHG pl.: merwîp), Sigelinde (MHG: Sigelint) and her maternal aunt<a href="#cite_note-lexer-muome-111">[101]</a> Hadeburg (MHG: Hadeburc) are bathing in the <a href="/wiki/Danube_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Danube River">Danube River</a><a href="#cite_note-114">[k]</a> when <a href="/wiki/Hagen_(legend)" title="Hagen (legend)">Hagen von Tronje</a> encounters them (<a href="/wiki/Nibelungenlied" title="Nibelungenlied">Nibelungenlied</a>, Âventiure 25).<a href="#cite_note-nibelungenlied-35">[29]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrimmStallybrass_tr.1883490-33">[27]</a><a href="#cite_note-lionarons-34">[28]</a> They are called sjókonar ("sea women") in the Old Norse Þiđreks saga.<a href="#cite_note-lionarons-34">[28]</a> There is a <a href="/wiki/Swan_maiden#Folklore_motif_and_tale_types" title="Swan maiden">swan maiden tale motif</a><a href="#cite_note-kemmis-115">[104]</a> involved here (Hagen robs their clothing), but Grimm argued they must have actually been swan maidens, since they are described as hovering above water.<a href="#cite_note-116">[105]</a> In any case, this brief segment became the "foundational" groundwork of subsequent <a href="/wiki/Nixie_(folklore)" title="Nixie (folklore)">water-nix</a> lore and literature that developed in the Germanic sphere.<a href="#cite_note-kemmis-115">[104]</a> They are a probable source of the three Rhine maidens in <a href="/wiki/Richard_Wagner" title="Richard Wagner">Richard Wagner</a>'s opera <a href="/wiki/Das_Rheingold" title="Das Rheingold">Das Rheingold</a>.<a href="#cite_note-mueller2011-117">[106]</a> Though conceived of as swan-maidens in Wagner's 1848 scenario, the number being a threesome was suggested by the woodcut by <a href="/wiki/Julius_Schnorr_von_Carolsfeld" title="Julius Schnorr von Carolsfeld">Julius Schnorr von Carolsfeld</a> and <a href="/wiki/Eugen_Napoleon_Neureuther" title="Eugen Napoleon Neureuther">Eugen Napoleon Neureuther</a> in the Pfizer edition of 1843 (fig. on the left).<a href="#cite_note-millington&spencer1993-118">[107]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Rabenschlacht">Rabenschlacht</h4></div> Middle High German mereminne 'mermaid' is mentioned, among other epics, in the <a href="/wiki/Rabenschlacht" title="Rabenschlacht">Rabenschlacht</a><a href="#cite_note-lexer-merminne-14">[11]</a><a href="#cite_note-rabenschlacht-ed-martin-119">[108]</a> ("Battle of Ravenna", 13th cent.) of the Dietrich cycle. The mermaid (or <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/undine" class="extiw" title="wikt:undine">undine</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPaff1959129-21">[17]</a>) is named Wâchilt and is the ancestress<a href="#cite_note-120">[l]</a> of the traitorous <a href="/wiki/Witege" title="Witege">Wittich</a> who carries him off at the time of peril to her "submarine home".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPaff1959129-21">[17]</a><a href="#cite_note-bashe-26">[21]</a><a href="#cite_note-davidson1958-17">[14]</a> This material has been found translated as a medieval <a href="/wiki/%C3%9Ei%C3%B0reks_saga" title="Þiðreks saga">Þiðreks saga</a> only in a late, reworked Swedish version,<a href="#cite_note-davidson1958-17">[14]</a> i.e., one of the closing chapters of Ðiðriks saga (fifteenth century,<a href="#cite_note-didriks_saga-ed-hylten-cavallius-19">[15]</a> also known as the "Swedish epilogue"<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPaff195971-121">[109]</a>).<a href="#cite_note-122">[110]</a><a href="#cite_note-paff-p073-20">[16]</a> The mermaid/undine is here translated as Old Swedish haffru.<a href="#cite_note-didriks_saga-ed-hylten-cavallius-19">[15]</a> The Old Norse Þiðreks saga proper<a href="#cite_note-thidrekksaga-kap84(57)-24">[19]</a><a href="#cite_note-123">[111]</a> calls the same mermaid a <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/sj%C3%B3" class="extiw" title="wikt:sjó">sjó</a><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/kona" class="extiw" title="wikt:kona">kona</a> (siókona [sic.])<a href="#cite_note-buchholz-16">[13]</a><a href="#cite_note-davidson1958-17">[14]</a> or "sea-woman".<a href="#cite_note-bashe-26">[21]</a><a href="#cite_note-124">[112]</a> The genealogy is given in the saga: the sea-woman and Villcinus (Vilkinus), king of Scandinavia together had a son, Vaði (<a href="/wiki/Wade_(folklore)" title="Wade (folklore)">Wade</a>) of (Sjóland=<a href="/wiki/Sj%C3%A6lland" class="mw-redirect" title="Sjælland">Sjælland</a>, Zealand) who was a giant (risi); whose son was Velent (<a href="/wiki/Wayland_the_Smith" title="Wayland the Smith">Wayland the Smith</a>), whose son after that was Viðga Velentsson (Wittich or <a href="/wiki/Witige" class="mw-redirect" title="Witige">Witige</a>),<a href="#cite_note-thidrekksaga-kap84(57)-24">[19]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPaff195953-125">[113]</a><a href="#cite_note-davidson1958-17">[14]</a><a href="#cite_note-bashe-26">[21]</a><a href="#cite_note-buchholz-16">[13]</a> who became a companion/champion of King Þiðrekr (Dietrich von Bern). Thus the saga is an early source which associates a famed clan of merfolk with a place in Denmark, i.e., Sjælland. Sjælland was the divided portion of Villcina-land inherited by the bastard prince Vaði/Wade according to the saga.<a href="#cite_note-126">[114]</a> The Swedish epilogue transposed the locations concerning the battle (from Italy to Germany), and claimed the rescued Viðga/Witige was brought to Sjælland. That is to say, the crucial battle had been in Ravenna, Northern Italy in the German epic Rabenschlacht), but the battle spot was changed to Gronsport, somewhere on the <a href="/wiki/Moselle" title="Moselle">Moselle</a>, in Northern Germany in the Swedish version.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPaff195935,_73,_85-127">[115]</a><a href="#cite_note-128">[116]</a><a href="#cite_note-paff-p073-20">[16]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Folklore_of_Britain_and_Ireland">Folklore of Britain and Ireland</h2></div> The <a href="/wiki/Normans" title="Normans">Norman</a> chapel in <a href="/wiki/Durham_Castle" title="Durham Castle">Durham Castle</a>, built around 1078, has what is probably the earliest surviving artistic depiction of a mermaid in England.<a href="#cite_note-wood.r-129">[117]</a> It can be seen on a south-facing capital above one of the original Norman stone pillars.<a href="#cite_note-130">[118]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Zennor_Mermaid_Chair.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Zennor_Mermaid_Chair.JPG/170px-Zennor_Mermaid_Chair.JPG" decoding="async" width="170" height="249" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Zennor_Mermaid_Chair.JPG/255px-Zennor_Mermaid_Chair.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Zennor_Mermaid_Chair.JPG/340px-Zennor_Mermaid_Chair.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1760" data-file-height="2581" /></a><figcaption>Mermaid carving on a bench end<div style="float:right;">―<a href="/wiki/Zennor" title="Zennor">Zennor</a>, Cornwall.</div></figcaption></figure> Mermaids appear in British folklore as unlucky <a href="/wiki/Omen" title="Omen">omens</a>, both foretelling disaster and provoking it.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBriggs1976287-131">[119]</a> Several variants of the <a href="/wiki/Ballad" title="Ballad">ballad</a> <a href="/wiki/Sir_Patrick_Spens" title="Sir Patrick Spens">Sir Patrick Spens</a> depict a mermaid speaking to the doomed ships. In some versions, she tells them they will never see land again; in others, she claims they are near shore, which they are wise enough to know means the same thing. Mermaids can also be a sign of approaching rough weather,<a href="#cite_note-132">[120]</a> and some have been described as monstrous in size, up to 2,000 feet (610 m).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBriggs1976287-131">[119]</a> In another short ballad, "Clerk Colvill" (<a href="/wiki/Child_Ballads" title="Child Ballads">Child ballad</a> No. 42), the mermaid seduces the title character and foretells his doom. It has been surmised that in the original complete version, the man was being penalized for spurning her, though the Scandinavian counterparts that tells the complete story feature an elf-woman or elf queen rather than mermaid.<a href="#cite_note-child_ballad042-133">[121]</a> Mermaids have been described as able to swim up rivers to <a href="/wiki/Freshwater" class="mw-redirect" title="Freshwater">freshwater</a> lakes. In one story, the <a href="/wiki/Laird" title="Laird">Laird</a> of Lorntie went to aid a woman he thought was drowning in a lake near his house; his servant pulled him back, warning that it was a mermaid, and the mermaid screamed at them that she would have killed him if it were not for his servant.<a href="#cite_note-134">[122]</a> But mermaids could occasionally be more beneficent; e.g., teaching humans cures for certain diseases.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBriggs1976288-135">[123]</a> <a href="/wiki/Merman" title="Merman">Mermen</a> have been described as wilder and uglier than mermaids, with little interest in humans.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBriggs1976290-136">[124]</a> According to legend a mermaid came to the <a href="/wiki/Cornwall" title="Cornwall">Cornish</a> village of <a href="/wiki/Zennor" title="Zennor">Zennor</a>, where she used to listen to the singing of a chorister, Matthew Trewhella.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWaugh196082-137">[125]</a> The two fell in love, and Matthew went with the mermaid to her home at <a href="/wiki/Pendour_Cove" title="Pendour Cove">Pendour Cove</a>. On summer nights, the lovers can be heard singing together. The legend, recorded by folklorist <a href="/wiki/William_Bottrell" title="William Bottrell">William Bottrell</a>, stems from a fifteenth-century mermaid carving on a wooden bench at the <a href="/wiki/Church_of_Saint_Senara,_Zennor" class="mw-redirect" title="Church of Saint Senara, Zennor">Church of Saint Senara</a> in Zennor.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWood201868-78">[70]</a><a href="#cite_note-matthews-138">[126]</a> Some tales raised the question of whether mermaids had immortal souls, answering in the negative.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBriggs1976289-139">[127]</a> In <a href="/wiki/Scottish_mythology" title="Scottish mythology">Scottish mythology</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Ceasg" title="Ceasg">ceasg</a> is a freshwater mermaid, though little beside the term has been preserved in folklore.<a href="#cite_note-140">[128]</a> Mermaids from the <a href="/wiki/Isle_of_Man" title="Isle of Man">Isle of Man</a>, known as ben-varrey, are considered more favorable toward humans than those of other regions,<a href="#cite_note-Briggs-141">[129]</a> with various accounts of assistance, gifts and rewards. One story tells of a fisherman who carried a stranded mermaid back into the sea and was rewarded with the location of treasure. Another recounts the tale of a baby mermaid who stole a doll from a human little girl, but was rebuked by her mother and sent back to the girl with a gift of a pearl necklace to atone for the theft. A third story tells of a fishing family that made regular gifts of apples to a mermaid and was rewarded with prosperity.<a href="#cite_note-Briggs-141">[129]</a> In Irish lore, <a href="/wiki/L%C3%AD_Ban_(mermaid)" title="Lí Ban (mermaid)">Lí Ban</a> was a human being transformed into a mermaid. After three centuries, when Christianity came to <a href="/wiki/Ireland" title="Ireland">Ireland</a>, she was baptized.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBriggs1976266–7-142">[130]</a> The Irish mermaid is called <a href="/wiki/Merrow" title="Merrow">merrow</a> in tales such as "Lady of Gollerus" published in the nineteenth century. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Scandinavian_folklore">Scandinavian folklore</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Haffrue">Haffrue</h3></div> The mermaid corresponds to <a href="/wiki/Danish_language" title="Danish language">Danish</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bokm%C3%A5l" title="Bokmål">Bokmål</a> Norwegian <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/havfrue" class="extiw" title="wikt:havfrue">havfrue</a>, whereas merman answers to Danish/Norwegian havmand.<a href="#cite_note-olsen-dansk-engelsk-havfrue&havmand-143">[131]</a><a href="#cite_note-brynildsen-norsk-engelsk-hav-frue&mand-144">[132]</a><a href="#cite_note-145">[m]</a> As a side-note, a supposed Old Norse haffrú is the etymological source of <a href="/wiki/Norman_French" class="mw-redirect" title="Norman French">Norman French</a> havette for a man-snatching water-sprite, according to one linguist.<a href="#cite_note-147">[134]</a><a href="#cite_note-149">[n]</a> An early description of the Havfrue, and her mate Havmand, was given by the <a href="/wiki/Denmark%E2%80%93Norway" title="Denmark–Norway">Danish</a> <a href="/wiki/Erik_Pontoppidan" title="Erik Pontoppidan">Bishop Pontoppidan</a> (1753).<a href="#cite_note-pontoppidan-150">[136]</a><a href="#cite_note-pontoppidan-eng-151">[137]</a> They were considered the mating female and male of the creature, inhabiting the <a href="/wiki/North_Sea" title="North Sea">North Sea</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPontoppidan1753a302-152">[138]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPontoppidan1755186-153">[139]</a> and their offspring was called marmæle (var. marmæte),<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPontoppidan1753a304,_312,_317-154">[140]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPontoppidan1755187,_192,_195-155">[141]</a> as repeated by later commentators.<a href="#cite_note-faye-havmaend-156">[142]</a><a href="#cite_note-thorpe2-p027-norw-157">[143]</a> Though he was aware of fabulous fables being told about them,<a href="#cite_note-158">[o]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPontoppidan1753a303-159">[144]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPontoppidan1755186-153">[139]</a> he was convinced such creature existed. But as they were non-human, he argued the term Havmand (merman) should be avoided, in favor of some coined term such as sea-ape (<a href="/wiki/Danish_language" title="Danish language">Danish</a>: hav-abe).<a href="#cite_note-160">[p]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPontoppidan1753a306-161">[145]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPontoppidan1755188-162">[146]</a> He also knowingly employed <a href="/wiki/Old_Norwegian" title="Old Norwegian">Old Norwegian</a>/Old Norse maryge [sic.] and hafstrambe [sic.]<a href="#cite_note-163">[q]</a> as the Norwegian names of the mermaid and merman respectively.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPontoppidan1753ap._302n;_p._304-164">[147]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPontoppidan1755p._183;_p._186n-165">[148]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Havfrue_cognates">Havfrue cognates</h4></div> The Icelandic cognate form is haffrú with several synonyms,<a href="#cite_note-166">[r]</a><a href="#cite_note-jon_arnason-saebuar-167">[149]</a><a href="#cite_note-jon_arnason-eng-vol2-intro-168">[150]</a> though instead of these the commonly used term today is hafmey.<a href="#cite_note-olina_thorvardardottir-169">[151]</a> The Faroese forms are havfrúgv (havfrúg).<a href="#cite_note-jakobsen-170">[152]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHayward20178-171">[153]</a> The Swedish form is hafsfru,<a href="#cite_note-tauchnitz-172">[154]</a> with other synonyms such as sjöjungfru,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHayward20178-171">[153]</a><a href="#cite_note-174">[s]</a> or sjörå<a href="#cite_note-tauchnitz-172">[154]</a> ('sea-fairy', the maritime counterpart of the forest <a href="/wiki/Skogsr%C3%A5" title="Skogsrå">skogsrå</a>).<a href="#cite_note-thorpe2-p076-swedish-175">[156]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Other_aliases">Other aliases</h3></div> The terms margýgur or havgýgur as aliases for mermaid were apparently current among the populace in modern-age Iceland, according to <a href="/wiki/J%C3%B3n_%C3%81rnason_(author)" title="Jón Árnason (author)">Jón Árnason</a><a href="#cite_note-176">[157]</a><a href="#cite_note-jon_arnason-saebuar-167">[149]</a><a href="#cite_note-jon_arnason-eng-vol2-intro-168">[150]</a> alongside the marbendill (modern Icelandic for ON marmennill)<a href="#cite_note-nansen-177">[158]</a> <a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Thorpe" title="Benjamin Thorpe">Benjamin Thorpe</a> (1851) writing on Norwegian folklore gave margygr for mermaid (and <a href="/wiki/Marmennill" title="Marmennill">marmennill</a> for merman) as Norwegian folk terms,<a href="#cite_note-thorpe2-p027-norw-157">[143]</a><a href="#cite_note-178">[t]</a> but these are interpolations, which the source, <a href="/wiki/Andreas_Faye" title="Andreas Faye">Andreas Faye</a>'s Norske sagn (1833),<a href="#cite_note-179">[159]</a> only side-noted as occurrences of old terms in medieval literature.<a href="#cite_note-180">[160]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="General_characteristics">General characteristics</h3></div> The beautiful havfrue of Scandinavia may be benevolent or malicious, and legends about her abducting maidens (cf. infra) is given as a case of point for her malice.<a href="#cite_note-keightley1850-181">[161]</a> It is said the havfrue will avenge harm done to it, as in the Norwegian anecdote of one who was lured near the ship, and had her hand cruelly lopped off on the <a href="/wiki/Gunwale" title="Gunwale">gunwale</a>. She caused a storm that nearly drowned the wicked sailor.<a href="#cite_note-182">[162]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Omen,_prophecy_and_wisdom">Omen, prophecy and wisdom</h3></div> The appearance/sighting alone betides an impending storm.<a href="#cite_note-keightley1850-181">[161]</a> Norwegians do not wish to see the havfrue, as she heralds storm or bad weather (Norway).<a href="#cite_note-183">[163]</a><a href="#cite_note-thorpe2-p027-norw-157">[143]</a> The appearance of the sjörå forebodes a storm or poor catch in Swedish tradition, much as the appearance of the <a href="/wiki/Skogsr%C3%A5" title="Skogsrå">skogsrå</a> (wood-nymph) presages poor catch for the hunter.<a href="#cite_note-keightley1850-181">[161]</a><a href="#cite_note-thorpe2-p076-swedish-175">[156]</a> According to the superstitions of Swedish fishermen, if one saw a sjörå who was harbinger of tempest and bad catch, one should not tell his comrades but strike flint against steel to light a spark.<a href="#cite_note-thorpe2-p076-swedish-175">[156]</a> In other cases the Scandinavian mermaid is considered to be prophetic.<a href="#cite_note-keightley1850-181">[161]</a> The tale type "<a href="/w/index.php?title=The_Mermaid%27s_Message&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="The Mermaid's Message (page does not exist)">The Mermaid's Message</a>" (<a href="/wiki/Norwegian_language" title="Norwegian language">Norwegian</a>: <a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Havfruas_sp%C3%A5dom" class="extiw" title="no:Havfruas spådom">Havfruas spådom</a>, ML 4060) is recognized as a <a href="/w/index.php?title=Migratory_Legend&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Migratory Legend (page does not exist)">Migratory Legend</a> [<a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vandresagn" class="extiw" title="no:Vandresagn">no</a>], i.e., a group of tales found in Scandinavia with parallels found elsewhere, according to the scheme devised by <a href="/wiki/Reidar_Thoralf_Christiansen" title="Reidar Thoralf Christiansen">Reidar Thoralf Christiansen</a>.<a href="#cite_note-kvideland&sehmsdorf-184">[164]</a> This may not necessarily involve the mermaid's spaeing, and in the following example of this ML type tale, she merely imparts wisdom: A fisherman who performs favors and earns the privilege to pose three questions to a mermaid. He inquires about the most suitable material for a <a href="/wiki/Flail" title="Flail">flail</a>, to which she answers calf's hide, of course, and tells him he should have asked about how to brew water (into beer), which would have benefited him more greatly.<a href="#cite_note-185">[165]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Merfolk_as_abductors">Merfolk as abductors</h3></div> The Swedish ballad "Hafsfrun"<a href="#cite_note-arwidsson-186">[166]</a> (≈<a href="/w/index.php?title=Havsfruns_t%C3%A4rna&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Havsfruns tärna (page does not exist)">Havsfruns tärna</a> [<a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Havsfruns_t%C3%A4rna" class="extiw" title="sv:Havsfruns tärna">sv</a>], <a href="/wiki/List_of_Sveriges_Medeltida_Ballader" title="List of Sveriges Medeltida Ballader">SMB</a> 23, TSB A 51<a href="#cite_note-visdatabas-havfruns_tarna-187">[167]</a>) is an instance where a mermaid kidnaps a human girl at age fifteen, and when the girl's brother accomplishes the rescue, the mermaid declares she would have cracked<a href="#cite_note-189">[u]</a> her neck if she knew she would be thus betrayed.<a href="#cite_note-190">[169]</a> The Swedish merman Hafsman[nen] steals a human woman to become his bride according to folklore.<a href="#cite_note-grafstroem&forssell-191">[170]</a><a href="#cite_note-193">[v]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Marmaele">Marmaele</h3></div> As aforementioned, the mermaid (<a href="/wiki/Norwegian_language" title="Norwegian language">Norwegian</a>: havfrue) takes the merman (<a href="/wiki/Norwegian_language" title="Norwegian language">Norwegian</a>: havmand) for husband, and produce children called marmæler (sing. <a href="/wiki/Norwegian_language" title="Norwegian language">Norwegian</a>: marmæle, "sea-talkers"), which the fishermen sometimes bring home to gain insight into the future.<a href="#cite_note-194">[172]</a> Early sources say that Norwegian fishermen who capture the marmæte or marmæle may bring them home but do not dare keep it for more than 24 hours before turning them back into the sea whence they found it.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPontoppidan1755195-195">[173]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Margýgr">Margýgr</h3></div> Jón Árnason describes the margýgur as yellow-haired woman who is fish from the waist down, who drags careless seamen to the depths of the sea.<a href="#cite_note-jon_arnason-saebuar-167">[149]</a><a href="#cite_note-jon_arnason-eng-vol2-intro-168">[150]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Flateyjarbok_Olaf_Tryggvason_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Flateyjarbok_Olaf_Tryggvason_%28cropped%29.jpg/220px-Flateyjarbok_Olaf_Tryggvason_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="114" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Flateyjarbok_Olaf_Tryggvason_%28cropped%29.jpg/330px-Flateyjarbok_Olaf_Tryggvason_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Flateyjarbok_Olaf_Tryggvason_%28cropped%29.jpg/440px-Flateyjarbok_Olaf_Tryggvason_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="466" data-file-height="241" /></a><figcaption>The margýgr vs. St. Olaf<a href="#cite_note-197">[w]</a><div style="float:right;">―Flateyjarbk fol. 79r<a href="#cite_note-dubois-196">[174]</a></div></figcaption></figure> However, margygr literally means something like "mer-troll",<a href="#cite_note-jon_arnason-eng-vol2-intro-168">[150]</a> and in medieval tradition, the margygr is more of a "sea monster"<a href="#cite_note-sayers-198">[175]</a> or "sea-ogress".<a href="#cite_note-laity-199">[176]</a><a href="#cite_note-202">[179]</a> According to a version of the <a href="/wiki/%C3%93l%C3%A1fs_saga_helga" title="Óláfs saga helga">Saga of St. Olaf</a> (<a href="/wiki/Olaf_II_of_Norway" title="Olaf II of Norway">Olaf II of Norway</a>) the king encountered a margygr whose singing lulled voyagers to sleep causing them to drown<a href="#cite_note-thorpe2-p027-norw-157">[143]</a><a href="#cite_note-olafs_saga_helga-flateyjar-203">[180]</a> and whose high-pitched shrieks drove men insane.<a href="#cite_note-sayers-198">[175]</a><a href="#cite_note-olafs_saga_helga-flateyjar-203">[180]</a> Her physical appearance is described thus: "She has a head like a horse, with ears erect and distended nostrils, big green eyes and fearful jaws. She has shoulders like a horse and hands in front; but behind she resembles a serpent".<a href="#cite_note-olafs_saga_helga-flateyjar-203">[180]</a><a href="#cite_note-bugge-tr-schoefield-201">[178]</a> This margygr was also said to be furry like a seal, and gray-colored.<a href="#cite_note-olafs_saga_helga-flateyjar-203">[180]</a><a href="#cite_note-borovsky-200">[177]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Western_European_folklore">Western European folklore</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bookofmelusine.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Bookofmelusine.jpg/220px-Bookofmelusine.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="304" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Bookofmelusine.jpg/330px-Bookofmelusine.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Bookofmelusine.jpg/440px-Bookofmelusine.jpg 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="692" /></a><figcaption>Raymond discovers Melusine in her bath, <a href="/wiki/Jean_d%27Arras" title="Jean d'Arras">Jean d'Arras</a>, Le livre de Mélusine, 1478.</figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Melusine" title="Melusine">Melusine</a> is a mermaid-like character from <a href="/wiki/European_folklore" title="European folklore">European folklore</a>, cursed to take the form of a <a href="/wiki/Serpent_(symbolism)" class="mw-redirect" title="Serpent (symbolism)">serpent</a> from the waist down. Later depictions sometimes changed this to a fish tail.<a href="#cite_note-204">[181]</a> At some point, possibly in the late nineteenth century, her name became attached to the two-tailed mermaid of heraldry.<a href="#cite_note-:0-87">[77]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Alchemist" class="mw-redirect" title="Alchemist">alchemist</a> <a href="/wiki/Paracelsus" title="Paracelsus">Paracelsus</a>'s treatise <a href="/wiki/A_Book_on_Nymphs,_Sylphs,_Pygmies,_and_Salamanders,_and_on_the_Other_Spirits" title="A Book on Nymphs, Sylphs, Pygmies, and Salamanders, and on the Other Spirits">A Book on Nymphs, Sylphs, Pygmies, and Salamanders, and on the Other Spirits</a> (1566) spawned the idea that the water elemental (or water sprite) could acquire an immortal soul through marriage with a human; this led to the writing of <a href="/wiki/De_la_Motte_Fouqu%C3%A9" class="mw-redirect" title="De la Motte Fouqué">De la Motte Fouqué</a>'s novella <a href="/wiki/Undine_(novella)" title="Undine (novella)">Undine</a>, and eventually to the famous literary mermaid tale, <a href="/wiki/Hans_Christian_Andersen" title="Hans Christian Andersen">Hans Christian Andersen</a>'s "<a href="/wiki/The_Little_Mermaid" title="The Little Mermaid">The Little Mermaid</a>".<a href="#cite_note-jarvis-205">[182]</a> During the <a href="/wiki/Romanesque_art" title="Romanesque art">Romanesque</a> period, mermaids were often associated with <a href="/wiki/Lust" title="Lust">lust</a>.<a href="#cite_note-206">[183]</a><a href="#cite_note-207">[184]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Byzantine_and_Ottoman_Greek_folklore">Byzantine and Ottoman Greek folklore</h2></div> The conception of the siren as both a mermaid-like creature and part bird-like persisted in <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Greece" title="Byzantine Greece">Byzantine Greece</a> for some time.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWood201851–52-208">[185]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Physiologus" title="Physiologus">Physiologus</a> began switching the illustration of the siren as that a mermaid, as in a version dated to the ninth century.<a href="#cite_note-bain-85">[75]</a> The tenth century Byzantine Greek dictionary <a href="/wiki/Suda" title="Suda">Suda</a> still favored the avian description.<a href="#cite_note-209">[186]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWood201852-210">[187]</a> There is a modern Greek legend that <a href="/wiki/Alexander_the_Great" title="Alexander the Great">Alexander the Great</a>'s sister <a href="/wiki/Thessalonice_of_Macedon" class="mw-redirect" title="Thessalonice of Macedon">Thessalonike</a> turned into a mermaid (<a href="/wiki/Greek_language" title="Greek language">Greek</a>: γοργόνα) after her death, living in the <a href="/wiki/Aegean_Sea" title="Aegean Sea">Aegean</a>. She would ask the sailors on any ship she encountered only one question: "Is King Alexander alive?",(<a href="/wiki/Greek_language" title="Greek language">Greek</a>: "Ζει ο Βασιλεύς Αλέξανδρος;") to which the correct answer was: "He lives and reigns and conquers the world" (Greek: "Ζει και βασιλεύει και τον κόσμον κυριεύει").<a href="#cite_note-russell-104">[94]</a> This answer would please her, and she would accordingly calm the waters and bid the ship farewell. Any other answer would enrage her, and she would stir up a terrible storm, dooming the ship and every sailor on board.<a href="#cite_note-211">[188]</a> This legend derives from an Alexander romance entitled the Phylláda tou Megaléxandrou (<a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A6%CF%85%CE%BB%CE%BB%CE%AC%CE%B4%CE%B1_%CF%84%CE%BF%CF%85_%CE%9C%CE%B5%CE%B3%CE%B1%CE%BB%CE%AD%CE%BE%CE%B1%CE%BD%CE%B4%CF%81%CE%BF%CF%85" class="extiw" title="el:Φυλλάδα του Μεγαλέξανδρου">Φυλλάδα του Μεγαλέξανδρου</a>) dating to the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Greece" title="Ottoman Greece">Ottoman Greece</a> period,<a href="#cite_note-russell-104">[94]</a> first printed in 1680.<a href="#cite_note-garstad-212">[189]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Eastern_Europe">Eastern Europe</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ilya_Repin_-_Sadko_-_Google_Art_Project_levels_adjustment_2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Ilya_Repin_-_Sadko_-_Google_Art_Project_levels_adjustment_2.jpg/220px-Ilya_Repin_-_Sadko_-_Google_Art_Project_levels_adjustment_2.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="310" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Ilya_Repin_-_Sadko_-_Google_Art_Project_levels_adjustment_2.jpg/330px-Ilya_Repin_-_Sadko_-_Google_Art_Project_levels_adjustment_2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Ilya_Repin_-_Sadko_-_Google_Art_Project_levels_adjustment_2.jpg/440px-Ilya_Repin_-_Sadko_-_Google_Art_Project_levels_adjustment_2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5444" data-file-height="7660" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Ilya_Repin" title="Ilya Repin">Ilya Repin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sadko_(painting)" title="Sadko (painting)">Sadko</a> (1876)</figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Rusalka" title="Rusalka">Rusalkas</a> are the Slavic counterpart of the Greek sirens and <a href="/wiki/Naiad" title="Naiad">naiads</a>, often seducing sailors to their doom.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENaroditskayaAustern20066-213">[190]</a><a href="#cite_note-Ivanits_1992_76-214">[191]</a> The nature of rusalkas varies among folk traditions, but according to ethnologist <a href="/wiki/D.K._Zelenin" class="mw-redirect" title="D.K. Zelenin">D.K. Zelenin</a> they all share a common element: they are the restless spirits of the unclean dead.<a href="#cite_note-Ivanits_1992_76-214">[191]</a> They are usually the ghosts of young women who died a violent or untimely death, either by murder or suicide, before their wedding, especially by drowning. Rusalkas are said to inhabit lakes and rivers. They appear as beautiful young women with long pale green hair and pale skin, suggesting a connection with floating weeds and days spent underwater in faint sunlight. They can be seen after dark, dancing together under the moon and calling out to young men by name, luring them to the water and drowning them. The characterization of rusalkas as both desirable and treacherous is prevalent in Russia, <a href="/wiki/Ukraine" title="Ukraine">Ukraine</a> and <a href="/wiki/Belarus" title="Belarus">Belarus</a>, and was emphasized by nineteenth-century Russian authors.<a href="#cite_note-215">[192]</a><a href="#cite_note-216">[193]</a><a href="#cite_note-217">[194]</a><a href="#cite_note-218">[195]</a> The best-known of the great Czech nationalist composer <a href="/wiki/Anton%C3%ADn_Dvo%C5%99%C3%A1k" title="Antonín Dvořák">Antonín Dvořák</a>'s operas is Rusalka. In <a href="/wiki/Sadko" title="Sadko">Sadko</a> (<a href="/wiki/Russian_language" title="Russian language">Russian</a>: Садко), an <a href="/wiki/East_Slavs" title="East Slavs">East Slavic</a> epic, the title character—an adventurer, merchant, and <a href="/wiki/Gusli" title="Gusli">gusli</a> musician from <a href="/wiki/Novgorod" class="mw-redirect" title="Novgorod">Novgorod</a>—lives for some time in the underwater court of the <a href="/wiki/Sea_Tsar" title="Sea Tsar">Sea Tsar</a> and marries his daughter, Chernava, before finally returning home. The tale inspired such works as the poem Sadko<a href="#cite_note-219">[196]</a> by <a href="/wiki/Alexei_Tolstoy_(poet)" class="mw-redirect" title="Alexei Tolstoy (poet)">Alexei Tolstoy</a> (1817–75), the opera <a href="/wiki/Sadko_(opera)" title="Sadko (opera)">Sadko</a> composed by <a href="/wiki/Nikolai_Rimsky-Korsakov" title="Nikolai Rimsky-Korsakov">Nikolai Rimsky-Korsakov</a>, and the painting <a href="/wiki/Sadko_(painting)" title="Sadko (painting)">Sadko</a> by <a href="/wiki/Ilya_Repin" title="Ilya Repin">Ilya Repin</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Chinese_folklore">Chinese folklore</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Merfolk#China" title="Merfolk">Merfolk § China</a></div> A <a href="/wiki/Merfolk" title="Merfolk">merfolk</a> race called the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Di_people_(merfolk)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Di people (merfolk) (page does not exist)">Di people</a> [<a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%B0%90%E4%BA%BA%E6%97%8F" class="extiw" title="zh:氐人族">zh</a>] are described as populating its own nation in the <a href="/wiki/Shanhaijing" class="mw-redirect" title="Shanhaijing">Shanhaijing</a> (Classic of Mountains and Seas) compilation of Chinese geography and mythology, dating from the fourth century BC.<a href="#cite_note-shanhaijing-strassberg-diren-dipeople-220">[197]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMagnani202289-221">[198]</a> The ancient work also included several types of human-headed fish, such as the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Chiru_(fish)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Chiru (fish) (page does not exist)">chiru</a> [<a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/chiru_(fish)" class="extiw" title="zh:chiru (fish)">zh</a>] or "red ru fish";<a href="#cite_note-shanhaijing-strassberg-chiru-redrufish-222">[199]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMagnani202289-221">[198]</a> as well as creature with some humanlike qualities like the renyu (人魚) or "human-fish".<a href="#cite_note-shanhaijing-strassberg-renyu-humanfish-223">[200]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMagnani202289-221">[198]</a> Note that these are not of a specific gender, so they are not really conducive to being called "mermaids", though some English (European) writers might use "mermaid" as shorthand. There is also an account of the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Hairenyu&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hairenyu (page does not exist)">hairenyu</a> [<a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%B5%B7%E4%BA%BA%E9%AD%9A" class="extiw" title="ja:海人魚">ja</a>](海人魚; literally "sea human fish"), given in the <a href="/wiki/Taiping_Guangji" title="Taiping Guangji">Taiping guangji</a> compilation, sourced from the work entitled Qiawenji (洽聞記). The female of its kind had a head like beautiful woman's, with hair like a horse's tail, and white skin like jade without scales, covered with multicolored <a href="/wiki/Downy_hair" class="mw-redirect" title="Downy hair">downy hair</a> (or <a href="/wiki/Vellus_hair" title="Vellus hair">peach fuzz</a>), and legless. The male and female had sexual organs like humans, so that <a href="/wiki/Widow" title="Widow">widows</a> and <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/widowers" class="extiw" title="wikt:widowers">widowers</a> would keep them in their ponds, and the creatures could perform <a href="/wiki/Sexual_intercourse" title="Sexual intercourse">sexual intercourse</a> normally as a human would.<a href="#cite_note-taiping_guangji464-224">[201]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMagnani202291-225">[202]</a><a href="#cite_note-228">[x]</a> An anecdote considered relevant<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMatsuoka198256-229">[205]</a> concerns a renyu ("human fish") allegedly seen by the ship carrying Zha Dao (査道), and emissary to Korea. She had an unkempt hairdo and scarlet mane extending to the back of her elbows. Zha ordered the crew to bring her aboard with poles, but she escaped. Zha explained that she was a renyu, adept at copulating with humans, and was a type of human dwelling in the sea. The anecdote in the lost Cuyiji ("Records of Bygone Extraordinay Things") from the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Northern_Song_period&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Northern Song period (page does not exist)">Northern Song period</a>,<a href="#cite_note-zheng&kirk&buell&unschuld-Cuyiji-230">[206]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMatsuoka198256-229">[205]</a><a href="#cite_note-yoshioka-cit-hino-231">[207]</a> survives in quotes, e.g., from <a href="/wiki/Leishu" title="Leishu">leishu</a> compilation Gujin tushu jicheng (古今圖書集成 "Comprehensive Compendium of Illustrations and Books, Ancient and Modern").<a href="#cite_note-gujin_tushu_jicheng144-232">[208]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Korean_folklore">Korean folklore</h2></div> <a href="/wiki/Korea" title="Korea">Korea</a> is bound on three sides by the sea. In some villages near the sea in Korea, there are mysterious stories about mermaids. Mermaids have features just like humans. Kim Dam Ryeong, a mayor of the town[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">specify</a>], saved four captured mermaids from a fisherman, as recorded in the <a href="/wiki/Eou_yadam" title="Eou yadam">Eou yadam</a> (unofficial histories).<a href="#cite_note-233">[209]</a> In <a href="/wiki/Dongbaekseom" title="Dongbaekseom">Dongabaek Island</a> of <a href="/wiki/Busan" title="Busan">Busan</a> is a tale of Princess Hwang-ok from Naranda, a mythical undersea kingdom of mermaids; this tale is based on the historical <a href="/wiki/Heo_Hwang-ok" title="Heo Hwang-ok">Heo Hwang-ok</a> from <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKeithLee201873–74-234">[210]</a> Another tale concerns a mermaid named Sinjike (<a href="/wiki/Korean_language" title="Korean language">Korean</a>: 신지끼) who warned fishermen of impending storms by singing and throwing rocks into the sea from <a href="/wiki/Port_Hamilton" title="Port Hamilton">Geomun Island</a>. The island's residents believed her to be a goddess of the sea and that she could predict the weather.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKeithLee201874-235">[211]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Japanese_folklore">Japanese folklore</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Ningyo" title="Ningyo">Ningyo</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ningyo-no-zu-Bunka02-05.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Ningyo-no-zu-Bunka02-05.jpg/220px-Ningyo-no-zu-Bunka02-05.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="166" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Ningyo-no-zu-Bunka02-05.jpg/330px-Ningyo-no-zu-Bunka02-05.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Ningyo-no-zu-Bunka02-05.jpg/440px-Ningyo-no-zu-Bunka02-05.jpg 2x" data-file-width="736" data-file-height="554" /></a><figcaption>"Ningyo no zu": A flier of a mermaid, dated fifth month of Bunka 2 (1805).</figcaption></figure> The Japanese equivalent is ningyo (人魚, literally "human-fish"<a href="#cite_note-hayward2018-ch03-236">[212]</a>). According to one dictionary, ningyo oftentimes refers to a "half-woman and half-fish fabulous creature", i.e., mermaid, though not necessarily female, i.e., includes mermen.<a href="#cite_note-nakamaru-citing-kojien-237">[213]</a> Despite the dictionary stating it has the appearance of half-woman half-fish, the creature has been pictorialized rather as a being with a human female head sitting on a body which is entirely fish-like (see fig. right).<a href="#cite_note-hayward2018-ch03-236">[212]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ningyo_flesh">Ningyo flesh</h3></div> The ningyo's flesh was purported to be an elixir, and consuming its flesh said to bestow remarkable longevity. A famous ningyo legend concerns the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Yao_bikuni&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Yao bikuni (page does not exist)">Yao bikuni</a> [<a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%85%AB%E7%99%BE%E6%AF%94%E4%B8%98%E5%B0%BC" class="extiw" title="ja:八百比丘尼">ja</a>] who is said to have partaken of the flesh of a merfolk and attained miraculous longevity and lived for centuries. It is not discernible whether the flesh was a female; a pair of translators call it "flesh of a mermaid" in one book,<a href="#cite_note-yoda&alt2013-238">[214]</a> but merely a "strange fish with a human face" in another.<a href="#cite_note-239">[215]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="As_yōkai">As yōkai</h3></div> A ningyo might be counted as a <a href="/wiki/Y%C5%8Dkai" title="Yōkai">yōkai</a> since it is included in <a href="/wiki/Toriyama_Sekien" title="Toriyama Sekien">Toriyama Sekien</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Hyakki_Yagy%C5%8D" title="Hyakki Yagyō">Hyakki Yagyō</a> series.<a href="#cite_note-toriyama-eng-240">[216]</a> Gender is unclear, as it is only described as a being with "a human face, a fish body". However, Sekien's ningyo picture actually represents a "human-fish" that lives in Western China, also known as the Di people <a href="/w/index.php?title=Diren_(merfolk)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Diren (merfolk) (page does not exist)">Diren</a> [<a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%B0%90%E4%BA%BA%E6%97%8F" class="extiw" title="zh:氐人族">zh</a>], according to the inscription printed alongside.<a href="#cite_note-toriyama-eng-240">[216]</a> They are described in the Classic of Mountains and Seas and translated as the "Low People"<a href="#cite_note-shanhaijing10regions-within-sea-south-241">[217]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBirrell_tr.2000136-242">[218]</a> or the "Di People".<a href="#cite_note-shanhaijing-strassberg-diren-dipeople-220">[197]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Indian,_Southeast_Asian,_and_Polynesian_folklore">Indian, Southeast Asian, and Polynesian folklore</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hanuman_and_Mermaid_Suvannamaccha.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Hanuman_and_Mermaid_Suvannamaccha.jpg/220px-Hanuman_and_Mermaid_Suvannamaccha.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="330" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Hanuman_and_Mermaid_Suvannamaccha.jpg/330px-Hanuman_and_Mermaid_Suvannamaccha.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Hanuman_and_Mermaid_Suvannamaccha.jpg/440px-Hanuman_and_Mermaid_Suvannamaccha.jpg 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="750" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Suvannamaccha" title="Suvannamaccha">Suvannamaccha</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hanuman" title="Hanuman">Hanuman</a>, mural at <a href="/wiki/Wat_Phra_Kaew" title="Wat Phra Kaew">Wat Phra Kaew</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bangkok" title="Bangkok">Bangkok</a>.</figcaption></figure> In <a href="/wiki/Hinduism" title="Hinduism">Hinduism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Suvannamaccha" title="Suvannamaccha">Suvannamaccha</a> (literally "golden mermaid") is a daughter of <a href="/wiki/Ravana" title="Ravana">Ravana</a> who also appears in the <a href="/wiki/Thai_language" title="Thai language">Thai</a> and other Southeast Asian <a href="/wiki/Versions_of_Ramayana" class="mw-redirect" title="Versions of Ramayana">versions of Ramayana</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Satyavrat2006-243">[219]</a> She is a mermaid princess who tries to spoil <a href="/wiki/Hanuman" title="Hanuman">Hanuman</a>'s plans to build a bridge to <a href="/wiki/Lanka" title="Lanka">Lanka</a> but falls in love with him instead.<a href="#cite_note-Desai2005-244">[220]</a> In <a href="/wiki/Cambodia" title="Cambodia">Cambodia</a>, she is referred as Sovanna Maccha, a favorite for Cambodian audiences.<a href="#cite_note-:5-245">[221]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Indonesia">Indonesia</h3></div> In the <a href="/wiki/Javanese_people" title="Javanese people">Javanese</a> culture of <a href="/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia">Indonesia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nyai_Roro_Kidul" title="Nyai Roro Kidul">Nyai Roro Kidul</a> is a sea goddess and the Queen of the Southern Seas; the mermaid queen is said to inhabit the southern beach in <a href="/wiki/Java" title="Java">Java</a>.<a href="#cite_note-246">[222]</a> She has many forms; in her mermaid form, she is called Nyai Blorong.<a href="#cite_note-247">[223]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Philippines">Philippines</h3></div> In the <a href="/wiki/Tagalog_language" title="Tagalog language">Tagalog language</a> mermaids are known as <a href="/wiki/Philippine_mythical_creatures" class="mw-redirect" title="Philippine mythical creatures">sirena and siyokoy</a> respectively.<a href="#cite_note-TE-248">[224]</a> The general term for mermaid among all ethnic groups is Sirena.<a href="#cite_note-249">[225]</a> In the <a href="/wiki/Philippines" title="Philippines">Philippines</a>, mermaid concepts differ per ethnic group. Among the <a href="/wiki/Pangasinan" title="Pangasinan">Pangasinense</a>, the Binalatongan mermaid is a Queen of the sea who married the mortal Maginoo Palasipas and ruled humanity for a time.<a href="#cite_note-The_Beyer_Ethnographic_Series-250">[226]</a> Among the <a href="/wiki/Ilocano_people" title="Ilocano people">Ilocano</a>, mermaids were said to have propagated and spread through the union of the first Serena and the first Litao, a water god.<a href="#cite_note-The_Beyer_Ethnographic_Series-250">[226]</a> Among the <a href="/wiki/Bicol_Region" title="Bicol Region">Bicolano</a>, mermaids were referred as Magindara, known for their beautiful voice and vicious nature.<a href="#cite_note-251">[227]</a> Among the <a href="/wiki/Sambal" title="Sambal">Sambal</a>, mermaids called Mambubuno are depicted as having two fins, instead of one. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="New_Zealand">New Zealand</h3></div> Mermaids and <a href="/wiki/Merman" title="Merman">mermen</a> are also characters of The myth of <a href="/wiki/Pania" title="Pania">"Pania of the Reef"</a>, a well-known tale of <a href="/wiki/M%C4%81ori_mythology" title="Māori mythology">Māori mythology</a>, has many parallels with stories of sea-people in other parts of the world. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="African_folklore">African folklore</h2></div> <a href="/wiki/Mami_Water" class="mw-redirect" title="Mami Water">Mami Water</a> (Lit. "Mother of the Water") are water spirits venerated in <a href="/wiki/West_Africa" title="West Africa">West</a>, <a href="/wiki/Central_Africa" title="Central Africa">Central</a> and <a href="/wiki/Southern_Africa" title="Southern Africa">southern Africa</a>, and in the African <a href="/wiki/Diaspora" title="Diaspora">diaspora</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Caribbean" title="Caribbean">Caribbean</a> and parts of <a href="/wiki/North_America" title="North America">North</a>, <a href="/wiki/Central_America" title="Central America">Central</a> and <a href="/wiki/South_America" title="South America">South America</a>. They are usually female, but are sometimes male. They are regarded as diabolical beings, and are often <a href="/wiki/Femme_fatale" title="Femme fatale">femme fatales</a>, luring men to their deaths.<a href="#cite_note-sacred_waters_intro-252">[228]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Persian_language" title="Persian language">Persian</a> word "پری دریایی" or "maneli" means "mermaid".<a href="#cite_note-253">[229]</a> Among the <a href="/wiki/Shona_language" title="Shona language">Shona</a> of <a href="/wiki/Zimbabwe" title="Zimbabwe">Zimbabwe</a>, njuzu are mermaid-like spirits.<a href="#cite_note-254">[230]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Jengu" title="Jengu">jengu</a>, also known as the "Itongo" (Sea Queen), of Cameroon is sometimes depicted as half woman and half fish.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENkemlekeNeba2020390-255">[231]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Arabian_folklore">Arabian folklore</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="One_Thousand_and_One_Nights">One Thousand and One Nights</h3></div> The <a href="/wiki/One_Thousand_and_One_Nights" title="One Thousand and One Nights">One Thousand and One Nights</a> collection includes several tales featuring "sea people", such as "Jullanâr the Sea-born and Her Son King Badr Bâsim of Persia".<a href="#cite_note-Irwin-256">[232]</a> Unlike depictions of mermaids in other mythologies, these are anatomically identical to land-bound humans, differing only in their ability to breathe and live underwater. They can (and do) interbreed with land humans, and the children of such unions have the ability to live underwater. In the tale "<a href="/wiki/Abdullah_the_Fisherman_and_Abdullah_the_Merman" class="mw-redirect" title="Abdullah the Fisherman and Abdullah the Merman">Abdullah the Fisherman and Abdullah the Merman</a>", the <a href="/wiki/Protagonist" title="Protagonist">protagonist</a> Abdullah the Fisherman gains the ability to breathe underwater and discovers an underwater society that is portrayed as an inverted reflection of society on land. The underwater society follows a form of <a href="/wiki/Primitive_communism" title="Primitive communism">primitive communism</a> where concepts like money and clothing do not exist. In "<a href="/wiki/The_Adventures_of_Bulukiya" class="mw-redirect" title="The Adventures of Bulukiya">The Adventures of Bulukiya</a>", the protagonist Bulukiya's quest for the <a href="/wiki/Elixir_of_life" title="Elixir of life">herb of immortality</a> leads him to explore the seas, where he encounters societies of mermaids.<a href="#cite_note-Irwin-256">[232]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="American_folklore">American folklore</h2></div> The <a href="/wiki/Neo-Ta%C3%ADno_nations" class="mw-redirect" title="Neo-Taíno nations">Neo-Taíno nations</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Caribbean" title="Caribbean">Caribbean</a> identify a mermaid called Aycayia<a href="#cite_note-257">[233]</a><a href="#cite_note-258">[234]</a> with attributes of the goddess Jagua and the hibiscus flower of the majagua tree <a href="/wiki/Hibiscus_tiliaceus" title="Hibiscus tiliaceus">Hibiscus tiliaceus</a>.<a href="#cite_note-259">[235]</a> In modern Caribbean culture, there are a number of mermaids that are derived from West African originals and taken by slaves. These include Watramama in Suriname and Guyana, Mamadjo in Grenada, Yemanya or Yemaya in Brazil and Cuba, Erzulie in Haiti), and Lamanté in Martinique.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENies2014306-260">[236]</a> There is a mermaid recognized as a <a href="/wiki/Haiti" title="Haiti">Haitian</a> vodou <a href="/wiki/Loa" class="mw-redirect" title="Loa">loa</a> called Lasirèn (from the French <a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a>: la siréne, "the mermaid"), representing wealth, beauty and romance, but also the possibility of death.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENies2014307-261">[237]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Iara_and_Ipupiara">Iara and Ipupiara</h3></div> In Brazilian folklore, the <a href="/wiki/Iara_(mythology)" title="Iara (mythology)">iara</a>, also known as mãe-d'agua ("lady/mother of the water") is a water-dwelling beauty whom fishermen are prone to fall prey to.<a href="#cite_note-souza-262">[238]</a><a href="#cite_note-herrera-sobek-263">[239]</a> According to eighteenth-century sources, she is a long-haired woman who enchant men by night, and those who scucumb die, "drowned by passion".<a href="#cite_note-soares&silva&barbosa-264">[240]</a> Folklore also blamed disappearances of men on the Iara who lured them singing in the indigenous language.<a href="#cite_note-soares&silva&barbosa-264">[240]</a> Other commentators insist Iara is a "beautiful white woman who lives in a river",<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETeixeira199233-265">[241]</a> reputedly golden-haired,<a href="#cite_note-herrera-sobek-263">[239]</a> though the blond, blue-eyed image was not attested until after the mid-nineteenth century, to the best knowledge of <a href="/wiki/Camara_Cascudo" class="mw-redirect" title="Camara Cascudo">Camara Cascudo</a>.<a href="#cite_note-266">[y]</a><a href="#cite_note-cascudo-mae-dagua-267">[242]</a> Cascudo in his earlier writing contended that though the Iara was rooted in two indigenous beings, the water-devil Ipupiara (cf. below) and the <a href="/wiki/Boiuna" title="Boiuna">Cobra-Grande</a>, he also saw the combining of the Portuguese lore of the <a href="/wiki/Enchanted_Moura" title="Enchanted Moura">Enchanted Moura</a> (moorish girl), who was obviously dark-skinned.<a href="#cite_note-268">[243]</a><a href="#cite_note-269">[z]</a> The Iara became increasingly to be regarded as a woman-fish, after the image of the European sirens/mermaids.<a href="#cite_note-noguera-270">[244]</a><a href="#cite_note-morais-271">[245]</a> It is often argued that the legends of the Iara developed around the eighteenth century out of the indigenous myth of the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ipupiara_(monster)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ipupiara (monster) (page does not exist)">Ipupiara</a> [<a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ipupiara_(criptozoologia)" class="extiw" title="pt:Ipupiara (criptozoologia)">pt</a>] among the <a href="/wiki/Tupinamb%C3%A1_people" title="Tupinambá people">Tupinambá people</a>. The Ipupiara was originally conceived of as a male water-dweller that carried fishermen to the bottom, devouring their mouths, nose, fingertips and genitals.<a href="#cite_note-souza-262">[238]</a> European writers during the age of exploration disseminated the myth, but the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Pero_de_Magalh%C3%A3es_Gandavo&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pero de Magalhães Gandavo (page does not exist)">Gandavo</a> [<a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pero_de_Magalh%C3%A3es_Gandavo" class="extiw" title="pt:Pero de Magalhães Gandavo">pt</a>] (1576)<a href="#cite_note-272">[aa]</a> included an illustration of "Hipupiàra" with female breasts. Subsequently the Jesuit <a href="/w/index.php?title=Fern%C3%A3o_Cardim&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Fernão Cardim (page does not exist)">Cardim</a> [<a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fern%C3%A3o_Cardim" class="extiw" title="pt:Fernão Cardim">pt</a>]<a href="#cite_note-273">[ab]</a> wrote that the "Igpupiàra" also consisted of females that look like women with long hair.<a href="#cite_note-fonseca-274">[246]</a> Though somewhat vague in the case of Gandavo, Cardim had clearly injected Christian opinion which would readily relegate the role of emasculating men to the female kind.<a href="#cite_note-275">[247]</a> Later with the introduction of African slaves, the <a href="/wiki/Yoruba_myth" class="mw-redirect" title="Yoruba myth">Yoruba myth</a> of <a href="/wiki/Iemanj%C3%A1" class="mw-redirect" title="Iemanjá">Iemanjá</a> was admixed into the telling.<a href="#cite_note-souza-262">[238]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Reported_sightings">Reported sightings</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Roman_Lusitania_and_Gaul">Roman Lusitania and Gaul</h3></div> In his <a href="/wiki/Natural_History_(encyclopedia)" class="mw-redirect" title="Natural History (encyclopedia)">Natural History</a> 9.4.9–11, <a href="/wiki/Pliny_the_Elder" title="Pliny the Elder">Pliny the Elder</a>, remarked that a triton (merman) was seen off the coast of <a href="/wiki/Olisipo" title="Olisipo">Olisipo</a> (present-day <a href="/wiki/Lisbon" title="Lisbon">Lisbon</a>, Portugal),<a href="#cite_note-ni_mheallaigh-276">[248]</a> and it bore the physical appearance in accordance with common notion of the triton, according to a deputation from Lisbon who reported it to Emperor Tiberus. One nereid was sighted earlier on the same (Lisbon) coast. Pliny remarks that contrary to popular notion, the true nereids are not smooth-skinned in their human-like portions, but covered with scales all over the body.<a href="#cite_note-279">[251]</a> Their mournful songs at death have also been heard by the coastal inhabitants. Also, multiple nereids had washed up on the shore according to the legatus/governor of <a href="/wiki/Roman_Gaul" title="Roman Gaul">Gaul</a>, who informed the late <a href="/wiki/Emperor_Augustus" class="mw-redirect" title="Emperor Augustus">Emperor Augustus</a> about it in a letter.<a href="#cite_note-ni_mheallaigh-276">[248]</a><a href="#cite_note-281">[253]</a><a href="#cite_note-hansen-278">[250]</a><a href="#cite_note-282">[ac]</a> Sixteenth-century Swedish writer <a href="/wiki/Olaus_Magnus" title="Olaus Magnus">Olaus Magnus</a> quotes the same passage from Pliny, and further notes that the nereid are said to utter "dismal moans (wailings) at the hour of her death", thus observing a connection to the legend of <a href="/wiki/Sea-nymph" class="mw-redirect" title="Sea-nymph">sea-nymphs</a><a href="#cite_note-nigg-283">[254]</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Moirai" title="Moirai">sister Fates</a> whose clashing cymbals and flute tunes could be heard on shore.<a href="#cite_note-olaus-284">[255]</a><a href="#cite_note-olaus-eng-285">[256]</a><a href="#cite_note-nigg-283">[254]</a> Olaus in a later passage states that the nereids (tr. "mermaids") are known to "sing plaintively",<a href="#cite_note-olaus2-286">[257]</a><a href="#cite_note-olaus2-eng-287">[258]</a> in general.<a href="#cite_note-288">[ad]</a> It has been conjectured that these carcasses of nereids washed up on shore were "presumably seals".