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</li> <li id="toc-Handheld_consoles" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Handheld_consoles"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.2 Handheld consoles </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Handheld_consoles-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Console_generations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Console_generations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2 Console generations </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Console_generations-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Console generations subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Console_generations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Timeline" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Timeline"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1 Timeline </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Timeline-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Console_history_timeline_by_generation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Console_history_timeline_by_generation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Console history timeline by generation </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Console_history_timeline_by_generation-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Console history timeline by generation subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Console_history_timeline_by_generation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-First_generation_(1972–1983)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#First_generation_(1972–1983)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1 First generation (1972–1983) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-First_generation_(1972–1983)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Second_generation_(1976–1992)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Second_generation_(1976–1992)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2 Second generation (1976–1992) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Second_generation_(1976–1992)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Handhelds_of_the_second_generation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Handhelds_of_the_second_generation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2.1 Handhelds of the second generation </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Handhelds_of_the_second_generation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Third_generation_(1983–2003)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Third_generation_(1983–2003)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.3 Third generation (1983–2003) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Third_generation_(1983–2003)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Fourth_generation_(1987–2004)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fourth_generation_(1987–2004)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.4 Fourth generation (1987–2004) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Fourth_generation_(1987–2004)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Handhelds_of_the_fourth_generation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Handhelds_of_the_fourth_generation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.4.1 Handhelds of the fourth generation </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Handhelds_of_the_fourth_generation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Fifth_generation_(1993–2006)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fifth_generation_(1993–2006)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.5 Fifth generation (1993–2006) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Fifth_generation_(1993–2006)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Handhelds_of_the_fifth_generation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Handhelds_of_the_fifth_generation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.5.1 Handhelds of the fifth generation </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Handhelds_of_the_fifth_generation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sixth_generation_(1998–2013)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sixth_generation_(1998–2013)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.6 Sixth generation (1998–2013) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sixth_generation_(1998–2013)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Handhelds_of_the_sixth_generation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Handhelds_of_the_sixth_generation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.6.1 Handhelds of the sixth generation </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Handhelds_of_the_sixth_generation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Seventh_generation_(2005–2017)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Seventh_generation_(2005–2017)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.7 Seventh generation (2005–2017) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Seventh_generation_(2005–2017)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Handhelds_of_the_seventh_generation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Handhelds_of_the_seventh_generation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.7.1 Handhelds of the seventh generation </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Handhelds_of_the_seventh_generation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_seventh_generation_hardware" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_seventh_generation_hardware"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.7.2 Other seventh generation hardware </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_seventh_generation_hardware-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Eighth_generation_(2012–2020)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Eighth_generation_(2012–2020)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.8 Eighth generation (2012–2020) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Eighth_generation_(2012–2020)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Handhelds_of_the_eighth_generation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Handhelds_of_the_eighth_generation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.8.1 Handhelds of the eighth generation </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Handhelds_of_the_eighth_generation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_eighth_generation_hardware" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_eighth_generation_hardware"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.8.2 Other eighth generation hardware </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_eighth_generation_hardware-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ninth_generation_(2020–present)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ninth_generation_(2020–present)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.9 Ninth generation (2020–present) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ninth_generation_(2020–present)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Console_sales" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Console_sales"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Console sales </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Console_sales-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Notes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item 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a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-top-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Video-Game-Controller-Icon-IDV-green-history.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Video-Game-Controller-Icon-IDV-green-history.svg/80px-Video-Game-Controller-Icon-IDV-green-history.svg.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Video-Game-Controller-Icon-IDV-green-history.svg/120px-Video-Game-Controller-Icon-IDV-green-history.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Video-Game-Controller-Icon-IDV-green-history.svg/160px-Video-Game-Controller-Icon-IDV-green-history.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="249" data-file-height="249" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle-with-top-image">Part of a series on the</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle"><a href="/wiki/History_of_video_games" title="History of video games">History of video games</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Early history</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:left;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Early_history_of_video_games" title="Early history of video games">Early history of video games</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_mainframe_games" title="Early mainframe games">Early mainframe games</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Video_game_console" title="Video game console">Consoles</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:left;"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">History of video game consoles</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Console_war" title="Console war">Console war</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_generation_of_video_game_consoles" title="First generation of video game consoles">1st generation (1972–1983)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_generation_of_video_game_consoles" title="Second generation of video game consoles">2nd generation (1976–1992)</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Video_game_crash_of_1983" title="Video game crash of 1983">Video game crash of 1983</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_generation_of_video_game_consoles" title="Third generation of video game consoles">3rd generation (1983–2003)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fourth_generation_of_video_game_consoles" title="Fourth generation of video game consoles">4th generation (1987–2004)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fifth_generation_of_video_game_consoles" title="Fifth generation of video game consoles">5th generation (1993–2005)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sixth_generation_of_video_game_consoles" title="Sixth generation of video game consoles">6th generation (1998–2013)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seventh_generation_of_video_game_consoles" title="Seventh generation of video game consoles">7th generation (2005–2017)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eighth_generation_of_video_game_consoles" title="Eighth generation of video game consoles">8th generation (2012–present)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ninth_generation_of_video_game_consoles" title="Ninth generation of video game consoles">9th generation (2020–present)</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_the_video_game_industry" title="Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the video game industry">Impact of COVID-19</a> (<a href="/wiki/2023%E2%80%932024_video_game_industry_layoffs" title="2023–2024 video game industry layoffs">2023-24 layoffs</a>)</li> <li class="mw-empty-elt"></li></ul></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Arcade_video_game" title="Arcade video game">Arcade video games</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:left;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_arcade_video_games" title="History of arcade video games">History of arcade video games</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Golden_age_of_arcade_video_games" title="Golden age of arcade video games">Golden age of arcade video games</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_arcade_video_game_history" title="Timeline of arcade video game history">Timeline of arcade video game history</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/PC_game" title="PC game">Personal computer</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:left;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/PC_game#History" title="PC game">History of personal computer games</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Mobile_game" title="Mobile game">Mobile games</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:left;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_mobile_games" title="History of mobile games">History of mobile games</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Virtual_reality_game" title="Virtual reality game">Virtual reality</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:left;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Virtual_reality_game#History" title="Virtual reality game">History of virtual reality games</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Cloud_gaming" title="Cloud gaming">Cloud gaming</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:left;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cloud_gaming#History" title="Cloud gaming">History of cloud gaming</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Other platforms</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:left;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Browser_game" title="Browser game">Browser game</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Video_game_console_emulator" title="Video game console emulator">Emulation</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Video_game_genre" title="Video game genre">Genres</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:left;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_video_game_genres" title="List of video game genres">List of genres</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_video_games_in_East_Asia" class="mw-redirect" title="History of video games in East Asia">History of East Asian role-playing video games</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Western_role-playing_video_games" title="History of Western role-playing video games">History of Western role-playing video games</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_online_games" title="History of online games">History of online games</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_real-time_strategy_games" class="mw-redirect" title="History of real-time strategy games">History of real-time strategy games</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_tactical_role-playing_games" class="mw-redirect" title="History of tactical role-playing games">History of tactical role-playing games</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_single-player_video_games" class="mw-redirect" title="History of single-player video games">History of single-player video games</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_multiplayer_video_games" class="mw-redirect" title="History of multiplayer video games">History of multiplayer video games</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_massively_multiplayer_online_games" title="History of massively multiplayer online games">History of massively multiplayer online games</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Lists</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:left;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_video_games_in_development" title="List of video games in development">List of video games in development</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Video_game_history" title="Template:Video game history"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Video_game_history" title="Template talk:Video game history"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Video_game_history" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Video game history"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> The history of video game consoles, both home and handheld, began in the 1970s. The first console that played games on a television set was the 1972 <a href="/wiki/Magnavox_Odyssey" title="Magnavox Odyssey">Magnavox Odyssey</a>, first conceived by <a href="/wiki/Ralph_H._Baer" title="Ralph H. Baer">Ralph H. Baer</a> in 1966. Handheld consoles originated from electro-mechanical games that used mechanical controls and <a href="/wiki/Light-emitting_diode" title="Light-emitting diode">light-emitting diodes</a> (LED) as visual indicators. <a href="/wiki/Handheld_electronic_games" class="mw-redirect" title="Handheld electronic games">Handheld electronic games</a> had replaced the mechanical controls with electronic and digital components, and with the introduction of <a href="/wiki/Liquid-crystal_display" title="Liquid-crystal display">Liquid-crystal display</a> (LCD) to create video-like screens with programmable pixels, systems like the <a href="/wiki/Microvision" title="Microvision">Microvision</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Game_%26_Watch" title="Game & Watch">Game & Watch</a> became the first handheld video game consoles. Since then, home game consoles have progressed through technology cycles typically referred to as <a href="/wiki/Home_video_game_console_generations" class="mw-redirect" title="Home video game console generations">generations</a>. Each generation has lasted approximately five years, during which the major console manufacturers have released console with broadly similar specifications. Handheld consoles have seen similar advances, and are usually grouped into the same generations as home consoles. While early generations were led by manufacturers like <a href="/wiki/Atari" title="Atari">Atari</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sega" title="Sega">Sega</a>, the modern home console industry is dominated by three companies: <a href="/wiki/Nintendo" title="Nintendo">Nintendo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sony_Interactive_Entertainment" title="Sony Interactive Entertainment">Sony</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Microsoft" title="Microsoft">Microsoft</a>. The handheld market has waned since the introduction of <a href="/wiki/Mobile_gaming" class="mw-redirect" title="Mobile gaming">mobile gaming</a> in the mid-2000s, and today, the only major manufacturer in handheld gaming is Nintendo. <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Origins">Origins</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_video_game_consoles&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Origins">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Home_consoles">Home consoles</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_video_game_consoles&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Home consoles">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Early_history_of_video_games" title="Early history of video games">Early history of video games</a></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:392px;max-width:392px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:275px;max-width:275px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:182px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:BrownBox.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/BrownBox.jpg/273px-BrownBox.jpg" decoding="async" width="273" height="182" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/BrownBox.jpg/410px-BrownBox.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/BrownBox.jpg/546px-BrownBox.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1800" data-file-height="1200" /></a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:113px;max-width:113px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:182px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Signed_Pong_Cabinet.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Signed_Pong_Cabinet.jpg/111px-Signed_Pong_Cabinet.jpg" decoding="async" width="111" height="182" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Signed_Pong_Cabinet.jpg/167px-Signed_Pong_Cabinet.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Signed_Pong_Cabinet.jpg/222px-Signed_Pong_Cabinet.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2990" data-file-height="4912" /></a></div></div></div><div class="trow" style="display:flex"><div class="thumbcaption">Left: <a href="/wiki/Ralph_H._Baer" title="Ralph H. Baer">Ralph H. Baer</a>'s "Brown Box", a prototype of the Magnavox Odyssey, the first home video game console. Right: A Pong arcade cabinet, signed by <a href="/wiki/Allan_Alcorn" title="Allan Alcorn">Allan Alcorn</a>, Pong's developer</div></div></div></div> The first video games were created on <a href="/wiki/Mainframe_computer" title="Mainframe computer">mainframe computers</a> in the 1950s, typically with text-only displays or computer printouts, and limited to simple games like <a href="/wiki/Tic_Tac_Toe" class="mw-redirect" title="Tic Tac Toe">Tic Tac Toe</a> or <a href="/wiki/Nim" title="Nim">Nim</a>.<a href="#cite_note-1">[1]</a> Eventually displays with rudimentary <a href="/wiki/Vector_display" class="mw-redirect" title="Vector display">vector displays</a> for graphics were available, leading to titles like <a href="/wiki/Spacewar!" title="Spacewar!">Spacewar!</a> in 1962.<a href="#cite_note-2">[2]</a> Spacewar! directly influenced <a href="/wiki/Nolan_Bushnell" title="Nolan Bushnell">Nolan Bushnell</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ted_Dabney" title="Ted Dabney">Ted Dabney</a> to create <a href="/wiki/Computer_Space" title="Computer Space">Computer Space</a> in 1971, the first recognized <a href="/wiki/Arcade_game" title="Arcade game">arcade game</a>.<a href="#cite_note-3">[3]</a> Separately, while at <a href="/wiki/Sanders_Associates" title="Sanders Associates">Sanders Associates</a> in 1966, <a href="/wiki/Ralph_H._Baer" title="Ralph H. Baer">Ralph H. Baer</a> conceived of the idea of an electronic device that could be connected to a standard television to play games. With Sanders' permission, he created the prototype "Brown Box" which was able to play a limited number of games, including a version of <a href="/wiki/Table_tennis" title="Table tennis">table tennis</a> and a simple <a href="/wiki/Light_gun" title="Light gun">light gun</a> game. Sanders patented the unit and licensed the patents to <a href="/wiki/Magnavox" title="Magnavox">Magnavox</a>, where it was manufactured as the first home video game console, the <a href="/wiki/Magnavox_Odyssey" title="Magnavox Odyssey">Magnavox Odyssey</a>, in 1972.<a href="#cite_note-4">[4]</a> Bushnell, after seeing the Odyssey and its table tennis game, believed he could make something better. He and Dabney formed <a href="/wiki/Atari,_Inc." title="Atari, Inc.">Atari, Inc.</a>, and with <a href="/wiki/Allan_Alcorn" title="Allan Alcorn">Allan Alcorn</a>, created their second arcade game, <a href="/wiki/Pong" title="Pong">Pong</a>. Pong first released in 1972 and was more successful than Computer Space.<a href="#cite_note-Ultimate-2-5">[5]</a> Atari released a Pong home console through Sears in 1975.<a href="#cite_note-tandy_underdog-6">[6]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Handheld_consoles">Handheld consoles</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_video_game_consoles&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Handheld consoles">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Handheld_electronic_game" title="Handheld electronic game">Handheld electronic game</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:392px;max-width:392px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:390px;max-width:390px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:529px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Milton-Bradley-Microvision-Handheld-FL.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Milton-Bradley-Microvision-Handheld-FL.jpg/388px-Milton-Bradley-Microvision-Handheld-FL.jpg" decoding="async" width="388" height="529" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Milton-Bradley-Microvision-Handheld-FL.jpg/582px-Milton-Bradley-Microvision-Handheld-FL.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Milton-Bradley-Microvision-Handheld-FL.jpg/776px-Milton-Bradley-Microvision-Handheld-FL.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3300" data-file-height="4500" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption">The <a href="/wiki/Microvision" title="Microvision">Microvision</a>, considered the first handheld video game, included interchangeable faceplates (the lighter piece) to play different games, also a first for handhelds.</div></div></div></div></div> The origins of handheld game consoles are found in handheld and tabletop electronic game devices of the 1970s and early 1980s. These electronic devices can only play built-in games,<a href="#cite_note-nintendo_popular-7">[7]</a> they fit in the palm of the hand or on a tabletop, and they may make use of a variety of video display technologies such as <a href="/wiki/Light-emitting_diode" title="Light-emitting diode">LED</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vacuum_fluorescent_display" title="Vacuum fluorescent display">VFD</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Liquid_crystal_display" class="mw-redirect" title="Liquid crystal display">LCD</a>.<a href="#cite_note-electronic_handheld_definition-8">[8]</a> These games derived from the emerging <a href="/wiki/Optoelectronics" title="Optoelectronics">optoelectronic</a>-display-driven calculator market of the early 1970s.<a href="#cite_note-LED_Calculators-9">[9]</a><a href="#cite_note-Cohen_Interview-10">[10]</a> The first such handheld electronic game was released by <a href="/wiki/Mattel" title="Mattel">Mattel</a> in 1977, where Michael Katz, Mattel's new product category marketing director, told the engineers in the electronics group to design a game the size of a calculator, using LED technology."<a href="#cite_note-ultimate_history-11">[11]</a> This effort led to the 1977 games Auto Race and Football.<a href="#cite_note-12">[12]</a><a href="#cite_note-13">[13]</a> The two games were so successful that according to Katz, "these simple electronic handheld games turned into a '$400 million category.'"<a href="#cite_note-electronic_handheld_definition-8">[8]</a> Another Ralph Baer invention, <a href="/wiki/Simon_(game)" title="Simon (game)">Simon</a>, published by <a href="/wiki/Milton_Bradley_Company" title="Milton Bradley Company">Milton Bradley</a> in 1978, followed, which further popularized such electronic games and remained an enduring property by Milton Bradley (later <a href="/wiki/Hasbro" title="Hasbro">Hasbro</a>) that brought a number of copycats to the market.<a href="#cite_note-Building-14">[14]</a><a href="#cite_note-15">[15]</a> Soon, other manufacturers including <a href="/wiki/Coleco" title="Coleco">Coleco</a>, <a href="/wiki/Parker_Brothers" title="Parker Brothers">Parker Brothers</a>, <a href="/wiki/Entex_Industries" title="Entex Industries">Entex</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Bandai" title="Bandai">Bandai</a> began following up with their own tabletop and handheld electronic games.<a href="#cite_note-competitors-16">[16]</a> The transition from handheld "electronic" games to handheld "video" games came with the introduction of LCD screens. These screens gave handheld games the flexibility to play a wide range of games. Milton Bradley's <a href="/wiki/Microvision" title="Microvision">Microvision</a>, released in 1979, used a 16x16 pixel LCD screen and was the first handheld to use interchangeable game cartridges.<a href="#cite_note-phoenix-17">[17]</a><a href="#cite_note-Microvision_ONM-18">[18]</a> Nintendo's line of <a href="/wiki/Game_%26_Watch" title="Game & Watch">Game & Watch</a> titles, first introduced in 1980, was designed by <a href="/wiki/Gunpei_Yokoi" title="Gunpei Yokoi">Gunpei Yokoi</a>, who was inspired when he saw a man passing time on a train by playing with an <a href="/wiki/Liquid-crystal_display" title="Liquid-crystal display">LCD</a> calculator.<a href="#cite_note-19">[19]</a><a href="#cite_note-game_and_watch-20">[20]</a> Taking advantage of the technology used in the credit-card-sized calculators that had appeared on the market, Yokoi designed the series of LCD-based games to include a digital time display in the corner of the screen, so that they could double as a <a href="/wiki/Watch" title="Watch">watch</a>.<a href="#cite_note-game_over-21">[21]</a> While the Game & Watch series were considered handheld electronic games rather than handheld video game consoles, their success led Nintendo, through Yokoi's design lead, to produce the <a href="/wiki/Game_Boy" title="Game Boy">Game Boy</a> in 1989.<a href="#cite_note-GBsales-22">[22]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Console_generations">Console generations</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_video_game_consoles&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Console generations">edit</a>]</div> Like most consumer electronics, home video game consoles are developed based on improving the features offered by an earlier product with advances made by newer technology. For video game consoles, these improvements typically occur every five years, following a <a href="/wiki/Moore%27s_law" title="Moore's law">Moore's law</a> progression where a rough aggregate measure of processing power doubles every 18 months or increases ten-fold after five years.<a href="#cite_note-23">[23]</a><a href="#cite_note-24">[24]</a><a href="#cite_note-25">[25]</a> This cyclic market has resulted in an industry-wide adoption of the <a href="/wiki/Razor_and_blades_model" title="Razor and blades model">razorblade model</a> in selling consoles at minimal profit margin while making revenue from the sale of games produced for that console, and then transitioning users to the next console model at the fifth year as the successor console enters the market. This approach incorporates <a href="/wiki/Planned_obsolescence" title="Planned obsolescence">planned obsolescence</a> into the products to continue to bring consumers towards purchasing the newer models.<a href="#cite_note-planned_obsol-26">[26]</a> Because of the industry dynamics, many console manufacturers release their new consoles in roughly the same time period, with their consoles typically offering similar processing power and capabilities as their competitors. This systematic market has created the nature of console generations, categorizing the primary consoles into these segmented time periods that represent consoles with similar capabilities and which shared the same competitive space. Like consoles, these generations typically start five years after its prior one, though may have <a href="/wiki/Long_tail" title="Long tail">long tails</a> as popular consoles remain viable well beyond five years.<a href="#cite_note-winner_take_some-27">[27]</a><a href="#cite_note-gen_def-28">[28]</a> The use of the generation label came after the start of the 21st century as console technology started to mature, with the terminology applied retroactively to earlier consoles. However, no exact definition and delineation of console generations was consistently developed in the industry or academic literature since that point. Some schemes have been based on direct market data (including a seminal work published in an <a href="/wiki/IEEE" class="mw-redirect" title="IEEE">IEEE</a> journal in 2002),<a href="#cite_note-ieee_history-29">[29]</a> while others are based on technology shifts. Wikipedia itself has been noted for creating its own version of console generation definitions that differ from other academic sources, the definitions from Wikipedia has been adopted by other sources but without having any true rationale behind it.<a href="#cite_note-winner_take_some-27">[27]</a> The discrepancies between how consoles are grouped into generations and how these generations are named have caused confusion when trying to compare shifts in the video game marketplace compared to other consumer markets.