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class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Phonology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Phonology </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Phonology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Orthography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Orthography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Orthography </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Orthography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Grammar" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Grammar"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Grammar </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Grammar-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Grammar subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Grammar-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Syntax" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Syntax"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.1 Syntax </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Syntax-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Morphology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Morphology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.2 Morphology </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Morphology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Articles" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Articles"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.2.1 Articles </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Articles-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Nouns,_adjectives,_pronouns" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Nouns,_adjectives,_pronouns"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.2.2 Nouns, adjectives, pronouns </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Nouns,_adjectives,_pronouns-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Numerals" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Numerals"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.2.3 Numerals </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Numerals-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Verbs" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Verbs"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.2.4 Verbs </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Verbs-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Conjugations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Conjugations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.2.5 Conjugations </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Conjugations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Adverbs" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Adverbs"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.3 Adverbs </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Adverbs-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Prepositions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Prepositions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.3.1 Prepositions </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Prepositions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Vocabulary" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Vocabulary"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Vocabulary </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Vocabulary-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Vocabulary subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Vocabulary-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Czech" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Czech"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.1 Czech </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Czech-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_Slavic_languages" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_Slavic_languages"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.2 Other Slavic languages </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_Slavic_languages-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Latin" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Latin"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.3 Latin </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Latin-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-English" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#English"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.4 English </div> </a> <ul id="toc-English-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-German" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#German"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.5 German </div> </a> <ul id="toc-German-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Hungarian" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hungarian"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.6 Hungarian </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hungarian-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sample_text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sample_text"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 Sample text </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sample_text-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 References </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11 Bibliography </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12 Further reading </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 13 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Slovak language</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 156 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-156" aria-hidden="true" > 156 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slowaaks" title="Slowaaks – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Slowaaks" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slowakische_Sprache" title="Slowakische Sprache – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Slowakische Sprache" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Alemannisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%88%B5%E1%88%8E%E1%89%AB%E1%8A%AD%E1%8A%9B" title="ስሎቫክኛ – Amharic" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="ስሎቫክኛ" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Amharic" class="interlanguage-link-target">አማርኛ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ang mw-list-item"><a href="https://ang.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slofacisc_spr%C7%A3c" title="Slofacisc sprǣc – Old English" lang="ang" hreflang="ang" data-title="Slofacisc sprǣc" data-language-autonym="Ænglisc" data-language-local-name="Old English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ænglisc</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ab mw-list-item"><a href="https://ab.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BA_%D0%B1%D1%8B%D0%B7%D1%88%D3%99%D0%B0" title="Асловак бызшәа – Abkhazian" lang="ab" hreflang="ab" data-title="Асловак бызшәа" data-language-autonym="Аԥсшәа" data-language-local-name="Abkhazian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Аԥсшәа</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%84%D8%BA%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D9%84%D9%88%D9%81%D8%A7%D9%83%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="اللغة السلوفاكية – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="اللغة السلوفاكية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idioma_eslovaco" title="Idioma eslovaco – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Idioma eslovaco" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Aragonés</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frp mw-list-item"><a href="https://frp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slovaco" title="Slovaco – Arpitan" lang="frp" hreflang="frp" data-title="Slovaco" data-language-autonym="Arpetan" data-language-local-name="Arpitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Arpetan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idioma_eslovacu" title="Idioma eslovacu – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Idioma eslovacu" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slovak_dili" title="Slovak dili – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Slovak dili" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B2%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%AD%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%95_%E0%A6%AD%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B7%E0%A6%BE" title="স্লোভাক ভাষা – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="স্লোভাক ভাষা" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slovak-g%C3%AD" title="Slovak-gí – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Slovak-gí" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BA_%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5" title="Словак теле – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Словак теле" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target">Башҡортса</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0" title="Славацкая мова – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Славацкая мова" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0" title="Славацкая мова – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Славацкая мова" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%88%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BA" title="Словашки език – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Словашки език" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slowakische_Sproch" title="Slowakische Sproch – Bavarian" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Slowakische Sproch" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="Bavarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Boarisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slova%C4%8Dki_jezik" title="Slovački jezik – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Slovački jezik" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bosanski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slovakeg" title="Slovakeg – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Slovakeg" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target">Brezhoneg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eslovac" title="Eslovac – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Eslovac" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BA_%D1%87%C4%95%D0%BB%D1%85%D0%B8" title="Словак чĕлхи – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Словак чĕлхи" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target">Чӑвашла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pinulongang_Eslobako" title="Pinulongang Eslobako – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Pinulongang Eslobako" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cebuano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sloven%C5%A1tina" title="Slovenština – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Slovenština" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-co mw-list-item"><a href="https://co.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingua_sluvacca" title="Lingua sluvacca – Corsican" lang="co" hreflang="co" data-title="Lingua sluvacca" data-language-autonym="Corsu" data-language-local-name="Corsican" class="interlanguage-link-target">Corsu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slofaceg" title="Slofaceg – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Slofaceg" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cymraeg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slovakisk" title="Slovakisk – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Slovakisk" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-se mw-list-item"><a href="https://se.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slovakiagiella" title="Slovakiagiella – Northern Sami" lang="se" hreflang="se" data-title="Slovakiagiella" data-language-autonym="Davvisámegiella" data-language-local-name="Northern Sami" class="interlanguage-link-target">Davvisámegiella</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slowakische_Sprache" title="Slowakische Sprache – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Slowakische Sprache" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://dsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C5%82owakska_r%C4%9Bc" title="Słowakska rěc – Lower Sorbian" lang="dsb" hreflang="dsb" data-title="Słowakska rěc" data-language-autonym="Dolnoserbski" data-language-local-name="Lower Sorbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dolnoserbski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slovaki_keel" title="Slovaki keel – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Slovaki keel" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A3%CE%BB%CE%BF%CE%B2%CE%B1%CE%BA%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%AE_%CE%B3%CE%BB%CF%8E%CF%83%CF%83%CE%B1" title="Σλοβακική γλώσσα – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Σλοβακική γλώσσα" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-myv mw-list-item"><a href="https://myv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%8C_%D0%BA%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C" title="Словаконь кель – Erzya" lang="myv" hreflang="myv" data-title="Словаконь кель" data-language-autonym="Эрзянь" data-language-local-name="Erzya" class="interlanguage-link-target">Эрзянь</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idioma_eslovaco" title="Idioma eslovaco – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Idioma eslovaco" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slovaka_lingvo" title="Slovaka lingvo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Slovaka lingvo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eslovakiera" title="Eslovakiera – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Eslovakiera" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B2%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%86_%D8%A7%D8%B3%D9%84%D9%88%D8%A7%DA%A9%DB%8C" title="زبان اسلواکی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="زبان اسلواکی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slovak_bhasa" title="Slovak bhasa – Fiji Hindi" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="Slovak bhasa" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="Fiji Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Fiji Hindi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slovakiskt_m%C3%A1l" title="Slovakiskt mál – Faroese" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Slovakiskt mál" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="Faroese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Føroyskt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slovaque" title="Slovaque – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Slovaque" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slowaaksk" title="Slowaaksk – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Slowaaksk" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Frysk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/An_tSl%C3%B3vaicis" title="An tSlóvaicis – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="An tSlóvaicis" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaeilge</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gv mw-list-item"><a href="https://gv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slovackish" title="Slovackish – Manx" lang="gv" hreflang="gv" data-title="Slovackish" data-language-autonym="Gaelg" data-language-local-name="Manx" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaelg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gag mw-list-item"><a href="https://gag.