<a href="#cite_note-ni_mheallaigh-276">[248]</a><a href="#cite_note-290">[260]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Age_of_Exploration_Americas_and_polar_frontiers">Age of Exploration Americas and polar frontiers</h3></div> In 1493, sailing off the coast of <a href="/wiki/Hispaniola" title="Hispaniola">Hispaniola</a>, <a href="/wiki/Christopher_Columbus" title="Christopher Columbus">Christopher Columbus</a> spotted three mermaids (Spanish: sirenas) which he said were not as beautiful as they are represented due to masculine features in their faces. He is widely believed to have seen <a href="/wiki/Manatees" class="mw-redirect" title="Manatees">manatees</a>, not mermaids.<a href="#cite_note-291">[261]</a><a href="#cite_note-292">[262]</a> During <a href="/wiki/Henry_Hudson" title="Henry Hudson">Henry Hudson</a>'s second voyage on 15 June 1608, members of his crew reported sighting a mermaid in the <a href="/wiki/Arctic_Ocean" title="Arctic Ocean">Arctic Ocean</a>, either in the <a href="/wiki/Norwegian_Sea" title="Norwegian Sea">Norwegian</a> or <a href="/wiki/Barents_Sea" title="Barents Sea">Barents Seas</a>.<a href="#cite_note-hawks-293">[263]</a> Dutch explorer David Danell during his expeditions to <a href="/wiki/Greenland" title="Greenland">Greenland</a> in 1652–54 claimed to have spotted a mermaid with "flowing hair and very beautiful", though the crew failed to capture it.<a href="#cite_note-etting-294">[264]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Colonial_Brazil">Colonial Brazil</h4></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bartholin(Copenhagen1854)-Hist_anat-p164a-siren-top.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Bartholin%28Copenhagen1854%29-Hist_anat-p164a-siren-top.jpg/220px-Bartholin%28Copenhagen1854%29-Hist_anat-p164a-siren-top.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="274" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Bartholin%28Copenhagen1854%29-Hist_anat-p164a-siren-top.jpg/330px-Bartholin%28Copenhagen1854%29-Hist_anat-p164a-siren-top.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Bartholin%28Copenhagen1854%29-Hist_anat-p164a-siren-top.jpg/440px-Bartholin%28Copenhagen1854%29-Hist_anat-p164a-siren-top.jpg 2x" data-file-width="809" data-file-height="1009" /></a><figcaption>Bartholin's siren (1654). He came into the possession of its hand and ribs (shown right).</figcaption></figure> Danish physician and natural historian <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Bartholin" title="Thomas Bartholin">Thomas Bartholin</a> wrote about a mermaid specimen caught in Brazil (probably a manatee<a href="#cite_note-senter&snow-295">[265]</a>) and subsequently dissected at Leiden.<a href="#cite_note-broedel-296">[266]</a><a href="#cite_note-bartholin-brazil-298">[268]</a> Though referred to in the text as a "sea-man" (homo marinus) from Brazil, the account was accompanied by an engraved drawing captioned "Sirene", whose appearance was that of a humanoid female with bared breasts (a mermaid).<a href="#cite_note-scribner2020-bartholin-pic-299">[269]</a><a href="#cite_note-bartholin(copenhagen)1654-297">[267]</a> The specimen's body was deformed and "without the sign of a tail",<a href="#cite_note-bartholin-tr-webster-300">[270]</a> matching the drawing. And "a membrane [that] join [the fingers] together"<a href="#cite_note-bartholin-tr-webster-300">[270]</a> is also reflected in the drawing as well (as her webbed pair of hands/forepaws).<a href="#cite_note-scribner2020-bartholin-pic-299">[269]</a><a href="#cite_note-301">[ae]</a> The specimen's account and illustration was later reproduced by Linnaeus, who captioned the beast "Siren Bartholini",<a href="#cite_note-linnaeus-1769-302">[271]</a><a href="#cite_note-scribner2021-303">[272]</a> hence "Bartholin's Siren". Bartholin was actually not the sole proprietor of the specimen, but he came into possession of its hand and ribs, which he also illustrated in his book (figures above).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEScribner2020-304">[273]</a><a href="#cite_note-305">[af]</a> Based on the illustration, the "hand" has been determined to be the front flipper belonging to a manatee by a team of researchers.<a href="#cite_note-senter&snow-295">[265]</a> Bartholin himself had argued that it was a sea mammal closely related to seals (phocae).<a href="#cite_note-bartholin-tr-webster-300">[270]</a><a href="#cite_note-broedel-296">[266]</a><a href="#cite_note-306">[ag]</a> His rationale was that since there are several marine counterparts to land mammals e.g. "sea-horses",<a href="#cite_note-307">[ah]</a> the possibility of a marine creature with striking likeness to humans could not be ruled out,<a href="#cite_note-bartholin(copenhagen)1654-297">[267]</a> though they should all be classified among seal-kind.<a href="#cite_note-bartholin-tr-webster-300">[270]</a> Erasmus Francisci (<a href="/wiki/Erasmus_Finx" title="Erasmus Finx">Erasmus Finx</a>, 1668) associated this Brazilian specimen with the local native lore of the "Yupiapra" (Ipupiara).<a href="#cite_note-308">[ai]</a><a href="#cite_note-francisci-309">[274]</a><a href="#cite_note-jcb-library-310">[275]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Colonial_Southeast_Asia">Colonial Southeast Asia</h3></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Seventeenth-century_Visayas">Seventeenth-century Visayas</h4></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Jonston1657-Tab-XL-piscis-anthropomorphos.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Jonston1657-Tab-XL-piscis-anthropomorphos.jpg/300px-Jonston1657-Tab-XL-piscis-anthropomorphos.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="141" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Jonston1657-Tab-XL-piscis-anthropomorphos.jpg/450px-Jonston1657-Tab-XL-piscis-anthropomorphos.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Jonston1657-Tab-XL-piscis-anthropomorphos.jpg/600px-Jonston1657-Tab-XL-piscis-anthropomorphos.jpg 2x" data-file-width="909" data-file-height="427" /></a><figcaption>Anthropomorphos<div style="float:right;">―Johannes Jonston Historia naturalis in Latin, 1657<a href="#cite_note-jonston1657-latin-311">[276]</a></div></figcaption></figure> A type of mermaid referred to as "anthropomorphus"<a href="#cite_note-jonston1660-nl-312">[277]</a> or "woman-fish" (<a href="/wiki/Spanish_language" title="Spanish language">Spanish</a>: peche mujer<a href="#cite_note-ojeda-313">[278]</a>) allegedly inhabited the Spanish-ruled <a href="/wiki/Philippines" title="Philippines">Philippines</a>, particularly in the waters around the <a href="/wiki/Visayas" title="Visayas">Visayan Islands</a>, according to contemporary writings from the seventeenth century.<a href="#cite_note-322">[287]</a> The accounts are found in several books, on various topics from magnetism, to natural history, to ecclesiastical history.<a href="#cite_note-323">[288]</a> These books refer to the mermaid/merman as "piscis anthropomorphos" (<a href="/wiki/Dutch_language" title="Dutch language">Dutch</a>: Anthropomorphus),<a href="#cite_note-324">[aj]</a> and emphasize how human-like they appear in their upper bodies, as well as providing woodcut or etchings illustrating the male and female of the part-human part-fish creature.<a href="#cite_note-kircher-magnes-314">[279]</a><a href="#cite_note-jonston1660-nl-312">[277]</a> The "woman-fish" (or peche mujer in modern Spanish<a href="#cite_note-ojeda-313">[278]</a>)<a href="#cite_note-325">[ak]</a>) was the name given to the creature among the Spaniards, but the sources also state it was called "duyon" by the indigenous people.<a href="#cite_note-kircher-magnes-314">[279]</a><a href="#cite_note-jonston1657-latin-311">[276]</a><a href="#cite_note-327">[al]</a> and it is assumed the actual creature was a dugong (according to modern translators' notes).<a href="#cite_note-navarrete-tr-cummins-321">[286]</a><a href="#cite_note-navarrete-tr-blair&robertson-328">[290]</a><a href="#cite_note-329">[am]</a> Several of these sources mention the medical use of the woman-fish to control the flow of blood (or the <a href="/wiki/Four_humours" class="mw-redirect" title="Four humours">four humours</a>). It was effective for staunching the bleeding, i.e., effective against hemorrhages, according to Jonston.<a href="#cite_note-332">[293]</a> Other sources mention the ability to stop bleeding, e.g. Colín,<a href="#cite_note-333">[294]</a> who also thought that the Philippine woman-fish tasted like fatty pork.<a href="#cite_note-334">[295]</a> The bones were made into beads (i.e., strung together), as it was believed effective against <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/defluxion" class="extiw" title="wikt:defluxion">defluxions</a> (of the humours).<a href="#cite_note-335">[296]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Eighteenth-century_Moluccas">Eighteenth-century Moluccas</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:304px;max-width:304px"><div class="trow"><div class="theader">Renard's illustrated book of marine life</div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:302px;max-width:302px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:Renard-2nd-ed-1754(Mich_U)-Pl057-n240-monstre-ou-sirenne.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Mermaid in Renard's marine animal book" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Renard-2nd-ed-1754%28Mich_U%29-Pl057-n240-monstre-ou-sirenne.jpg/300px-Renard-2nd-ed-1754%28Mich_U%29-Pl057-n240-monstre-ou-sirenne.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="125" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Renard-2nd-ed-1754%28Mich_U%29-Pl057-n240-monstre-ou-sirenne.jpg/450px-Renard-2nd-ed-1754%28Mich_U%29-Pl057-n240-monstre-ou-sirenne.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Renard-2nd-ed-1754%28Mich_U%29-Pl057-n240-monstre-ou-sirenne.jpg/600px-Renard-2nd-ed-1754%28Mich_U%29-Pl057-n240-monstre-ou-sirenne.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1121" data-file-height="467" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption">"Monster or Siren (mermaid)"<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPietsch19917–9-336">[297]</a><div style="float:right;">―Louis Renard Poissons, ecrevisses et crabes.. autour des isles Moluques et sur les côtes des terres Australes, 2nd edition, 1754<a href="#cite_note-renard-2nd-ed-1754-337">[298]</a></div></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:302px;max-width:302px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:Renard-2nd-ed-1754(Mich_U)-Fol034-n180-dugong.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Mermaid in Renard's marine animal book" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Renard-2nd-ed-1754%28Mich_U%29-Fol034-n180-dugong.jpg/300px-Renard-2nd-ed-1754%28Mich_U%29-Fol034-n180-dugong.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="105" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Renard-2nd-ed-1754%28Mich_U%29-Fol034-n180-dugong.jpg/450px-Renard-2nd-ed-1754%28Mich_U%29-Fol034-n180-dugong.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Renard-2nd-ed-1754%28Mich_U%29-Fol034-n180-dugong.jpg/600px-Renard-2nd-ed-1754%28Mich_U%29-Fol034-n180-dugong.jpg 2x" data-file-width="769" data-file-height="269" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption">A dugong (ditto book)</div></div></div></div></div> Allegedly captured in the Moluccas in the seventeenth century was the so-called "Amboina mermaid" (after the then Dutch <a href="/wiki/Governorate_of_Ambon" title="Governorate of Ambon">Province of Ambon</a>),<a href="#cite_note-338">[299]</a><a href="#cite_note-340">[an]</a> which its leading researcher has referred to as Samuel Fallours's "Sirenne", after the man who came into possession of it and made an original painting of it in full color.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPietsch199112–13-341">[301]</a> The painting was reproduced by Louis Renard on the "Fish" of the region, first published in 1719,<a href="#cite_note-347">[306]</a> It was supposedly caught by Boeren in Ambon Province (<a href="/wiki/Buru" title="Buru">Buru</a>, in present-day <a href="/wiki/Maluku_(province)" title="Maluku (province)">Maluku Province</a>),<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPietsch19917,_13-348">[307]</a> presumably around the years 1706–1712,<a href="#cite_note-hayward-fallours-345">[305]</a> or perhaps the year 1712 precisely.<a href="#cite_note-valentijn-apud-pietsch-350">[309]</a> During this period, Fallours served briefly as soldier for the VOC (<a href="/wiki/Dutch_East_India_Company" title="Dutch East India Company">Dutch East India Company</a>) starting June 1706, but turned associate curate (Krankbezoeker) for the Dutch Reformed Church (September 1706 to June 1712).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPietsch19911,_15-351">[310]</a> Fallour's mermaid with additional details were described by <a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Valentyn" title="François Valentyn">François Valentijn</a> in a 1726 book.<a href="#cite_note-352">[311]</a><a href="#cite_note-355">[ap]</a> The mermaid was 59 Dutch inches (<a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/duim" class="extiw" title="wikt:duim">duimen</a>) long, or 5 feet in Rhineland measures. She reportedly survived 4 days 7 hours in a water tank, and died after refusing food it was given, having uttered no intelligible sound,<a href="#cite_note-valentijn-apud-pietsch-350">[309]</a><a href="#cite_note-burr-342">[302]</a> or issuing sounds like screechings of a mouse (<a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a>: <a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/souris" class="extiw" title="fr:souris">souris</a>).<a href="#cite_note-renard-2nd-ed-1754-337">[298]</a> Something like a straw cape (Japanese <a href="/wiki/Mino_(straw_cape)" title="Mino (straw cape)">mino</a>) appears wrapped around her waist in the painting according to one commentator,<a href="#cite_note-yoshioka1993-p38-356">[314]</a> but Fallours revealed in his notes that he lifted the front and back fins and "[found] it was shaped like a woman".<a href="#cite_note-357">[315]</a> The mermaid was suspected to be a dugong in reality, even by contemporary scholars such as <a href="/wiki/Georg_Rumphius" class="mw-redirect" title="Georg Rumphius">Georg Rumphius</a>, although Valentijn was unable to believe they were the one and the same.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPietsch199112-358">[316]</a> Leading researcher Theodore W. Pietsch<a href="#cite_note-359">[aq]</a> concurs with the dugong identification, but an ichthyologist has opined that "I could more easily accept a small oar-fish, or another eel-like fish, rather than a dugong as a partial basis for the drawing", noting that Renard's book carries an illustration of a plausibly realistic dugong as well.<a href="#cite_note-burr-342">[302]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Qing_dynasty_China">Qing dynasty China</h3></div> The Yuezhong jianwen (<a href="/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_characters" title="Traditional Chinese characters">Chinese</a>: 粵中見聞; <a href="/wiki/Wade%E2%80%93Giles" title="Wade–Giles">Wade–Giles</a>: Yueh-chung-chieh-wen; "Seens and Heards", or "Jottings on the South of China", 1730) contains two accounts concerning mermaids. In the first, a man captures a mermaid (海女 "sea woman") on the shore of <a href="/wiki/Lantau_Island" title="Lantau Island">Lantau Island</a> (<a href="/wiki/Wade%E2%80%93Giles" title="Wade–Giles">Wade–Giles</a>: Taiyü-shan). She looks human in every respect except that her body is covered with fine hair of many colors. She cannot talk, but he takes her home and marries her. After his death, the mermaid returns to the sea where she was found. In the second story, a man sees a woman lying on the beach while his ship was anchored offshore. On closer inspection, her feet and hands appear to be webbed. She is carried to the water, and expresses her gratitude toward the sailors before swimming away.<a href="#cite_note-360">[317]</a><a href="#cite_note-361">[318]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="U.S._and_Canada">U.S. and Canada</h3></div> Two sightings were reported in Canada near <a href="/wiki/Vancouver" title="Vancouver">Vancouver</a> and <a href="/wiki/Victoria,_BC" class="mw-redirect" title="Victoria, BC">Victoria</a>, one from sometime between 1870 and 1890, the other from 1967.<a href="#cite_note-362">[319]</a><a href="#cite_note-363">[320]</a> A Pennsylvania fisherman reported five sightings of a mermaid in the <a href="/wiki/Susquehanna_River" title="Susquehanna River">Susquehanna River</a> near <a href="/wiki/Marietta,_Pennsylvania" title="Marietta, Pennsylvania">Marietta</a> in June 1881.<a href="#cite_note-364">[321]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Twenty-first_century">Twenty-first century</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mermaid_skeleton.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Mermaid_skeleton.jpg/220px-Mermaid_skeleton.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="213" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Mermaid_skeleton.jpg/330px-Mermaid_skeleton.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Mermaid_skeleton.jpg/440px-Mermaid_skeleton.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2182" data-file-height="2112" /></a><figcaption>Reconstructed mermaid skeleton in <a href="/wiki/Zoologisk_Museum" class="mw-redirect" title="Zoologisk Museum">Zoologisk Museum</a></figcaption></figure> In August 2009, after dozens of people reported seeing a mermaid leaping out of <a href="/wiki/Haifa_Bay" title="Haifa Bay">Haifa Bay</a> waters and doing aerial tricks, the Israeli coastal town of <a href="/wiki/Kiryat_Yam" title="Kiryat Yam">Kiryat Yam</a> offered a $1 million award for proof of its existence.<a href="#cite_note-365">[322]</a> In February 2012, work on two reservoirs near <a href="/wiki/Gokwe_centre" title="Gokwe centre">Gokwe</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mutare" title="Mutare">Mutare</a> in Zimbabwe stopped when workers refused to continue, stating that mermaids had hounded them away from the sites. It was reported by <a href="/wiki/Samuel_Sipepa_Nkomo" title="Samuel Sipepa Nkomo">Samuel Sipepa Nkomo</a>, the water resources minister.<a href="#cite_note-366">[323]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Hoaxes_and_show_exhibitions">Hoaxes and show exhibitions</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Merman#Hoaxes_and_sideshows" title="Merman">Merman § Hoaxes and sideshows</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Manufactured_merfolk_specimens">Manufactured merfolk specimens</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Feejee_mermaid" class="mw-redirect" title="Feejee mermaid">Feejee mermaid</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Feejee_mermaid.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Feejee_mermaid.jpg/110px-Feejee_mermaid.jpg" decoding="async" width="110" height="268" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/ae/Feejee_mermaid.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="145" data-file-height="353" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/P.T._Barnum" class="mw-redirect" title="P.T. Barnum">P.T. Barnum</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Fiji_mermaid" title="Fiji mermaid">Fiji mermaid</a> (1842)</figcaption></figure> A celebrated example of mermaid hoax was the <a href="/wiki/Fiji_mermaid" title="Fiji mermaid">Fiji mermaid</a> exhibited in London in 1822<a href="#cite_note-367">[ar]</a> and later in America by <a href="/wiki/P._T._Barnum" title="P. T. Barnum">P. T. Barnum</a> in 1842;<a href="#cite_note-371">[as]</a><a href="#cite_note-372">[327]</a> in this case an investigator claims to have traced the mermaid's manufacture to a Japanese fisherman.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBondeson199961–62-373">[328]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Baien-gyofu-033-ningyo-crop.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Baien-gyofu-033-ningyo-crop.jpg/220px-Baien-gyofu-033-ningyo-crop.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="81" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Baien-gyofu-033-ningyo-crop.jpg/330px-Baien-gyofu-033-ningyo-crop.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Baien-gyofu-033-ningyo-crop.jpg/440px-Baien-gyofu-033-ningyo-crop.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3513" data-file-height="1301" /></a><figcaption>An alleged ningyo or merman/mermaid specimen (side view) ―Baien's sketch (1825)</figcaption></figure> Fake mermaids made in China and the <a href="/wiki/Malay_Archipelago" title="Malay Archipelago">Malay Archipelago</a> out of monkey and fish parts were imported into Europe by Dutch traders since the mid-sixteenth century, and their manufactures are thought to go back earlier.<a href="#cite_note-374">[329]</a> The manufacture of mermaids from monkey and fish parts also occurred in Japan, especially in the Kyūshū region,<a href="#cite_note-aramata-map-375">[330]</a> as a souvenir industry targeting foreigners.<a href="#cite_note-honma-376">[331]</a><a href="#cite_note-378">[at]</a> <a href="/wiki/M%C5%8Dri_Baien" title="Mōri Baien">Mōri Baien</a> painted full color illustrations of such a compositely manufactured <a href="/wiki/Ningyo" title="Ningyo">ningyo</a> specimen in his ichthyological tract (1825).<a href="#cite_note-honma-376">[331]</a><a href="#cite_note-mori_baien-379">[333]</a> For much of the Edo Period, <a href="/wiki/Nagasaki" title="Nagasaki">Nagasaki</a> (in Kyūshū) was the only trade port open to foreign countries, and the only place where non-Japanese aliens could reside. <a href="/wiki/Jan_Cock_Blomhoff" title="Jan Cock Blomhoff">Jan Cock Blomhoff</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Dutch_East_India_Company" title="Dutch East India Company">Dutch East India Company</a> director stationed in <a href="/wiki/Dejima" title="Dejima">Dejima</a>, Nagasaki is known to have acquired merfolk mummies; these and other specimens are now held in the <a href="/wiki/National_Museum_of_Ethnology_(Netherlands)" title="National Museum of Ethnology (Netherlands)">National Museum of Ethnology</a> in <a href="/wiki/Leiden" title="Leiden">Leiden</a>, Netherlands.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEViscardiHollinsheadMacFarlaneMoffat2014102-380">[334]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEYamaguchi201098-381">[335]</a><a href="#cite_note-miyazaki-382">[336]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mashhad_museum_PARI_DARYAEI.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Mashhad_museum_PARI_DARYAEI.jpg/110px-Mashhad_museum_PARI_DARYAEI.jpg" decoding="async" width="110" height="212" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Mashhad_museum_PARI_DARYAEI.jpg/165px-Mashhad_museum_PARI_DARYAEI.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Mashhad_museum_PARI_DARYAEI.jpg/220px-Mashhad_museum_PARI_DARYAEI.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1495" data-file-height="2885" /></a><figcaption>A mummified "<a href="/wiki/Sea_devil_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Sea devil (disambiguation)">Sea Devil</a>" (<a href="/wiki/Persian_language" title="Persian language">Persian</a>: شیطان دریا) fish, <a href="/wiki/Mashhad" title="Mashhad">Mashhad</a> Museum, Iran.</figcaption></figure> The equivalent industry in Europe was the <a href="/wiki/Jenny_Haniver" title="Jenny Haniver">Jenny Haniver</a> made from dried rays.<a href="#cite_note-383">[337]</a> In the middle of the seventeenth century, <a href="/wiki/John_Tradescant_the_elder" class="mw-redirect" title="John Tradescant the elder">John Tradescant the elder</a> created a <a href="/wiki/Wunderkammer" class="mw-redirect" title="Wunderkammer">wunderkammer</a> (called Tradescant's Ark) in which he displayed, among other things, a "mermaid's hand".<a href="#cite_note-384">[338]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mermaid_shows">Mermaid shows</h3></div> Scantily clad women placed in watertanks and impersonating mermaids performed at the <a href="/wiki/1939_New_York_World%27s_Fair" title="1939 New York World's Fair">1939 New York World's Fair</a>. It was part of the "Dream of Venus" installation by <a href="/wiki/Surrealism" title="Surrealism">Surrealist</a> artist <a href="/wiki/Salvador_Dal%C3%AD" title="Salvador Dalí">Salvador Dalí</a>. The mermaid interacted with Oscar the Obscene Octopus, and the ongoings were portrayed in <a href="/wiki/E._L._Doctorow" title="E. L. Doctorow">E. L. Doctorow</a>'s novel <a href="/wiki/World%27s_Fair_(novel)" title="World's Fair (novel)">World's Fair</a>.<a href="#cite_note-kokai-385">[339]</a> Professional female divers have performed as mermaids at Florida's <a href="/wiki/Weeki_Wachee_Springs" title="Weeki Wachee Springs">Weeki Wachee Springs</a> since 1947. The state park calls itself "The Only City of Live Mermaids"<a href="#cite_note-386">[340]</a> and was extremely popular in the 1960s, drawing almost one million tourists per year.<a href="#cite_note-wired1-387">[341]</a> Most of the current performers work part-time while attending college, and all are certified <a href="/wiki/Scuba_diving" title="Scuba diving">Scuba</a> divers. They wear fabric tails and perform aquatic <a href="/wiki/Ballet" title="Ballet">ballet</a> (while holding their breath) for an audience in an underwater stage with glass walls. Children often ask if the "mermaids" are real. The park's PR director says, "Just like with <a href="/wiki/Santa_Claus" title="Santa Claus">Santa Claus</a> or any other mythical character, we always say yes. We're not going to tell them they're not real".<a href="#cite_note-388">[342]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Ama_(diver)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ama (diver)">Ama</a> are Japanese skin divers, predominantly women, who traditionally dive for <a href="/wiki/Shellfish" title="Shellfish">shellfish</a> and <a href="/wiki/Seaweed" title="Seaweed">seaweed</a> wearing only a loincloth and who have been in action for at least 2,000 years.<a href="#cite_note-nukada-389">[343]</a> Starting in the twentieth century, they have increasingly been regarded as a tourist attraction. They operate off <a href="/wiki/Reef" title="Reef">reefs</a> near the shore, and some perform for sightseers instead of diving to collect a harvest. They have been romanticized as mermaids.<a href="#cite_note-390">[344]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Scientific_inquiry">Scientific inquiry</h2></div> The topic of mermaids in earnest has arisen in several instances of scientific scrutiny, including a biological assessment of the unlikelihood of the supposed evolutionary biology of the mermaid on the popular <a href="/wiki/Marine_science" class="mw-redirect" title="Marine science">marine science</a> website DeepSeaNews. Five of the primary reasons listed as to why mermaids do not fit current evolutionary understanding are: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Thermoregulation" title="Thermoregulation">thermoregulation</a> (adaptations for regulating body heat);</li> <li>evolutionary mismatch;</li> <li>reproductive challenges;</li> <li>digestive differences between mammals and fish;</li> <li>lack of physical evidence.<a href="#cite_note-391">[345]</a></li></ul> Mermaids were also discussed <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/tongue-in-cheek" class="extiw" title="wikt:tongue-in-cheek">tongue-in-cheek</a> in a scientific article by <a href="/wiki/University_of_Washington" title="University of Washington">University of Washington</a> emeritus oceanographer <a href="/wiki/Karl_Banse" title="Karl Banse">Karl Banse</a>.<a href="#cite_note-392">[346]</a> His article was written as a parody,<a href="#cite_note-dundes-393">[347]</a> but mistaken as a true scientific exposé by believers as it was published in a scientific journal. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Myth_interpretations">Myth interpretations</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Expand_section plainlinks metadata ambox mbox-small-left ambox-content" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="[icon]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/20px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/30px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/40px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="44" data-file-height="31" /></a></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section needs expansion. You can help by <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Talk%3AMermaid&preload=Template%3ASubmit+an+edit+request%2Fpreload&action=edit&section=new&editintro=Template%3AEdit+protected%2Feditintro&preloadtitle=Protected+edit+request+on+27+November+2024&preloadparams%5B%5D=edit+fully-protected&preloadparams%5B%5D=Mermaid">making an edit request</a><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mermaid&action=edit&section=">adding to it</a> . (July 2022)</div></td></tr></tbody></table> According to <a href="/wiki/Dorothy_Dinnerstein" title="Dorothy Dinnerstein">Dorothy Dinnerstein</a>'s book The Mermaid and the Minotaur, human-animal hybrids such as mermaids and <a href="/wiki/Minotaur" title="Minotaur">minotaurs</a> convey the emergent understanding of ancient peoples that humans were both one with and different from animals: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote">[Human] nature is internally inconsistent, that our continuities with, and our differences from, the earth's other animals are mysterious and profound; and in these continuities, and these differences, lie both a sense of strangeness on earth and the possible key to a way of feeling at home here.<a href="#cite_note-Dinnerstein-394">[348]</a></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Arts,_entertainment,_and_media">Arts, entertainment, and media</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Mermaids_in_popular_culture" title="Mermaids in popular culture">Mermaids in popular culture</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Rhinegold_and_the_Valkyries_p_072.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Rhinegold_and_the_Valkyries_p_072.jpg/220px-Rhinegold_and_the_Valkyries_p_072.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="308" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Rhinegold_and_the_Valkyries_p_072.jpg/330px-Rhinegold_and_the_Valkyries_p_072.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Rhinegold_and_the_Valkyries_p_072.jpg/440px-Rhinegold_and_the_Valkyries_p_072.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1474" data-file-height="2064" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Rackham" title="Arthur Rackham">Arthur Rackham</a>, Rhinemaidens, from The Rhinegold & The Valkyrie (1910).</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Vanity_Fair_D467.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Vanity_Fair_D467.png/200px-Vanity_Fair_D467.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="469" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Vanity_Fair_D467.png/300px-Vanity_Fair_D467.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Vanity_Fair_D467.png/400px-Vanity_Fair_D467.png 2x" data-file-width="660" data-file-height="1548" /></a><figcaption>An illustration of <a href="/wiki/Vanity_Fair_(novel)" title="Vanity Fair (novel)">Vanity Fair</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Becky_Sharp_(character)" class="mw-redirect" title="Becky Sharp (character)">Becky Sharp</a> as a <a href="/wiki/Homicide" title="Homicide">man-killing</a> mermaid, by the work's author <a href="/wiki/William_Makepeace_Thackeray" title="William Makepeace Thackeray">William Thackeray</a>.</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Literature">Literature</h3></div> The best-known example of mermaids in literature is probably Hans Christian Andersen's fairy tale, "<a href="/wiki/The_Little_Mermaid" title="The Little Mermaid">The Little Mermaid</a>", first published in 1837.<a href="#cite_note-jarvis-205">[182]</a> The title character, youngest of the Merman-king's daughters, falls in love with a human prince<a href="#cite_note-395">[au]</a> and also longs for an eternal <a href="/wiki/Soul" title="Soul">soul</a> like humans, despite the shorter lifespan. The two cravings are intertwined: only by achieving true love will her soul bind with a human's and become everlasting. But the mermaid's fish-tail poses an insurmountable obstacle for enticing humans, and a sea-witch offers a potion to transform into human form, at a price (the mermaid's tongue and beautiful voice). The mermaid endures the excruciating pain of having human legs, and despite her inability to speak, almost succeeds in wedding the prince, but for a twist of fate.<a href="#cite_note-396">[av]</a> The mermaid is doomed unless she stabs the prince with a magic knife on his wedding night. She refuses to harm him and dies the mermaid way, dissolving into foam. However, her selflessness has earned her a second chance at salvation, and she is resurrected as an air spirit.<a href="#cite_note-397">[349]</a> Andersen's works has been translated into over 100 languages.<a href="#cite_note-398">[350]</a> One of the main literary influences for Andersen's mermaid was <a href="/wiki/Undine_(novella)" title="Undine (novella)">Undine</a>, an earlier German novella about a water nymph who could only obtain an immortal soul by marrying a human.<a href="#cite_note-399">[351]</a> Andersen's heroine inspired a bronze sculpture in <a href="/wiki/Copenhagen" title="Copenhagen">Copenhagen</a> harbour and influenced Western literary works such as <a href="/wiki/Oscar_Wilde" title="Oscar Wilde">Oscar Wilde</a>'s <a href="/wiki/The_Fisherman_and_His_Soul" class="mw-redirect" title="The Fisherman and His Soul">The Fisherman and His Soul</a> and <a href="/wiki/H._G._Wells" title="H. G. Wells">H. G. Wells</a>' <a href="/wiki/The_Sea_Lady" title="The Sea Lady">The Sea Lady</a>.<a href="#cite_note-400">[352]</a> <a href="/wiki/Sue_Monk_Kidd" title="Sue Monk Kidd">Sue Monk Kidd</a> wrote a book called <a href="/wiki/The_Mermaid_Chair" title="The Mermaid Chair">The Mermaid Chair</a> loosely based on the legends of Saint Senara and the <a href="/wiki/Mermaid_of_Zennor" title="Mermaid of Zennor">mermaid of Zennor</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Art_and_music">Art and music</h3></div> Sculptures and statues of mermaids can be found in many countries and cultures, with over 130 <a href="/wiki/Public_art" title="Public art">public art</a> mermaid statues across the world. Countries with public art mermaid sculptures include Russia, Finland, Lithuania, Poland, Romania, Denmark, Norway, England, Scotland, Ireland, Germany, the Netherlands, Belgium, France, Spain, Italy, Austria, Switzerland, Greece, Turkey, India, China, Thailand, South Korea, Japan, Guam, Australia, New Zealand, Brazil, Ecuador, Colombia, Mexico, the Cayman Islands, Mexico, Saudi Arabia (Jeddah), the United States (including Hawaii and the U.S. Virgin Islands) and Canada.<a href="#cite_note-401">[353]</a> Some of these mermaid statues have become icons of their city or country, and are major tourist attractions in themselves. <a href="/wiki/The_Little_Mermaid_(statue)" title="The Little Mermaid (statue)">The Little Mermaid</a> statue in Copenhagen is an icon of that city as well as of Denmark. The <a href="/wiki/Havis_Amanda" title="Havis Amanda">Havis Amanda</a> statue symbolizes the rebirth of the city of <a href="/wiki/Helsinki" title="Helsinki">Helsinki</a>. The Syrenka (mermaid) is part of the <a href="/wiki/Coat_of_Arms_of_Warsaw" class="mw-redirect" title="Coat of Arms of Warsaw">coat of Arms of Warsaw</a>, and is considered a protector of <a href="/wiki/Warsaw" title="Warsaw">Warsaw</a>, which publicly displays statues of their mermaid. An influential image was created by the <a href="/wiki/Pre-Raphaelite_Brotherhood" title="Pre-Raphaelite Brotherhood">Pre-Raphaelite</a> painter <a href="/wiki/John_William_Waterhouse" title="John William Waterhouse">John William Waterhouse</a>, from 1895 to 1905, entitled A Mermaid (Cf. figure, top of page). An example of late British Academy-style artwork, the piece debuted to considerable acclaim (and secured Waterhouse's place as a member of the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Academy" class="mw-redirect" title="Royal Academy">Royal Academy</a>), but disappeared into a private collection and did not resurface until the 1970s. It is currently once again in the Royal Academy's collection.<a href="#cite_note-402">[354]</a> Waterhouse's mermaid grooms her hair with comb and mirror, the stereotypical implements of the mermaid, likely designed to portray her as <a href="/wiki/Temptress" class="mw-redirect" title="Temptress">temptress</a>,<a href="#cite_note-rhodes-403">[355]</a> and her red hair (<a href="/wiki/Auburn_hair" title="Auburn hair">auburn hair</a><a href="#cite_note-rhodes-403">[355]</a>) is a match for the hair colour of Venus.<a href="#cite_note-fraser-prehistory-west-404">[356]</a><a href="#cite_note-405">[aw]</a> Waterhouses's The Siren (1900) also depicts the siren as a mermaid of sorts, representing the <a href="/wiki/Femme_fatale" title="Femme fatale">femme fatale</a><a href="#cite_note-406">[357]</a> drawing men to destruction. In the modern age of course, the word "siren" is used as a synonym of femme fatale.<a href="#cite_note-fraser-prehistory-west-404">[356]</a> Mermaids were a favorite subject of <a href="/wiki/John_Reinhard_Weguelin" title="John Reinhard Weguelin">John Reinhard Weguelin</a>, a contemporary of Waterhouse. He painted an image of the mermaid of Zennor as well as several other depictions of mermaids in watercolour. Musical depictions of mermaids include those by <a href="/wiki/Felix_Mendelssohn" title="Felix Mendelssohn">Felix Mendelssohn</a> in his Fair Melusina overture and the three "<a href="/wiki/Rhinemaiden" class="mw-redirect" title="Rhinemaiden">Rhine daughters</a>" in <a href="/wiki/Richard_Wagner" title="Richard Wagner">Richard Wagner</a>'s opera <a href="/wiki/Der_Ring_des_Nibelungen" title="Der Ring des Nibelungen">Der Ring des Nibelungen</a>. <a href="/wiki/Lorelei" title="Lorelei">Lorelei</a>, the name of a Rhine mermaid immortalized in the <a href="/wiki/Heinrich_Heine" title="Heinrich Heine">Heinrich Heine</a> poem of that name, has become a synonym for a siren. The Weeping Mermaid is an orchestral piece by Taiwanese composer <a href="/wiki/Fan-Long_Ko" class="mw-redirect" title="Fan-Long Ko">Fan-Long Ko</a>.<a href="#cite_note-407">[358]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Motion_pictures">Motion pictures</h3></div> Film depictions include <a href="/wiki/Miranda_(1948_film)" title="Miranda (1948 film)">Miranda</a> (1948), <a href="/wiki/Night_Tide" title="Night Tide">Night Tide</a> (1961), the romantic comedy <a href="/wiki/Splash_(film)" title="Splash (film)">Splash</a> (1984), and <a href="/wiki/Aquamarine_(film)" title="Aquamarine (film)">Aquamarine</a> (2006). A 1963 episode of the television series <a href="/wiki/Route_66_(TV_series)" title="Route 66 (TV series)">Route 66</a> entitled "The Cruelest Sea of All" featured a mermaid performance artist working at <a href="/wiki/Weeki_Wachee" class="mw-redirect" title="Weeki Wachee">Weeki Wachee</a> aquatic park. Mermaids also appeared in the popular supernatural drama television series <a href="/wiki/Charmed" title="Charmed">Charmed</a>. In <a href="/wiki/She_Creature" title="She Creature">She Creature</a> (2001), two carnival workers abduct a mermaid in Ireland <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1900 and attempt to transport her to America. The film <a href="/wiki/Pirates_of_the_Caribbean:_On_Stranger_Tides" title="Pirates of the Caribbean: On Stranger Tides">Pirates of the Caribbean: On Stranger Tides</a> mixes old and new myths about mermaids: singing to sailors to lure them to their death, growing legs when taken onto dry land, and bestowing kisses with magical healing properties. <a href="/wiki/Disney" class="mw-redirect" title="Disney">Disney</a>'s musical animated version of Andersen's tale, <a href="/wiki/The_Little_Mermaid_(1989_film)" title="The Little Mermaid (1989 film)">The Little Mermaid</a>, was released in 1989.<a href="#cite_note-WDFAtimeline-408">[359]</a><a href="#cite_note-409">[360]</a> Notable changes to Andersen's story include removing the religious aspects of the fairy tale, including the mermaid's quest to obtain an immortal soul. The sea-witch herself replaces the princess to whom the prince becomes engaged, using the mermaid's voice to prevent her from obtaining the prince's love. However, on their wedding day the plot is revealed and the sea-witch is vanquished. The knife motif is not used in the film, which ends with the mermaid and the prince marrying.<a href="#cite_note-410">[361]</a> <a href="/wiki/Hayao_Miyazaki" title="Hayao Miyazaki">Hayao Miyazaki</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Ponyo" title="Ponyo">Ponyo</a> is an animated film about a <a href="/wiki/Ningyo" title="Ningyo">ningyo</a> who wants to become a human girl with the help of her human friend Sosuke. The Australian teen <a href="/wiki/Dramedy" class="mw-redirect" title="Dramedy">dramedy</a> <a href="/wiki/H2O:_Just_Add_Water" title="H2O: Just Add Water">H2O: Just Add Water</a> chronicles the adventures of three modern-day mermaids along the <a href="/wiki/Gold_Coast,_Queensland" title="Gold Coast, Queensland">Gold Coast</a> of Australia. The <a href="/wiki/Starbucks" title="Starbucks">Starbucks</a> coffee logo is a <a href="/wiki/Melusine" title="Melusine">melusine</a>.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Heraldry">Heraldry</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:POL_Warszawa_COA_1.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/POL_Warszawa_COA_1.svg/140px-POL_Warszawa_COA_1.svg.png" decoding="async" width="140" height="235" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/POL_Warszawa_COA_1.svg/210px-POL_Warszawa_COA_1.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/POL_Warszawa_COA_1.svg/280px-POL_Warszawa_COA_1.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="744" data-file-height="1247" /></a><figcaption>Arms of <a href="/wiki/Warsaw" title="Warsaw">Warsaw</a></figcaption></figure> In <a href="/wiki/Heraldry" title="Heraldry">heraldry</a>, the charge of a mermaid is commonly represented with a comb and a mirror,<a href="#cite_note-411">[362]</a><a href="#cite_note-Davies-412">[363]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Blazon" title="Blazon">blazoned</a> as a "mermaid in her vanity".<a href="#cite_note-413">[364]</a> In addition to vanity, mermaids are also a symbol of eloquence.<a href="#cite_note-414">[365]</a> Mermaids appear with greater frequency as heraldic devices than mermen do. A merman and a mermaid are depicted on the coat of arms of <a href="/wiki/Schouwen-Duiveland" title="Schouwen-Duiveland">Schouwen-Duiveland</a>. A mermaid appears on the arms of the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Birmingham" title="University of Birmingham">University of Birmingham</a>, in addition to those of several British families.<a href="#cite_note-Davies-412">[363]</a> A mermaid with two tails is referred to as a <a href="/wiki/Melusine" title="Melusine">melusine</a>. Melusines appear in German heraldry, and less frequently in the British version.<a href="#cite_note-Davies-412">[363]</a> A shield and sword-wielding mermaid (<a href="/wiki/Mermaid_of_Warsaw" title="Mermaid of Warsaw">Syrenka</a>) is on the official <a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_Warsaw" title="Coat of arms of Warsaw">coat of arms of Warsaw</a>.<a href="#cite_note-415">[366]</a> Images of a mermaid have symbolized Warsaw on its arms since the middle of the fourteenth century.<a href="#cite_note-416">[367]</a> Several legends associate <a href="/wiki/Triton_(mythology)" title="Triton (mythology)">Triton</a> of Greek mythology with the city, which may have been the origin of the mermaid's association.<a href="#cite_note-legend-417">[368]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Cusack" title="Cusack">Cusack</a> family crest includes a mermaid wielding a sword, as depicted on a memorial stone for Sir <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Cusack_(Irish_judge)" title="Thomas Cusack (Irish judge)">Thomas Cusack</a> (1490–1571).<a href="#cite_note-418">[369]</a> Mermaids appear on the <a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_Ustka" title="Coat of arms of Ustka">coat of arms of Ustka</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bia%C5%82obrzegi" title="Białobrzegi">Białobrzegi</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bia%C5%82obrzegi_County" title="Białobrzegi County">Białobrzegi County</a> (Poland), <a href="/wiki/Seeboden_am_Millst%C3%A4tter_See" title="Seeboden am Millstätter See">Seeboden am Millstätter See</a> (Austria), <a href="/wiki/Bray,_County_Wicklow" title="Bray, County Wicklow">Bray</a> (Ireland), <a href="/wiki/Santa_Colomba_de_Curue%C3%B1o" title="Santa Colomba de Curueño">Santa Colomba de Curueño</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ruente" title="Ruente">Ruente</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bertizarana" title="Bertizarana">Bertizarana</a>, <a href="/wiki/Villanueva_de_la_Serena" title="Villanueva de la Serena">Villanueva de la Serena</a> (Spain), <a href="/wiki/P%C3%A4ij%C3%A4t-H%C3%A4me" title="Päijät-Häme">Päijät-Häme</a> (Finland), <a href="/wiki/%C3%85sg%C3%A5rdstrand" title="Åsgårdstrand">Åsgårdstrand</a> (Norway), <a href="/wiki/Royat" title="Royat">Royat</a>, <a href="/wiki/Xammes" title="Xammes">Xammes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lancieux" title="Lancieux">Lancieux</a>, <a href="/wiki/Erquy" title="Erquy">Erquy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chens-sur-L%C3%A9man" title="Chens-sur-Léman">Chens-sur-Léman</a>, <a href="/wiki/Didenheim" title="Didenheim">Didenheim</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wimereux" title="Wimereux">Wimereux</a> (France), <a href="/wiki/Eemsmond" title="Eemsmond">Eemsmond</a>, <a href="/wiki/Makkum,_S%C3%BAdwest-Frysl%C3%A2n" title="Makkum, Súdwest-Fryslân">Makkum</a>, <a href="/wiki/Uithuizermeeden" title="Uithuizermeeden">Uithuizermeeden</a> (Netherlands), <a href="/wiki/Waasmunster" title="Waasmunster">Waasmunster</a> (Belgium), and <a href="/wiki/Westerdeichstrich" title="Westerdeichstrich">Westerdeichstrich</a> (Germany). The city of <a href="/wiki/Norfolk,_Virginia" title="Norfolk, Virginia">Norfolk</a>, Virginia also uses a mermaid as a symbol.<a href="#cite_note-419">[370]</a> The personal coat of arms of <a href="/wiki/Micha%C3%ABlle_Jean" title="Michaëlle Jean">Michaëlle Jean</a>, former <a href="/wiki/Governor_General_of_Canada" title="Governor General of Canada">Governor General of Canada</a>, features two mermaids as supporters.<a href="#cite_note-420">[371]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Fandom">Fandom</h2></div> Interest in mermaid costuming has grown with the popularity of fantasy <a href="/wiki/Cosplay" title="Cosplay">cosplay</a>, as well as the availability of inexpensive <a href="/wiki/Monofin" title="Monofin">monofins</a> used in the construction of these costumes. The costumes are typically designed to be used while swimming, in an activity known as <a href="/wiki/Mermaiding" title="Mermaiding">mermaiding</a>. Mermaid <a href="/wiki/Fandom" title="Fandom">fandom</a> conventions have also been held.<a href="#cite_note-421">[372]</a><a href="#cite_note-422">[373]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Gallery">Gallery</h2></div> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional center"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Rio_mau_sereia.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Mermaid carved on a capital of the Rio Mau Monastic church, Portugal (1151)."><img alt="Mermaid carved on a capital of the Rio Mau Monastic church, Portugal (1151)." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Rio_mau_sereia.jpg/120px-Rio_mau_sereia.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Rio_mau_sereia.jpg/180px-Rio_mau_sereia.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Rio_mau_sereia.jpg/240px-Rio_mau_sereia.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2560" data-file-height="1920" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Mermaid carved on a capital of the <a href="/wiki/Igreja_de_S%C3%A3o_Crist%C3%B3v%C3%A3o_de_Rio_Mau" title="Igreja de São Cristóvão de Rio Mau">Rio Mau Monastic church</a>, <a href="/wiki/Portugal" title="Portugal">Portugal</a> (1151).</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Mermaid_in_Santo_Domingo_church_(Pontevedra,_Galicia).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="A stone coat of arms in Santo Domingo church (Pontevedra, Galicia, Spain), sixteenth century."><img alt="A stone coat of arms in Santo Domingo church (Pontevedra, Galicia, Spain), sixteenth century." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Mermaid_in_Santo_Domingo_church_%28Pontevedra%2C_Galicia%29.jpg/99px-Mermaid_in_Santo_Domingo_church_%28Pontevedra%2C_Galicia%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="99" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Mermaid_in_Santo_Domingo_church_%28Pontevedra%2C_Galicia%29.jpg/149px-Mermaid_in_Santo_Domingo_church_%28Pontevedra%2C_Galicia%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Mermaid_in_Santo_Domingo_church_%28Pontevedra%2C_Galicia%29.jpg/199px-Mermaid_in_Santo_Domingo_church_%28Pontevedra%2C_Galicia%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2458" data-file-height="2964" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">A stone coat of arms in Santo Domingo church (<a href="/wiki/Pontevedra" title="Pontevedra">Pontevedra</a>, Galicia, Spain), sixteenth century.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Mermaid_in_Fefi%C3%B1ans_Manor_house_(Cambados,_Galicia).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Mermaid in Fefiñans Manor house (Cambados, Galicia, Spain), sixteenth century."><img alt="Mermaid in Fefiñans Manor house (Cambados, Galicia, Spain), sixteenth century." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Mermaid_in_Fefi%C3%B1ans_Manor_house_%28Cambados%2C_Galicia%29.jpg/120px-Mermaid_in_Fefi%C3%B1ans_Manor_house_%28Cambados%2C_Galicia%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="81" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Mermaid_in_Fefi%C3%B1ans_Manor_house_%28Cambados%2C_Galicia%29.jpg/180px-Mermaid_in_Fefi%C3%B1ans_Manor_house_%28Cambados%2C_Galicia%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Mermaid_in_Fefi%C3%B1ans_Manor_house_%28Cambados%2C_Galicia%29.jpg/240px-Mermaid_in_Fefi%C3%B1ans_Manor_house_%28Cambados%2C_Galicia%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2491" data-file-height="1687" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Mermaid in Fefiñans Manor house (<a href="/wiki/Cambados" title="Cambados">Cambados</a>, Galicia, Spain), sixteenth century.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:A_most_strange_and_true_report_of_a_monsterous_fish._1604_rotated.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="'A most strange and true report of a monstrous fish' Illustration from an early printed report of a Mermaid sighting, 1604"><img alt="'A most strange and true report of a monstrous fish' Illustration from an early printed report of a Mermaid sighting, 1604" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/A_most_strange_and_true_report_of_a_monsterous_fish._1604_rotated.jpg/120px-A_most_strange_and_true_report_of_a_monsterous_fish._1604_rotated.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="89" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/A_most_strange_and_true_report_of_a_monsterous_fish._1604_rotated.jpg/180px-A_most_strange_and_true_report_of_a_monsterous_fish._1604_rotated.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/A_most_strange_and_true_report_of_a_monsterous_fish._1604_rotated.jpg/240px-A_most_strange_and_true_report_of_a_monsterous_fish._1604_rotated.jpg 2x" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="557" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">'A most strange and true report of a monstrous fish' Illustration from an early printed report of a Mermaid sighting, 1604</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Golden_Mermaid_on_Prince_Frederick%27s_Barge_1732.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="English carved decoration by James Richards on Prince Frederick's Barge, 1731–1732"><img alt="English carved decoration by James Richards on Prince Frederick's Barge, 1731–1732" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Golden_Mermaid_on_Prince_Frederick%27s_Barge_1732.JPG/120px-Golden_Mermaid_on_Prince_Frederick%27s_Barge_1732.JPG" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Golden_Mermaid_on_Prince_Frederick%27s_Barge_1732.JPG/180px-Golden_Mermaid_on_Prince_Frederick%27s_Barge_1732.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Golden_Mermaid_on_Prince_Frederick%27s_Barge_1732.JPG/240px-Golden_Mermaid_on_Prince_Frederick%27s_Barge_1732.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3648" data-file-height="2736" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">English carved decoration by James Richards on <a href="/wiki/Prince_Frederick%27s_Barge" title="Prince Frederick's Barge">Prince Frederick's Barge</a>, 1731–1732</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Igreja_Matriz_Povoa_Varzim_Sereia.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Portuguese Baroque stonework in Póvoa de Varzim Matriz Church (1743–1757)"><img alt="Portuguese Baroque stonework in Póvoa de Varzim Matriz Church (1743–1757)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Igreja_Matriz_Povoa_Varzim_Sereia.JPG/90px-Igreja_Matriz_Povoa_Varzim_Sereia.JPG" decoding="async" width="90" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Igreja_Matriz_Povoa_Varzim_Sereia.JPG/135px-Igreja_Matriz_Povoa_Varzim_Sereia.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Igreja_Matriz_Povoa_Varzim_Sereia.JPG/180px-Igreja_Matriz_Povoa_Varzim_Sereia.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="4000" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Portuguese Baroque stonework in <a href="/wiki/P%C3%B3voa_de_Varzim" title="Póvoa de Varzim">Póvoa de Varzim</a> <a href="/wiki/Matriz_Church_of_P%C3%B3voa_de_Varzim" title="Matriz Church of Póvoa de Varzim">Matriz Church</a> (1743–1757)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:MermaidGuitarDF.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Fountain depicting a mermaid playing a guitar, located in the Museum of the City of Mexico (seventeenth century)"><img alt="Fountain depicting a mermaid playing a guitar, located in the Museum of the City of Mexico (seventeenth century)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/MermaidGuitarDF.JPG/120px-MermaidGuitarDF.JPG" decoding="async" width="120" height="86" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/MermaidGuitarDF.JPG/180px-MermaidGuitarDF.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/MermaidGuitarDF.JPG/240px-MermaidGuitarDF.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3625" data-file-height="2592" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Fountain depicting a mermaid playing a guitar, located in the <a href="/wiki/Museum_of_the_City_of_Mexico" class="mw-redirect" title="Museum of the City of Mexico">Museum of the City of Mexico</a> (seventeenth century)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Mari%C3%B1o%27s_coat_of_arms_with_mermaid_(Mugardos,_Galicia).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="A stone coat of arms in (Mugardos, Galicia, Spain), eighteenth century"><img alt="A stone coat of arms in (Mugardos, Galicia, Spain), eighteenth century" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Mari%C3%B1o%27s_coat_of_arms_with_mermaid_%28Mugardos%2C_Galicia%29.jpg/81px-Mari%C3%B1o%27s_coat_of_arms_with_mermaid_%28Mugardos%2C_Galicia%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="81" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Mari%C3%B1o%27s_coat_of_arms_with_mermaid_%28Mugardos%2C_Galicia%29.jpg/122px-Mari%C3%B1o%27s_coat_of_arms_with_mermaid_%28Mugardos%2C_Galicia%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Mari%C3%B1o%27s_coat_of_arms_with_mermaid_%28Mugardos%2C_Galicia%29.jpg/162px-Mari%C3%B1o%27s_coat_of_arms_with_mermaid_%28Mugardos%2C_Galicia%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2700" data-file-height="3994" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">A stone coat of arms in (<a href="/wiki/Mugardos" title="Mugardos">Mugardos</a>, Galicia, Spain), eighteenth century</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:MermenLubok.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Mermaid and merman, 1866. Unknown Russian folk artist"><img alt="Mermaid and merman, 1866. Unknown Russian folk artist" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/MermenLubok.jpg/120px-MermenLubok.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/MermenLubok.jpg/180px-MermenLubok.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/MermenLubok.jpg/240px-MermenLubok.jpg 2x" data-file-width="760" data-file-height="571" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Mermaid and merman, 1866. Unknown Russian <a href="/wiki/Folk_art" title="Folk art">folk artist</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Elisabeth_Jerichau_Baumann_havfruen.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Havfrue, by Elisabeth Jerichau Baumann (1873)"><img alt="Havfrue, by Elisabeth Jerichau Baumann (1873)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Elisabeth_Jerichau_Baumann_havfruen.jpg/120px-Elisabeth_Jerichau_Baumann_havfruen.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="91" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Elisabeth_Jerichau_Baumann_havfruen.jpg/180px-Elisabeth_Jerichau_Baumann_havfruen.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Elisabeth_Jerichau_Baumann_havfruen.jpg/240px-Elisabeth_Jerichau_Baumann_havfruen.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2386" data-file-height="1807" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Havfrue, by <a href="/wiki/Elisabeth_Jerichau_Baumann" class="mw-redirect" title="Elisabeth Jerichau Baumann">Elisabeth Jerichau Baumann</a> (1873)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Play_of_the_Nereides_by_Arnold_B%C3%B6cklin.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The Play of the Naiads, by Arnold Böcklin (1886)"><img alt="The Play of the Naiads, by Arnold Böcklin (1886)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Play_of_the_Nereides_by_Arnold_B%C3%B6cklin.jpg/120px-Play_of_the_Nereides_by_Arnold_B%C3%B6cklin.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="102" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Play_of_the_Nereides_by_Arnold_B%C3%B6cklin.jpg/180px-Play_of_the_Nereides_by_Arnold_B%C3%B6cklin.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Play_of_the_Nereides_by_Arnold_B%C3%B6cklin.jpg/240px-Play_of_the_Nereides_by_Arnold_B%C3%B6cklin.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6106" data-file-height="5213" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">The Play of the Naiads, by <a href="/wiki/Arnold_B%C3%B6cklin" title="Arnold Böcklin">Arnold Böcklin</a> (1886)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:John_Collier_-_The_Land_Baby.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The Land Baby, by John Collier (1899)"><img alt="The Land Baby, by John Collier (1899)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/John_Collier_-_The_Land_Baby.jpg/94px-John_Collier_-_The_Land_Baby.jpg" decoding="async" width="94" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/John_Collier_-_The_Land_Baby.jpg/141px-John_Collier_-_The_Land_Baby.