<a href="#cite_note-winner_take_some-27">[27]</a> Kemerer et al. (2017)<a href="#cite_note-winner_take_some-27">[27]</a> provide a comparative analysis of these different generations through systems released up to 2010 as shown below. <div class="center"><div class="thumb tnone" style=""><div class="thumbinner" style="width:1052px"><div class="thumbimage noresize" style="width:1050px;"> <div class="timeline-wrapper"><map name="timeline_dfq7yct89u9ktd4mcth51vil8pccf15"><area shape="rect" href="/wiki/Wii" coords="825,60,878,81" title="Wii" alt="Wii" /><area shape="rect" href="/wiki/PlayStation_3" coords="825,46,933,66" title="PlayStation 3" alt="PlayStation 3" /><area shape="rect" href="/wiki/Xbox_360" coords="808,31,888,52" title="Xbox 360" alt="Xbox 360" /><area shape="rect" href="/wiki/Xbox_(console)" coords="736,74,794,95" title="Xbox (console)" alt="Xbox (console)" /><area shape="rect" href="/wiki/GameCube" coords="730,60,811,81" title="GameCube" alt="GameCube" /><area shape="rect" href="/wiki/PlayStation_2" coords="706,46,814,66" title="PlayStation 2" alt="PlayStation 2" /><area shape="rect" href="/wiki/Dreamcast" coords="683,31,769,52" title="Dreamcast" alt="Dreamcast" /><area shape="rect" href="/wiki/Nintendo_64" coords="640,89,737,109" title="Nintendo 64" alt="Nintendo 64" /><area shape="rect" href="/wiki/PlayStation_(console)" coords="613,74,710,95" title="PlayStation (console)" alt="PlayStation (console)" /><area shape="rect" href="/wiki/Sega_Saturn" coords="612,60,709,81" title="Sega Saturn" alt="Sega Saturn" /><area shape="rect" href="/wiki/Atari_Jaguar" coords="594,46,697,66" title="Atari Jaguar" alt="Atari Jaguar" /><area shape="rect" href="/wiki/3DO_Interactive_Multiplayer" coords="592,31,645,52" title="3DO Interactive Multiplayer" alt="3DO Interactive Multiplayer" /><area shape="rect" href="/wiki/Super_Nintendo_Entertainment_System" coords="541,60,599,81" title="Super Nintendo Entertainment System" alt="Super Nintendo Entertainment System" /><area shape="rect" href="/wiki/Sega_Genesis" coords="504,46,607,66" title="Sega Genesis" alt="Sega Genesis" /><area shape="rect" href="/wiki/TurboGrafx%2D16" coords="486,31,595,52" title="TurboGrafx-16" alt="TurboGrafx-16" /><area shape="rect" href="/wiki/Atari_7800" coords="460,89,551,109" title="Atari 7800" alt="Atari 7800" /><area shape="rect" href="/wiki/Master_System" coords="450,74,559,95" title="Master System" alt="Master System" /><area shape="rect" href="/wiki/Nintendo_Entertainment_System" coords="410,60,463,81" title="Nintendo Entertainment System" alt="Nintendo Entertainment System" /><area shape="rect" href="/wiki/Atari_5200" coords="396,46,488,66" title="Atari 5200" alt="Atari 5200" /><area shape="rect" href="/wiki/ColecoVision" coords="393,31,496,52" title="ColecoVision" alt="ColecoVision" /><area shape="rect" href="/wiki/Intellivision" coords="346,89,454,109" title="Intellivision" alt="Intellivision" /><area shape="rect" href="/wiki/Atari_2600" coords="306,74,398,95" title="Atari 2600" alt="Atari 2600" /><area shape="rect" href="/wiki/Fairchild_Channel_F" coords="291,60,433,81" title="Fairchild Channel F" alt="Fairchild Channel F" /><area shape="rect" href="/wiki/Pong" coords="267,46,364,66" title="Pong" alt="Pong" /><area shape="rect" href="/wiki/Magnavox_Odyssey" coords="217,31,342,52" title="Magnavox Odyssey" alt="Magnavox Odyssey" /></map><img usemap="#timeline_dfq7yct89u9ktd4mcth51vil8pccf15" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/timeline/dfq7yct89u9ktd4mcth51vil8pccf15.png" /></div></div><div class="thumbcaption">Comparative timeline of organization of video game console generations from various sources, based on year of console introduction, adapted from Kemerer et al. (2017).<a href="#cite_note-winner_take_some-27">[27]</a> Dates given for console introductions are based on first release in any market (typically either Japan or North America). Cited references from Kemerer at al. are as follows: Gallagher and Park (2002);<a href="#cite_note-ieee_history-29">[29]</a> Hu and Prieger (2006);<a href="#cite_note-30">[30]</a> Corts and Lederman (2008);<a href="#cite_note-31">[31]</a> Gretz (2010);<a href="#cite_note-32">[32]</a> Gretz (2010a);<a href="#cite_note-33">[33]</a> Srinivasan and Venkatraman (2010);<a href="#cite_note-34">[34]</a> Derdenger (2011);<a href="#cite_note-35">[35]</a> Zhou (2011)<a href="#cite_note-36">[36]</a></div></div></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Timeline">Timeline</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_video_game_consoles&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Timeline">edit</a>]</div> For purposes of organization, the generations described here and subsequent pages maintain the Wikipedia breakdown of generation, generally breaking consoles apart by technology features whenever possible and with other consoles released in that same period incorporated within that same generation, and starting with the Odyssey and Pong-style home consoles as the first generation, an approach that has generally been adopted and extended by video game journalism.<a href="#cite_note-37">[37]</a><a href="#cite_note-38">[38]</a> In this approach the generation "starts" with the release of the first console considered to have those features, and considered to end with the known last discontinuation of a console in that generation. For example, the third generation is considered to end in 2003 with the formal discontinuation of the Nintendo Entertainment System that year. This can create years with overlaps between multiple generations, as shown. This approach uses the concepts of <a href="/wiki/Bit" title="Bit">"bits"</a>, or the size of individual <a href="/wiki/Word_length" class="mw-redirect" title="Word length">word length</a> handled by the <a href="/wiki/Processor_(computing)" title="Processor (computing)">processors</a> on the console, for the earlier console generations. Longer word lengths generally led to improved gameplay concepts, graphics, and audio capabilities than shorter ones.<a href="#cite_note-39">[39]</a> The use of bits to market consoles to consumers started with the <a href="/wiki/TurboGrafx_16" class="mw-redirect" title="TurboGrafx 16">TurboGrafx 16</a>, a console that used an 8-bit central processing unit similar to the <a href="/wiki/Nintendo_Entertainment_System" title="Nintendo Entertainment System">Nintendo Entertainment System</a> (NES), but included a 16-bit graphical processing unit. <a href="/wiki/NEC" title="NEC">NEC</a>, the console's manufacturer, took to market the console as a "16-bit" system over the NES' "8-bit" to establish it as a superior system. Other advertisers followed suit, creating a period known as the "bit wars" that lasted through the fifth generation, where console manufactures tried to outsell each other simply on the bit-count of their system.<a href="#cite_note-Therrien-40">[40]</a> Aside from some "128 Bit" advertising slogans at the beginning of the sixth generation, marketing with bits largely stopped after the fifth generation. Though the bit terminology was no longer used in newer generations, the use of bit-count helped to establish the idea of console generations, and the earlier generations gained alternate names based on the dominant bit-count of the major systems of that era, such as the third generation being the 8-bit era or generation.<a href="#cite_note-Therrien-40">[40]</a> Later console generations are based on groupings of release dates rather than common hardware as base hardware configurations between consoles have greatly diverged, generally following trends in generation definition given by video game and mainstream journalism. Handheld consoles and other gaming systems and innovations are frequently grouped within the release years associated with the home console generations; for example the growth of <a href="/wiki/Digital_distribution" title="Digital distribution">digital distribution</a> is associated with the <a href="/wiki/Seventh_generation_of_video_game_consoles" title="Seventh generation of video game consoles">seventh generation</a>.<a href="#cite_note-gen_def-28">[28]</a><a href="#cite_note-41">[41]</a> <div class="center"><div class="thumb tnone" style=""><div class="thumbinner" style="width:1052px"><div class="thumbimage noresize" style="width:1050px;"> <div class="timeline-wrapper"><map name="timeline_f853ig7dnkj3kh63kcf67g1bmk6nzrs"></map><img usemap="#timeline_f853ig7dnkj3kh63kcf67g1bmk6nzrs" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/timeline/f853ig7dnkj3kh63kcf67g1bmk6nzrs.png" /></div></div><div class="thumbcaption">Overview of the console generations, including generation overlaps. Major consoles of each generation are given for each.</div></div></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Console_history_timeline_by_generation">Console history timeline by generation</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_video_game_consoles&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Console history timeline by generation">edit</a>]</div> The development of video game consoles primarily follows the history of video gaming in the North American and Japanese markets. Few other markets saw any significant console development on their own, such as in Europe where personal computers tended to be favored alongside imports of video game consoles. The <a href="/wiki/Video_game_clone" title="Video game clone">video game clone</a> in less-developed markets like China and Russia were not considered here. The following table provides an overview of the major hardware technical specifications of the consoles of each major generations by central processor unit (CPU), graphics processor unit (GPU), memory, game media, and other features.<a href="#cite_note-ieee_history-29">[29]</a> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Generation</th> <th>Time period</th> <th>Primary consoles</th> <th>CPU</th> <th>GPU</th> <th>Memory</th> <th>Game media</th> <th>Other common features </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/First_generation_of_video_game_consoles" title="First generation of video game consoles">First</a></td> <td>1972–1980</td> <td><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul style="margin-left:1em;text-indent:-1em;"><li><a href="/wiki/Magnavox_Odyssey" title="Magnavox Odyssey">Odyssey</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Pong#Home_version" title="Pong">Atari Pong</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Coleco_Telstar_series" title="Coleco Telstar series">Coleco Telstar series</a></li></ul></div></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul style="margin-left:1em;text-indent:-1em;"><li>Discrete</li><li><a href="/wiki/Diode%E2%80%93transistor_logic" title="Diode–transistor logic">diode–transistor logic</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Transistor%E2%80%93transistor_logic" title="Transistor–transistor logic">transistor–transistor logic</a></li></ul></div></td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">—</td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">—</td> <td>custom <a href="/wiki/Printed_circuit_board" title="Printed circuit board">printed circuit boards</a></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Second_generation_of_video_game_consoles" title="Second generation of video game consoles">Second</a></td> <td>1976–1992</td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul style="margin-left:1em;text-indent:-1em;"><li><a href="/wiki/Fairchild_Channel_F" title="Fairchild Channel F">Channel F</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Atari_2600" title="Atari 2600">Atari 2600</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Magnavox_Odyssey_2" title="Magnavox Odyssey 2">Odyssey 2</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Intellivision" title="Intellivision">Intellivision</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/ColecoVision" title="ColecoVision">ColecoVision</a></li></ul></div></td> <td>8-bit, 1–2 MHz, (Intellivision 16-bit)</td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">—</td> <td>2–16 KB</td> <td>Game cartridges</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Third_generation_of_video_game_consoles" title="Third generation of video game consoles">Third</a> ("8-bit generation")</td> <td>1983–2003</td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul style="margin-left:1em;text-indent:-1em;"><li><a href="/wiki/Nintendo_Entertainment_System" title="Nintendo Entertainment System">Nintendo Entertainment System</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Master_System" title="Master System">Master System</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Atari_7800" title="Atari 7800">Atari 7800</a></li></ul></div></td> <td>8-bit, 2–4 MHz</td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">—</td> <td>3–24 KB</td> <td>Game cartridges</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Fourth_generation_of_video_game_consoles" title="Fourth generation of video game consoles">Fourth</a> ("16-bit generation")</td> <td>1987–2004</td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul style="margin-left:1em;text-indent:-1em;"><li><a href="/wiki/TurboGrafx-16" title="TurboGrafx-16">TurboGrafx-16</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Sega_Genesis" title="Sega Genesis">Genesis</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Neo_Geo_(system)" title="Neo Geo (system)">Neo Geo</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Super_Nintendo_Entertainment_System" title="Super Nintendo Entertainment System">Super NES</a></li></ul></div></td> <td>8-bit and 16-bit, 4–8 MHz</td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">—</td> <td>8–128 KB</td> <td>Game cartridges</td> <td>CD-ROM add-ons </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Fifth_generation_of_video_game_consoles" title="Fifth generation of video game consoles">Fifth</a> ("32-bit generation")</td> <td>1993–2006</td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul style="margin-left:1em;text-indent:-1em;"><li><a href="/wiki/3DO_Interactive_Multiplayer" class="mw-redirect" title="3DO Interactive Multiplayer">3DO</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Atari_Jaguar" title="Atari Jaguar">Jaguar</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Sega_Saturn" title="Sega Saturn">Saturn</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/PlayStation_(console)" title="PlayStation (console)">PlayStation</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Nintendo_64" title="Nintendo 64">Nintendo 64</a></li></ul></div></td> <td>32 and 64-bit, 12–100 MHz</td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">—</td> <td>2–4.5 MB</td> <td>Game cartridges, Optical media</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Sixth_generation_of_video_game_consoles" title="Sixth generation of video game consoles">Sixth</a></td> <td>1998–2013</td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul style="margin-left:1em;text-indent:-1em;"><li><a href="/wiki/Dreamcast" title="Dreamcast">Dreamcast</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/PlayStation_2" title="PlayStation 2">PlayStation 2</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/GameCube" title="GameCube">GameCube</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Xbox_(console)" title="Xbox (console)">Xbox</a></li></ul></div></td> <td>32 and 64-bit, 200–733 MHz</td> <td>100–233 MHz</td> <td>16–64 MB</td> <td>Optical media</td> <td>Online connectivity, Confluence with common personal computer hardware, Parallel processing such as 128-bit SIMD capabilities. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Seventh_generation_of_video_game_consoles" title="Seventh generation of video game consoles">Seventh</a></td> <td>2005–2017</td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul style="margin-left:1em;text-indent:-1em;"><li><a href="/wiki/Xbox_360" title="Xbox 360">Xbox 360</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/PlayStation_3" title="PlayStation 3">PlayStation 3</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Wii" title="Wii">Wii</a></li></ul></div></td> <td>32 and 64-bit, 729 MHz–3.3 GHz</td> <td>243–550 MHz</td> <td>88–512 MB</td> <td>Optical media, digital distribution</td> <td>Internet services, wireless controllers, motion controls, <a href="/wiki/High-definition_television" title="High-definition television">HD resolutions</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Eighth_generation_of_video_game_consoles" title="Eighth generation of video game consoles">Eighth</a></td> <td>2012–present</td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul style="margin-left:1em;text-indent:-1em;"><li><a href="/wiki/Wii_U" title="Wii U">Wii U</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/PlayStation_4" title="PlayStation 4">PlayStation 4</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Xbox_One" title="Xbox One">Xbox One</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Nintendo_Switch" title="Nintendo Switch">Nintendo Switch</a></li></ul></div></td> <td>32 and 64-bit, 1.0–2.3 GHz</td> <td>307–1172 MHz</td> <td>2–12 GB</td> <td>Game cartridges, Optical media, digital distribution</td> <td>Internet services, <a href="/wiki/4K_resolution" title="4K resolution">4K resolution</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Ninth_generation_of_video_game_consoles" title="Ninth generation of video game consoles">Ninth</a></td> <td>2020–present</td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul style="margin-left:1em;text-indent:-1em;"><li><a href="/wiki/Xbox_Series_X_and_Series_S" title="Xbox Series X and Series S">Xbox Series X and Series S</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/PlayStation_5" title="PlayStation 5">PlayStation 5</a></li></ul></div></td> <td>64-bit, 3.5–3.8 GHz</td> <td>1565–2233 MHz</td> <td>10–16 GB</td> <td>Optical media, digital distribution</td> <td>Internet services, motion controls, 8K resolution, <a href="/wiki/SSD" class="mw-redirect" title="SSD">SSD</a> internal memory caching </td></tr></tbody></table> While there is no similar distinction of generations for handheld consoles, they are included in the sections below based on which home console generation they were released. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="First_generation_(1972–1983)">First generation (1972–1983)</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_video_game_consoles&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: First generation (1972–1983)">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/First_generation_of_video_game_consoles" title="First generation of video game consoles">First generation of video game consoles</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Early_history_of_video_games" title="Early history of video games">Early history of video games</a> and <a href="/wiki/List_of_first_generation_home_video_game_consoles" title="List of first generation home video game consoles">List of first generation home video game consoles</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Magnavox-Odyssey-Console-Set.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Magnavox-Odyssey-Console-Set.jpg/220px-Magnavox-Odyssey-Console-Set.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="112" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Magnavox-Odyssey-Console-Set.jpg/330px-Magnavox-Odyssey-Console-Set.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Magnavox-Odyssey-Console-Set.jpg/440px-Magnavox-Odyssey-Console-Set.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5800" data-file-height="2940" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Magnavox_Odyssey" title="Magnavox Odyssey">Magnavox Odyssey</a> was the first video game console, released in 1972.</figcaption></figure> The first generation of home consoles were generally limited to <a href="/wiki/Dedicated_consoles" class="mw-redirect" title="Dedicated consoles">dedicated consoles</a> with just one or two games pre-built into the console hardware, with a limited means to alter gameplay factors. In the case of the Odyssey, while it did ship with "game cards", these did not have any programmed games on them but instead acted as <a href="/wiki/Jumper_(computing)" title="Jumper (computing)">jumpers</a> to alter the existing circuitry pathway, and did not extend the capabilities of the console.<a href="#cite_note-42">[42]</a> Unlike most other future console generations, the first generation of consoles were typically built in limited runs rather than as an ongoing product line. The first home console was the <a href="/wiki/Magnavox_Odyssey" title="Magnavox Odyssey">Magnavox Odyssey</a> in September 1972 based on Baer's "Brown Box" design.<a href="#cite_note-ODYSSEY:_35_YEARS_LATER-43">[43]</a> Originally built from discrete transistors, Magnavox transitioned to <a href="/wiki/Integrated_circuit" title="Integrated circuit">integrated circuit</a> chips that were inexpensive, and developed a new line of consoles in the <a href="/wiki/Odyssey_series" title="Odyssey series">Odyssey series</a> from 1975 to 1977. At the same time, Atari had successfully launched Pong as an arcade game in 1972, and began work to make a home console version in late 1974, which they eventually partnered with <a href="/wiki/Sears" title="Sears">Sears</a> to the new home Pong console by the 1975 Christmas season. Pong had several technology advantages over the Odyssey, including an internal sound chip and the ability to track score. Coleco developed the first <a href="/wiki/Coleco_Telstar_series" title="Coleco Telstar series">Telstar</a> console in 1976.<a href="#cite_note-before_crash-44">[44]</a>: 53–59  With Magnavox, Atari and Coleco all vying in the console space by 1976 and further cost reductions in key processing chips from <a href="/wiki/General_Instrument" title="General Instrument">General Instruments</a>, numerous third-party manufacturers entered the console market by 1977 with ball-and-paddle games.<a href="#cite_note-45">[45]</a>: 147 <a href="#cite_note-tandy_underdog-6">[6]</a><a href="#cite_note-46">[46]</a> This led to market saturation by 1977,<a href="#cite_note-pong-clones-47">[47]</a> and the industry's first <a href="/wiki/Recession" title="Recession">market crash</a>.<a href="#cite_note-before_crash-44">[44]</a>: 81–89  Atari and Coleco attempted to make dedicated consoles with wholly new games to remain competitive, including Atari's <a href="/wiki/Video_Pinball_series" title="Video Pinball series">Video Pinball series</a> and Coleco's <a href="/wiki/Coleco_Telstar_Arcade" title="Coleco Telstar Arcade">Telstar Arcade</a>, but by this point, the first steps of the market's transition to the second generation of consoles had begun, making these units obsolete near release.<a href="#cite_note-before_crash-44">[44]</a>: 53–59  The Japanese market for gaming consoles followed a similar path at this point. <a href="/wiki/Nintendo" title="Nintendo">Nintendo</a> had already been a business partner with Magnovox by 1971 and helped to design the early <a href="/wiki/Light_gun" title="Light gun">light guns</a> for the console. Dedicated home game consoles in Japan appeared in 1975 with <a href="/wiki/Epoch_Co." title="Epoch Co.">Epoch Co.</a>'s <a href="/wiki/TV_Tennis_Electrotennis" title="TV Tennis Electrotennis">TV Tennis Electrotennis</a>. As in the United States, numerous rival products of these dedicated consoles began to appear, most made by the large television manufacturers like <a href="/wiki/Toshiba" title="Toshiba">Toshiba</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sharp_Corporation" title="Sharp Corporation">Sharp</a>, and these games would be called TV geemu or terebi geemu (TV game) as the designation for "video games" in Japan.<a href="#cite_note-geemu-48">[48]</a> Nintendo became a major player when <a href="/wiki/Mitsubishi" title="Mitsubishi">Mitsubishi</a>, having lost their manufacturer Systek due to bankruptcy, turned to the company to help continue to build their <a href="/wiki/Color_TV-Game" title="Color TV-Game">Color TV-Game</a> line, which went on to sell about 3 million units across four different units between 1977 and 1983.<a href="#cite_note-geemu-48">[48]</a><a href="#cite_note-CTGsales-49">[49]</a><a href="#cite_note-highscore-50">[50]</a> <table class="wikitable" style="margin: 1em auto 1em auto;"> <tbody><tr> <th rowspan="2">Console<a href="#cite_note-51">[note 1]</a> </th> <th colspan="3">Introduced </th> <th rowspan="2">Discontinued </th> <th rowspan="2">Units Sold </th></tr> <tr> <th style="width:5em;">Japan </th> <th style="width:5em;">North America </th> <th style="width:5em;">Europe </th></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th><a href="/wiki/Magnavox_Odyssey" title="Magnavox Odyssey">Magnavox Odyssey</a> </th> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td> <td>1972 </td> <td>1974 </td> <td>1975 </td> <td>350,000<a href="#cite_note-wikidata-d0b3be3b73f2453136a13f1adb9b9e504df258cd-v18-52">[51]</a> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th><a href="/wiki/Ping-O-Tronic" title="Ping-O-Tronic">Ping-O-Tronic</a> </th> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td> <td>1974 </td> <td>1983 </td> <td>1,000,000<a href="#cite_note-53">[note 2]</a> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th><a href="/wiki/Home_Pong_series" class="mw-redirect" title="Home Pong series">Home Pong series</a> </th> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td> <td>1975 </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td> <td>1977 </td> <td>200,000<a href="#cite_note-wikidata-1ce08aadd0339bdfe3343beb07215d1f9e147cde-v18-54">[52]</a> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th><a href="/wiki/TV_Tennis_Electrotennis" title="TV Tennis Electrotennis">TV Tennis Electrotennis</a> </th> <td>1975 </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td> <td>1977 </td> <td>20,000<a href="#cite_note-55">[53]</a> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th><a href="/wiki/Coleco_Telstar_series" title="Coleco Telstar series">Coleco Telstar</a> </th> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td> <td>1976 </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td> <td>1978 </td> <td>1,000,000 </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th><a href="/wiki/Color_TV-Game" title="Color TV-Game">Color TV-Game</a> </th> <td>1977 </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td> <td>1983 </td> <td>3,000,000<a href="#cite_note-56">[note 3]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="6"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-51"><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a> Only well-documented consoles of this generation are listed </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a> Collective sales across two models </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a> Collective sales across four models </li> </ol></div></div> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Second_generation_(1976–1992)">Second generation (1976–1992)</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_video_game_consoles&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Second generation (1976–1992)">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Second_generation_of_video_game_consoles" title="Second generation of video game consoles">Second generation of video game consoles</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Atari-2600-Wood-4Sw-Set.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Atari-2600-Wood-4Sw-Set.jpg/220px-Atari-2600-Wood-4Sw-Set.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="128" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Atari-2600-Wood-4Sw-Set.jpg/330px-Atari-2600-Wood-4Sw-Set.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Atari-2600-Wood-4Sw-Set.jpg/440px-Atari-2600-Wood-4Sw-Set.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3940" data-file-height="2300" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Atari_2600" title="Atari 2600">Atari 2600</a> became the most popular game console of the second generation.</figcaption></figure> The second generation of home consoles was distinguished by the introduction of the <a href="/wiki/ROM_cartridge" title="ROM cartridge">game cartridge</a>, where the game's code is stored in <a href="/wiki/Read-only_memory" title="Read-only memory">read-only memory</a> (ROM) within the cartridge. When the cartridge is slotted into the console, the electrical connections allow the main console's processors to read the game's code from the ROM. While ROM cartridges had been used in other computer applications prior, the ROM game cartridge was first implemented in the <a href="/wiki/Fairchild_Channel_F" title="Fairchild Channel F">Fairchild Video Entertainment System</a> (VES) in November 1976.<a href="#cite_note-57">[54]</a><a href="#cite_note-58">[55]</a> Additional consoles during this generation, all which used cartridge-based systems, included the <a href="/wiki/Atari_2600" title="Atari 2600">Atari 2600</a> (known as the Atari Video Computer System (VCS) at launch), the <a href="/wiki/Magnavox_Odyssey_2" title="Magnavox Odyssey 2">Magnavox Odyssey 2</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mattel_Electronics" class="mw-redirect" title="Mattel Electronics">Mattel Electronics</a>' <a href="/wiki/Intellivision" title="Intellivision">Intellivision</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/ColecoVision" title="ColecoVision">ColecoVision</a>. In addition to consoles, newer processor technology allowed games to support up to 8 colors and up to 3-channel audio effects.<a href="#cite_note-59">[56]</a> With the introduction of cartridge-based consoles came the need to develop a wide array of games for them. Atari was one of the forefronts in development for its Atari 2600. Atari marketed the console across multiple regions including into Japan,<a href="#cite_note-geemu-48">[48]</a> and retained control of all development aspects of the games. Game developments coincided with the <a href="/wiki/Golden_age_of_arcade_video_games" title="Golden age of arcade video games">Golden age of arcade video games</a> that started in 1978–1979 with the releases of <a href="/wiki/Space_Invaders" title="Space Invaders">Space Invaders</a> and <a href="/wiki/Asteroids_(video_game)" title="Asteroids (video game)">Asteroids</a>, and home versions of these arcade games were ideal targets. The Atari 2600 version of Space Invaders, released in 1980, was considered the <a href="/wiki/Killer_app" class="mw-redirect" title="Killer app">killer app</a> for home video game consoles, helping to quadruple the console's sales that year.<a href="#cite_note-60">[57]</a> Similarly, Coleco had beaten Atari to a key licensing deal with Nintendo to bring <a href="/wiki/Donkey_Kong_(arcade_game)" class="mw-redirect" title="Donkey Kong (arcade game)">Donkey Kong</a> as a pack-in game for the Colecovision, helping to drive its sales.<a href="#cite_note-ieee_history-29">[29]</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Video_game_crash_of_1983" title="Video game crash of 1983">Video game crash of 1983</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Atari_E.T._Dig-_Alamogordo,_New_Mexico_(14036097792).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Atari_E.T._Dig-_Alamogordo%2C_New_Mexico_%2814036097792%29.jpg/220px-Atari_E.T._Dig-_Alamogordo%2C_New_Mexico_%2814036097792%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Atari_E.T._Dig-_Alamogordo%2C_New_Mexico_%2814036097792%29.jpg/330px-Atari_E.T._Dig-_Alamogordo%2C_New_Mexico_%2814036097792%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Atari_E.T._Dig-_Alamogordo%2C_New_Mexico_%2814036097792%29.jpg/440px-Atari_E.T._Dig-_Alamogordo%2C_New_Mexico_%2814036097792%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4912" data-file-height="3264" /></a><figcaption>Dug-up copies of E.T. and Centipede for the Atari 2600 from the <a href="/wiki/Atari_video_game_burial" title="Atari video game burial">Atari video game burial</a> in New Mexico photographed in 2014. The Atari burial to dispose of unsold stock was created in September 1983 and seen as an iconic element of the 1983 video game crash.