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slovak_dili" title="Slovak dili – Gagauz" lang="gag" hreflang="gag" data-title="Slovak dili" data-language-autonym="Gagauz" data-language-local-name="Gagauz" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gagauz</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sl%C3%B2bhacais" title="Slòbhacais – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Slòbhacais" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Scottish Gaelic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gàidhlig</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingua_eslovaca" title="Lingua eslovaca – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Lingua eslovaca" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slovakia-ng%C3%AE" title="Slovakia-ngî – Hakka Chinese" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Slovakia-ngî" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Hakka Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%8A%AC%EB%A1%9C%EB%B0%94%ED%82%A4%EC%95%84%EC%96%B4" title="슬로바키아어 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="슬로바키아어" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8D%D5%AC%D5%B8%D5%BE%D5%A1%D5%AF%D5%A5%D6%80%D5%A5%D5%B6" title="Սլովակերեն – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Սլովակերեն" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%95_%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BE" title="स्लोवाक भाषा – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="स्लोवाक भाषा" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://hsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C5%82owak%C5%A1%C4%87ina" title="Słowakšćina – Upper Sorbian" lang="hsb" hreflang="hsb" data-title="Słowakšćina" data-language-autonym="Hornjoserbsce" data-language-local-name="Upper Sorbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hornjoserbsce</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slova%C4%8Dki_jezik" title="Slovački jezik – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Slovački jezik" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slovaka_linguo" title="Slovaka linguo – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Slovaka linguo" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ido</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pagsasao_nga_Eslobako" title="Pagsasao nga Eslobako – Iloko" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Pagsasao nga Eslobako" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="Iloko" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ilokano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahasa_Slowakia" title="Bahasa Slowakia – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Bahasa Slowakia" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingua_slovac" title="Lingua slovac – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Lingua slovac" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Interlingua</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%B3_%C3%A6%D0%B2%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%B3" title="Словакаг æвзаг – Ossetic" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Словакаг æвзаг" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="Ossetic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ирон</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sl%C3%B3vak%C3%ADska" title="Slóvakíska – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Slóvakíska" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Íslenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingua_slovacca" title="Lingua slovacca – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Lingua slovacca" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A1%D7%9C%D7%95%D7%91%D7%A7%D7%99%D7%AA" title="סלובקית – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="סלובקית" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basa_Slowak" title="Basa Slowak – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Basa Slowak" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Jawa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A1%E1%83%9A%E1%83%9D%E1%83%95%E1%83%90%E1%83%99%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98_%E1%83%94%E1%83%9C%E1%83%90" title="სლოვაკური ენა – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="სლოვაკური ენა" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-csb mw-list-item"><a href="https://csb.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C5%82owacczi_j%C3%A3z%C3%ABk" title="Słowacczi jãzëk – Kashubian" lang="csb" hreflang="csb" data-title="Słowacczi jãzëk" data-language-autonym="Kaszëbsczi" data-language-local-name="Kashubian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kaszëbsczi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BA_%D1%82%D1%96%D0%BB%D1%96" title="Словак тілі – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Словак тілі" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Қазақша</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slovakek" title="Slovakek – Cornish" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Slovakek" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="Cornish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kernowek</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rw mw-list-item"><a href="https://rw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Igisilovaki" title="Igisilovaki – Kinyarwanda" lang="rw" hreflang="rw" data-title="Igisilovaki" data-language-autonym="Ikinyarwanda" data-language-local-name="Kinyarwanda" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ikinyarwanda</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kislovakia" title="Kislovakia – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Kislovakia" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kiswahili</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kv mw-list-item"><a href="https://kv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BA_%D0%BA%D1%8B%D0%B2" title="Словак кыв – Komi" lang="kv" hreflang="kv" data-title="Словак кыв" data-language-autonym="Коми" data-language-local-name="Komi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Коми</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-avk mw-list-item"><a href="https://avk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slovenskava" title="Slovenskava – Kotava" lang="avk" hreflang="avk" data-title="Slovenskava" data-language-autonym="Kotava" data-language-local-name="Kotava" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kotava</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ziman%C3%AA_slovak%C3%AE" title="Zimanê slovakî – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Zimanê slovakî" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kurdî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BA_%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B8" title="Словак тили – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Словак тили" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target">Кыргызча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingua_Slovaca" title="Lingua Slovaca – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Lingua Slovaca" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slov%C4%81ku_valoda" title="Slovāku valoda – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Slovāku valoda" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slowakesch" title="Slowakesch – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Slowakesch" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lëtzebuergesch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lez mw-list-item"><a href="https://lez.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BA_%D1%87%D3%80%D0%B0%D0%BB" title="Словак чӀал – Lezghian" lang="lez" hreflang="lez" data-title="Словак чӀал" data-language-autonym="Лезги" data-language-local-name="Lezghian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Лезги</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slovak%C5%B3_kalba" title="Slovakų kalba – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Slovakų kalba" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lij mw-list-item"><a href="https://lij.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lengua_slovacca" title="Lengua slovacca – Ligurian" lang="lij" hreflang="lij" data-title="Lengua slovacca" data-language-autonym="Ligure" data-language-local-name="Ligurian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ligure</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slowaaks" title="Slowaaks – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Slowaaks" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Limburgs</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slovensce_(lingua)" title="Slovensce (lingua) – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Slovensce (lingua)" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lingua Franca Nova</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lengua_slovacca" title="Lengua slovacca – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Lengua slovacca" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lombard</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Szlov%C3%A1k_nyelv" title="Szlovák nyelv – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Szlovák nyelv" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%87%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D1%98%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BA" title="Словачки јазик – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Словачки јазик" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mt mw-list-item"><a href="https://mt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingwa_Slovakka" title="Lingwa Slovakka – Maltese" lang="mt" hreflang="mt" data-title="Lingwa Slovakka" data-language-autonym="Malti" data-language-local-name="Maltese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Malti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%95_%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BE" title="स्लोव्हाक भाषा – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="स्लोव्हाक भाषा" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target">मराठी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A1%E1%83%9A%E1%83%9D%E1%83%95%E1%83%90%E1%83%99%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98_%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98%E1%83%9C%E1%83%90" title="სლოვაკური ნინა – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="სლოვაკური ნინა" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target">მარგალური</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%84%D9%88%DA%A4%D8%A7%D9%83%D9%89" title="سلوڤاكى – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="سلوڤاكى" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">مصرى</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%B3%D9%84%D9%88%D8%A7%DA%A9%DB%8C%D8%A7%DB%8C%DB%8C" title="اسلواکیایی – Mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="اسلواکیایی" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target">مازِرونی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahasa_Slovak" title="Bahasa Slovak – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Bahasa Slovak" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mni mw-list-item"><a href="https://mni.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%AF%81%EA%AF%AD%EA%AF%82%EA%AF%A3%EA%AF%9A%EA%AF%A5%EA%AF%9B_%EA%AF%82%EA%AF%A3%EA%AF%9F" title="ꯁ꯭ꯂꯣꯚꯥꯛ ꯂꯣꯟ – Manipuri" lang="mni" hreflang="mni" data-title="ꯁ꯭ꯂꯣꯚꯥꯛ ꯂꯣꯟ" data-language-autonym="ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ" data-language-local-name="Manipuri" class="interlanguage-link-target">ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mdf mw-list-item"><a href="https://mdf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%8C_%D0%BA%D1%8F%D0%BB%D1%8C" title="Словаконь кяль – Moksha" lang="mdf" hreflang="mdf" data-title="Словаконь кяль" data-language-autonym="Мокшень" data-language-local-name="Moksha" class="interlanguage-link-target">Мокшень</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BA_%D1%85%D1%8D%D0%BB" title="Словак хэл – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Словак хэл" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Монгол</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slowaaks" title="Slowaaks – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Slowaaks" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%95_%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BE" title="स्लोभाक भाषा – Newari" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="स्लोभाक भाषा" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="Newari" class="interlanguage-link-target">नेपाल भाषा</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%B9%E3%83%AD%E3%83%90%E3%82%AD%E3%82%A2%E8%AA%9E" title="スロバキア語 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="スロバキア語" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9%D0%BD_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%82%D1%82" title="Словакийн мотт – Chechen" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="Словакийн мотт" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="Chechen" class="interlanguage-link-target">Нохчийн</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slowaakisk_Spriik" title="Slowaakisk Spriik – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Slowaakisk Spriik" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nordfriisk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pih mw-list-item"><a href="https://pih.