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/John_Collier_-_The_Land_Baby.jpg/188px-John_Collier_-_The_Land_Baby.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="1273" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">The Land Baby, by <a href="/wiki/John_Collier_(Pre-Raphaelite_painter)" class="mw-redirect" title="John Collier (Pre-Raphaelite painter)">John Collier</a> (1899)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Mermaid_of_Zennor.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The Mermaid of Zennor by John Reinhard Weguelin (1900)"><img alt="The Mermaid of Zennor by John Reinhard Weguelin (1900)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/The_Mermaid_of_Zennor.jpg/81px-The_Mermaid_of_Zennor.jpg" decoding="async" width="81" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/The_Mermaid_of_Zennor.jpg/121px-The_Mermaid_of_Zennor.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/The_Mermaid_of_Zennor.jpg/162px-The_Mermaid_of_Zennor.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="2371" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">The Mermaid of Zennor by <a href="/wiki/John_Reinhard_Weguelin" title="John Reinhard Weguelin">John Reinhard Weguelin</a> (1900)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:The-Mermaid.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The Mermaid, by Howard Pyle (1910)"><img alt="The Mermaid, by Howard Pyle (1910)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/The-Mermaid.jpg/83px-The-Mermaid.jpg" decoding="async" width="83" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/The-Mermaid.jpg/124px-The-Mermaid.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/The-Mermaid.jpg/165px-The-Mermaid.jpg 2x" data-file-width="550" data-file-height="797" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">The Mermaid, by <a href="/wiki/Howard_Pyle" title="Howard Pyle">Howard Pyle</a> (1910)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Mermaid_and_the_Satyr.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The Mermaid and the Satyr, by Ferdinand Leeke (1917)"><img alt="The Mermaid and the Satyr, by Ferdinand Leeke (1917)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/The_Mermaid_and_the_Satyr.jpg/120px-The_Mermaid_and_the_Satyr.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="89" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/The_Mermaid_and_the_Satyr.jpg/180px-The_Mermaid_and_the_Satyr.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/The_Mermaid_and_the_Satyr.jpg/240px-The_Mermaid_and_the_Satyr.jpg 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="665" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">The Mermaid and the Satyr, by <a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_Leeke" title="Ferdinand Leeke">Ferdinand Leeke</a> (1917)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Auburtin_-_Mermaids.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Mermaids, by Jean Francis Aubertin (circa 1920)"><img alt="Mermaids, by Jean Francis Aubertin (circa 1920)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Auburtin_-_Mermaids.JPG/120px-Auburtin_-_Mermaids.JPG" decoding="async" width="120" height="96" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Auburtin_-_Mermaids.JPG/180px-Auburtin_-_Mermaids.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Auburtin_-_Mermaids.JPG/240px-Auburtin_-_Mermaids.JPG 2x" data-file-width="599" data-file-height="481" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Mermaids, by <a href="/w/index.php?title=Jean_Francis_Aubertin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jean Francis Aubertin (page does not exist)">Jean Francis Aubertin</a> (circa 1920)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Little_Mermaid%27s_Sisters_-_Anne_Anderson.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The Little Mermaid's Sisters by Anne Anderson (c. 1910)"><img alt="The Little Mermaid's Sisters by Anne Anderson (c. 1910)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/The_Little_Mermaid%27s_Sisters_-_Anne_Anderson.jpg/88px-The_Little_Mermaid%27s_Sisters_-_Anne_Anderson.jpg" decoding="async" width="88" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/The_Little_Mermaid%27s_Sisters_-_Anne_Anderson.jpg/133px-The_Little_Mermaid%27s_Sisters_-_Anne_Anderson.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/The_Little_Mermaid%27s_Sisters_-_Anne_Anderson.jpg/177px-The_Little_Mermaid%27s_Sisters_-_Anne_Anderson.jpg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="813" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">The Little Mermaid's Sisters by <a href="/wiki/Anne_Anderson_(illustrator)" title="Anne Anderson (illustrator)">Anne Anderson</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1910)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Little_Mermaid_by_E.S._Hardy.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Illustration of The Little Mermaid by E. S. Hardy (circa 1890)"><img alt="Illustration of The Little Mermaid by E. S. Hardy (circa 1890)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/The_Little_Mermaid_by_E.S._Hardy.jpg/88px-The_Little_Mermaid_by_E.S._Hardy.jpg" decoding="async" width="88" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/The_Little_Mermaid_by_E.S._Hardy.jpg/132px-The_Little_Mermaid_by_E.S._Hardy.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/The_Little_Mermaid_by_E.S._Hardy.jpg/176px-The_Little_Mermaid_by_E.S._Hardy.jpg 2x" data-file-width="471" data-file-height="640" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Illustration of The Little Mermaid by E. S. Hardy (circa 1890)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Copenhagen_-_the_little_mermaid_statue_-_2013.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The Little Mermaid statue in Copenhagen (1913)"><img alt="The Little Mermaid statue in Copenhagen (1913)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/7/7a/Copenhagen_-_the_little_mermaid_statue_-_2013.jpg/80px-Copenhagen_-_the_little_mermaid_statue_-_2013.jpg" decoding="async" width="80" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/7/7a/Copenhagen_-_the_little_mermaid_statue_-_2013.jpg/120px-Copenhagen_-_the_little_mermaid_statue_-_2013.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/7/7a/Copenhagen_-_the_little_mermaid_statue_-_2013.jpg/160px-Copenhagen_-_the_little_mermaid_statue_-_2013.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1368" data-file-height="2048" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/The_Little_Mermaid_(statue)" title="The Little Mermaid (statue)">The Little Mermaid</a> statue in Copenhagen (1913)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:P%C3%A4ij%C3%A4t-H%C3%A4me.vaakuna.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="A mermaid in the coat of arms of the Päijänne Tavastia region, Finland (1997)[374]"><img alt="A mermaid in the coat of arms of the Päijänne Tavastia region, Finland (1997)[374]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/P%C3%A4ij%C3%A4t-H%C3%A4me.vaakuna.svg/102px-P%C3%A4ij%C3%A4t-H%C3%A4me.vaakuna.svg.png" decoding="async" width="102" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/P%C3%A4ij%C3%A4t-H%C3%A4me.vaakuna.svg/153px-P%C3%A4ij%C3%A4t-H%C3%A4me.vaakuna.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/P%C3%A4ij%C3%A4t-H%C3%A4me.vaakuna.svg/204px-P%C3%A4ij%C3%A4t-H%C3%A4me.vaakuna.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="587" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">A mermaid in the coat of arms of the <a href="/wiki/P%C3%A4ij%C3%A4t-H%C3%A4me" title="Päijät-Häme">Päijänne Tavastia</a> <a href="/wiki/Regions_of_Finland" title="Regions of Finland">region</a>, <a href="/wiki/Finland" title="Finland">Finland</a> (1997)<a href="#cite_note-423">[374]</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Songkhla_mermaid_-_panoramio.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The mermaid of the Phra Aphai Mani legend in Songkhla, Thailand (2006)"><img alt="The mermaid of the Phra Aphai Mani legend in Songkhla, Thailand (2006)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Songkhla_mermaid_-_panoramio.jpg/120px-Songkhla_mermaid_-_panoramio.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Songkhla_mermaid_-_panoramio.jpg/180px-Songkhla_mermaid_-_panoramio.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Songkhla_mermaid_-_panoramio.jpg/240px-Songkhla_mermaid_-_panoramio.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1767" data-file-height="1182" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">The mermaid of the <a href="/wiki/Phra_Aphai_Mani" title="Phra Aphai Mani">Phra Aphai Mani</a> legend in <a href="/wiki/Songkhla" title="Songkhla">Songkhla</a>, Thailand (2006)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Mermaid_statue_Nuuk_Greenland.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Mermaid statue in Nuuk, Greenland"><img alt="Mermaid statue in Nuuk, Greenland" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Mermaid_statue_Nuuk_Greenland.jpg/120px-Mermaid_statue_Nuuk_Greenland.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Mermaid_statue_Nuuk_Greenland.jpg/180px-Mermaid_statue_Nuuk_Greenland.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Mermaid_statue_Nuuk_Greenland.jpg/240px-Mermaid_statue_Nuuk_Greenland.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5184" data-file-height="3888" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Mermaid statue in <a href="/wiki/Nuuk" title="Nuuk">Nuuk</a>, Greenland</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 35em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Mermaid_novels" title="Category:Mermaid novels">Mermaid in novels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ichthyosis" title="Ichthyosis">Ichthyosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kelpie" title="Kelpie">Kelpie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_piscine_and_amphibian_humanoids" class="mw-redirect" title="List of piscine and amphibian humanoids">List of piscine and amphibian humanoids</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melusine" title="Melusine">Melusine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Merlion" title="Merlion">Merlion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mermaid_of_Warsaw" title="Mermaid of Warsaw">The Mermaid of Warsaw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Merman" title="Merman">Merman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mythological_hybrid" class="mw-redirect" title="Mythological hybrid">Mythological hybrid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nereid" class="mw-redirect" title="Nereid">Nereid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sea_monster" title="Sea monster">Sea monster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Witchcraft" title="Witchcraft">Sea witch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Selkie" title="Selkie">Selkie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sirenia" title="Sirenia">Sirenia</a> – an order of aquatic <a href="/wiki/Mammal" title="Mammal">mammals</a> that include <a href="/wiki/Manatee" title="Manatee">manatees</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dugong" title="Dugong">dugongs</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sirenomelia" title="Sirenomelia">Sirenomelia</a> – or "mermaid syndrome", a <a href="/wiki/Disease" title="Disease">disorder</a> in which a child is born with legs fused together.<a href="#cite_note-Kallen-424">[375]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Susulu_(mythology)" title="Susulu (mythology)">Susulu (mythology)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thessalonike_of_Macedon#The_legend_of_Thessalonike" title="Thessalonike of Macedon">Thessalonike of Macedon#The legend of Thessalonike</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Undine" title="Undine">Undine</a></li></ul></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Explanatory_notes">Explanatory notes</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-6"><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a> And despite the misleading spelling not a variant of "<a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/merman" class="extiw" title="wikt:merman">merman</a>" (first used seventeenh century)<a href="#cite_note-oed-mermin-3">[3]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a> The word occurs variously as OHG merimenni, merimeni, meriminni, meriminnun, meriminna, merminno.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPakis2010126,_n40-8">[7]</a> Schade's dictionary uses OHG "meremanni" as headword.<a href="#cite_note-schade-altd_woerterbuch-9">[8]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a> They are glosses to sirenes at <a href="/wiki/Isaiah_13#verse_21" title="Isaiah 13">Isiah 13:21</a> where Hebrew ya'anah (יִעֲנָה), mod. Eng. bibl. tr. "ostriches" was translated as sirens by the Septuagint and Vulgate.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPakis2010126,_n40-8">[7]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a> She is Wâchilt, whose great-grandson (<a href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German</a>: Urenkel) is <a href="/wiki/Witege" title="Witege">Wittich</a>.<a href="#cite_note-paul-15">[12]</a> In other words she is <a href="/wiki/Wayland_the_Smith" title="Wayland the Smith">Velent/Wieland</a>'s grandmother.<a href="#cite_note-buchholz-16">[13]</a> or "Wittich's father's father's mother",<a href="#cite_note-davidson1958-17">[14]</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Dietrich_Cycle" class="mw-redirect" title="Dietrich Cycle">Dietrich Cycle</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a> She is deemed an '<a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/undine" class="extiw" title="wikt:undine">undine</a>' by one modern commentator.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPaff1959129-21">[17]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a> That is, the OED's entry for gave "cf. OE męrewif and <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r920966791">.mw-parser-output span.smallcaps{font-variant:small-caps}.mw-parser-output span.smallcaps-smaller{font-size:85%}</style>Mermin [in small capitals]", meaning there is an entry for the latter but not the former. </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a> The <a href="/wiki/Megara" title="Megara">Megarian</a> bowl, third century BC, with a scene from the <a href="/wiki/Odyssey" title="Odyssey">Odyssey</a>, with sirens depicted as fish-tailed "tritonesses".<a href="#cite_note-rotroff-40">[34]</a> Harrison names a clay lamp, possibly from the Roman period.<a href="#cite_note-harrison-41">[35]</a><a href="#cite_note-42">[36]</a> A <a href="/wiki/Terracotta" title="Terracotta">terracotta</a> "mourning siren", 250 BC, is the oldest representation of siren as mermaid familiar to Waugh.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWaugh196077-43">[37]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a> But upon reflection, since the OHG word only means "sea-woman", it is not assured that a fish-tailed being is meant. </li> <li id="cite_note-80"><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a> In the bestiaries. And that is generally accepted to be the intended symbolism in ecclesiastical art, such as church carvings of mermaids,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWaugh196077-43">[37]</a><a href="#cite_note-chunko-dominguez-76">[68]</a> but this church view has been derided as misogynistic from a modern perspective,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBacchilegaBrown2019xiv-77">[69]</a> and it has been noted that the mirror and comb were originally the accoutrements of the love goddess Venus in Classical Times.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWood201868-78">[70]</a><a href="#cite_note-79">[71]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-84"><a href="#cite_ref-84">^</a> In <a href="/wiki/The_Odyssey" class="mw-redirect" title="The Odyssey">The Odyssey</a>, after <a href="/wiki/Odysseus" title="Odysseus">Odysseus</a>' encounter with the sirens, he headed for the place where Scylla and Charybdis dwelled.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHolford-Strevens200620-83">[74]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-114"><a href="#cite_ref-114">^</a> But perhaps not too far from the meadows opposite the Rhine River where they pitched camp in an earlier passage in the Nibelungenlied,<a href="#cite_note-nibelungenlied-35">[29]</a> and occurs at the confluence of the Rhine and the Danube in Þiðreks saga,<a href="#cite_note-112">[102]</a> hence Wagner's reinvention of them as <a href="/wiki/Rhinemaidens" title="Rhinemaidens">Rhinemaidens</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMagee199065-113">[103]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-120"><a href="#cite_ref-120">^</a> MHG: ane; modern <a href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German</a>: Ahn. </li> <li id="cite_note-145"><a href="#cite_ref-145">^</a> Tracing this etymologically to Old Norse is elusive. Old Swedish haffru was used as a translation word in the Sweidish saga of Didrik (14 cent.) as mentioned under <a href="#Etymologies">§Etymologies</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-149"><a href="#cite_ref-149">^</a> The initial "h" is an <a href="/wiki/Aspirated_h" title="Aspirated h">aspirated h</a> here could very well be pronounced, even in modern Normandy, especially for words borrowed from the Germanic, as Gorog points out elsewhere.<a href="#cite_note-gorog1961-148">[135]</a> Wartburg (Gorog tr.) glosses navette" as "sort of water-sprite (<a href="/wiki/Undine" title="Undine">ondine</a>) which attracts passers-by at night.. and plunges in with them", adding that in the patois of <a href="/wiki/Valognes" title="Valognes">Valognes</a>, it is used as a bugbear to frighten children from approaching water. </li> <li id="cite_note-158"><a href="#cite_ref-158">^</a> And documented some of these fables, as the mermaid purportedly foretelling the birth of <a href="/wiki/Christian_IV_of_Denmark" title="Christian IV of Denmark">Christian IV</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-160"><a href="#cite_ref-160">^</a> Or even the eccentric "Sea-Quoyas Morrov", after apparently the native Angolan name for some ape, because a mermaid capture in Angola was also documented. </li> <li id="cite_note-163"><a href="#cite_ref-163">^</a> Recté margýgr and hafstrambr, as described below </li> <li id="cite_note-166"><a href="#cite_ref-166">^</a> margýgur, hafgygur ('mer-troll'), haffrú ('sea-maid'); mey-fiskr ('maiden-fish'). </li> <li id="cite_note-174"><a href="#cite_ref-174">^</a> In Sweden also and sjö-kona (sjö-kuna in the dialect of <a href="/wiki/Ruhnu" title="Ruhnu">Ruhnu</a>, Estonia).<a href="#cite_note-rietz-173">[155]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-178"><a href="#cite_ref-178">^</a> And also <a href="#CITEREFBassett1892">Bassett (1892)</a>, p. 172 </li> <li id="cite_note-189"><a href="#cite_ref-189">^</a> The original text gives knäckt (i.e. cracked), rather than kneckt<a href="#cite_note-keightley1850-181">[161]</a> or knackt.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrimmStallybrass_tr.1883'''2''':_494-495-188">[168]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-193"><a href="#cite_ref-193">^</a> The Swedish ballad "Hafsmannen" is based on the abduction theme, and recounts the same myth as Danish ballad "<a href="/w/index.php?title=Rosmer_Havmand&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Rosmer Havmand (page does not exist)">Rosmer Havmand</a>".<a href="#cite_note-goedecke-192">[171]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-197"><a href="#cite_ref-197">^</a> Facsimiles of the miniature painting are found in <a href="/wiki/Fridtjof_Nansen" title="Fridtjof Nansen">Fridtjof Nansen</a>'s book<a href="#cite_note-nansen-177">[158]</a> and Dubois's paper.<a href="#cite_note-dubois-196">[174]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-228"><a href="#cite_ref-228">^</a> The anecdote is set in Donghai or "Eastern Sea" which designates "<a href="/wiki/East_China_Sea" title="East China Sea">East China Sea</a>" on a modern atlas (and this is given in Magnani's translation), but is "Eastern Sea" given by Groot translating this passage.<a href="#cite_note-groot-226">[203]</a> Historically, the name could apply to the <a href="/wiki/Sea_of_Japan" title="Sea of Japan">Sea of Japan</a>.<a href="#cite_note-schottenhammer-227">[204]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-266"><a href="#cite_ref-266">^</a> The authority in question, Cascudo sees the influence of <a href="/wiki/Gon%C3%A7alves_Dias" title="Gonçalves Dias">Gonçalves Dias</a>'s "romantic indigenization". </li> <li id="cite_note-269"><a href="#cite_ref-269">^</a> Cascudo's Dicionario do folclore brasileiro (1954) explores numerous other contributing European lore and indigenous water-myth. </li> <li id="cite_note-272"><a href="#cite_ref-272">^</a> Pero de Magalhães Gandavo. História da Província de Santa Cruz (1576) </li> <li id="cite_note-273"><a href="#cite_ref-273">^</a> Do clima e terra do Brasil, 1584 </li> <li id="cite_note-282"><a href="#cite_ref-282">^</a> Pliny follows with an account of a "sea-man" witnessed on the Gulf of Gades (<a href="/wiki/Gulf_of_C%C3%A1diz" title="Gulf of Cádiz">Gulf of Cádiz</a>).<a href="#cite_note-pliny-hn-9.4.9-tr-rackham-280">[252]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-288"><a href="#cite_ref-288">^</a> i.e., not qualifying they do so at the hour of death. </li> <li id="cite_note-301"><a href="#cite_ref-301">^</a> Bartholin subsequently provides a textual description of a neckless siren with lactating breasts,<a href="#cite_note-broedel-296">[266]</a> however, that is the description from an entirely different specimen caught in the River Cuama off the <a href="/wiki/Cape_of_Good_Hope" title="Cape of Good Hope">Cape of Good Hope</a>, quoted from Bernardinus Ginnarus.<a href="#cite_note-bartholin-tr-webster-300">[270]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-305"><a href="#cite_ref-305">^</a> Bartholin describes in detail that it was caught off of Brazil by merchants of the (Dutch) <a href="/wiki/Dutch_West_India_Company" title="Dutch West India Company">West India Company</a>, the GWC, and the dissection conducted in Leiden by Petrus Pavius (<a href="/wiki/Pieter_Pauw" title="Pieter Pauw">Pieter Pauw</a>), attended by <a href="/wiki/Johannes_de_Laet" class="mw-redirect" title="Johannes de Laet">Johannes de Laet</a> (who was director of the GWC); Bartholin was given a hand and few ribs from de Laet, as a token of friendship.<a href="#cite_note-bartholin-tr-webster-300">[270]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-306"><a href="#cite_ref-306">^</a> Bartholin writes <a href="/wiki/Phoca" title="Phoca">Phocae</a>,<a href="#cite_note-bartholin-tr-webster-300">[270]</a> which is the genus, but perhaps he intended <a href="/wiki/Pinnipeds" class="mw-redirect" title="Pinnipeds">pinnipeds</a><a href="#cite_note-broedel-296">[266]</a> more broadly. </li> <li id="cite_note-307"><a href="#cite_ref-307">^</a> A "sea-horse" in reality was either <a href="/wiki/Walrus" title="Walrus">walrus</a> or sea-unicorns/<a href="/wiki/Narwhal" title="Narwhal">narwhals</a>, both sources for marine ivory. For water-horse as sea-unicorn, see <a href="#CITEREFFrancisci1668">Francisci (1668)</a>, opposite p. 1406, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=i-RTAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA1407">Plate XLVII</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-308"><a href="#cite_ref-308">^</a> cf. <a href="#Iara_and_Ipupiara">§Iara and Ipupiara</a>, supra. </li> <li id="cite_note-324"><a href="#cite_ref-324">^</a> Kircher's Latin text actually resorts to writing out "piscis ανθρωπόμορφος" partly in Greek (<a href="/wiki/Greek_ligatures" title="Greek ligatures">Greek ligature</a> is used for the final omicron-sigma).<a href="#cite_note-kircher-magnes-314">[279]</a> Jonston's Latin version uses "anthropomorphos"; the Dutch translator changed this to "-morphus" in the text, though the caption remained "-phos" in the engraving.<a href="#cite_note-jonston1660-nl-312">[277]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-325"><a href="#cite_ref-325">^</a> In the primary sources, variously spelt in <a href="/wiki/Middle_Spanish" class="mw-redirect" title="Middle Spanish">Middle Spanish</a> as peche muger,<a href="#cite_note-kircher-magnes-314">[279]</a> pez muller, pexe muller,<a href="#cite_note-colin-318">[283]</a> etc. </li> <li id="cite_note-327"><a href="#cite_ref-327">^</a> The word is "duyong" in the Ilongo (<a href="/wiki/Hiligaynon_language" title="Hiligaynon language">Hiligaynon</a>) or <a href="/wiki/Palawano_language" title="Palawano language">Palawano language</a> of the Bisayans.<a href="#cite_note-polistico-326">[289]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-329"><a href="#cite_ref-329">^</a> According to Navarrete, an indigenous man had confessed to having nightly sexual intercourse with a piscis mulier or pexemulier "said to resemble a woman from the breasts down" .<a href="#cite_note-navarrete-tr-churchill-320">[285]</a><a href="#cite_note-navarrete-tr-blair&robertson-328">[290]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-340"><a href="#cite_ref-340">^</a> Later it was no longer a Dutch Province. Bassett (1892) renamed her the "Molucca siren",<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBassett1892191-339">[300]</a> but that name does not seem to have wide circulation. </li> <li id="cite_note-346"><a href="#cite_ref-346">^</a> color illustrations engraved copper plates, <a href="/wiki/Hand-coloring" class="mw-redirect" title="Hand-coloring">hand-painted in color</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-355"><a href="#cite_ref-355">^</a> Valentijn was also a minister of the church, mostly in the employ of the VOC; he was minister in Ambon at age 19 from 1685 for a decade, and was stationed again in Java 1705–1714.<a href="#cite_note-suarez_t.-353">[312]</a> but was minister in Dorchrecht, Netherlands by 1916 when Renard corresponded with him seeking help for his book,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPietsch19917-354">[313]</a> and he compiled his own book while in the Netherlands.<a href="#cite_note-suarez_t.-353">[312]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-359"><a href="#cite_ref-359">^</a> And editor of the English edition of Renard's work. </li> <li id="cite_note-367"><a href="#cite_ref-367">^</a> This specimen had been on display inside a jar at the Turf Coffee-house, <a href="/wiki/St_James%27s_Street" title="St James's Street">St. James's Street</a> as illustrated in an etching of it was made by artist <a href="/wiki/George_Cruikshank" title="George Cruikshank">George Cruikshank</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-371"><a href="#cite_ref-371">^</a> Although the exhibitors called it "mermaid", the gender (as to the monkey port or fish part used) is probably unclear, and one newspaper renames it "Barnum's merman".<a href="#cite_note-altick-368">[324]</a><a href="#cite_note-webster-EB1891-369">[325]</a><a href="#cite_note-370">[326]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-378"><a href="#cite_ref-378">^</a> Marine biologist Hondo comments that the Japanese souvenirs tended to use a group of fish shaped like the suzuki (<a href="/wiki/Japanese_sea_bass" title="Japanese sea bass">Japanese sea bass</a>), and asserts that in Canton, China, the type of fish used were <a href="/wiki/Cyprinidae" title="Cyprinidae">Cyprinids</a> (carp family), <a href="/wiki/Nibea" title="Nibea">Nibea</a> mitsukurii, and the <a href="/wiki/Giant_mottled_eel" title="Giant mottled eel">giant mottled eel</a>.<a href="#cite_note-honma-376">[331]</a> The mermaid drawn by Cruikshank (i.e., the Fiji mermaid) is speculated to be "concocted from a blue-faced monkey and a salmon".<a href="#cite_note-patten-377">[332]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-395"><a href="#cite_ref-395">^</a> The prince remains unacquainted with her, despite being saved by her from a shipwreck. The mermaid had brought him ashore unconscious and then hid behind rocks and covered herself in foam to hide. </li> <li id="cite_note-396"><a href="#cite_ref-396">^</a> The prince is betrothed to a princess, who turns out to be the girl he mistakenly believed to be his rescuer (due to the mermaid's concealment). </li> <li id="cite_note-405"><a href="#cite_ref-405">^</a> And the comb and mirror were originally associated with Aphrodite/Venus, as Fraser points out here. </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Citations">Citations</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-oxforddictionaries1-1">^ <a href="#cite_ref-oxforddictionaries1_1-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-oxforddictionaries1_1-1">b</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wayback.archive-it.org/all/20181120055042/https://en.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/mermaid">"Mermaid"</a>. Dictionaries. Oxford. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://oxforddictionaries.com/definition/mermaid?q=mermaid">the original</a> on 20 November 2018. Retrieved 16 April 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Dictionaries&rft.atitle=Mermaid&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Foxforddictionaries.com%2Fdefinition%2Fmermaid%3Fq%3Dmermaid&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMermaid" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-oed-mermaid-2">^ <a href="#cite_ref-oed-mermaid_2-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-oed-mermaid_2-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-oed-mermaid_2-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFReference-OED-mermaid" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oed.com/search/dictionary/?q=mermaid">"mermaid"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Oxford_English_Dictionary" title="Oxford English Dictionary">Oxford English Dictionary</a> (Online ed.). <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=mermaid&rft.btitle=Oxford+English+Dictionary&rft.edition=Online&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.oed.com%2Fsearch%2Fdictionary%2F%3Fq%3Dmermaid&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMermaid" class="Z3988"> (Subscription or <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oed.com/public/login/loggingin#withyourlibrary">participating institution membership</a> required.); Murray, James A. H. ed. (1908) A New Eng. Dict. VI, s.v."<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=M6ojAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA360">mermaid</a>" </li> <li id="cite_note-oed-mermin-3">^ <a href="#cite_ref-oed-mermin_3-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-oed-mermin_3-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-oed-mermin_3-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-oed-mermin_3-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-oed-mermin_3-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-oed-mermin_3-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-oed-mermin_3-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-oed-mermin_3-7">h</a> <a href="#cite_ref-oed-mermin_3-8">i</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFReference-OED-mermin" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oed.com/search/dictionary/?q=mermin">"mermin"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Oxford_English_Dictionary" title="Oxford English Dictionary">Oxford English Dictionary</a> (Online ed.). <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=mermin&rft.btitle=Oxford+English+Dictionary&rft.edition=Online&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.oed.com%2Fsearch%2Fdictionary%2F%3Fq%3Dmermin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMermaid" class="Z3988"> (Subscription or <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oed.com/public/login/loggingin#withyourlibrary">participating institution membership</a> required.); Murray, James A. H. ed. (1908) A New Eng. Dict. VI, s.v."<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=M6ojAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA361">mermin</a>" </li> <li id="cite_note-arundel-catalogue-4"><a href="#cite_ref-arundel-catalogue_4-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220922023553/https://www.bl.uk/catalogues/illuminatedmanuscripts/record.asp?MSID=7736">"Detailed record for Arundel 292"</a>. British Library. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bl.uk/catalogues/illuminatedmanuscripts/record.asp?MSID=7736">the original</a> on 22 September 2022. Retrieved 19 September 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=British+Library&rft.atitle=Detailed+record+for+Arundel+292&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bl.uk%2Fcatalogues%2Filluminatedmanuscripts%2Frecord.asp%3FMSID%3D7736&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMermaid" class="Z3988">, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bl.uk/catalogues/illuminatedmanuscripts/ILLUMIN.ASP?Size=mid&IllID=7569">fol. 8v "Natura Sirene"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220920171246/https://www.bl.uk/catalogues/illuminatedmanuscripts/ILLUMIN.ASP?Size=mid&IllID=7569">Archived</a> 20 September 2022 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-MEBestiary-5">^ <a href="#cite_ref-MEBestiary_5-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-MEBestiary_5-1">b</a> British Library Arundel MS 292, fol. 8 verso<a href="#cite_note-ME-bestiary-ed-morris-7">[6]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-ME-bestiary-ed-morris-7">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ME-bestiary-ed-morris_7-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ME-bestiary-ed-morris_7-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ME-bestiary-ed-morris_7-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMorris1872" class="citation book cs1">Morris, Richard, ed. (1872). "Natura Sirene" [The Mermaid]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=sVMJAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA18">An Old English miscellany containing a bestiary, Kentish sermons, Proverbs of Alfred, religious poems of the thirteenth century</a>. E.E.T.S. Original series 49. Early English Text Society. pp. 18–19.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Natura+Sirene&rft.btitle=An+Old+English+miscellany+containing+a+bestiary%2C+Kentish+sermons%2C+Proverbs+of+Alfred%2C+religious+poems+of+the+thirteenth+century&rft.series=E.E.T.S.+Original+series+49&rft.pages=18-19&rft.pub=Early+English+Text+Society&rft.date=1872&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DsVMJAAAAQAAJ%26pg%3DPA18&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMermaid" class="Z3988"> With marginal synopsis. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPakis2010126,_n40-8">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPakis2010126,_n40_8-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPakis2010126,_n40_8-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPakis2010126,_n40_8-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFPakis2010">Pakis (2010)</a>, p. 126, n40. </li> <li id="cite_note-schade-altd_woerterbuch-9">^ <a href="#cite_ref-schade-altd_woerterbuch_9-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-schade-altd_woerterbuch_9-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchade1866" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="/wiki/Oskar_Schade" title="Oskar Schade">Schade, Oskar</a> (1866). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ATtJAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA394">"meremanni ahd. st. M. mhd. mereminne / merewîp, merwîp"</a>. Altdeutsches Wörterbuch (in German). Vol. II. Halle: Verlag der Buchhandlung des Waisenhauses. p. 394.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=meremanni+ahd.+st.+M.+mhd.+mereminne+%2F+merew%C3%AEp%2C+merw%C3%AEp&rft.btitle=Altdeutsches+W%C3%B6rterbuch&rft.place=Halle&rft.pages=394&rft.pub=Verlag+der+Buchhandlung+des+Waisenhauses&rft.date=1866&rft.aulast=Schade&rft.aufirst=Oskar&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DATtJAAAAcAAJ%26pg%3DPA394&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMermaid" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-althochdeutschen-glossen-11"><a href="#cite_ref-althochdeutschen-glossen_11-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBain1879" class="citation book cs1">Bain, Frederika (1879). <a href="/wiki/Elias_von_Steinmeyer" title="Elias von Steinmeyer">Steinmeyer, Elias von</a>; <a href="/wiki/Eduard_Sievers" title="Eduard Sievers">Sievers, Eduard</a> (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=PM04AQAAMAAJ&pg=PA602">Die althochdeutschen Glossen</a>. Vol. 1. Berlin: Weidmann. p. 602.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Die+althochdeutschen+Glossen&rft.place=Berlin&rft.pages=602&rft.pub=Weidmann&rft.date=1879&rft.aulast=Bain&rft.aufirst=Frederika&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DPM04AQAAMAAJ%26pg%3DPA602&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMermaid" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Vienna-ONB-223-13">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Vienna-ONB-223_13-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Vienna-ONB-223_13-1">b</a> Vienna, <a href="/wiki/Austrian_National_Library" title="Austrian National Library">Österreichische Nationalbibliothek</a> ms. 223, fol. 32r.<a href="#cite_note-altdeutsche-physiologus-TITUS-54">[47]</a> Maurer (1967) ed.Der altdeutsche Physiologus [note 37], 92, apud <a href="#CITEREFPakis2010">Pakis (2010)</a>, p. 126, n37. (olim MS Philol. 244), <a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Heinrich_von_der_Hagen" title="Friedrich Heinrich von der Hagen">von der Hagen, F.H.</a> (1824) ed., <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=U9UGAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA52">pp. 52–53</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-lexer-merminne-14">^ <a href="#cite_ref-lexer-merminne_14-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-lexer-merminne_14-1">b</a> Lexer (1872) Mittelhochdeutsches Handwörterbuch, s.v. "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://woerterbuchnetz.de/?sigle=Lexer&lemid=LM01525#1">mer-minne</a>" </li> <li id="cite_note-paul-15"><a href="#cite_ref-paul_15-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPaul1893" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Hermann_Paul" title="Hermann Paul">Paul, Hermann</a> (1893). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=NMfjAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA55">Grundriss der germanischen Philologie</a>. Vol. 2. Trübner. p. 55.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Grundriss+der+germanischen+Philologie&rft.pages=55&rft.pub=Tr%C3%BCbner&rft.date=1893&rft.aulast=Paul&rft.aufirst=Hermann&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DNMfjAAAAMAAJ%26pg%3DPA55&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMermaid" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-buchholz-16">^ <a href="#cite_ref-buchholz_16-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-buchholz_16-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-buchholz_16-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-buchholz_16-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-buchholz_16-4">e</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBuchholz1980" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="/wiki/Peter_Buchholz" title="Peter Buchholz">Buchholz, Peter</a> (1980). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=rQHXAAAAMAAJ&q=%22si%C3%B3kona">Vorzeitkunde: mündliches Erzählen u. Überliefern im mittelalterlichen Skandinavien nach d. Zeugnis von Fornaldarsaga u. eddischer Dichtung</a> (in German). Wachholtz. p. 85. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9783529033131" title="Special:BookSources/9783529033131"><bdi>9783529033131</bdi></a>. <q>Nach der Þiðreks saga 36 ( 46 ) ist der Riese Vaði der Sohn einer siókona (Meerfrau)</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Vorzeitkunde%3A+m%C3%BCndliches+Erz%C3%A4hlen+u.+%C3%9Cberliefern+im+mittelalterlichen+Skandinavien+nach+d.+Zeugnis+von+Fornaldarsaga+u.+eddischer+Dichtung&rft.pages=85&rft.pub=Wachholtz&rft.date=1980&rft.isbn=9783529033131&rft.aulast=Buchholz&rft.aufirst=Peter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DrQHXAAAAMAAJ%26q%3D%2522si%25C3%25B3kona&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMermaid" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-davidson1958-17">^ <a href="#cite_ref-davidson1958_17-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-davidson1958_17-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-davidson1958_17-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-davidson1958_17-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-davidson1958_17-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-davidson1958_17-5">f</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDavidson1958" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/H._R._Ellis_Davidson" class="mw-redirect" title="H. R. Ellis Davidson">Davidson, H. R. Ellis</a> (September 1958). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=TXUNAQAAMAAJ&q=%22+Wittich%27s+father%27s+father%27s+mother%22">"Weland the Smith"</a>. Folklore. 63 (3): 149–150. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1258855">1258855</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Folklore&rft.atitle=Weland+the+Smith&rft.volume=63&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=149-150&rft.date=1958-09&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F1258855%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Davidson&rft.aufirst=H.+R.+Ellis&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DTXUNAQAAMAAJ%26q%3D%2522%2BWittich%2527s%2Bfather%2527s%2Bfather%2527s%2Bmother%2522&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMermaid" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-didriks_saga-ed-hylten-cavallius-19">^ <a href="#cite_ref-didriks_saga-ed-hylten-cavallius_19-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-didriks_saga-ed-hylten-cavallius_19-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-didriks_saga-ed-hylten-cavallius_19-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-didriks_saga-ed-hylten-cavallius_19-3">d</a> <a href="/wiki/Gunnar_Olof_Hylt%C3%A9n-Cavallius" title="Gunnar Olof Hyltén-Cavallius">Hyltén-Cavallius, Gunnar Olof</a> ed. (1854). Sagan om Didrik af Bern <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=5K4YAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA300">Kap. 383, p. 300</a>. Den gamla svenska bearbetningen af Didriks saga is dated as ifrån 1400-talet (fifteenth century or later), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=5K4YAAAAYAAJ&pg=PR23">p.xxiii</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-paff-p073-20">^ <a href="#cite_ref-paff-p073_20-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-paff-p073_20-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-paff-p073_20-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFPaff1959">Paff (1959)</a>, p. 71: "The Swedish epilogue (II, 395) purports to know the true story of the death of Viðga and þíðrikr: after þíðrikr chased Viðga into the sea (see Musulá) Viðga's great-grandmother, an undine, conveyed him to Sjælland". Cf. <a href="#CITEREFPaff1959">Paff (1959)</a>, pp. 51–53, 129. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPaff1959129-21">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPaff1959129_21-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPaff1959129_21-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPaff1959129_21-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPaff1959129_21-3">d</a> <a href="#CITEREFPaff1959">Paff (1959)</a>, p. 129. </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a> <a href="/wiki/%C3%9Ei%C3%B0reks_saga" title="Þiðreks saga">Þiðreks saga</a> or "Dietrich's saga". But the great-grandmother's involvement is only known from the Swedish version<a href="#cite_note-davidson1958-17">[14]</a><a href="#cite_note-paff-p073-20">[16]</a> (Swedish epilogue<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPaff1959129-21">[17]</a>), from the fifteenth century Swedish reworking.<a href="#cite_note-didriks_saga-ed-hylten-cavallius-19">[15]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-thidrekksaga-kap84(57)-24">^ <a href="#cite_ref-thidrekksaga-kap84(57)_24-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-thidrekksaga-kap84(57)_24-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-thidrekksaga-kap84(57)_24-2">c</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Henrik_Bertelsen&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Henrik Bertelsen (page does not exist)">Bertelsen, Henrik</a> ed. (1905). Þiđriks saga af Bern <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=IGtBAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA73&q=siokononar">Kap. 841 (57), I:73</a>: "Vaðe rise ier asiolande svnr villcinus konongs ok siokononar ..." </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a> Earlier portion of the Old Norse Þiðreks saga.<a href="#cite_note-thidrekksaga-kap84(57)-24">[19]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-bashe-26">^ <a href="#cite_ref-bashe_26-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-bashe_26-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-bashe_26-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-bashe_26-3">d</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBashe1923" class="citation journal cs1">Bashe, E. J. (1923). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=oQc5AAAAMAAJ&pg=PA283">"Some Notes on the Wade Legend"</a>. Philological Quarterly. 2: 283.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Philological+Quarterly&rft.atitle=Some+Notes+on+the+Wade+Legend&rft.volume=2&rft.pages=283&rft.date=1923&rft.aulast=Bashe&rft.aufirst=E.+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DoQc5AAAAMAAJ%26pg%3DPA283&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMermaid" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-bosworth-toller-merewif-27"><a href="#cite_ref-bosworth-toller-merewif_27-0">^</a> Bosworth-Toller (1882), s.v. "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=oXlii1KgDngC&pg=PA680">mere-wíf</a>" </li> <li id="cite_note-beowulf-ed-klaeber-28"><a href="#cite_ref-beowulf-ed-klaeber_28-0">^</a> Beowulf, Klaeber ed. (2008) [1936]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=8ek3p6ILv8wC&pg=PA52&q=merewif">v. 1519</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-oed-merwoman-30"><a href="#cite_ref-oed-merwoman_30-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFReference-OED-merwoman" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oed.com/search/dictionary/?q=merwoman">"merwoman"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Oxford_English_Dictionary" title="Oxford English Dictionary">Oxford English Dictionary</a> (Online ed.). <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=merwoman&rft.btitle=Oxford+English+Dictionary&rft.edition=Online&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.oed.com%2Fsearch%2Fdictionary%2F%3Fq%3Dmerwoman&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMermaid" class="Z3988"> (Subscription or <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oed.com/public/login/loggingin#withyourlibrary">participating institution membership</a> required.); Murray, James A. H. ed. (1908) A New Eng. Dict. VI, s.v."<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=M6ojAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA365">merwoman</a>", "name for the mermaid when older or wedded". </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a> As "merwoman" is used for merwîp, e.g., at <a href="#CITEREFGrimmStallybrass_tr.1883">Grimm & Stallybrass tr. (1883)</a>, p. 490 re the Nibelungenlied example. </li> <li id="cite_note-lexer-merwip-32"><a href="#cite_ref-lexer-merwip_32-0">^</a> Lexer (1872) Mittelhochdeutsches Handwörterbuch, s.v. "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://woerterbuchnetz.de/?sigle=Lexer&lemid=LM01525#0">mer-wîp</a>" </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrimmStallybrass_tr.1883490-33">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGrimmStallybrass_tr.1883490_33-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGrimmStallybrass_tr.1883490_33-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFGrimmStallybrass_tr.1883">Grimm & Stallybrass tr. (1883)</a>, p. 490. </li> <li id="cite_note-lionarons-34">^ <a href="#cite_ref-lionarons_34-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-lionarons_34-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-lionarons_34-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-lionarons_34-3">d</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLionarons1998" class="citation book cs1">Lionarons, Joyce Tally (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=wu0B6_XO3boC&pg=PA168">"The Otherworld and its Inhabitants in the Nibelungenlied"</a>. In McConnell, Winder (ed.). A Companion to the Nibelungenlied. Camden House. pp. 168–169. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781571131515" title="Special:BookSources/9781571131515"><bdi>9781571131515</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Otherworld+and+its+Inhabitants+in+the+Nibelungenlied&rft.btitle=A+Companion+to+the+Nibelungenlied&rft.pages=168-169&rft.pub=Camden+House&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=9781571131515&rft.aulast=Lionarons&rft.aufirst=Joyce+Tally&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dwu0B6_XO3boC%26pg%3DPA168&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMermaid" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-nibelungenlied-35">^ <a href="#cite_ref-nibelungenlied_35-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-nibelungenlied_35-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-nibelungenlied_35-2">c</a> Bartsch ed. (1905), 5th ed., Das Nibelungenlied, XXV. Âventiure, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=DAguAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA175">Str. 1533–1544</a>; Edwards, Cyril tr. (2020). The Nibelungenlied: The Lay of the Nibelungs. "Twenty-fifth Adventure" <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Wy5s0rbW2tMC&pg=PA141">Str. 1532–1543</a>, Oxford University Press </li> <li id="cite_note-Mittman_Dendle_2016_p._352-36"><a href="#cite_ref-Mittman_Dendle_2016_p._352_36-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMittmanDendle2016" class="citation book cs1">Mittman, Asa Simon; Dendle, Peter J (2016). The Ashgate research companion to monsters and the monstrous. London: Routledge. p. 352. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781351894326" title="Special:BookSources/9781351894326"><bdi>9781351894326</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1021205658">1021205658</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Ashgate+research+companion+to+monsters+and+the+monstrous&rft.place=London&rft.pages=352&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2016&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1021205658&rft.isbn=9781351894326&rft.aulast=Mittman&rft.aufirst=Asa+Simon&rft.au=Dendle%2C+Peter+J&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMermaid" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHolford-Strevens200617–18-37"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHolford-Strevens200617–18_37-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHolford-Strevens2006">Holford-Strevens (2006)</a>, pp. 17–18. </li> <li id="cite_note-argonautica-4.891-38"><a href="#cite_ref-argonautica-4.891_38-0">^</a> Apollonius Rhodius, Argonautica IV, 891–919. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Robert_Cooper_Seaton&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Robert Cooper Seaton (page does not exist)">Seaton, R. C.</a> ed., tr. (2012), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ipANAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA354">p. 354ff</a>. "and at that time they were fashioned in part like birds and in part like maidens to behold". </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMilliken2014">Milliken (2014)</a>, p. 125, citing <a href="#CITEREFBenwellWaugh1965">Benwell & Waugh (1965)</a>; <a href="#CITEREFWaugh1960">Waugh (1960)</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-rotroff-40"><a href="#cite_ref-rotroff_40-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRotroff1982" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Susan_I._Rotroff" title="Susan I. Rotroff">Rotroff, Susan I.</a> (1982). Hellenistic Painted Potter: Athenian and Imported Moldmade Bowls, The Athenian Agora 22. American School of Classical Studies at Athens. p. 67, #190; Plates 35, 80. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0876612224" title="Special:BookSources/978-0876612224"><bdi>978-0876612224</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hellenistic+Painted+Potter%3A+Athenian+and+Imported+Moldmade+Bowls%2C+The+Athenian+Agora+22&rft.pages=67%2C+%23190%3B+Plates+35%2C+80&rft.pub=American+School+of+Classical+Studies+at+Athens&rft.date=1982&rft.isbn=978-0876612224&rft.aulast=Rotroff&rft.aufirst=Susan+I.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMermaid" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-harrison-41">^ <a href="#cite_ref-harrison_41-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-harrison_41-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-harrison_41-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-harrison_41-3">d</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHarrison1882" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Jane_Ellen_Harrison" title="Jane Ellen Harrison">Harrison, Jane Ellen</a> (1882). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=1CkGAAAAQAAJ">Myths of the Odyssey in Art and Literature</a>. London: Rivingtons. pp. 169–170, Plate 47a.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Myths+of+the+Odyssey+in+Art+and+Literature&rft.place=London&rft.pages=169-170%2C+Plate+47a&rft.pub=Rivingtons&rft.date=1882&rft.aulast=Harrison&rft.aufirst=Jane+Ellen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D1CkGAAAAQAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMermaid" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBenwellWaugh1965">Benwell & Waugh (1965)</a>, p. 46 and Fig. 3a </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWaugh196077-43">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWaugh196077_43-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWaugh196077_43-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFWaugh1960">Waugh (1960)</a>, p. 77. </li> <li id="cite_note-Bern-45">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Bern_45-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bern_45-1">b</a> The <a href="/wiki/Bern_Physiologus" title="Bern Physiologus">Bern Physiologus</a>. fol. 13v. Rubric: "De natura serena et honocentauri". Produced c. 830, <a href="/wiki/Hautvillers_Abbey" title="Hautvillers Abbey">Hautvillers Abbey</a> near Reims, France.<a href="#cite_note-Berne-Cod.318-60">[52]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-BL-Add11283-46"><a href="#cite_ref-BL-Add11283_46-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230130170811/https://access.bl.uk/item/viewer/ark:/81055/vdc_100055965341.0x000001">"British Library Add MS 11283"</a>. British Library. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://access.bl.uk/item/viewer/ark:/81055/vdc_100055965341.0x000001">the original</a> on 30 January 2023. Retrieved 6 September 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=British+Library&rft.atitle=British+Library+Add+MS+11283&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Faccess.bl.uk%2Fitem%2Fviewer%2Fark%3A%2F81055%2Fvdc_100055965341.0x000001&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMermaid" class="Z3988">, fol. 20v. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWaugh196078–79-47"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWaugh196078–79_47-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWaugh1960">Waugh (1960)</a>, pp. 78–79. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMustard190822-48"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMustard190822_48-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMustard1908">Mustard (1908)</a>, p. 22. </li> <li id="cite_note-mcculloch-49"><a href="#cite_ref-mcculloch_49-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcCulloch1962" class="citation book cs1">McCulloch, Florence (1962) [1960]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=YJzfAAAAMAAJ&q=mermaid">Mediaeval Latin and French Bestiaries</a> (revised ed.). Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press. p. 167. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780807890332" title="Special:BookSources/9780807890332"><bdi>9780807890332</bdi></a>. <q>Edmond Faral has called attention to what he believes is the first mention of this new type of siren.151 It is contained in the late seventh or early eighth century Liber monstrorum</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mediaeval+Latin+and+French+Bestiaries&rft.place=Chapel+Hill&rft.pages=167&rft.edition=revised&rft.pub=University+of+North+Carolina+Press&rft.date=1962&rft.isbn=9780807890332&rft.aulast=McCulloch&rft.aufirst=Florence&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DYJzfAAAAMAAJ%26q%3Dmermaid&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMermaid" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFFaral1953">Faral (1953)</a>, pp. 441ff., cited by McCulloch (1962) [1960], p. 167.<a href="#cite_note-mcculloch-49">[42]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-orchard-51"><a href="#cite_ref-orchard_51-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOrchard2003a" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Andy_Orchard" title="Andy Orchard">Orchard, Andy (tr.)</a>, ed. (2003a). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=hU8DdkwXbDEC&pg=PA263">Pride and Prodigies: Studies in the Monsters of the Beowulf Manuscript</a>. University of Toronto Press. pp. 262–263. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780802085832" title="Special:BookSources/9780802085832"><bdi>9780802085832</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Pride+and+Prodigies%3A+Studies+in+the+Monsters+of+the+Beowulf+Manuscript&rft.pages=262-263&rft.pub=University+of+Toronto+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=9780802085832&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DhU8DdkwXbDEC%26pg%3DPA263&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMermaid" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFPakis2010">Pakis (2010)</a>, p. 137 and n89;<a href="#CITEREFHolford-Strevens2006">Holford-Strevens (2006)</a>, p. 29 (both quote from the Orchard (2003) translation.<a href="#cite_note-orchard-51">[44]</a>). </li> <li id="cite_note-handschriftencensus-11043-53">^ <a href="#cite_ref-handschriftencensus-11043_53-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-handschriftencensus-11043_53-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://handschriftencensus.de/11043">"Handschriftenbeschreibung 11043. Wien, Österr. Nationalbibl., Cod. 223"</a>. Handschriftencensus. Philipps-Universität Marburg; Akademie der Wissenschaften und der Literatur, Mainz. Retrieved 12 September 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Handschriftencensus&rft.atitle=Handschriftenbeschreibung+11043.