</figcaption></figure> At the same time, Atari has been acquired by <a href="/wiki/Warner_Communications" class="mw-redirect" title="Warner Communications">Warner Communications</a>, and internal policies led to the departure of four key programmers <a href="/wiki/David_Crane_(programmer)" title="David Crane (programmer)">David Crane</a>, <a href="/wiki/Larry_Kaplan" title="Larry Kaplan">Larry Kaplan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alan_Miller_(game_designer)" title="Alan Miller (game designer)">Alan Miller</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Bob_Whitehead" title="Bob Whitehead">Bob Whitehead</a>, who went and formed <a href="/wiki/Activision" title="Activision">Activision</a>. Activision proceeded to develop their own Atari 2600 games as well as games for other systems. Atari attempted legal action to stop this practice but ended up settling out of court, with Activision agreeing to pay royalties but otherwise able to continue game development, making Activision the first third-party game developer.<a href="#cite_note-61">[58]</a> Activision quickly found success and were able to generate US$50 million in revenue from about US$1 million in startup funds within 18 months.<a href="#cite_note-ieee_history-29">[29]</a> Numerous other companies saw Activision's success and jumped into game development to try to make fast money on the rapidly expanding North America video game market. This led to a loss of publishing control and dilution of the game market by the early 1980s.<a href="#cite_note-mj19821226-62">[59]</a> Additionally, in following on the success of Space Invaders, Atari and other companies had remained eager for licensed video game possibilities. Atari had banked heavily on commercial sales of <a href="/wiki/E.T._the_Extra-Terrestrial_(video_game)" title="E.T. the Extra-Terrestrial (video game)">E.T. the Extra-Terrestrial</a> in 1982, but it was rushed to market and poorly-received, and failed to make Atari's sales estimates. Along with competition from inexpensive home computers, the North American home console market crashed in 1983.<a href="#cite_note-ieee_history-29">[29]</a><a href="#cite_note-63">[60]</a> For the most part, the 1983 crash signaled the end of this generation as Nintendo's introduction of the <a href="/wiki/Nintendo_Entertainment_System" title="Nintendo Entertainment System">Famicom</a> the same year brought the start of the third generation. When Nintendo brought the Famicom to North America under the name "Nintendo Entertainment System", it helped to revitalize the industry, and Atari, now owned by <a href="/wiki/Jack_Tramiel" title="Jack Tramiel">Jack Tramiel</a>, pushed on sales of the previously successful Atari 2600 under new branding to keep the company afloat for many more years while he transitioned the company more towards the personal computer market.<a href="#cite_note-GPro92-64">[61]</a> The Atari 2600 stayed in production until 1992, marking the end of the second generation.<a href="#cite_note-65">[62]</a> <table class="wikitable" style="margin: 1em auto 1em auto;"> <tbody><tr> <th rowspan="2">Console </th> <th colspan="3">Introduced </th> <th rowspan="2">Discontinued </th> <th rowspan="2">Units Sold </th></tr> <tr> <th style="width:5em;">Japan </th> <th style="width:5em;">North America </th> <th style="width:5em;">Europe </th></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th><a href="/wiki/Fairchild_Channel_F" title="Fairchild Channel F">Fairchild Channel F</a> </th> <td>1977 </td> <td>1976 </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td> <td>1983 </td> <td>250,000 </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th><a href="/wiki/Atari_2600" title="Atari 2600">Atari 2600</a> </th> <td>1983 </td> <td>1977 </td> <td>1978 </td> <td>1992 </td> <td>30,000,000 </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th><a href="/wiki/Magnavox_Odyssey%C2%B2" class="mw-redirect" title="Magnavox Odyssey²">Magnavox Odyssey²</a> </th> <td>1982 </td> <td>1978 </td> <td>1978 </td> <td>1984 </td> <td>2,000,000 </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th><a href="/wiki/Intellivision" title="Intellivision">Intellivision</a> </th> <td>1982 </td> <td>1980 </td> <td>1982 </td> <td>1990 </td> <td>3,000,000 </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th><a href="/wiki/ColecoVision" title="ColecoVision">ColecoVision</a> </th> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td> <td>1982 </td> <td>1983 </td> <td>1985 </td> <td>2,000,000 </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th><a href="/wiki/Atari_5200" title="Atari 5200">Atari 5200</a> </th> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td> <td>1982 </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td> <td>1984 </td> <td>1,400,000 </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Handhelds_of_the_second_generation">Handhelds of the second generation</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_video_game_consoles&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Handhelds of the second generation">edit</a>]</div> <a href="/wiki/Handheld_electronic_game" title="Handheld electronic game">Handheld electronic games</a> had already been introduced on the market, such as <a href="/wiki/Mattel_Auto_Race" title="Mattel Auto Race">Mattel Auto Race</a> in 1977 and <a href="/wiki/Simon_(game)" title="Simon (game)">Simon</a> in 1978. While not considered video games as lacking the typical video screen element, instead using <a href="/wiki/Light-emitting_diode" title="Light-emitting diode">LED lights</a> as game indicators, they still established a market for portable video games. The first <a href="/wiki/Handheld_game_console" title="Handheld game console">handheld game console</a> emerged during the second home console generation, using simple <a href="/wiki/Liquid-crystal_display" title="Liquid-crystal display">LC displays</a>. Early attempts at cartridge-based handheld systems included the <a href="/wiki/Microvision" title="Microvision">Microvision</a> by <a href="/wiki/Milton-Bradley" class="mw-redirect" title="Milton-Bradley">Milton-Bradley</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Epoch_Game_Pocket_Computer" title="Epoch Game Pocket Computer">Epoch Game Pocket Computer</a>, but neither gained significant traction. <a href="/wiki/Nintendo" title="Nintendo">Nintendo</a>, on the other hand, introduced its line of <a href="/wiki/Game_%26_Watch" title="Game & Watch">Game & Watch</a> portable games, each with a single dedicated game, as its first venture into the video game market. First introduced in 1980, the Game & Watch series ran for over a decade and sold more than 40 million units.<a href="#cite_note-66">[63]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Third_generation_(1983–2003)">Third generation (1983–2003)</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_video_game_consoles&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Third generation (1983–2003)">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Third_generation_of_video_game_consoles" title="Third generation of video game consoles">Third generation of video game consoles</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:NES-Console-Set.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/NES-Console-Set.jpg/220px-NES-Console-Set.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="119" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/NES-Console-Set.jpg/330px-NES-Console-Set.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/NES-Console-Set.jpg/440px-NES-Console-Set.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5560" data-file-height="3020" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Nintendo_Entertainment_System" title="Nintendo Entertainment System">Nintendo Entertainment System</a> made home console video games popular again in America after the 1983 crash.</figcaption></figure> Frequently called the "8-bit generation", the third generation's consoles used 8-bit processors, five audio channels, and more advanced graphics capability including <a href="/wiki/Sprite_(computer_graphics)" title="Sprite (computer graphics)">sprites</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tile-based_video_game" title="Tile-based video game">tiles</a> instead of block-based graphics of the second generation. Further, the third console saw the market dominance shift from the United States to Japan as a result of the 1983 crash.<a href="#cite_note-67">[64]</a> Both the <a href="/wiki/Sega" title="Sega">Sega</a> <a href="/wiki/SG-1000" title="SG-1000">SG-1000</a> and the Nintendo <a href="/wiki/Nintendo_Entertainment_System" title="Nintendo Entertainment System">Nintendo Entertainment System</a> launched near simultaneously in Japan in 1983.<a href="#cite_note-PC-Engine_UK2-68">[65]</a> The Famicom, after some initial technical recalls, soon gained traction and became the best selling console in Japan by the end of 1984.<a href="#cite_note-Ultimate_History-69">[66]</a> By that point Nintendo wanted to bring the console to North America but recognized the faults that the video game crash had caused. It took several steps to redesign the console to make it look less like a game console and rebranded it as the "Nintendo Entertainment System" (NES) for North America to avoid the "video game" label stigma.<a href="#cite_note-70">[67]</a><a href="#cite_note-71">[68]</a> The company also wanted to avoid the loss of publishing control that had occurred both in North America as well as in Asia after the Famicom's release, and created a <a href="/wiki/CIC_(Nintendo)" title="CIC (Nintendo)">lockout system</a> that required all game cartridges to be manufactured by Nintendo to include a special chip. If this chip was not present, the console would fail to play the game. This further gave Nintendo direct control on the titles published for the system, rejecting those it felt were too mature.<a href="#cite_note-lockout-72">[69]</a><a href="#cite_note-73">[70]</a> The NES launched in North America in 1985, and helped to revitalize the video game market there.<a href="#cite_note-cgw198806-74">[71]</a> Sega attempted to compete with the NES with its own <a href="/wiki/Master_System" title="Master System">Master System</a>, released later in 1986 in both the US and Japan, but did not gain traction to compete. Similarly, Atari's attempts to compete with the NES via the <a href="/wiki/Atari_7800" title="Atari 7800">Atari 7800</a> in 1987 failed to knock the NES from its dominant position.<a href="#cite_note-75">[72]</a> The NES remained in production until 2003, when it was discontinued along with its successor, the Super Nintendo Entertainment System.<a href="#cite_note-famicom-76">[73]</a> <table class="wikitable" style="margin: 1em auto 1em auto;"> <tbody><tr> <th rowspan="2">Console </th> <th colspan="3">Introduced </th> <th rowspan="2">Discontinued </th> <th rowspan="2">Units Sold </th></tr> <tr> <th style="width:5em;">Japan </th> <th style="width:5em;">North America </th> <th style="width:5em;">Europe </th></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th><a href="/wiki/Nintendo_Entertainment_System" title="Nintendo Entertainment System">Famicom/NES</a> </th> <td>1983 </td> <td>1985 </td> <td>1986 </td> <td>2003 </td> <td>61,910,000 </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th><a href="/wiki/Master_System" title="Master System">Mark III/Master System</a> </th> <td>1985 </td> <td>1986 </td> <td>1987 </td> <td>1996 </td> <td>13,000,000 </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th><a href="/wiki/Atari_7800" title="Atari 7800">Atari 7800</a> </th> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td> <td>1986 </td> <td>1987 </td> <td>1992 </td> <td>3,770,000 </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th><a href="/wiki/Atari_XEGS" title="Atari XEGS">Atari XEGS</a> </th> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td> <td>1987 </td> <td>1987 </td> <td>1992 </td> <td>100,000 </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Fourth_generation_(1987–2004)">Fourth generation (1987–2004)</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_video_game_consoles&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Fourth generation (1987–2004)">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Fourth_generation_of_video_game_consoles" title="Fourth generation of video game consoles">Fourth generation of video game consoles</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sega-Mega-Drive-JP-Mk1-Console-Set.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Sega-Mega-Drive-JP-Mk1-Console-Set.jpg/220px-Sega-Mega-Drive-JP-Mk1-Console-Set.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="110" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Sega-Mega-Drive-JP-Mk1-Console-Set.jpg/330px-Sega-Mega-Drive-JP-Mk1-Console-Set.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Sega-Mega-Drive-JP-Mk1-Console-Set.jpg/440px-Sega-Mega-Drive-JP-Mk1-Console-Set.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4240" data-file-height="2120" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Sega" title="Sega">Sega</a> saw their greatest success in the video game console market with the <a href="/wiki/Sega_Genesis" title="Sega Genesis">Genesis</a>, their fourth generation console; however, it was ultimately outsold by the <a href="/wiki/Super_Nintendo_Entertainment_System" title="Super Nintendo Entertainment System">Super Nintendo Entertainment System</a>.</figcaption></figure> The fourth generation of consoles, also known as the "16-bit generation", further advanced core console technology with 16-bit processors, improving the available graphics and audio capabilities of games.<a href="#cite_note-umich_cvga_4th-77">[74]</a> <a href="/wiki/NEC" title="NEC">NEC</a>'s <a href="/wiki/TurboGrafx-16" title="TurboGrafx-16">TurboGrafx-16</a> (or PC Engine as released in Japan), first released in 1987,<a href="#cite_note-PC-Engine_UK-78">[75]</a> is considered the first fourth generation console even though it still had an 8-bit CPU. The console's 16-bit graphics processor gave it capabilities comparable to the other fourth generation systems, and NEC's marketing had pushed the console being an advancement over the NES as a "16-bit" system.<a href="#cite_note-Therrien-40">[40]</a><a href="#cite_note-79">[76]</a> Both Sega and Nintendo entered the fourth generation with true 16-bit systems in the 1988 <a href="/wiki/Sega_Genesis" title="Sega Genesis">Sega Genesis</a> (Mega Drive in Japan) and the 1990 <a href="/wiki/Super_Nintendo_Entertainment_System" title="Super Nintendo Entertainment System">Super Nintendo Entertainment System</a> (SNES, Super Famicom in Japan). <a href="/wiki/SNK" title="SNK">SNK</a> also entered the competition with a modified version of their <a href="/wiki/Neo_Geo_MVS" class="mw-redirect" title="Neo Geo MVS">Neo Geo MVS</a> arcade system into the <a href="/wiki/Neo_Geo_(console)" class="mw-redirect" title="Neo Geo (console)">Neo Geo</a>, released in 1990, which attempted to bridge the gap between arcade and home console systems with the shared use of common game cartridges and memory cards.<a href="#cite_note-80">[77]</a> This generation was notable for the so-called "console wars" between Nintendo and Sega primarily in North America. Sega, to try to challenge Nintendo's dominant position, created the <a href="/wiki/Video_game_mascot" class="mw-redirect" title="Video game mascot">mascot</a> character <a href="/wiki/Sonic_the_Hedgehog_(character)" title="Sonic the Hedgehog (character)">Sonic the Hedgehog</a>, who exhibited cool personality to appeal to the Western youth in contrast to Nintendo's <a href="/wiki/Mario" title="Mario">Mario</a>, and bundled the Genesis with <a href="/wiki/Sonic_the_Hedgehog_(1991_video_game)" title="Sonic the Hedgehog (1991 video game)">the game of the same name</a>. The strategy succeeded with Sega becoming the dominant player in North America until the mid-1990s.<a href="#cite_note-kline_console_wars-81">[78]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sega-CD-Model1-Set.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Sega-CD-Model1-Set.jpg/220px-Sega-CD-Model1-Set.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="166" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Sega-CD-Model1-Set.jpg/330px-Sega-CD-Model1-Set.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Sega-CD-Model1-Set.jpg/440px-Sega-CD-Model1-Set.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3700" data-file-height="2800" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Sega_CD" title="Sega CD">Sega CD</a> add-on, mounted below the Sega Genesis</figcaption></figure> During this generation, the technology costs of using <a href="/wiki/Optical_disc" title="Optical disc">optical discs</a> in the form of <a href="/wiki/CD-ROM" title="CD-ROM">CD-ROMs</a> has dropped sufficiently to make them desirable to be used for shipping computer software, including for video games for personal computers. CD-ROMs offered more storage space than game cartridges and could allow for <a href="/wiki/Full-motion_video" title="Full-motion video">full-motion video</a> and other detailed audio-video works to be used in games.<a href="#cite_note-ieee_history-29">[29]</a> Console manufacturers adapted by created hardware add-ons to their consoles that could read and play CD-ROMs, including NEC's TurboGrafx-CD add-on (as well as the integrated <a href="/wiki/TurboDuo" title="TurboDuo">TurboDuo</a> system) in 1988, and the <a href="/wiki/Sega_CD" title="Sega CD">Sega CD</a> add-on for the Genesis in 1991, and the <a href="/wiki/Neo_Geo_CD" title="Neo Geo CD">Neo Geo CD</a> in 1994. Costs of these add-ons were generally high, nearing the same price as the console itself, and with the introduction of disc-based consoles in the fifth generation starting in 1993, these fell by the wayside.<a href="#cite_note-ieee_history-29">[29]</a> Nintendo had initially worked with <a href="/wiki/Sony" title="Sony">Sony</a> to develop a similar add-on for the SNES, the <a href="/wiki/Super_NES_CD-ROM" title="Super NES CD-ROM">Super NES CD-ROM</a>, but just before its introduction, business relationships between Nintendo and Sony broke down, and Sony would take its idea on to develop the fifth generation <a href="/wiki/PlayStation_(console)" title="PlayStation (console)">PlayStation</a>.<a href="#cite_note-82">[79]</a> Additionally, <a href="/wiki/Philips" title="Philips">Philips</a> attempted to enter the market with a dedicated CD-ROM format, the <a href="/wiki/CD-i" title="CD-i">CD-i</a>, also released in 1990, that included other uses for the CD-ROM media beyond video games but the console never gained traction.<a href="#cite_note-83">[80]</a> The fourth generation had a long tail that overlapped with the fifth generation, with the SNES's discontinuation in 2003 marking the end of the generation.<a href="#cite_note-famicom-76">[73]</a> To keep their console competitive with the new fifth generation ones, Nintendo took to the use of <a href="/wiki/Coprocessor" title="Coprocessor">coprocessors</a> manufactured into the game cartridges to enhance the capabilities of the SNES. This included the <a href="/wiki/Super_FX" title="Super FX">Super FX</a> chip, which was first used in the game <a href="/wiki/Star_Fox_(1993_video_game)" title="Star Fox (1993 video game)">Star Fox</a> in 1993, generally considered one of the first games to use real-time polygon-based 3D rendering on consoles.<a href="#cite_note-umich_cvga_4th-77">[74]</a> <table class="wikitable" style="margin: 1em auto 1em auto;"> <tbody><tr> <th rowspan="2">Console </th> <th colspan="3">Introduced </th> <th rowspan="2">Discontinued </th> <th rowspan="2">Units Sold </th></tr> <tr> <th style="width:5em;">Japan </th> <th style="width:5em;">North America </th> <th style="width:5em;">Europe </th></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th><a href="/wiki/TurboGrafx-16" title="TurboGrafx-16">PC Engine/TurboGrafx-16</a> </th> <td>1987 </td> <td>1989 </td> <td>1989 </td> <td>1994 </td> <td>5,800,000 </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th><a href="/wiki/Sega_Genesis" title="Sega Genesis">Mega Drive/Genesis</a> </th> <td>1988 </td> <td>1989 </td> <td>1990 </td> <td>1997 </td> <td>30,750,000 </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th><a href="/wiki/Neo_Geo_(system)" title="Neo Geo (system)">Neo Geo</a> </th> <td>1990 </td> <td>1991 </td> <td>1994 </td> <td>1997 </td> <td>980,000 </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th><a href="/wiki/Super_Nintendo_Entertainment_System" title="Super Nintendo Entertainment System">Super Famicom/Super NES</a> </th> <td>1990 </td> <td>1991 </td> <td>1992 </td> <td>2003 </td> <td>49,100,000 </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th><a href="/wiki/Sega_CD" title="Sega CD">Sega CD/Mega-CD</a> </th> <td>1991 </td> <td>1992 </td> <td>1993 </td> <td>1996 </td> <td>2,240,000 </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th><a href="/wiki/Philips_CD-i" class="mw-redirect" title="Philips CD-i">CD-i</a> </th> <td>1992 </td> <td>1991 </td> <td>1992 </td> <td>1998 </td> <td>1,000,000 </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th><a href="/wiki/Neo_Geo_CD" title="Neo Geo CD">Neo Geo CD</a> </th> <td>1994 </td> <td>1996 </td> <td>1994 </td> <td>1997 </td> <td>570,000 </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Handhelds_of_the_fourth_generation">Handhelds of the fourth generation</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_video_game_consoles&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Handhelds of the fourth generation">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Game-Boy-FL.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Game-Boy-FL.jpg/170px-Game-Boy-FL.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="206" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Game-Boy-FL.jpg/255px-Game-Boy-FL.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Game-Boy-FL.jpg/340px-Game-Boy-FL.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2820" data-file-height="3420" /></a><figcaption>The original <a href="/wiki/Game_Boy" title="Game Boy">Game Boy</a> model</figcaption></figure> Nintendo brought its experience from the Game & Watch series to develop the <a href="/wiki/Game_Boy" title="Game Boy">Game Boy</a> system in 1989, with subsequent iterations through the years. The unit included a LCD screen that supported a 4-shade monochrome pixel display, the use of a cartridge-based system, and the means to link up two units to play head-to-head games. One of the early packages included <a href="/wiki/Tetris_(Game_Boy)" class="mw-redirect" title="Tetris (Game Boy)">Tetris</a> bundled with the unit, which became the Game Boy's best-selling game and led the unit to dominate handheld sales at the time.<a href="#cite_note-84">[81]</a> The Game Boy also introduced the Kirby franchise worldwide, which became a staple of Nintendo's handheld consoles. The <a href="/wiki/Atari_Lynx" title="Atari Lynx">Atari Lynx</a> was also introduced in 1989 and included a color-LED screen, but its small game library and low battery life failed to make it competitive with the Game Boy.<a href="#cite_note-The_Atari_Lynx-85">[82]</a><a href="#cite_note-86">[83]</a><a href="#cite_note-handheld_sales-87">[84]</a> Both Sega and NEC also attempted to compete with the Game Boy with the <a href="/wiki/Game_Gear" title="Game Gear">Game Gear</a> and the <a href="/wiki/TurboExpress" title="TurboExpress">TurboExpress</a>, respectively, both released in 1990. Each were attempts to bring the respective home console games to handheld systems, but struggled against the staying power of the Game Boy.<a href="#cite_note-handheld_sales-87">[84]</a><a href="#cite_note-88">[85]</a> <table class="wikitable" style="margin: 1em auto 1em auto;"> <tbody><tr> <th rowspan="2">Console </th> <th colspan="3">Introduced </th> <th rowspan="2">Discontinued </th> <th rowspan="2">Units Sold </th></tr> <tr> <th style="width:5em;">Japan </th> <th style="width:5em;">North America </th> <th style="width:5em;">Europe </th></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th><a href="/wiki/Game_Boy" title="Game Boy">Game Boy</a> </th> <td>1989 </td> <td>1989 </td> <td>1990 </td> <td>2003 </td> <td>118,690,000<a href="#cite_note-89">[note 1]</a> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th><a href="/wiki/Atari_Lynx" title="Atari Lynx">Atari Lynx</a> </th> <td>1990 </td> <td>1989 </td> <td>1990 </td> <td>1995 </td> <td>3,000,000 </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th><a href="/wiki/Game_Gear" title="Game Gear">Game Gear</a> </th> <td>1990 </td> <td>1991 </td> <td>1991 </td> <td>1997 </td> <td>10,620,000 </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th><a href="/wiki/TurboExpress" title="TurboExpress">TurboExpress</a> </th> <td>1990 </td> <td>1991 </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td> <td>1994 </td> <td>1,500,000 </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="6"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-89"><a href="#cite_ref-89">^</a> Game Boy sales include those of the Game Boy Pocket, Light, and Color </li> </ol></div></div> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Fifth_generation_(1993–2006)">Fifth generation (1993–2006)</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_video_game_consoles&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Fifth generation (1993–2006)">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Fifth_generation_of_video_game_consoles" title="Fifth generation of video game consoles">Fifth generation of video game consoles</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:PSX-Console-wController.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/PSX-Console-wController.jpg/220px-PSX-Console-wController.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="101" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/PSX-Console-wController.jpg/330px-PSX-Console-wController.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/PSX-Console-wController.jpg/440px-PSX-Console-wController.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4140" data-file-height="1900" /></a><figcaption>The Sony <a href="/wiki/PlayStation_(console)" title="PlayStation (console)">PlayStation</a> became the most popular system of the fifth generation consoles, eventually selling over 100 million systems.</figcaption></figure> During this time home computers gained greater prominence as a way of playing video games. The video game console industry nonetheless continued to thrive alongside home computers, due to the advantages of much lower prices, easier portability, circuitry specifically dedicated towards video games, the ability to be played on a television set (which PCs of the time could not do in most cases), and intensive first party software support from manufacturers who were essentially banking their entire future on their consoles.<a href="#cite_note-90">[86]</a> Besides the shift to 32-bit processors, the fifth generation of consoles also saw most companies excluding Nintendo shift to dedicated optical media formats instead of game cartridges, given their lower cost of production and higher storage capacity.<a href="#cite_note-91">[87]</a> Initial consoles of the fifth generation attempted to capitalize on the potential power of CD-ROMs, which included the <a href="/wiki/3DO_Interactive_Multiplayer" class="mw-redirect" title="3DO Interactive Multiplayer">3DO</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Atari_Jaguar" title="Atari Jaguar">Atari Jaguar</a> in 1993.<a href="#cite_note-NGen12-92">[88]</a> However, early in the cycle, these systems were far more expensive than existing fourth-generation models and has much smaller game libraries.<a href="#cite_note-ieee_history-29">[29]</a> Further, Nintendo's use of co-processors in late SNES games further kept the SNES as one of the best selling systems over new fifth generation ones.<a href="#cite_note-ieee_history-29">[29]</a> Two of the key consoles of the fifth generation were introduced in 1995: the <a href="/wiki/Sega_Saturn" title="Sega Saturn">Sega Saturn</a>, and the Sony <a href="/wiki/PlayStation_(console)" title="PlayStation (console)">PlayStation</a>, both which challenged the SNES' ongoing dominance. While the Saturn sold well, it did have a number of technical flaws, but established Sega for a number of key game series going forward.<a href="#cite_note-IGNHistory_pg8-93">[89]</a> The PlayStation, in addition to using optical media, also introduced the use of <a href="/wiki/Memory_card" title="Memory card">memory cards</a> as to save the state of a game. Though <a href="/wiki/Memory_card" title="Memory card">memory cards</a> had been used by Neo Geo to allow players to transfer game information between home and arcade systems, the PlayStation's approach allowed games to have much longer gameplay and narrative elements, leading to highly-successful <a href="/wiki/Computer_role-playing_game" class="mw-redirect" title="Computer role-playing game">role-playing games</a> like <a href="/wiki/Final_Fantasy_VII" title="Final Fantasy VII">Final Fantasy VII</a>.<a href="#cite_note-ieee_history-29">[29]</a> By 1996, the PlayStation became the best-selling console over the GBA.<a href="#cite_note-ieee_history-29">[29]</a> Nintendo released their next console, the <a href="/wiki/Nintendo_64" title="Nintendo 64">Nintendo 64</a> in late 1996. Unlike other fifth generation units, it still used game cartridges, as Nintendo believed the load-time advantages of cartridges over CD-ROMs was still essential, as well as their ability to continue to use lockout mechanisms to protect copyrights.<a href="#cite_note-advantages-94">[90]</a><a href="#cite_note-95">[91]</a> The system also included support for memory cards as well, and Nintendo developed a strong library of first-party titles for the game, including <a href="/wiki/Wave_Race_64" title="Wave Race 64">Wave Race 64</a> and <a href="/wiki/The_Legend_of_Zelda:_Ocarina_of_Time" title="The Legend of Zelda: Ocarina of Time">The Legend of Zelda: Ocarina of Time</a> that helped to drive its sales. While the Nintendo 64 did not match the PlayStation's sales, it kept Nintendo a key competitor in the home console market alongside Sony and Sega.<a href="#cite_note-ieee_history-29">[29]</a> As with the transition from the fourth to fifth generation, the fifth generation has a long overlap with the sixth console generation, with the PlayStation remaining in production until 2006.