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slowarkyan" title="Slowarkyan – Norfuk / Pitkern" lang="pih" hreflang="pih" data-title="Slowarkyan" data-language-autonym="Norfuk / Pitkern" data-language-local-name="Norfuk / Pitkern" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norfuk / Pitkern</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slovakisk" title="Slovakisk – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Slovakisk" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slovakisk" title="Slovakisk – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Slovakisk" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eslovac" title="Eslovac – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Eslovac" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Occitan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mhr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mhr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BA_%D0%B9%D1%8B%D0%BB%D0%BC%D0%B5" title="Словак йылме – Eastern Mari" lang="mhr" hreflang="mhr" data-title="Словак йылме" data-language-autonym="Олык марий" data-language-local-name="Eastern Mari" class="interlanguage-link-target">Олык марий</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slovak_tili" title="Slovak tili – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Slovak tili" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%B2%E0%A9%8B%E0%A8%B5%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%95_%E0%A8%AD%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%BC%E0%A8%BE" title="ਸਲੋਵਾਕ ਭਾਸ਼ਾ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਸਲੋਵਾਕ ਭਾਸ਼ਾ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%84%D9%88%D8%A7%DA%A9" title="سلواک – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="سلواک" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">پنجابی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%84%D9%88%D9%88%D8%A7%DA%A9%D9%8A_%DA%98%D8%A8%D9%87" title="سلوواکي ژبه – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="سلوواکي ژبه" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target">پښتو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pcd mw-list-item"><a href="https://pcd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slovake" title="Slovake – Picard" lang="pcd" hreflang="pcd" data-title="Slovake" data-language-autonym="Picard" data-language-local-name="Picard" class="interlanguage-link-target">Picard</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lenga_slovaca" title="Lenga slovaca – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Lenga slovaca" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Piemontèis</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tpi mw-list-item"><a href="https://tpi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tok_Slovakia" title="Tok Slovakia – Tok Pisin" lang="tpi" hreflang="tpi" data-title="Tok Slovakia" data-language-autonym="Tok Pisin" data-language-local-name="Tok Pisin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tok Pisin</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C4%99zyk_s%C5%82owacki" title="Język słowacki – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Język słowacki" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%ADngua_eslovaca" title="Língua eslovaca – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Língua eslovaca" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kaa mw-list-item"><a href="https://kaa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slovak_tili" title="Slovak tili – Kara-Kalpak" lang="kaa" hreflang="kaa" data-title="Slovak tili" data-language-autonym="Qaraqalpaqsha" data-language-local-name="Kara-Kalpak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Qaraqalpaqsha</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Limba_slovac%C4%83" title="Limba slovacă – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Limba slovacă" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isluwakya_simi" title="Isluwakya simi – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Isluwakya simi" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Runa Simi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%8C%D1%81%D0%BA%D1%8B%D0%B9_%D1%8F%D0%B7%D1%8B%D0%BA" title="Словеньскый язык – Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Словеньскый язык" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русиньскый</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D1%8F%D0%B7%D1%8B%D0%BA" title="Словацкий язык – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Словацкий язык" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%B0%D0%BA_%D1%82%D1%8B%D0%BB%D0%B0" title="Словаак тыла – Yakut" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Словаак тыла" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="Yakut" class="interlanguage-link-target">Саха тыла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sm mw-list-item"><a href="https://sm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fa%CA%BBa_Solovak" title="Faʻa Solovak – Samoan" lang="sm" hreflang="sm" data-title="Faʻa Solovak" data-language-autonym="Gagana Samoa" data-language-local-name="Samoan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gagana Samoa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sat mw-list-item"><a href="https://sat.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%B1%A5%E1%B1%9E%E1%B1%B3%E1%B1%B5%E1%B1%B7%E1%B1%9F%E1%B1%A0_%E1%B1%AF%E1%B1%9F%E1%B1%B9%E1%B1%A8%E1%B1%A5%E1%B1%A4" title="ᱥᱞᱳᱵᱷᱟᱠ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ – Santali" lang="sat" hreflang="sat" data-title="ᱥᱞᱳᱵᱷᱟᱠ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ" data-language-autonym="ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ" data-language-local-name="Santali" class="interlanguage-link-target">ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc mw-list-item"><a href="https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Limba_islovaca" title="Limba islovaca – Sardinian" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="Limba islovaca" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="Sardinian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sardu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slovak_leid" title="Slovak leid – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Slovak leid" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target">Scots</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gjuha_sllovake" title="Gjuha sllovake – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Gjuha sllovake" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Shqip</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slovak_language" title="Slovak language – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Slovak language" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sloven%C4%8Dina" title="Slovenčina – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Slovenčina" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slova%C5%A1%C4%8Dina" title="Slovaščina – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Slovaščina" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cu mw-list-item"><a href="https://cu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BF%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%8C%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%A3%D0%BD%D1%8C%D1%81%D0%BA%D1%8A_%D1%A9%EA%99%81%EA%99%91%D0%BA%D1%8A" title="Карпатьскословѣньскъ ѩꙁꙑкъ – Church Slavic" lang="cu" hreflang="cu" data-title="Карпатьскословѣньскъ ѩꙁꙑкъ" data-language-autonym="Словѣньскъ / ⰔⰎⰑⰂⰡⰐⰠⰔⰍⰟ" data-language-local-name="Church Slavic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Словѣньскъ / ⰔⰎⰑⰂⰡⰐⰠⰔⰍⰟ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szl mw-list-item"><a href="https://szl.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C5%82owacko_godka" title="Słowacko godka – Silesian" lang="szl" hreflang="szl" data-title="Słowacko godka" data-language-autonym="Ślůnski" data-language-local-name="Silesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ślůnski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B2%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C_%D8%B3%D9%84%DB%86%DA%A4%D8%A7%DA%A9%DB%8C" title="زمانی سلۆڤاکی – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="زمانی سلۆڤاکی" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">کوردی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%87%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D1%98%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BA" title="Словачки језик – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Словачки језик" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slova%C4%8Dki_jezik" title="Slovački jezik – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Slovački jezik" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slovakki" title="Slovakki – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Slovakki" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slovakiska" title="Slovakiska – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Slovakiska" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikang_Eslobako" title="Wikang Eslobako – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Wikang Eslobako" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" 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lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Словак теле" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Татарча / tatarça</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%A0%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A9%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%AA%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81" title="ภาษาสโลวัก – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ภาษาสโลวัก" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8_%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BA%D3%A3" title="Забони словакӣ – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Забони словакӣ" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target">Тоҷикӣ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a 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href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%86%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0" title="Словацька мова – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Словацька мова" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%84%D9%88%D9%88%D8%A7%DA%A9_%D8%B2%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%86" title="سلوواک زبان – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="سلوواک زبان" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target">اردو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ug mw-list-item"><a href="https://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%84%D9%88%DB%8B%D8%A7%D9%83_%D8%AA%D9%89%D9%84%D9%89" title="سلوۋاك تىلى – Uyghur" lang="ug" hreflang="ug" data-title="سلوۋاك تىلى" data-language-autonym="ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche" data-language-local-name="Uyghur" 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href="/wiki/Help:Page_history" title="Help:Page history">current revision</a> of this page, as edited by <a href="/wiki/User:Wojs%C5%82aw_Bro%C5%BCyna" class="mw-userlink" title="User:Wojsław Brożyna" data-mw-revid="1258229304"><bdi>Wojsław Brożyna</bdi></a> (<a href="/wiki/User_talk:Wojs%C5%82aw_Bro%C5%BCyna" class="mw-usertoollinks-talk" title="User talk:Wojsław Brożyna">talk</a> | <a href="/wiki/Special:Contributions/Wojs%C5%82aw_Bro%C5%BCyna" class="mw-usertoollinks-contribs" title="Special:Contributions/Wojsław Brożyna">contribs</a>) at 21:03, 18 November 2024 (<a href="#Verbs">→<bdi dir="ltr">Verbs</bdi></a>: not accurate). The present address (URL) is a <a href="/wiki/Help:Permanent_link" title="Help:Permanent link">permanent link</a> to this version.<div id="revision-info-current-plain" style="display: none;">Revision as of 21:03, 18 November 2024 by <a href="/wiki/User:Wojs%C5%82aw_Bro%C5%BCyna" class="mw-userlink" title="User:Wojsław Brożyna" data-mw-revid="1258229304"><bdi>Wojsław Brożyna</bdi></a> (<a href="/wiki/User_talk:Wojs%C5%82aw_Bro%C5%BCyna" class="mw-usertoollinks-talk" title="User talk:Wojsław Brożyna">talk</a> | <a href="/wiki/Special:Contributions/Wojs%C5%82aw_Bro%C5%BCyna" class="mw-usertoollinks-contribs" title="Special:Contributions/Wojsław Brożyna">contribs</a>) (<a href="#Verbs">→<bdi dir="ltr">Verbs</bdi></a>: not accurate)</div></div><div id="mw-revision-nav">(<a href="/w/index.php?title=Slovak_language&diff=prev&oldid=1258229304" title="Slovak language">diff</a>) <a href="/w/index.php?title=Slovak_language&direction=prev&oldid=1258229304" title="Slovak language">← Previous revision</a> | Latest revision (diff) | Newer revision → (diff)</div></div></div></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">West Slavic language spoken primarily in Slovakia</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Slovenčina" redirects here. For the South Slavic language spoken in Slovenia, see <a href="/wiki/Slovene_language" title="Slovene language">Slovene language</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vevent infobox-has-images-with-white-backgrounds"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above above" style="font-size:125%; color: black; background-color: #c9ffd9;">Slovak</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader" style="font-size:110%; color: black; background-color: #c9ffd9;">slovenčina, slovenský jazyk</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Pronunciation</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Slovak" title="Help:IPA/Slovak">[ˈslɔʋentʂina]</a>, <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Slovak" title="Help:IPA/Slovak">[ˈslɔʋenskiː ˈjazik]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Native to</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Slovakia" title="Slovakia">Slovakia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Czech_Republic" title="Czech Republic">Czech