+Wien%2C+%C3%96sterr.+Nationalbibl.%2C+Cod.+223&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhandschriftencensus.de%2F11043&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMermaid" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-altdeutsche-physiologus-TITUS-54">^ <a href="#cite_ref-altdeutsche-physiologus-TITUS_54-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-altdeutsche-physiologus-TITUS_54-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://titus.uni-frankfurt.de/texte/etcs/germ/ahd/physiold/physi.htm?physi005.htm">"5. [De sirenis et onocentauris.]"</a>. Physiologus (OHG). TITUS Project. Retrieved 12 September 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Physiologus+%28OHG%29&rft.atitle=5.+%5BDe+sirenis+et+onocentauris.%5D&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ftitus.uni-frankfurt.de%2Ftexte%2Fetcs%2Fgerm%2Fahd%2Fphysiold%2Fphysi.htm%3Fphysi005.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMermaid" class="Z3988">, with the apparatus to load image (Cod. 223, fol. 32r) </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFPakis2010">Pakis (2010)</a>, p. 126, note 39 gives "Siręne sint meremanniu" citing Maurer ed. (1967), the Titus Project transcription is verifiable against the image of the manuscript, fol. 32r.<a href="#cite_note-altdeutsche-physiologus-TITUS-54">[47]</a><a href="#cite_note-handschriftencensus-11043-53">[46]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFPakis2010">Pakis (2010)</a>, pp. 126–127, note 42, though the remark is shorthanded, stating that the "same word" as the Old High German term is used. </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFArmistead_tr.2001">Armistead tr. (2001)</a> vv, 391–462, pp. 85–86 </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHolford-Strevens200634-59"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHolford-Strevens200634_59-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHolford-Strevens2006">Holford-Strevens (2006)</a>, p. 34. </li> <li id="cite_note-Berne-Cod.318-60"><a href="#cite_ref-Berne-Cod.318_60-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.e-codices.unifr.ch/en/description/bbb/0318/">"Bern, Burgerbibliothek / Cod. 318 – Physiologus Bernensis"</a>. e-codices. Retrieved 11 September 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=e-codices&rft.atitle=Bern%2C+Burgerbibliothek+%2F+Cod.+318+%E2%80%93+Physiologus+Bernensis&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.e-codices.unifr.ch%2Fen%2Fdescription%2Fbbb%2F0318%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMermaid" class="Z3988">, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.e-codices.unifr.ch/en/bbb/0318/">facsimile</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.e-codices.unifr.ch/en/doubleview/bbb/0318/13r/">fol. 13v</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-woodruff-61"><a href="#cite_ref-woodruff_61-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWoodruff1930" class="citation journal cs1">Woodruff, Helen (September 1930). "The Physiologus of Bern: A Survival of Alexandrian Style in a Ninth Century". The Art Bulletin. 12 (3). Fig. 22 and p. 249. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/3050780">3050780</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Art+Bulletin&rft.atitle=The+Physiologus+of+Bern%3A+A+Survival+of+Alexandrian+Style+in+a+Ninth+Century&rft.volume=12&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=Fig.+22+and+p.+249&rft.date=1930-09&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F3050780%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Woodruff&rft.aufirst=Helen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMermaid" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-leclercq-marx-62"><a href="#cite_ref-leclercq-marx_62-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLeclercq1989" class="citation journal cs1">Leclercq, Jacqueline (February 1989). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=JYBLAAAAYAAJ&q=siren">"De l'art antique à l'art médièval. A propos des sources du bestiaire carolingien et de se survivances à l'époque romane"</a> [From ancient to mediaeval Art. On the sources of Carolingian bestiaries and their survival in the romance period]. Gazette des Beaux-Arts. 113: 82, 88. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F596378">10.2307/596378</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/596378">596378</a>. <q>Physiologus de Berne.. En contradiction avec le texte qui dépeint une Sirène-oiseau, c'est une Sirène – poisson qui, dans l'illustration, apparaît face au centaure.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Gazette+des+Beaux-Arts&rft.atitle=De+l%27art+antique+%C3%A0+l%27art+m%C3%A9di%C3%A8val.+A+propos+des+sources+du+bestiaire+carolingien+et+de+se+survivances+%C3%A0+l%27%C3%A9poque+romane&rft.volume=113&rft.pages=82%2C+88&rft.date=1989-02&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F596378&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F596378%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Leclercq&rft.aufirst=Jacqueline&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DJYBLAAAAYAAJ%26q%3Dsiren&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMermaid" class="Z3988"> (in French); <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLeclercq-Marx1997" class="citation book cs1">Leclercq-Marx, Jacqueline (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=N2qix5cCTdgC">La sirène dans la pensée et dans l'art de l'Antiquité et du Moyen Âge: du mythe païen au symbole chrétien</a>. Classe des beaux-arts, Académie royale de Belgique. p. 62ff. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0775-3276">0775-3276</a>. <q>The chapter devoted to the Siren and the Centaur is an excellent example of this because the Siren is represented as a woman-fish whereas she is described in the form of a woman-bird..</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=La+sir%C3%A8ne+dans+la+pens%C3%A9e+et+dans+l%27art+de+l%27Antiquit%C3%A9+et+du+Moyen+%C3%82ge%3A+du+mythe+pa%C3%AFen+au+symbole+chr%C3%A9tien&rft.pages=62ff&rft.pub=Classe+des+beaux-arts%2C+Acad%C3%A9mie+royale+de+Belgique&rft.date=1997&rft.issn=0775-3276&rft.aulast=Leclercq-Marx&rft.aufirst=Jacqueline&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DN2qix5cCTdgC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMermaid" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bodl764-63"><a href="#cite_ref-Bodl764_63-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://digital.bodleian.ox.ac.uk/objects/ecf96804-a514-4adc-8779-2dbc4e4b2f1e/surfaces/ee2bf789-7152-449b-9760-fa864718e2d0/">"Bodleian Library MS. Bodl. 764"</a>. Oxford University, the Bodleian Libraries. Retrieved 9 September 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Oxford+University%2C+the+Bodleian+Libraries&rft.atitle=Bodleian+Library+MS.+Bodl.+764&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdigital.bodleian.ox.ac.uk%2Fobjects%2Fecf96804-a514-4adc-8779-2dbc4e4b2f1e%2Fsurfaces%2Fee2bf789-7152-449b-9760-fa864718e2d0%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMermaid" class="Z3988">, fol. 074v. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHardwick201192-64"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHardwick201192_64-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHardwick2011">Hardwick (2011)</a>, p. 92. </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHolford-Strevens2006">Holford-Strevens (2006)</a>, pp. 31–32, Fig. 1.4 </li> <li id="cite_note-bodley764-tr-barber-66"><a href="#cite_ref-bodley764-tr-barber_66-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBarber_tr.1993" class="citation book cs1">Barber, Richard, ed. (1993). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=94opjX2vfjQC&pg=PA150">"Sirens"</a>. Bestiary: Being an English Version of the Bodleian Library, Oxford M.S. Bodley 764 : with All the Original Miniatures Reproduced in Facsimile. Boydell Press. p. 1150. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780851157535" title="Special:BookSources/9780851157535"><bdi>9780851157535</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Sirens&rft.btitle=Bestiary%3A+Being+an+English+Version+of+the+Bodleian+Library%2C+Oxford+M.S.+Bodley+764+%3A+with+All+the+Original+Miniatures+Reproduced+in+Facsimile&rft.pages=1150&rft.pub=Boydell+Press&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=9780851157535&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D94opjX2vfjQC%26pg%3DPA150&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMermaid" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a> Oxford, MS Bodley 764, fol. 74v.<a href="#cite_note-Bodl764-63">[55]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHardwick201192-64">[56]</a><a href="#cite_note-65">[57]</a><a href="#cite_note-bodley764-tr-barber-66">[58]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-clark-68">^ <a href="#cite_ref-clark_68-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-clark_68-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFClark2006" class="citation book cs1">Clark, Willene B. (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=0olPRmCoE8MC&pg=PA57">A Medieval Book of Beasts: The Second-family Bestiary: Commentary, Art, Text and Translation</a>. Boydell Press. p. 57 and n50. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780851156828" title="Special:BookSources/9780851156828"><bdi>9780851156828</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Medieval+Book+of+Beasts%3A+The+Second-family+Bestiary%3A+Commentary%2C+Art%2C+Text+and+Translation&rft.pages=57+and+n50&rft.pub=Boydell+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=9780851156828&rft.aulast=Clark&rft.aufirst=Willene+B.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D0olPRmCoE8MC%26pg%3DPA57&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMermaid" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGeorgeYapp199199-69">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGeorgeYapp199199_69-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGeorgeYapp199199_69-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFGeorgeYapp1991">George & Yapp (1991)</a>, p. 99. </li> <li id="cite_note-Getty-MS100-ex-Alnwick-70"><a href="#cite_ref-Getty-MS100-ex-Alnwick_70-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.getty.edu/art/collection/object/109B24">"Ms. 100 (2007.16), fol. 14. Sirens. about 1250–1260"</a>. Getty Museum. Retrieved 10 September 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Getty+Museum&rft.atitle=Ms.+100+%282007.16%29%2C+fol.+14.+Sirens.+about+1250%E2%80%931260&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.getty.edu%2Fart%2Fcollection%2Fobject%2F109B24&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMermaid" class="Z3988">. "serene" fol. 20v </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a> Cf. three sirens with two holding fish and third a mirror, as in Getty MS. 100 (<a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/olim" class="extiw" title="wikt:olim">olim</a> Alnwick ms.)<a href="#cite_note-Getty-MS100-ex-Alnwick-70">[62]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-BL-Roy2.B.vii-catalogue-72"><a href="#cite_ref-BL-Roy2.B.vii-catalogue_72-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bl.uk/catalogues/illuminatedmanuscripts/record.asp?MSID=6467&CollID=16&NStart=20207">"Detailed record for Royal 2 B VII (Queen Mary Psalter)"</a>. British Library. Retrieved 6 September 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=British+Library&rft.atitle=Detailed+record+for+Royal+2+B+VII+%28Queen+Mary+Psalter%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bl.uk%2Fcatalogues%2Filluminatedmanuscripts%2Frecord.asp%3FMSID%3D6467%26CollID%3D16%26NStart%3D20207&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMermaid" class="Z3988">, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bl.uk/catalogues/illuminatedmanuscripts/ILLUMIN.ASP?Size=mid&IllID=52724">fol. 96v</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a> British Library Ms. Royal 2.B.Vii, fol. 96v.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGeorgeYapp199199-69">[61]</a><a href="#cite_note-BL-Roy2.B.vii-catalogue-72">[64]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHolford-Strevens200636-74"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHolford-Strevens200636_74-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHolford-Strevens2006">Holford-Strevens (2006)</a>, p. 36. </li> <li id="cite_note-peacock-75">^ <a href="#cite_ref-peacock_75-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-peacock_75-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPeacock2020" class="citation book cs1">Peacock, Martha Moffitt (2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=h773DwAAQBAJ&pg=PT571">"The Mermaid of Edam and the Emergence of Dutch National Identity"</a>. In Classen, Albrecht (ed.). Imagination and Fantasy in the Middle Ages and Early Modern Time: Projections, Dreams, Monsters, and Illusions. Walter de Gruyter. p. 684. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9783110693782" title="Special:BookSources/9783110693782"><bdi>9783110693782</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Mermaid+of+Edam+and+the+Emergence+of+Dutch+National+Identity&rft.btitle=Imagination+and+Fantasy+in+the+Middle+Ages+and+Early+Modern+Time%3A+Projections%2C+Dreams%2C+Monsters%2C+and+Illusions&rft.pages=684&rft.pub=Walter+de+Gruyter&rft.date=2020&rft.isbn=9783110693782&rft.aulast=Peacock&rft.aufirst=Martha+Moffitt&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dh773DwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT571&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMermaid" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-chunko-dominguez-76"><a href="#cite_ref-chunko-dominguez_76-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChunko-Dominguez2017" class="citation book cs1">Chunko-Dominguez, Betsy (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Jo1ZDgAAQBAJ&pg=PA82">English Gothic Misericord Carvings: History from the Bottom Up</a>. BRILL. pp. 82–84. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789004341203" title="Special:BookSources/9789004341203"><bdi>9789004341203</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=English+Gothic+Misericord+Carvings%3A+History+from+the+Bottom+Up&rft.pages=82-84&rft.pub=BRILL&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=9789004341203&rft.aulast=Chunko-Dominguez&rft.aufirst=Betsy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DJo1ZDgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA82&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMermaid" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBacchilegaBrown2019xiv-77"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBacchilegaBrown2019xiv_77-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBacchilegaBrown2019">Bacchilega & Brown (2019)</a>, p. xiv. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWood201868-78">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWood201868_78-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWood201868_78-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFWood2018">Wood (2018)</a>, p. 68. </li> <li id="cite_note-79"><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a> Warner, Marina From the Beast to the Blonde, p. 406 apud <a href="#CITEREFFraser2017">Fraser (2017)</a>, Chapter 1. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=EP-WDgAAQBAJ&lpg=PT16">§ Prehistory: Mermaids in the West</a>: "comb and mirror.. probably inherited from the goddess of love, Aphrodite". </li> <li id="cite_note-81"><a href="#cite_ref-81">^</a> Xenophon, citing Socrates possibly spuriously, apud <a href="#CITEREFHolford-Strevens2006">Holford-Strevens (2006)</a>, p. 22 </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHolford-Strevens200629-82">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHolford-Strevens200629_82-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHolford-Strevens200629_82-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFHolford-Strevens2006">Holford-Strevens (2006)</a>, p. 29. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHolford-Strevens200620-83"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHolford-Strevens200620_83-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHolford-Strevens2006">Holford-Strevens (2006)</a>, pp. 20. </li> <li id="cite_note-bain-85">^ <a href="#cite_ref-bain_85-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-bain_85-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBain2017" class="citation book cs1">Bain, Frederika (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=xSk_DwAAQBAJ&pg=PA25">"The Tail of Melusine: Hybridity, Mutability, and the Accessible Other"</a>. Melusine's Footprint: Tracing the Legacy of a Medieval Myth. <a href="/wiki/Brill_Publishers" title="Brill Publishers">BRILL</a>. pp. 25–26. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789004355958" title="Special:BookSources/9789004355958"><bdi>9789004355958</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Tail+of+Melusine%3A+Hybridity%2C+Mutability%2C+and+the+Accessible+Other&rft.btitle=Melusine%27s+Footprint%3A+Tracing+the+Legacy+of+a+Medieval+Myth&rft.pages=25-26&rft.pub=BRILL&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=9789004355958&rft.aulast=Bain&rft.aufirst=Frederika&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DxSk_DwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA25&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMermaid" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-86"><a href="#cite_ref-86">^</a> Bain (2017), citing Terry Pearson and Françoise Clier-Colombani.<a href="#cite_note-bain-85">[75]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-87">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_87-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_87-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAllison2023" class="citation journal cs1">Allison, Sarah (2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.21463%2Fshima.190">"Melusine and the Starbucks' Siren: Art, Mermaids, and the Tangled Origins of a Coffee Chain Logo"</a>. 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BRILL. pp. 28–29. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789004495463" title="Special:BookSources/9789004495463"><bdi>9789004495463</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Berossos+and+the+Construction+off+a+Near+Eastern+Cultural+History+in+Response+to+the+Greeks&rft.btitle=Constructions+of+Greek+Past%3A+Identity+and+Historical+Consciousness+from+Antiquity+to+the+Present&rft.pages=28-29&rft.pub=BRILL&rft.date=2021&rft.isbn=9789004495463&rft.aulast=Breucker&rft.aufirst=Geert+de&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D1hlREAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA29&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMermaid" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-goodman-99"><a href="#cite_ref-goodman_99-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGoodman2021" class="citation book cs1">Goodman, Ailene S. (2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=N5NOEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA261">The Extraordinary Being: Death and the Mermaid in Baroque Literature</a>. Bloomsbury Publishing. p. 261. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789004487895" title="Special:BookSources/9789004487895"><bdi>9789004487895</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Extraordinary+Being%3A+Death+and+the+Mermaid+in+Baroque+Literature&rft.pages=261&rft.pub=Bloomsbury+Publishing&rft.date=2021&rft.isbn=9789004487895&rft.aulast=Goodman&rft.aufirst=Ailene+S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DN5NOEAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA261&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMermaid" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWaugh196073-100"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWaugh196073_100-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWaugh1960">Waugh (1960)</a>, p. 73. </li> <li id="cite_note-101"><a href="#cite_ref-101">^</a> Oannes was later described by the Babylonian writer <a href="/wiki/Berossus" title="Berossus">Berossus</a> as having an extra human head beneath the head of its fish body.<a href="#cite_note-goodman-99">[89]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWaugh196073-100">[90]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-102"><a href="#cite_ref-102">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWaugh1960">Waugh (1960)</a>, p. 73: "the first merman in recorded history is the sea-god Ea, or in Greek, Oannes", </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWaugh196073–74-103">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWaugh196073–74_103-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWaugh196073–74_103-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFWaugh1960">Waugh (1960)</a>, pp. 73–74. </li> <li id="cite_note-russell-104">^ <a href="#cite_ref-russell_104-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-russell_104-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-russell_104-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRussell2013" class="citation book cs1">Russell, Eugenia (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=-QBMAQAAQBAJ&pg=PR22">Literature and Culture in Late Byzantine Thessalonica</a>. <a href="/wiki/A%26C_Black" class="mw-redirect" title="A&C Black">A&C Black</a>. p. xxii. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-441-16177-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-441-16177-2"><bdi>978-1-441-16177-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Literature+and+Culture+in+Late+Byzantine+Thessalonica&rft.pages=xxii&rft.pub=A%26C+Black&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-1-441-16177-2&rft.aulast=Russell&rft.aufirst=Eugenia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D-QBMAQAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPR22&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMermaid" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-105"><a href="#cite_ref-105">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEvans" class="citation web cs1">Evans, James. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/biography/Anaximander">"Anaximander"</a>. Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved 14 January 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.atitle=Anaximander&rft.aulast=Evans&rft.aufirst=James&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Fbiography%2FAnaximander&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMermaid" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-106"><a href="#cite_ref-106">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBell2019" class="citation web cs1">Bell, Jacob (30 March 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200114061418/https://classicalwisdom.com/philosophy/evolutionary-theory-in-ancient-greece-rome/">"Evolutionary Theory in Ancient Greece & Rome"</a>. Classical Wisdom Weekly. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://classicalwisdom.com/philosophy/evolutionary-theory-in-ancient-greece-rome/">the original</a> on 14 January 2020. Retrieved 14 January 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Classical+Wisdom+Weekly&rft.atitle=Evolutionary+Theory+in+Ancient+Greece+%26+Rome&rft.date=2019-03-30&rft.aulast=Bell&rft.aufirst=Jacob&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fclassicalwisdom.com%2Fphilosophy%2Fevolutionary-theory-in-ancient-greece-rome%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMermaid" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWaugh196077–78-107"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWaugh196077–78_107-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWaugh1960">Waugh (1960)</a>, pp. 77–78. </li> <li id="cite_note-108"><a href="#cite_ref-108">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJøn1978" class="citation cs2">Jøn, A. Asbjørn (1978), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/280883413">Dugongs and Mermaids, Selkies and Seals</a>, p. 95, <q>these 'marine beasts' have featured in folk tradition for many centuries now, and until relatively recently they have maintained a reasonably standard set of characteristics. Many folklorists and mythographers deem that the origin of the mythic mermaid is the <a href="/wiki/Dugong" title="Dugong">dugong</a>, posing a theory that mythologised tales have been constructed around early sightings of dugongs by sailors.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dugongs+and+Mermaids%2C+Selkies+and+Seals&rft.pages=95&rft.date=1978&rft.aulast=J%C3%B8n&rft.aufirst=A.+Asbj%C3%B8rn&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.researchgate.net%2Fpublication%2F280883413&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMermaid" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-109"><a href="#cite_ref-109">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.goodreads.com/author/show/412139.William_Bond">"William Bond"</a>. Goodreads. Retrieved 29 April 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Goodreads&rft.atitle=William+Bond&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.goodreads.com%2Fauthor%2Fshow%2F412139.William_Bond&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMermaid" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-110"><a href="#cite_ref-110">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBondSuffield2012" class="citation web cs1">Bond, William; Suffield, Pamela (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.barnesandnoble.com/w/the-origins-of-the-mermaid-myth-william-bond/1110956704">"The Origins of the Mermaid Myth"</a>. barnesandnoble.com. Retrieved 29 April 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=barnesandnoble.com&rft.atitle=The+Origins+of+the+Mermaid+Myth&rft.date=2012&rft.aulast=Bond&rft.aufirst=William&rft.au=Suffield%2C+Pamela&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.barnesandnoble.com%2Fw%2Fthe-origins-of-the-mermaid-myth-william-bond%2F1110956704&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMermaid" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-lexer-muome-111"><a href="#cite_ref-lexer-muome_111-0">^</a> Lexer (1872) Mittelhochdeutsches Handwörterbuch, s.v. "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://woerterbuchnetz.de/?sigle=Lexer&lemid=LM01525#2">muome swf.</a>".. <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Mutterschwester" class="extiw" title="wikt:Mutterschwester">mutterschwester</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-112"><a href="#cite_ref-112">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFPaff1959">Paff 1959</a>, p. 214: "at a point near ' where the Rhine and Danube [Dúná] join" </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMagee199065-113"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMagee199065_113-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMagee1990">Magee (1990)</a>, p. 65. </li> <li id="cite_note-kemmis-115">^ <a href="#cite_ref-kemmis_115-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-kemmis_115-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKemmis2017" class="citation book cs1">Kemmis, Deva F. (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=xSk_DwAAQBAJ&pg=PA326">"'Listening Down the Hall': An Epistemological Consideation of the Encounter with Melusine in the Germanic Literary Tradition"</a>. Melusine's Footprint: Tracing the Legacy of a Medieval Myth. BRILL. pp. 326–327 n11. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789004355958" title="Special:BookSources/9789004355958"><bdi>9789004355958</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=%27Listening+Down+the+Hall%27%3A+An+Epistemological+Consideation+of+the+Encounter+with+Melusine+in+the+Germanic+Literary+Tradition&rft.btitle=Melusine%27s+Footprint%3A+Tracing+the+Legacy+of+a+Medieval+Myth&rft.pages=326-327+n11&rft.pub=BRILL&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=9789004355958&rft.aulast=Kemmis&rft.aufirst=Deva+F.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DxSk_DwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA326&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMermaid" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-116"><a href="#cite_ref-116">^</a> Grimm apud <a href="#CITEREFMagee1990">Magee (1990)</a>, p. 63 and <a href="#CITEREFGrimmStallybrass_tr.1883">Grimm & Stallybrass tr. (1883)</a>, p. 490 </li> <li id="cite_note-mueller2011-117"><a href="#cite_ref-mueller2011_117-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMüller2011" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1 cs1-prop-interwiki-linked-name"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ulrich_M%C3%BCller_(Germanist)" class="extiw" title="de:Ulrich Müller (Germanist)">Müller, Ullrich [UM]</a> [in German] (2011) [2002]. "Rhine Maidens". In Gentry, Francis G.; Wunderlich, Werner; McConnell, Winder; Mueller, Ulrich (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=HL8QYyP-DHMC&pg=PA167">The Nibelungen Tradition: An Encyclopedia</a>. Routledge. pp. 167–168. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8153-1785-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-8153-1785-9"><bdi>0-8153-1785-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Rhine+Maidens&rft.btitle=The+Nibelungen+Tradition%3A+An+Encyclopedia&rft.pages=167-168&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=0-8153-1785-9&rft.aulast=M%C3%BCller&rft.aufirst=Ullrich+%5BUM%5D&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DHL8QYyP-DHMC%26pg%3DPA167&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMermaid" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-millington&spencer1993-118"><a href="#cite_ref-millington&spencer1993_118-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMillingtonSpencer1993" class="citation book cs1">Millington, Barry; Spencer, Stewart (1993). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=jwI7CwAAQBAJ&pg=PT590">"Notes on the translation"</a>. Wagner's Ring of the Nibelung: A Companion. Thames & Hudson. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0500771464" title="Special:BookSources/0500771464"><bdi>0500771464</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Notes+on+the+translation&rft.btitle=Wagner%27s+Ring+of+the+Nibelung%3A+A+Companion&rft.pub=Thames+%26+Hudson&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=0500771464&rft.aulast=Millington&rft.aufirst=Barry&rft.au=Spencer%2C+Stewart&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DjwI7CwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT590&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMermaid" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-rabenschlacht-ed-martin-119"><a href="#cite_ref-rabenschlacht-ed-martin_119-0">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Ernst_Martin" title="Ernst Martin">Martin, Ernst</a> ed. (1866 ). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=epk6AAAAcAAJ&pg=PA309">Str.964</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=epk6AAAAcAAJ&pg=PA310">Str. 969</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPaff195971-121"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPaff195971_121-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFPaff1959">Paff (1959)</a>, p. 71. </li> <li id="cite_note-122"><a href="#cite_ref-122">^</a> Haymes tr. (1988), p. 270: "The End of Vidga and Thidrek, according to the Swedish Chronicle of Thidrek", Ch. 439. Vidga takes up residence in Sjaland. </li> <li id="cite_note-123"><a href="#cite_ref-123">^</a> The so-called Vilkinasaga ends before this chapter, according to Bertelsen's notes. But Þiðreks saga was frequently referred to as Vilkina saga by early commentators. </li> <li id="cite_note-124"><a href="#cite_ref-124">^</a> Or Ger. Meerfrau.<a href="#cite_note-buchholz-16">[13]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPaff195953-125"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPaff195953_125-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFPaff1959">Paff (1959)</a>, p. 53. </li> <li id="cite_note-126"><a href="#cite_ref-126">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFPaff1959">Paff (1959)</a>, pp. 53, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=sP8ZAAAAYAAJ&legitimate">217</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPaff195935,_73,_85-127"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPaff195935,_73,_85_127-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFPaff1959">Paff (1959)</a>, pp. 35, 73, 85. </li> <li id="cite_note-128"><a href="#cite_ref-128">^</a> Identification of Gronsport with a specific modern city has not been made; von Der Hagens tr. (1855) Wilkina- und Niflunga-Saga oder Dietrich von Bern und die Nibelungen, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=g2YAAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA267">III: 267n</a> states he doesn't know. </li> <li id="cite_note-wood.r-129"><a href="#cite_ref-wood.r_129-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWood2010" class="citation journal cs1">Wood, Rita (March 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140211081710/http://www.rwromanesque.co.uk/NHI211731.pdf">"The Norman Chapel in Durham Castle"</a> (PDF). Northern History. XLVII (1): 31. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.rwromanesque.co.uk/NHI211731.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 11 February 2014. Retrieved 25 July 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Northern+History&rft.atitle=The+Norman+Chapel+in+Durham+Castle&rft.volume=XLVII&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=31&rft.date=2010-03&rft.aulast=Wood&rft.aufirst=Rita&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.rwromanesque.co.uk%2FNHI211731.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMermaid" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-130"><a href="#cite_ref-130">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120509014808/http://www.durhamwor/">"The Norman Chapel"</a>. Architecture. Durham World heritage. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.durhamworldheritagesite.com/architecture/castle/intro/north-range/norman-chapel">the original</a> on 9 May 2012. Retrieved 11 May 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Architecture&rft.atitle=The+Norman+Chapel&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.durhamworldheritagesite.com%2Farchitecture%2Fcastle%2Fintro%2Fnorth-range%2Fnorman-chapel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMermaid" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBriggs1976287-131">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBriggs1976287_131-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBriggs1976287_131-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFBriggs1976">Briggs (1976)</a>, p. 287. </li> <li id="cite_note-132"><a href="#cite_ref-132">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChild1965" class="citation cs2">Child, Francis James (1965), The English and Scottish Popular Ballads, vol. 2, New York: Dover, p. 19</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+English+and+Scottish+Popular+Ballads&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=19&rft.pub=Dover&rft.date=1965&rft.aulast=Child&rft.aufirst=Francis+James&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMermaid" class="Z3988">. </li> <li id="cite_note-child_ballad042-133"><a href="#cite_ref-child_ballad042_133-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChild1884" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol"><a href="/wiki/Francis_James_Child" title="Francis James Child">Child, Francis James</a>, ed. (1884). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/englishandscopt201chiluoft#page/374/mode/2up">"42. Clerk Colvill"</a>. The English and Scottish Popular Ballads. Vol. 1, Part2. Boston: Houghton, Mifflin and Company. pp. 372–374. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=m9IVAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA371">the original</a> on 1 November 2006.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=42.+Clerk+Colvill&rft.btitle=The+English+and+Scottish+Popular+Ballads&rft.place=Boston&rft.pages=372-374&rft.pub=Houghton%2C+Mifflin+and+Company&rft.date=1884&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dm9IVAAAAYAAJ%26pg%3DPA371&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMermaid" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-134"><a href="#cite_ref-134">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBriggs1967" class="citation cs2">Briggs, KM (1967), The Fairies in English Tradition and Literature, London: University of Chicago Press, p. 57</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Fairies+in+English+Tradition+and+Literature&rft.place=London&rft.pages=57&rft.pub=University+of+Chicago+Press&rft.date=1967&rft.aulast=Briggs&rft.aufirst=KM&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMermaid" class="Z3988">. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBriggs1976288-135"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBriggs1976288_135-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBriggs1976">Briggs (1976)</a>, p. 288. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBriggs1976290-136"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBriggs1976290_136-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBriggs1976">Briggs (1976)</a>, p. 290. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWaugh196082-137"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWaugh196082_137-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWaugh1960">Waugh (1960)</a>, p. 82. </li> <li id="cite_note-matthews-138"><a href="#cite_ref-matthews_138-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMatthews1892" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/John_Hobson_Matthews" title="John Hobson Matthews">Matthews, John Hobson</a> (1892). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=oZULAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA383">A History of the Parishes of St. Ives, Lelant, Towednack and Zennor: In the County of Cornwall</a>. London: Elliott Stock. p. 383.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+the+Parishes+of+St.+Ives%2C+Lelant%2C+Towednack+and+Zennor%3A+In+the+County+of+Cornwall&rft.place=London&rft.pages=383&rft.pub=Elliott+Stock&rft.date=1892&rft.aulast=Matthews&rft.aufirst=John+Hobson&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DoZULAAAAYAAJ%26pg%3DPA383&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMermaid" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBriggs1976289-139"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBriggs1976289_139-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBriggs1976">Briggs (1976)</a>, p. 289. </li> <li id="cite_note-140"><a href="#cite_ref-140">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWatson1908" class="citation cs2">Watson, E. C. (1908), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/celticreview05edinuoft#page/66/mode/2up">"Highland Mythology"</a>, The Celtic Review, 5 (17): 67, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F30069982">10.2307/30069982</a>, <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/30069982">30069982</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Celtic+Review&rft.atitle=Highland+Mythology&rft.volume=5&rft.issue=17&rft.pages=67&rft.date=1908&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F30069982&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F30069982%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Watson&rft.aufirst=E.+C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fstream%2Fcelticreview05edinuoft%23page%2F66%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMermaid" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Briggs-141">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Briggs_141-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Briggs_141-1">b</a> Briggs, Katharine (1976). An Encyclopedia of Fairies. Pantheon Books. pp. 22–23. "Ben-Varrey". <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-394-40918-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-394-40918-3">0-394-40918-3</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBriggs1976266–7-142"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBriggs1976266–7_142-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBriggs1976">Briggs (1976)</a>, pp. 266–7. </li> <li id="cite_note-olsen-dansk-engelsk-havfrue&havmand-143"><a href="#cite_ref-olsen-dansk-engelsk-havfrue&havmand_143-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFL._B.1806" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="/wiki/Salomon_Soldin" title="Salomon Soldin">Olsen, L. B. (ps.; =Salomon Soldin)</a> (1806). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=XjhVAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA820">"Havfrue 'mermaid, sea-maid, siren'; Havmand 'seaman, merman')"</a>. Dansk og engelsk Lexicon: udarbeidet efter de bedste Forfattere i begge Sprog (in Norwegian). Kjøbenhavn: A. & S. Soldin. pp. 155, 820.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Havfrue+%27mermaid%2C+sea-maid%2C+siren%27%3B+Havmand+%27seaman%2C+merman%27%29&rft.btitle=Dansk+og+engelsk+Lexicon%3A+udarbeidet+efter+de+bedste+Forfattere+i+begge+Sprog&rft.place=Kj%C3%B8benhavn&rft.pages=155%2C+820&rft.pub=A.+%26+S.+Soldin&rft.date=1806&rft.aulast=L.+B.&rft.aufirst=Olsen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DXjhVAAAAcAAJ%26pg%3DPA820&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMermaid" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-brynildsen-norsk-engelsk-hav-frue&mand-144"><a href="#cite_ref-brynildsen-norsk-engelsk-hav-frue&mand_144-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrynildsen1917" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Brynildsen, John, ed. (1917). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=CKIYAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA325">"Hav (-frue 'mermaid, maiden'; -mand 'merman')"</a>. Norsk-engelsk ordbog (in Norwegian) (2 ed.). Kristiania: H. Aschehoug & Company. p. 325.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Hav+%28-frue+%27mermaid%2C+maiden%27%3B+-mand+%27merman%27%29&rft.btitle=Norsk-engelsk+ordbog&rft.place=Kristiania&rft.pages=325&rft.edition=2&rft.pub=H.+Aschehoug+%26+Company&rft.date=1917&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DCKIYAAAAIAAJ%26pg%3DPA325&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMermaid" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-gorog1964-146"><a href="#cite_ref-gorog1964_146-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGorog1964" class="citation journal cs1">Gorog, Ralph Paul de (August 1964). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=xTY8AAAAIAAJ&q=Altnordisches">"The Treatment of Norman in Jan de Vries' Altnordisches etymologisches Wörterbuch"</a>. Scandinavian Studies. 35 (3): 212. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/40916633">40916633</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Scandinavian+Studies&rft.atitle=The+Treatment+of+Norman+in+Jan+de+Vries%27+Altnordisches+etymologisches+W%C3%B6rterbuch&rft.volume=35&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=212&rft.date=1964-08&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F40916633%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Gorog&rft.aufirst=Ralph+Paul+de&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DxTY8AAAAIAAJ%26q%3DAltnordisches&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMermaid" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-147"><a href="#cite_ref-147">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Walther_von_Wartburg" title="Walther von Wartburg">Wartburg, Walther von</a> (1922-) Französisches etymologisches Wörterbuch, XVI: 112, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://apps.atilf.fr/lecteurFEW/index.php/site/index">searchable index</a>, translated by Gorog, in his supplementary list of Norman words borrowed from Old Norse which were missed by <a href="/wiki/Jan_de_Vries_(philologist)" title="Jan de Vries (philologist)">Fries, Jan de</a> (1962). Altnordisches etymologisches Wörterbuch.<a href="#cite_note-gorog1964-146">[133]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-gorog1961-148"><a href="#cite_ref-gorog1961_148-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGorog1961" class="citation journal cs1">Gorog, Ralph Paul de (Autumn 1961). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=lHdfAAAAMAAJ&q=still+aspirated">"A Note on the change of [h-] to [r-] in Normandy"</a>. Romance Notes. 3 (1): 73–77. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/43800089">43800089</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Romance+Notes&rft.atitle=A+Note+on+the+change+of+%5Bh-%5D+to+%5Br-%5D+in+Normandy&rft.ssn=fall&rft.volume=3&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=73-77&rft.date=1961&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F43800089%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Gorog&rft.aufirst=Ralph+Paul+de&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DlHdfAAAAMAAJ%26q%3Dstill%2Baspirated&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMermaid" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-pontoppidan-150"><a href="#cite_ref-pontoppidan_150-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPontoppidan1753a" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="/wiki/Erik_Pontoppidan" title="Erik Pontoppidan">Pontoppidan, Erich</a> (1753a). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ZVuF_HQlnYcC&pg=PA302">"Kap. 8. §2. Havmand –§4. Meer-minne – §5. Marmæte"</a>. Det første Forsøg paa Norges naturlige Historie (in Danish). Vol. 2. Copenhagen: Berlingske Arvingers Bogtrykkerie. pp. 302–317.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Kap.+8.+%C2%A72.+Havmand+%E2%80%93%C2%A74.+Meer-minne+%E2%80%93+%C2%A75.+Marm%C3%A6te&rft.btitle=Det+f%C3%B8rste+Fors%C3%B8g+paa+Norges+naturlige+Historie&rft.place=Copenhagen&rft.pages=302-317&rft.pub=Berlingske+Arvingers+Bogtrykkerie&rft.date=1753&rft.aulast=Pontoppidan&rft.aufirst=Erich&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DZVuF_HQlnYcC%26pg%3DPA302&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMermaid" class="Z3988"> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nb.no/nbsok/nb/34de0f4d96b2dd8914eeb75b5b49d484#393">digital copy</a>@National Library Norway </li> <li id="cite_note-pontoppidan-eng-151"><a href="#cite_ref-pontoppidan-eng_151-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPontoppidan1755" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Erik_Pontoppidan" title="Erik Pontoppidan">Pontoppidan, Erich</a> (1755). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=3OglUqRf_soC&pg=RA1-PA186">"Ch. 8. Sect. 3. Hav-Mand, Mer-man – Sect. 4. Meerminne – Sect. 5. Marmæte"</a>. The Natural History of Norway...: Translated from the Danish Original. Vol. 2. London: A. Linde. pp. 186–195.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Ch.+8.+Sect.+3.+Hav-Mand%2C+Mer-man+%E2%80%93+Sect.+4.+Meerminne+%E2%80%93+Sect.+5.+Marm%C3%A6te&rft.btitle=The+Natural+History+of+Norway...%3A+Translated+from+the+Danish+Original&rft.place=London&rft.pages=186-195&rft.pub=A.+Linde&rft.date=1755&rft.aulast=Pontoppidan&rft.aufirst=Erich&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D3OglUqRf_soC%26pg%3DRA1-PA186&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMermaid" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPontoppidan1753a302-152"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPontoppidan1753a302_152-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFPontoppidan1753a">Pontoppidan (1753a)</a>, p. 302. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPontoppidan1755186-153">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPontoppidan1755186_153-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPontoppidan1755186_153-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFPontoppidan1755">Pontoppidan (1755)</a>, p. 186. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPontoppidan1753a304,_312,_317-154"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPontoppidan1753a304,_312,_317_154-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFPontoppidan1753a">Pontoppidan (1753a)</a>, pp. 304, 312, 317. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPontoppidan1755187,_192,_195-155"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPontoppidan1755187,_192,_195_155-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFPontoppidan1755">Pontoppidan (1755)</a>, pp. 187, 192, 195. </li> <li id="cite_note-faye-havmaend-156"><a href="#cite_ref-faye-havmaend_156-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFFaye1833">Faye (1833)</a>, p. 59: "Havmaend og Havfruer (mermen and mermaids)", in the plural </li> <li id="cite_note-thorpe2-p027-norw-157">^ <a href="#cite_ref-thorpe2-p027-norw_157-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-thorpe2-p027-norw_157-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-thorpe2-p027-norw_157-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-thorpe2-p027-norw_157-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-thorpe2-p027-norw_157-4">e</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThorpe1851" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Thorpe" title="Benjamin Thorpe">Thorpe, Benjamin</a> (1851). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Q-lAAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA27">"I. Norwegian Traditions: §The Merman (Marmennill) and Mermaid (Margygr)"</a>. Northern Mythology, Comprising the Principal Popular Traditions and Superstitions of Scandinavia, North Germany and the Netherlands: Compiled from Original and Other Sources. Vol. 2. London: Edward Lumley. p. 27.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=I.+Norwegian+Traditions%3A+%C2%A7The+Merman+%28Marmennill%29+and+Mermaid+%28Margygr%29&rft.btitle=Northern+Mythology%2C+Comprising+the+Principal+Popular+Traditions+and+Superstitions+of+Scandinavia%2C+North+Germany+and+the+Netherlands%3A+Compiled+from+Original+and+Other+Sources&rft.place=London&rft.pages=27&rft.pub=Edward+Lumley&rft.date=1851&rft.aulast=Thorpe&rft.aufirst=Benjamin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DQ-lAAAAAcAAJ%26pg%3DPA27&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMermaid" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPontoppidan1753a303-159"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPontoppidan1753a303_159-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFPontoppidan1753a">Pontoppidan (1753a)</a>, p. 303. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPontoppidan1753a306-161"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPontoppidan1753a306_161-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFPontoppidan1753a">Pontoppidan (1753a)</a>, p. 306. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPontoppidan1755188-162"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPontoppidan1755188_162-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFPontoppidan1755">Pontoppidan (1755)</a>, p. 188. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPontoppidan1753ap._302n;_p._304-164"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPontoppidan1753ap._302n;_p._304_164-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFPontoppidan1753a">Pontoppidan (1753a)</a>, p. 302n; p. 304. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPontoppidan1755p._183;_p._186n-165"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPontoppidan1755p._183;_p._186n_165-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFPontoppidan1755">Pontoppidan (1755)</a>, p. 183; p. 186n. </li> <li id="cite_note-jon_arnason-saebuar-167">^ <a href="#cite_ref-jon_arnason-saebuar_167-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-jon_arnason-saebuar_167-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-jon_arnason-saebuar_167-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFJón_Árnason1862">Jón Árnason 1862</a> "Saebúar og vatna", p. 131. </li> <li id="cite_note-jon_arnason-eng-vol2-intro-168">^ <a href="#cite_ref-jon_arnason-eng-vol2-intro_168-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-jon_arnason-eng-vol2-intro_168-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-jon_arnason-eng-vol2-intro_168-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-jon_arnason-eng-vol2-intro_168-3">d</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJón_ÁrnasonPowell_(tr.)Magnússon_(tr.)1866" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/J%C3%B3n_%C3%81rnason_(author)" title="Jón Árnason (author)">Jón Árnason</a> (1866). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=bJ_7jDsJPQUC&pg=PR56">Icelandic Legends</a>. Vol. 2. Translated by <a href="/wiki/George_Ernest_John_Powell" class="mw-redirect" title="George Ernest John Powell">George E. J. Powell</a>; <a href="/wiki/Eir%C3%ADkr_Magn%C3%BAsson" class="mw-redirect" title="Eiríkr Magnússon">Eiríkr Magnússon</a>. London: Longman, Green, and Co. pp. lvi–lvii.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Icelandic+Legends&rft.place=London&rft.pages=lvi-lvii&rft.pub=Longman%2C+Green%2C+and+Co.&rft.date=1866&rft.au=J%C3%B3n+%C3%81rnason&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DbJ_7jDsJPQUC%26pg%3DPR56&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMermaid" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-olina_thorvardardottir-169"><a href="#cite_ref-olina_thorvardardottir_169-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFÓlína_Þorvarðardóttir1987" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="/wiki/%C3%93l%C3%ADna_%C3%9Eorvar%C3%B0ard%C3%B3ttir" title="Ólína Þorvarðardóttir">Ólína Þorvarðardóttir</a> (1987). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ffjZAAAAMAAJ&q=%22haffr%C3%BA%22">"Sæbúar, vatnaverur og dísir"</a>. Íslenskar þjóðsögur: álfar og tröll (in Icelandic). Bóka- og blaðaútgáfan. p. 17. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789979921004" title="Special:BookSources/9789979921004"><bdi>9789979921004</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=S%C3%A6b%C3%BAar%2C+vatnaverur+og+d%C3%ADsir&rft.btitle=%C3%8Dslenskar+%C3%BEj%C3%B3%C3%B0s%C3%B6gur%3A+%C3%A1lfar+og+tr%C3%B6ll&rft.pages=17&rft.pub=B%C3%B3ka-+og+bla%C3%B0a%C3%BAtg%C3%A1fan&rft.date=1987&rft.isbn=9789979921004&rft.au=%C3%93l%C3%ADna+%C3%9Eorvar%C3%B0ard%C3%B3ttir&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DffjZAAAAMAAJ%26q%3D%2522haffr%25C3%25BA%2522&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMermaid" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-jakobsen-170"><a href="#cite_ref-jakobsen_170-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJakobsen1891" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Jakob_Jakobsen" title="Jakob Jakobsen">Jakobsen, Jakob</a> (1891). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=c7njAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA109">"havfrú, havfrúgv"</a>. Færøsk anthologi: Ordsamling og register udarbejdede af. Vol. 2. S.L. Møllers bogtrykkeri. p. 109.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=havfr%C3%BA%2C+havfr%C3%BAgv&rft.btitle=F%C3%A6r%C3%B8sk+anthologi%3A+Ordsamling+og+register+udarbejdede+af..&rft.pages=109&rft.pub=S.L.+M%C3%B8llers+bogtrykkeri&rft.date=1891&rft.aulast=Jakobsen&rft.aufirst=Jakob&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dc7njAAAAMAAJ%26pg%3DPA109&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMermaid" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHayward20178-171">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHayward20178_171-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHayward20178_171-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFHayward2017">Hayward (2017)</a>, p. 8. </li> <li id="cite_note-tauchnitz-172">^ <a href="#cite_ref-tauchnitz_172-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-tauchnitz_172-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTauchnitz1883" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Karl_Tauchnitz" class="mw-redirect" title="Karl Tauchnitz">Tauchnitz, Karl</a> (1883). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=DFxAAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA260">"mermaid"</a>. Nytt engelskt och svenskt handlexikon [A New Pocket-dictionary of the English and Swedish Languages]. Leipzig: O. Holtze. p. 260.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=mermaid&rft.btitle=Nytt+engelskt+och+svenskt+handlexikon&rft.place=Leipzig&rft.pages=260&rft.pub=O.+Holtze&rft.date=1883&rft.aulast=Tauchnitz&rft.aufirst=Karl&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DDFxAAAAAYAAJ%26pg%3DPA260&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMermaid" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-rietz-173"><a href="#cite_ref-rietz_173-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRietz1877" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-interwiki-linked-name cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ernst_Rietz" class="extiw" title="sv:Ernst Rietz">Rietz, Johan Ernst</a> [in Swedish] (1877). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=WxOiBBNO0vcC&pg=PA345">"kona: sjö-kuna"</a>. Svenskt dialekt-lexikon eller ordbog öfver svenska allmogespraket (in Swedish). Vol. 1. Lund: Cronholm. p. 345.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=kona%3A+sj%C3%B6-kuna&rft.btitle=Svenskt+dialekt-lexikon+eller+ordbog+%C3%B6fver+svenska+allmogespraket&rft.place=Lund&rft.pages=345&rft.pub=Cronholm&rft.date=1877&rft.aulast=Rietz&rft.aufirst=Johan+Ernst&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DWxOiBBNO0vcC%26pg%3DPA345&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMermaid" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-thorpe2-p076-swedish-175">^ <a href="#cite_ref-thorpe2-p076-swedish_175-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-thorpe2-p076-swedish_175-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-thorpe2-p076-swedish_175-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThorpe1851" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Thorpe" title="Benjamin Thorpe">Thorpe, Benjamin</a> (1851). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Q-lAAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA75">"II. Swedish Traditions: §The skogsrå―the sjöra–§ Of Water-Elves (1 The Mermaid)"</a>. Northern Mythology, Comprising the Principal Popular Traditions and Superstitions of Scandinavia, North Germany and the Netherlands: Compiled from Original and Other Sources. Vol. 2. London: Edward Lumley. pp. 75, 76–77.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=II.+Swedish+Traditions%3A+%C2%A7The+skogsr%C3%A5%E2%80%95the+sj%C3%B6ra%E2%80%93%C2%A7+Of+Water-Elves+%281+The+Mermaid%29&rft.btitle=Northern+Mythology%2C+Comprising+the+Principal+Popular+Traditions+and+Superstitions+of+Scandinavia%2C+North+Germany+and+the+Netherlands%3A+Compiled+from+Original+and+Other+Sources&rft.place=London&rft.pages=75%2C+76-77&rft.pub=Edward+Lumley&rft.date=1851&rft.aulast=Thorpe&rft.aufirst=Benjamin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DQ-lAAAAAcAAJ%26pg%3DPA75&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMermaid" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-176"><a href="#cite_ref-176">^</a> Though he is clearly dependent on past written literature also, e.g. <a href="/wiki/J%C3%B3n_l%C3%A6r%C3%B0i_Gu%C3%B0mundsson" title="Jón lærði Guðmundsson">Jón Guðmundsson</a> the Learned (d. 1658), who also classified the mermen/mermaids among elves. </li> <li id="cite_note-nansen-177">^ <a href="#cite_ref-nansen_177-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-nansen_177-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNansen2014" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Fridtjof_Nansen" title="Fridtjof Nansen">Nansen, Fridtjof</a> (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=wb1kAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA244">In Northern Mists</a>. Translated by Chater, Arthur G. Cambridge University Press. p. 244. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781108071697" title="Special:BookSources/9781108071697"><bdi>9781108071697</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=In+Northern+Mists&rft.pages=244&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=9781108071697&rft.aulast=Nansen&rft.aufirst=Fridtjof&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dwb1kAwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA244&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMermaid" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-179"><a href="#cite_ref-179">^</a> Thorpe,<a href="#cite_note-thorpe2-p027-norw-157">[143]</a> identifies Faye as the general source on p. 9, note 2. . </li> <li id="cite_note-180"><a href="#cite_ref-180">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFFaye1833">Faye (1833)</a>, p. 59. Note (Anm.). The merman (<a href="/wiki/Old_Norse_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Old Norse language">Old Norse</a>: marmendill) in <a href="/wiki/Halfs_saga" class="mw-redirect" title="Halfs saga">Halfs saga</a> (fourteenth century) and <a href="/wiki/Landn%C3%A1mab%C3%B3k" title="Landnámabók">Landnámabók</a>; margygr (<a href="/wiki/Old_Norse_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Old Norse language">Old Norse</a>: margyr) in the saga of St. Olaf. </li> <li id="cite_note-keightley1850-181">^ <a href="#cite_ref-keightley1850_181-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-keightley1850_181-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-keightley1850_181-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-keightley1850_181-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-keightley1850_181-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-keightley1850_181-5">f</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKeightley1850" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Keightley" title="Thomas Keightley">Keightley, Thomas</a> (1850) [1828], <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=3cByu3_ZtaAC&pg=PA152">The Fairy Mythology: Illustrative of the Romance and Superstition of various Countries</a> (new revised ed.), H. G. Bohn, pp. 152–153</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Fairy+Mythology%3A+Illustrative+of+the+Romance+and+Superstition+of+various+Countries&rft.pages=152-153&rft.edition=new+revised&rft.pub=H.+G.+Bohn&rft.date=1850&rft.aulast=Keightley&rft.aufirst=Thomas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D3cByu3_ZtaAC%26pg%3DPA152&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMermaid" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-182"><a href="#cite_ref-182">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFFaye1833">Faye (1833)</a>, pp. 59–60, cited by <a href="#CITEREFBassett1892">Bassett (1892)</a>, pp. 172–173 </li> <li id="cite_note-183"><a href="#cite_ref-183">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFFaye1833">Faye (1833)</a>, p. 59: "bebude Storm og Uveir"; <a href="#CITEREFBassett1892">Bassett (1892)</a>, p. 172: "" </li> <li id="cite_note-kvideland&sehmsdorf-184"><a href="#cite_ref-kvideland&sehmsdorf_184-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKvidelandSehmsdorf1988" class="citation cs2 cs1-prop-interwiki-linked-name"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reimund_Kvideland" class="extiw" title="no:Reimund Kvideland">Kvideland, Reimund</a> [in Norwegian]; Sehmsdorf, Henning K., eds. (1988), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=HL8QYyP-DHMC&pg=PA36">Scandinavian Folk Belief and Legend</a>, U of Minnesota Press, pp. 35, 262, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781452901602" title="Special:BookSources/9781452901602"><bdi>9781452901602</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Scandinavian+Folk+Belief+and+Legend&rft.pages=35%2C+262&rft.pub=U+of+Minnesota+Press&rft.date=1988&rft.isbn=9781452901602&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DHL8QYyP-DHMC%26pg%3DPA36&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMermaid" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-185"><a href="#cite_ref-185">^</a> Chapter 52: Spirit of the Sea / 52.4 "Mermaid and the Fisherman" in: <a href="#CITEREFKvidelandSehmsdorf1988">Kvideland & Sehmsdorf (1988)</a>, pp. 261–262 apud <a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olav_Rekdal" class="extiw" title="no:Olav Rekdal">Rekdal, Olav</a> (1933) "Havfrua og fiskaren", <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=_w1RAQAAMAAJ&q=Havfrua">Eventyr og segner</a> p. 110. Collected in 1923 from Guri Finnset in Eikisdalen, Romsdalen (Norway). </li> <li id="cite_note-arwidsson-186">^ <a href="#cite_ref-arwidsson_186-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-arwidsson_186-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFArwidsson1837" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Adolf_Ivar_Arwidsson" title="Adolf Ivar Arwidsson">Arwidsson, Adolf Ivar</a>, ed. (1837). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=MW4CAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA320">"150. Hafsfrun"</a>. Svenska fornsånger. Vol. 2. Stockholm: P. A. Norstedt & söner. pp. 320–323.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=150.+Hafsfrun&rft.btitle=Svenska+forns%C3%A5nger&rft.place=Stockholm&rft.pages=320-323&rft.pub=P.+A.+Norstedt+%26+s%C3%B6ner&rft.date=1837&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DMW4CAAAAQAAJ%26pg%3DPA320&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMermaid" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-visdatabas-havfruns_tarna-187"><a href="#cite_ref-visdatabas-havfruns_tarna_187-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.smalandsmusikarkiv.nu/folkvisa/visor/smbds23-ah/smbds23-ah.html">"Havfruns tärna"</a>. Smålands Musikarkiv. <a href="/wiki/Linnaeus_University" title="Linnaeus University">Linnaeus University</a>. Retrieved 28 June 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Sm%C3%A5lands+Musikarkiv&rft.atitle=Havfruns+t%C3%A4rna&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.smalandsmusikarkiv.nu%2Ffolkvisa%2Fvisor%2Fsmbds23-ah%2Fsmbds23-ah.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMermaid" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrimmStallybrass_tr.1883'''2''':_494-495-188">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGrimmStallybrass_tr.1883'''2''':_494-495_188-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGrimmStallybrass_tr.1883'''2''':_494-495_188-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFGrimmStallybrass_tr.1883">Grimm & Stallybrass tr. (1883)</a>, 2: 494-495. </li> <li id="cite_note-190"><a href="#cite_ref-190">^</a> Folksong text published by <a href="/wiki/Adolf_Ivar_Arwidsson" title="Adolf Ivar Arwidsson">Adolf Ivar Arwidsson</a>,<a href="#cite_note-arwidsson-186">[166]</a> discussed by Grimm<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrimmStallybrass_tr.1883'''2''':_494-495-188">[168]</a> and Keightley.<a href="#cite_note-keightley1850-181">[161]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-grafstroem&forssell-191"><a href="#cite_ref-grafstroem&forssell_191-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGrafströmForssell1827" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-interwiki-linked-name cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Grafström, Anders (text); Forssell, Christian (ed.) <a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christian_Forssell" class="extiw" title="sv:Christian Forssell">Forssell, Christian</a> [in Swedish] (1827). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=rANdAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA52">"Helsingland"</a>. Ett år i Sverge: Taflor af Svenska almogens Klädedrägt, lefnadssätt och hemseder, samt de för Landets Historia märkvärdigaste Orter (in Swedish). <a href="/wiki/Johan_Gustaf_Sandberg" title="Johan Gustaf Sandberg">Johan Gustaf Sandberg</a> (illustr.). J. Hörberg. p. 52.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Helsingland&rft.btitle=Ett+%C3%A5r+i+Sverge%3A+Taflor+af+Svenska+almogens+Kl%C3%A4dedr%C3%A4gt%2C+lefnadss%C3%A4tt+och+hemseder%2C+samt+de+f%C3%B6r+Landets+Historia+m%C3%A4rkv%C3%A4rdigaste+Orter&rft.pages=52&rft.pub=J.+H%C3%B6rberg&rft.date=1827&rft.aulast=Grafstr%C3%B6m&rft.aufirst=Anders&rft.au=Forssell%2C+Christian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DrANdAAAAcAAJ%26pg%3DPA52&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMermaid" class="Z3988">; <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJ._Y.1873" class="citation journal cs1">J. Y. 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IV (95): 315.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Antiquary&rft.atitle=Swedish+Anitquities%3A+translated+and+abridged+from+Forssell%27s+Ann%C3%A9e+en+Suede&rft.volume=IV&rft.issue=95&rft.pages=315&rft.date=1873-12-27&rft.au=J.+Y.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DV9A3EaAdVpIC%26pg%3DPA315&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMermaid" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-goedecke-192"><a href="#cite_ref-goedecke_192-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGödecke1871" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-interwiki-linked-name cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_August_G%C3%B6decke" class="extiw" title="sv:Peter August Gödecke">Gödecke, P. A.</a> [in Swedish] (1871). "Studier öfver våra folkvisor från medeltiden". Framtiden: Tidskrift för fosterländsk odling (in Swedish). 5: 325–326.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Framtiden%3A+Tidskrift+f%C3%B6r+fosterl%C3%A4ndsk+odling&rft.atitle=Studier+%C3%B6fver+v%C3%A5ra+folkvisor+fr%C3%A5n+medeltiden&rft.volume=5&rft.pages=325-326&rft.date=1871&rft.aulast=G%C3%B6decke&rft.aufirst=P.+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMermaid" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-194"><a href="#cite_ref-194">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFFaye1833">Faye (1833)</a>, pp. 58–59, cited by <a href="#CITEREFBassett1892">Bassett (1892)</a>, p. 172 </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPontoppidan1755195-195"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPontoppidan1755195_195-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFPontoppidan1755">Pontoppidan (1755)</a>, p. 195. </li> <li id="cite_note-dubois-196">^ <a href="#cite_ref-dubois_196-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-dubois_196-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDuBois2004" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Thomas_A._DuBois" title="Thomas A. 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The Journal of English and Germanic Philology. 103 (1): 33–35 (fig. 15). <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/27712401">27712401</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Journal+of+English+and+Germanic+Philology&rft.atitle=A+History+Seen%3A+The+Uses+of+Illumination+in+%27Flateyjarb%C3%B3k%27&rft.volume=103&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=33-35+%28fig.+15%29&rft.date=2004-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F27712401%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=DuBois&rft.aufirst=Thomas+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DMWxXAAAAYAAJ%26q%3DB%25C3%25A6singr&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMermaid" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-sayers-198">^ <a href="#cite_ref-sayers_198-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-sayers_198-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSayers1994" class="citation journal cs1">Sayers, William (April 1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=oHpXAAAAYAAJ&q=%22mermaid">"Deployment of an Irish Loan: ON verða at gjalti 'to Go Mad with Terror'"</a>. 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Viator: Medieval and Renaissance Studies. 35 (1): 176. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1484%2FJ.VIATOR.2.300196">10.1484/J.VIATOR.2.300196</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0083-5897">0083-5897</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Viator%3A+Medieval+and+Renaissance+Studies&rft.atitle=Translating+Saint+as+%28Vi%29king%3A+St.+Olaf+in+the+Heimskringla&rft.volume=35&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=176&rft.date=2004&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1484%2FJ.VIATOR.2.300196&rft.issn=0083-5897&rft.aulast=Laity&rft.aufirst=K.+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DARlKHqHAQ3UC%26q%3Dmargygr&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMermaid" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-borovsky-200">^ <a href="#cite_ref-borovsky_200-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-borovsky_200-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBorovsky1994" class="citation book cs1">Borovsky, Zoe Patrice (1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=CGFMAQAAMAAJ&q=furry">Rocking the Boat: Women in Old Norse Literature</a>. University of California, Berkeley. p. 171. <q>..further compared to a seal: 'Hon er loðin (hairy or furry) sem selr ok grá at lit'</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Rocking+the+Boat%3A+Women+in+Old+Norse+Literature&rft.pages=171&rft.pub=University+of+California%2C+Berkeley&rft.date=1994&rft.aulast=Borovsky&rft.aufirst=Zoe+Patrice&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DCGFMAQAAMAAJ%26q%3Dfurry&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMermaid" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-bugge-tr-schoefield-201">^ <a href="#cite_ref-bugge-tr-schoefield_201-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-bugge-tr-schoefield_201-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBugge1899" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Sophus_Bugge" title="Sophus Bugge">Bugge, Sophus</a> (1899). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=q5qKW4fpN-4C&pg=PA238">The Home of the Eddic Poems: With Especial Reference to the Helgi-lays</a>. Grimm library 11. Translated by <a href="/wiki/William_Henry_Schofield" title="William Henry Schofield">Schofield, William Henry</a> (revised ed.). London: David Nutt. pp. 237–238.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Home+of+the+Eddic+Poems%3A+With+Especial+Reference+to+the+Helgi-lays&rft.place=London&rft.series=Grimm+library+11&rft.pages=237-238&rft.edition=revised&rft.pub=David+Nutt&rft.date=1899&rft.aulast=Bugge&rft.aufirst=Sophus&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dq5qKW4fpN-4C%26pg%3DPA238&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMermaid" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-202"><a href="#cite_ref-202">^</a> Also "giantess who emerges from the sea",<a href="#cite_note-borovsky-200">[177]</a> and "described.. as disgusting trolls".<a href="#cite_note-bugge-tr-schoefield-201">[178]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-olafs_saga_helga-flateyjar-203">^ <a href="#cite_ref-olafs_saga_helga-flateyjar_203-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-olafs_saga_helga-flateyjar_203-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-olafs_saga_helga-flateyjar_203-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-olafs_saga_helga-flateyjar_203-3">d</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVigfússonUnger1862" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Gu%C3%B0brandur_Vigf%C3%BAsson" title="Guðbrandur Vigfússon">Vigfússon, Guðbrandur</a>; <a href="/wiki/Carl_Richard_Unger" title="Carl Richard Unger">Unger, Carl Richard</a>, eds. 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Brill. p. 241.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=X.+On+Zoanthropy.+12.+Man-fishes&rft.btitle=The+Religious+System+of+China%3A+book+II.+On+the+soul+and+ancestral+worship&rft.pages=241&rft.pub=E.J.+Brill&rft.date=1901&rft.aulast=Groot&rft.aufirst=Jan+Jakob+Maria&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DJ71ZAAAAMAAJ%26pg%3DPA241&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMermaid" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-schottenhammer-227"><a href="#cite_ref-schottenhammer_227-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchottenhammer2006" class="citation book cs1">Schottenhammer, Angela (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=U9rWcNu89kgC&pg=PA11">"The Sea as Barrier and Contact Zone: Maritime Space and Sea Routes in Traditional Chinese Books and Maps"</a>. In Schottenhammer, Angela; Ptak, Roderich (eds.). The Perception of Maritime Space in Traditional Chinese Sources. Otto Harrassowitz Verlag. p. 11. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9783447053402" title="Special:BookSources/9783447053402"><bdi>9783447053402</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Sea+as+Barrier+and+Contact+Zone%3A+Maritime+Space+and+Sea+Routes+in+Traditional+Chinese+Books+and+Maps&rft.btitle=The+Perception+of+Maritime+Space+in+Traditional+Chinese+Sources&rft.pages=11&rft.pub=Otto+Harrassowitz+Verlag&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=9783447053402&rft.aulast=Schottenhammer&rft.aufirst=Angela&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DU9rWcNu89kgC%26pg%3DPA11&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMermaid" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMatsuoka198256-229">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMatsuoka198256_229-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMatsuoka198256_229-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFMatsuoka1982">Matsuoka (1982)</a>, p. 56. </li> <li id="cite_note-zheng&kirk&buell&unschuld-Cuyiji-230"><a href="#cite_ref-zheng&kirk&buell&unschuld-Cuyiji_230-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZhengKirkBuellUnschuld2018" class="citation cs2">Zheng, Jinsheng; Kirk, Nalini; Buell, Paul D.; Unschuld, Paul Ulrich, eds. (2018), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=qbxODwAAQBAJ&pg=PA87">Dictionary of the Ben Cao Gang Mu, Volume 3: Persons and Literary Sources</a>, University of California Press, p. 87, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780520291973" title="Special:BookSources/9780520291973"><bdi>9780520291973</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dictionary+of+the+Ben+Cao+Gang+Mu%2C+Volume+3%3A+Persons+and+Literary+Sources&rft.pages=87&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=9780520291973&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DqbxODwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA87&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMermaid" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-yoshioka-cit-hino-231"><a href="#cite_ref-yoshioka-cit-hino_231-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFYoshioka1993">Yoshioka (1993)</a>, p. 39, citing Hino (1926), p. 170 </li> <li id="cite_note-gujin_tushu_jicheng144-232"><a href="#cite_ref-gujin_tushu_jicheng144_232-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREF陳夢雷1726" class="citation cs1 cs1-prop-interwiki-linked-name"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%99%B3%E5%A4%A2%E9%9B%B7" class="extiw" title="zh:陳夢雷">陳夢雷</a> [in Chinese], ed. (1726). <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/zh:%E6%AC%BD%E5%AE%9A%E5%8F%A4%E4%BB%8A%E5%9C%96%E6%9B%B8%E9%9B%86%E6%88%90/%E5%8D%9A%E7%89%A9%E5%BD%99%E7%B7%A8/%E7%A6%BD%E8%9F%B2%E5%85%B8/%E7%AC%AC144%E5%8D%B7#%E4%B1%B1%E9%AD%9A%E9%87%8B%E5%90%8D/%E5%8D%9A%E7%89%A9%E5%BD%99%E7%B7%A8/%E7%A6%BD%E8%9F%B2%E5%85%B8/%E7%AC%AC144%E5%8D%B7_%E4%B1%B1%E9%AD%9A%E9%87%8B%E5%90%8D">"博物彙編/禽蟲典/第144卷䱱魚釋名" </a>. <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/zh:%E6%AC%BD%E5%AE%9A%E5%8F%A4%E4%BB%8A%E5%9C%96%E6%9B%B8%E9%9B%86%E6%88%90/%E5%8D%9A%E7%89%A9%E5%BD%99%E7%B7%A8/%E7%A6%BD%E8%9F%B2%E5%85%B8/%E7%AC%AC144%E5%8D%B7#%E4%B1%B1%E9%AD%9A%E9%87%8B%E5%90%8D">欽定古今圖書集成 </a> – via <a href="/wiki/Wikisource" title="Wikisource">Wikisource</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=%E5%8D%9A%E7%89%A9%E5%BD%99%E7%B7%A8%2F%E7%A6%BD%E8%9F%B2%E5%85%B8%2F%E7%AC%AC144%E5%8D%B7+%E4%B1%B1%E9%AD%9A%E9%87%8B%E5%90%8D&rft.btitle=%E6%AC%BD%E5%AE%9A%E5%8F%A4%E4%BB%8A%E5%9C%96%E6%9B%B8%E9%9B%86%E6%88%90&rft.date=1726&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMermaid" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-233"><a href="#cite_ref-233">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKeithLee2018" class="citation book cs1">Keith, Sarah; Lee, Sung-Ae (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=mrFiDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA74">"Legend of the Blue Sea: Mermaids in South Korean folklore and popular culture"</a>. In Hayward, Philip (ed.). Scaled for Success: The Internationalisation of the Mermaid. Indiana University Press. pp. 78–79. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0861967322" title="Special:BookSources/978-0861967322"><bdi>978-0861967322</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Legend+of+the+Blue+Sea%3A+Mermaids+in+South+Korean+folklore+and+popular+culture&rft.btitle=Scaled+for+Success%3A+The+Internationalisation+of+the+Mermaid&rft.pages=78-79&rft.pub=Indiana+University+Press&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=978-0861967322&rft.aulast=Keith&rft.aufirst=Sarah&rft.au=Lee%2C+Sung-Ae&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DmrFiDwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA74&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMermaid" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKeithLee201873–74-234"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKeithLee201873–74_234-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKeithLee2018">Keith & Lee (2018)</a>, pp. 73–74. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKeithLee201874-235"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKeithLee201874_235-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKeithLee2018">Keith & Lee (2018)</a>, p. 74. </li> <li id="cite_note-hayward2018-ch03-236">^ <a href="#cite_ref-hayward2018-ch03_236-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-hayward2018-ch03_236-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHayward2018a" class="citation book cs1">Hayward, Philip (2018a). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=mrFiDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA51">"Japan: The 'Mermaidization' of the Ningyo and related folkloric figures"</a>. In Hayward, Philip (ed.). Scaled for Success: The Internationalisation of the Mermaid. Indiana University Press. pp. 51–52, 66. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0861967322" title="Special:BookSources/978-0861967322"><bdi>978-0861967322</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Japan%3A+The+%27Mermaidization%27+of+the+Ningyo+and+related+folkloric+figures&rft.btitle=Scaled+for+Success%3A+The+Internationalisation+of+the+Mermaid&rft.pages=51-52%2C+66&rft.pub=Indiana+University+Press&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=978-0861967322&rft.aulast=Hayward&rft.aufirst=Philip&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DmrFiDwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA51&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMermaid" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-nakamaru-citing-kojien-237"><a href="#cite_ref-nakamaru-citing-kojien_237-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNakamaru2015" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-script">Nakamaru, Teiko (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/article/hikaku/58/0/58_7/_pdf">"Hakubutsugaku no ningyo hyōshō: honyūrui, josei, uo" <bdi lang="ja">博物学の人魚表象―哺乳類、女性、魚―</bdi></a> [How the Naturalists Described Merfolk or Mermaids : Fishes, Women, and Mammalia]. Journal of Comparative literature. 58. Nihon Hikaku Bungakukai: 8.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Comparative+literature&rft.atitle=Hakubutsugaku+no+ningyo+hy%C5%8Dsh%C5%8D%3A+hony%C5%ABrui%2C+josei%2C+uo+%E5%8D%9A%E7%89%A9%E5%AD%A6%E3%81%AE%E4%BA%BA%E9%AD%9A%E8%A1%A8%E8%B1%A1%E2%80%95%E5%93%BA%E4%B9%B3%E9%A1%9E%E3%80%81%E5%A5%B3%E6%80%A7%E3%80%81%E9%AD%9A%E2%80%95&rft.volume=58&rft.pages=8&rft.date=2015&rft.aulast=Nakamaru&rft.aufirst=Teiko&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstage.jst.go.jp%2Farticle%2Fhikaku%2F58%2F0%2F58_7%2F_pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMermaid" class="Z3988">, comparing the definitions of ningyo in <a href="/wiki/Kojien" class="mw-redirect" title="Kojien">Kojien</a> dictionary, 5th edition (1998) and 6th edition (2008). The definition shifts from "half human woman" to "half human (usually woman). </li> <li id="cite_note-yoda&alt2013-238"><a href="#cite_ref-yoda&alt2013_238-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYodaAlt2013" class="citation cs2">Yoda, Hiroko; Alt, Matt (2013), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=-ArQAgAAQBAJ&pg=PT265">Yokai Attack!: The Japanese Monster Survival Guide</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tuttle_Publishing" title="Tuttle Publishing">Tuttle Publishing</a>, p. 265, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-462-90883-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-462-90883-7"><bdi>978-1-462-90883-7</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Yokai+Attack%21%3A+The+Japanese+Monster+Survival+Guide&rft.pages=265&rft.pub=Tuttle+Publishing&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-1-462-90883-7&rft.aulast=Yoda&rft.aufirst=Hiroko&rft.au=Alt%2C+Matt&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D-ArQAgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT265&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMermaid" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-239"><a href="#cite_ref-239">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFToriyama2017">Toriyama (2017)</a>, p. 120, notes by Yoda and Alt. </li> <li id="cite_note-toriyama-eng-240">^ <a href="#cite_ref-toriyama-eng_240-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-toriyama-eng_240-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFToriyama2017" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Toriyama_Sekien" title="Toriyama Sekien">Toriyama, Sekien</a> (2017), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=oeTtDQAAQBAJ&pg=PA168">Japandemonium Illustrated: The Yokai Encyclopedias of Toriyama Sekien</a>, translated by Hiroko Yoda; Matt Alt, Courier Dover Publications, p. 168, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780486818757" title="Special:BookSources/9780486818757"><bdi>9780486818757</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Japandemonium+Illustrated%3A+The+Yokai+Encyclopedias+of+Toriyama+Sekien&rft.pages=168&rft.pub=Courier+Dover+Publications&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=9780486818757&rft.aulast=Toriyama&rft.aufirst=Sekien&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DoeTtDQAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA168&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMermaid" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-shanhaijing10regions-within-sea-south-241"><a href="#cite_ref-shanhaijing10regions-within-sea-south_241-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs1 cs1-prop-script"><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/zh:%E5%B1%B1%E6%B5%B7%E7%B6%93/%E5%B1%B1%E6%B5%B7%E7%B6%93/%E6%B5%B7%E5%85%A7%E5%8D%97%E7%B6%93" class="extiw" title="s:zh:山海經/山海經/海內南經">Shanhaijing /Haineinanjing</a> <bdi lang="zh">山海經/山海經/海內南經</bdi> – via <a href="/wiki/Wikisource" title="Wikisource">Wikisource</a>. <q>氐人國在建木西, 其為人人面而魚身, 無足.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Shanhaijing+%2FHaineinanjing+%E5%B1%B1%E6%B5%B7%E7%B6%93%2F%E5%B1%B1%E6%B5%B7%E7%B6%93%2F%E6%B5%B7%E5%85%A7%E5%8D%97%E7%B6%93&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMermaid" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBirrell_tr.2000136-242"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBirrell_tr.2000136_242-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBirrell_tr.2000">Birrell tr. (2000)</a>, p. 136. </li> <li id="cite_note-Satyavrat2006-243"><a href="#cite_ref-Satyavrat2006_243-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSatyavrat_Sastri2006" class="citation book cs1">Satyavrat Sastri (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=seljAAAAMAAJ">Discovery of Sanskrit Treasures: Epics and Puranas</a>. Yash Publications. p. 77. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-89537-04-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-89537-04-3"><bdi>978-81-89537-04-3</bdi></a>. Retrieved 24 July 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Discovery+of+Sanskrit+Treasures%3A+Epics+and+Puranas&rft.pages=77&rft.pub=Yash+Publications&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-81-89537-04-3&rft.au=Satyavrat+Sastri&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DseljAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMermaid" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Desai2005-244"><a href="#cite_ref-Desai2005_244-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFS.N._Desai2005" class="citation book cs1">S.N. Desai (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=VmsKr7lqTjwC&pg=PA135">Hinduism in Thai Life</a>. Popular Prakashan. p. 135. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-7154-189-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-7154-189-8"><bdi>978-81-7154-189-8</bdi></a>. Retrieved 24 July 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hinduism+in+Thai+Life&rft.pages=135&rft.pub=Popular+Prakashan&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-81-7154-189-8&rft.au=S.N.+Desai&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DVmsKr7lqTjwC%26pg%3DPA135&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMermaid" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:5-245"><a href="#cite_ref-:5_245-0">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://vorasith.online.fr/cambodge/reamker.htm">Le Reamker</a> – Description of Ream Ker in French </li> <li id="cite_note-246"><a href="#cite_ref-246">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIlles2009" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Judika_Illes" title="Judika Illes">Illes, Judika</a> (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=jDr51XX_YjEC&pg=PA768">The Encyclopedia of Spirits</a>. HarperOne. p. 768. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-06-135024-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-06-135024-5"><bdi>978-0-06-135024-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Encyclopedia+of+Spirits&rft.pages=768&rft.pub=HarperOne&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-06-135024-5&rft.aulast=Illes&rft.aufirst=Judika&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DjDr51XX_YjEC%26pg%3DPA768&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMermaid" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-247"><a href="#cite_ref-247">^</a> Robson, Stuart. The Kraton, KITLV Press 2003, Leiden, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/90-6718-131-5" title="Special:BookSources/90-6718-131-5">90-6718-131-5</a>, p. 77 </li> <li id="cite_note-TE-248"><a href="#cite_ref-TE_248-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEnglish1986" class="citation cs2">English, Leo James (1986), Tagalog-English Dictionary, Manila: Congregation of the Most Holy Redeemer; National Book Store, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/971-91055-0-X" title="Special:BookSources/971-91055-0-X"><bdi>971-91055-0-X</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Tagalog-English+Dictionary&rft.place=Manila&rft.pub=Congregation+of+the+Most+Holy+Redeemer%3B+National+Book+Store&rft.date=1986&rft.isbn=971-91055-0-X&rft.aulast=English&rft.aufirst=Leo+James&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMermaid" class="Z3988">, 1583 pp. </li> <li id="cite_note-249"><a href="#cite_ref-249">^</a> Philippine Demonological Legends and Their Cultural Bearings, Maximo Ramos, Phoenix Publishing 1990 </li> <li id="cite_note-The_Beyer_Ethnographic_Series-250">^ <a href="#cite_ref-The_Beyer_Ethnographic_Series_250-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-The_Beyer_Ethnographic_Series_250-1">b</a> The Beyer Ethnographic Series </li> <li id="cite_note-251"><a href="#cite_ref-251">^</a> Bikol Beliefs and Folkways: A Showcase of Tradition. Nasayao, 2010 </li> <li id="cite_note-sacred_waters_intro-252"><a href="#cite_ref-sacred_waters_intro_252-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDrewal2008" class="citation book cs1">Drewal, Henry John (2008). "Introduction: Charting the Voyage". Sacred Waters: Arts for Mami Wata and other divinities in Africa and the diaspora. Bloomington: Indiana University Press. p. 1. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-253-35156-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-253-35156-2"><bdi>978-0-253-35156-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Introduction%3A+Charting+the+Voyage&rft.btitle=Sacred+Waters%3A+Arts+for+Mami+Wata+and+other+divinities+in+Africa+and+the+diaspora&rft.place=Bloomington&rft.pages=1&rft.pub=Indiana+University+Press&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-253-35156-2&rft.aulast=Drewal&rft.aufirst=Henry+John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMermaid" class="Z3988">. </li> <li id="cite_note-253"><a href="#cite_ref-253">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMoaveni2010" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Azadeh_Moaveni" title="Azadeh Moaveni">Moaveni, Azadeh</a> (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/honeymoonintehra00azad/page/240">Honeymoon in Tehran</a>. Random House. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/honeymoonintehra00azad/page/240">240</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8129-7790-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8129-7790-5"><bdi>978-0-8129-7790-5</bdi></a>. <q>The banning of some names, like Maneli (meaning Mermaid) [...] seemed to have no rationale at all</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Honeymoon+in+Tehran&rft.pages=240&rft.pub=Random+House&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0-8129-7790-5&rft.aulast=Moaveni&rft.aufirst=Azadeh&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fhoneymoonintehra00azad%2Fpage%2F240&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMermaid" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-254"><a href="#cite_ref-254">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBernard2003" class="citation journal cs1">Bernard, Penny S. (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://media.tracks4africa.co.za/users/files/w386028_1755.pdf">"Ecological Implications of Water Spirit Beliefs in Southern Africa: The Need to Protect Knowledge, Nature, and Resource Rights"</a> (PDF). USDA Forest Service Proceedings: 150.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=USDA+Forest+Service+Proceedings&rft.atitle=Ecological+Implications+of+Water+Spirit+Beliefs+in+Southern+Africa%3A+The+Need+to+Protect+Knowledge%2C+Nature%2C+and+Resource+Rights&rft.pages=150&rft.date=2003&rft.aulast=Bernard&rft.aufirst=Penny+S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmedia.tracks4africa.co.za%2Fusers%2Ffiles%2Fw386028_1755.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMermaid" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENkemlekeNeba2020390-255"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENkemlekeNeba2020390_255-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFNkemlekeNeba2020">Nkemleke & Neba 2020</a>, p. 390. </li> <li id="cite_note-Irwin-256">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Irwin_256-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Irwin_256-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIrwin2003" class="citation book cs1">Irwin, Robert (2003). One Thousand and One Nights: A Companion. <a href="/wiki/I.B._Tauris" title="I.B. Tauris">Tauris Parke Paperbacks</a>. p. 209. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-86064-983-1" title="Special:BookSources/1-86064-983-1"><bdi>1-86064-983-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=One+Thousand+and+One+Nights%3A+A+Companion&rft.pages=209&rft.pub=Tauris+Parke+Paperbacks&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=1-86064-983-1&rft.aulast=Irwin&rft.aufirst=Robert&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMermaid" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-257"><a href="#cite_ref-257">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110930102913/http://www.conexioncubana.net/index.php?st=others&sk=pdef&id=a">"Diccionario de Argot Cubano"</a>. Conexion Cubana. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.conexioncubana.net/index.php?st=others&sk=pdef&id=a">the original</a> on 30 September 2011. Retrieved 24 April 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Diccionario+de+Argot+Cubano&rft.pub=Conexion+Cubana&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.conexioncubana.net%2Findex.php%3Fst%3Dothers%26sk%3Dpdef%26id%3Da&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMermaid" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-258"><a href="#cite_ref-258">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBennett2008" class="citation web cs1">Bennett, Lennie (10 July 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081201152219/http://www.tampabay.com/features/visualarts/article680572.ece">"Four exhibitions woven into 'Textures'"</a>. Tampa Bay. The St. Petersburg Times. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tampabay.com/features/visualarts/article680572.ece">the original</a> on 1 December 2008. Retrieved 25 April 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Tampa+Bay&rft.atitle=Four+exhibitions+woven+into+%27Textures%27&rft.date=2008-07-10&rft.aulast=Bennett&rft.aufirst=Lennie&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.tampabay.com%2Ffeatures%2Fvisualarts%2Farticle680572.ece&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMermaid" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-259"><a href="#cite_ref-259">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080508172241/http://www.hear.org/starr/hiplants/images/thumbnails/html/hibiscus_tiliaceus.htm">"Hibiscus tiliaceus – Hau (Malvaceae) – Plants of Hawaii"</a>. Hear.org. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hear.org/starr/hiplants/images/thumbnails/html/hibiscus_tiliaceus.htm">the original</a> on 8 May 2008. Retrieved 24 April 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Hibiscus+tiliaceus+%E2%80%93+Hau+%28Malvaceae%29+%E2%80%93+Plants+of+Hawaii&rft.pub=Hear.org&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hear.org%2Fstarr%2Fhiplants%2Fimages%2Fthumbnails%2Fhtml%2Fhibiscus_tiliaceus.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMermaid" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENies2014306-260"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENies2014306_260-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFNies2014">Nies 2014</a>, p. 306. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENies2014307-261"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENies2014307_261-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFNies2014">Nies 2014</a>, p. 307. </li> <li id="cite_note-souza-262">^ <a href="#cite_ref-souza_262-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-souza_262-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-souza_262-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSouza2011" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Souza, Licia Soares de (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=cT7_CwAAQBAJ&pg=PA562">"A Baía de Todos os Santos em Mar Morto"</a>. In Caroso, Carlos; Tavares, Fátima; Pereira, Cláudio (eds.). Baía de todos os santos: aspectos humanos (in Portuguese). SciELO – EDUFBA. p. 562. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.7476%2F9788523211622">10.7476/9788523211622</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9788523211622" title="Special:BookSources/9788523211622"><bdi>9788523211622</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.7476/9788523211622.24">10.7476/9788523211622.24</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=A+Ba%C3%ADa+de+Todos+os+Santos+em+Mar+Morto&rft.btitle=Ba%C3%ADa+de+todos+os+santos%3A+aspectos+humanos&rft.pages=562&rft.pub=SciELO+%E2%80%93+EDUFBA&rft.date=2011&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F10.7476%2F9788523211622.24%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.7476%2F9788523211622&rft.isbn=9788523211622&rft.aulast=Souza&rft.aufirst=Licia+Soares+de&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DcT7_CwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA562&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMermaid" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-herrera-sobek-263">^ <a href="#cite_ref-herrera-sobek_263-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-herrera-sobek_263-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHerrera-Sobek2012" class="citation book cs1">Herrera-Sobek, María (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=bDIwZ8BieWcC&pg=PA159">"Iara"</a>. Celebrating Latino Folklore: An Encyclopedia of Cultural Traditions. ABC-CLIO. pp. 159–160. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780313343391" title="Special:BookSources/9780313343391"><bdi>9780313343391</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Iara&rft.btitle=Celebrating+Latino+Folklore%3A+An+Encyclopedia+of+Cultural+Traditions&rft.pages=159-160&rft.pub=ABC-CLIO&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=9780313343391&rft.aulast=Herrera-Sobek&rft.aufirst=Mar%C3%ADa&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DbDIwZ8BieWcC%26pg%3DPA159&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMermaid" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-soares&silva&barbosa-264">^ <a href="#cite_ref-soares&silva&barbosa_264-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-soares&silva&barbosa_264-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSoaresSilvaBarbosa2022" class="citation book cs1">Soares, Cláudia Campos; Silva, Hugo Domínguez; Barbosa, Tereza Virgínia R. (2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=63VjEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA176">"Magma, by João Guimãraes Rosa: Word in Progess"</a>. In Silva, Maria de Fátima; <a href="/wiki/Lorna_Hardwick" title="Lorna Hardwick">Hardwick, Lorna</a>; Pereira, Susana Marques (eds.). The Classical Tradition in Portuguese and Brazilian Poetry. Cambridge Scholars Publishing. p. 191. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781527581197" title="Special:BookSources/9781527581197"><bdi>9781527581197</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Magma%2C+by+Jo%C3%A3o+Guim%C3%A3raes+Rosa%3A+Word+in+Progess&rft.btitle=The+Classical+Tradition+in+Portuguese+and+Brazilian+Poetry&rft.pages=191&rft.pub=Cambridge+Scholars+Publishing&rft.date=2022&rft.isbn=9781527581197&rft.aulast=Soares&rft.aufirst=Cl%C3%A1udia+Campos&rft.au=Silva%2C+Hugo+Dom%C3%ADnguez&rft.au=Barbosa%2C+Tereza+Virg%C3%ADnia+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D63VjEAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA176&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMermaid" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETeixeira199233-265"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETeixeira199233_265-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFTeixeira1992">Teixeira (1992)</a>, p. 33. </li> <li id="cite_note-cascudo-mae-dagua-267"><a href="#cite_ref-cascudo-mae-dagua_267-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCascudo1962">Cascudo (1962)</a>, 1: 364, "IARA", cross-referenced to: <a href="#CITEREFCascudo1962">Cascudo (1962)</a>, 2: 441–442 "MÃE-D'ÁGUA". </li> <li id="cite_note-268"><a href="#cite_ref-268">^</a> Cascudo (1983) [1947], Geografia dos mitos brasileiros, p. 134. Cited and summarized by <a href="#CITEREFTeixeira1992">Teixeira (1992)</a>, p. 33 </li> <li id="cite_note-noguera-270"><a href="#cite_ref-noguera_270-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNoguera2018" class="citation book cs1">Noguera, Renato (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=GMNNDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT126">"Alguns mitos Guaranis: § Iara: ciúme, sedução e projeção"</a>. Mulheres e deusas: Como as divindades e os mitos femininos formaram a mulher atual. Carla Silva. HarperCollins Brasil. pp. 130–132. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9788595083059" title="Special:BookSources/9788595083059"><bdi>9788595083059</bdi></a>. <q>Iara renasce como mulher-peixe, uma imagem similar à sereia dos europeus.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Alguns+mitos+Guaranis%3A+%C2%A7+Iara%3A+ci%C3%BAme%2C+sedu%C3%A7%C3%A3o+e+proje%C3%A7%C3%A3o&rft.btitle=Mulheres+e+deusas%3A+Como+as+divindades+e+os+mitos+femininos+formaram+a+mulher+atual&rft.pages=130-132&rft.pub=HarperCollins+Brasil&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=9788595083059&rft.aulast=Noguera&rft.aufirst=Renato&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DGMNNDwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT126&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMermaid" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-morais-271"><a href="#cite_ref-morais_271-0">^</a> The novelist <a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raimundo_Morais" class="extiw" title="pt:Raimundo Morais">Morais</a> (1926) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=qxMsAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA80">Na planicie amazonica</a>, p. 80 "A yára [iara] ,.. Metade mulher, metade peixe, .. cauda de escamas multicores (The iara.. part-woman, part-fish, .. tail with multicolored scales) " is oft-quoted, as in Cascudo (2002) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=rXgSAQAAIAAJ&q=iara+peixe">Antologia do folclore brasileiro</a>, 9th ed., 2: 178. </li> <li id="cite_note-fonseca-274">^ <a href="#cite_ref-fonseca_274-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-fonseca_274-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFonseca2009" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Fonseca, Pedro Carlos Louzada (2009). "Tropos da colonizaçao da América: discurso do gênero e simbolismo animal". Romance Notes (in Portuguese). 2 (Norse Greenland – Selected Papers from the Hvalsey Conference 2008): 3–4. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1353%2Frmc.2009.0035">10.1353/rmc.2009.0035</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/43801787">43801787</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:201769444">201769444</a>. <q>Se em Gandavo permanece ambíguo o tratamento do tropo da feminização da natureza, referida ao monstruoso, em Fernão Cardim essa figuração deixa-se entrever de form sugestiva, buscada a outro tropo da mentalidade religiosa medieval [If in Gandavo the treatment of the trope of the feminization of nature, referring to the monstrous, remains ambiguous, in Fernão Cardim this figuration lets itself be glimpsed in a suggestive way, sought from another trope of the medieval religious mentality.]</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Romance+Notes&rft.atitle=Tropos+da+coloniza%C3%A7ao+da+Am%C3%A9rica%3A+discurso+do+g%C3%AAnero+e+simbolismo+animal&rft.volume=2&rft.issue=Norse+Greenland+%E2%80%93+Selected+Papers+from+the+Hvalsey+Conference+2008&rft.pages=3-4&rft.date=2009&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A201769444%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F43801787%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1353%2Frmc.2009.0035&rft.aulast=Fonseca&rft.aufirst=Pedro+Carlos+Louzada&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMermaid" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-275"><a href="#cite_ref-275">^</a> Fonseca<a href="#cite_note-fonseca-274">[246]</a> invoking the <a href="/wiki/Vagina_dentata" title="Vagina dentata">vagina dentata</a> concept and quoting <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWalker1983" class="citation book cs1">Walker, Barbara G., ed. (1983). The Woman's Dictionary of Symbols and Sacred Objects. Harper & Row. p. 328. <q>Christianity made the vagina a metaphor for the gate of hell and revived the ancient fear-inducing image of the vagina dentata (toothed vagina) that could bite off a man's penis</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Woman%27s+Dictionary+of+Symbols+and+Sacred+Objects&rft.pages=328&rft.pub=Harper+%26+Row&rft.date=1983&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMermaid" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-ni_mheallaigh-276">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ni_mheallaigh_276-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ni_mheallaigh_276-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ni_mheallaigh_276-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFní_Mheallaigh2014" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Karen_n%C3%AD_Mheallaigh" title="Karen ní Mheallaigh">ní Mheallaigh, Karen</a> (2014), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=cru1BAAAQBAJ&pg=PA262">"7. Conclusion: fiction and the wonder-culture of the Roman empire"</a>, Reading Fiction with Lucian: Fakes, Freaks and Hyperreality: Greek Culture in the Roman World, Cambridge University Press, p. 262, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781316123980" title="Special:BookSources/9781316123980"><bdi>9781316123980</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=7.+Conclusion%3A+fiction+and+the+wonder-culture+of+the+Roman+empire&rft.btitle=Reading+Fiction+with+Lucian%3A+Fakes%2C+Freaks+and+Hyperreality%3A+Greek+Culture+in+the+Roman+World&rft.pages=262&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=9781316123980&rft.aulast=n%C3%AD+Mheallaigh&rft.aufirst=Karen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dcru1BAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA262&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMermaid" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-pliny-hn-9.4.9-tr-bostock&riley-277"><a href="#cite_ref-pliny-hn-9.4.9-tr-bostock&riley_277-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPliny_the_Elder1855" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Pliny_the_Elder" title="Pliny the Elder">Pliny the Elder</a> (1855). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=sDwZAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA362">"IX.Chap. 4. (5.) -- The forms of the tritions and nereids. The forms of sea elephants"</a>. The Natural History of Pliny, Vol. 2. Translated by <a href="/wiki/John_Bostock_(physician)" title="John Bostock (physician)">Bostock, John</a>; <a href="/wiki/Henry_Thomas_Riley" title="Henry Thomas Riley">Riley, Henry Thomas</a>. H. G. Bohn. pp. 362–363. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780598910769" title="Special:BookSources/9780598910769"><bdi>9780598910769</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=IX.Chap.+4.+%285.%29+--+The+forms+of+the+tritions+and+nereids.+The+forms+of+sea+elephants&rft.btitle=The+Natural+History+of+Pliny%2C+Vol.+2&rft.pages=362-363&rft.pub=H.+G.+Bohn&rft.date=1855&rft.isbn=9780598910769&rft.au=Pliny+the+Elder&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DsDwZAAAAYAAJ%26pg%3DPA362&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMermaid" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-hansen-278">^ <a href="#cite_ref-hansen_278-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-hansen_278-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHansen2017" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/William_Hansen_(classicist)" title="William Hansen (classicist)">Hansen, William</a>, ed. (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=1ciXDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA169">The Book of Greek & Roman Folktales, Legends & Myths</a>. Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press. pp. 169–170. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780691170152" title="Special:BookSources/9780691170152"><bdi>9780691170152</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Book+of+Greek+%26+Roman+Folktales%2C+Legends+%26+Myths&rft.place=Princeton%2C+New+Jersey&rft.pages=169-170&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=9780691170152&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D1ciXDwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA169&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMermaid" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-279"><a href="#cite_ref-279">^</a> Reads "the portion of the body that resembles the human figure is still rough all over with scales" ub Bisticj and Riley's translation.<a href="#cite_note-pliny-hn-9.4.9-tr-bostock&riley-277">[249]</a> This is given as "bristling with hair", in Rackham's (Loeb Classical Library translation, but <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/squama" class="extiw" title="wikt:squama">squama</a> here is probably 'scales' and the emendation is given in Hansen's rendering.<a href="#cite_note-hansen-278">[250]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-pliny-hn-9.4.9-tr-rackham-280">^ <a href="#cite_ref-pliny-hn-9.4.9-tr-rackham_280-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-pliny-hn-9.4.9-tr-rackham_280-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-pliny-hn-9.4.9-tr-rackham_280-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPliny_the_Elder1940" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Pliny_the_Elder" title="Pliny the Elder">Pliny the Elder</a> (1940). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/plinynaturalhist005560mbp/page/168/">"IX.10.iv Tritons, Nereid and aquatic monsters"</a>. Natural History, Vol. 3. Loeb classical library. Translated by Rackham, H[arris]. W. Heinemann. pp. 168–169.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=IX.10.iv+Tritons%2C+Nereid+and+aquatic+monsters&rft.btitle=Natural+History%2C+Vol.+3&rft.series=Loeb+classical+library.&rft.pages=168-169&rft.pub=W.+Heinemann&rft.date=1940&rft.au=Pliny+the+Elder&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fplinynaturalhist005560mbp%2Fpage%2F168%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMermaid" class="Z3988">; <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=v5OEAAAAIAAJ&q=nereids">1958 ed. </a> </li> <li id="cite_note-281"><a href="#cite_ref-281">^</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1157697682">.mw-parser-output .verse_translation .translated{padding-left:2em!important}@media only screen and (max-width:43.75em){.mw-parser-output .verse_translation.wrap_when_small td{display:block;padding-left:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .verse_translation.wrap_when_small .translated{padding-left:0.5em!important}}</style> <table role="presentation" class="verse_translation" style="margin-left:1em !important"> <tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"> <td><div style="font-style:roman;text-align:left" lang="" class="poem">  IV. 9 Tiberio principi nuntiavit Olisiponensium legatio ob id missa visum auditumque in quodam specu concha canentem Tritonem qua noscitur forma. et Nereidum falsa non est, squamis modo hispido corpore etiam qua humanam effigiem habent; namque haec in eodem spectata litore est, cuius morientis etiam cantum tristem accolae audivere longe; et divo Augusto legatus Galliae complures in litore apparere examines Nereidas scripsit.   </div> </td> <td class="translated"><div style="font-style:roman;text-align:left" lang="" class="poem">  IV. Tritons, Nereid and aquatic monsters. 9 An embassy from Lisbon sent for the purpose reported to the Emperor Tiberius that a Triton had been seen and heard playing on a shell in a certain cave, and that he had the well-known shape. The description of the Nereids also is not incorrect, except that their body is bristling with hair [<a href="/wiki/Sic" title="Sic">sic</a>] even in the parts where they have human shape; for a Nereid has been seen on the same coast, whose mournful song moreover when dying has been heard a long way off by the coast-dwellers; also the Governor of Gaul wrote to the late lamented Augustus that a large number of dead Nereids were to be seen on the shore.   </div> </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align:top;font-size:90%"> <td style="padding-left:1.6em;text-align:left">—Pliny, Historia Naturalis IX.iv.9<a href="#cite_note-pliny-hn-9.4.9-tr-rackham-280">[252]</a> </td> <td style="padding-left:3.6em;text-align:left">—translated by Harris Rackham (1958)<a href="#cite_note-pliny-hn-9.4.9-tr-rackham-280">[252]</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> </li> <li id="cite_note-nigg-283">^ <a href="#cite_ref-nigg_283-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-nigg_283-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNigg2014" class="citation book cs1">Nigg, Joseph (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=BT2NAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA132">"A Sea Creature"</a>. Sea Monsters: A Voyage around the World's Most Beguiling Map. David Matthews, Anke Bernau, James Paz. University of Chicago Press. pp. 130–132. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780226925189" title="Special:BookSources/9780226925189"><bdi>9780226925189</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=A+Sea+Creature&rft.btitle=Sea+Monsters%3A+A+Voyage+around+the+World%27s+Most+Beguiling+Map&rft.pages=130-132&rft.pub=University+of+Chicago+Press&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=9780226925189&rft.aulast=Nigg&rft.aufirst=Joseph&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DBT2NAgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA132&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMermaid" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-olaus-284"><a href="#cite_ref-olaus_284-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOlaus_Magnus1555" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="/wiki/Olaus_Magnus" title="Olaus Magnus">Olaus Magnus</a> (1555). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=O9lEAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA716">"Libri XX. Capitulum XX"</a>. Historia de gentibus septentrionalibus (in Latin). Rome: Giovanni M. Viotto. p. 716.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Libri+XX.+Capitulum+XX&rft.btitle=Historia+de+gentibus+septentrionalibus&rft.place=Rome&rft.pages=716&rft.pub=Giovanni+M.+Viotto&rft.date=1555&rft.au=Olaus+Magnus&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DO9lEAAAAcAAJ%26pg%3DPA716&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMermaid" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-olaus-eng-285"><a href="#cite_ref-olaus-eng_285-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOlaus_Magnus1996" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Olaus_Magnus" title="Olaus Magnus">Olaus Magnus</a> (1996). <a href="/wiki/Peter_Foote" title="Peter Foote">Foote, Peter</a> (ed.). Historia de Gentibus Septentrionalibus: Romæ 1555 [Description of the Northern Peoples : Rome 1555]. Fisher, Peter;, <a href="/wiki/Humphrey_Higgins" title="Humphrey Higgins">Higgens, Humphrey</a> (trr.). Hakluyt Society. p. 1052. <q>There can be heard melodious flutes and.. cymbals.. as I recounted.. on the sister Fates and the nymphs, as Pliny.. reads..'An embassy was dispatched from Olysippo.. to the Emperor Tiberius that Triton had been seen.. And.. the Nereids... the people.. listened from afar to her dismal moans at the hour of her death', etc.