<a href="#cite_note-shipments-96">[92]</a> <table class="wikitable" style="margin: 1em auto 1em auto;"> <tbody><tr> <th rowspan="2">Console </th> <th colspan="3">Introduced </th> <th rowspan="2">Discontinued </th> <th rowspan="2">Units Sold </th></tr> <tr> <th style="width:5em;">Japan </th> <th style="width:5em;">North America </th> <th style="width:5em;">Europe </th></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th><a href="/wiki/FM_Towns_Marty" title="FM Towns Marty">FM Towns Marty</a> </th> <td>1993 </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td> <td>1995 </td> <td>45,000 </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th><a href="/wiki/Amiga_CD32" title="Amiga CD32">Amiga CD32</a> </th> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td> <td>1994 </td> <td>1993 </td> <td>1994 </td> <td>100,000 </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th><a href="/wiki/Atari_Jaguar" title="Atari Jaguar">Atari Jaguar</a> </th> <td>1994 </td> <td>1993 </td> <td>1994 </td> <td>1996 </td> <td>250,000 </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th><a href="/wiki/3DO_Interactive_Multiplayer" class="mw-redirect" title="3DO Interactive Multiplayer">3DO</a> </th> <td>1994 </td> <td>1993 </td> <td>1994 </td> <td>1996 </td> <td>2,000,000 </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th><a href="/wiki/PC-FX" title="PC-FX">PC-FX</a> </th> <td>1994 </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td> <td>1998 </td> <td>400,000 </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th><a href="/wiki/32X" title="32X">Sega 32X</a> </th> <td>1994 </td> <td>1994 </td> <td>1995 </td> <td>1996 </td> <td>665,000 </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th><a href="/wiki/Sega_Saturn" title="Sega Saturn">Sega Saturn</a> </th> <td>1994 </td> <td>1995 </td> <td>1995 </td> <td>2000 </td> <td>9,260,000 </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th><a href="/wiki/PlayStation_(console)" title="PlayStation (console)">PlayStation</a> </th> <td>1994 </td> <td>1995 </td> <td>1995 </td> <td>2006 </td> <td>102,490,000 </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th><a href="/wiki/Nintendo_64" title="Nintendo 64">Nintendo 64</a> </th> <td>1996 </td> <td>1996 </td> <td>1997 </td> <td>2002 </td> <td>32,930,000 </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th><a href="/wiki/Apple_Bandai_Pippin" class="mw-redirect" title="Apple Bandai Pippin">Apple Pippin</a> </th> <td>1996 </td> <td>1996 </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td> <td>1997 </td> <td>42,000 </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Handhelds_of_the_fifth_generation">Handhelds of the fifth generation</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_video_game_consoles&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Handhelds of the fifth generation">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Virtual-Boy-Set.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Virtual-Boy-Set.jpg/170px-Virtual-Boy-Set.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="216" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Virtual-Boy-Set.jpg/255px-Virtual-Boy-Set.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Virtual-Boy-Set.jpg/340px-Virtual-Boy-Set.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2660" data-file-height="3380" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Virtual_Boy" title="Virtual Boy">Virtual Boy</a> headset and controller</figcaption></figure> Nintendo released the <a href="/wiki/Virtual_Boy" title="Virtual Boy">Virtual Boy</a>, an early attempt at <a href="/wiki/Virtual_reality" title="Virtual reality">virtual reality</a>, in 1995. The unit required the player to play a game through a stereoscopic viewerfinder, which was awkward and difficult, and did not lend well to portable gaming.<a href="#cite_note-97">[93]</a><a href="#cite_note-Boyer-98">[94]</a><a href="#cite_note-Tomb_Space-99">[95]</a> Nintendo instead returned to focus on incremental improvements to the Game Boy, including the <a href="/wiki/Game_Boy_Pocket" class="mw-redirect" title="Game Boy Pocket">Game Boy Pocket</a><a href="#cite_note-100">[96]</a><a href="#cite_note-101">[97]</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Game_Boy_Color" title="Game Boy Color">Game Boy Color</a>.<a href="#cite_note-102">[98]</a> Sega also released the <a href="/wiki/Genesis_Nomad" title="Genesis Nomad">Genesis Nomad</a>, a handheld unit that played Sega Genesis games, in 1995 in North America only.<a href="#cite_note-gamepro-103">[99]</a><a href="#cite_note-104">[100]</a> The unit had been developed through Sega of America with little oversight from Sega's main headquarters, and as Sega moved forward, the company as a whole decided to put more focus on the Sega Saturn to stay competitive and drop support for all other ongoing systems, including the Nomad.<a href="#cite_note-interview-105">[101]</a><a href="#cite_note-KSL-106">[102]</a><a href="#cite_note-RetroNomad-107">[103]</a> Despite Nintendo's domination of handheld console market, some competing consoles such as <a href="/wiki/Neo_Geo_Pocket" title="Neo Geo Pocket">Neo Geo Pocket</a>, <a href="/wiki/WonderSwan" title="WonderSwan">WonderSwan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Neo_Geo_Pocket_Color" title="Neo Geo Pocket Color">Neo Geo Pocket Color</a>, and <a href="/wiki/WonderSwan_Color" class="mw-redirect" title="WonderSwan Color">WonderSwan Color</a> appeared in the late 1990s and discontinued several years later after their appearance in handheld console market. <table class="wikitable" style="margin: 1em auto 1em auto;"> <tbody><tr> <th rowspan="2">Console </th> <th colspan="3">Introduced </th> <th rowspan="2">Discontinued </th> <th rowspan="2">Units Sold </th></tr> <tr> <th style="width:5em;">Japan </th> <th style="width:5em;">North America </th> <th style="width:5em;">Europe </th></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th><a href="/wiki/Virtual_Boy" title="Virtual Boy">Virtual Boy</a> </th> <td>1995 </td> <td>1994 </td> <td>1993 </td> <td>1996 </td> <td>770,000 </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th><a href="/wiki/Genesis_Nomad" title="Genesis Nomad">Genesis Nomad</a> </th> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td> <td>1995 </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td> <td>1999 </td> <td style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #EEE); color: var(--color-base, black); vertical-align: middle; white-space: nowrap; text-align: center;" class="table-Unknown">Unknown </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th><a href="/wiki/Game_Boy_Pocket" class="mw-redirect" title="Game Boy Pocket">Game Boy Pocket</a> </th> <td>1996 </td> <td>1996 </td> <td>1996 </td> <td style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #EEE); color: var(--color-base, black); vertical-align: middle; white-space: nowrap; text-align: center;" class="table-Unknown">Unknown </td> <td style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #EEE); color: var(--color-base, black); vertical-align: middle; white-space: nowrap; text-align: center;" class="table-Unknown">Unknown<a href="#cite_note-gb-108">[note 1]</a> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th><a href="/wiki/Game.com" title="Game.com">Game.com</a> </th> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td> <td>1997 </td> <td>1997 </td> <td>2000 </td> <td>>300,000 </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th><a href="/wiki/Game_Boy_Light" class="mw-redirect" title="Game Boy Light">Game Boy Light</a> </th> <td>1998 </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td> <td style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #EEE); color: var(--color-base, black); vertical-align: middle; white-space: nowrap; text-align: center;" class="table-Unknown">Unknown </td> <td style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #EEE); color: var(--color-base, black); vertical-align: middle; white-space: nowrap; text-align: center;" class="table-Unknown">Unknown<a href="#cite_note-gb-108">[note 1]</a> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th><a href="/wiki/Game_Boy_Color" title="Game Boy Color">Game Boy Color</a> </th> <td>1998 </td> <td>1998 </td> <td>1998 </td> <td>2003 </td> <td style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #EEE); color: var(--color-base, black); vertical-align: middle; white-space: nowrap; text-align: center;" class="table-Unknown">Unknown<a href="#cite_note-gb-108">[note 1]</a> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th><a href="/wiki/Neo_Geo_Pocket" title="Neo Geo Pocket">Neo Geo Pocket</a> </th> <td>1998 </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td> <td>1999 </td> <td style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #EEE); color: var(--color-base, black); vertical-align: middle; white-space: nowrap; text-align: center;" class="table-Unknown">Unknown </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th><a href="/wiki/WonderSwan" title="WonderSwan">WonderSwan</a> </th> <td>1999 </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td> <td>1999 </td> <td>1,550,000 </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th><a href="/wiki/Neo_Geo_Pocket_Color" title="Neo Geo Pocket Color">Neo Geo Pocket Color</a> </th> <td>1999 </td> <td>1999 </td> <td>1999 </td> <td>2001 </td> <td style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #EEE); color: var(--color-base, black); vertical-align: middle; white-space: nowrap; text-align: center;" class="table-Unknown">Unknown </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th><a href="/wiki/WonderSwan_Color" class="mw-redirect" title="WonderSwan Color">WonderSwan Color</a> </th> <td>2000 </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td> <td>2000 </td> <td>1,100,000 </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="6"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-gb-108">^ <a href="#cite_ref-gb_108-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-gb_108-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-gb_108-2">c</a> Sales of the Game Boy Pocket, Light and Color were grouped with the main Game Boy sales </li> </ol></div></div> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sixth_generation_(1998–2013)">Sixth generation (1998–2013)</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_video_game_consoles&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Sixth generation (1998–2013)">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Sixth_generation_of_video_game_consoles" title="Sixth generation of video game consoles">Sixth generation of video game consoles</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:PS2-Fat-Console-Set.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/PS2-Fat-Console-Set.jpg/170px-PS2-Fat-Console-Set.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="206" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/PS2-Fat-Console-Set.jpg/255px-PS2-Fat-Console-Set.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/PS2-Fat-Console-Set.jpg/340px-PS2-Fat-Console-Set.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2720" data-file-height="3300" /></a><figcaption>With more than 155 million units sold, the Sony <a href="/wiki/PlayStation_2" title="PlayStation 2">PlayStation 2</a> is the best selling video game console in history.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Dreamcast-Console-Set.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Dreamcast-Console-Set.jpg/220px-Dreamcast-Console-Set.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="107" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Dreamcast-Console-Set.jpg/330px-Dreamcast-Console-Set.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Dreamcast-Console-Set.jpg/440px-Dreamcast-Console-Set.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4540" data-file-height="2200" /></a><figcaption>The Dreamcast was the last system released by Sega, who became a third-party software publisher.</figcaption></figure> By the sixth generation, console technology began to catch up to performance of personal computers of the time, and the use of bits as their selling point fell by the wayside. The console manufactures focused on the individual strengths of their game libraries as marketing instead. The consoles of the sixth generation saw further adoption of optical media, expanding into the <a href="/wiki/DVD" title="DVD">DVD</a> format for even greater data storage capacity, additional internal storage solutions to function as memory cards, as well as adding support either directly or through add-ons to connect to the <a href="/wiki/Internet" title="Internet">Internet</a> for online gameplay.<a href="#cite_note-109">[104]</a> Consoles began to move towards a <a href="/wiki/Technological_convergence" title="Technological convergence">convergence</a> of features of other electronic living room devices and moving away from single-feature systems.<a href="#cite_note-110">[105]</a> By this point, there were only three major players in the market: Sega, Sony, and Nintendo. Sega got an early lead with the <a href="/wiki/Dreamcast" title="Dreamcast">Dreamcast</a> first released in Japan in 1998.<a href="#cite_note-111">[106]</a> It was the first home console to include a <a href="/wiki/Modem" title="Modem">modem</a> to allow players to connect to the Sega network and play online games.<a href="#cite_note-ieee_history-29">[29]</a> However, Sega found several technical issues that had to be resolved before its Western launch in 1999.<a href="#cite_note-112">[107]</a><a href="#cite_note-113">[108]</a><a href="#cite_note-114">[109]</a> Though its Western release was more successful than in Japan,<a href="#cite_note-115">[110]</a> the console was soon outperformed by Sony's <a href="/wiki/PlayStation_2" title="PlayStation 2">PlayStation 2</a> released in 2000. The PlayStation 2 was the first console to add support for DVD playback in addition to CD-ROM, as well as maintaining <a href="/wiki/Backward_compatibility" title="Backward compatibility">backward compatibility</a> with games from the PlayStation library, which helped to draw consumers that remained on the long-tail of the PlayStation.<a href="#cite_note-ieee_history-29">[29]</a> While other consoles of the sixth generation had not anticipated this step, the PlayStation 2's introduction of backwards compatibility became a major design consideration of future generations.<a href="#cite_note-116">[111]</a> Along with a strong game library, the PlayStation 2 went on to sell 155 million units before it was discontinued in 2013,<a href="#cite_note-Guardian_end-117">[112]</a> and as of 2020<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=History_of_video_game_consoles&action=edit">[update]</a>, remains the best selling home console of all time.<a href="#cite_note-118">[113]</a><a href="#cite_note-SIE_Business_Development-119">[114]</a> Unable to compete with Sony, Sega discontinued the Dreamcast in 2001 and left the hardware market, instead focusing on its software properties.<a href="#cite_note-ieee_history-29">[29]</a> Nintendo's entry in the sixth generation was the <a href="/wiki/GameCube" title="GameCube">GameCube</a> in 2001, its first system to use optical discs based on the <a href="/wiki/MiniDVD" title="MiniDVD">miniDVD</a> format. A special <a href="/wiki/Game_Boy_Player" title="Game Boy Player">Game Boy Player</a> attachment allowed the GameCube to use any of the Game Boy cartridges as well, and adapters were available to allow the console to connect to the Internet via broadband or modem. At this point <a href="/wiki/Microsoft" title="Microsoft">Microsoft</a> also entered the console market with its first <a href="/wiki/Xbox_(console)" title="Xbox (console)">Xbox</a> system, released in 2001. Microsoft considered the PlayStation 2's success as a threat to the personal computer in the living room space, and had developed the Xbox to compete. As such, the Xbox was designed based more on Microsoft's experience from personal computers, using an operating system built out from its <a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Windows" title="Microsoft Windows">Microsoft Windows</a> and <a href="/wiki/DirectX" title="DirectX">DirectX</a> features, utilizing a hard disk for save game store, built-in Ethernet functionality, and created the first console online service, <a href="/wiki/Xbox_Live" class="mw-redirect" title="Xbox Live">Xbox Live</a> to support multiplayer games. While the original Xbox had modest sales compared to the PlayStation 2 and was not profitable for the company, Microsoft considered the Xbox to have successfully demonstrated their abilities to participate in the console market.<a href="#cite_note-VentureBeat-120">[115]</a> <table class="wikitable" style="margin: 1em auto 1em auto;"> <tbody><tr> <th rowspan="2">Console </th> <th colspan="3">Introduced </th> <th rowspan="2">Discontinued </th> <th rowspan="2">Units Sold </th></tr> <tr> <th style="width:5em;">Japan </th> <th style="width:5em;">North America </th> <th style="width:5em;">Europe </th></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th><a href="/wiki/Dreamcast" title="Dreamcast">Dreamcast</a> </th> <td>1998 </td> <td>1999 </td> <td>1999 </td> <td>2001 </td> <td>9,130,000 </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th><a href="/wiki/PlayStation_2" title="PlayStation 2">PlayStation 2</a> </th> <td>2000 </td> <td>2000 </td> <td>2000 </td> <td>2013 </td> <td>155,000,000 </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th><a href="/wiki/GameCube" title="GameCube">GameCube</a> </th> <td>2001 </td> <td>2001 </td> <td>2002 </td> <td>2007 </td> <td>21,740,000 </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th><a href="/wiki/Xbox_(console)" title="Xbox (console)">Xbox</a> </th> <td>2002 </td> <td>2001 </td> <td>2002 </td> <td>2006 </td> <td>24,000,000 </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Handhelds_of_the_sixth_generation">Handhelds of the sixth generation</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_video_game_consoles&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Handhelds of the sixth generation">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Nokia-NGage-LL.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Nokia-NGage-LL.jpg/220px-Nokia-NGage-LL.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="126" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Nokia-NGage-LL.jpg/330px-Nokia-NGage-LL.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Nokia-NGage-LL.jpg/440px-Nokia-NGage-LL.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4680" data-file-height="2670" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/N-Gage_(device)" class="mw-redirect" title="N-Gage (device)">N-Gage</a> was an early attempt to merge game functionality and cellular phone features.</figcaption></figure> Nintendo continued to refine its Game Boy design with the <a href="/wiki/Game_Boy_Advance" title="Game Boy Advance">Game Boy Advance</a> in 2001, including its <a href="/wiki/Game_Boy_Advance_SP" title="Game Boy Advance SP">Game Boy Advance SP</a> in 2003 and <a href="/wiki/Game_Boy_Micro" title="Game Boy Micro">Game Boy Micro</a> in 2005, all with the ability to link to the GameCube to extend the functionality of certain games. Also introduced were the <a href="/wiki/Neo_Geo_Pocket_Color" title="Neo Geo Pocket Color">Neo Geo Pocket Color</a> in 1998 and <a href="/wiki/Bandai" title="Bandai">Bandai</a>'s <a href="/wiki/WonderSwan_Color" class="mw-redirect" title="WonderSwan Color">WonderSwan Color</a>, launched in Japan in 1999. South Korean company <a href="/wiki/Game_Park" title="Game Park">Game Park</a> introduced its <a href="/wiki/GP32" title="GP32">GP32</a> handheld in 2001, and with it came the dawn of <a href="/wiki/Open-source_software" title="Open-source software">open source</a> handheld consoles.<a href="#cite_note-nintendosales-121">[116]</a> During the sixth generation, a new type of market for gaming came from the growing <a href="/wiki/Mobile_phone" title="Mobile phone">mobile phone</a> arena, where advanced smart phones and other portable devices could be loaded with games. <a href="/wiki/Nokia" title="Nokia">Nokia</a>'s <a href="/wiki/N-Gage_(device)" class="mw-redirect" title="N-Gage (device)">N-Gage</a> was one of the first devices marketed as a mobile phone and game system, first released in 2003 and later redesigned as the <a href="/wiki/N-Gage_QD" class="mw-redirect" title="N-Gage QD">N-Gage QD</a>. <table class="wikitable" style="margin: 1em auto 1em auto;"> <tbody><tr> <th rowspan="2">Console </th> <th colspan="3">Introduced </th> <th rowspan="2">Discontinued </th> <th rowspan="2">Units Sold </th></tr> <tr> <th style="width:5em;">Japan </th> <th style="width:5em;">North America </th> <th style="width:5em;">Europe </th></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th><a href="/wiki/Game_Boy_Advance" title="Game Boy Advance">Game Boy Advance</a> </th> <td>2001 </td> <td>2001 </td> <td>2001 </td> <td>2010 </td> <td>81,510,000 </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th><a href="/wiki/N-Gage_(device)" class="mw-redirect" title="N-Gage (device)">N-Gage</a> </th> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td> <td>2003 </td> <td>2003 </td> <td>2005 </td> <td>3,000,000 </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Seventh_generation_(2005–2017)">Seventh generation (2005–2017)</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_video_game_consoles&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Seventh generation (2005–2017)">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Seventh_generation_of_video_game_consoles" title="Seventh generation of video game consoles">Seventh generation of video game consoles</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Wii_console.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Wii_console.png/220px-Wii_console.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Wii_console.png/330px-Wii_console.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Wii_console.png/440px-Wii_console.png 2x" data-file-width="1800" data-file-height="1800" /></a><figcaption>With more than 101 million units sold, the Nintendo <a href="/wiki/Wii" title="Wii">Wii</a> is the best-selling home video game console in the seventh generation.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Xbox-360-Pro-wController.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Xbox-360-Pro-wController.jpg/170px-Xbox-360-Pro-wController.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="254" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Xbox-360-Pro-wController.jpg/255px-Xbox-360-Pro-wController.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Xbox-360-Pro-wController.jpg/340px-Xbox-360-Pro-wController.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3150" data-file-height="4710" /></a><figcaption>The release of the <a href="/wiki/Xbox_360" title="Xbox 360">Xbox 360</a> began the seventh generation.</figcaption></figure> Video game consoles had become an important part of the global <a href="/wiki/IT_infrastructure" title="IT infrastructure">IT infrastructure</a> by the mid-2000s. It was estimated that video game consoles represented 25% of the world's general-purpose computational power in the year 2007.<a href="#cite_note-HilbertLopez2011-122">[117]</a> By the seventh generation, Sony, Microsoft, and Nintendo had all developed consoles designed to interface with the Internet, adding networking support for either wired and wireless connections, online services to support multiplayer games, digital storefronts for digital purchases of games, and both internal storage and support for external storage on the console for these games. With the start and transition to the <a href="/wiki/High-definition_video" title="High-definition video">HD-era</a>, these consoles also added support for digital television resolutions through <a href="/wiki/HDMI" title="HDMI">HDMI</a> interfaces, but as the generation occurred in the midst of the <a href="/wiki/High-definition_optical_disc_format_war" title="High-definition optical disc format war">High-definition optical disc format war</a> between <a href="/wiki/Blu-ray" title="Blu-ray">Blu-ray</a> and <a href="/wiki/HD-DVD" class="mw-redirect" title="HD-DVD">HD-DVD</a>, a standard for high-definition playback was yet to be fixed. A further innovation came by the use of <a href="/wiki/Motion_controller" title="Motion controller">motion controllers</a>, either built into the console or offered as an add-on afterwards. Consoles in this generation started using custom CPUs based on the <a href="/wiki/PowerPC" title="PowerPC">PowerPC</a> instruction set, and were increasingly sharing similarities with the personal computer in game development, although with challenges due to the more complex nature of porting between the differences in architectures. Microsoft entered the seventh generation first with the <a href="/wiki/Xbox_360" title="Xbox 360">Xbox 360</a> in 2005.<a href="#cite_note-nalaunch-123">[118]</a> The Xbox 360 saw several hardware revisions over its lifetime which became a standard practice for Microsoft going forward; these revisions offered different features such as a larger internal hard drive or a fast processor at a higher price point. As shipped, the Xbox 360 supported DVD discs and Microsoft had opted to support the <a href="/wiki/HD-DVD" class="mw-redirect" title="HD-DVD">HD-DVD</a> format with an add-on for playback of HD-DVD films. However, this format ended up as deprecated compared to Blu-ray. The Xbox 360 was backward compatible with about half of the original Xbox library. Through its lifetime, the Xbox 360 was troubled by a consistent hardware fault known as "the <a href="/wiki/Red_Ring_of_Death" class="mw-redirect" title="Red Ring of Death">Red Ring of Death</a>" (RROD), and Microsoft spent over $1 billion correcting the problem.<a href="#cite_note-124">[119]</a> Sony's <a href="/wiki/PlayStation_3" title="PlayStation 3">PlayStation 3</a> was released in 2006. The PlayStation 3 represented a shift of the internal hardware from Sony's custom <a href="/wiki/Emotion_Engine" title="Emotion Engine">Emotion Engine</a> to a PowerPC-based <a href="/wiki/Cell_(microprocessor)" class="mw-redirect" title="Cell (microprocessor)">system</a>. Initial PlayStation 3 units shipped with a special Emotion Engine daughterboard that allowed for backwards compatibility of PlayStation 2 games, but later revisions of the unit removed this, leaving only software-based emulation for PlayStation games available. Sony banked on the Blu-ray format, which was included from the start, and partially helped spur the adoption of <a href="/wiki/Blu-ray" title="Blu-ray">Blu-Ray</a> as the favoured format for high-definition optical media.<a href="#cite_note-125">[120]</a> With the PlayStation 3, Sony introduced the <a href="/wiki/PlayStation_Network" title="PlayStation Network">PlayStation Network</a> for its online services and storefront. While the system would initially have a slow start in the market in part, due to its high price, complex game development environment and initial lack of quality games, the PlayStation 3 eventually became more well received over time following gradual price cuts, improved marketing campaigns, new hardware revisions particularly the Slim models, and key critically acclaimed exclusives. Nintendo introduced the <a href="/wiki/Wii" title="Wii">Wii</a> in 2006 around the same time as the PlayStation 3. Nintendo lacked the same manufacturing capabilities and relationships with major hardware supplies as Sony and Microsoft,<a href="#cite_note-126">[121]</a> and to compete, diverged on a feature-for-feature approach and instead developed the Wii around the novel use of motion controls in the <a href="/wiki/Wii_Remote" title="Wii Remote">Wii Remote</a>. This "<a href="/wiki/Blue_Ocean_Strategy" title="Blue Ocean Strategy">blue ocean strategy</a>", releasing a product where there was no competition, was considered part of the unit's success,<a href="#cite_note-127">[122]</a> and which drove Microsoft and Sony to develop their own motion control accessors to compete. Nintendo provided various online services that the Wii could connect to, including the <a href="/wiki/Virtual_Console" title="Virtual Console">Virtual Console</a> where players could purchase emulated games from Nintendo's past consoles as well as games for the Wii. The Wii used regular sized DVDs for its game medium but also directly supported GameCube discs. The Wii was generally considered a surprising success that many developers had initially overlooked.<a href="#cite_note-128">[123]</a><a href="#cite_note-129">[124]</a><a href="#cite_note-wii_next_gen-130">[125]</a> The seventh generation concluded with the discontinuation of the PlayStation 3 in 2017.<a href="#cite_note-131">[126]</a> <table class="wikitable" style="margin: 1em auto 1em auto;"> <tbody><tr> <th rowspan="2">Console </th> <th colspan="3">Introduced </th> <th rowspan="2">Discontinued </th> <th rowspan="2">Units Sold </th></tr> <tr> <th style="width:5em;">Japan </th> <th style="width:5em;">North America </th> <th style="width:5em;">Europe </th></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th><a href="/wiki/Xbox_360" title="Xbox 360">Xbox 360</a> </th> <td>2005 </td> <td>2005 </td> <td>2005 </td> <td>2016 </td> <td>84,700,000 </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th><a href="/wiki/PlayStation_3" title="PlayStation 3">PlayStation 3</a> </th> <td>2006 </td> <td>2006 </td> <td>2007 </td> <td>2017 </td> <td>87,400,000 </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th><a href="/wiki/Wii" title="Wii">Wii</a> </th> <td>2006 </td> <td>2006 </td> <td>2006 </td> <td>2017 </td> <td>101,630,000 </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Handhelds_of_the_seventh_generation">Handhelds of the seventh generation</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_video_game_consoles&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Handhelds of the seventh generation">edit</a>]</div> Nintendo introduced the new <a href="/wiki/Nintendo_DS" title="Nintendo DS">Nintendo DS</a> system in 2004, a game cartridge-based unit that support two screens including one being touch-sensitive. The DS also included built-in wireless connectivity to the Internet to purchase new DS games or Virtual Console titles, as well as the ability to connect to each other or to a Wii system in an ad hoc manner for certain multiplayer titles.<a href="#cite_note-132">[127]</a> Sony entered the handheld market in 2004 with the <a href="/wiki/PlayStation_Portable" title="PlayStation Portable">PlayStation Portable</a> (PSP), with a reduced design based on the PlayStation 3. Like the DS, the PSP also supported wireless connectivity to the Internet to download new games, and ad hoc connectivity to other PSP or to a PlayStation 3. The PSP used a new format called <a href="/wiki/Universal_Media_Disc" title="Universal Media Disc">Universal Media Disc</a> (UMD) for game and other media.<a href="#cite_note-133">[128]</a><a href="#cite_note-134">[129]</a><a href="#cite_note-135">[130]</a> <a href="/wiki/Nokia" title="Nokia">Nokia</a> revived its <a href="/wiki/N-Gage_(device)" class="mw-redirect" title="N-Gage (device)">N-Gage</a> platform in the form of a service for selected <a href="/wiki/S60_(software_platform)" title="S60 (software platform)">S60</a> devices. <a href="/wiki/N-Gage_(service)" title="N-Gage (service)">This new service</a> launched on April 3, 2008.<a href="#cite_note-136">[131]</a> Other less-popular handheld systems released during this generation include the <a href="/wiki/Gizmondo" title="Gizmondo">Gizmondo</a> (launched on March 19, 2005, and discontinued in February 2006) and the <a href="/wiki/GP2X" title="GP2X">GP2X</a> (launched on November 10, 2005, and discontinued in August 2008). The <a href="/wiki/GP2X_Wiz" title="GP2X Wiz">GP2X Wiz</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pandora_(console)" class="mw-redirect" title="Pandora (console)">Pandora</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Gizmondo_2" class="mw-redirect" title="Gizmondo 2">Gizmondo 2</a> were scheduled for release in 2009. Another aspect of the seventh generation was the beginning of direct competition between dedicated handheld video game devices, and increasingly powerful PDA/cell phone devices such as the <a href="/wiki/IPhone" title="IPhone">iPhone</a> and <a href="/wiki/IPod_Touch" title="IPod Touch">iPod Touch</a>, and the latter being aggressively marketed for gaming purposes. Simple games such as <a href="/wiki/Tetris" title="Tetris">Tetris</a> and <a href="/wiki/Solitaire_(game)" class="mw-redirect" title="Solitaire (game)">Solitaire</a> had existed for PDA devices since their introduction, but by 2009 PDAs and phones had grown sufficiently powerful to where complex graphical games could be implemented, with the advantage of distribution over wireless broadband. Apple had launched its <a href="/wiki/App_Store_(iOS)" class="mw-redirect" title="App Store (iOS)">App Store</a> in 2008 that allowed developers to publish and sell games for iPhones and similar devices, beginning the rise of <a href="/wiki/Mobile_gaming" class="mw-redirect" title="Mobile gaming">mobile gaming</a>. <table class="wikitable" style="margin: 1em auto 1em auto;"> <tbody><tr> <th rowspan="2">Console </th> <th colspan="3">Introduced </th> <th rowspan="2">Discontinued </th> <th rowspan="2">Units Sold </th></tr> <tr> <th style="width:5em;">Japan </th> <th style="width:5em;">North America </th> <th style="width:5em;">Europe </th></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th><a href="/wiki/Nintendo_DS" title="Nintendo DS">Nintendo DS</a> </th> <td>2004 </td> <td>2004 </td> <td>2005 </td> <td>2013 </td> <td>154,020,000 </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th><a href="/wiki/PlayStation_Portable" title="PlayStation Portable">PlayStation Portable</a> </th> <td>2004 </td> <td>2005 </td> <td>2005 </td> <td>2014 </td> <td>82,000,000 </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Other_seventh_generation_hardware">Other seventh generation hardware</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_video_game_consoles&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Other seventh generation hardware">edit</a>]</div> Based on the success of the Wii Remote controller, both Microsoft and Sony released similar motion detection controllers for their consoles. Microsoft introduced the <a href="/wiki/Kinect" title="Kinect">Kinect</a> motion controller device for the Xbox 360, which served as both a camera, microphone, and motion sensor for numerous games. Sony released the <a href="/wiki/PlayStation_Move" title="PlayStation Move">PlayStation Move</a>, a system consisting of a camera and lit handheld controllers, which worked with its PlayStation 3. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Eighth_generation_(2012–2020)">Eighth generation (2012–2020)</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_video_game_consoles&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Eighth generation (2012–2020)">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Eighth_generation_of_video_game_consoles" title="Eighth generation of video game consoles">Eighth generation of video game consoles</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Wii_U_Console_and_Gamepad.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Wii_U_Console_and_Gamepad.png/220px-Wii_U_Console_and_Gamepad.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="106" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Wii_U_Console_and_Gamepad.png/330px-Wii_U_Console_and_Gamepad.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Wii_U_Console_and_Gamepad.png/440px-Wii_U_Console_and_Gamepad.png 2x" data-file-width="2900" data-file-height="1400" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Wii_U" title="Wii U">Wii U</a> was Nintendo's worst selling home console, selling around 13.56 million units before being discontinued, but some of Nintendo's first party games for the system have sold around half the install base of the system, telling that Nintendo has a very dedicated fanbase.<a href="#cite_note-137">[132]</a><a href="#cite_note-138">[133]</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Microsoft-Xbox-One-Console-Set-wKinect.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Microsoft-Xbox-One-Console-Set-wKinect.jpg/220px-Microsoft-Xbox-One-Console-Set-wKinect.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="144" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Microsoft-Xbox-One-Console-Set-wKinect.jpg/330px-Microsoft-Xbox-One-Console-Set-wKinect.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Microsoft-Xbox-One-Console-Set-wKinect.jpg/440px-Microsoft-Xbox-One-Console-Set-wKinect.jpg 2x" data-file-width="7680" data-file-height="5040" /></a><figcaption> The original <a href="/wiki/Xbox_One" title="Xbox One">Xbox One</a>, Microsoft's eighth generation console, which has since been superseded by two upgraded models, the Xbox One S and the Xbox One X.</figcaption></figure> Aside from the usual hardware enhancements, consoles of the eighth generation focus on further integration with other media and increased connectivity.<a href="#cite_note-139">[134]</a> Consoles at this point had also standardized on CPUs using the <a href="/wiki/X86" title="X86">x86</a> instruction set, the same as in personal computers, and there was a convergence of the individual hardware components between consoles and personal computers, making the porting of games between these systems much easier. Later hardware improvements pushed for higher <a href="/wiki/Frame_rate" title="Frame rate">frame rates</a> at up to <a href="/wiki/4k_resolution" class="mw-redirect" title="4k resolution">4K resolutions</a>.<a href="#cite_note-140">[135]</a> <a href="/wiki/Digital_distribution_of_video_games" title="Digital distribution of video games">Digital distribution</a> increased in popularity, while the addition and improvements to remote play capabilities became standard, and <a href="/wiki/Second_screen" title="Second screen">second screen</a> experiences via companion apps added more interactivity to games.<a href="#cite_note-141">[136]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Wii_U" title="Wii U">Wii U</a>, introduced in 2012, was considered by Nintendo to be a successor to the Wii but geared to more serious players. The console supported backward compatibility with the Wii, including its motion controls, and introduced the <a href="/wiki/Wii_U_GamePad" title="Wii U GamePad">Wii U GamePad</a>, a tablet/controller hybrid that acted as a second screen. Nintendo further refined its network offerings to develop the <a href="/wiki/Nintendo_Network" title="Nintendo Network">Nintendo Network</a> service to combine storefront and online connectivity services. The Wii U did not sell as well as Nintendo had planned, as they found people mistook the GamePad to be a tablet they could take with them away from the console, and the console struggled to draw the third-party developers as the Wii had.<a href="#cite_note-142">[137]</a> Both the <a href="/wiki/PlayStation_4" title="PlayStation 4">PlayStation 4</a> and <a href="/wiki/Xbox_One" title="Xbox One">Xbox One</a> came out in 2013. Both were similar improvements over the previous generation's respective consoles, providing more computational power to support up to 60 frames per second at 1080p resolutions for some games. Each unit also saw a similar set of revisions and repackaging to develop high- and low-end cost versions. In the case of the Xbox One, the console's initial launch had included the Kinect device but this became highly controversial in terms of potential privacy violations and lack of developer support, and by its mid-generation refresh, the Kinect had been dropped and discontinued as a game device.<a href="#cite_note-143">[138]</a> Both consoles eventually released upgraded hardware during their mid-cycle refresh, with Sony releasing the <a href="/wiki/PlayStation_4_Pro" class="mw-redirect" title="PlayStation 4 Pro">PlayStation 4 Pro</a> and Microsoft releasing the <a href="/wiki/Project_Scorpio" class="mw-redirect" title="Project Scorpio">Xbox One X</a>, which allowed for higher <a href="/wiki/Frame_rate" title="Frame rate">frame rates</a> and up to <a href="/wiki/4k_resolution" class="mw-redirect" title="4k resolution">4K resolution</a>,<a href="#cite_note-144">[139]</a><a href="#cite_note-145">[140]</a> in addition to Slim models, marking a departure from previous generations, while adding considerable longevity to this generation cycle. Later in the eighth generation, Nintendo released the <a href="/wiki/Nintendo_Switch" title="Nintendo Switch">Nintendo Switch</a> in 2017. The Switch is considered the first hybrid game console. It uses a special CPU/GPU combination that can run at different clock frequencies depending on how it is used. It can be placed into a special docking unit that is hooked to a television and a permanent power supply, allowing faster clock frequencies to be used to be played at higher resolutions and frame rates, and thus more comparable to a home console. Alternatively, it can be removed and used either with the attached <a href="/wiki/Joy-Con" title="Joy-Con">Joy-Con</a> controllers as a handheld unit, or can be even played as a tablet-like system via its touchscreen. In these modes, the CPU/GPU run at lower clock speeds to conserve battery power, and the graphics are not as robust as in the docked version. A larger suite of online services was removed through the <a href="/wiki/Nintendo_Switch_Online" title="Nintendo Switch Online">Nintendo Switch Online</a> subscription, including several free NES and SNES titles, replacing the past Virtual Console system. The Switch was designed to address many of the hardware and marketing faults around the Wii U's launch, and has become one of the company's fastest-selling consoles after the Wii.<a href="#cite_note-146">[141]</a> Game systems in the eighth generation also faced increasing competition from mobile device platforms such as Apple's <a href="/wiki/IOS" title="IOS">iOS</a> and Google's <a href="/wiki/Android_(operating_system)" title="Android (operating system)">Android</a> operating systems. Smartphone ownership was estimated to reach roughly a quarter of the world's population by the end of 2014.<a href="#cite_note-147">[142]</a> The proliferation of low-cost games for these devices, such as <a href="/wiki/Angry_Birds_(video_game)" title="Angry Birds (video game)">Angry Birds</a> with over 2 billion downloads worldwide,<a href="#cite_note-148">[143]</a> presents a new challenge to classic video game systems. <a href="/wiki/Microconsoles" class="mw-redirect" title="Microconsoles">Microconsoles</a>, cheaper stand-alone devices designed to play games from previously established platforms, also increased options for consumers. Many of these projects were spurred on by the use of new <a href="/wiki/Crowdfunding" title="Crowdfunding">crowdfunding</a> techniques through sites such as <a href="/wiki/Kickstarter" title="Kickstarter">Kickstarter</a>. Notable competitors include the <a href="/wiki/GamePop" class="mw-redirect" title="GamePop">GamePop</a>, <a href="/wiki/OUYA" class="mw-redirect" title="OUYA">OUYA</a>, <a href="/wiki/GameStick" title="GameStick">GameStick</a> Android-based systems, the <a href="/wiki/PlayStation_TV" title="PlayStation TV">PlayStation TV</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Shield_Android_TV" class="mw-redirect" title="Shield Android TV">NVIDIA SHIELD</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Apple_TV" title="Apple TV">Apple TV</a> and <a href="/wiki/Steam_Machine_(hardware_platform)" class="mw-redirect" title="Steam Machine (hardware platform)">Steam Machines</a>.<a href="#cite_note-149">[144]</a> <table class="wikitable" style="margin: 1em auto 1em auto;"> <tbody><tr> <th rowspan="2">Console </th> <th colspan="3">Introduced </th> <th rowspan="2">Discontinued </th> <th rowspan="2">Units Sold </th></tr> <tr> <th style="width:5em;">Japan </th> <th style="width:5em;">North America </th> <th style="width:5em;">Europe </th></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th><a href="/wiki/Wii_U" title="Wii U">Wii U</a> </th> <td>2012 </td> <td>2012 </td> <td>2012 </td> <td>2017 </td> <td>13,560,000 </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th><a href="/wiki/Nintendo_Switch" title="Nintendo Switch">Nintendo Switch</a> </th> <td>2017 </td> <td>2017 </td> <td>2017 </td> <td style="background: #9EFF9E; color:black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="active table-active">Active </td> <td>141,320,000<a href="#cite_note-150">[note 1]</a> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th><a href="/wiki/PlayStation_4" title="PlayStation 4">PlayStation 4</a> </th> <td>2014 </td> <td>2013 </td> <td>2013 </td> <td style="background: #9EFF9E; color:black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="active table-active">Active </td> <td>117,200,000 </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th><a href="/wiki/Xbox_One" title="Xbox One">Xbox One</a> </th> <td>2014 </td> <td>2013 </td> <td>2013 </td> <td>2020<a href="#cite_note-verge_xonefull_disc-151">[145]</a> </td> <td>51,000,000<a href="#cite_note-152">[note 2]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="6"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-150"><a href="#cite_ref-150">^</a> Combined sales of Switch, Switch Lite and Switch OLED </li> <li id="cite_note-152"><a href="#cite_ref-152">^</a> Microsoft has not reported Xbox sales figures since the Xbox 360, this value is an industry estimate </li> </ol></div></div> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Handhelds_of_the_eighth_generation">Handhelds of the eighth generation</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_video_game_consoles&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Handhelds of the eighth generation">edit</a>]</div> The <a href="/wiki/Nintendo_3DS" title="Nintendo 3DS">Nintendo 3DS</a> released in 2011 expanded on the Nintendo DS design and added support for an <a href="/wiki/Autostereoscopy" title="Autostereoscopy">autostereoscopic</a> screen to project <a href="/wiki/Stereoscopy" title="Stereoscopy">stereoscopic 3D</a> effects without the use of <a href="/wiki/3D_glasses" class="mw-redirect" title="3D glasses">3D glasses</a>. The console was otherwise remained backward compatible with all of the DS titles.<a href="#cite_note-announcement-153">[146]</a><a href="#cite_note-154">[147]</a><a href="#cite_note-155">[148]</a><a href="#cite_note-Gamasutra-156">[149]</a> Sony introduced its <a href="/wiki/PlayStation_Vita" title="PlayStation Vita">PlayStation Vita</a> in 2011, a revised version of the PSP but eliminating the use of external media and focusing on digital acquisition of games, as well as incorporating a touchscreen.<a href="#cite_note-TechSpecs-157">[150]</a><a href="#cite_note-EngadgetJan27-158">[151]</a><a href="#cite_note-159">[152]</a><a href="#cite_note-Vita_Reveal-160">[153]</a><a href="#cite_note-JPRelease-161">[154]</a> and was released in Europe and North America on February 22, 2012.<a href="#cite_note-EURelease-162">[155]</a><a href="#cite_note-NARelease-163">[156]</a> As noted above, the Nintendo Switch is a hybrid console, capable of both being used as a home console in its docked mode and as a handheld. The <a href="/wiki/Nintendo_Switch_Lite" class="mw-redirect" title="Nintendo Switch Lite">Nintendo Switch Lite</a> revision was released in 2019, which reduced some of the features of the system and its size, including eliminating the ability to dock the unit, making the Switch Lite primarily a handheld system, but otherwise compatible with most of the Switch's library of games.<a href="#cite_note-164">[157]</a><a href="#cite_note-165">[158]</a> <table class="wikitable" style="margin: 1em auto 1em auto;"> <tbody><tr> <th rowspan="2">Console </th> <th colspan="3">Introduced </th> <th rowspan="2">Discontinued </th> <th rowspan="2">Units Sold </th></tr> <tr> <th style="width:5em;">Japan </th> <th style="width:5em;">North America </th> <th style="width:5em;">Europe </th></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th><a href="/wiki/Nintendo_3DS" title="Nintendo 3DS">Nintendo 3DS</a> </th> <td>2011 </td> <td>2011 </td> <td>2011 </td> <td>2020<a href="#cite_note-166">[159]</a> </td> <td>75,940,000 </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th><a href="/wiki/Nintendo_Switch_Lite" class="mw-redirect" title="Nintendo Switch Lite">Nintendo Switch Lite</a> </th> <td>2019 </td> <td>2019 </td> <td>2019 </td> <td style="background: #9EFF9E; color:black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="active table-active">Active </td> <td>13,530,000 </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th><a href="/wiki/PlayStation_Vita" title="PlayStation Vita">PlayStation Vita</a> </th> <td>2011 </td> <td>2012 </td> <td>2012 </td> <td>2019 </td> <td>15,900,000 </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Other_eighth_generation_hardware">Other eighth generation hardware</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_video_game_consoles&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Other eighth generation hardware">edit</a>]</div> <a href="/wiki/Virtual_reality" title="Virtual reality">Virtual reality</a> systems appeared during the eighth generation, with three main systems: the <a href="/wiki/PlayStation_VR" title="PlayStation VR">PlayStation VR</a> headset that worked with PlayStation 4 hardware, the <a href="/wiki/Oculus_Rift" title="Oculus Rift">Oculus Rift</a> and the <a href="/wiki/HTC_Vive" title="HTC Vive">HTC Vive</a> which ran off a personal computer. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ninth_generation_(2020–present)">Ninth generation (2020–present)</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_video_game_consoles&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Ninth generation (2020–present)">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Ninth_generation_of_video_game_consoles" title="Ninth generation of video game consoles">Ninth generation of video game consoles</a></div> Both Microsoft and Sony released successors to their home consoles in November 2020. Consoles in this generation also launched with lower-cost models lacking optical disc drives, targeting those who would prefer to purchase games exclusively through <a href="/wiki/Digital_distribution_of_video_games" title="Digital distribution of video games">digital downloads</a>. Both console families target <a href="/wiki/4k_resolution" class="mw-redirect" title="4k resolution">4K</a> and <a href="/wiki/8k_resolution" class="mw-redirect" title="8k resolution">8K resolution</a> televisions at high frame rates, support for real-time <a href="/wiki/Ray_tracing_(graphics)" title="Ray tracing (graphics)">ray tracing</a> rendering, <a href="/wiki/Spatial_audio" class="mw-redirect" title="Spatial audio">3D spatial audio</a>, variable refresh rates, the use of high-performance <a href="/wiki/Solid-state_drive" title="Solid-state drive">solid-state drives</a> (SSD) as internal high-speed memory to make delivering game content much faster than reading from optical disc or standard hard drives, which can eliminate loading times and support <a href="/wiki/In-game_streaming" class="mw-redirect" title="In-game streaming">in-game streaming</a>. With features that were commonly standard in PCs, and the move to higher performance <a href="/wiki/AMD_Accelerated_Processing_Unit" class="mw-redirect" title="AMD Accelerated Processing Unit">APUs</a>, consoles in the ninth generation now have capabilities comparable to <a href="/wiki/Gaming_computer" title="Gaming computer">high-end personal computers</a>, often making cross-platform development easier and more widely available than previously, further converging and blurring the line between video game consoles and personal computers. Microsoft released the fourth generation of Xbox with the <a href="/wiki/Xbox_Series_X_and_Series_S" title="Xbox Series X and Series S">Xbox Series X and Series S</a> on November 10, 2020. The Series X has a base performance target of 60 frames per second at <a href="/wiki/4k_resolution" class="mw-redirect" title="4k resolution">4K resolution</a> to be four times as powerful as the Xbox One X. One of Microsoft's goals with both units was to assure backward compatibility with all games supported by the Xbox One, including those original Xbox and Xbox 360 titles that are backward compatible with the Xbox One, allowing the Xbox Series X and Series S to support four generations of games.<a href="#cite_note-df_fullspecs-167">[160]</a><a href="#cite_note-df_fullspecs2-168">[161]</a> Sony's <a href="/wiki/PlayStation_5" title="PlayStation 5">PlayStation 5</a> was released on November 12, 2020, and also is a similar performance boost over the PlayStation 4. The PlayStation 5 uses a custom SSD solution with much higher input/output rates that are almost comparable to RAM chip speeds, significantly improving rendering and data streaming speeds. The chip architecture is comparable to the PlayStation 4, allowing backwards compatible with most of the PlayStation 4 library while select games will need chip timing tweaking to make them compatible.<a href="#cite_note-df_march2020-169">[162]</a><a href="#cite_note-170">[163]</a> In terms of handhelds, Sony has announced no further plans for handhelds after discontinuing the Vita, while Nintendo continues to offer the Nintendo Switch and Switch Lite. The market here still continues to compete with the growing mobile gaming market, but developers have taken advantage of new opportunities in <a href="/wiki/Cross-platform_play" title="Cross-platform play">cross-platform play</a> support, in part due to the popularity of <a href="/wiki/Fortnite" title="Fortnite">Fortnite</a> in 2018, to make games that are compatible on consoles, computers, and mobile devices. Cross platform is now used widely in various games.<a href="#cite_note-sony_cp_fbr-171">[164]</a><a href="#cite_note-172">[165]</a> <a href="/wiki/Cloud_gaming" title="Cloud gaming">Cloud gaming</a> also is seen as a potential replacement of handheld gaming. While earlier cloud gaming platforms have gone by the wayside, newer approaches including <a href="/wiki/PlayStation_Now" title="PlayStation Now">PlayStation Now</a>, Microsoft's <a href="/wiki/XCloud" class="mw-redirect" title="XCloud">xCloud</a>, Google's <a href="/wiki/Google_Stadia" title="Google Stadia">Stadia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Amazon_Luna" title="Amazon Luna">Amazon Luna</a> can deliver computer and console-quality gameplay to nearly any platform including mobile devices, limited by bandwidth quality.<a href="#cite_note-173">[166]</a> <table class="wikitable" style="margin: 1em auto 1em auto;"> <tbody><tr> <th rowspan="2">Console </th> <th colspan="3">Introduced </th> <th rowspan="2">Discontinued </th> <th rowspan="2">Units Sold </th></tr> <tr> <th style="width:5em;">Japan </th> <th style="width:5em;">North America </th> <th style="width:5em;">Europe </th></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th><a href="/wiki/PlayStation_5" title="PlayStation 5">PlayStation 5</a> </th> <td>2020 </td> <td>2020 </td> <td>2020 </td> <td style="background: #9EFF9E; color:black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="active table-active">Active </td> <td>10,000,000<a href="#cite_note-gibiz_10m-174">[167]</a> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th><a href="/wiki/Xbox_Series_X_and_Series_S" title="Xbox Series X and Series S">Xbox Series X and Series S</a> </th> <td>2020 </td> <td>2020 </td> <td>2020 </td> <td style="background: #9EFF9E; color:black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="active table-active">Active </td> <td>ca. 6,500,000<a href="#cite_note-175">[168]</a><a href="#cite_note-176">[note 1]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="6"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-176"><a href="#cite_ref-176">^</a> Microsoft has not reported Xbox sales figures since the Xbox 360, this value is an industry estimate </li> </ol></div></div> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Console_sales">Console sales</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_video_game_consoles&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Console sales">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Video_game_console#Market" title="Video game console">Video game console § Market</a>, and <a href="/wiki/List_of_best-selling_game_consoles" title="List of best-selling game consoles">List of best-selling game consoles</a></div> Below is a timeline of each generation with the top three home video consoles of each generation based on worldwide sales. <table class="wikitable" style="font-size:100%;"> <caption>Table key </caption> <tbody><tr> <td><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">#</div></td> <td>Current</td> <td>A current generation console being manufactured and sold on the market. </td></tr> <tr> <td style="width:15px;background:#FC3;"><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">†</div></td> <td>First place</td> <td>Home console with the highest sales of its generation. </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background:silver;"><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">‡</div></td> <td>Second place</td> <td>Home console with the second highest sales of its generation. </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background:#C96;"><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">◁</div></td> <td>Third place</td> <td>Home console with the third highest sales of its generation. </td></tr> <tr> <td></td> <td>Remaining places</td> <td>Manufacturer released a home console but it was not one of the top three best selling home consoles of its generation. </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background:#AAA;"><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"></div></td> <td>No entry</td> <td>Manufacturer did not release a home console. </td></tr></tbody></table> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; width:auto; line-height:13px;"> <caption> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th rowspan="2" scope="col">Manufacturer </th> <th colspan="9" scope="col">Generation </th> <th rowspan="2" scope="col"><abbr title="References">Ref(s)</abbr> </th></tr> <tr> <th scope="col"><a href="/wiki/First_generation_of_video_game_consoles" title="First generation of video game consoles">First</a> (1972–1980) </th> <th scope="col"><a href="/wiki/Second_generation_of_video_game_consoles" title="Second generation of video game consoles">Second</a> (1976–1992) </th> <th scope="col"><a href="/wiki/Third_generation_of_video_game_consoles" title="Third generation of video game consoles">Third</a> (1983–2003) </th> <th scope="col"><a href="/wiki/Fourth_generation_of_video_game_consoles" title="Fourth generation of video game consoles">Fourth</a> (1987–2004) </th> <th scope="col"><a href="/wiki/Fifth_generation_of_video_game_consoles" title="Fifth generation of video game consoles">Fifth</a> (1993–2006) </th> <th scope="col"><a href="/wiki/Sixth_generation_of_video_game_consoles" title="Sixth generation of video game consoles">Sixth</a> (1998–2013) </th> <th scope="col"><a href="/wiki/Seventh_generation_of_video_game_consoles" title="Seventh generation of video game consoles">Seventh</a> (2004–2017) </th> <th scope="col"><a href="/wiki/Eighth_generation_of_video_game_consoles" title="Eighth generation of video game consoles">Eighth</a> (2011–present) </th> <th scope="col"><a href="/wiki/Ninth_generation_of_video_game_consoles" title="Ninth generation of video game consoles">Ninth</a> (2020–present) </th></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Atari" title="Atari">Atari</a> </th> <td>Home Pong (150,000) </td> <td style="background:#FC3;">Atari 2600 † (30 million)<a href="#cite_note-Atari2-177">[note 1]</a> </td> <td style="background:#C96">Atari 7800 ◁ (1 million)<a href="#cite_note-Atari3-178">[note 2]</a> </td> <td bgcolor="#AAA"> </td> <td>Atari Jaguar (250,000) </td> <td bgcolor="#AAA" colspan="2"> </td> <td style="#AAA" colspan="2">Atari VCS ‡# (10,000+) </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-Atari-187">[note 3]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Coleco" title="Coleco">Coleco</a> </th> <td style="background:silver;">Telstar ‡ (1 million) </td> <td style="background:#C96">ColecoVision ◁ (2+ million) </td> <td bgcolor="#AAA" colspan="7"> </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-Coleco-192">[note 4]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Nintendo" title="Nintendo">Nintendo</a> </th> <td style="background:gold;">Color TV-Game series † (3 million) </td> <td bgcolor="#AAA"> </td> <td style="background:#FC3;">NES † (61.91 million) </td> <td style="background:#FC3;">Super NES † (49.1 million) </td> <td style="background:silver;">Nintendo 64 ‡ (32.93 million) </td> <td style="background:#C96">GameCube ◁ (21.74 million) </td> <td style="background:#FC3;">Wii † (101.63 million) </td> <td style="background:#FC3;" colspan="2">Nintendo Switch †# (125.62 million)<a href="#cite_note-193">[181]</a><a href="#cite_note-Switch_Wii_U-195">[note 5]</a> </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-Nintendo_family-197">[note 6]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Magnavox" title="Magnavox">Magnavox</a>/ <a href="/wiki/Philips" title="Philips">Philips</a> </th> <td style="background:#C96">Odyssey ◁ (330,000) </td> <td>Odyssey² (2 million) </td> <td>Videopac + G7400 (N/A) </td> <td>CD-i (570,000) </td> <td bgcolor="#AAA" colspan="5"> </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-Magnavox-200">[note 7]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Mattel" title="Mattel">Mattel</a> </th> <td bgcolor="#AAA"> </td> <td style="background:silver;">Intellivision ‡ (3 million) </td> <td bgcolor="#AAA" colspan="4"> </td> <td>HyperScan (N/A) </td> <td bgcolor="#AAA" colspan="2"> </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-Mattel-202">[note 8]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Sega" title="Sega">Sega</a> </th> <td bgcolor="#AAA" colspan="2"> </td> <td style="background:silver;">Master System ‡ (10–13 million)<a href="#cite_note-SegaGen3-203">[note 9]</a> </td> <td style="background:silver;">Sega Genesis ‡ (33.75 million) </td> <td style="background:#C96">Sega Saturn ◁ (9.26 million) </td> <td>Dreamcast (9.13 million) </td> <td bgcolor="#AAA" colspan="3"> </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-Sega_family-218">[note 10]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/NEC" title="NEC">NEC</a> </th> <td bgcolor="#AAA" colspan="3"> </td> <td style="background:#C96">TurboGrafx-16 ◁ (10 million) </td> <td>PC-FX (100,000) </td> <td bgcolor="#AAA" colspan="4"> </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-NEC_family-222">[note 11]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/SNK" title="SNK">SNK</a> </th> <td bgcolor="#AAA" colspan="3"> </td> <td style="#AAA">Neo Geo AES (1.18 million<a href="#cite_note-225">[cn 1]</a>) </td> <td bgcolor="#AAA" colspan="3"> </td> <td style="#AAA">Neo Geo X (N/A) </td> <td bgcolor="#AAA" colspan="1"> </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-Neo_Geo_family-226">[note 12]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Sony_Interactive_Entertainment" title="Sony Interactive Entertainment">Sony</a> </th> <td bgcolor="#AAA" colspan="4"> </td> <td style="background:#FC3;">PlayStation † (102.49 million) </td> <td style="background:#FC3;">PlayStation 2 † (<a href="#endnote_Greater">></a>155 million) </td> <td style="background:silver">PlayStation 3 ‡ (<a href="#endnote_Greater">></a>87.4 million) </td> <td style="background:silver">PlayStation 4‡ # (117.2 million<a href="#cite_note-Consoles_+-1998-227">[206]</a> </td> <td style="background:#FC3;">PlayStation 5 †# (30 million) </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-PlayStation_family-234">[note 13]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Microsoft" title="Microsoft">Microsoft</a> </th> <td bgcolor="#AAA" colspan="5"> </td> <td style="background:silver;">Xbox ‡ (<a href="#endnote_Greater">></a>24 million) </td> <td style="background:#C96;">Xbox 360 ◁ (<a href="#endnote_Greater">></a>84 million) </td> <td style="background:#C96;">Xbox One ◁ (est. 58.6 million<a href="#cite_note-Consoles_+-1998-227">[206]</a>) </td> <td style="background:silver;">Xbox Series X/S ‡ (18.5 million) </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-Xbox_family-241">[note 14]</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1041539562">.mw-parser-output .citation{word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}</style>>Final sales are greater than the reported figure. <a href="#Notes">See notes.</a> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_video_game_consoles&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Notes">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Atari2-177"><a href="#cite_ref-Atari2_177-0">^</a> The Atari 2600 sold 30 million units during its life-cycle. Atari also released a second home console during the second generation known as the <a href="/wiki/Atari_5200" title="Atari 5200">Atari 5200</a> which sold 1 million units. </li> <li id="cite_note-Atari3-178"><a href="#cite_ref-Atari3_178-0">^</a> The Atari 7800 sold 1 million units. Atari also released the <a href="/wiki/Atari_XEGS" title="Atari XEGS">Atari XEGS</a> during the third generation which sold 100,000 units. </li> <li id="cite_note-Atari-187"><a href="#cite_ref-Atari_187-0">^</a> Home Pong sold 150,000 units.