Republic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hungary" title="Hungary">Hungary</a>, <a href="/wiki/Carpathian_Ruthenia" class="mw-redirect" title="Carpathian Ruthenia">Carpathian Ruthenia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Slavonia" title="Slavonia">Slavonia</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Vojvodina" title="Vojvodina">Vojvodina</a><a href="#cite_note-1">[1]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Ethnicity</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Slovaks" title="Slovaks">Slovaks</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pannonian_Rusyns" title="Pannonian Rusyns">Pannonian Rusyns</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Speakers</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;">Native: 5 million (2011–2021)<a href="#cite_note-e25-2">[2]</a> L2: 2 million<a href="#cite_note-e25-2">[2]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Language_family" title="Language family">Language family</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><div style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Indo-European_languages" title="Indo-European languages">Indo-European</a> <ul style="line-height:100%; margin-left:1.35em;padding-left:0"><li> <a href="/wiki/Balto-Slavic_languages" title="Balto-Slavic languages">Balto-Slavic</a><ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li><a href="/wiki/Slavic_languages" title="Slavic languages">Slavic</a><ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li><a href="/wiki/West_Slavic_languages" title="West Slavic languages">West Slavic</a><ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li><a href="/wiki/Czech%E2%80%93Slovak_languages" title="Czech–Slovak languages">Czech–Slovak</a><ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li>Slovak</li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr class="plainlist"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Dialects</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Western_Slovak_dialects&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Western Slovak dialects (page does not exist)">Western Slovak</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Central_Slovak_dialects&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Central Slovak dialects (page does not exist)">Central Slovak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Slovak_dialects" title="Eastern Slovak dialects">Eastern Slovak</a> (including <a href="/wiki/Pannonian_Rusyn" title="Pannonian Rusyn">Pannonian Rusyn</a>)<a href="#cite_note-3">[3]</a></li></ul> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Writing_system" title="Writing system">Writing system</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Latin_script" title="Latin script">Latin</a> (<a href="/wiki/Slovak_alphabet" class="mw-redirect" title="Slovak alphabet">Slovak alphabet</a>) <a href="/wiki/Slovak_Braille" title="Slovak Braille">Slovak Braille</a> <a href="/wiki/Cyrillic_script" title="Cyrillic script">Cyrillic</a> (<a href="/wiki/Pannonian_Rusyn#Grammar_and_alphabet" title="Pannonian Rusyn">Pannonian Rusyn alphabet</a>)</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: black; background-color: #c9ffd9;">Official status</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Official language in</div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Flag_of_Slovakia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Slovakia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Flag_of_Slovakia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Slovakia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Flag_of_Slovakia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Slovakia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Slovakia" title="Slovakia">Slovakia</a> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Flag_of_Europe.svg/23px-Flag_of_Europe.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Flag_of_Europe.svg/35px-Flag_of_Europe.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Flag_of_Europe.svg/45px-Flag_of_Europe.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="810" data-file-height="540" /> <a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">European Union</a> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Flags_of_Vojvodina.svg/23px-Flags_of_Vojvodina.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="6" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Flags_of_Vojvodina.svg/35px-Flags_of_Vojvodina.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Flags_of_Vojvodina.svg/46px-Flags_of_Vojvodina.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="2223" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Vojvodina" title="Vojvodina">Vojvodina</a> (<a href="/wiki/Serbia" title="Serbia">Serbia</a>)<a href="#cite_note-4">[4]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Recognised minority language in</div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><div style="vertical-align:middle;"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Czech_Republic" title="Czech Republic">Czech Republic</a><a href="#cite_note-5">[5]</a> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_Poland.svg/23px-Flag_of_Poland.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_Poland.svg/35px-Flag_of_Poland.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_Poland.svg/46px-Flag_of_Poland.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="800" /> <a href="/wiki/Poland" title="Poland">Poland</a><a href="#cite_note-7th_EFNIL-6">[6]</a> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Flag_of_Hungary.svg/23px-Flag_of_Hungary.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Flag_of_Hungary.svg/35px-Flag_of_Hungary.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Flag_of_Hungary.svg/46px-Flag_of_Hungary.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Hungary" title="Hungary">Hungary</a><a href="#cite_note-7">[7]</a> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Flag_of_Croatia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Croatia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Flag_of_Croatia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Croatia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Flag_of_Croatia.svg/46px-Flag_of_Croatia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Croatia" title="Croatia">Croatia</a><a href="#cite_note-8">[8]</a><a href="#cite_note-9">[9]</a> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Romania.svg/23px-Flag_of_Romania.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Romania.svg/35px-Flag_of_Romania.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Romania.svg/45px-Flag_of_Romania.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400" /> <a href="/wiki/Romania" title="Romania">Romania</a><a href="#cite_note-10">[10]</a><a href="#cite_note-11">[11]</a><a href="#cite_note-12">[12]</a><a href="#cite_note-13">[13]</a><a href="#cite_note-14">[14]</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_language_regulators" title="List of language regulators">Regulated by</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Culture_of_the_Slovak_Republic" class="mw-redirect" title="Ministry of Culture of the Slovak Republic">Ministry of Culture of the Slovak Republic</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: black; background-color: #c9ffd9;">Language codes</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><a href="/wiki/ISO_639-1" title="ISO 639-1">ISO 639-1</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><code><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.loc.gov/standards/iso639-2/php/langcodes_name.php?iso_639_1=sk">sk</a></code></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><a href="/wiki/ISO_639-2" title="ISO 639-2">ISO 639-2</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><code><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.loc.gov/standards/iso639-2/php/langcodes_name.php?code_ID=406">slo</a> (<a href="/wiki/ISO_639-2/B" class="mw-redirect" title="ISO 639-2/B">B</a>)</code> <code><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.loc.gov/standards/iso639-2/php/langcodes_name.php?code_ID=406">slk</a> (<a href="/wiki/ISO_639-2/T" class="mw-redirect" title="ISO 639-2/T">T</a>)</code></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><a href="/wiki/ISO_639-3" title="ISO 639-3">ISO 639-3</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><code><a href="https://iso639-3.sil.org/code/slk" class="extiw" title="iso639-3:slk">slk</a></code></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><a href="/wiki/Glottolog" title="Glottolog">Glottolog</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><code><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/slov1269">slov1269</a></code></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><a href="/wiki/Linguasphere_Observatory" title="Linguasphere Observatory">Linguasphere</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;">53-AAA-db < <a href="/wiki/West_Slavic_languages" title="West Slavic languages">53-AAA-b...–d</a> (varieties: 53-AAA-dba to 53-AAA-dbs)</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/File:Idioma_eslovaco.PNG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/60/Idioma_eslovaco.PNG" decoding="async" width="221" height="204" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="221" data-file-height="204" /></a><div style="text-align:left;">The Slovak-speaking world: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r981673959">.mw-parser-output .legend{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .legend-color{display:inline-block;min-width:1.25em;height:1.25em;line-height:1.25;margin:1px 0;text-align:center;border:1px solid black;background-color:transparent;color:black}.mw-parser-output .legend-text{}</style><div class="legend">  regions where Slovak is the language of the majority</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  regions where Slovak is the language of a significant minority</div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below noprint selfref" style="background-color:#E7E7FF;color:inherit;padding:0.3em 0.5em;text-align:left;line-height:1.3;">This article contains <a href="/wiki/International_Phonetic_Alphabet" title="International Phonetic Alphabet">IPA</a> phonetic symbols. Without proper <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA#Rendering_issues" title="Help:IPA">rendering support</a>, you may see <a href="/wiki/Specials_(Unicode_block)#Replacement_character" title="Specials (Unicode block)">question marks, boxes, or other symbols</a> instead of <a href="/wiki/Unicode" title="Unicode">Unicode</a> characters. For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA" title="Help:IPA">Help:IPA</a>.</td></tr></tbody></table><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236303919">@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-has-images-with-white-backgrounds img{background:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-has-images-with-white-backgrounds img{background:white}}</style> Slovak (<a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/ˈsloʊvæk, -vɑːk/</a> <a href="/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key" title="Help:Pronunciation respelling key">SLOH-va(h)k</a>;<a href="#cite_note-15">[15]</a><a href="#cite_note-16">[16]</a> <a href="/wiki/Endonym" class="mw-redirect" title="Endonym">endonym</a>: slovenčina <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Slovak" title="Help:IPA/Slovak">[ˈslɔʋent͡ʂina]</a> or slovenský jazyk <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Slovak" title="Help:IPA/Slovak">[ˈslɔʋenskiː ˈjazik]</a> <span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-1" class="ext-phonos-PhonosButton noexcerpt ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/c\/c3\/Slovensky_jazyk.ogg\/Slovensky_jazyk.ogg.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"Slovensky jazyk.ogg"},"classes":["ext-phonos-PhonosButton","noexcerpt","ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/c/c3/Slovensky_jazyk.ogg/Slovensky_jazyk.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"></a><a href="/wiki/File:Slovensky_jazyk.ogg" title="File:Slovensky jazyk.ogg">ⓘ</a>), is a <a href="/wiki/West_Slavic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="West Slavic language">West Slavic language</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Czech-Slovak_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Czech-Slovak languages">Czech–Slovak group</a>, written in <a href="/wiki/Latin_script" title="Latin script">Latin script</a>.<a href="#cite_note-brit-17">[17]</a> It is part of the <a href="/wiki/Indo-European_languages" title="Indo-European languages">Indo-European language family</a>, and is one of the <a href="/wiki/Slavic_languages" title="Slavic languages">Slavic languages</a>, which are part of the larger <a href="/wiki/Balto-Slavic_languages" title="Balto-Slavic languages">Balto-Slavic branch</a>. Spoken by approximately 5 million people as a native language, primarily ethnic <a href="/wiki/Slovaks" title="Slovaks">Slovaks</a>, it serves as the official language of <a href="/wiki/Slovakia" title="Slovakia">Slovakia</a> and one of the 24 <a href="/wiki/Official_languages_of_the_European_Union" class="mw-redirect" title="Official languages of the European Union">official languages of the European Union</a>. Slovak is closely related to <a href="/wiki/Czech_language" title="Czech language">Czech</a>, to the point of very high <a href="/wiki/Mutual_intelligibility" title="Mutual intelligibility">mutual intelligibility</a>,<a href="#cite_note-18">[18]</a> as well as <a href="/wiki/Polish_language" title="Polish language">Polish</a>.