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Historia+de+Gentibus+Septentrionalibus%3A+Rom%C3%A6+1555&rft.pages=1052&rft.pub=Hakluyt+Society&rft.date=1996&rft.au=Olaus+Magnus&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMermaid" class="Z3988">; <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=CvhKDwAAQBAJ&lpg=PT411&pg=PT411">e-book</a> (unpaginated) </li> <li id="cite_note-olaus2-286"><a href="#cite_ref-olaus2_286-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOlaus_Magnus1555" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="/wiki/Olaus_Magnus" title="Olaus Magnus">Olaus Magnus</a> (1555). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=O9lEAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA729">"Libri XXI. Praefatio"</a>. Historia de gentibus septentrionalibus (in Latin). Rome: Giovanni M. Viotto. p. 729. <q>Sunt & beluae in mari quasi hominis figuram imitantes, lugubres in cantu, vt nereides; etiam marini homines, toto corpore absoluta similitudine..</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Libri+XXI.+Praefatio&rft.btitle=Historia+de+gentibus+septentrionalibus&rft.place=Rome&rft.pages=729&rft.pub=Giovanni+M.+Viotto&rft.date=1555&rft.au=Olaus+Magnus&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DO9lEAAAAcAAJ%26pg%3DPA729&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMermaid" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-olaus2-eng-287"><a href="#cite_ref-olaus2-eng_287-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOlaus_Magnus1998" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Olaus_Magnus" title="Olaus Magnus">Olaus Magnus</a> (1998). <a href="/wiki/Peter_Foote" title="Peter Foote">Foote, Peter</a> (ed.). Historia de Gentibus Septentrionalibus: Romæ 1555 [Description of the Northern Peoples : Rome 1555]. Fisher, Peter;, <a href="/wiki/Humphrey_Higgins" title="Humphrey Higgins">Higgens, Humphrey</a> (trr.). Hakluyt Society. p. 1081. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780904180435" title="Special:BookSources/9780904180435"><bdi>9780904180435</bdi></a>. <q>There are also sea-creatures, like mermaids, which sing plaintively and are similar in shape to human beings; and there are mermen</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Historia+de+Gentibus+Septentrionalibus%3A+Rom%C3%A6+1555&rft.pages=1081&rft.pub=Hakluyt+Society&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=9780904180435&rft.au=Olaus+Magnus&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMermaid" class="Z3988">; <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=CvhKDwAAQBAJ&lpg=PT411&pg=PT411">e-book</a> (unpaginated) </li> <li id="cite_note-pliny-hn-idx-289"><a href="#cite_ref-pliny-hn-idx_289-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPliny_the_Elder1963" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Pliny_the_Elder" title="Pliny the Elder">Pliny the Elder</a> (1963). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=2pWEAAAAIAAJ&q=%22homo+marinus%22">Natural History, Vol. 8</a>. Loeb classical library. W. Heinemann. p. 589 (index). <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780674994607" title="Special:BookSources/9780674994607"><bdi>9780674994607</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Natural+History%2C+Vol.+8&rft.series=Loeb+classical+library.&rft.pages=589+%28index%29&rft.pub=W.+Heinemann&rft.date=1963&rft.isbn=9780674994607&rft.au=Pliny+the+Elder&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D2pWEAAAAIAAJ%26q%3D%2522homo%2Bmarinus%2522&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMermaid" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-290"><a href="#cite_ref-290">^</a> Cf. the conjecture in the index to the Loeb Classics Library translation that Pliny's homo marinus (merman) may refer to "African manatee (?)".<a href="#cite_note-pliny-hn-idx-289">[259]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-291"><a href="#cite_ref-291">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSánchez1994" class="citation book cs1">Sánchez, Jean-Pierre (1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=I1LEmKPgJ8MC&pg=PA203">"Myths and Legends in the Old World and European Expansionism on the American Continent"</a>. The Classical Tradition and the Americas: European images of the Americas and the classical tradition (2 pts.). <a href="/wiki/Walter_de_Gruyter" class="mw-redirect" title="Walter de Gruyter">Walter de Gruyter</a>. p. 203. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-110-11572-7" title="Special:BookSources/3-110-11572-7"><bdi>3-110-11572-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Myths+and+Legends+in+the+Old+World+and+European+Expansionism+on+the+American+Continent&rft.btitle=The+Classical+Tradition+and+the+Americas%3A+European+images+of+the+Americas+and+the+classical+tradition+%282+pts.%29&rft.pages=203&rft.pub=Walter+de+Gruyter&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=3-110-11572-7&rft.aulast=S%C3%A1nchez&rft.aufirst=Jean-Pierre&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DI1LEmKPgJ8MC%26pg%3DPA203&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMermaid" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-292"><a href="#cite_ref-292">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNational_Science_Research_Council_(Guyana)1974" class="citation book cs1">National Science Research Council (Guyana) (1974). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=qz4rAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA5">An International Centre for Manatee Research: Report of a Workshop Held 7-13 February 1974</a>. National Academies. p. 5.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=An+International+Centre+for+Manatee+Research%3A+Report+of+a+Workshop+Held+7-13+February+1974&rft.pages=5&rft.pub=National+Academies&rft.date=1974&rft.au=National+Science+Research+Council+%28Guyana%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dqz4rAAAAYAAJ%26pg%3DPA5&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMermaid" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-hawks-293"><a href="#cite_ref-hawks_293-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHawks1842" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Francis_L._Hawks" title="Francis L. Hawks">Hawks, Francis L. ("The Author of 'Uncle Philip's Conversations' ")</a> (1842). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/adventuresofhenr00philiala/page/n9">"2"</a>. The Adventures of Henry Hudson. New York: D. Appleton & Company. p. 37. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=YyQ9AAAAYAAJ&pg=PA37">the original</a> on 16 November 2006.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=2&rft.btitle=The+Adventures+of+Henry+Hudson&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=37&rft.pub=D.+Appleton+%26+Company&rft.date=1842&rft.aulast=Hawks&rft.aufirst=Francis+L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DYyQ9AAAAYAAJ%26pg%3DPA37&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMermaid" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-etting-294"><a href="#cite_ref-etting_294-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEtting2009" class="citation journal cs1">Etting, Vivian (2009). "The Rediscovery of Greenland during the Reign of Christian IV". Journal of the North Atlantic. 2 (Norse Greenland – Selected Papers from the Hvalsey Conference 2008): 159. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/26686946">26686946</a>. <q>Dutch captain David Dannel [sic.].. a mermaid with 'flowing hair..'</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+North+Atlantic&rft.atitle=The+Rediscovery+of+Greenland+during+the+Reign+of+Christian+IV&rft.volume=2&rft.issue=Norse+Greenland+%E2%80%93+Selected+Papers+from+the+Hvalsey+Conference+2008&rft.pages=159&rft.date=2009&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F26686946%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Etting&rft.aufirst=Vivian&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMermaid" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-senter&snow-295">^ <a href="#cite_ref-senter&snow_295-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-senter&snow_295-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSenterSnow2015" class="citation cs2">Senter, Phil; Snow, Venretta B. (September 2015), "Solution to a 300-year-old zoological mystery", Archives of Natural History, 40 (2): 257–262, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3366%2Fanh.2013.0172">10.3366/anh.2013.0172</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Archives+of+Natural+History&rft.atitle=Solution+to+a+300-year-old+zoological+mystery&rft.volume=40&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=257-262&rft.date=2015-09&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3366%2Fanh.2013.0172&rft.aulast=Senter&rft.aufirst=Phil&rft.au=Snow%2C+Venretta+B.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMermaid" class="Z3988">. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://shnh.org.uk/publications/archives-of-natural-history/archives-of-natural-history-volume-40-no-2-2013/">Abstract</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-broedel-296">^ <a href="#cite_ref-broedel_296-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-broedel_296-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-broedel_296-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-broedel_296-3">d</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBroedel2018" class="citation cs2">Broedel, Hans Peter (2018), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=AWJgDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT66">"2. The Mermaid of Edam Meets Medical Science: Empiricism and the Marvelous in Seventeenth-Century Zoological Thought"</a>, in Byars, Jana; Broedel, Hans Peter (eds.), Monsters and Borders in the Early Modern Imagination, Routledge, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780429878855" title="Special:BookSources/9780429878855"><bdi>9780429878855</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=2.+The+Mermaid+of+Edam+Meets+Medical+Science%3A+Empiricism+and+the+Marvelous+in+Seventeenth-Century+Zoological+Thought&rft.btitle=Monsters+and+Borders+in+the+Early+Modern+Imagination&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=9780429878855&rft.aulast=Broedel&rft.aufirst=Hans+Peter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DAWJgDwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT66&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMermaid" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-bartholin(copenhagen)1654-297">^ <a href="#cite_ref-bartholin(copenhagen)1654_297-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-bartholin(copenhagen)1654_297-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-bartholin(copenhagen)1654_297-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBartholin1654" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Bartholin" title="Thomas Bartholin">Bartholin, Thomas</a> (1654). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=2dxyQqZGEh4C&pg=PA186">"Historia XI. Sirenis se Marini Hominis Anatome"</a>. Thomae Bartholini historiarum anatomicarum rariorum centuria (I et )II (in Latin). Copenhagen: typis academicis Martzani, sumptibus Petri Hauboldt bibl. pp. 186–191.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Historia+XI.+Sirenis+se+Marini+Hominis+Anatome&rft.btitle=Thomae+Bartholini+historiarum+anatomicarum+rariorum+centuria+%28I+et+%29II&rft.place=Copenhagen&rft.pages=186-191&rft.pub=typis+academicis+Martzani%2C+sumptibus+Petri+Hauboldt+bibl.&rft.date=1654&rft.aulast=Bartholin&rft.aufirst=Thomas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D2dxyQqZGEh4C%26pg%3DPA186&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMermaid" class="Z3988">, and <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=2dxyQqZGEh4C&pg=PA188-IA1">Plate</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-bartholin-brazil-298"><a href="#cite_ref-bartholin-brazil_298-0">^</a> Bartholin: "prope Brasiliam.. captus suit homo marinus..",<a href="#cite_note-bartholin(copenhagen)1654-297">[267]</a> but Webster: "a Sea-Man taken by the Merchants of the West-India Company..", the latter omits mention of Brazil. </li> <li id="cite_note-scribner2020-bartholin-pic-299">^ <a href="#cite_ref-scribner2020-bartholin-pic_299-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-scribner2020-bartholin-pic_299-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFScribner2020">Scribner (2020)</a>: "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=fgrtDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT101">'Sirene'.. with certain popular features of a mermaid (exposed breasts and a humanoid face.. odd, webbed hands, buttocks at the front)</a>" </li> <li id="cite_note-bartholin-tr-webster-300">^ <a href="#cite_ref-bartholin-tr-webster_300-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-bartholin-tr-webster_300-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-bartholin-tr-webster_300-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-bartholin-tr-webster_300-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-bartholin-tr-webster_300-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-bartholin-tr-webster_300-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-bartholin-tr-webster_300-6">g</a> Bartholin (1654), loc. cit.: this passage translated in <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWebster1677" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/John_Webster_(minister)" title="John Webster (minister)">Webster, John</a> (1677). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=gL9lAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA285">"Chap. XV. Of divers Creatures that have a real existence in Nature, and yet by reason of their wonderous properties, or seldom being seen, have been taken for Spirits, and Devils"</a>. The Displaying of Supposed Witchcraft. London: J. M. pp. 285–286.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Chap.+XV.+Of+divers+Creatures+that+have+a+real+existence+in+Nature%2C+and+yet+by+reason+of+their+wonderous+properties%2C+or+seldom+being+seen%2C+have+been+taken+for+Spirits%2C+and+Devils&rft.btitle=The+Displaying+of+Supposed+Witchcraft&rft.place=London&rft.pages=285-286&rft.pub=J.+M.&rft.date=1677&rft.aulast=Webster&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DgL9lAAAAcAAJ%26pg%3DPA285&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMermaid" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-linnaeus-1769-302"><a href="#cite_ref-linnaeus-1769_302-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLinné1769" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Linnaeus" class="mw-redirect" title="Linnaeus">Linné, Carl von</a> (1769). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=l_b7hBIjGF0C&pg=PA324-IA1">Caroli Linnæi ... Amoenitates academicæ, seu dissertationes variæ physicæ, medicæ, botanicæ antehac seorsim editæ, nunc collectæ et auctæ cum tabulis æneis</a>. Vol. 7. Leiden: Apud Godefredum Kiesewetter. p. 324.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Caroli+Linn%C3%A6i+...+Amoenitates+academic%C3%A6%2C+seu+dissertationes+vari%C3%A6+physic%C3%A6%2C+medic%C3%A6%2C+botanic%C3%A6+antehac+seorsim+edit%C3%A6%2C+nunc+collect%C3%A6+et+auct%C3%A6+cum+tabulis+%C3%A6neis&rft.place=Leiden&rft.pages=324&rft.pub=Apud+Godefredum+Kiesewetter&rft.date=1769&rft.aulast=Linn%C3%A9&rft.aufirst=Carl+von&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dl_b7hBIjGF0C%26pg%3DPA324-IA1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMermaid" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-scribner2021-303"><a href="#cite_ref-scribner2021_303-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFScribner2021" class="citation web cs1">Scribner, Vaughn (29 September 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://publicdomainreview.org/essay/mermaids-and-tritons-in-the-age-of-reason">"Mermaids and Tritons in the Age of Reason"</a>. Public Domains Review. Retrieved 27 July 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Mermaids+and+Tritons+in+the+Age+of+Reason&rft.pub=Public+Domains+Review&rft.date=2021-09-29&rft.aulast=Scribner&rft.aufirst=Vaughn&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpublicdomainreview.org%2Fessay%2Fmermaids-and-tritons-in-the-age-of-reason&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMermaid" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEScribner2020-304"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEScribner2020_304-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFScribner2020">Scribner (2020)</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-francisci-309"><a href="#cite_ref-francisci_309-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFrancisci1668" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Erasmus_Francisci" class="mw-redirect" title="Erasmus Francisci">Francisci, Erasmus</a> (1668). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=i-RTAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA1416">"Von den Meer-Menschen"</a>. Erasmi Francisci Ost- und West-Indischer wie auch Sinesischer Lust- und Stats-Garten. Nuremberg: Endter. p. 1412 and <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=i-RTAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA1412-IA1">Plate XLVII**</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Von+den+Meer-Menschen&rft.btitle=Erasmi+Francisci+Ost-+und+West-Indischer+wie+auch+Sinesischer+Lust-+und+Stats-Garten&rft.place=Nuremberg&rft.pages=1412+and+Plate+XLVII%2A%2A&rft.pub=Endter&rft.date=1668&rft.aulast=Francisci&rft.aufirst=Erasmus&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Di-RTAAAAcAAJ%26pg%3DPA1416&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMermaid" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-jcb-library-310"><a href="#cite_ref-jcb-library_310-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://jcb.lunaimaging.com/luna/servlet/detail/JCB~1~1~501084~115901379?qvq=w4s%3A%2Fwhere%2FSouth%2BAmerica%2Fwhen%2F1668%3Bsort%3Anormalized_date%2Cfile_name%2Csource_author%2Csource_title&mi=6&trs=14">"1. Meer Mensch filier So bey Bragefanger Die Riepe Die abgefleischte hand 2. Schwimmende Firer (from Erasmi Francisci Ost-und West-indischer, 1668)"</a>. JCB Archive of Early American Images. John Carter Brown Library. Retrieved 27 July 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=JCB+Archive+of+Early+American+Images&rft.atitle=1.+Meer+Mensch+filier+So+bey+Bragefanger+Die+Riepe+Die+abgefleischte+hand+2.+Schwimmende+Firer+%28from+Erasmi+Francisci+Ost-und+West-indischer%2C+1668%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fjcb.lunaimaging.com%2Fluna%2Fservlet%2Fdetail%2FJCB~1~1~501084~115901379%3Fqvq%3Dw4s%253A%252Fwhere%252FSouth%252BAmerica%252Fwhen%252F1668%253Bsort%253Anormalized_date%252Cfile_name%252Csource_author%252Csource_title%26mi%3D6%26trs%3D14&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMermaid" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-jonston1657-latin-311">^ <a href="#cite_ref-jonston1657-latin_311-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-jonston1657-latin_311-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-jonston1657-latin_311-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJonston1657" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Johannes_Jonston" class="mw-redirect" title="Johannes Jonston">Jonston, Johannes</a> (1657). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=QkybpxkCt3gC&pg=PA146">"Titulus III. Caput. 1. De pisce ανθρωπόμορφω & Remoranti"</a>. Historiae naturalis de piscibus et cetis libri 5. Amstelodamum: Ioannem Iacobi fil. Schipper. pp. 146–147, Tab. XL.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Titulus+III.+Caput.+1.+De+pisce+%CE%B1%CE%BD%CE%B8%CF%81%CF%89%CF%80%CF%8C%CE%BC%CE%BF%CF%81%CF%86%CF%89+%26+Remoranti&rft.btitle=Historiae+naturalis+de+piscibus+et+cetis+libri+5.&rft.place=Amstelodamum&rft.pages=146-147%2C+Tab.+XL&rft.pub=Ioannem+Iacobi+fil.+Schipper&rft.date=1657&rft.aulast=Jonston&rft.aufirst=Johannes&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DQkybpxkCt3gC%26pg%3DPA146&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMermaid" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-jonston1660-nl-312">^ <a href="#cite_ref-jonston1660-nl_312-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-jonston1660-nl_312-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-jonston1660-nl_312-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-jonston1660-nl_312-3">d</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJonston1660" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Johannes_Jonston" class="mw-redirect" title="Johannes Jonston">Jonston, Johannes</a> (1660). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=JxFQAAAAcAAJ&pg=RA1-PA168">"Boek. I. / III. Opschrift./ I. Hooft-St.: Van de visch Anthropomorphus, oft die een menschen-gestalte heeft, en van de Remorant"</a>. Beschryvingh van de Natuur der Vissen en bloedloze Water-dieren. Amsterdam: I. I. Schipper. p. 168, Tab. XL.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Boek.+I.+%2F+III.+Opschrift.%2F+I.+Hooft-St.%3A+Van+de+visch+Anthropomorphus%2C+oft+die+een+menschen-gestalte+heeft%2C+en+van+de+Remorant&rft.btitle=Beschryvingh+van+de+Natuur+der+Vissen+en+bloedloze+Water-dieren&rft.place=Amsterdam&rft.pages=168%2C+Tab.+XL&rft.pub=I.+I.+Schipper&rft.date=1660&rft.aulast=Jonston&rft.aufirst=Johannes&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DJxFQAAAAcAAJ%26pg%3DRA1-PA168&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMermaid" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-ojeda-313">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ojeda_313-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ojeda_313-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ojeda_313-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOjeda2020" class="citation book cs1">Ojeda, Alfonso (2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=1h__DwAAQBAJ&pg=PT55">Cinco historias de la conexión española con la India, Birmania y China: Desde la imprenta a la igualdad de género</a>. Los Libros De La Catarata. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9788413520643" title="Special:BookSources/9788413520643"><bdi>9788413520643</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Cinco+historias+de+la+conexi%C3%B3n+espa%C3%B1ola+con+la+India%2C+Birmania+y+China%3A+Desde+la+imprenta+a+la+igualdad+de+g%C3%A9nero&rft.pub=Los+Libros+De+La+Catarata&rft.date=2020&rft.isbn=9788413520643&rft.aulast=Ojeda&rft.aufirst=Alfonso&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D1h__DwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT55&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMermaid" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-kircher-magnes-314">^ <a href="#cite_ref-kircher-magnes_314-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-kircher-magnes_314-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-kircher-magnes_314-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-kircher-magnes_314-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-kircher-magnes_314-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-kircher-magnes_314-5">f</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKircher1654" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Athanasius_Kircher" title="Athanasius Kircher">Kircher, Athanasius</a> (1654) [1641]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=2KdNIXN0SJUC&pg=PA531">"Lib. III. Pars VI. Caput II. §VI. : De Pisce Anthropomorpho, seu Syrene sanguinem trahente"</a>. Magnes sive De arte magnetica opus tripartitum (3 ed.). Rome: Deuersin et Zanobius Masotti. pp. 531–532.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Lib.+III.+Pars+VI.+Caput+II.+%C2%A7VI.+%3A+De+Pisce+Anthropomorpho%2C+seu+Syrene+sanguinem+trahente&rft.btitle=Magnes+sive+De+arte+magnetica+opus+tripartitum&rft.place=Rome&rft.pages=531-532&rft.edition=3&rft.pub=Deuersin+et+Zanobius+Masotti&rft.date=1654&rft.aulast=Kircher&rft.aufirst=Athanasius&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D2KdNIXN0SJUC%26pg%3DPA531&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMermaid" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-jacob-315"><a href="#cite_ref-jacob_315-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJacob1987" class="citation book cs1">Jacob, Alexander, ed. (1987). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=rNTsCAAAQBAJ&pg=PA431">Henry More. The Immortality of the Soul</a>. Springer/Martinus Nijhoff Publishers. p. 431, n293/7. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-94-010-8112-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-94-010-8112-2"><bdi>978-94-010-8112-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Henry+More.+The+Immortality+of+the+Soul&rft.pages=431%2C+n293%2F7&rft.pub=Springer%2FMartinus+Nijhoff+Publishers&rft.date=1987&rft.isbn=978-94-010-8112-2&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DrNTsCAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA431&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMermaid" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-prichard-316"><a href="#cite_ref-prichard_316-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPrichard1847" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/James_Cowles_Prichard" title="James Cowles Prichard">Prichard, James Cowles</a> (1847). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=wfwWAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA58">Researches into the History of Mankind: History of the Oceanic and American nations</a>. Sherwood, Gilbert & Piper. p. 58.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Researches+into+the+History+of+Mankind%3A+History+of+the+Oceanic+and+American+nations&rft.pages=58&rft.pub=Sherwood%2C+Gilbert+%26+Piper&rft.date=1847&rft.aulast=Prichard&rft.aufirst=James+Cowles&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DwfwWAAAAYAAJ%26pg%3DPA58&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMermaid" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-jongh-317"><a href="#cite_ref-jongh_317-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJongh2004" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Eddy_de_Jongh" title="Eddy de Jongh">Jongh, Eddy de</a> (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=RszqAAAAMAAJ&q=anthropomorphous">Fish: Still Lifes by Dutch and Flemish Masters 1550-1700</a>. Centraal Museum. p. 167. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789059830059" title="Special:BookSources/9789059830059"><bdi>9789059830059</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Fish%3A+Still+Lifes+by+Dutch+and+Flemish+Masters+1550-1700&rft.pages=167&rft.pub=Centraal+Museum&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=9789059830059&rft.aulast=Jongh&rft.aufirst=Eddy+de&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DRszqAAAAMAAJ%26q%3Danthropomorphous&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMermaid" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-colin-318">^ <a href="#cite_ref-colin_318-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-colin_318-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-colin_318-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFColín1663" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-interwiki-linked-name cs1-prop-long-vol"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francisco_Col%C3%ADn" class="extiw" title="es:Francisco Colín">Colín, Francisco</a> [in Spanish] (1663). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=-0BSAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA80">"Lib. I. Cap. XVII. Algunas cosas naturales, proprias, y otras notables destas Islas. § II. Peces, y animales [marginalia: Pez Muller et seqq.]"</a>. Labor Evangelica, Ministerios Apostolicos de los Obreros de la Compañia de Jesus, Fundacion, y Progressos de su Provincia en las Islas Filipinas. Vol. Parte I. Madrid: Por Joseph Fernandez de Buendia. pp. 80–.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Lib.+I.+Cap.+XVII.+Algunas+cosas+naturales%2C+proprias%2C+y+otras+notables+destas+Islas.+%C2%A7+II.+Peces%2C+y+animales+%5Bmarginalia%3A+Pez+Muller+et+seqq.%5D&rft.btitle=Labor+Evangelica%2C+Ministerios+Apostolicos+de+los+Obreros+de+la+Compa%C3%B1ia+de+Jesus%2C+Fundacion%2C+y+Progressos+de+su+Provincia+en+las+Islas+Filipinas&rft.place=Madrid&rft.pages=80-&rft.pub=Por+Joseph+Fernandez+de+Buendia&rft.date=1663&rft.aulast=Col%C3%ADn&rft.aufirst=Francisco&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D-0BSAAAAcAAJ%26pg%3DPA80&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMermaid" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-braeunlein&lauser-319"><a href="#cite_ref-braeunlein&lauser_319-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBräunleinLauser1993" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-interwiki-linked-name"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_J._Br%C3%A4unlein" class="extiw" title="de:Peter J. Bräunlein">Bräunlein, Peter</a> [in German]; Lauser, Andrea (1993). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=IPtvAAAAMAAJ&q=%22Navarrete%22+%22piscis+mulier%22+">Leben in Malula: ein Beitrag zur Ethnographie der Alangan-Mangyan auf Mindoro (Philippinen)</a>. Centaurus-Verlagsgesellschaft. p. 438, n29. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9783890857916" title="Special:BookSources/9783890857916"><bdi>9783890857916</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Leben+in+Malula%3A+ein+Beitrag+zur+Ethnographie+der+Alangan-Mangyan+auf+Mindoro+%28Philippinen%29&rft.pages=438%2C+n29&rft.pub=Centaurus-Verlagsgesellschaft&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=9783890857916&rft.aulast=Br%C3%A4unlein&rft.aufirst=Peter&rft.au=Lauser%2C+Andrea&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DIPtvAAAAMAAJ%26q%3D%2522Navarrete%2522%2B%2522piscis%2Bmulier%2522%2B&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMermaid" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-navarrete-tr-churchill-320">^ <a href="#cite_ref-navarrete-tr-churchill_320-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-navarrete-tr-churchill_320-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-navarrete-tr-churchill_320-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-navarrete-tr-churchill_320-3">d</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChurchillChurchill1704" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Awnsham_Churchill" title="Awnsham Churchill">Churchill, Awnsham</a>; Churchill, John, eds. (1704). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=7rabk_wcv4IC&pg=PA249">"Chapter V. His Stay in Manila"</a>. An Account of the Empire of China, Historical, Political, Moral and Religious.. (in: A Collection of Voyages and Travels, Some Now First Printed from Original Manuscripts. Others Translated Out of Foreign Languages and Now First Publish'd in English). Vol. 1. Black Swan in Pater-Noster-Row. p. 249.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Chapter+V.+His+Stay+in+Manila&rft.btitle=An+Account+of+the+Empire+of+China%2C+Historical%2C+Political%2C+Moral+and+Religious..+%28in%3A+A+Collection+of+Voyages+and+Travels%2C+Some+Now+First+Printed+from+Original+Manuscripts.+Others+Translated+Out+of+Foreign+Languages+and+Now+First+Publish%27d+in+English%29&rft.pages=249&rft.pub=Black+Swan+in+Pater-Noster-Row&rft.date=1704&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D7rabk_wcv4IC%26pg%3DPA249&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMermaid" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-navarrete-tr-cummins-321">^ <a href="#cite_ref-navarrete-tr-cummins_321-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-navarrete-tr-cummins_321-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-navarrete-tr-cummins_321-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-navarrete-tr-cummins_321-3">d</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCummins2017" class="citation book cs1">Cummins, J. S., ed. (2017). "Book VI:The Author's Travels [1646–1674]. Chapter IV. The Author's Stay at Manila". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=-gckDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT129">The Travels and Controversies of Friar Domingo Navarrete, 1616-1686: Volume I</a>. Taylor & Francis. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781317013419" title="Special:BookSources/9781317013419"><bdi>9781317013419</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Book+VI%3AThe+Author%27s+Travels+%5B1646%E2%80%931674%5D.+Chapter+IV.+The+Author%27s+Stay+at+Manila&rft.btitle=The+Travels+and+Controversies+of+Friar+Domingo+Navarrete%2C+1616-1686%3A+Volume+I&rft.pub=Taylor+%26+Francis&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=9781317013419&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D-gckDwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT129&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMermaid" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-322"><a href="#cite_ref-322">^</a> The incidents of capture and localities are as follows (the actual sources/authors will be elaborated in the citation footnotes to follow.): <ul><li>In Kircher and Jonston's writings, the place of capture is given as the Insulas Pictorum near the Visayas,<a href="#cite_note-kircher-magnes-314">[279]</a><a href="#cite_note-jonston1657-latin-311">[276]</a> namely, the "Island[s] of the Artist[s]".<a href="#cite_note-jacob-315">[280]</a> A group of islands within the Visayas (including e.g. (<a href="/wiki/Mindoro" title="Mindoro">Mindoro</a>) was known as the Islas de los Pintados ('Islands of the Painted People').<a href="#cite_note-prichard-316">[281]</a> Therefore referring to the locality as somewher within the present-day Visayas<a href="#cite_note-ojeda-313">[278]</a> The Dutch translation rendered the islands, not as "the Islands of the Painted/Painters", but as "the Picten Islands", in turn understood to mean "the Islands of the Picts".<a href="#cite_note-jongh-317">[282]</a></li> <li>Colin identified the habitat as the Philippine waters and Malacca (<a href="/wiki/Strait_of_Malacca" title="Strait of Malacca">Strait of Malacca</a>).<a href="#cite_note-colin-318">[283]</a></li> <li>Nvarette while visiting Mindro (aforementioned island),<a href="#cite_note-braeunlein&lauser-319">[284]</a> writes of the abundance of fish and the presence of "woman-fish" under the heading o NanboanNanboan<a href="#cite_note-navarrete-tr-churchill-320">[285]</a> (namely <a href="/wiki/Naujan" title="Naujan">Nauján</a>).<a href="#cite_note-navarrete-tr-cummins-321">[286]</a>).</li></ul> </li> <li id="cite_note-323"><a href="#cite_ref-323">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Athanasius_Kircher" title="Athanasius Kircher">Athanasius Kircher</a> Magnes sive De arte magnetica (1641),<a href="#cite_note-kircher-magnes-314">[279]</a> whose account is reiterated in <a href="/wiki/Johannes_Jonston" class="mw-redirect" title="Johannes Jonston">Johannes Jonston</a> Historiae naturalis de piscibus et cetis libri 5 (in Latin, 1657; Dutch translation Beschryvingh van de Natuur der Vissen en bloedloze Water-dieren, 1660).<a href="#cite_note-jonston1660-nl-312">[277]</a> Also <a href="/w/index.php?title=Francisco_Col%C3%ADn&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Francisco Colín (page does not exist)">Francisco Colín</a> [<a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francisco_Col%C3%ADn" class="extiw" title="es:Francisco Colín">es</a>] (1663) Labor evangelica,<a href="#cite_note-colin-318">[283]</a> <a href="/wiki/Domingo_Fern%C3%A1ndez_Navarrete" title="Domingo Fernández Navarrete">Domingo Fernández Navarrete</a> Tratados historicos, politicos, ethicos, y religiosos de la monarchia de China (1676).<a href="#cite_note-navarrete-tr-churchill-320">[285]</a><a href="#cite_note-navarrete-tr-cummins-321">[286]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-polistico-326"><a href="#cite_ref-polistico_326-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPolistico2017" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Polistico, Edgie (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=STSWDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT225">"dugong"</a>. In Haase, Donald (ed.). Philippine Food, Cooking, & Dining Dictionary. Mandaluyong: Anvil Publishing, Inc. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9786214200870" title="Special:BookSources/9786214200870"><bdi>9786214200870</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=dugong&rft.btitle=Philippine+Food%2C+Cooking%2C+%26+Dining+Dictionary&rft.place=Mandaluyong&rft.pub=Anvil+Publishing%2C+Inc.&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=9786214200870&rft.aulast=Polistico&rft.aufirst=Edgie&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DSTSWDwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT225&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMermaid" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-navarrete-tr-blair&robertson-328">^ <a href="#cite_ref-navarrete-tr-blair&robertson_328-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-navarrete-tr-blair&robertson_328-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBlairRobertson1906" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Emma_Helen_Blair" title="Emma Helen Blair">Blair, Emma Helen</a>; <a href="/wiki/James_Alexander_Robertson" title="James Alexander Robertson">Robertson, James Alexander</a>, eds. (1906). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=QcvTAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA29">"Manila and the Philippines about 1650 (concluded). Domingo Fernandez Navarrete, O. P.; Madrid, 1675 [From his Tratados historicos.]"</a>. The Philippine Islands, 1493-1803: Explorations. Vol. 38. <a href="/wiki/Edward_Gaylord_Bourne" title="Edward Gaylord Bourne">Edward Gaylord Bourne</a>, notes. A. H. Clark Company. p. 29.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Manila+and+the+Philippines+about+1650+%28concluded%29.+Domingo+Fernandez+Navarrete%2C+O.+P.%3B+Madrid%2C+1675+%5BFrom+his+Tratados+historicos.%5D&rft.btitle=The+Philippine+Islands%2C+1493-1803%3A+Explorations&rft.pages=29&rft.pub=A.+H.+Clark+Company&rft.date=1906&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DQcvTAAAAMAAJ%26pg%3DPA29&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMermaid" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECastiglioni202122-330"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECastiglioni202122_330-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCastiglioni2021">Castiglioni (2021)</a>, p. 22. </li> <li id="cite_note-331"><a href="#cite_ref-331">^</a> Otsuki Gentaku (1786) Rokumotsu shinshi, fols. 24–<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dl.ndl.go.jp/info:ndljp/pid/2555433/28">25</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-332"><a href="#cite_ref-332">^</a> Appropriating "remedy for hemorrhages" which is Castiglioni's paraphrase<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECastiglioni202122-330">[291]</a> of <a href="/w/index.php?title=%C5%8Ctsuki_Gentaku&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ōtsuki Gentaku (page does not exist)">Ōtsuki Gentaku</a> [<a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E6%A7%BB%E7%8E%84%E6%B2%A2" class="extiw" title="ja:大槻玄沢">ja</a>] writing shiketsu (止血/血を止む, 'stop the bleeding') in his Japanese translation of Johnston.<a href="#cite_note-331">[292]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-333"><a href="#cite_ref-333">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCummins2017">Cummins (2017)</a>, p. 82, footnote. </li> <li id="cite_note-334"><a href="#cite_ref-334">^</a> Colín, on the "Pez Muller" (marginalia) or "Pexe Muller/Duyon" (text): "me pareciò su carne como de torcino gordo" </li> <li id="cite_note-335"><a href="#cite_ref-335">^</a> Navarrete, Cummins tr.: "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=-gckDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT129">singular virtue against Defluxions</a>".<a href="#cite_note-navarrete-tr-cummins-321">[286]</a><a href="#cite_note-navarrete-tr-churchill-320">[285]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPietsch19917–9-336"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPietsch19917–9_336-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFPietsch1991">Pietsch (1991)</a>, p. 7–9. </li> <li id="cite_note-renard-2nd-ed-1754-337">^ <a href="#cite_ref-renard-2nd-ed-1754_337-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-renard-2nd-ed-1754_337-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRenard1754" class="citation book cs1">Renard, Louis (1754). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=10s8hXP9Ej0C&pg=PT6">"monstre ou sirenne"</a>. Poissons, ecrevisses et crabes, de diverses couleurs et figures extraordinaires: que l'on trouve autour des isles Moluques et sur les côtes des terres Australes: peints d'après nature ... Ouvrage ... quit contient un trr̀e grand nombre de poissons les plus beaux & les plus rares de la Mer des Indes. <a href="/wiki/Balthasar_Coyett" title="Balthasar Coyett">Baltazar Coyett</a>, <a href="/wiki/Adriaan_van_der_Stel" title="Adriaan van der Stel">Adrien van der Stell</a> (2 ed.). Amsterdam: Chez Reinier & Josué Ottens. Planche LVII, Nº 240.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=monstre+ou+sirenne&rft.btitle=Poissons%2C+ecrevisses+et+crabes%2C+de+diverses+couleurs+et+figures+extraordinaires%3A+que+l%27on+trouve+autour+des+isles+Moluques+et+sur+les+c%C3%B4tes+des+terres+Australes%3A+peints+d%27apr%C3%A8s+nature+...+Ouvrage+...+quit+contient+un+trr%CC%80e+grand+nombre+de+poissons+les+plus+beaux+%26+les+plus+rares+de+la+Mer+des+Indes&rft.place=Amsterdam&rft.pages=Planche+LVII%2C+N%C2%BA+240&rft.edition=2&rft.pub=Chez+Reinier+%26+Josu%C3%A9+Ottens&rft.date=1754&rft.aulast=Renard&rft.aufirst=Louis&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D10s8hXP9Ej0C%26pg%3DPT6&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMermaid" class="Z3988">(ミシガン大学蔵本) </li> <li id="cite_note-338"><a href="#cite_ref-338">^</a> e.g. <a href="#CITEREFCarrington1957">Carrington (1957)</a>, pp. xi, 11 </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBassett1892191-339"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBassett1892191_339-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBassett1892">Bassett (1892)</a>, p. 191. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPietsch199112–13-341"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPietsch199112–13_341-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFPietsch1991">Pietsch (1991)</a>, pp. 12–13. </li> <li id="cite_note-burr-342">^ <a href="#cite_ref-burr_342-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-burr_342-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-burr_342-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBurr1997" class="citation journal cs1">Burr, Brooks M. (18 February 1997). "Reviewed Work(s): Fishes, Crayfishes, and Crabs. Louis Renard's Natural History of the Rarest Curiosities of the Seas of the Indies by Theodore W. Pietsch". Copeia. 1997 (1): 241–243. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F1447871">10.2307/1447871</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1447871">1447871</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Copeia&rft.atitle=Reviewed+Work%28s%29%3A+Fishes%2C+Crayfishes%2C+and+Crabs.+Louis+Renard%27s+Natural+History+of+the+Rarest+Curiosities+of+the+Seas+of+the+Indies+by+Theodore+W.+Pietsch&rft.volume=1997&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=241-243&rft.date=1997-02-18&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F1447871&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F1447871%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Burr&rft.aufirst=Brooks+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMermaid" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPietsch19915,_7-343">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPietsch19915,_7_343-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPietsch19915,_7_343-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFPietsch1991">Pietsch (1991)</a>, pp. 5, 7. </li> <li id="cite_note-hayward2018-ch05-344"><a href="#cite_ref-hayward2018-ch05_344-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHayward2018b" class="citation book cs1">Hayward, Philip (2018b). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=mrFiDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA91">"Chapter 5. From Dugongs to Sinetrons: Syncretic Mermaids in Indonesian Culture"</a>. In Hayward, Philip (ed.). Scaled for Success: The Internationalisation of the Mermaid. Indiana University Press. pp. 89–106. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0861967322" title="Special:BookSources/978-0861967322"><bdi>978-0861967322</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Chapter+5.+From+Dugongs+to+Sinetrons%3A+Syncretic+Mermaids+in+Indonesian+Culture&rft.btitle=Scaled+for+Success%3A+The+Internationalisation+of+the+Mermaid&rft.pages=89-106&rft.pub=Indiana+University+Press&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=978-0861967322&rft.aulast=Hayward&rft.aufirst=Philip&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DmrFiDwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA91&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMermaid" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-hayward-fallours-345">^ <a href="#cite_ref-hayward-fallours_345-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-hayward-fallours_345-1">b</a> Hayward (2018), pp. 93–94,<a href="#cite_note-hayward2018-ch05-344">[304]</a> citing <a href="#CITEREFPietsch1991">Pietsch (1991)</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-347"><a href="#cite_ref-347">^</a> Louis Renard(1678/79–1746).<a href="#cite_note-burr-342">[302]</a>Poissons, ecrevisses et crabes, de diverses couleurs et figures extraordinaires: que l'on trouve autour des isles Moluques et sur les côtes des terres Australes ('Fish, [Lobsters], Crabs, in Various Colors and Extraordinary Shapes, as Found in the Moluccas and on the Coasts of Australia', first edition 1719, second edition 1754.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPietsch19915,_7-343">[303]</a><a href="#cite_note-hayward-fallours-345">[305]</a><a href="#cite_note-346">[ao]</a> of various marine organisms of the Moluccas region, including this mermaid.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPietsch19915,_7-343">[303]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPietsch19917,_13-348"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPietsch19917,_13_348-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFPietsch1991">Pietsch (1991)</a>, pp. 7, 13. </li> <li id="cite_note-valentyn-deel3-1726-349">^ <a href="#cite_ref-valentyn-deel3-1726_349-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-valentyn-deel3-1726_349-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFValentyn1726" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Valentyn" title="François Valentyn">Valentyn, François</a> (1726). "Verhandling der Water-Dieren: 3de Hoofdstuck. I. Van de Zee-Menschen" [Treatise on the Aquatic Animals of Ambon]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ZHtEAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA330">Oud en Nieuw Oost-Indiën</a> (in Dutch). Vol. 3. Dordrecht/Amsterdam: Johannes van Braam/Gerard onder de Linden. pp. 330–332. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789051942286" title="Special:BookSources/9789051942286"><bdi>9789051942286</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Verhandling+der+Water-Dieren%3A+3de+Hoofdstuck.+I.+Van+de+Zee-Menschen&rft.btitle=Oud+en+Nieuw+Oost-Indi%C3%ABn&rft.place=Dordrecht%2FAmsterdam&rft.pages=330-332&rft.pub=Johannes+van+Braam%2FGerard+onder+de+Linden&rft.date=1726&rft.isbn=9789051942286&rft.aulast=Valentyn&rft.aufirst=Fran%C3%A7ois&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DZHtEAQAAMAAJ%26pg%3DPA330&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMermaid" class="Z3988">, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ZHtEAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA332-IA3">Pl.</a>; <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/oudennieuwoostin03vale/page/n389/mode/2up">(Internet Archive)</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-valentijn-apud-pietsch-350">^ <a href="#cite_ref-valentijn-apud-pietsch_350-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-valentijn-apud-pietsch_350-1">b</a> According to Valentijn/Valentyn (1726), Oud en Nieuw Oost-Indiën, 3, Part 1, pp. 331–332<a href="#cite_note-valentyn-deel3-1726-349">[308]</a> quoted in English translation in <a href="#CITEREFPietsch1991">Pietsch (1991)</a>, p. 7. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPietsch19911,_15-351"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPietsch19911,_15_351-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFPietsch1991">Pietsch (1991)</a>, pp. 1, 15. </li> <li id="cite_note-352"><a href="#cite_ref-352">^</a> François Valentyn, Oud en Nieuw Oost-Indiën, vol. 3.<a href="#cite_note-valentyn-deel3-1726-349">[308]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-suarez_t.-353">^ <a href="#cite_ref-suarez_t._353-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-suarez_t._353-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSuarez2012" class="citation book cs1">Suarez, Thomas (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=wQTQAgAAQBAJ&pg=PT608">"Chapter 15. The Eighteenth and Early Nineteenth Centuries. § François Valentijn and Johannes van Keulen"</a>. Early Mapping of Southeast Asia: The Epic Story of Seafarers, Adventurers, and Cartographers Who First Mapped the Regions Between China and India. Tuttle Publishing. pp. 232–. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781462906963" title="Special:BookSources/9781462906963"><bdi>9781462906963</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Chapter+15.+The+Eighteenth+and+Early+Nineteenth+Centuries.+%C2%A7+Fran%C3%A7ois+Valentijn+and+Johannes+van+Keulen&rft.btitle=Early+Mapping+of+Southeast+Asia%3A+The+Epic+Story+of+Seafarers%2C+Adventurers%2C+and+Cartographers+Who+First+Mapped+the+Regions+Between+China+and+India&rft.pages=232-&rft.pub=Tuttle+Publishing&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=9781462906963&rft.aulast=Suarez&rft.aufirst=Thomas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DwQTQAgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT608&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMermaid" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPietsch19917-354"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPietsch19917_354-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFPietsch1991">Pietsch (1991)</a>, p. 7. </li> <li id="cite_note-yoshioka1993-p38-356"><a href="#cite_ref-yoshioka1993-p38_356-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYoshioka1993" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-interwiki-linked-name cs1-prop-script"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%90%89%E5%B2%A1%E9%83%81%E5%A4%AB" class="extiw" title="ja:吉岡郁夫">Yoshioka, Ikuo</a> [in Japanese] (September 1993). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://tsukuba.repo.nii.ac.jp/record/4441/files/5.pdf">"Ningyo no shinka" <bdi lang="ja">人魚の進化</bdi></a> (PDF). Comparative folklore studies: for folklore studies of Asia (8). Tsukuba University: 38. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0915-7468">0915-7468</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Comparative+folklore+studies%3A+for+folklore+studies+of+Asia&rft.atitle=Ningyo+no+shinka+%E4%BA%BA%E9%AD%9A%E3%81%AE%E9%80%B2%E5%8C%96&rft.issue=8&rft.pages=38&rft.date=1993-09&rft.issn=0915-7468&rft.aulast=Yoshioka&rft.aufirst=Ikuo&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftsukuba.repo.nii.ac.jp%2Frecord%2F4441%2Ffiles%2F5.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMermaid" class="Z3988"> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/2241/14286">URI</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-357"><a href="#cite_ref-357">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHayward2018a">Hayward (2018a)</a>, p. 93; <a href="#CITEREFPietsch1991">Pietsch (1991)</a>, p. 5: "I had the curiosity to lift its fins in front and in back and [found] it was shaped like a woman. Mr. Van der Stel asked me for it and I gave it to him . I think he sent it to Holland". (English tr.) </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPietsch199112-358"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPietsch199112_358-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFPietsch1991">Pietsch (1991)</a>, p. 12. </li> <li id="cite_note-360"><a href="#cite_ref-360">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDennys1876" class="citation book cs1">Dennys, Nicholas Belfield (1876). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/folklorechinaan00denngoog">The Folk-Lore of China, and Its Affinities with That of the Aryan and Semitic Races</a>. 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Life and Death in the Animal Kingdom"</a>, The Shows of London, Harvard University Press, pp. 302–303, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780674807310" title="Special:BookSources/9780674807310"><bdi>9780674807310</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Chapter+22.+Life+and+Death+in+the+Animal+Kingdom&rft.btitle=The+Shows+of+London&rft.pages=302-303&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=1978&rft.isbn=9780674807310&rft.aulast=Altick&rft.aufirst=Richard+Daniel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D5d3BJvgwNykC%26pg%3DPA302&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMermaid" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-webster-EB1891-369"><a href="#cite_ref-webster-EB1891_369-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWebster1891" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/Hugh_Alexander_Webster" title="Hugh Alexander Webster">Webster, Hugh Alexander</a> (1891). 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Vol. 16 (9 ed.). pp. 44–45.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica%3A+A+Dictionary+of+Arts%2C+Sciences%2C+and+General+Literature&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+Britannica&rft.pages=44-45&rft.edition=9&rft.date=1891&rft.aulast=Webster&rft.aufirst=Hugh+Alexander&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D_Oloj5zFGzgC%26pg%3DPA44&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMermaid" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-370"><a href="#cite_ref-370">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBabin2012" class="citation news cs1">Babin, Tom (28 September 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190908061002/http://www.calgaryherald.com/close+personal+with+Banff+Merman+Banff+Indian+Trading+Post/7316708/story.html">"Up close and personal with the Banff Merman at the Banff Indian Trading Post"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Calgary_Herald" title="Calgary Herald">Calgary Herald</a>. 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Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press. pp. x, 38–40. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-801-43609-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-801-43609-5"><bdi>0-801-43609-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Feejee+mermaid&rft.btitle=The+Feejee+mermaid+and+other+essays+in+natural+and+unnatural+history&rft.place=Ithaca%2C+NY&rft.pages=x%2C+38-40&rft.pub=Cornell+University+Press&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=0-801-43609-5&rft.aulast=Bondeson&rft.aufirst=Jan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DA4dXDwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA36&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMermaid" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBondeson199961–62-373"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBondeson199961–62_373-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBondeson1999">Bondeson (1999)</a>, pp. 61–62. </li> <li id="cite_note-374"><a href="#cite_ref-374">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGudger1934" class="citation journal cs1">Gudger, E. 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Shūwa system. p. 53. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9784798065076" title="Special:BookSources/9784798065076"><bdi>9784798065076</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Ningyo+%E4%BA%BA%E9%AD%9A&rft.btitle=Aramata+Hiroshi+no+Nihon+zenkoku+y%C5%8Dkai+mappu+%E3%82%A2%E3%83%A9%E3%83%9E%E3%82%BF%E3%83%92%E3%83%AD%E3%82%B7%E3%81%AE%E6%97%A5%E6%9C%AC%E5%85%A8%E5%9B%BD%E5%A6%96%E6%80%AA%E3%83%9E%E3%83%83%E3%83%97&rft.pages=53&rft.pub=Sh%C5%ABwa+system&rft.date=2021&rft.isbn=9784798065076&rft.aulast=Aramata&rft.aufirst=Hiroshi&rft.au=%C5%8Cya%2C+Yasunori&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DZtRMEAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA53&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMermaid" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-honma-376">^ <a href="#cite_ref-honma_376-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-honma_376-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-honma_376-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHonma2005" class="citation cs2 cs1-prop-script cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Honma, Yoshiharu (1 October 2005), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dl.ndl.go.jp/view/prepareDownload?itemId=info%3Andljp%2Fpid%2F10943943&contentNo=1">"Nihon korai no ningyo, ryūgūnotsukai no seibutsugaku" <bdi lang="ja">日本古来の人魚、リュウグウノツカイの生物学</bdi></a>, Japan Sea Rim Studies (in Japanese) (11): 126–127</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Japan+Sea+Rim+Studies&rft.atitle=Nihon+korai+no+ningyo%2C+ry%C5%ABg%C5%ABnotsukai+no+seibutsugaku+%E6%97%A5%E6%9C%AC%E5%8F%A4%E6%9D%A5%E3%81%AE%E4%BA%BA%E9%AD%9A%E3%80%81%E3%83%AA%E3%83%A5%E3%82%A6%E3%82%B0%E3%82%A6%E3%83%8E%E3%83%84%E3%82%AB%E3%82%A4%E3%81%AE%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E5%AD%A6&rft.issue=11&rft.pages=126-127&rft.date=2005-10-01&rft.aulast=Honma&rft.aufirst=Yoshiharu&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdl.ndl.go.jp%2Fview%2FprepareDownload%3FitemId%3Dinfo%253Andljp%252Fpid%252F10943943%26contentNo%3D1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMermaid" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-patten-377"><a href="#cite_ref-patten_377-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPatten1992" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Robert_L._Patten" title="Robert L. Patten">Patten, Robert L.</a> (1992), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=lHF4j4YPaSsC&pg=PA237">"Chapter 15. Thorough-bred Artist"</a>, George Cruikshank's Life, Times and Art: Volume 1, 1792-1835, Rutgers University Press, p. 237, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780813518138" title="Special:BookSources/9780813518138"><bdi>9780813518138</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Chapter+15.