<a href="#cite_note-PriceGuide-2-179">[169]</a><a href="#cite_note-Ultimate-Home3-180">[170]</a> Atari 2600 sold 30 million,<a href="#cite_note-atari2600_PR-181">[171]</a> Atari 5200 and Atari 7800 sold 1 million units each<a href="#cite_note-a5200-182">[172]</a><a href="#cite_note-183">[173]</a> Atari XEGS sold 100,000 units,<a href="#cite_note-184">[174]</a> the Atari Jaguar sold 250,000 units.<a href="#cite_note-185">[175]</a> The VCS sold over 10,000+<a href="#cite_note-Atari_Annual_Meeting-186">[176]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-Coleco-192"><a href="#cite_ref-Coleco_192-0">^</a> <ul><li>Telestar: Coleco launched Telstar in 1976 and sold a million. Production and delivery issues, and dedicated consoles being replaced by electronic handheld games dramatically reduced sales in 1977. Over a million Telstars were scrapped in 1978, and it cost Coleco $22.3 million that year<a href="#cite_note-former_self-188">[177]</a>—almost bankrupting the company.<a href="#cite_note-near_bankrupt-189">[178]</a></li> <li>ColecoVision: The ColecoVision reached 2 million units sold by the spring of 1984. Console quarterly sales dramatically decreased at this time, but it continued to sell modestly<a href="#cite_note-coleco_report-190">[179]</a><a href="#cite_note-former_self-188">[177]</a> with most inventory gone by October 1985.<a href="#cite_note-Colecovision_inventory-191">[180]</a></li></ul> </li> <li id="cite_note-Switch_Wii_U-195"><a href="#cite_ref-Switch_Wii_U_195-0">^</a> As of September 30, 2020 the Nintendo Switch has sold 68.30 million units.<a href="#cite_note-Recent_Nintendo_sales-194">[182]</a> Nintendo also released the <a href="/wiki/Wii_U" title="Wii U">Wii U</a> during the eighth generation which sold 13.56 million units during its lifecycle.<a href="#cite_note-Recent_Nintendo_sales-194">[182]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-Nintendo_family-197"><a href="#cite_ref-Nintendo_family_197-0">^</a> Color TV-Game series sold 3 million units.<a href="#cite_note-CTGsales-49">[49]</a> NES, Super NES, Nintendo 64, GameCube and Wii sales figures.<a href="#cite_note-nintendosales2-196">[183]</a> Wii U and Switch sales figures.<a href="#cite_note-Recent_Nintendo_sales-194">[182]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-Magnavox-200"><a href="#cite_ref-Magnavox_200-0">^</a> Magnavox Odyssey,<a href="#cite_note-baerwinter-198">[184]</a> Magnavox Odyssey²<a href="#cite_note-Magnavox_Odyssey2-199">[185]</a> Philips CD-i<a href="#cite_note-gamepro-103">[99]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-Mattel-202"><a href="#cite_ref-Mattel_202-0">^</a> Intellivision sold 3 million units.<a href="#cite_note-intellivision2-201">[186]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-SegaGen3-203"><a href="#cite_ref-SegaGen3_203-0">^</a> The Master System sold 10–13 million units. Sega also released the <a href="/wiki/SG-1000" title="SG-1000">SG-1000</a> during the third generation which sold 160,000 units. </li> <li id="cite_note-Sega_family-218"><a href="#cite_ref-Sega_family_218-0">^</a> <ul><li>Master System: 10–13 million, not including recent Brazil sales figures.<a href="#cite_note-sms_and_gen_ign-204">[187]</a><a href="#cite_note-encyclopedia-205">[188]</a> <a href="/wiki/Screen_Digest" title="Screen Digest">Screen Digest</a> wrote in a 1995 publication that the Master System's active <a href="/wiki/Installed_base" title="Installed base">installed user base</a> in Western Europe peaked at 6.25 million in 1993. Those countries that peaked are France at 1.6 million, Germany at 700 thousand, the Netherlands at 200 thousand, Spain at 550 thousand, the United Kingdom at 1.35 million, and other Western European countries at 1.4 million. However, Belgium peaked in 1991 with 600 thousand, and Italy in 1992 with 400 thousand. Thus it is estimated approximately 6.8 million units were purchased in this part of Europe.<a href="#cite_note-digest_60-206">[189]</a> 1 million were sold in Japan as of 1986.<a href="#cite_note-business_japan-207">[190]</a> 2 million were sold in the United States.<a href="#cite_note-sheff_349-208">[191]</a> 8 million were sold by <a href="/wiki/Tectoy" title="Tectoy">Tectoy</a> in Brazil as of 2016.<a href="#cite_note-MDB-209">[192]</a></li> <li>Sega Genesis: 30.75 million sold by Sega worldwide as of March 1996,<a href="#cite_note-famitsu_306-210">[193]</a><a href="#cite_note-Sega_Stats-211">[194]</a> not including third-party sales. In addition, <a href="/wiki/Tec_Toy" class="mw-redirect" title="Tec Toy">Tec Toy</a> sold 3 million in Brazil,<a href="#cite_note-212">[195]</a><a href="#cite_note-213">[196]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Majesco_Entertainment" title="Majesco Entertainment">Majesco Entertainment</a> projected it would sell 1.5 million in the United States.<a href="#cite_note-Farm-214">[197]</a></li> <li>Sega Saturn: 9.26 million units sold.<a href="#cite_note-Sega_Stats-211">[194]</a></li> <li>Dreamcast: 9.13 million units sold.<a href="#cite_note-Sega_Stats-211">[194]</a><a href="#cite_note-sega_Q4_FY2001-215">[198]</a><a href="#cite_note-sega_Q4_FY2001_rev-216">[199]</a><a href="#cite_note-sega_Q4_FY2002-217">[200]</a></li></ul> </li> <li id="cite_note-NEC_family-222"><a href="#cite_ref-NEC_family_222-0">^</a> The TurboGrafx-16 was designed by Hudson and manufactured and marketed by NEC.<a href="#cite_note-NEC_and_HS-219">[201]</a> The TurboGrafx-16 managed to sell 10 million units.<a href="#cite_note-turbo_eurogamer-220">[202]</a> The PC-FX sold less than 100,000 after a year on sale.<a href="#cite_note-PC-FX-221">[203]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-Neo_Geo_family-226"><a href="#cite_ref-Neo_Geo_family_226-0">^</a> Neo Geo: The AES sold 1 million in Japan<a href="#cite_note-auto-223">[204]</a> 180,000 overseas.<a href="#cite_note-abandon73-224">[205]</a> The Neo Geo CD was released in the same generation as the AES, sold over 570,000<a href="#cite_note-abandon73-224">[205]</a> The Neo Geo X was made in a partnership with SNK Playmore & Tommo, currently unknown how many units sold </li> <li id="cite_note-PlayStation_family-234"><a href="#cite_ref-PlayStation_family_234-0">^</a> PlayStation: Sony corporate data reports 102.49 million units sold as of March 31, 2007.<a href="#cite_note-ps1-228">[207]</a> Sony stopped divulging individual platform sales starting with 2012 fiscal reports,<a href="#cite_note-sony_combined-229">[208]</a><a href="#cite_note-sony_stop_combined-230">[209]</a> and continues to sporadically.<a href="#cite_note-reporting_style-231">[210]</a> PlayStation 2: 155 million units sold as of March 31, 2012.<a href="#cite_note-SIE_Business_Development-119">[114]</a> It was discontinued worldwide on January 4, 2013.<a href="#cite_note-PSVita-232">[211]</a> PlayStation 3: Sony corporate data reports 87.4 million sold as of March 31, 2017.<a href="#cite_note-SIE_Business_Development-119">[114]</a> PS3 shipments to Japanese retailers, the last country Sony was selling units to, ceased by May.<a href="#cite_note-PS3_last_shipments-233">[212]</a> PlayStation 4: Sony corporate data reports 106 million units sold as of December 31, 2019.<a href="#cite_note-SIE_Business_Development-119">[114]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-Xbox_family-241"><a href="#cite_ref-Xbox_family_241-0">^</a> Xbox: More than 24 million units sold as of May 10, 2006.<a href="#cite_note-xbox-235">[213]</a> Xbox 360: Sold 84 million as of June 2014.<a href="#cite_note-xbox_e3-236">[214]</a> Production ended in 2016.<a href="#cite_note-360_EoL-237">[215]</a> Xbox One: Microsoft CEO <a href="/wiki/Satya_Nadella" title="Satya Nadella">Satya Nadella</a> unveiled at a December 3, 2014 shareholder presentation that 10 million units were sold.<a href="#cite_note-Xbone_10-238">[216]</a> Microsoft announced in October 2015 that individual platform sales in their fiscal reports will no longer be disclosed. The company shifted focus to the amount of active users on <a href="/wiki/Xbox_Live" class="mw-redirect" title="Xbox Live">Xbox Live</a> as its "primary metric of success".<a href="#cite_note-Shipments_and_Live-239">[217]</a> International Data Corporation estimated 46.9 million sold worldwide through the second quarter of 2019.<a href="#cite_note-xbox1_Q2_estimate-240">[218]</a> </li> </ol></div></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-225"><a href="#cite_ref-225">^</a> 1 million in Japan.<a href="#cite_note-auto-223">[204]</a> 180,000 overseas.<a href="#cite_note-abandon73-224">[205]</a> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_video_game_consoles&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20211009/http://www.bnl.gov/about/history/firstvideo.php">"The First Video Game"</a>. 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P2-8061028.html">the original</a> on September 24, 2015. Retrieved April 23, 2014. <q>When the game [Telstar] crashed hard, earnings fell 50 percent in 1977 and the company lost $22 million in 1978, barely skirting bankruptcy after Handel – then chief financial officer – found new credit and mollified angry creditors after months of tough negotiation.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Boston+Globe&rft.atitle=Putting+Coleco+Industries+Back+Together&rft.pages=A1&rft.date=1988-05-08&rft.issn=0743-1791&rft.aulast=Mehegan&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.highbeam.com%2Fdoc%2F1P2-8061028.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+video+game+consoles" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-coleco_report-190"><a href="#cite_ref-coleco_report_190-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation pressrelease cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.proquest.com/docview/294244496">"Coleco Industries sales report"</a> (Press release). <a href="/wiki/PR_Newswire" title="PR Newswire">PR Newswire</a>. 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Retrieved 2022-09-02.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Nintendo+Life&rft.atitle=Nintendo+Switch+Sales+Surpass+111+Million&rft.date=2022-08-03&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nintendolife.com%2Fnews%2F2022%2F08%2Fnintendo-switch-sales-surpass-111-million&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+video+game+consoles" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Recent_Nintendo_sales-194">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Recent_Nintendo_sales_194-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Recent_Nintendo_sales_194-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Recent_Nintendo_sales_194-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20211009/https://www.nintendo.co.jp/ir/en/finance/hard_soft/index.html">"Dedicated Video Game Sales Units"</a>. Nintendo. December 31, 2019. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nintendo.co.jp/ir/en/finance/hard_soft/index.html">the original</a> on 2021-10-09. Retrieved February 19, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Dedicated+Video+Game+Sales+Units&rft.pub=Nintendo&rft.date=2019-12-31&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nintendo.co.jp%2Fir%2Fen%2Ffinance%2Fhard_soft%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+video+game+consoles" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-nintendosales2-196"><a href="#cite_ref-nintendosales2_196-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170428053322/https://www.nintendo.co.jp/ir/finance/historical_data/xls/consolidated_sales_e1703.xlsx">"Historical Data: Consolidated Sales Transition by Region"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Nintendo" title="Nintendo">Nintendo</a>. April 27, 2017. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nintendo.co.jp/ir/finance/historical_data/xls/consolidated_sales_e1703.xlsx">the original</a> (xlsx) on 2017-04-28. Retrieved April 27, 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Historical+Data%3A+Consolidated+Sales+Transition+by+Region&rft.pub=Nintendo&rft.date=2017-04-27&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nintendo.co.jp%2Fir%2Ffinance%2Fhistorical_data%2Fxls%2Fconsolidated_sales_e1703.xlsx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+video+game+consoles" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-baerwinter-198"><a href="#cite_ref-baerwinter_198-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20211009/http://www.pong-story.com/odyssey.htm">"Magnavox Odyssey, the first video game system"</a>. Pong-Story. June 27, 1972. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pong-story.com/odyssey.htm">the original</a> on 2021-10-09. Retrieved November 17, 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Magnavox+Odyssey%2C+the+first+video+game+system&rft.pub=Pong-Story&rft.date=1972-06-27&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.pong-story.com%2Fodyssey.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+video+game+consoles" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Magnavox_Odyssey2-199"><a href="#cite_ref-Magnavox_Odyssey2_199-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ign.com/top-25-consoles/21.html">"Top 25 Video Game Consoles of All Time (Magnavox Odyssey 2)"</a>. IGN. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090908020557/http://www.ign.com/top-25-consoles/21.html">Archived</a> from the original on September 8, 2009. Retrieved October 31, 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=IGN&rft.atitle=Top+25+Video+Game+Consoles+of+All+Time+%28Magnavox+Odyssey+2%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ign.com%2Ftop-25-consoles%2F21.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+video+game+consoles" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-intellivision2-201"><a href="#cite_ref-intellivision2_201-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131023194011/http://classicgaming.gamespy.com/View.php?view=ConsoleMuseum.Detail&id=17&game=9">"Intellivision: Intelligent Television"</a>. <a href="/wiki/GameSpy" title="GameSpy">GameSpy</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://classicgaming.gamespy.com/View.php?view=ConsoleMuseum.Detail&id=17&game=9">the original</a> on October 23, 2013. Retrieved October 31, 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Intellivision%3A+Intelligent+Television&rft.pub=GameSpy&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fclassicgaming.gamespy.com%2FView.php%3Fview%3DConsoleMuseum.Detail%26id%3D17%26game%3D9&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+video+game+consoles" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-sms_and_gen_ign-204"><a href="#cite_ref-sms_and_gen_ign_204-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBuchanan2009" class="citation web cs1">Buchanan, Levi (March 20, 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20211009/http://www.ign.com/articles/2009/03/20/genesis-vs-snes-by-the-numbers">"Genesis vs. SNES: By the Numbers"</a>. IGN. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ign.com/articles/2009/03/20/genesis-vs-snes-by-the-numbers">the original</a> on 2021-10-09. Retrieved October 31, 2013. <q>Nintendo moved 49.1 million Super NES consoles over the course of the generation and beyond, far surpassing the Genesis, which sold a still impressive 29 million units. [...] The Master System sold an anemic 13 million to the NES count of 62 million.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=IGN&rft.atitle=Genesis+vs.+SNES%3A+By+the+Numbers&rft.date=2009-03-20&rft.aulast=Buchanan&rft.aufirst=Levi&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ign.com%2Farticles%2F2009%2F03%2F20%2Fgenesis-vs-snes-by-the-numbers&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+video+game+consoles" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-encyclopedia-205"><a href="#cite_ref-encyclopedia_205-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFForster,_Winnie2005" class="citation book cs1">Forster, Winnie (2005). The Encyclopedia of Game.Machines: Consoles, Handhelds, and Home Computers 1972–2005. Magdalena Gniatczynska. p. 139. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-00-015359-4" title="Special:BookSources/3-00-015359-4"><bdi>3-00-015359-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Encyclopedia+of+Game.Machines%3A+Consoles%2C+Handhelds%2C+and+Home+Computers+1972%E2%80%932005&rft.pages=139&rft.pub=Magdalena+Gniatczynska&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=3-00-015359-4&rft.au=Forster%2C+Winnie&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+video+game+consoles" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-digest_60-206"><a href="#cite_ref-digest_60_206-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation magazine cs1">"Sega Consoles: Active installed base estimates". <a href="/wiki/Screen_Digest" title="Screen Digest">Screen Digest</a>. March 1995. p. 60.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Screen+Digest&rft.atitle=Sega+Consoles%3A+Active+installed+base+estimates&rft.pages=60&rft.date=1995-03&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+video+game+consoles" class="Z3988"> (<a href="/wiki/Cf." title="Cf.">cf.</a> here <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://books.google.com/books?ei=L0UeT47oMouEhQeoldjNDQ&id=jFnvAAAAMAAJ&dq=sega+active+installed">[1]</a>, here <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://books.google.com/books?ei=XjkeT5KCHImJhQe45eiBDg&id=jFnvAAAAMAAJ&dq=8-bit+16-bit+32-bit">[2]</a>, and here <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://books.google.com/books?ei=L0UeT47oMouEhQeoldjNDQ&id=jFnvAAAAMAAJ&dq=%22UK+600+1.100%22&q=%22UK+600%22">[3]</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-business_japan-207"><a href="#cite_ref-business_japan_207-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNihon_Kōgyō_Shinbunsha1986" class="citation journal cs1">Nihon Kōgyō Shinbunsha (1986). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=tJcSAQAAMAAJ&q=%22Sega+is+estimated+to+have+sold%22">"Amusement"</a>. Business Japan. 31 (7–12). Nihon Kogyo Shimbun: 89. Retrieved January 24, 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Business+Japan&rft.atitle=Amusement&rft.volume=31&rft.issue=7%E2%80%9312&rft.pages=89&rft.date=1986&rft.au=Nihon+K%C5%8Dgy%C5%8D+Shinbunsha&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DtJcSAQAAMAAJ%26q%3D%2522Sega%2Bis%2Bestimated%2Bto%2Bhave%2Bsold%2522&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+video+game+consoles" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-sheff_349-208"><a href="#cite_ref-sheff_349_208-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSheffEddy1999">Sheff & Eddy 1999</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=0dK2AAAAIAAJ&q=%22+million+Master+Systems%22">349</a>: "Atari sold a handful of its 5200s and 7800s, and Sega sold a total of 2 million Master Systems." </li> <li id="cite_note-MDB-209"><a href="#cite_ref-MDB_209-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAzevedo2016" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Azevedo, Théo (May 12, 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20211009/http://jogos.uol.com.br/ultimas-noticias/2016/05/12/console-em-producao-ha-mais-tempo-master-system-ja-vendeu-8-mi-no-brasil.htm">"Console em produção há mais tempo, Master System já vendeu 8 mi no Brasil"</a> (in Portuguese). <a href="/wiki/Universo_Online" title="Universo Online">Universo Online</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://jogos.uol.com.br/ultimas-noticias/2016/05/12/console-em-producao-ha-mais-tempo-master-system-ja-vendeu-8-mi-no-brasil.htm">the original</a> on 2021-10-09. Retrieved May 13, 2016. <q>Comercializado no Brasil desde setembro de 1989, o saudoso Master System já vendeu mais de 8 milhões de unidades no país, segundo a Tectoy.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Console+em+produ%C3%A7%C3%A3o+h%C3%A1+mais+tempo%2C+Master+System+j%C3%A1+vendeu+8+mi+no+Brasil&rft.pub=Universo+Online&rft.date=2016-05-12&rft.aulast=Azevedo&rft.aufirst=Th%C3%A9o&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fjogos.uol.com.br%2Fultimas-noticias%2F2016%2F05%2F12%2Fconsole-em-producao-ha-mais-tempo-master-system-ja-vendeu-8-mi-no-brasil.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+video+game+consoles" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-famitsu_306-210"><a href="#cite_ref-famitsu_306_210-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">"Yearly market report". <a href="/wiki/Famitsu_Weekly" class="mw-redirect" title="Famitsu Weekly">Famitsu Weekly</a> (in Japanese) (392): 8. June 21, 1996.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Famitsu+Weekly&rft.atitle=Yearly+market+report&rft.issue=392&rft.pages=8&rft.date=1996-06-21&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+video+game+consoles" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Sega_Stats-211">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Sega_Stats_211-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sega_Stats_211-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sega_Stats_211-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFErnkvist2012" class="citation book cs1">Ernkvist, Mirko (August 21, 2012). Zackariasson, Peter; Wilson, Timothy (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=oQKFmX9m25sC&q=158">The Video Game Industry: Formation, Present State, and Future</a>. <a href="/wiki/Routledge" title="Routledge">Routledge</a>. p. 158. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-136-25824-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-136-25824-4"><bdi>978-1-136-25824-4</bdi></a>. Retrieved December 5, 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Video+Game+Industry%3A+Formation%2C+Present+State%2C+and+Future&rft.pages=158&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2012-08-21&rft.isbn=978-1-136-25824-4&rft.aulast=Ernkvist&rft.aufirst=Mirko&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DoQKFmX9m25sC%26q%3D158&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+video+game+consoles" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-212"><a href="#cite_ref-212">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAzevedo2012" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Azevedo, Théo (July 30, 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20211009/http://jogos.uol.com.br/ultimas-noticias/2012/07/30/vinte-anos-depois-master-system-e-mega-drive-vendem-150-mil-unidades-por-ano-no-brasil.htm">"Vinte anos depois, Master System e Mega Drive vendem 150 mil unidades por ano no Brasil"</a> (in Portuguese). <a href="/wiki/Universo_Online" title="Universo Online">UOL</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://jogos.uol.com.br/ultimas-noticias/2012/07/30/vinte-anos-depois-master-system-e-mega-drive-vendem-150-mil-unidades-por-ano-no-brasil.htm">the original</a> on 2021-10-09. Retrieved October 18, 2012. <q>Base instalada: 5 milhões de Master System; 3 milhões de Mega Drive</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Vinte+anos+depois%2C+Master+System+e+Mega+Drive+vendem+150+mil+unidades+por+ano+no+Brasil&rft.pub=UOL&rft.date=2012-07-30&rft.aulast=Azevedo&rft.aufirst=Th%C3%A9o&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fjogos.uol.com.br%2Fultimas-noticias%2F2012%2F07%2F30%2Fvinte-anos-depois-master-system-e-mega-drive-vendem-150-mil-unidades-por-ano-no-brasil.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+video+game+consoles" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-213"><a href="#cite_ref-213">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSponsel2015" class="citation web cs1">Sponsel, Sebastian (November 16, 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20211009/http://www.sega-16.com/2015/11/interview-stefano-arnhold-tectoy/">"Interview: Stefano Arnhold (Tectoy)"</a>. Sega-16. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sega-16.com/2015/11/interview-stefano-arnhold-tectoy/">the original</a> on 2021-10-09. Retrieved November 21, 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Sega-16&rft.atitle=Interview%3A+Stefano+Arnhold+%28Tectoy%29&rft.date=2015-11-16&rft.aulast=Sponsel&rft.aufirst=Sebastian&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sega-16.com%2F2015%2F11%2Finterview-stefano-arnhold-tectoy%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+video+game+consoles" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Farm-214"><a href="#cite_ref-Farm_214-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20120709034422/http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m3169/is_n9_v38/ai_20456851/?tag=content;col1">"Sega farms out Genesis"</a>. Consumer Electronics. March 2, 1998. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m3169/is_n9_v38/ai_20456851/?tag=content;col1">the original</a> on July 9, 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Sega+farms+out+Genesis&rft.pub=Consumer+Electronics&rft.date=1998-03-02&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ffindarticles.com%2Fp%2Farticles%2Fmi_m3169%2Fis_n9_v38%2Fai_20456851%2F%3Ftag%3Dcontent%3Bcol1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+video+game+consoles" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-sega_Q4_FY2001-215"><a href="#cite_ref-sega_Q4_FY2001_215-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130629101005/http://www.segasammy.co.jp/english/ir/library/pdf/printing_archive/2001/e_sega_annual_tuuki_2001.pdf">"Sega Corporation Annual Report 2001"</a> (PDF). <a href="/wiki/Sega_Corporation" class="mw-redirect" title="Sega Corporation">Sega Corporation</a>. August 1, 2001. p. 14. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.segasammy.co.jp/english/ir/library/pdf/printing_archive/2001/e_sega_annual_tuuki_2001.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 2013-06-29. Retrieved November 2, 2015. <q>A total of 3.39 million hardware units and 23.87 million software units were sold worldwide during fiscal 2001, for respective totals of 8.20 million units and 51.63 million units since Dreamcast was first brought to market.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Sega+Corporation+Annual+Report+2001&rft.pages=14&rft.pub=Sega+Corporation&rft.date=2001-08-01&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.segasammy.co.jp%2Fenglish%2Fir%2Flibrary%2Fpdf%2Fprinting_archive%2F2001%2Fe_sega_annual_tuuki_2001.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+video+game+consoles" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-sega_Q4_FY2001_rev-216"><a href="#cite_ref-sega_Q4_FY2001_rev_216-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150726015556/https://www.segasammy.co.jp/english/ir/release/pdf/past/sega/2002/20011030.pdf">"Revisions to Annual Results Forecasts"</a> (PDF). <a href="/wiki/Sega_Corporation" class="mw-redirect" title="Sega Corporation">Sega Corporation</a>. October 23, 2001. p. 4. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.segasammy.co.jp/english/ir/release/pdf/past/sega/2002/20011030.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on July 26, 2015. Retrieved November 2, 2015. <q>Regarding sales of Dreamcast hardware from inventory resulting from the withdrawal from Dreamcast production [...] the Company exceeded initial targets with domestic sales of 130,000 units and U.S. sales of 530,000 units for the first half. Consequently, at the end of the half, Dreamcast inventories totaled 40,000 units domestically and 230,000 units for the United States, and we anticipate being able to sell all remaining units by the holiday season as initially planned.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Revisions+to+Annual+Results+Forecasts&rft.pages=4&rft.pub=Sega+Corporation&rft.date=2001-10-23&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.segasammy.co.jp%2Fenglish%2Fir%2Frelease%2Fpdf%2Fpast%2Fsega%2F2002%2F20011030.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+video+game+consoles" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-sega_Q4_FY2002-217"><a href="#cite_ref-sega_Q4_FY2002_217-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110823014059/http://www.segasammy.co.jp/japanese/ir/library/pdf/printing_archive/2002/sega/sega_annual_tuuki_2002.pdf">"Sega Corporation Annual Report 2002"</a> (PDF). <a href="/wiki/Sega_Corporation" class="mw-redirect" title="Sega Corporation">Sega Corporation</a>. 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Retrieved September 5, 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Gamers+Catch+Their+Breath+as+Xbox+360+and+Xbox+Live+Reinvent+Next-Generation+Gaming&rft.pub=Xbox.com&rft.date=2006-05-10&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.xbox.com%2Fzh-SG%2Fcommunity%2Fnews%2F2006%2F20060510.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+video+game+consoles" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-xbox_e3-236"><a href="#cite_ref-xbox_e3_236-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMakuch2014" class="citation web cs1">Makuch, Eddie (June 9, 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141013194652/http://www.gamespot.com/articles/e3-2014-399-xbox-one-out-now-xbox-360-sales-rise-to-84-million/1100-6420231/">"E3 2014: $399 Xbox One Out Now, Xbox 360 Sales Rise to 84 million"</a>. <a href="/wiki/GameSpot" title="GameSpot">GameSpot</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gamespot.com/articles/e3-2014-399-xbox-one-out-now-xbox-360-sales-rise-to-84-million/1100-6420231/">the original</a> on October 13, 2014. Retrieved August 12, 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=GameSpot&rft.atitle=E3+2014%3A+%24399+Xbox+One+Out+Now%2C+Xbox+360+Sales+Rise+to+84+million&rft.date=2014-06-09&rft.aulast=Makuch&rft.aufirst=Eddie&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.gamespot.com%2Farticles%2Fe3-2014-399-xbox-one-out-now-xbox-360-sales-rise-to-84-million%2F1100-6420231%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+video+game+consoles" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-360_EoL-237"><a href="#cite_ref-360_EoL_237-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPorter2016" class="citation web cs1">Porter, Matt (April 20, 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ign.com/articles/2016/04/20/xbox-360-production-has-ended">"Xbox 360 Production Has Ended"</a>. <a href="/wiki/IGN" title="IGN">IGN</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180322210434/https://www.ign.com/articles/2016/04/20/xbox-360-production-has-ended">Archived</a> from the original on March 22, 2018. Retrieved August 12, 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=IGN&rft.atitle=Xbox+360+Production+Has+Ended&rft.date=2016-04-20&rft.aulast=Porter&rft.aufirst=Matt&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ign.com%2Farticles%2F2016%2F04%2F20%2Fxbox-360-production-has-ended&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+video+game+consoles" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Xbone_10-238"><a href="#cite_ref-Xbone_10_238-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161130042326/http://www.microsoft.com/investor/Events/Presentations/2014/ShareholderMeeting2014.aspx?eventid=151407&Search=true&SearchType=0">"Microsoft Annual Meeting of Shareholders"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Microsoft" title="Microsoft">Microsoft</a>. December 3, 2014. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.microsoft.com/investor/Events/Presentations/2014/ShareholderMeeting2014.aspx?eventid=151407&Search=true&SearchType=0">the original</a> on November 30, 2016. Retrieved January 31, 2015. <q>Finally, our gaming business is thriving with the Xbox One hitting 10 million units sold. I am thrilled to welcome Mojang and Minecraft community to Microsoft.