<a href="#cite_note-19">[19]</a> Like other Slavic languages, Slovak is a <a href="/wiki/Fusional_language" title="Fusional language">fusional language</a> with a complex system of <a href="/wiki/Morphology_(linguistics)" title="Morphology (linguistics)">morphology</a> and relatively flexible <a href="/wiki/Word_order" title="Word order">word order</a>. Its vocabulary has been extensively influenced by <a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a><a href="#cite_note-20">[20]</a> and <a href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German</a>,<a href="#cite_note-21">[21]</a> as well as other <a href="/wiki/Slavic_languages" title="Slavic languages">Slavic languages</a>. <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Slovak_language&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Slovak_language" title="History of the Slovak language">History of the Slovak language</a></div> The Czech–Slovak group developed within West Slavic in the <a href="/wiki/High_medieval" class="mw-redirect" title="High medieval">high medieval</a> period, and the standardization of Czech and Slovak within the Czech–Slovak dialect continuum emerged in the early modern period. In the later mid-19th century, the modern <a href="/wiki/Slovak_alphabet" class="mw-redirect" title="Slovak alphabet">Slovak alphabet</a> and written standard became codified by <a href="/wiki/%C4%BDudov%C3%ADt_%C5%A0t%C3%BAr" title="Ľudovít Štúr">Ľudovít Štúr</a> and reformed by <a href="/wiki/Martin_Hattala" title="Martin Hattala">Martin Hattala</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Moravian_dialects" title="Moravian dialects">Moravian dialects</a> spoken in the western part of the country along the border with the <a href="/wiki/Czech_Republic" title="Czech Republic">Czech Republic</a> are also sometimes classified as Slovak, although some of their western variants are closer to Czech; they nonetheless form the bridge dialects between the two languages. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Geographic_distribution_and_status">Geographic distribution and status</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Slovak_language&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Geographic distribution and status">edit</a>]</div> Slovak language is primarily spoken in Slovakia. The country's constitution declared it the official language of the state (štátny jazyk): <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote">(1) Na území Slovenskej republiky je štátnym jazykom slovenský jazyk. (2) Používanie iných jazykov než štátneho jazyka v úradnom styku ustanoví zákon.</blockquote> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">(1) The Slovak language is the official language on the territory of the Slovak Republic. (2) The use of languages other than the official language in official communication shall be laid down by law.</blockquote> <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Slovakia" title="Constitution of Slovakia">Constitution of Slovakia</a>, Article 6.<a href="#cite_note-22">[22]</a> Beside that, national minorities and ethnic groups also have explicit permission to use their distinct languages.<a href="#cite_note-23">[23]</a><a href="#cite_note-auto-24">[24]</a><a href="#cite_note-25">[25]</a> Slovakia is a country with established <a href="/wiki/Language_policy" title="Language policy">Language policy</a> concerning its <a href="/wiki/Official_language" title="Official language">official language</a>.<a href="#cite_note-auto-24">[24]</a><a href="#cite_note-26">[26]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Regulation">Regulation</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Slovak_language&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Regulation">edit</a>]</div> Standard Slovak (spisovná slovenčina) is defined by an Act of Parliament on the State Language of the Slovak Republic (language law). According to this law, the Ministry of Culture approves and publishes the codified form of Slovak based on the judgment of specialised Slovak linguistic institutes and specialists in the area of the state language. This is traditionally the <a href="/wiki/%C4%BDudov%C3%ADt_%C5%A0t%C3%BAr_Institute_of_Linguistics" title="Ľudovít Štúr Institute of Linguistics">Ľudovít Štúr Institute of Linguistics</a>, which is part of the Slovak Academy of Sciences. In practice, the Ministry of Culture publishes a document that specifies authoritative reference books for standard Slovak usage, which is called the codification handbook (<a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kodifika%C4%8Dn%C3%A1_pr%C3%ADru%C4%8Dka" class="extiw" title="sk:Kodifikačná príručka">kodifikačná príručka</a>). The current regulations were published on 15 March 2021. There are four such publications:<a href="#cite_note-27">[27]</a> <ul><li>'Pravidlá slovenského pravopisu', 2013; (orthographic rules)</li> <li>'Krátky slovník slovenského jazyka', 2020; (dictionary)</li> <li>'Pravidlá slovenskej výslovnosti', 2009; (pronunciation)</li> <li>'Morfológia slovenského jazyka', 1966; (morphology)</li></ul> Slovak speakers are also found in the <a href="/wiki/Slovak_diaspora" title="Slovak diaspora">Slovak diaspora</a> in the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Czech_Republic" title="Czech Republic">Czech Republic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Argentina" title="Argentina">Argentina</a>, <a href="/wiki/Serbia" title="Serbia">Serbia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Ireland" title="Republic of Ireland">Ireland</a>, <a href="/wiki/Romania" title="Romania">Romania</a>, <a href="/wiki/Poland" title="Poland">Poland</a>, <a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hungary" title="Hungary">Hungary</a>, <a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a>, <a href="/wiki/Croatia" title="Croatia">Croatia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Israel" title="Israel">Israel</a>, the <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a>, <a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Austria" title="Austria">Austria</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ukraine" title="Ukraine">Ukraine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Norway" title="Norway">Norway</a>, and other countries to a lesser extent. Slovak language is one of the official languages of <a href="/wiki/Autonomous_Province_of_Vojvodina" class="mw-redirect" title="Autonomous Province of Vojvodina">Autonomous Province of Vojvodina</a>.<a href="#cite_note-28">[28]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Vojvodina_slovak_map.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Vojvodina_slovak_map.png/250px-Vojvodina_slovak_map.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="214" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Vojvodina_slovak_map.png/375px-Vojvodina_slovak_map.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Vojvodina_slovak_map.png/500px-Vojvodina_slovak_map.png 2x" data-file-width="760" data-file-height="650" /></a><figcaption>Official usage of Slovak in Vojvodina, Serbia</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Slovak_language_high_schools_abroad">Slovak language high schools abroad</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Slovak_language&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Slovak language high schools abroad">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Budapest" title="Budapest">Budapest</a>, 'Szlovák Tanítási Nyelvű Óvoda, Általános Iskola, Gimnázium és Kollégium'<a href="#cite_note-29">[29]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/B%C3%A9k%C3%A9scsaba" title="Békéscsaba">Békéscsaba</a>, 'Szlovák Gimnázium, Általános Iskola, Óvoda és Kollégium'<a href="#cite_note-30">[30]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ba%C4%8Dki_Petrovac" title="Bački Petrovac">Bački Petrovac</a>, '<a href="/wiki/J%C3%A1n_Koll%C3%A1r_Gymnasium_and_Students%27_Home" title="Ján Kollár Gymnasium and Students' Home">Ján Kollár Gymnasium and Students' Home</a>'<a href="#cite_note-31">[31]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kova%C4%8Dica" title="Kovačica">Kovačica</a>, 'Gimnazija Mihailo Pupin' <a href="#cite_note-32">[32]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/N%C4%83dlac" title="Nădlac">Nădlac</a>, 'Liceul Teoretic Jozef Gregor Tajovský'<a href="#cite_note-33">[33]</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Dialects">Dialects</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Slovak_language&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Dialects">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Slovak_Dialects_EN.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Slovak_Dialects_EN.jpg/220px-Slovak_Dialects_EN.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Slovak_Dialects_EN.jpg/330px-Slovak_Dialects_EN.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Slovak_Dialects_EN.jpg/440px-Slovak_Dialects_EN.jpg 2x" data-file-width="8096" data-file-height="4554" /></a><figcaption>Slovak dialects</figcaption></figure> There are many Slovak dialects, which are divided into the following four basic groups: <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Western_Slovak_dialects&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Western Slovak dialects (page does not exist)">Western Slovak dialects</a> (<a href="/wiki/Tren%C4%8D%C3%ADn" title="Trenčín">Trenčín</a>, <a href="/wiki/Trnava" title="Trnava">Trnava</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nitra" title="Nitra">Nitra</a>, <a href="/wiki/Z%C3%A1horie" title="Záhorie">Záhorie</a>)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Central_Slovak_dialects&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Central Slovak dialects (page does not exist)">Central Slovak dialects</a> (in <a href="/wiki/Liptov" title="Liptov">Liptov</a>, <a href="/wiki/Orava_(region)" title="Orava (region)">Orava</a>, <a href="/wiki/Turiec" title="Turiec">Turiec</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tekov" title="Tekov">Tekov</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hont_County" title="Hont County">Hont</a>, <a href="/wiki/N%C3%B3gr%C3%A1d_County_(former)" title="Nógrád County (former)">Novohrad</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gemer" class="mw-redirect" title="Gemer">Gemer</a> and around <a href="/wiki/Zvolen" title="Zvolen">Zvolen</a>.)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Slovak_dialects" title="Eastern Slovak dialects">Eastern Slovak dialects</a> (in <a href="/wiki/Spi%C5%A1" title="Spiš">Spiš</a>, <a href="/wiki/%C5%A0ari%C5%A1" title="Šariš">Šariš</a>, <a href="/wiki/Zempl%C3%ADn_(region)" title="Zemplín (region)">Zemplín</a> and <a href="/wiki/Abov" title="Abov">Abov</a>)</li></ul> <ul><li>Lowland (dolnozemské) Slovak dialects (outside Slovakia in the <a href="/wiki/Pannonian_Plain" class="mw-redirect" title="Pannonian Plain">Pannonian Plain</a> in Serbian <a href="/wiki/Vojvodina" title="Vojvodina">Vojvodina</a>, and in southeastern <a href="/wiki/Hungary" title="Hungary">Hungary</a>, western <a href="/wiki/Romania" title="Romania">Romania</a>, and the Croatian part of <a href="/wiki/Syrmia" title="Syrmia">Syrmia</a>)</li></ul> The fourth group of dialects is often not considered a separate group, but a subgroup of Central and Western Slovak dialects (see e.g. Štolc, 1968), but it is currently undergoing changes due to contact with surrounding languages (Serbo-Croatian, Romanian, and Hungarian) and long-time geographical separation from Slovakia (see the studies in Zborník Spolku vojvodinských slovakistov, e.g. Dudok, 1993). The dialect groups differ mostly in phonology, vocabulary, and tonal inflection. Syntactic differences are minor. Central Slovak forms the basis of the present-day standard language. Not all dialects are fully mutually intelligible. It may be difficult for an inhabitant of the western Slovakia to understand a dialect from eastern Slovakia and the other way around. The dialects are fragmented geographically, separated by numerous mountain ranges. The first three groups already existed in the 10th century. All of them are spoken by the Slovaks outside Slovakia, and central and western dialects form the basis of the lowland dialects (see above). The western dialects contain features common with the Moravian dialects in the Czech Republic, the southern central dialects contain a few features common with South Slavic languages, and the eastern dialects a few features common with Polish and the East Slavonic languages (cf. Štolc, 1994). Lowland dialects share some words and <a href="/wiki/Areal_feature" title="Areal feature">areal features</a> with the languages surrounding them (Serbo-Croatian, Hungarian, and Romanian). <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Phonology">Phonology</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Slovak_language&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Phonology">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Slovak_phonology" title="Slovak phonology">Slovak phonology</a></div> Slovak contains 15 vowel phonemes (11 monophthongs and four diphthongs) and 29 consonants. <table class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"> <caption>Slovak vowel phonemes </caption> <tbody><tr> <th rowspan="2"> </th> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Front_vowel" title="Front vowel">Front</a> </th> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Back_vowel" title="Back vowel">Back</a> </th></tr> <tr class="small"> <th>short </th> <th>long </th> <th>short </th> <th>long </th></tr> <tr> <th align="left"><a href="/wiki/Close_vowel" title="Close vowel">Close</a> </th> <td align="center"><a href="/wiki/Near-close_near-front_unrounded_vowel" title="Near-close near-front unrounded vowel">i</a> </td> <td align="center"><a href="/wiki/Near-close_near-front_unrounded_vowel" title="Near-close near-front unrounded vowel">iː</a> </td> <td align="center"><a href="/wiki/Near-close_near-back_rounded_vowel" title="Near-close near-back rounded vowel">u</a> </td> <td align="center"><a href="/wiki/Near-close_near-back_rounded_vowel" title="Near-close near-back rounded vowel">uː</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th align="left"><a href="/wiki/Mid_vowel" title="Mid vowel">Mid</a> </th> <td align="center"><a href="/wiki/Mid_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Mid front unrounded vowel">e</a> </td> <td align="center"><a href="/wiki/Mid_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Mid front unrounded vowel">eː</a> </td> <td align="center"><a href="/wiki/Open-mid_back_rounded_vowel" title="Open-mid back rounded vowel">ɔ</a> </td> <td align="center">(<a href="/wiki/Open-mid_back_rounded_vowel" title="Open-mid back rounded vowel">ɔː</a>) </td></tr> <tr> <th align="left"><a href="/wiki/Open_vowel" title="Open vowel">Open</a> </th> <td align="center">(æ) </td> <td> </td> <td align="center"><a href="/wiki/Open_central_unrounded_vowel" title="Open central unrounded vowel">a</a> </td> <td align="center"><a href="/wiki/Open_central_unrounded_vowel" title="Open central unrounded vowel">aː</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th align="left"><a href="/wiki/Diphthong" title="Diphthong">Diphthongs</a> </th> <td colspan="4" align="center">(ɪu)   ɪe   ɪɐ   ʊɔ </td></tr></tbody></table> The phoneme /æ/ is marginal and often merges with /e/; the two are normally only distinguished in higher registers.