+Thorough-bred+Artist&rft.btitle=George+Cruikshank%27s+Life%2C+Times+and+Art%3A+Volume+1%2C+1792-1835&rft.pages=237&rft.pub=Rutgers+University+Press&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=9780813518138&rft.aulast=Patten&rft.aufirst=Robert+L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DlHF4j4YPaSsC%26pg%3DPA237&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMermaid" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-mori_baien-379"><a href="#cite_ref-mori_baien_379-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMōri1825" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-script"><a href="/wiki/M%C5%8Dri_Baien" title="Mōri Baien">Mōri, Baien</a> (1825). "Ningyo" <bdi lang="ja">人魚</bdi>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dl.ndl.go.jp/info:ndljp/pid/1286914/29">Baien gyofu <bdi lang="ja">梅園魚譜</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Ningyo+%E4%BA%BA%E9%AD%9A&rft.btitle=Baien+gyofu+%E6%A2%85%E5%9C%92%E9%AD%9A%E8%AD%9C&rft.date=1825&rft.aulast=M%C5%8Dri&rft.aufirst=Baien&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdl.ndl.go.jp%2Finfo%3Andljp%2Fpid%2F1286914%2F29&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMermaid" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEViscardiHollinsheadMacFarlaneMoffat2014102-380"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEViscardiHollinsheadMacFarlaneMoffat2014102_380-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFViscardiHollinsheadMacFarlaneMoffat2014">Viscardi et al. (2014)</a>, p. 102. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEYamaguchi201098-381"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEYamaguchi201098_381-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFYamaguchi2010">Yamaguchi (2010)</a>, p. 98. </li> <li id="cite_note-miyazaki-382"><a href="#cite_ref-miyazaki_382-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMiyazakiFukuoka_Archive_Kenkyūkai2009" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-interwiki-linked-name cs1-prop-script"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%AE%AE%E5%B4%8E%E5%85%8B%E5%89%87" class="extiw" title="ja:宮崎克則">Miyazaki, Katsunori</a> [in Japanese]; Fukuoka Archive Kenkyūkai, eds. (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=fXNMAQAAIAAJ&q=人魚">Kaempfer ya Siebold tachi ga mita Kyūshū sosshite Nipon <bdi lang="ja">ケンペルやシーボルトたちが見た九州、そしてニッポン</bdi></a>. Kaichōsha. p. 149. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9784874157275" title="Special:BookSources/9784874157275"><bdi>9784874157275</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Kaempfer+ya+Siebold+tachi+ga+mita+Ky%C5%ABsh%C5%AB+sosshite+Nipon+%E3%82%B1%E3%83%B3%E3%83%9A%E3%83%AB%E3%82%84%E3%82%B7%E3%83%BC%E3%83%9C%E3%83%AB%E3%83%88%E3%81%9F%E3%81%A1%E3%81%8C%E8%A6%8B%E3%81%9F%E4%B9%9D%E5%B7%9E%E3%80%81%E3%81%9D%E3%81%97%E3%81%A6%E3%83%8B%E3%83%83%E3%83%9D%E3%83%B3&rft.pages=149&rft.pub=Kaich%C5%8Dsha&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=9784874157275&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DfXNMAQAAIAAJ%26q%3D%E4%BA%BA%E9%AD%9A&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMermaid" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-383"><a href="#cite_ref-383">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLey1939" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Willy_Ley" title="Willy Ley">Ley, Willy</a> (1939). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=rSNGAAAAYAAJ&q=">"Jenny+Haniver" "Basilisk and Jenny Haniver"</a>. 4H-Horizons. 3: 22.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=4H-Horizons&rft.atitle=Basilisk+and+Jenny+Haniver&rft.volume=3&rft.pages=22&rft.date=1939&rft.aulast=Ley&rft.aufirst=Willy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DrSNGAAAAYAAJ%26q%3D%22Jenny%2BHaniver%22&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMermaid" class="Z3988">; reprinted in The Lungfish, the Dodo, and the Unicorn (New York: Viking, 1948), pp. 57–66: "And then there existed a European equivalent to the Eastern Mermaid, the 'Jenny Haniver'  ..." </li> <li id="cite_note-384"><a href="#cite_ref-384">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYanni2005" class="citation book cs1">Yanni, Carla (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=nT3hJxTKoeEC&pg=PA20">Nature's Museums: Victorian Science and the Architecture of Display</a> (1st pbk. ed.). New York: Princeton Architectural Press. p. 20. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-56898-472-3" title="Special:BookSources/1-56898-472-3"><bdi>1-56898-472-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Nature%27s+Museums%3A+Victorian+Science+and+the+Architecture+of+Display&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=20&rft.edition=1st+pbk.&rft.pub=Princeton+Architectural+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=1-56898-472-3&rft.aulast=Yanni&rft.aufirst=Carla&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DnT3hJxTKoeEC%26pg%3DPA20&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMermaid" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-kokai-385"><a href="#cite_ref-kokai_385-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKokai2017" class="citation book cs1">Kokai, Jennifer A. (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=L7I3DwAAQBAJ&pg=PA45">Swim Pretty: Aquatic Spectacles and the Performance of Race, Gender, and Nature</a>. Carbondale, Illinois: Southern Illinois University Press. pp. 44–46. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780809336005" title="Special:BookSources/9780809336005"><bdi>9780809336005</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Swim+Pretty%3A+Aquatic+Spectacles+and+the+Performance+of+Race%2C+Gender%2C+and+Nature&rft.place=Carbondale%2C+Illinois&rft.pages=44-46&rft.pub=Southern+Illinois+University+Press&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=9780809336005&rft.aulast=Kokai&rft.aufirst=Jennifer+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DL7I3DwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA45&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMermaid" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-386"><a href="#cite_ref-386">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFConnolly2012" class="citation news cs1">Connolly, Kevin P. (5 July 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.orlandosentinel.com/2012/07/05/weeki-wachee-mermaids-other-aquatic-humanoids-are-unreal-feds-say/">"Florida mermaids not real: Weeki Wachee mermaids, other 'aquatic humanoids' are unreal, feds say"</a>. Orlando Sentinel. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130518142942/http://articles.orlandosentinel.com/2012-07-05/news/os-florida-mermaids-weeki-wachee-20120705_1_mermaids-website-atmospheric-administration">Archived</a> from the original on 18 May 2013. Retrieved 26 July 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Orlando+Sentinel&rft.atitle=Florida+mermaids+not+real%3A+Weeki+Wachee+mermaids%2C+other+%27aquatic+humanoids%27+are+unreal%2C+feds+say&rft.date=2012-07-05&rft.aulast=Connolly&rft.aufirst=Kevin+P.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.orlandosentinel.com%2F2012%2F07%2F05%2Fweeki-wachee-mermaids-other-aquatic-humanoids-are-unreal-feds-say%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMermaid" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-wired1-387"><a href="#cite_ref-wired1_387-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchiller2012" class="citation magazine cs1">Schiller, Jakob (20 April 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wired.com/rawfile/2012/04/professional-mermaids-are-lost-treasure-of-florida-park/">"Professional Mermaids Are Lost Treasure of Florida Park"</a>. Wired. Retrieved 26 July 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Wired&rft.atitle=Professional+Mermaids+Are+Lost+Treasure+of+Florida+Park&rft.date=2012-04-20&rft.aulast=Schiller&rft.aufirst=Jakob&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.wired.com%2Frawfile%2F2012%2F04%2Fprofessional-mermaids-are-lost-treasure-of-florida-park%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMermaid" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-388"><a href="#cite_ref-388">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAbbey2012" class="citation web cs1">Abbey, Melissa (5 July 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120725164446/http://articles.cnn.com/2012-07-05/us/us_mermaids-noaa_1_weeki-wachee-springs-noaa-atmospheric-administration?_s=PM%3AUS">"Mermaids don't exist... or do they?"</a>. CNN. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://articles.cnn.com/2012-07-05/us/us_mermaids-noaa_1_weeki-wachee-springs-noaa-atmospheric-administration?_s=PM:US">the original</a> on 25 July 2012. Retrieved 26 July 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Mermaids+don%27t+exist...+or+do+they%3F&rft.pub=CNN&rft.date=2012-07-05&rft.aulast=Abbey&rft.aufirst=Melissa&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Farticles.cnn.com%2F2012-07-05%2Fus%2Fus_mermaids-noaa_1_weeki-wachee-springs-noaa-atmospheric-administration%3F_s%3DPM%3AUS&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMermaid" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-nukada-389"><a href="#cite_ref-nukada_389-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNukada1965" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol">Nukada, Minoru (1965). Rahn, Herrman; Yokoyama, Tetsuro (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nap.nationalacademies.org/read/18843/chapter/4">"Historical Development of the Ama's Diving Activities"</a>. Physiology of Breath-Hold Diving and the Ama of Japan: Papers. Publication 1341: 25–41. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.17226%2F18843">10.17226/18843</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-309-30765-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-309-30765-9"><bdi>978-0-309-30765-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Physiology+of+Breath-Hold+Diving+and+the+Ama+of+Japan%3A+Papers&rft.atitle=Historical+Development+of+the+Ama%27s+Diving+Activities&rft.volume=Publication+1341&rft.pages=25-41&rft.date=1965&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.17226%2F18843&rft.isbn=978-0-309-30765-9&rft.aulast=Nukada&rft.aufirst=Minoru&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnap.nationalacademies.org%2Fread%2F18843%2Fchapter%2F4&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMermaid" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-390"><a href="#cite_ref-390">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStott2004" class="citation book cs1">Stott, Rebecca (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=3qx2ELi_roMC&pg=PA194">Oyster</a>. London: Reaktion Books. p. 194. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-86189-221-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-86189-221-8"><bdi>978-1-86189-221-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Oyster&rft.place=London&rft.pages=194&rft.pub=Reaktion+Books&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-1-86189-221-8&rft.aulast=Stott&rft.aufirst=Rebecca&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D3qx2ELi_roMC%26pg%3DPA194&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMermaid" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-391"><a href="#cite_ref-391">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSteingass2013" class="citation web cs1">Steingass, Sheanna (30 October 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190307201459/http://www.deepseanews.com/2013/10/fishful-thinking-five-reasons-why-mermaids-cant-physically-exist/">"Five Reasons Why Mermaids Can't Physically Exist"</a>. DeepSeaNews. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.deepseanews.com/2013/10/fishful-thinking-five-reasons-why-mermaids-cant-physically-exist/">the original</a> on 7 March 2019. Retrieved 17 March 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=DeepSeaNews&rft.atitle=Five+Reasons+Why+Mermaids+Can%27t+Physically+Exist&rft.date=2013-10-30&rft.aulast=Steingass&rft.aufirst=Sheanna&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.deepseanews.com%2F2013%2F10%2Ffishful-thinking-five-reasons-why-mermaids-cant-physically-exist%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMermaid" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-392"><a href="#cite_ref-392">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBanse1990" class="citation journal cs1">Banse, Karl (January 1990). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120916235532/http://web.uvic.ca/~starzom/Banse1990_MermaidBiology.pdf">"Mermaids – Their Biology, Culture, and Demise"</a> (PDF). Limnology and Oceanography. 35 (1): 148–153. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1990LimOc..35..148B">1990LimOc..35..148B</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.4319%2Flo.1990.35.1.0148">10.4319/lo.1990.35.1.0148</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://web.uvic.ca/~starzom/Banse1990_MermaidBiology.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 16 September 2012. Retrieved 17 March 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Limnology+and+Oceanography&rft.atitle=Mermaids+%26ndash%3B%26%2332%3B+Their+Biology%2C+Culture%2C+and+Demise&rft.volume=35&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=148-153&rft.date=1990-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.4319%2Flo.1990.35.1.0148&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1990LimOc..35..148B&rft.aulast=Banse&rft.aufirst=Karl&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fweb.uvic.ca%2F~starzom%2FBanse1990_MermaidBiology.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMermaid" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-dundes-393"><a href="#cite_ref-dundes_393-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDundes2002" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Alan_Dundes" title="Alan Dundes">Dundes, Alan</a> (2002), "The Trident and the Fork: Disney's 'The Little Mermaid' as a male construct", <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=MCi_ye_0k2EC&pg=PA56">Bloody Mary in the Mirror: Essays in Psychoanalytic Folkloristics</a>, Lauren Dundes, University Press of Mississippi, p. 56, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-578-06461-9" title="Special:BookSources/1-578-06461-9"><bdi>1-578-06461-9</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Trident+and+the+Fork%3A+Disney%27s+%27The+Little+Mermaid%27+as+a+male+construct&rft.btitle=Bloody+Mary+in+the+Mirror%3A+Essays+in+Psychoanalytic+Folkloristics&rft.pages=56&rft.pub=University+Press+of+Mississippi&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=1-578-06461-9&rft.aulast=Dundes&rft.aufirst=Alan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DMCi_ye_0k2EC%26pg%3DPA56&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMermaid" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Dinnerstein-394"><a href="#cite_ref-Dinnerstein_394-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDinnerstein1963" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Dorothy_Dinnerstein" title="Dorothy Dinnerstein">Dinnerstein, Dorothy</a> (1963), The Mermaid and the Minotaur, New York: Harper & Row</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Mermaid+and+the+Minotaur&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Harper+%26+Row&rft.date=1963&rft.aulast=Dinnerstein&rft.aufirst=Dorothy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMermaid" class="Z3988">. Cited by <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2">"History", <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20061213040757/http://northstargallery.com/mermaids/MermaidHistory2.htm">Mermaids</a>, Northstar Gallery, archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://northstargallery.com/mermaids/MermaidHistory2.htm">the original</a> on 13 December 2006, retrieved 20 December 2006</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=History&rft.btitle=Mermaids&rft.pub=Northstar+Gallery&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnorthstargallery.com%2Fmermaids%2FMermaidHistory2.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMermaid" class="Z3988">. </li> <li id="cite_note-397"><a href="#cite_ref-397">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAndersen1893" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Hans_Christian_Andersen" title="Hans Christian Andersen">Andersen, Hans Christian</a> (1893). "The Little Mermaid". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ezZDAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA1">The Little Mermaid and Other Stories</a>. Translated by <a href="/wiki/Robert_Nisbet_Bain" title="Robert Nisbet Bain">Robert Nisbet Bain</a>. Illustrated by <a href="/wiki/John_Reinhard_Weguelin" title="John Reinhard Weguelin">John Reinhard Weguelin</a>. London: Lawrence and Bullen. pp. 1–36.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Little+Mermaid&rft.btitle=The+Little+Mermaid+and+Other+Stories&rft.place=London&rft.pages=1-36&rft.pub=Lawrence+and+Bullen&rft.date=1893&rft.aulast=Andersen&rft.aufirst=Hans+Christian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DezZDAQAAMAAJ%26pg%3DPA1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMermaid" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-398"><a href="#cite_ref-398">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPowell2001" class="citation book cs1">Powell, John, ed. (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=3N3uj_wo-_kC&pg=PA20">Biographical dictionary of literary influences: the nineteenth century, 1800–1914</a>. Westport, CT: Greenwood Press. p. 20. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-313-30422-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-313-30422-4"><bdi>978-0-313-30422-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Biographical+dictionary+of+literary+influences%3A+the+nineteenth+century%2C+1800%E2%80%931914&rft.place=Westport%2C+CT&rft.pages=20&rft.pub=Greenwood+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-313-30422-4&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D3N3uj_wo-_kC%26pg%3DPA20&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMermaid" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-399"><a href="#cite_ref-399">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrandes1902" class="citation book cs1">Brandes, George Morris Cohen (1902). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=UUbZAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA301">The Romantic School in Germany (1873)</a>. New York: The Macmillan Co. p. 301.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Romantic+School+in+Germany+%281873%29&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=301&rft.pub=The+Macmillan+Co&rft.date=1902&rft.aulast=Brandes&rft.aufirst=George+Morris+Cohen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DUUbZAAAAMAAJ%26pg%3DPA301&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMermaid" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-400"><a href="#cite_ref-400">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWullschläger2002" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Jackie_Wullschl%C3%A4ger" title="Jackie Wullschläger">Wullschläger, Jackie</a> (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/hanschristianand0000wull">Hans Christian Andersen: the life of a storyteller</a>. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/hanschristianand0000wull/page/176">176</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-226-91747-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-226-91747-4"><bdi>978-0-226-91747-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hans+Christian+Andersen%3A+the+life+of+a+storyteller&rft.place=Chicago%2C+IL&rft.pages=176&rft.pub=University+of+Chicago+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-226-91747-4&rft.aulast=Wullschl%C3%A4ger&rft.aufirst=Jackie&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fhanschristianand0000wull&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMermaid" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-401"><a href="#cite_ref-401">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mermaidsofearth.com/">Mermaids of Earth</a> (map)</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mermaids+of+Earth&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mermaidsofearth.com%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMermaid" class="Z3988">. </li> <li id="cite_note-402"><a href="#cite_ref-402">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPrettejohn2008" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_Prettejohn" title="Elizabeth Prettejohn">Prettejohn, Elizabeth</a>; et al. (2008), J. W. Waterhouse: The Modern Pre-Raphaelite, London: Thames & Hudson, p. 144, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-8586-490-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-8586-490-5"><bdi>978-90-8586-490-5</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=J.+W.+Waterhouse%3A+The+Modern+Pre-Raphaelite&rft.place=London&rft.pages=144&rft.pub=Thames+%26+Hudson&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-90-8586-490-5&rft.aulast=Prettejohn&rft.aufirst=Elizabeth&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMermaid" class="Z3988">. </li> <li id="cite_note-rhodes-403">^ <a href="#cite_ref-rhodes_403-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-rhodes_403-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRhodes2016" class="citation book cs1">Rhodes, Kimberly (2016) [2008]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=AkQrDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA118">Ophelia and Victorian Visual Culture: Representing Body Politics in the Nineteenth Century</a>. Routledge. p. 118. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781351555678" title="Special:BookSources/9781351555678"><bdi>9781351555678</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ophelia+and+Victorian+Visual+Culture%3A+Representing+Body+Politics+in+the+Nineteenth+Century&rft.pages=118&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=9781351555678&rft.aulast=Rhodes&rft.aufirst=Kimberly&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DAkQrDwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA118&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMermaid" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-fraser-prehistory-west-404">^ <a href="#cite_ref-fraser-prehistory-west_404-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-fraser-prehistory-west_404-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFFraser2017">Fraser (2017)</a>, Chapter 1. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=EP-WDgAAQBAJ&pg=PT15">§ Prehistory: Mermaids in the West</a>"<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=EP-WDgAAQBAJ&pg=PT15">end of section</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-406"><a href="#cite_ref-406">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKestner1989">Kestner (1989)</a>, p. 300, the exact language is "jeune fille fatale". </li> <li id="cite_note-407"><a href="#cite_ref-407">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChiu2010" class="citation web cs1">Chiu, Felicity Fei-Hsien (16 July 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121027123219/http://www.wretch.cc/blog/phesha0822/13941275">"Taiwan New Sound Concert–Requiem for the 228 Incident"</a>. Wretch. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wretch.cc/blog/phesha0822/13941275">the original</a> on 27 October 2012. Retrieved 24 July 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Taiwan+New+Sound+Concert%E2%80%93Requiem+for+the+228+Incident&rft.pub=Wretch&rft.date=2010-07-16&rft.aulast=Chiu&rft.aufirst=Felicity+Fei-Hsien&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.wretch.cc%2Fblog%2Fphesha0822%2F13941275&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMermaid" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-WDFAtimeline-408"><a href="#cite_ref-WDFAtimeline_408-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMoore2004" class="citation cs2">Moore, Roger (20 June 2004), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121107224831/http://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/orlandosentinel/access/653286501.html?FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:FT&date=Jun+20%2C+2004&author=Roger+Moore%2C+Sentinel+Movie+Critic&pub=Orlando+Sentinel&edition=&startpage=F.1&desc=AFTER+THE+MAGIC+%3B+SCORES+OF+FORMER+DISNEY+ANIMATORS+AND+THEIR+COLLEAGUES+HAVE+DISPERSED+TO+LAUNCH+THEIR+OWN+STUDIOS%2C+SEEK+NEW+CAREERS+AND+DISCOVER+NEW+IDENTITIES+--+DETERMINED+TO+LAND+ON+THEIR+FEET.">"After the Magic; Scores of Former Disney Animators and Their Colleagues Have Dispersed to Launch Their Own Studios, Seek New Careers and Discover New Identities – Determined to Land on Their Feet"</a>, <a href="/wiki/Orlando_Sentinel" title="Orlando Sentinel">Orlando Sentinel</a>, pp. F1, archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/orlandosentinel/access/653286501.html?FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:FT&date=Jun+20%2C+2004&author=Roger+Moore%2C+Sentinel+Movie+Critic&pub=Orlando+Sentinel&edition=&startpage=F.1&desc=AFTER+THE+MAGIC+%3B+SCORES+OF+FORMER+DISNEY+ANIMATORS+AND+THEIR+COLLEAGUES+HAVE+DISPERSED+TO+LAUNCH+THEIR+OWN+STUDIOS%2C+SEEK+NEW+CAREERS+AND+DISCOVER+NEW+IDENTITIES+--+DETERMINED+TO+LAND+ON+THEIR+FEET.">the original</a> on 7 November 2012, retrieved 8 May 2010</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Orlando+Sentinel&rft.atitle=After+the+Magic%3B+Scores+of+Former+Disney+Animators+and+Their+Colleagues+Have+Dispersed+to+Launch+Their+Own+Studios%2C+Seek+New+Careers+and+Discover+New+Identities+%26ndash%3B%26%2332%3B+Determined+to+Land+on+Their+Feet&rft.pages=F1&rft.date=2004-06-20&rft.aulast=Moore&rft.aufirst=Roger&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpqasb.pqarchiver.com%2Forlandosentinel%2Faccess%2F653286501.html%3FFMT%3DABS%26FMTS%3DABS%3AFT%26date%3DJun%2B20%252C%2B2004%26author%3DRoger%2BMoore%252C%2BSentinel%2BMovie%2BCritic%26pub%3DOrlando%2BSentinel%26edition%3D%26startpage%3DF.1%26desc%3DAFTER%2BTHE%2BMAGIC%2B%253B%2BSCORES%2BOF%2BFORMER%2BDISNEY%2BANIMATORS%2BAND%2BTHEIR%2BCOLLEAGUES%2BHAVE%2BDISPERSED%2BTO%2BLAUNCH%2BTHEIR%2BOWN%2BSTUDIOS%252C%2BSEEK%2BNEW%2BCAREERS%2BAND%2BDISCOVER%2BNEW%2BIDENTITIES%2B--%2BDETERMINED%2BTO%2BLAND%2BON%2BTHEIR%2BFEET.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMermaid" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-409"><a href="#cite_ref-409">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090402194119/http://dvd.ign.com/articles/737/737058p1.html">"Double Dip Digest: The Little Mermaid"</a>. 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(2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=7-qRZK9YXDgC&pg=PA121">Fourteenth Century England</a>. Vol. 2. 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(12 April 2001). The Middle English Physiologus: A Critical Translation and Commentary (M.A., English Literature). Virginia Polytechnic Institute and University. pp. 85–90. <a href="/wiki/CiteSeerX_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="CiteSeerX (identifier)">CiteSeerX</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.557.6420">10.1.1.557.6420</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Adissertation&rft.title=The+Middle+English+Physiologus%3A+A+Critical+Translation+and+Commentary&rft.inst=Virginia+Polytechnic+Institute+and+University&rft.date=2001-04-12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fciteseerx.ist.psu.edu%2Fviewdoc%2Fsummary%3Fdoi%3D10.1.1.557.6420%23id-name%3DCiteSeerX&rft.aulast=Armistead&rft.aufirst=Mary+Allyson&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMermaid" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBacchilegaBrown2019" class="citation cs2">Bacchilega, Cristina; Brown, Marie Alohalani, eds. (2019), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=d16IDwAAQBAJ&pg=PR1">The Penguin Book of Mermaids</a>, vol. 1, Penguin, pp. i–xxiv, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780525505570" title="Special:BookSources/9780525505570"><bdi>9780525505570</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Penguin+Book+of+Mermaids&rft.pages=i-xxiv&rft.pub=Penguin&rft.date=2019&rft.isbn=9780525505570&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dd16IDwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPR1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMermaid" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBassett1892" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Fletcher_S._Bassett" title="Fletcher S. Bassett">Bassett, Fletcher S.</a> (1892) [1885]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=UcYsAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA148">"Chapter IV. Water-Sprites and Mermaids"</a>. Sea Phantoms: Or, Legends and Superstitions of the Sea and of Sailors in All Lands and at All Times (Rev. ed.). Chicago: Rinehart & Company, Inc. pp. 148–201.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Chapter+IV.+Water-Sprites+and+Mermaids&rft.btitle=Sea+Phantoms%3A+Or%2C+Legends+and+Superstitions+of+the+Sea+and+of+Sailors+in+All+Lands+and+at+All+Times&rft.place=Chicago&rft.pages=148-201&rft.edition=Rev.&rft.pub=Rinehart+%26+Company%2C+Inc.&rft.date=1892&rft.aulast=Bassett&rft.aufirst=Fletcher+S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DUcYsAQAAMAAJ%26pg%3DPA148&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMermaid" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBenwellWaugh1965" class="citation cs2">Benwell, Gwen; <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Waugh_(author)" class="mw-redirect" title="Arthur Waugh (author)">Waugh, Arthur</a> (1965), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=9SESAQAAIAAJ">Sea Enchantress: The Tale of the Mermaid and Her Kin</a>, Bloomington: Citadel Press, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9787800555169" title="Special:BookSources/9787800555169"><bdi>9787800555169</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sea+Enchantress%3A+The+Tale+of+the+Mermaid+and+Her+Kin&rft.place=Bloomington&rft.pub=Citadel+Press&rft.date=1965&rft.isbn=9787800555169&rft.aulast=Benwell&rft.aufirst=Gwen&rft.au=Waugh%2C+Arthur&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D9SESAQAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMermaid" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBirrell_tr.2000" class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=eOUYcJXKrO8C">The Classic of Mountains and Seas</a>. Translated by Birrell, Anne. Penguin Books. 2000. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780140447194" title="Special:BookSources/9780140447194"><bdi>9780140447194</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Classic+of+Mountains+and+Seas&rft.pub=Penguin+Books&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=9780140447194&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DeOUYcJXKrO8C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMermaid" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBriggs1976" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Katharine_M._Briggs" class="mw-redirect" title="Katharine M. Briggs">Briggs, K. M.</a> (1976). An Encyclopedia of Fairies, Hobgoblins, Brownies, Boogies, and Other Supernatural Creatures. Random House. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-394-73467-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-394-73467-X"><bdi>0-394-73467-X</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=An+Encyclopedia+of+Fairies%2C+Hobgoblins%2C+Brownies%2C+Boogies%2C+and+Other+Supernatural+Creatures&rft.pub=Random+House&rft.date=1976&rft.isbn=0-394-73467-X&rft.aulast=Briggs&rft.aufirst=K.+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMermaid" class="Z3988"> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090401003144/http://www.gtj.org.uk/en/small/item/GTJ64526/">Older archived version</a>, with brief synopsis and commentary</li></ul></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCarrington1957" class="citation book cs1">Carrington, Richard (1957). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=z_2yAAAAIAAJ">Mermaids and Mastodons</a>. 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Brasília: Instituto Nacional do Livro.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dicion%C3%A1rio+do+folclore+brasileiro&rft.place=Bras%C3%ADlia&rft.edition=2&rft.pub=Instituto+Nacional+do+Livro&rft.date=1962&rft.aulast=Cascudo&rft.aufirst=Lu%C3%ADs+da+C%C3%A2mara&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DaVUNAQAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMermaid" class="Z3988">: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=q1UNAQAAMAAJ">Vol. 2 (J–Z)</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCastiglioni2021" class="citation journal cs1">Castiglioni, Andrea (2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ZP4SAAAAIAAJ&q=polypus">"The Human-Fish"</a>. 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Romania. 74 (296): 433–506. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3406%2Froma.1953.3384">10.3406/roma.1953.3384</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Romania&rft.atitle=La+queue+de+poisson+des+sir%C3%A8nes&rft.volume=74&rft.issue=296&rft.pages=433-506&rft.date=1953&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3406%2Froma.1953.3384&rft.aulast=Faral&rft.aufirst=Edmond&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.persee.fr%2Fdoc%2Froma_0035-8029_1953_num_74_296_3384&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMermaid" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFaye1833" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="/wiki/Andreas_Faye" title="Andreas Faye">Faye, Andreas</a> (1833). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=RitXAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA63">"Havmænd og Havfruer"</a>. 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Wayne State University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780814342459" title="Special:BookSources/9780814342459"><bdi>9780814342459</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Pleasures+of+Metamorphosis%3A+Japanese+and+English+Fairy+Tale+Transformations+of+%22The+Little+Mermaid%22&rft.pub=Wayne+State+University+Press&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=9780814342459&rft.aulast=Fraser&rft.aufirst=Lucy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DEP-WDgAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMermaid" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGeorgeYapp1991" class="citation book cs1">George, Wilma B.; <a href="/wiki/William_Brunsdon_Yapp" title="William Brunsdon Yapp">Yapp, William Brunsdon</a> (1991). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=qtoPAQAAMAAJ&q=siren">The Naming of the Beasts: Natural History in the Medieval Bestiary</a>. Duckworth. pp. 99–100. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780715622384" title="Special:BookSources/9780715622384"><bdi>9780715622384</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Naming+of+the+Beasts%3A+Natural+History+in+the+Medieval+Bestiary&rft.pages=99-100&rft.pub=Duckworth&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=9780715622384&rft.aulast=George&rft.aufirst=Wilma+B.&rft.au=Yapp%2C+William+Brunsdon&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DqtoPAQAAMAAJ%26q%3Dsiren&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMermaid" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGrimmStallybrass_tr.1883" class="citation book cs1">—— (1883). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=8ektAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA439">"XVII. 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Journal of Museum Ethnography (27 Brave New Worlds: Transforming Museum Ethnography through Technology: Papers from the Annual Conference of the Museum Ethnographers Group Held at Brighton Museum & Art Gallery, in Association with the University of Brighton, 15–16 April 2013): 98–116. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/43915865">43915865</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Museum+Ethnography&rft.atitle=Mermaids+Uncovered&rft.issue=27+Brave+New+Worlds%3A+Transforming+Museum+Ethnography+through+Technology%3A+Papers+from+the+Annual+Conference+of+the+Museum+Ethnographers+Group+Held+at+Brighton+Museum+%26+Art+Gallery%2C+in+Association+with+the+University+of+Brighton%2C+15%E2%80%9316+April+2013&rft.pages=98-116&rft.date=2014&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F43915865%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Viscardi&rft.aufirst=Paolo&rft.au=Hollinshead%2C+Anita&rft.au=MacFarlane%2C+Ross&rft.au=Moffat%2C+James&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMermaid" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWaugh1960" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Waugh_(author)" class="mw-redirect" title="Arthur Waugh (author)">Waugh, Arthur</a> (1960). "The Folklore of the Merfolk". Folklore. 71 (2): 73–84. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F0015587x.1960.9717221">10.1080/0015587x.1960.9717221</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1258382">1258382</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Folklore&rft.atitle=The+Folklore+of+the+Merfolk&rft.volume=71&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=73-84&rft.date=1960&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F0015587x.1960.9717221&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F1258382%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Waugh&rft.aufirst=Arthur&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMermaid" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWood2018" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Juliette_Wood" title="Juliette Wood">Wood, Juliette</a> (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=48tjDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA49">"Ch. 2: Lingering in sea caves: The world of the mermaid"</a>. Fantastic Creatures in Mythology and Folklore: From Medieval Times to the Present Day. Bloomsbury Publishing. pp. 49–92. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-441-13060-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-441-13060-0"><bdi>978-1-441-13060-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Ch.+2%3A+Lingering+in+sea+caves%3A+The+world+of+the+mermaid&rft.btitle=Fantastic+Creatures+in+Mythology+and+Folklore%3A+From+Medieval+Times+to+the+Present+Day&rft.pages=49-92&rft.pub=Bloomsbury+Publishing&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=978-1-441-13060-0&rft.aulast=Wood&rft.aufirst=Juliette&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D48tjDwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA49&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMermaid" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYamaguchi2010" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-script">Yamaguchi, Naoki (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=aHrWDbOvVIsC&pg=PA90">"Chapter 2: Ningyo" <bdi lang="ja">第2章: 人魚</bdi></a>. Ketteiban yōkai mīra kanzen FILE <bdi lang="ja">決定版妖怪ミイラ完全FILE</bdi>. Gakken Publishing. pp. 46–103. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9784054044517" title="Special:BookSources/9784054044517"><bdi>9784054044517</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Chapter+2%3A+Ningyo+%E7%AC%AC2%E7%AB%A0%3A+%E4%BA%BA%E9%AD%9A&rft.btitle=Ketteiban+y%C5%8Dkai+m%C4%ABra+kanzen+FILE+%E6%B1%BA%E5%AE%9A%E7%89%88%E5%A6%96%E6%80%AA%E3%83%9F%E3%82%A4%E3%83%A9%E5%AE%8C%E5%85%A8FILE&rft.pages=46-103&rft.pub=Gakken+Publishing&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=9784054044517&rft.aulast=Yamaguchi&rft.aufirst=Naoki&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DaHrWDbOvVIsC%26pg%3DPA90&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMermaid" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div> <style 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style="background: #F2C1D1;;width:1%;background: #F2C1D1;">Related articles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C3%81lfheimr" title="Álfheimr">Álfheimr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_sacred_trees" title="Celtic sacred trees">Celtic sacred trees</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Changeling" title="Changeling">Changeling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elfshot" title="Elfshot">Elfshot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fairy_godmother" title="Fairy godmother">Fairy godmother</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fairy-lock" title="Fairy-lock">Fairy-lock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fairy_painting" title="Fairy painting">Fairy painting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fairy_riding" title="Fairy riding">Fairy riding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fairy_tale" title="Fairy tale">Fairy tale</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_fairy_tales" title="List of fairy tales">List</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fairy_Tale_(color)" class="mw-redirect" title="Fairy Tale (color)">Fairy Tale (color)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Familiar" title="Familiar">Familiar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genius_loci" title="Genius loci">Genius loci</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Household_deity" title="Household deity">Household deity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungry_grass" title="Hungry grass">Hungry grass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nature_spirit" class="mw-redirect" title="Nature spirit">Nature spirit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tutelary_deity" title="Tutelary deity">Tutelary deity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_spirit" title="Water spirit">Water spirit</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #F2C1D1;;width:1%;background: #F2C1D1;">Abodes and structures</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fairy_fort" title="Fairy fort">Fairy fort</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fairyland" title="Fairyland">Fairyland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fairy_path" title="Fairy path">Fairy path</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fairy_ring" title="Fairy ring">Fairy ring</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background: #FADBEB;;background: #F8D2E2;"><div id="Attested_fairies" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Attested fairies</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FADBEB;;width:1%">A–E</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adhene" title="Adhene">Adhene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aibell" title="Aibell">Aibell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alp-luachra" class="mw-redirect" title="Alp-luachra">Alp Luachra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anjana_(Cantabrian_mythology)" title="Anjana (Cantabrian mythology)">Anjana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aos_S%C3%AD" title="Aos Sí">Aos Sí (Aes Sídhe)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arkan_Sonney" class="mw-redirect" title="Arkan Sonney">Arkan Sonney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asrai" title="Asrai">Asrai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baobhan_sith" title="Baobhan sith">Baobhan sith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banshee" title="Banshee">Banshee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barghest" title="Barghest">Barghest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bean_nighe" class="mw-redirect" title="Bean nighe">Bean nighe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Billy_Blind" title="Billy Blind">Billy Blind</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bir%C3%B3g" title="Biróg">Biróg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bloody_Bones" title="Bloody Bones">Bloody Bones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bluecap" title="Bluecap">Bluecap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blue_men_of_the_Minch" title="Blue men of the Minch">Blue men of the Minch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bodach" title="Bodach">Bodach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boggart" title="Boggart">Boggart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bogle" title="Bogle">Bogle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boobrie" title="Boobrie">Boobrie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brag_(folklore)" title="Brag (folklore)">Brag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brownie_(folklore)" title="Brownie (folklore)">Brownie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brown_Man_of_the_Muirs" title="Brown Man of the Muirs">Brown Man of the Muirs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bucca_(mythological_creature)" title="Bucca (mythological creature)">Bucca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buggane" title="Buggane">Buggane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bugbear" title="Bugbear">Bugbear</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bugul_Noz" title="Bugul Noz">Bugul Noz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caoineag" title="Caoineag">Caoineag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cat_s%C3%ACth" class="mw-redirect" title="Cat sìth">Cat sìth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C%C3%B9_S%C3%ACth" class="mw-redirect" title="Cù Sìth">Cù Sìth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ceffyl_D%C5%B5r" title="Ceffyl Dŵr">Ceffyl Dŵr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cl%C3%ADodhna" title="Clíodhna">Clíodhna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clurichaun" title="Clurichaun">Clurichaun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coblynau" class="mw-redirect" title="Coblynau">Coblynau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colt_pixie" title="Colt pixie">Colt pixie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyhyraeth" title="Cyhyraeth">Cyhyraeth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drude" title="Drude">Drude</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duende_(mythology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Duende (mythology)">Duende</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simonside_Dwarfs" title="Simonside Dwarfs">Duergar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dullahan" title="Dullahan">Dullahan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dunnie" title="Dunnie">Dunnie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Each-uisge" title="Each-uisge">Each-uisge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elf" title="Elf">Elf</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alp_(folklore)" title="Alp (folklore)">Alp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D%C3%B6kk%C3%A1lfar_and_Lj%C3%B3s%C3%A1lfar" title="Dökkálfar and Ljósálfar">Dökkálfar and Ljósálfar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elegast" title="Elegast">Elegast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erlking" title="Erlking">Erlking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hulduf%C3%B3lk" title="Huldufólk">Huldufólk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queen_of_Elphame" title="Queen of Elphame">Queen of Elphame</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Svart%C3%A1lfar" title="Svartálfar">Svartálfar</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FADBEB;;width:1%">F–L</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fachan" title="Fachan">Fachan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fairy_Queen" title="Fairy Queen">Fairy Queen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Far_darrig" title="Far darrig">Fear dearg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fear_gorta" title="Fear gorta">Fear gorta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fenodyree" title="Fenodyree">Fenodyree</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finfolk" title="Finfolk">Finfolk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finvarra" title="Finvarra">Finvarra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fuath" title="Fuath">Fuath</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gancanagh" title="Gancanagh">Gancanagh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghillie_Dhu" title="Ghillie Dhu">Ghillie Dhu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glaistig" title="Glaistig">Glaistig</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glashtyn" title="Glashtyn">Glashtyn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Groac%27h" title="Groac'h">Groac'h</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grindylow" title="Grindylow">Grindylow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gwragedd_Annwn" title="Gwragedd Annwn">Gwragedd Annwn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gwyllion" title="Gwyllion">Gwyllion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gwyn_ap_Nudd" title="Gwyn ap Nudd">Gwyn ap Nudd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Habetrot" title="Habetrot">Habetrot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hag" title="Hag">Hag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haltija" title="Haltija">Haltija</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Hedley_Kow" title="The Hedley Kow">The Hedley Kow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heinzelm%C3%A4nnchen" title="Heinzelmännchen">Heinzelmännchen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hinzelmann" title="Hinzelmann">Hinzelmann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hob_(folklore)" title="Hob (folklore)">Hob</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hobbididance" title="Hobbididance">Hobbididance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hobgoblin" title="Hobgoblin">Hobgoblin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/H%C3%B6dekin" title="Hödekin">Hödekin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iannic-ann-%C3%B4d" title="Iannic-ann-ôd">Iannic-ann-ôd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jack-o%27-lantern" title="Jack-o'-lantern">Jack-o'-lantern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jack_o%27_the_bowl" title="Jack o' the bowl">Jack o' the bowl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jenny_Greenteeth" title="Jenny Greenteeth">Jenny Greenteeth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joan_the_Wad" title="Joan the Wad">Joan the Wad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joint-eater" title="Joint-eater">Joint-eater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kelpie" title="Kelpie">Kelpie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kilmoulis" title="Kilmoulis">Kilmoulis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Knocker_(folklore)" title="Knocker (folklore)">Knocker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Knucker" title="Knucker">Knucker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kobold" title="Kobold">Kobold</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Klabautermann" title="Klabautermann">Klabautermann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korrigan" title="Korrigan">Korrigan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lady_of_the_Lake" title="Lady of the Lake">Lady of the Lake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lazy_Laurence" title="Lazy Laurence">Lazy Laurence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leanan_s%C3%ADdhe" title="Leanan sídhe">Leanan sídhe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leprechaun" title="Leprechaun">Leprechaun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lubber_fiend" title="Lubber fiend">Lubber fiend</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lutin" title="Lutin">Lutin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ly_Erg" title="Ly Erg">Ly Erg</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FADBEB;;width:1%">M–Z</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mare_(folklore)" title="Mare (folklore)">Mare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Margot_the_fairy" title="Margot the fairy">Margot the fairy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maggy_Moulach" title="Maggy Moulach">Meg Mullach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melusine" title="Melusine">Melusine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Merrow" title="Merrow">Merrow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mooinjer_veggey" title="Mooinjer veggey">Mooinjer veggey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morgen_(mythological_creature)" title="Morgen (mythological creature)">Morgen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morvarc%27h" title="Morvarc'h">Morvarc'h</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moss_people" title="Moss people">Moss people</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nain_Rouge" title="Nain Rouge">Nain Rouge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nelly_Longarms" title="Nelly Longarms">Nelly Longarms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicnevin" title="Nicnevin">Nicnevin/Gyre-Carling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nisse_(folklore)" title="Nisse (folklore)">Nisse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nixie_(folklore)" title="Nixie (folklore)">Nixie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuckelavee" title="Nuckelavee">Nuckelavee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuggle" title="Nuggle">Nuggle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oberon" title="Oberon">Oberon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peg_Powler" title="Peg Powler">Peg Powler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pillywiggin" title="Pillywiggin">Pillywiggin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pixie" title="Pixie">Pixie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/P%C3%BAca" title="Púca">Púca/Pwca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Puck_(folklore)" title="Puck (folklore)">Puck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R%C3%A5" title="Rå">Rå</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bergsr%C3%A5" title="Bergsrå">Bergsrå</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hulder" title="Hulder">Hulder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radande" class="mw-redirect" title="Radande">Radande</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sj%C3%B6r%C3%A5" title="Sjörå">Sjörå</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skogsr%C3%A5" title="Skogsrå">Skogsrå</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Redcap" title="Redcap">Redcap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schrat" title="Schrat">Schrat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sebile" title="Sebile">Sebile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Selkie" title="Selkie">Selkie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seonaidh" title="Seonaidh">Seonaidh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shellycoat" title="Shellycoat">Shellycoat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sleih_beggey" title="Sleih beggey">Sleih beggey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sluagh" title="Sluagh">Sluagh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spriggan" title="Spriggan">Spriggan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sprite_(folklore)" title="Sprite (folklore)">Sprite/Water sprite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sylph" title="Sylph">Sylph</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tomte" class="mw-redirect" title="Tomte">Tomte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tooth_fairy" title="Tooth fairy">Tooth fairy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trow_(folklore)" title="Trow (folklore)">Trow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tylwyth_Teg" title="Tylwyth Teg">Tylwyth Teg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Undine" title="Undine">Undine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_bull" title="Water bull">Water bull</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_horse" title="Water horse">Water horse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wicked_fairy_(Sleeping_Beauty)" title="Wicked fairy (Sleeping Beauty)">Wicked fairy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wight" title="Wight">Wight</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Will-o%27-the-wisp" title="Will-o'-the-wisp">Will-o'-the-wisp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wirry-cow" title="Wirry-cow">Wirry-cow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xana" title="Xana">Xana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yallery_Brown" title="Yallery Brown">Yallery Brown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yan-gant-y-tan" title="Yan-gant-y-tan">Yan-gant-y-tan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background: #FADBEB;;background: #F8D2E2;"><div id="Fairy-like_beings_worldwide" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Fairy-like beings worldwide</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FADBEB;;width:1%">Worldwide</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bogeyman" title="Bogeyman">Bogeyman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crone" title="Crone">Crone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humanoid" title="Humanoid">Humanoid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Incubus" title="Incubus">Incubus</a>/<a href="/wiki/Succubus" title="Succubus">Succubus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Little_people_(mythology)" title="Little people (mythology)">Little people</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Merfolk" title="Merfolk">Merfolk</a> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Mermaid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Merman" title="Merman">Merman</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FADBEB;;width:1%">Africa</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abatwa" class="mw-redirect" title="Abatwa">Abatwa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asanbosam" class="mw-redirect" title="Asanbosam">Asanbosam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aziza_(African_mythology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Aziza (African mythology)">Aziza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Werehyena" title="Werehyena">Bultungin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eloko" title="Eloko">Eloko</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jengu" title="Jengu">Jengu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kishi_(folklore)" title="Kishi (folklore)">Kishi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mami_Wata" title="Mami Wata">Mami Wata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Obayifo" title="Obayifo">Obayifo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rompo" title="Rompo">Rompo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simbi" title="Simbi">Simbi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tikoloshe" title="Tikoloshe">Tikoloshe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yumboes" title="Yumboes">Yumboes</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FADBEB;;width:1%">Americas</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alux" title="Alux">Alux</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anchimayen" title="Anchimayen">Anchimayen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caipora" title="Caipora">Caipora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canotila" title="Canotila">Canotila</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chaneque" title="Chaneque">Chaneque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christmas_elf" title="Christmas