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Microsoft+Annual+Meeting+of+Shareholders&rft.pub=Microsoft&rft.date=2014-12-03&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.microsoft.com%2Finvestor%2FEvents%2FPresentations%2F2014%2FShareholderMeeting2014.aspx%3Feventid%3D151407%26Search%3Dtrue%26SearchType%3D0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+video+game+consoles" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Shipments_and_Live-239"><a href="#cite_ref-Shipments_and_Live_239-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFutter2015" class="citation magazine cs1">Futter, Mike (October 22, 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20211009/http://www.gameinformer.com/b/news/archive/2015/10/22/xbox-hardware-sales-down-xbox-live-user-up-to-39-million.aspx">"[Update] Microsoft Will Focus Primarily On Xbox Live Usership, Not Console Shipments"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Game_Informer" title="Game Informer">Game Informer</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gameinformer.com/b/news/archive/2015/10/22/xbox-hardware-sales-down-xbox-live-user-up-to-39-million.aspx">the original</a> on 2021-10-09. Retrieved October 22, 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Game+Informer&rft.atitle=%5BUpdate%5D+Microsoft+Will+Focus+Primarily+On+Xbox+Live+Usership%2C+Not+Console+Shipments&rft.date=2015-10-22&rft.aulast=Futter&rft.aufirst=Mike&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.gameinformer.com%2Fb%2Fnews%2Farchive%2F2015%2F10%2F22%2Fxbox-hardware-sales-down-xbox-live-user-up-to-39-million.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+video+game+consoles" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-xbox1_Q2_estimate-240"><a href="#cite_ref-xbox1_Q2_estimate_240-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHaigh2019" class="citation web cs1">Haigh, Marilyn (October 8, 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cnbc.com/2019/10/08/why-microsoft-xbox-isnt-as-popular-in-japan-as-sonys-playstation.html">"Why Japanese gamers don't buy Xbox"</a>. <a href="/wiki/CNBC" title="CNBC">CNBC</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191031143327/https://www.cnbc.com/2019/10/08/why-microsoft-xbox-isnt-as-popular-in-japan-as-sonys-playstation.html">Archived</a> from the original on October 31, 2019. Retrieved November 1, 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Why+Japanese+gamers+don%27t+buy+Xbox&rft.pub=CNBC&rft.date=2019-10-08&rft.aulast=Haigh&rft.aufirst=Marilyn&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cnbc.com%2F2019%2F10%2F08%2Fwhy-microsoft-xbox-isnt-as-popular-in-japan-as-sonys-playstation.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+video+game+consoles" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output 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.navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Video_game_consoles" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Video_game_consoles" title="Template:Video game consoles"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Video_game_consoles" title="Template talk:Video game consoles"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Video_game_consoles" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Video game consoles"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Video_game_consoles" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Video_game_console" title="Video game console">Video game consoles</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Form factor</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Home_video_game_console" title="Home video game console">Home video game console</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Microconsole" title="Microconsole">Microconsole</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Handheld_game_console" title="Handheld game console">Handheld game console</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Video_game_console#Hybrid_video_game_console" title="Video game console">Hybrid video game console</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Functionality</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dedicated_console" title="Dedicated console">Dedicated console</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Video_game_console#Retro_style_console" title="Video game console">Retro style console</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Home_video_game_console_generations" class="mw-redirect" title="Home video game console generations">Generations</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_generation_of_video_game_consoles" title="First generation of video game consoles">First (1972–1980)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_generation_of_video_game_consoles" title="Second generation of video game consoles">Second (1976–1992)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_generation_of_video_game_consoles" title="Third generation of video game consoles">Third (1983–2003)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fourth_generation_of_video_game_consoles" title="Fourth generation of video game consoles">Fourth (1987–2004)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fifth_generation_of_video_game_consoles" title="Fifth generation of video game consoles">Fifth (1993–2006)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sixth_generation_of_video_game_consoles" title="Sixth generation of video game consoles">Sixth (1998–2013)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seventh_generation_of_video_game_consoles" title="Seventh generation of video game consoles">Seventh (2005–2017)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eighth_generation_of_video_game_consoles" title="Eighth generation of video game consoles">Eighth (2012–present)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ninth_generation_of_video_game_consoles" title="Ninth generation of video game consoles">Ninth (2020–present)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">First generation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Home</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Magnavox_Odyssey" title="Magnavox Odyssey">Magnavox Odyssey</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Dedicated</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/APF_TV_Fun_series" title="APF TV Fun series">APF TV Fun series</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coleco_Telstar_series" title="Coleco Telstar series">Coleco Telstar series</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Coleco_Telstar_Arcade" title="Coleco Telstar Arcade">Arcade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coleco_Telstar_Marksman" title="Coleco Telstar Marksman">Marksman</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Color_TV-Game" title="Color TV-Game">Color TV-Game</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gameroom_Tele-Pong" title="Gameroom Tele-Pong">Gameroom Tele-Pong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magnavox_Odyssey_series" class="mw-redirect" title="Magnavox Odyssey series">Magnavox Odyssey series</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PC-50x_Family" title="PC-50x Family">PC-50x Family</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pong" title="Pong">Pong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TV_Scoreboard" title="TV Scoreboard">TV Scoreboard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TV_Tennis_Electrotennis" title="TV Tennis Electrotennis">TV Tennis Electrotennis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unisonic_Products_Corporation" title="Unisonic Products Corporation">Unisonic series</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Video_Pinball" class="mw-redirect" title="Video Pinball">Video Pinball</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Second generation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Home</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/APF-MP1000" title="APF-MP1000">APF-MP1000</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arcadia_2001" title="Arcadia 2001">Arcadia 2001</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atari_2600" title="Atari 2600">Atari 2600</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atari_5200" title="Atari 5200">Atari 5200</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bally_Astrocade" title="Bally Astrocade">Bally Astrocade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ColecoVision" title="ColecoVision">ColecoVision</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cassette_Vision" title="Cassette Vision">Epoch Cassette Vision</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fairchild_Channel_F" title="Fairchild Channel F">Fairchild Channel F</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gakken_Compact_Vision_TV_Boy" title="Gakken Compact Vision TV Boy">Gakken Compact Vision TV Boy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interton_Video_Computer_4000" title="Interton Video Computer 4000">Interton VC 4000</a>/<a href="/wiki/1292_Advanced_Programmable_Video_System" title="1292 Advanced Programmable Video System">1292 Advanced Programmable Video System</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intellivision" title="Intellivision">Intellivision</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magnavox_Odyssey_2" title="Magnavox Odyssey 2">Odyssey 2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RCA_Studio_II" title="RCA Studio II">RCA Studio II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vectrex" title="Vectrex">Vectrex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bandai_Super_Vision_8000" title="Bandai Super Vision 8000">Super Vision 8000</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/VTech_CreatiVision" title="VTech CreatiVision">VTech CreatiVision</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Handheld</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Microvision" title="Microvision">Milton Bradley Microvision</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Children%27s_Discovery_System" title="Children's Discovery System">Children's Discovery System</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Entex_Select-A-Game" title="Entex Select-A-Game">Entex Select-A-Game</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Entex_Adventure_Vision" title="Entex Adventure Vision">Entex Adventure Vision</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/VTech_3D_Gamate" class="mw-redirect" title="VTech 3D Gamate">3D Gamate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/VTech_Variety" class="mw-redirect" title="VTech Variety">Variety</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palmtex_Portable_Videogame_System" title="Palmtex Portable Videogame System">Palmtex Portable Videogame System / Super Micro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digi_Casse" title="Digi Casse">Digi Casse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romtec_Colorvision" title="Romtec Colorvision">Romtec Colorvision</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epoch_Game_Pocket_Computer" title="Epoch Game Pocket Computer">Epoch Game Pocket Computer</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Dedicated</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Game_%26_Watch" title="Game & Watch">Nintendo Game & Watch</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Third generation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Home</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Action_Max" title="Action Max">Action Max</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amstrad_GX4000" title="Amstrad GX4000">Amstrad GX4000</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atari_7800" title="Atari 7800">Atari 7800</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atari_XEGS" title="Atari XEGS">Atari XE Games System</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PV-1000" title="PV-1000">Casio PV-1000</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commodore_64_Games_System" title="Commodore 64 Games System">Commodore 64 Games System</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nintendo_Entertainment_System" title="Nintendo Entertainment System">Nintendo Entertainment System</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nintendo_Entertainment_System_(Model_NES-101)" class="mw-redirect" title="Nintendo Entertainment System (Model NES-101)">NES-101</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Halcyon_(console)" title="Halcyon (console)">RDI Halcyon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Master_System" title="Master System">Master System</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SG-1000" title="SG-1000">SG-1000</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Super_Cassette_Vision" title="Super Cassette Vision">Super Cassette Vision</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/VTech_Socrates" title="VTech Socrates">VTech Socrates</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Fourth generation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Home</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Commodore_CDTV" class="mw-redirect" title="Commodore CDTV">Commodore CDTV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo_Geo_(system)" title="Neo Geo (system)">Neo Geo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo_Geo_CD" title="Neo Geo CD">Neo Geo CD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philips_CD-i" class="mw-redirect" title="Philips CD-i">Philips CD-i</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LaserActive" title="LaserActive">LaserActive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sega_Genesis" title="Sega Genesis">Sega Genesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Super_A%27Can" title="Super A'Can">Super A'Can</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Super_Nintendo_Entertainment_System" title="Super Nintendo Entertainment System">Super Nintendo Entertainment System</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Super_Nintendo_Entertainment_System_(Model_SNS-101)" class="mw-redirect" title="Super Nintendo Entertainment System (Model SNS-101)">SNS-101</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TurboGrafx-16" title="TurboGrafx-16">TurboGrafx-16</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Handheld</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Game_Boy" title="Game Boy">Game Boy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atari_Lynx" title="Atari Lynx">Atari Lynx</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Game_Gear" title="Game Gear">Game Gear</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TurboExpress" title="TurboExpress">TurboExpress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gamate" title="Gamate">Gamate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Watara_Supervision" title="Watara Supervision">Watara Supervision</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mega_Duck" title="Mega Duck">Mega Duck/Cougar Boy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Game_Master_(console)" title="Game Master (console)">Game Master</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Fifth generation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Home</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/3DO" title="3DO">3DO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amiga_CD32" title="Amiga CD32">Amiga CD32</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atari_Jaguar" title="Atari Jaguar">Atari Jaguar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Casio_Loopy" title="Casio Loopy">Casio Loopy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FM_Towns_Marty" title="FM Towns Marty">FM Towns Marty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo_Geo_CD" title="Neo Geo CD">Neo Geo CD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nintendo_64" title="Nintendo 64">Nintendo 64</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PC-FX" title="PC-FX">NEC PC-FX</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apple_Pippin" title="Apple Pippin">Pippin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Playdia" title="Playdia">Playdia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PlayStation_(console)" title="PlayStation (console)">PlayStation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sega_Saturn" title="Sega Saturn">Sega Saturn</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Handheld</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Design_Master_Senshi_Mangajukuu" class="mw-redirect" title="Design Master Senshi Mangajukuu">Design Master Senshi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Game_Boy_Color" title="Game Boy Color">Game Boy Color</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Game.com" title="Game.com">Game.com</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo_Geo_Pocket" title="Neo Geo Pocket">Neo Geo Pocket</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Neo_Geo_Pocket_Color" title="Neo Geo Pocket Color">Color</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PocketStation" title="PocketStation">PocketStation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R-Zone" title="R-Zone">R-Zone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genesis_Nomad" title="Genesis Nomad">Genesis Nomad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virtual_Boy" title="Virtual Boy">Virtual Boy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sixth generation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Home</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/DISCover" title="DISCover">DISCover</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dreamcast" title="Dreamcast">Dreamcast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GameCube" title="GameCube">GameCube</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuon_(DVD_technology)" title="Nuon (DVD technology)">Nuon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PlayStation_2" title="PlayStation 2">PlayStation 2</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/PSX_(digital_video_recorder)" title="PSX (digital video recorder)">PSX</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/V.Smile" title="V.Smile">V.Smile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xavix" title="Xavix">Xavix</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xbox_(console)" title="Xbox (console)">Xbox</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Handheld</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/WonderSwan" title="WonderSwan">WonderSwan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Game_Boy_Advance" title="Game Boy Advance">Game Boy Advance</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Game_Boy_Advance_SP" title="Game Boy Advance SP">Advance SP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Game_Boy_Micro" title="Game Boy Micro">Micro</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GP32" title="GP32">GP32</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/N-Gage_(device)" class="mw-redirect" title="N-Gage (device)">N-Gage</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/N-Gage_QD" class="mw-redirect" title="N-Gage QD">QD</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tapwave_Zodiac" title="Tapwave Zodiac">Tapwave Zodiac</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/VMU" title="VMU">VMU</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Seventh generation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Home</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/EVO_Smart_Console" title="EVO Smart Console">EVO Smart Console</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PlayStation_3" title="PlayStation 3">PlayStation 3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/V.Flash" title="V.Flash">V.Flash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wii" title="Wii">Wii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xbox_360" title="Xbox 360">Xbox 360</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zeebo" title="Zeebo">Zeebo</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Handheld</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/GP2X" title="GP2X">GP2X</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/GP2X_Wiz" title="GP2X Wiz">Wiz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caanoo" title="Caanoo">Caanoo</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dingoo" title="Dingoo">Dingoo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gizmondo" title="Gizmondo">Gizmondo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mi2_(console)" title="Mi2 (console)">Mi2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nintendo_DS" title="Nintendo DS">Nintendo DS</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nintendo_DS_Lite" title="Nintendo DS Lite">DS Lite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nintendo_DSi" title="Nintendo DSi">DSi</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pandora_(console)" class="mw-redirect" title="Pandora (console)">Pandora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PlayStation_Portable" title="PlayStation Portable">PlayStation Portable</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Micro</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/OnLive" title="OnLive">OnLive</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Eighth generation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Home</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/PlayStation_4" title="PlayStation 4">PlayStation 4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wii_U" title="Wii U">Wii U</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xbox_One" title="Xbox One">Xbox One</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Handheld</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nintendo_3DS" title="Nintendo 3DS">Nintendo 3DS</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nintendo_2DS" title="Nintendo 2DS">2DS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Nintendo_3DS" title="New Nintendo 3DS">New 3DS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Nintendo_2DS_XL" title="New Nintendo 2DS XL">New 2DS XL</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nvidia_Shield_Portable" title="Nvidia Shield Portable">Nvidia Shield Portable</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PlayStation_Vita" title="PlayStation Vita">PlayStation Vita</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Xperia_Play" title="Xperia Play">Xperia Play</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Micro</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amazon_Fire_TV" title="Amazon Fire TV">Amazon Fire TV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apple_TV" title="Apple TV">Apple TV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GameStick" title="GameStick">GameStick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mojo_(microconsole)" title="Mojo (microconsole)">MOJO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nexus_Player" title="Nexus Player">Nexus Player</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OnLive" title="OnLive">OnLive Game System</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ouya" title="Ouya">Ouya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nvidia_Shield_TV" title="Nvidia Shield TV">Nvidia Shield TV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PlayStation_TV" title="PlayStation TV">PlayStation TV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Razer_Inc." title="Razer Inc.">Razer Forge TV</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Hybrid</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nintendo_Switch" title="Nintendo Switch">Nintendo Switch</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Ninth generation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Home</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/PlayStation_5" title="PlayStation 5">PlayStation 5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xbox_Series_X_and_Series_S" title="Xbox Series X and Series S">Xbox Series X/S</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Micro</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Atari_VCS_(2021_console)" title="Atari VCS (2021 console)">Atari VCS</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other generation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Home</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sega_Pico" title="Sega Pico">Sega Pico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Game_Wave_Family_Entertainment_System" title="Game Wave Family Entertainment System">Game Wave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HyperScan" title="HyperScan">HyperScan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swinxs" title="Swinxs">Swinxs</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Handheld</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/GameKing" title="GameKing">GameKing consoles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leapster" title="Leapster">Leapster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LeapFrog_Didj" title="LeapFrog Didj">LeapFrog Didj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo_Geo_X" title="Neo Geo X">Neo Geo X</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pok%C3%A9mon_Mini" title="Pokémon Mini">Pokémon Mini</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Micro</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/IQue_Player" title="IQue Player">iQue Player</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tovertafel" title="Tovertafel">Tovertafel</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Dedicated</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Atari_Flashback" title="Atari Flashback">Atari Flashback</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barcode_Battler" title="Barcode Battler">Barcode Battler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C64_Direct-to-TV" title="C64 Direct-to-TV">C64 Direct-to-TV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coleco_Sonic" class="mw-redirect" title="Coleco Sonic">Coleco Sonic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jakks_Pacific" title="Jakks Pacific">Plug It in & Play TV Games</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NES_Classic_Edition" title="NES Classic Edition">NES Classic Edition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PlayStation_Classic" title="PlayStation Classic">PlayStation Classic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stunt_Cycle" title="Stunt Cycle">Stunt Cycle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Super_NES_Classic_Edition" title="Super NES Classic Edition">Super NES Classic Edition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/VG_Pocket" title="VG Pocket">VG Pocket</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pocket_Dream_Console" title="Pocket Dream Console">Pocket Dream Console</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Lists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_dedicated_video_game_consoles" title="List of dedicated video game consoles">Dedicated video game consoles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_handheld_game_consoles" title="List of handheld game consoles">Handheld game consoles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_home_video_game_consoles" class="mw-redirect" title="List of home video game consoles">Home video game consoles</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_microconsoles" title="List of microconsoles">Microconsoles</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_retro_style_video_game_consoles" title="List of retro style video game consoles">Retro style video game consoles</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Video_game_console_emulator" title="Video game console emulator">Emulator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Console_game" title="Console game">Game</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Online_console_gaming" title="Online console gaming">Services</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_video_game_consoles" title="Lists of video game consoles">List</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Console_manufacturer" class="mw-redirect" title="Console manufacturer">Manufacturer</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="History_of_video_games" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible expanded navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#e8e8ff;"><div id="History_of_video_games" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/History_of_video_games" title="History of video games">History of video games</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;font-size:114%"><div style="padding:0px"> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Chronology_of_video_games" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Chronology_of_video_games" title="Template:Chronology of video games"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Chronology_of_video_games" title="Template talk:Chronology of video games"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Chronology_of_video_games" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Chronology of video games"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Chronology_of_video_games" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/History_of_video_games" title="History of video games">Chronology of video games</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Early history</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Early_history_of_video_games" title="Early history of video games">1947–1972</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/1970s_in_video_games" title="1970s in video games">1970s</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1970_in_video_games" title="1970 in video games">1970</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1971_in_video_games" title="1971 in video games">1971</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1972_in_video_games" title="1972 in video games">1972</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1973_in_video_games" title="1973 in video games">1973</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1974_in_video_games" title="1974 in video games">1974</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1975_in_video_games" title="1975 in video games">1975</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1976_in_video_games" title="1976 in video games">1976</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1977_in_video_games" title="1977 in video games">1977</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1978_in_video_games" title="1978 in video games">1978</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1979_in_video_games" title="1979 in video games">1979</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/1980s_in_video_games" title="1980s in video games">1980s</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1980_in_video_games" title="1980 in video games">1980</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1981_in_video_games" title="1981 in video games">1981</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1982_in_video_games" title="1982 in video games">1982</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1983_in_video_games" title="1983 in video games">1983</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1984_in_video_games" title="1984 in video games">1984</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1985_in_video_games" title="1985 in video games">1985</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1986_in_video_games" title="1986 in video games">1986</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1987_in_video_games" title="1987 in video games">1987</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1988_in_video_games" title="1988 in video games">1988</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1989_in_video_games" title="1989 in video games">1989</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/1990s_in_video_games" title="1990s