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKráľ198855-34">[34]</a> Vowel length is phonemic in Slovak and both short and long vowels have the same quality.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPavlík200493–95-35">[35]</a> In addition, Slovak, unlike Czech, employs a <a href="/wiki/Slovak_orthography#Rhythmical_rule" title="Slovak orthography">"rhythmic law"</a> which forbids two long vowels from following one another within the same word. In such cases the second vowel is shortened. For example, adding the locative plural ending -ách to the root vín- creates vínach, not *vínách.<a href="#cite_note-36">[36]</a> This law also applies to diphthongs; for example, the adjective meaning "white" is biely, not *bielý (compare Czech bílý). <table class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"> <caption>Slovak consonant phonemes<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHanulíkováHamann2010374-37">[37]</a> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="3"> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Labial_consonant" title="Labial consonant">Labial</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Alveolar_consonant" title="Alveolar consonant">Alveolar</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Retroflex_consonant" title="Retroflex consonant">Retroflex</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Palatal_consonant" title="Palatal consonant">Palatal</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Velar_consonant" title="Velar consonant">Velar</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Glottal_consonant" title="Glottal consonant">Glottal</a> </th></tr> <tr> <th colspan="3"><a href="/wiki/Nasal_consonant" title="Nasal consonant">Nasal</a> </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiced_bilabial_nasal" title="Voiced bilabial nasal">m</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_nasal" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar nasal">n</a> </td> <td> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiced_palatal_nasal" title="Voiced palatal nasal">ɲ</a> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="2" colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Plosive_consonant" class="mw-redirect" title="Plosive consonant">Plosive</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Voicelessness" title="Voicelessness">voiceless</a> </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_bilabial_plosive" title="Voiceless bilabial plosive">p</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_plosive" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiceless alveolar plosive">t</a> </td> <td> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_palatal_plosive" title="Voiceless palatal plosive">c</a> <a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPavlík200499,_106-38">[38]</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_velar_plosive" title="Voiceless velar plosive">k</a> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Voice_(phonetics)" title="Voice (phonetics)">voiced</a> </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiced_bilabial_plosive" title="Voiced bilabial plosive">b</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_plosive" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar plosive">d</a> </td> <td> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiced_palatal_plosive" title="Voiced palatal plosive">ɟ</a> <a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPavlík200499,_106-38">[38]</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiced_velar_plosive" title="Voiced velar plosive">ɡ</a> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="2" colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Affricate_consonant" class="mw-redirect" title="Affricate consonant">Affricate</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Voicelessness" title="Voicelessness">voiceless</a> </th> <td> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_affricate" title="Voiceless alveolar affricate">ts</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_retroflex_affricate" title="Voiceless retroflex affricate">tʂ</a> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Voice_(phonetics)" title="Voice (phonetics)">voiced</a> </th> <td> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_affricate" title="Voiced alveolar affricate">dz</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiced_retroflex_affricate" title="Voiced retroflex affricate">dʐ</a> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="2" colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Fricative_consonant" class="mw-redirect" title="Fricative consonant">Fricative</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Voicelessness" title="Voicelessness">voiceless</a> </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_labiodental_fricative" title="Voiceless labiodental fricative">f</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_fricative" title="Voiceless alveolar fricative">s</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_retroflex_fricative" title="Voiceless retroflex fricative">ʂ</a> </td> <td> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_velar_fricative" title="Voiceless velar fricative">x</a> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Voice_(phonetics)" title="Voice (phonetics)">voiced</a> </th> <td> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_fricative" title="Voiced alveolar fricative">z</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiced_retroflex_fricative" title="Voiced retroflex fricative">ʐ</a> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiced_glottal_fricative" title="Voiced glottal fricative">ɦ</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="3"><a href="/wiki/Approximant_consonant" class="mw-redirect" title="Approximant consonant">Approximant</a> </th> <th colspan="2">plain </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiced_labiodental_approximant" title="Voiced labiodental approximant">v</a> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiced_palatal_approximant" title="Voiced palatal approximant">j</a> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Lateral_consonant" title="Lateral consonant">lateral</a> </th> <th>short </th> <td> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Velarized_alveolar_lateral_approximant" class="mw-redirect" title="Velarized alveolar lateral approximant">l</a> </td> <td> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiced_palatal_lateral_approximant" title="Voiced palatal lateral approximant">ʎ</a> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Gemination" title="Gemination">geminated</a> </th> <td> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Velarized_alveolar_lateral_approximant" class="mw-redirect" title="Velarized alveolar lateral approximant">lː</a> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="2" colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Trill_consonant" title="Trill consonant">Trill</a> </th> <th>short </th> <td> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiced_dental_and_alveolar_taps_and_flaps" title="Voiced dental and alveolar taps and flaps">r</a> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Gemination" title="Gemination">geminated</a> </th> <td> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_trill" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar trill">rː</a> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr></tbody></table> Slovak has <a href="/wiki/Final_devoicing" class="mw-redirect" title="Final devoicing">final devoicing</a>; when a voiced consonant (b, d, ď, g, dz, dž, z, ž, h) is at the end of a word before a pause, it is devoiced to its voiceless counterpart (p, t, ť, k, c, č, s, š, ch, respectively). For example, pohyb is pronounced /pɔɦip/ and prípad is pronounced /priːpat/. Consonant clusters containing both voiced and voiceless elements are entirely voiced if the last consonant is a voiced one, or voiceless if the last consonant is voiceless. For example, otázka is pronounced /ɔtaːska/ and vzchopiť sa is pronounced /fsxɔpitsːa/. This rule applies also over the word boundary. For example, prísť domov <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Slovak" title="Help:IPA/Slovak">[priːzɟ dɔmɔw]</a> (to come home) and viac jahôd <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Slovak" title="Help:IPA/Slovak">[ʋɪɐdz jaɦʊɔt]</a> (more strawberries). The voiced counterpart of "ch" /x/ is [ɣ], and the unvoiced counterpart of "h" /ɦ/ is /x/. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Orthography">Orthography</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Slovak_language&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Orthography">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Slovak_orthography" title="Slovak orthography">Slovak orthography</a> and <a href="/wiki/Slovak_braille" class="mw-redirect" title="Slovak braille">Slovak braille</a></div> Slovak uses the <a href="/wiki/Latin_script" title="Latin script">Latin script</a> with small modifications that include the four <a href="/wiki/Diacritic" title="Diacritic">diacritics</a> (<big>ˇ, ´, ¨, ˆ</big>) placed above certain letters (a-á,ä; c-č; d-ď; dz-dž; e-é; i-í; l-ľ,ĺ; n-ň; o-ó,ô; r-ŕ; s-š; t-ť; u-ú; y-ý; z-ž) <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 16em;"> <ul><li>A a [a]</li> <li>Á á [aː]</li> <li>Ä ä [ɛɐ̯~ɛ]</li> <li>B b [b]</li> <li>C c [ts]</li> <li>Č č [tʂ]</li> <li>D d [d]</li> <li>Ď ď [ɟ]</li> <li>Dz dz [dz]</li> <li>Dž dž [dʐ]</li> <li>E e [ɛ]</li> <li>É é [ɛː]</li> <li>F f [f]</li> <li>G g [ɡ]</li> <li>H h [ɦ]</li> <li>Ch ch [x]</li> <li>I i [i]</li> <li>Í í [iː]</li> <li>J j [j]</li> <li>K k [k]</li> <li>L l [l]</li> <li>Ľ ľ [ʎ]</li> <li>Ĺ ĺ [lː]</li> <li>M m [m]</li> <li>N n [n]</li> <li>Ň ň [ɲ]</li> <li>O o [ɔ]</li> <li>Ó ó [ɔː]</li> <li>Ô ô [ʊɔ̯]</li> <li>P p [p]</li> <li>Q q [kʋ]</li> <li>R r [r]</li> <li>Ŕ ŕ [r̩ː]</li> <li>S s [s]</li> <li>Š š [ʂ]</li> <li>T t [t]</li> <li>Ť ť [c]</li> <li>U u [u]</li> <li>Ú ú [uː]</li> <li>V v [v~ʋ]</li> <li>W w [v~ʋ]</li> <li>X x [ks]</li> <li>Y y [i]</li> <li>Ý ý [iː]</li> <li>Z z [z]</li> <li>Ž ž [ʐ]</li></ul></div> Italic letters are used in loanwords and foreign names. The primary principle of Slovak spelling is the <a href="/wiki/Phoneme" title="Phoneme">phonemic</a> principle. The secondary principle is the morphological principle: forms derived from the same stem are written in the same way even if they are pronounced differently. An example of this principle is the assimilation rule (see below). The tertiary principle is the etymological principle, which can be seen in the use of i after certain consonants and of y after other consonants, although both i and y are usually pronounced the same way. Finally, the rarely applied grammatical principle is present when, for example, the basic singular form and plural form of masculine adjectives are written differently with no difference in pronunciation (e.g. pekný = nice – singular versus pekní = nice – plural). Such spellings are most often remnants of differences in pronunciation that were present in Proto-Slavic (in Polish, where the vowel merger did not occur, piękny and piękni and in Czech pěkný and pěkní are pronounced differently). Most <a href="/wiki/Loanword" title="Loanword">loanwords</a> from foreign languages are respelt using Slovak principles either immediately or later. For example, "weekend" is spelled víkend, "software" – softvér, "gay" – gej (both not exclusively)[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify">clarification needed</a>], and "quality" is spelled kvalita. Personal and geographical names from other languages using Latin alphabets keep their original spelling unless a fully Slovak form of the name exists (e.g. Londýn for "<a href="/wiki/London" title="London">London</a>"). Slovak features some <a href="/wiki/Heteronym_(linguistics)" title="Heteronym (linguistics)">heterophonic homographs</a> (words with identical spelling but different pronunciation and meaning), the most common examples being krásne /ˈkraːsnɛ/ (beautiful) versus krásne /ˈkraːsɲɛ/ (beautifully). <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Grammar">Grammar</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Slovak_language&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Grammar">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Syntax">Syntax</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Slovak_language&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Syntax">edit</a>]</div> The main features of Slovak syntax are as follows: <ul><li>The verb (<a href="/wiki/Predicate_(grammar)" title="Predicate (grammar)">predicate</a>) agrees in person and number with its <a href="/wiki/Subject_(grammar)" title="Subject (grammar)">subject</a>.</li></ul> Some examples include the following: <dl><dd>Speváčka spieva. (The+singer+feminine suffix čka is+singing.)</dd> <dd>(Speváčk-a spieva-∅, where -∅ is (the <a href="/wiki/Null_morpheme" title="Null morpheme">empty</a>) third-person-singular ending)</dd></dl> <dl><dd>Speváčky spievajú. (Singer+feminine suffix čka+plural suffix y are+singing.)</dd> <dd>(Speváčk-y spieva-j-ú; -ú is a third-person-plural ending, and /j/ is a <a href="/wiki/Hiatus_(linguistics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hiatus (linguistics)">hiatus</a> sound)</dd></dl> <dl><dd>My speváčky spievame. (We the+singer+feminine suffix čka+plural suffix y are+singing.)</dd> <dd>(My speváčk-y spieva-me, where -me is the first-person-plural ending)</dd> <dd>and so forth.</dd></dl> <ul><li>Adjectives, pronouns and numerals agree in <a href="/wiki/Grammatical_person" title="Grammatical person">person</a>, <a href="/wiki/Grammatical_gender" title="Grammatical gender">gender</a> and <a href="/wiki/Grammatical_case" title="Grammatical case">case</a> with the noun to which they refer.</li> <li>Adjectives precede their noun. Botanic or zoological terms are exceptions (e.g. mačka divá, literally "cat wild", Felis silvestris) as is the naming of Holy Spirit (Duch Svätý) in a majority of churches.