elf">Christmas elf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Curupira" title="Curupira">Curupira</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Encantado_(mythology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Encantado (mythology)">Encantado</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fearsome_critters" title="Fearsome critters">Fearsome critters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grey_alien" title="Grey alien">Grey alien</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kelly%E2%80%93Hopkinsville_encounter" title="Kelly–Hopkinsville encounter">Hopkinsville Goblins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Little_people_(mythology)#Native_American_folklore" title="Little people (mythology)">Ishigaq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jogah" title="Jogah">Jogah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Little_green_men" title="Little green men">Little green men</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muki_(mythology)" title="Muki (mythology)">Muki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nimerigar" title="Nimerigar">Nimerigar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nordic_alien" class="mw-redirect" title="Nordic alien">Nordic alien</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/N%C3%BB%C3%B1n%C3%AB%27h%C3%AF" title="Nûñnë'hï">Nûñnë'hï</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pombero" title="Pombero">Pombero</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pukwudgie" title="Pukwudgie">Pukwudgie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saci_(Brazilian_folklore)" title="Saci (Brazilian folklore)">Saci</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trauco" title="Trauco">Trauco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Little_people_(mythology)#Native_American_folklore" title="Little people (mythology)">Yunwi Tsunsdi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FADBEB;;width:1%">Asia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anito" title="Anito">Diwata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dokkaebi" title="Dokkaebi">Dokkaebi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fallen_angel" title="Fallen angel">Fallen angel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fox_spirit" title="Fox spirit">Fox spirit</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/H%E1%BB%93_ly_tinh" title="Hồ ly tinh">Hồ ly tinh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huli_jing" class="mw-redirect" title="Huli jing">Huli jing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huxian" title="Huxian">Huxian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inari_%C5%8Ckami" title="Inari Ōkami">Inari Ōkami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kitsune" title="Kitsune">Kitsune</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kumiho" title="Kumiho">Kumiho</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hyang" title="Hyang">Hyang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irshi" title="Irshi">Irshi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jinn" title="Jinn">Jinn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kijimuna" title="Kijimuna">Kijimuna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korpokkur" title="Korpokkur">Korpokkur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mazzikin" title="Mazzikin">Mazzikin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mogwai_(Chinese_culture)" title="Mogwai (Chinese culture)">Mogwai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mrenh_kongveal" title="Mrenh kongveal">Mrenh kongveal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orang_bunian" title="Orang bunian">Orang bunian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peri" class="mw-redirect" title="Peri">Peri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Preta" title="Preta">Preta</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hungry_ghost" title="Hungry ghost">Hungry ghost</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tennin" title="Tennin">Tennin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yaksha" title="Yaksha">Yaksha</a>/<a href="/wiki/Yakshini" title="Yakshini">Yakshini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Y%C5%8Dkai" title="Yōkai">Yōkai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Y%C5%8Dsei" title="Yōsei">Yōsei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zashiki-warashi" title="Zashiki-warashi">Zashiki warashi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FADBEB;;width:1%">Oceania</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bunyip" title="Bunyip">Bunyip</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manaia_(mythological_creature)" title="Manaia (mythological creature)">Manaia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Menehune" title="Menehune">Menehune</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mimi_(folklore)" title="Mimi (folklore)">Mimis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muldjewangk" title="Muldjewangk">Muldjewangk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nawao" title="Nawao">Nawao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patupaiarehe" title="Patupaiarehe">Patupaiarehe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taniwha" title="Taniwha">Taniwha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tipua" title="Tipua">Tipua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wandjina" title="Wandjina">Wandjina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yara-ma-yha-who" title="Yara-ma-yha-who">Yara-ma-yha-who</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FADBEB;;width:1%">Europe</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FADBEB;;width:1%">Eastern</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bannik" title="Bannik">Bannik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C%C4%83pc%C4%83un" title="Căpcăun">Căpcăun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Domovoy" title="Domovoy">Domovoy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iele" title="Iele">Iele</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karze%C5%82ek" title="Karzełek">Karzełek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kikimora" title="Kikimora">Kikimora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leshy" title="Leshy">Leshy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lid%C3%A9rc" title="Lidérc">Lidérc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Likho" title="Likho">Likho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ovinnik" title="Ovinnik">Ovinnik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polevik" title="Polevik">Polevik</a></li> <li>Psotnik</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rusalka" title="Rusalka">Rusalka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C3%A2nzian%C4%83" title="Sânziană">Sânziană</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siren_(mythology)" title="Siren (mythology)">Siren</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spiridu%C8%99" title="Spiriduș">Spiriduș</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ursitory" title="Ursitory">Ursitory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vadleany" class="mw-redirect" title="Vadleany">Vadleany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/V%C3%A2lv%C4%83" title="Vâlvă">Vâlvă</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/V%C3%A2ntoase" title="Vântoase">Vântoase</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vodyanoy" title="Vodyanoy">Vodyanoy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Z%C3%A2n%C4%83" title="Zână">Zână</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FADBEB;;width:1%">Northern</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aitvaras" title="Aitvaras">Aitvaras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ajatar" title="Ajatar">Ajatar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Badb" title="Badb">Badb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_dog_(folklore)" title="Black dog (folklore)">Black dog</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gabija" title="Gabija">Gabija</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gremlin" title="Gremlin">Gremlin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haltija" title="Haltija">Haltija</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Headless_Horseman" title="Headless Horseman">Headless Horseman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hiisi" title="Hiisi">Hiisi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jack_Frost" title="Jack Frost">Jack Frost</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jimmy_Squarefoot" title="Jimmy Squarefoot">Jimmy Squarefoot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lauma" title="Lauma">Lauma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mennink%C3%A4inen" title="Menninkäinen">Menninkäinen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morgan_Le_Fay" class="mw-redirect" title="Morgan Le Fay">Morgan Le Fay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pictish_Beast" title="Pictish Beast">Pictish Beast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Troll" title="Troll">Troll</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tuatha_D%C3%A9_Danann" title="Tuatha Dé Danann">Tuatha Dé Danann</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FADBEB;;width:1%">Southern</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Basajaun" title="Basajaun">Basajaun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Centaur" title="Centaur">Centaur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cercopes" title="Cercopes">Cercopes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Circe" title="Circe">Circe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dionysus" title="Dionysus">Dionysus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donas_de_fuera" class="mw-redirect" title="Donas de fuera">Doñas de fuera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Farfadet" title="Farfadet">Farfadet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Faun" title="Faun">Faun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hecate" title="Hecate">Hecate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hippocampus_(mythology)" title="Hippocampus (mythology)">Hippocampus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kallikantzaros" title="Kallikantzaros">Kallikantzaros</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kobalos" title="Kobalos">Kobalos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lamia_(Basque_mythology)" title="Lamia (Basque mythology)">Lamina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mairu" title="Mairu">Mairu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mouros" title="Mouros">Mouro</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Enchanted_Moura" title="Enchanted Moura">Enchanted Moura</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nymph" title="Nymph">Nymph</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nymph#List" title="Nymph">List</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pan_(god)" title="Pan (god)">Pan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satyr" title="Satyr">Satyr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silenus" title="Silenus">Silenus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siren_(mythology)" title="Siren (mythology)">Siren</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Squasc" title="Squasc">Squasc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thiasus" title="Thiasus">Thiasus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trenti" title="Trenti">Trenti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vila_(fairy)" title="Vila (fairy)">Vila</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FADBEB;;width:1%">Western</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dames_blanches" title="Dames blanches">Dames blanches</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dusios" title="Dusios">Dusios</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dwarf_(folklore)" title="Dwarf (folklore)">Dwarf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imp" title="Imp">Imp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lorelei#Original_folklore_and_modern_myth" title="Lorelei">Lorelei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perchta" title="Perchta">Perchta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venusberg_(mythology)" title="Venusberg (mythology)">Venus in German legend</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vittra_(folklore)" title="Vittra (folklore)">Vittra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Witte_Wieven" title="Witte Wieven">Witte Wieven</a>/<a href="/wiki/Wei%C3%9Fe_Frauen" title="Weiße Frauen">Weiße Frauen</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FADBEB;;width:1%">Cross-regional</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christmas_gift-bringer" title="Christmas gift-bringer">Christmas gift-bringer</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Santa_Claus" title="Santa Claus">Santa Claus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Companions_of_Saint_Nicholas" title="Companions of Saint Nicholas">Companions of</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elemental" title="Elemental">Elemental</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fates" title="Fates">Fates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goblin" title="Goblin">Goblin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gnome" title="Gnome">Gnome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_depictions_of_salamanders" title="Cultural depictions of salamanders">Salamander</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sandman" title="Sandman">Sandman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wild_man" title="Wild man">Wild man</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FADBEB;;width:1%">See also</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_hybrid_creatures_in_folklore" title="List of hybrid creatures in folklore">List of hybrid creatures in folklore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_beings_referred_to_as_fairies" title="List of beings referred to as fairies">List of beings referred to as fairies</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background: #F2C1D1;"><div> <dl><dd><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Fairies" title="Category:Fairies">Category</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Heraldry" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Heraldry" title="Template:Heraldry"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Heraldry" title="Template talk:Heraldry"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Heraldry" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Heraldry"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Heraldry" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Heraldry" title="Heraldry">Heraldry</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Heraldic_authority" title="Heraldic authority">Authorities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grant_of_arms" title="Grant of arms">Grant of arms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_heraldry" title="History of heraldry">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_of_heraldic_arms" title="Law of heraldic arms">Law of arms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Officer_of_arms" title="Officer of arms">Officers of arms</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/King_of_Arms" class="mw-redirect" title="King of Arms">King of Arms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herald" title="Herald">herald</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pursuivant" title="Pursuivant">pursuivant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Private_officer_of_arms" title="Private officer of arms">private</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Types</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_coat_of_arms" title="National coat of arms">National</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arms_of_dominion" title="Arms of dominion">dominion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civic_heraldry" title="Civic heraldry">civic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecclesiastical_heraldry" title="Ecclesiastical heraldry">Ecclesiastical</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Papal_armorial" class="mw-redirect" title="Papal armorial">papal</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burgher_arms" title="Burgher arms">Burgher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_heraldry" title="Women in heraldry">Women</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Attributed_arms" title="Attributed arms">Attributed</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Armiger" title="Armiger">Armiger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Augmentation_of_honour" title="Augmentation of honour">Augmentation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abatement_(heraldry)" title="Abatement (heraldry)">abatement</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_and_modern_arms" title="Ancient and modern arms">Ancient and modern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arms_of_alliance" title="Arms of alliance">Alliance</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Heraldic_courtesy" title="Heraldic courtesy">courtesy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blazon" title="Blazon">Blazon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cadency" title="Cadency">Cadency</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Marks_of_distinction" title="Marks of distinction">distinction</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canting_arms" title="Canting arms">Canting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Debased_heraldry" title="Debased heraldry">Debased</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Field_(heraldry)" title="Field (heraldry)">Field</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Division_of_the_field" title="Division of the field">divisions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Variation_of_the_field" title="Variation of the field">variations</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heraldic_fraud" title="Heraldic fraud">Fraud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heraldry#Marshalling" title="Heraldry">Marshalling</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Quartering_(heraldry)" title="Quartering (heraldry)">quartering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Impalement_(heraldry)" title="Impalement (heraldry)">impalement</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Heraldic_traditions_by_country" title="Template:Heraldic traditions by country">National traditions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heraldry_societies" title="Heraldry societies">Societies</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Achievement_(heraldry)" title="Achievement (heraldry)">Achievement</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms" title="Coat of arms">Coat of arms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crown_(heraldry)" title="Crown (heraldry)">Crowns and coronets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crest_(heraldry)" title="Crest (heraldry)">Crest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Compartment_(heraldry)" title="Compartment (heraldry)">Compartment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Escutcheon_(heraldry)" title="Escutcheon (heraldry)">Escutcheon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helmet_(heraldry)" title="Helmet (heraldry)">Helmet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mantling" title="Mantling">Mantling</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mantle_and_pavilion_(heraldry)" title="Mantle and pavilion (heraldry)">pavilion</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Motto" title="Motto">Motto</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Slogan_(heraldry)" title="Slogan (heraldry)">slogan</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supporter" title="Supporter">Supporter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Torse" title="Torse">Torse</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Charge_(heraldry)" title="Charge (heraldry)">Charges</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Attitude_(heraldry)" title="Attitude (heraldry)">Attitudes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erasure_(heraldry)" class="mw-redirect" title="Erasure (heraldry)">Erasure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fimbriation" title="Fimbriation">Fimbriation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Line_(heraldry)" title="Line (heraldry)">Lines</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ordinary_(heraldry)" title="Ordinary (heraldry)">Ordinaries</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Annulet_(heraldry)" title="Annulet (heraldry)">Annulet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bar_(heraldry)" title="Bar (heraldry)">Bar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bend_(heraldry)" title="Bend (heraldry)">Bend</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bordure" title="Bordure">Bordure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canton_(heraldry)" title="Canton (heraldry)">Canton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chevron_(insignia)" title="Chevron (insignia)">Chevron</a> (<a href="/wiki/%C5%81%C4%99kawica_(ordinary)" title="Łękawica (ordinary)">Łękawica</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Compon%C3%A9e" title="Componée">Componée</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crosses_in_heraldry" title="Crosses in heraldry">Cross</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crozier_head" title="Crozier head">Crozier head</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chief_(heraldry)" title="Chief (heraldry)">Chief</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fess" title="Fess">Fess</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flaunch" title="Flaunch">Flaunch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goutte" title="Goutte">Goutte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gyron" title="Gyron">Gyron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hamade" title="Hamade">Hamade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inescutcheon" title="Inescutcheon">Inescutcheon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Label_(heraldry)" title="Label (heraldry)">Label</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lozenge_(heraldry)" title="Lozenge (heraldry)">Lozenge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orle_(heraldry)" title="Orle (heraldry)">Orle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pale_(heraldry)" title="Pale (heraldry)">Pale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pall_(heraldry)" title="Pall (heraldry)">Pall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pile_(heraldry)" title="Pile (heraldry)">Pile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roundel_(heraldry)" title="Roundel (heraldry)">Roundel</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bezant" title="Bezant">Bezant</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saltire" title="Saltire">Saltire</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Beasts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bear_in_heraldry" title="Bear in heraldry">Bear</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boars_in_heraldry" title="Boars in heraldry">Boar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cattle#In_heraldry" title="Cattle">Bull/ox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hound_(heraldry)" title="Hound (heraldry)">Dog/hound</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giraffe" title="Giraffe">Camelopard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deer#Heraldic" title="Deer">Hind/stag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kangaroo_emblems_and_popular_culture" title="Kangaroo emblems and popular culture">Kangaroo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leopard_(heraldry)" title="Leopard (heraldry)">Leopard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lion_(heraldry)" title="Lion (heraldry)">Lion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wolves_in_heraldry" title="Wolves in heraldry">Wolf</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Birds</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alerion" title="Alerion">Alerion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_swan_emblems_and_popular_culture" title="Black swan emblems and popular culture">Black swan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rooster#Emblems" class="mw-redirect" title="Rooster">Cock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crow_(heraldry)" title="Crow (heraldry)">Crow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doves_as_symbols" title="Doves as symbols">Dove</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eagle_(heraldry)" title="Eagle (heraldry)">Eagle</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Szaszor" title="Szaszor">Szaszor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Przepaska" class="mw-redirect" title="Przepaska">Przepaska</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martlet" title="Martlet">Martlet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pelican#Heraldry" title="Pelican">Pelican</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bee_(heraldry)" title="Bee (heraldry)">Bee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crapaud#Heraldry" title="Crapaud">Crapaudy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dolphin_(heraldry)" title="Dolphin (heraldry)">Dolphin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emmet_(heraldry)" title="Emmet (heraldry)">Emmet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ged_(heraldry)" title="Ged (heraldry)">Ged</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Esox#Heraldry" title="Esox">Lucy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portcullis#Heraldry" title="Portcullis">Portcullis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bat_(heraldry)" title="Bat (heraldry)">Reremouse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scallop#Badge" title="Scallop">Scallop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serpent_symbolism#Flags_and_heraldry" title="Serpent symbolism">Serpent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wolfsangel" title="Wolfsangel">Wolfsangel</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Legendary_creature" title="Legendary creature">Legendary</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Allocamelus" title="Allocamelus">Allocamelus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alphyn" title="Alphyn">Alphyn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amphiptere" title="Amphiptere">Amphiptere</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basilisk" title="Basilisk">Basilisk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biscione" title="Biscione">Biscione</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chollima" class="mw-redirect" title="Chollima">Chollima</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cockatrice" title="Cockatrice">Cockatrice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dragon" title="Dragon">Dragon</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_dragon" title="Chinese dragon">Chinese</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enfield_(heraldry)" title="Enfield (heraldry)">Enfield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garuda" title="Garuda">Garuda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Griffin" title="Griffin">Griffin/Keythong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harpy" title="Harpy">Harpy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hippocampus_(mythology)" title="Hippocampus (mythology)">Hippocampus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hippogriff" title="Hippogriff">Hippogriff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lampago" title="Lampago">Lampago</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lindworm" title="Lindworm">Lindworm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manticore" title="Manticore">Manticore</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Mermaid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Musimon" title="Musimon">Musimon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ouroboros" title="Ouroboros">Ouroboros</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pantheon_(mythical_creature)" title="Pantheon (mythical creature)">Pantheon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panther_(legendary_creature)" title="Panther (legendary creature)">Panther</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pegasus" title="Pegasus">Pegasus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phoenix_(mythology)" title="Phoenix (mythology)">Phoenix</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salamanders_in_folklore" class="mw-redirect" title="Salamanders in folklore">Salamander</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sea-griffin" title="Sea-griffin">Sea-griffin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sea-lion" title="Sea-lion">Sea-lion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tyger_(heraldry)" title="Tyger (heraldry)">Tyger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unicorn" title="Unicorn">Unicorn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Winged_lion" title="Winged lion">Winged lion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wild_man" title="Wild man">Woodwose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wyvern" title="Wyvern">Wyvern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yale_(mythical_creature)" title="Yale (mythical creature)">Yale</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Plants</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fleur-de-lis" title="Fleur-de-lis">Fleur-de-lis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laurel_wreath#As_used_in_heraldry" title="Laurel wreath">Laurel wreath</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oak#Regional_and_state" title="Oak">Oak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quatrefoil" title="Quatrefoil">Quatrefoil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rose_(heraldry)" title="Rose (heraldry)">Rose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shamrock#Symbol_of_Ireland" title="Shamrock">Shamrock</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Trefoil" title="Trefoil">Trefoil</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thistle#Heraldry" title="Thistle">Thistle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turnip#Heraldry" title="Turnip">Turnip</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seeblatt" title="Seeblatt">Waterlily/Seeblatt</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Heraldic_knot" title="Heraldic knot">Knots</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bourchier_knot" title="Bourchier knot">Bourchier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bowen_knot" title="Bowen knot">Bowen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Savoy_knot" title="Savoy knot">Cavendish/Savoy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dacre_knot" title="Dacre knot">Dacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harrington_knot" title="Harrington knot">Harrington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungerford_knot" title="Hungerford knot">Hastings/Hungerford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heneage_knot" title="Heneage knot">Heneage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hinckaert_knot" title="Hinckaert knot">Hinckaert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungerford_knot" title="Hungerford knot">Hungerford knot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lacy_knot" title="Lacy knot">Lacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wake_knot" title="Wake knot">Ormonde/Wake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Savoy_knot" title="Savoy knot">Savoy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stafford_knot" title="Stafford knot">Stafford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bowen_knot" title="Bowen knot">Tristram/Bowen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wake_knot" title="Wake knot">Wake</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Tincture_(heraldry)" title="Tincture (heraldry)">Tinctures</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rule_of_tincture" title="Rule of tincture">Rule of tincture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tricking" title="Tricking">Tricking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hatching_(heraldry)" title="Hatching (heraldry)">Hatching</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Metals</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>   <a href="/wiki/Argent" title="Argent">Argent</a> (white)</li> <li> <span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:background-color: white; background-image: radial-gradient(black 20%, transparent 0), radial-gradient(black 20%, transparent 0); background-size: 10px 10px; background-position: 0px 0px, 5px 5px;); color:;">  <a href="/wiki/Or_(heraldry)" title="Or (heraldry)">Or</a> (gold)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Colours</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>   <a href="/wiki/Gules" title="Gules">Gules</a> (red)</li> <li> <span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:white; background-image: repeating-linear-gradient(0deg, transparent 0, transparent 4px, black 4px, black 5px), repeating-linear-gradient(90deg, transparent 0, transparent 4px, black 4px, black 5px); color:;">  <a href="/wiki/Sable_(heraldry)" title="Sable (heraldry)">Sable</a> (black)</li> <li>   <a href="/wiki/Azure_(heraldry)" title="Azure (heraldry)">Azure</a> (blue)</li> <li>   <a href="/wiki/Vert_(heraldry)" title="Vert (heraldry)">Vert</a> (green)</li> <li>   <a href="/wiki/Purpure" title="Purpure">Purpure</a> (purple)1</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Tincture_(heraldry)#Furs" title="Tincture (heraldry)">Furs</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/File:Fourrure_h%C3%A9raldique_Hermine.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Fourrure_h%C3%A9raldique_Hermine.svg/7px-Fourrure_h%C3%A9raldique_Hermine.svg.png" decoding="async" width="7" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Fourrure_h%C3%A9raldique_Hermine.svg/11px-Fourrure_h%C3%A9raldique_Hermine.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Fourrure_h%C3%A9raldique_Hermine.svg/14px-Fourrure_h%C3%A9raldique_Hermine.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="110" data-file-height="250" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Ermine_(heraldry)" title="Ermine (heraldry)">Ermine</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ermine_(heraldry)#Variations" title="Ermine (heraldry)">Ermines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ermine_(heraldry)#Variations" title="Ermine (heraldry)">Erminois</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ermine_(heraldry)#Variations" title="Ermine (heraldry)">Erminites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ermine_(heraldry)#Variations" title="Ermine (heraldry)">Pean</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/File:Fourrure_h%C3%A9raldique_Vair.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Fourrure_h%C3%A9raldique_Vair.svg/15px-Fourrure_h%C3%A9raldique_Vair.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Fourrure_h%C3%A9raldique_Vair.svg/23px-Fourrure_h%C3%A9raldique_Vair.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Fourrure_h%C3%A9raldique_Vair.svg/30px-Fourrure_h%C3%A9raldique_Vair.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="188" data-file-height="195" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Vair" title="Vair">Vair</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vair#Potent" title="Vair">Potent</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Stains</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li> <span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:white; background-image: repeating-linear-gradient(45deg, black 0, black 1px, transparent 1px, transparent 5px), repeating-linear-gradient(135deg, black 0, black 1px, transparent 1px, transparent 5px); color:;">  <a href="/wiki/Murrey" title="Murrey">Murrey</a> (mulberry)</li> <li> <span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:white; background-image: repeating-linear-gradient(45deg, black 0, black 1px, transparent 1px, transparent 5px), repeating-linear-gradient(0deg, transparent 0, transparent 4px, black 4px, black 5px); color:;">  <a href="/wiki/Sanguine_(heraldry)" title="Sanguine (heraldry)">Sanguine</a> (blood red)</li> <li> <span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:white; background-image: repeating-linear-gradient(45deg, black 0, black 1px, transparent 1px, transparent 5px), repeating-linear-gradient(90deg, transparent 0, transparent 4px, black 4px, black 5px); color:;">  <a href="/wiki/Tenn%C3%A9" title="Tenné">Tenné</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Rare metals1</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>  <a href="/wiki/Copper_(heraldry)" title="Copper (heraldry)">Copper</a></li> <li>  <a href="/wiki/Buff_(color)#U.S._Army" class="mw-redirect" title="Buff (color)">Buff</a> (metal in the United States)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Rare colours1</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li> <span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:white; background-image: repeating-linear-gradient(35deg, transparent 0, transparent 5px, white 5px, white 6px, transparent 5px, transparent 7px, white 7px, white 8px), repeating-linear-gradient(0deg, black 0, black 1px, transparent 1px, transparent 5px); color:;">  <a href="/wiki/Bleu_celeste" title="Bleu celeste">Bleu celeste</a></li> <li>  <a href="/wiki/Brun%C3%A2tre" class="mw-redirect" title="Brunâtre">Brunâtre</a> (brown)</li> <li>  <a href="/wiki/Buff_(color)#In_Canadian_heraldry" class="mw-redirect" title="Buff (color)">Buff</a> (color in Canada)</li> <li>  <a href="/wiki/Cendr%C3%A9e" title="Cendrée">Cendrée</a></li> <li>  <a href="/wiki/Ochre#In_heraldry" title="Ochre">Ochre</a></li> <li>  <a href="/wiki/Orange_(heraldry)" title="Orange (heraldry)">Orange</a></li> <li>  <a href="/wiki/Rose_(heraldic_tincture)" title="Rose (heraldic tincture)">Rose</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Realistic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tincture_(heraldry)#Proper" title="Tincture (heraldry)">Proper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carnation_(heraldry)" title="Carnation (heraldry)">Carnation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Applications</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bookplate" class="mw-redirect" title="Bookplate">Bookplate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Funerary_hatchment" title="Funerary hatchment">Hatchment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heraldic_flag" title="Heraldic flag">Flag</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Banner_of_arms" title="Banner of arms">banner of arms</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heraldic_badge" title="Heraldic badge">Badge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roll_of_arms" title="Roll of arms">Roll of arms</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Illyrian_armorials" title="Illyrian armorials">Illyrian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seal_(emblem)" title="Seal (emblem)">Seal</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Equestrian_seal" title="Equestrian seal">equestrian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tabard" title="Tabard">Tabard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trophy_of_arms" title="Trophy of arms">Trophy of arms</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mon_(emblem)" title="Mon (emblem)">Mon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emblem" title="Emblem">Emblem</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_state_emblems" class="mw-redirect" title="Socialist state emblems">socialist</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Logotype" class="mw-redirect" title="Logotype">Logotype</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phaleristics" title="Phaleristics">Phaleristics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vexillology" title="Vexillology">Vexillology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sigillography" title="Sigillography">Sigillography</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li>1 Non-traditional, regional, or rarely used (sometimes considered unheraldic)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_oldest_heraldry" title="List of oldest heraldry">List of oldest heraldry</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Azure%2C_a_bend_Or.svg/14px-Azure%2C_a_bend_Or.svg.png" decoding="async" width="14" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Azure%2C_a_bend_Or.svg/22px-Azure%2C_a_bend_Or.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Azure%2C_a_bend_Or.svg/29px-Azure%2C_a_bend_Or.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="660" /> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Heraldry" title="Portal:Heraldry">Heraldry portal</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Portal:Heraldry/Web_resources" title="Portal:Heraldry/Web resources">resources</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-label="Navbox" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a>: National <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q182559#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, 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59 Template:Lang"," 4.90% 182.676 37 Template:Cite_journal"," 4.54% 169.321 1 Template:Short_description"," 4.35% 162.422 36 Template:Citation"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"2.223","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":21777694,"limit":52428800},"limitreport-logs":"anchor_id_list = table#1 {\n [\"CITEREFAbbey2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAllison2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAltick1978\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAndersen1893\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFArmistead_tr.2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFArwidsson1837\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBabin2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBacchilegaBrown2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBain1879\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBain2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBanse1990\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBarber_tr.1993\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBartholin1654\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBashe1923\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBassett1892\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBell2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBennett2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBenwellWaugh1965\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBernard2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBirrell_tr.2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBlackGreen1992\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBlairRobertson1906\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBondSuffield2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBondeson1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBorovsky1994\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBrandes1902\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBreucker2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBriggs1967\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBriggs1976\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBristol1991\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBroedel2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBrynildsen1917\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBräunleinLauser1993\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBuchholz1980\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBugge1899\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBurr1997\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCarrington1957\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCascudo1962\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCastiglioni2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFChareuncyLeach2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFChild1884\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFChild1965\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFChiu2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFChunko-Dominguez2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFChurchillChurchill1704\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFClark2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFColín1663\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFConnolly2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCowper1865\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCruey2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCummins2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDavidson1958\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDennys1876\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDinnerstein1963\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDonald1895\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDrewal2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDuBois2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDundes2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEnglish1986\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEtting2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEvans\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFan1988\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFaral1953\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFaye1833\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFonseca2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFox-Davies1909\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFrancisci1668\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFraser2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGarstad2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGeorgeYapp1991\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGiven-Wilson2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGoodman2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGorog1961\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGorog1964\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGrabbe2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGrafströmForssell1827\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGrimmStallybrass_tr.1883\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGroot1901\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGudger1934\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGödecke1871\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHansen2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHardwick2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHarrison1882\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHasan-Rokem2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHawks1842\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHayward2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHayward2018a\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHayward2018b\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHerrera-Sobek2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHickey1971\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHolford-Strevens2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHonma2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFIlles2009\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFIrwin2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFIvanits1992\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFIvanits2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJ._Y.1873\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJacob1987\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJakobsen1891\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJarvis2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJean2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJongh2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJonston1657\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJonston1660\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJón_Árnason1862\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJón_ÁrnasonPowell_(tr.)Magnússon_(tr.)1866\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJøn1978\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKallenCastillaLancasterMutchinick1992\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKeightley1850\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKeithLee2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKelly1996\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKemmis2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKestner1989\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKircher1654\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKokai2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKvidelandSehmsdorf1988\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFL._B.1806\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLaity2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLeclercq-Marx1997\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLeclercq1989\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLey1939\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLinné1769\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLionarons1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMacalister1913\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMagee1990\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMagnani2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMatsuoka1982\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMatthews1892\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMcCulloch1962\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMilliken2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMillingtonSpencer1993\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMinakata1973\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMitakidouMannaMitakidou2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMittmanDendle2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMiyazakiFukuoka_Archive_Kenkyūkai2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMoaveni2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMoore2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMorris1872\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMustard1908\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMüller2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMōri1825\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNakamaru2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNansen2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNaroditskayaAustern2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNational_Science_Research_Council_(Guyana)1974\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNies2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNigg2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNkemlekeNeba2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNoguera2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNukada1965\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFOjeda2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFOlaus_Magnus1555\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFOlaus_Magnus1996\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFOlaus_Magnus1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFOrchard2003a\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFOrnan2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPaff1959\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPakis2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPatten1992\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPaul1893\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPeacock2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPietsch1991\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPliny_the_Elder1855\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPliny_the_Elder1940\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPliny_the_Elder1963\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPolistico2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPontoppidan1753a\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPontoppidan1755\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPowell2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPrettejohn2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPrichard1847\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRenard1754\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRhodes2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRietz1877\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRinggren1969\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRotroff1982\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRussell2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFS.N._Desai2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSatyavrat_Sastri2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSayers1994\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSchade1866\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSchiller2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSchottenhammer2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFScribner2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFScribner2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSenterSnow2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSloan_Evans1854\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSmith,_W._Robertson1887\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSoaresSilvaBarbosa2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSouza2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSteingass2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFStott2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFStrassberg2018\"] = 3,\n [\"CITEREFSuarez2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSánchez1994\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTauchnitz1883\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTeixeira1992\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFThompson1948\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFThorpe1851\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFToriyama2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFValentyn1726\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFVigfússonUnger1862\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFViscardiHollinsheadMacFarlaneMoffat2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWalker1983\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWarner2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWatson1908\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWaugh1960\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWebster1677\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWebster1891\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWood2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWood2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWoodruff1930\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWullschläger2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFYamaguchi2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFYanni2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFYodaAlt2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFYoshioka1993\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFZhengKirkBuellUnschuld2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFní_Mheallaigh2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFÓlína_Þorvarðardóttir1987\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREF荒俣應矢2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREF陳夢雷1726\"] = 1,\n}\ntemplate_list = table#1 {\n [\"!\"] = 2,\n [\"=\"] = 1,\n [\"About\"] = 1,\n [\"Authority control\"] = 1,\n [\"Blockquote\"] = 1,\n [\"Circa\"] = 2,\n [\"Citation\"] = 37,\n [\"Citation needed\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite book\"] = 137,\n [\"Cite encyclopedia\"] = 3,\n [\"Cite journal\"] = 37,\n [\"Cite magazine\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite news\"] = 6,\n [\"Cite thesis\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite web\"] = 33,\n [\"Cite wikisource\"] = 3,\n [\"Columns-list\"] = 1,\n [\"Commons\"] = 1,\n [\"Convert\"] = 1,\n [\"Efn\"] = 19,\n [\"Expand section\"] = 1,\n [\"Fairies\"] = 1,\n [\"Further\"] = 2,\n [\"Good article\"] = 1,\n [\"Harvnb\"] = 2,\n [\"Harvp\"] = 48,\n [\"Hatnote\"] = 1,\n [\"Heraldic creatures\"] = 1,\n [\"ISBN\"] = 3,\n [\"In lang\"] = 1,\n [\"Infobox mythical creature\"] = 1,\n [\"Inlang\"] = 1,\n [\"Interlanguage link\"] = 12,\n [\"JSTOR\"] = 1,\n [\"Lang\"] = 59,\n [\"Langx\"] = 20,\n [\"Linktext\"] = 19,\n [\"Main\"] = 3,\n [\"Multiple image\"] = 3,\n [\"Nihongo\"] = 2,\n [\"Notelist\"] = 1,\n [\"OED\"] = 3,\n [\"Pp-move\"] = 1,\n [\"Pp-semi-indef\"] = 1,\n [\"Refbegin\"] = 1,\n [\"Refend\"] = 1,\n [\"Reflist\"] = 1,\n [\"Refn\"] = 72,\n [\"Right\"] = 8,\n [\"See also\"] = 2,\n [\"Sfn\"] = 3,\n [\"SfnRef\"] = 7,\n [\"Sfnp\"] = 83,\n [\"Short description\"] = 1,\n [\"Sic\"] = 1,\n [\"Small\"] = 9,\n [\"Smallcaps\"] = 1,\n [\"Snd\"] = 4,\n [\"Specify\"] = 1,\n [\"URL\"] = 7,\n [\"Use dmy dates\"] = 1,\n [\"Verse translation\"] = 1,\n [\"Void\"] = 1,\n [\"Webarchive\"] = 1,\n [\"Wikiquote\"] = 1,\n [\"Wikisource\"] = 1,\n [\"Wikt-lang\"] = 1,\n [\"Zh\"] = 3,\n}\narticle_whitelist = table#1 {\n}\ntable#1 {\n [\"size\"] = \"tiny\",\n}\n","limitreport-profile":[["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::callParserFunction","360","14.9"],["?","320","13.2"],["dataWrapper \u003Cmw.lua:672\u003E","280","11.6"],["recursiveClone \u003CmwInit.lua:45\u003E","200","8.3"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::gsub","140","5.8"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::getAllExpandedArguments","100","4.1"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::match","100","4.1"],["type","80","3.3"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::plain","60","2.5"],["rawset","60","2.5"],["[others]","720","29.8"]]},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-web.codfw.main-6df7948d6c-n9wkr","timestamp":"20241127201619","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"Mermaid","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Mermaid","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q182559","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q182559","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2002-08-27T13:16:29Z","dateModified":"2024-11-15T15:37:41Z","image":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/5\/55\/John_William_Waterhouse_A_Mermaid.jpg","headline":"legendary aquatic creature with the upper body of a female human and the fin of a fish"}</script> </body> </html>