in video games">1990s</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1990_in_video_games" title="1990 in video games">1990</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1991_in_video_games" title="1991 in video games">1991</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1992_in_video_games" title="1992 in video games">1992</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1993_in_video_games" title="1993 in video games">1993</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1994_in_video_games" title="1994 in video games">1994</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1995_in_video_games" title="1995 in video games">1995</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1996_in_video_games" title="1996 in video games">1996</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1997_in_video_games" title="1997 in video games">1997</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1998_in_video_games" title="1998 in video games">1998</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1999_in_video_games" title="1999 in video games">1999</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/2000s_in_video_games" title="2000s in video games">2000s</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2000_in_video_games" title="2000 in video games">2000</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2001_in_video_games" title="2001 in video games">2001</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2002_in_video_games" title="2002 in video games">2002</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2003_in_video_games" title="2003 in video games">2003</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2004_in_video_games" title="2004 in video games">2004</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2005_in_video_games" title="2005 in video games">2005</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2006_in_video_games" title="2006 in video games">2006</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2007_in_video_games" title="2007 in video games">2007</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2008_in_video_games" title="2008 in video games">2008</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2009_in_video_games" title="2009 in video games">2009</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/2010s_in_video_games" title="2010s in video games">2010s</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2010_in_video_games" title="2010 in video games">2010</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2011_in_video_games" title="2011 in video games">2011</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2012_in_video_games" title="2012 in video games">2012</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2013_in_video_games" title="2013 in video games">2013</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2014_in_video_games" title="2014 in video games">2014</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2015_in_video_games" title="2015 in video games">2015</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2016_in_video_games" title="2016 in video games">2016</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2017_in_video_games" title="2017 in video games">2017</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2018_in_video_games" title="2018 in video games">2018</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2019_in_video_games" title="2019 in video games">2019</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/2020s_in_video_games" title="2020s in video games">2020s</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2020_in_video_games" title="2020 in video games">2020</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2021_in_video_games" title="2021 in video games">2021</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2022_in_video_games" title="2022 in video games">2022</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2023_in_video_games" title="2023 in video games">2023</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2024_in_video_games" title="2024 in video games">2024</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2025_in_video_games" title="2025 in video games">2025</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_video_games_in_development" title="List of video games in development">Near future</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Video_game_history_by_platform" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Video_game_history_by_platform" title="Template:Video game history by platform"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Video_game_history_by_platform" title="Template talk:Video game history by platform"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Video_game_history_by_platform" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Video game history by platform"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Video_game_history_by_platform" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/History_of_video_games" title="History of video games">Video game history by platform</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By platform</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Early_mainframe_games" title="Early mainframe games">Early mainframe games</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_arcade_video_games" title="History of arcade video games">History of arcade video games</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Golden_age_of_arcade_video_games" title="Golden age of arcade video games">Golden age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_arcade_video_game_history" title="Timeline of arcade video game history">Timeline</a></li></ul></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">History of video game consoles</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Video_game_crash_of_1983" title="Video game crash of 1983">Crash of 1983</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Console_war" title="Console war">Console war</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_mobile_games" title="History of mobile games">History of mobile games</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By console generation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_generation_of_video_game_consoles" title="First generation of video game consoles">First (1972–1980)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_generation_of_video_game_consoles" title="Second generation of video game consoles">Second (1976–1992)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_generation_of_video_game_consoles" title="Third generation of video game consoles">Third (1983–2003)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fourth_generation_of_video_game_consoles" title="Fourth generation of video game consoles">Fourth (1987–2003)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fifth_generation_of_video_game_consoles" title="Fifth generation of video game consoles">Fifth (1993–2005)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sixth_generation_of_video_game_consoles" title="Sixth generation of video game consoles">Sixth (1998–2013)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seventh_generation_of_video_game_consoles" title="Seventh generation of video game consoles">Seventh (2005–2017)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eighth_generation_of_video_game_consoles" title="Eighth generation of video game consoles">Eighth (2012–)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ninth_generation_of_video_game_consoles" title="Ninth generation of video game consoles">Ninth (2020–)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Video_game_genres" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Video_game_genre" title="Template:Video game genre"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Video_game_genre" title="Template talk:Video game genre"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Video_game_genre" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Video game genre"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Video_game_genres" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Video_game_genre" title="Video game genre">Video game genres</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_video_game_genres" title="List of video game genres">List of video game genres</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Action_game" title="Action game">Action</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Platformer" title="Platformer">Platformer</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Endless_runner" title="Endless runner">Endless runner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Platform_fighter" title="Platform fighter">Platform fighter</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Shooter_game" title="Shooter game">Shooter</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arena_shooter" title="Arena shooter">Arena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First-person_shooter" title="First-person shooter">First-person</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hero_shooter" title="Hero shooter">Hero</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Light_gun_shooter" class="mw-redirect" title="Light gun shooter">Light gun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shoot_%27em_up" title="Shoot 'em up">Shoot 'em up</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bullet_hell" title="Bullet hell">Bullet hell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rail_shooter" title="Rail shooter">Rail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Twin-stick_shooter" title="Twin-stick shooter">Twin-stick</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tactical_shooter" title="Tactical shooter">Tactical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third-person_shooter" title="Third-person shooter">Third-person</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Survival_game" title="Survival game">Survival</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_royale_game" title="Battle royale game">Battle royale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Survival_horror" title="Survival horror">Survival horror</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Beat_%27em_up" title="Beat 'em up">Beat 'em up</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hack_and_slash" title="Hack and slash">Hack and slash</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fighting_game" title="Fighting game">Fighting</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Platform_fighter" title="Platform fighter">Platform fighter</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maze_video_game" class="mw-redirect" title="Maze video game">Maze</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Pac-Man_clones" title="List of Pac-Man clones">Pac-Man clone</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Snake_(video_game_genre)" title="Snake (video game genre)">Snake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stealth_game" title="Stealth game">Stealth</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="10" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><a href="/wiki/File:Video-Game-Controller-Icon-IDV-green-history.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Video-Game-Controller-Icon-IDV-green-history.svg/60px-Video-Game-Controller-Icon-IDV-green-history.svg.png" decoding="async" width="60" height="60" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Video-Game-Controller-Icon-IDV-green-history.svg/90px-Video-Game-Controller-Icon-IDV-green-history.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Video-Game-Controller-Icon-IDV-green-history.svg/120px-Video-Game-Controller-Icon-IDV-green-history.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="249" data-file-height="249" /></a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Action-adventure_game" title="Action-adventure game">Action-adventure</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Theft_Auto_clone" title="Grand Theft Auto clone">Grand Theft Auto clone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metroidvania" title="Metroidvania">Metroidvania</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Adventure_game" title="Adventure game">Adventure</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Escape_room_video_game" title="Escape room video game">Escape room</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_graphic_adventure_games" title="List of graphic adventure games">Graphic adventure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interactive_fiction" title="Interactive fiction">Interactive fiction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interactive_film" title="Interactive film">Interactive film</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Visual_novel" title="Visual novel">Visual novel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walking_simulator" title="Walking simulator">Walking sim</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Digital_tabletop_game" title="Digital tabletop game">Digital tabletop</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Deck-building_game" title="Deck-building game">Deck-building</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Roguelike_deck-building_game" title="Roguelike deck-building game">Roguelike deck-building</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_collectible_card_game" title="Digital collectible card game">Digital collectible card</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Puzzle_video_game" title="Puzzle video game">Puzzle</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hidden_object_game" title="Hidden object game">Hidden object</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sokoban" title="Sokoban">Sokoban</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tile-matching_video_game" title="Tile-matching video game">Tile-matching</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Role-playing_video_game" title="Role-playing video game">Role-playing</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Action_role-playing_game" title="Action role-playing game">Action role-playing</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Looter_shooter" title="Looter shooter">Looter shooter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soulslike" title="Soulslike">Soulslike</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dungeon_crawl" title="Dungeon crawl">Dungeon crawl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Massively_multiplayer_online_role-playing_game" title="Massively multiplayer online role-playing game">MMORPG</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monster-taming_game" title="Monster-taming game">Monster-taming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roguelike" title="Roguelike">Roguelike</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Roguelike_deck-building_game" title="Roguelike deck-building game">Roguelike deck-building</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tactical_role-playing_game" title="Tactical role-playing game">Tactical role-playing</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Simulation_video_game" title="Simulation video game">Simulation</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Life_simulation_game" title="Life simulation game">Life</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dating_sim" title="Dating sim">Dating</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Farm_life_sim" title="Farm life sim">Farming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/God_game" title="God game">God</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_simulation_game" title="Social simulation game">Social</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virtual_pet" title="Virtual pet">Virtual pet</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Construction_and_management_simulation" title="Construction and management simulation">CMS</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Business_simulation_game" title="Business simulation game">Business</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/City-building_game" title="City-building game">City-building</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_simulation_game" title="Government simulation game">Government</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sports_video_game" title="Sports video game">Sports</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fishing_video_game" title="Fishing video game">Fishing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racing_game" title="Racing game">Racing</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kart_racing_game" title="Kart racing game">Kart racing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sim_racing" title="Sim racing">Sim racing</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Vehicle_simulation_game" title="Vehicle simulation game">Vehicle</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Flight_simulation_video_game" title="Flight simulation video game">Flight simulation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Combat_flight_simulation_game" title="Combat flight simulation game">Combat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lunar_Lander_(video_game_genre)" title="Lunar Lander (video game genre)">Lunar Lander</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_flight_simulation_game" title="Space flight simulation game">Space</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Submarine_simulator" title="Submarine simulator">Submarine simulator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Train_simulator" title="Train simulator">Train simulator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vehicular_combat_game" title="Vehicular combat game">Vehicular combat</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Falling-sand_game" title="Falling-sand game">Falling-sand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immersive_sim" title="Immersive sim">Immersive sim</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Strategy_video_game" title="Strategy video game">Strategy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/4X" title="4X">4X</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Auto_battler" title="Auto battler">Auto battler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multiplayer_online_battle_arena" title="Multiplayer online battle arena">MOBA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Real-time_strategy" title="Real-time strategy">Real-time strategy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Time_management_game" title="Time management game">Time management</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Real-time_tactics" title="Real-time tactics">Real-time tactics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tactical_role-playing_game" title="Tactical role-playing game">Tactical role-playing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tower_defense" title="Tower defense">Tower defense</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turn-based_strategy" title="Turn-based strategy">Turn-based strategy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turn-based_tactics" title="Turn-based tactics">Turn-based tactics</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Artillery_game" title="Artillery game">Artillery</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Computer_wargame" title="Computer wargame">Wargame</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Grand_strategy_wargame" title="Grand strategy wargame">Grand strategy</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other genres</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cozy_game" title="Cozy game">Cozy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fitness_game" title="Fitness game">Fitness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horror_game" title="Horror game">Horror</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Survival_horror" title="Survival horror">Survival horror</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Incremental_game" title="Incremental game">Incremental</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_video_game" title="Music video game">Music</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rhythm_game" title="Rhythm game">Rhythm</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-game" title="Non-game">Non-game</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Party_video_game" title="Party video game">Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photography_game" title="Photography game">Photography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Programming_game" title="Programming game">Programming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Typing_game" title="Typing game">Typing</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Themes</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Advergame" title="Advergame">Advergame</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bish%C5%8Djo_game" title="Bishōjo game">Bishōjo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_video_game" title="Christian video game">Christian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comedy_in_video_games" title="Comedy in video games">Comedy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Educational_video_game" title="Educational video game">Educational</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Girls%27_video_games" title="Girls' video games">Girls</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Licensed_game" title="Licensed game">Licensed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Otome_game" title="Otome game">Otome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_content_in_video_games" title="Sexual content in video games">Sexual</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eroge" title="Eroge">Eroge</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nonviolent_video_game" title="Nonviolent video game">Nonviolent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Personalized_video_game" title="Personalized video game">Personalized</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_fiction_video_game" title="Science fiction video game">Sci-fi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serious_game" title="Serious game">Serious</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Art_game" title="Art game">Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_video_game" title="Climate change video game">Climate change</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Newsgame" title="Newsgame">News</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Player modes</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Multiplayer_video_game" title="Multiplayer video game">Multiplayer</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cooperative_video_game" title="Cooperative video game">Co-op</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Massively_multiplayer_online_game" title="Massively multiplayer online game">MMO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Player_versus_player" title="Player versus player">PVP</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Single-player_video_game" title="Single-player video game">Single-player</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Production</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/AAA_(video_game_industry)" title="AAA (video game industry)">AAA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indie_game" title="Indie game">Indie</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Doujin_soft" title="Doujin soft">Doujin soft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fan_game" title="Fan game">Fan game</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Design</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Casual_game" title="Casual game">Casual</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hypercasual_game" title="Hypercasual game">Hypercasual</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emergent_gameplay" title="Emergent gameplay">Emergent gameplay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Full-motion_video" title="Full-motion video">FMV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gacha_game" title="Gacha game">Gacha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaizo" title="Kaizo">Kaizo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Masocore" title="Masocore">Masocore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nonlinear_gameplay" title="Nonlinear gameplay">Nonlinear gameplay</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Open_world" title="Open world">Open world</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sandbox_game" title="Sandbox game">Sandbox</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Side-scrolling_video_game" title="Side-scrolling video game">Side-scrolling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Twitch_gameplay" title="Twitch gameplay">Twitch gameplay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vertically_scrolling_video_game" title="Vertically scrolling video game">Vertically scrolling</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Minigame" title="Minigame">Minigame</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toys-to-life" title="Toys-to-life">Toys-to-life</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Video_game_clone" title="Video game clone">Video game clone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Video_game_modding" title="Video game modding">Video game modding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Video_game_remake" title="Video game remake">Video game remake</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Video_games_by_country" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Video_games_by_country" title="Template:Video games by country"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Video_games_by_country" title="Template talk:Video games by country"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Video_games_by_country" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Video games by country"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Video_games_by_country" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Video games by country</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Africa</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Video_games_in_Ghana" title="Video games in Ghana">Ghana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Video_games_in_Kenya" title="Video games in Kenya">Kenya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Video_games_in_Nigeria" title="Video games in Nigeria">Nigeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Video_games_in_South_Africa" title="Video games in South Africa">South Africa</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Americas</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Video_games_in_Latin_America" title="Video games in Latin America">Latin America</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Video_games_in_Brazil" title="Video games in Brazil">Brazil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Video_games_in_Colombia" title="Video games in Colombia">Colombia</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Video_games_in_Canada" title="Video games in Canada">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Video_games_in_the_United_States" title="Video games in the United States">United States</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Asia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Video_games_in_Bangladesh" title="Video games in Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Video_games_in_China" title="Video games in China">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Video_games_in_India" title="Video games in India">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Video_games_in_Indonesia" title="Video games in Indonesia">Indonesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Video_games_in_Iran" title="Video games in Iran">Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Video_games_in_Japan" title="Video games in Japan">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Video_games_in_South_Korea" title="Video games in South Korea">South Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Video_games_in_Malaysia" title="Video games in Malaysia">Malaysia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Video_games_in_the_Philippines" title="Video games in the Philippines">Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Video_games_in_Russia" title="Video games in Russia">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Video_games_in_Thailand" title="Video games in Thailand">Thailand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Video_games_in_Turkey" title="Video games in Turkey">Turkey</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Europe</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Video_games_in_Belgium" title="Video games in Belgium">Belgium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Video_games_in_the_Czech_Republic" title="Video games in the Czech Republic">Czech Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Video_games_in_Finland" title="Video games in Finland">Finland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Video_games_in_France" title="Video games in France">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Video_games_in_Germany" title="Video games in Germany">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Video_games_in_Greece" title="Video games in Greece">Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Video_games_in_Ireland" title="Video games in Ireland">Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Video_games_in_Italy" title="Video games in Italy">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Video_games_in_Lithuania" title="Video games in Lithuania">Lithuania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Video_games_in_the_Netherlands" title="Video games in the Netherlands">Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Video_games_in_Norway" title="Video games in Norway">Norway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Video_games_in_Poland" title="Video games in Poland">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Video_games_in_Russia" title="Video games in Russia">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Video_games_in_Spain" title="Video games in Spain">Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Video_games_in_Sweden" title="Video games in Sweden">Sweden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Video_games_in_Switzerland" title="Video games in Switzerland">Switzerland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Video_games_in_Turkey" title="Video games in Turkey">Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Video_games_in_Ukraine" title="Video games in Ukraine">Ukraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Video_games_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Video games in the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Oceania</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Video_games_in_Australia" title="Video games in Australia">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Video_games_in_New_Zealand" title="Video games in New Zealand">New Zealand</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=History_of_video_game_consoles&oldid=1258359265">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=History_of_video_game_consoles&oldid=1258359265</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Category</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:History_of_video_game_consoles" title="Category:History of video game consoles">History of video game consoles</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: 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