</li></ul> Word order in Slovak is relatively free, since strong <a href="/wiki/Inflection" title="Inflection">inflection</a> enables the identification of <a href="/wiki/Grammatical_relation" title="Grammatical relation">grammatical roles</a> (subject, object, predicate, etc.) regardless of word placement. This relatively free word order allows the use of word order to convey <a href="/wiki/Information_structure" title="Information structure">topic and emphasis</a>. Some examples are as follows: <dl><dd>Ten veľký muž tam dnes otvára obchod. = That big man opens a store there today. (ten = that; veľký = big; muž = man; tam = there; dnes = today; otvára = opens; obchod = store) – The word order does not emphasize any specific detail, just general information.</dd> <dd>Ten veľký muž dnes otvára obchod tam. = That big man is today opening a store there. – This word order emphasizes the place (tam = there).</dd> <dd>Dnes tam otvára obchod ten veľký muž. = Today over there a store is being opened by that big man. – This word order focuses on the person who is opening the store (ten = that; veľký = big; muž = man).</dd> <dd>Obchod tam dnes otvára ten veľký muž. = The store over there is today being opened by that big man. – Depending on the intonation the focus can be either on the store itself or on the person.</dd></dl> The <a href="/wiki/Markedness" title="Markedness">unmarked</a> order is <a href="/wiki/Subject%E2%80%93verb%E2%80%93object" class="mw-redirect" title="Subject–verb–object">subject–verb–object</a>. Variation in word order is generally possible, but word order is not completely free. In the above example, the noun phrase ten veľký muž cannot be split up, so that the following combinations are not possible: <dl><dd>Ten otvára veľký muž tam dnes obchod.</dd> <dd>Obchod muž tam ten veľký dnes otvára. ...</dd></dl> And the following sentence is stylistically infelicitous: <dl><dd>Obchod ten veľký muž dnes tam otvára. (Only possible in a poem or other forms of artistic style.)</dd></dl> The regular variants are as follows: <dl><dd>Ten veľký muž tam dnes otvára obchod.</dd> <dd>Ten veľký muž tam otvára dnes obchod.</dd> <dd>Obchod tam dnes otvára ten veľký muž.</dd> <dd>Obchod tam otvára dnes ten veľký muž.</dd> <dd>Dnes tam obchod otvára ten veľký muž.</dd> <dd>Dnes tam ten veľký muž otvára obchod.</dd></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Morphology">Morphology</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Slovak_language&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Morphology">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Articles">Articles</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Slovak_language&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Articles">edit</a>]</div> Slovak, like every major Slavic language other than <a href="/wiki/Bulgarian_language" title="Bulgarian language">Bulgarian</a> and <a href="/wiki/Macedonian_language" title="Macedonian language">Macedonian</a>, does not have articles. The demonstrative pronoun in masculine form ten (that one) or tá in feminine and to in neuter respectively, may be used in front of the noun in situations where <a href="/wiki/Definiteness" title="Definiteness">definiteness</a> must be made explicit. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Nouns,_adjectives,_pronouns">Nouns, adjectives, pronouns</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Slovak_language&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Nouns, adjectives, pronouns">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Slovak_declension" title="Slovak declension">Slovak declension</a></div> Slovak nouns are inflected for <a href="/wiki/Grammatical_case" title="Grammatical case">case</a> and <a href="/wiki/Number" title="Number">number</a>. There are six cases: nominative, genitive, dative, accusative, locative, and instrumental. The <a href="/wiki/Vocative" class="mw-redirect" title="Vocative">vocative</a> is purely optional and most of the time unmarked. It is used mainly in spoken language and in some fixed expressions: mama mum (nominative) vs. mami mum! (vocative), tato, oco dad (N) vs. tati, oci dad! (V), pán Mr., sir vs. pane sir (when addressing someone e.g. in the street). There are two numbers: singular and plural. Nouns have inherent <a href="/wiki/Grammatical_gender" title="Grammatical gender">gender</a>. There are three genders: masculine, feminine, and neuter. Adjectives and pronouns must agree with nouns in case, number, and gender. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Numerals">Numerals</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Slovak_language&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Numerals">edit</a>]</div> The numerals 0–10 have unique forms, with numerals 1–4 requiring specific gendered representations. Numerals 11–19 are formed by adding násť to the end of each numeral. The suffix dsať is used to create numerals 20, 30 and 40; for numerals 50, 60, 70, 80 and 90, desiat is used. Compound numerals (21, 1054) are combinations of these words formed in the same order as their mathematical symbol is written (e.g. 21 = dvadsaťjeden, literally "twenty-one"). The numerals are as follows: <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>1–10</th> <th></th> <th>11–20</th> <th></th> <th>10–100</th> <th> </th></tr> <tr> <td>1</td> <td>jeden (number, masculine), jedno (neuter), jedna (feminine)</td> <td>11</td> <td>jedenásť</td> <td>10</td> <td>desať </td></tr> <tr> <td>2</td> <td>dva (number, masculine inanimate), dve (neuter, feminine), dvaja (masculine animate)</td> <td>12</td> <td>dvanásť</td> <td>20</td> <td>dvadsať </td></tr> <tr> <td>3</td> <td>tri (number, neuter, masculine inanimate, feminine), traja (masculine animate)</td> <td>13</td> <td>trinásť</td> <td>30</td> <td>tridsať </td></tr> <tr> <td>4</td> <td>štyri (number, neuter, masculine inanimate, feminine), štyria (masculine animate)</td> <td>14</td> <td>štrnásť</td> <td>40</td> <td>štyridsať </td></tr> <tr> <td>5</td> <td>päť</td> <td>15</td> <td>pätnásť</td> <td>50</td> <td>päťdesiat </td></tr> <tr> <td>6</td> <td>šesť</td> <td>16</td> <td>šestnásť</td> <td>60</td> <td>šesťdesiat </td></tr> <tr> <td>7</td> <td>sedem</td> <td>17</td> <td>sedemnásť</td> <td>70</td> <td>sedemdesiat </td></tr> <tr> <td>8</td> <td>osem</td> <td>18</td> <td>osemnásť</td> <td>80</td> <td>osemdesiat </td></tr> <tr> <td>9</td> <td>deväť</td> <td>19</td> <td>devätnásť</td> <td>90</td> <td>deväťdesiat </td></tr> <tr> <td>10</td> <td>desať</td> <td>20</td> <td>dvadsať</td> <td>100</td> <td>sto </td></tr></tbody></table> Some higher numbers: (200) dvesto, (300) tristo, (900) deväťsto, (1,000) tisíc, (1,100) tisícsto, (2,000) dvetisíc, (100,000) stotisíc, (200,000) dvestotisíc, (1,000,000) milión, (1,000,000,000) miliarda. Counted nouns have two forms. The most common form is the plural genitive (e.g. päť domov = five houses or stodva žien = one hundred two women), while the plural form of the noun when counting the amounts of 2–4, etc., is usually the nominative form without counting (e.g. dva domy = two houses or dve ženy = two women) but gender rules do apply in many cases. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Verbs">Verbs</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Slovak_language&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Verbs">edit</a>]</div> Verbs have three major conjugations. Three persons and two numbers (singular and plural) are distinguished. <a href="/wiki/Subject_(grammar)" title="Subject (grammar)">Subject</a> <a href="/wiki/Personal_pronoun" title="Personal pronoun">personal pronouns</a> are omitted unless they are emphatic. <ul><li>Some imperfective verbs are created from the stems of perfective verbs to denote repeated or habitual actions. These are considered separate <a href="/wiki/Lexemes" class="mw-redirect" title="Lexemes">lexemes</a>. One example is as follows: to hide (perfective) = skryť, to hide (habitual) = skrývať.</li> <li>Historically, two <a href="/wiki/Past_tense" title="Past tense">past tense</a> forms were utilized. Both are formed analytically. The second of these, equivalent to the <a href="/wiki/Pluperfect" title="Pluperfect">pluperfect</a>, is not widely used in the modern language, being rather considered archaic. Examples for two related verbs are as follows:</li></ul> <dl><dd>skryť: skryl som (I hid / I have hidden); bol som skryl (I had hidden)</dd> <dd>skrývať: skrýval som; bol som skrýval.</dd></dl> <ul><li>One <a href="/wiki/Future_tense" title="Future tense">future tense</a> exists. For imperfective verbs, it is formed analytically; for perfective verbs, it is identical to the present tense. Some examples are as follows:</li></ul> <dl><dd>skryť: skryjem</dd> <dd>skrývať: budem skrývať</dd></dl> <ul><li>Two <a href="/wiki/Conditional_mood" title="Conditional mood">conditional</a> forms exist. Both are formed analytically from the past tense:</li></ul> <dl><dd>skryť: skryl by som (I would hide), bol by som skryl (I would have hidden)</dd> <dd>skrývať: skrýval by som; bol by som skrýval</dd></dl> <ul><li>The <a href="/wiki/Grammatical_voice" class="mw-redirect" title="Grammatical voice">passive voice</a> is formed either as in English (<a href="/wiki/Copula_(linguistics)" title="Copula (linguistics)">copula</a> + passive participle) or using the reflexive pronoun 'sa':</li></ul> <dl><dd>skryť: je skrytý; sa skryje</dd> <dd>skrývať: je skrývaný; sa skrýva</dd></dl> <ul><li>The <a href="/wiki/Passive_participle" class="mw-redirect" title="Passive participle">passive participle</a> (= ~ed (one), the "third form") is formed using the suffixes -ný / -tý / -ený:</li></ul> <dl><dd>skryť: skrytý</dd> <dd>skrývať: skrývaný</dd></dl> <ul><li>The active <a href="/wiki/Present_participle" class="mw-redirect" title="Present participle">present participle</a> (= ~ing (one)) is formed using the suffixes -úci / -iaci / -aci</li></ul> <dl><dd>skryť: skryjúci</dd> <dd>skrývať: skrývajúci</dd></dl> <ul><li>The <a href="/wiki/Transgressive_(linguistics)" title="Transgressive (linguistics)">transgressive</a> (=(while/by) ...ing) is formed using the suffixes -úc / -uc / -iac/-ac.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify">clarification needed</a>]</li></ul> <dl><dd>skryť: skryjúc (by hiding (perfective))</dd> <dd>skrývať: skrývajúc ((while/during) hiding)</dd></dl> <ul><li>The active <a href="/wiki/Past_participle" class="mw-redirect" title="Past participle">past participle</a> (= ~ing (in the past)) was formerly formed using the suffix -vší, but is no longer used.</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Gerund" title="Gerund">gerund</a> (= the (process of) ...ing) is formed using the suffix -ie:</li></ul> <dl><dd>skryť: skrytie</dd> <dd>skrývať: skrývanie</dd></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Conjugations">Conjugations</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Slovak_language&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Conjugations">edit</a>]</div> Several <a href="/wiki/Grammatical_conjugation" title="Grammatical conjugation">conjugation</a> paradigms exist as follows:<a href="#cite_note-39">[39]</a> <table class="wikitable"> <caption>á-type verbs (Class I) </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>volať, to call </th> <th>Singular </th> <th>Plural </th> <th>Past tense (masculine – feminine – neuter) </th></tr> <tr> <td>1st person </td> <td>volám </td> <td>voláme </td> <td>volal – volala – volalo </td></tr> <tr> <td>2nd person </td> <td>voláš </td> <td>voláte </td></tr> <tr> <td>3rd person </td> <td>volá </td> <td>volajú </td></tr></tbody></table> <table class="wikitable"> <caption>á-type verbs (Class I) + <a href="/wiki/Slovak_orthography#Rhythmical_rule" title="Slovak orthography">rhythmical rule</a> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>bývať, to live, dwell, but not exist </th> <th>Singular </th> <th>Plural </th> <th>Past tense </th></tr> <tr> <td>1st person </td> <td>bývam </td> <td>bývame </td> <td>býval – bývala – bývalo </td></tr> <tr> <td>2nd person </td> <td>bývaš </td> <td>bývate </td></tr> <tr> <td>3rd person </td> <td>býva </td> <td>bývajú </td></tr></tbody></table> <table class="wikitable"> <caption>á-type verbs (Class I) (soft stem) </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>vracať, to return or (mostly in slang) to vomit </th> <th>Singular </th> <th>Plural </th> <th>Past tense </th></tr> <tr> <td>1st person </td> <td>vraciam </td> <td>vraciame </td> <td>vracal – vracala – vracalo </td></tr> <tr> <td>2nd person </td> <td>vraciaš </td> <td>vraciate </td></tr> <tr> <td>3rd person </td> <td>vracia </td> <td>vracajú </td></tr></tbody></table> <table class="wikitable"> <caption>í-type verbs (Class V) </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>robiť, to do, work </th> <th>Singular </th> <th>Plural </th> <th>Past tense </th></tr> <tr> <td>1st person </td> <td>robím </td> <td>robíme </td> <td>robil – robila – robilo </td></tr> <tr> <td>2nd person </td> <td>robíš </td> <td>robíte </td></tr> <tr> <td>3rd person </td> <td>robí </td> <td>robia </td></tr></tbody></table> <table class="wikitable"> <caption>í-type verbs (Class V) + <a href="/wiki/Slovak_orthography#Rhythmical_rule" title="Slovak orthography">rhythmical rule</a> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>vrátiť, to return </th> <th>Singular </th> <th>Plural </th> <th>Past tense </th></tr> <tr> <td>1st person </td> <td>vrátim </td> <td>vrátime </td> <td>vrátil – vrátila – vrátilo </td></tr> <tr> <td>2nd person </td> <td>vrátiš </td> <td>vrátite </td></tr> <tr> <td>3rd person </td> <td>vráti </td> <td>vrátia </td></tr></tbody></table> <table class="wikitable"> <caption>e-type verbs (Class IV) (-ovať) </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>kupovať, to buy </th> <th>Singular </th> <th>Plural </th> <th>Past tense </th></tr> <tr> <td>1st person </td> <td>kupujem </td> <td>kupujeme </td> <td>kupoval – kupovala – kupovalo </td></tr> <tr> <td>2nd person </td> <td>kupuješ </td> <td>kupujete </td></tr> <tr> <td>3rd person </td> <td>kupuje </td> <td>kupujú </td></tr></tbody></table> <table class="wikitable"> <caption>e-type verbs (Class IV) (-nuť, typically preceded by a consonant) </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>zabudnúť, to forget </th> <th>Singular </th> <th>Plural </th> <th>Past tense </th></tr> <tr> <td>1st person </td> <td>zabudnem </td> <td>zabudneme </td> <td>zabudol – zabudla – zabudlo </td></tr> <tr> <td>2nd person </td> <td>zabudneš </td> <td>zabudnete </td></tr> <tr> <td>3rd person </td> <td>zabudne </td> <td>zabudnú </td></tr></tbody></table> <table class="wikitable"> <caption>ie-type verbs (Class V) </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>vidieť, to see </th> <th>Singular </th> <th>Plural </th> <th>Past tense </th></tr> <tr> <td>1st person </td> <td>vidím </td> <td>vidíme </td> <td>videl – videla – videlo </td></tr> <tr> <td>2nd person </td> <td>vidíš </td> <td>vidíte </td></tr> <tr> <td>3rd person </td> <td>vidí </td> <td>vidia </td></tr></tbody></table> <table class="wikitable"> <caption>ie-type verbs (Class III) (-nuť, typically preceded by a vowel) </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>minúť, to spend, miss </th> <th>Singular </th> <th>Plural </th> <th>Past tense </th></tr> <tr> <td>1st person </td> <td>miniem </td> <td>minieme </td> <td>minul – minula – minulo </td></tr> <tr> <td>2nd person </td> <td>minieš </td> <td>miniete </td></tr> <tr> <td>3rd person </td> <td>minie </td> <td>minú </td></tr></tbody></table> <table class="wikitable"> <caption>ie-type verbs (Class III) (-cť, -sť, -zť) </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>niesť, to carry </th> <th>Singular </th> <th>Plural </th> <th>Past tense </th></tr> <tr> <td>1st person </td> <td>nesiem </td> <td>nesieme </td> <td>niesol – niesla – nieslo </td></tr> <tr> <td>2nd person </td> <td>nesieš </td> <td>nesiete </td></tr> <tr> <td>3rd person </td> <td>nesie </td> <td>nesú </td></tr></tbody></table> <table class="wikitable"> <caption>ie-type verbs (Class II) (-nieť) </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>stučnieť, to carry (be fat) </th> <th>Singular </th> <th>Plural </th> <th>Past tense </th></tr> <tr> <td>1st person </td> <td>stučniem </td> <td>stučnieme </td> <td>stučnel – stučnela – stučnelo </td></tr> <tr> <td>2nd person </td> <td>stučnieš </td> <td>stučniete </td></tr> <tr> <td>3rd person </td> <td>stučnie </td> <td>stučnejú </td></tr></tbody></table> <table class="wikitable"> <caption>Irregular verbs </caption> <tbody><tr> <th> </th> <th>byť, to be </th> <th>jesť, to eat </th> <th>vedieť, to know </th></tr> <tr> <td>1st singular </td> <td>som </td> <td>jem </td> <td>viem </td></tr> <tr> <td>2nd singular </td> <td>si </td> <td>ješ </td> <td>vieš </td></tr> <tr> <td>3rd singular </td> <td>je </td> <td>je </td> <td>vie </td></tr> <tr> <td>1st plural </td> <td>sme </td> <td>jeme </td> <td>vieme </td></tr> <tr> <td>2nd plural </td> <td>ste </td> <td>jete </td> <td>viete </td></tr> <tr> <td>3rd plural </td> <td>sú </td> <td>jedia </td> <td>vedia </td></tr> <tr> <td>Past tense </td> <td>bol, bola, bolo </td> <td>jedol, jedla, jedlo </td> <td>vedel, vedela, vedelo </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Adverbs">Adverbs</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Slovak_language&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Adverbs">edit</a>]</div> Adverbs are formed by replacing the adjectival ending with the ending -o or -e / -y. Sometimes both -o and -e are possible. Examples include the following: <dl><dd>vysoký (high) – vysoko (highly)</dd> <dd>pekný (nice) – pekne (nicely)</dd> <dd>priateľský (friendly) – priateľsky (in a friendly manner)</dd> <dd>rýchly (fast) – rýchlo (quickly)</dd></dl> The comparative of adverbs is formed by replacing the adjectival ending with a comparative/superlative ending -(ej)ší or -(ej)šie, whence the superlative is formed with the prefix naj-. Examples include the following: <dl><dd>rýchly (fast) – rýchlejší (faster) – najrýchlejší (fastest): rýchlo (quickly) – rýchlejšie (more quickly) – najrýchlejšie (most quickly)</dd></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Prepositions">Prepositions</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Slovak_language&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Prepositions">edit</a>]</div> Each preposition is associated with one or more grammatical cases. The noun governed by a preposition must agree with the preposition in the given context. The preposition od always calls for the genitive case, but some prepositions such as po can call for different cases depending on the intended sense of the preposition. <dl><dd>from friends = od priateľov (genitive case of priatelia)</dd> <dd>around the square = po námestí (locative case of námestie)</dd> <dd>up to the square = po námestie (accusative case of námestie)</dd></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Vocabulary">Vocabulary</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Slovak_language&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Vocabulary">edit</a>]</div> Slovak is a descendant of <a href="/wiki/Proto-Slavic" class="mw-redirect" title="Proto-Slavic">Proto-Slavic</a>, itself a descendant of <a href="/wiki/Proto-Indo-European_language" title="Proto-Indo-European language">Proto-Indo-European</a>. It is closely related to the other <a href="/wiki/West_Slavic_languages" title="West Slavic languages">West Slavic languages</a>, primarily to <a href="/wiki/Czech_language" title="Czech language">Czech</a> and <a href="/wiki/Polish_language" title="Polish language">Polish</a>. Czech also influenced the language in its later development. The highest number of borrowings in the old Slovak vocabulary come from <a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a>, <a href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German</a>, Czech, <a href="/wiki/Hungarian_language" title="Hungarian language">Hungarian</a>, Polish and <a href="/wiki/Greek_language" title="Greek language">Greek</a> (in that order).<a href="#cite_note-40">[40]</a> Recently, it is also influenced by English. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Czech">Czech</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Slovak_language&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Czech">edit</a>]</div> Although most dialects of Czech and Slovak are <a href="/wiki/Mutual_intelligibility" title="Mutual intelligibility">mutually intelligible</a> (see <a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_Slovak_and_Czech" class="mw-redirect" title="Comparison of Slovak and Czech">Comparison of Slovak and Czech</a>), <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Slovak_dialects" title="Eastern Slovak dialects">eastern Slovak dialects</a> are less intelligible to speakers of Czech and closer to Polish and <a href="/wiki/East_Slavic_languages" title="East Slavic languages">East Slavic</a>, and contact between speakers of Czech and speakers of the eastern dialects is limited. Since the <a href="/wiki/Dissolution_of_Czechoslovakia" title="Dissolution of Czechoslovakia">dissolution of Czechoslovakia</a> it has been permitted to use Czech in TV broadcasting and during court proceedings (Administration Procedure Act 99/1963 Zb.). From 1999 to August 2009, the Minority Language Act 184/1999 Z.z., in its section (§) 6, contained the variously interpreted unclear provision saying that "When applying this act, it holds that the use of the Czech language fulfills the requirement of fundamental intelligibility with the state language"; the state language is Slovak and the Minority Language Act basically refers to municipalities with more than 20% ethnic minority population (no such Czech municipalities are found in Slovakia). Since 1 September 2009 (due to an amendment to the State Language Act 270/1995 Z.z.) a language "fundamentally intelligible with the state language" (i.e. the Czech language) may be used in contact with state offices and bodies by its native speakers, and documents written in it and issued by bodies in the Czech Republic are officially accepted. Regardless of its official status, Czech is used commonly both in Slovak mass media and in daily communication by Czech natives as an equal language. Czech and Slovak have a long history of interaction and mutual influence well before the creation of <a href="/wiki/Czechoslovakia" title="Czechoslovakia">Czechoslovakia</a> in 1918, a state which existed until 1993. <a href="/wiki/Literary_language" title="Literary language">Literary</a> Slovak shares significant <a href="/wiki/Czech_orthography" title="Czech orthography">orthographic features with Czech</a>, as well as technical and professional terminology dating from the Czechoslovak period, but phonetic, grammatical, and vocabulary <a href="/wiki/Differences_between_Slovak_and_Czech" class="mw-redirect" title="Differences between Slovak and Czech">differences</a> do exist. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Other_Slavic_languages">Other Slavic languages</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Slovak_language&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Other Slavic languages">edit</a>]</div> Slavic language varieties are relatively closely related, and have had a large degree of mutual influence, due to the complicated ethnopolitical history of their historic ranges. This is reflected in the many features Slovak shares with neighboring language varieties. Standard Slovak shares high degrees of mutual intelligibility with many Slavic varieties. Despite this closeness to other Slavic varieties, significant variation exists among Slovak dialects. In particular, eastern varieties differ significantly from the standard language, which is based on central and western varieties. <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Slovak_dialects" title="Eastern Slovak dialects">Eastern Slovak dialects</a> have the greatest degree of mutual intelligibility with <a href="/wiki/Polish_language" title="Polish language">Polish</a> of all the Slovak dialects, followed by <a href="/wiki/Rusyn_language" title="Rusyn language">Rusyn</a>, but both Eastern Slovak and Rusyn lack familiar technical terminology and upper <a href="/wiki/Register_(sociolinguistics)" title="Register (sociolinguistics)">register</a> expressions. Polish and <a href="/wiki/Sorbian_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Sorbian language">Sorbian</a> also differ quite considerably from Czech and Slovak in upper registers, but non-technical and lower register speech is readily intelligible. Some mutual intelligibility occurs with spoken <a href="/wiki/Rusyn_language" title="Rusyn language">Rusyn</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_language" title="Ukrainian language">Ukrainian</a>, and even <a href="/wiki/Russian_language" title="Russian language">Russian</a> (in this order), although their orthographies are based on the <a href="/wiki/Cyrillic_script" title="Cyrillic script">Cyrillic script</a>. <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>English </th> <th>Slovak </th> <th>Czech </th> <th>Polish </th> <th>Rusyn </th> <th>Ukrainian </th> <th>Belarusian </th> <th>Serbo-Croatian </th> <th>Bulgarian </th> <th>Slovenian </th></tr> <tr> <td>to buy </td> <td>kupovať </td> <td>kupovat </td> <td>kupować </td> <td>куповати (kupovaty) </td> <td>купувати (kupuvaty) </td> <td>купляць (kuplać) </td> <td>kupovati </td> <td>купува (kupuva) </td> <td>kupovati </td></tr> <tr> <td>Welcome </td> <td>Vitajte </td> <td>Vítejte </td> <td>Witajcie </td> <td>Вітайте (vitajte) </td> <td>Вітаю (vitaju) </td> <td>Вітаю (vitaju) </td> <td>Dobrodošli </td> <td>добре дошли (dobre došli) </td> <td>Dobrodošli </td></tr> <tr> <td>morning </td> <td>ráno </td> <td>ráno/jitro </td> <td>rano/ranek </td> <td>рано (rano) </td> <td>рано/ранок (rano/ranok) </td> <td>рана/ранак (rana/ranak) </td> <td>jutro </td> <td>утро (utro) </td> <td>jutro </td></tr> <tr> <td>Thank you </td> <td>Ďakujem </td> <td>Děkuji </td> <td>Dziękuję </td> <td>Дякую (diakuju) </td> <td>Дякую (diakuju) </td> <td>Дзякуй (dziakuj) </td> <td>Hvala </td> <td>благодаря (blagodarja) </td> <td>Hvala </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2">How are you? </td> <td rowspan="2">Ako sa máš? </td> <td rowspan="2">Jak se máš? </td> <td rowspan="2">Jak się masz? (colloquially "jak leci?") </td> <td rowspan="2">Як ся маєш/маш? (jak sia maješ/maš?) </td> <td>Як справи? (jak spravy?) </td> <td>Як справы? (jak spravy?) </td> <td rowspan="2">Kako si? </td> <td rowspan="2">Как си? (Kak si?) </td> <td rowspan="2">Kako se imaš?/Kako si? </td></tr> <tr> <td>Як ся маєш? (jak sia maješ?) </td> <td>Як маесься? (jak majeśsia?) </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Latin">Latin</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Slovak_language&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Latin">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li>bakuľa: baculum (stick)</li> <li>kláštor: claustrum (monastery)</li> <li>kostol: castellum (church)</li> <li>košeľa: casula (shirt)</li> <li>machuľa: macula (blot, stain)</li> <li>škola: scola (school)</li> <li>skriňa: skrinium (cupboard)</li> <li>titul: titulus (title)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="English">English</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Slovak_language&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: English">edit</a>]</div> Sports: <ul><li>športovať: to do sports</li> <li>šport: sport</li> <li>futbal: football (<a href="/wiki/Association_football" title="Association football">Association football</a>; it can also mean <a href="/wiki/American_football" title="American football">American football</a>, especially when specified as americký futbal)</li> <li>ofsajd: offside</li> <li>aut: out (football)</li> <li>hokej: hockey</li> <li>bodyček: body check (hockey)</li></ul> Food: <ul><li>hemendex: ham & eggs</li> <li>kečup: <a href="/wiki/Ketchup" title="Ketchup">ketchup</a></li></ul> Clothing: <ul><li>džínsy: jeans</li> <li>legíny: leggings</li> <li>sveter: sweater</li> <li>tenisky: tennis shoes</li></ul> Exclamations: <ul><li>fajn: fine</li> <li>super: super</li> <li>okej: OK</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="German">German</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Slovak_language&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: German">edit</a>]</div> Nouns: <ul><li>brak: Brack (rubbish)</li> <li>cech: Zeche (guild)</li> <li>cieľ: Ziel (goal/target)</li> <li>cín: Zinn (tin)</li> <li>deka: Decke (blanket)</li> <li>drôt: Draht (wire)</li> <li>erb: erben (coat-of-arms, from "to inherit")</li> <li>faloš: Falschheit (falsity)</li> <li>farba: Farbe (color)</li> <li>fašiangy: Fasching (carnival)</li> <li>fialka: Veilchen (viola)</li> <li>fľaša: Flasche (bottle)</li> <li>fúra: Fuhre (load)</li> <li>gróf: Graf (count)</li> <li>hák: Haken (hook)</li> <li>helma: Helm (helmet)</li> <li>hoblík: Hobel (hand plane)</li> <li>jarmok: Jahrmarkt (funfair)</li> <li>knedľa: Knödel (dumpling)</li> <li>minca: Münze (coin)</li> <li>ortieľ: Urteil (verdict)</li> <li>pančucha: Bundschuh (stocking)</li> <li>plech: Blech (sheet metal)</li> <li>regál: Regal (shelf)</li> <li>ruksak: Rucksack (backpack)</li> <li>rúra: Rohr (pipe)</li> <li>rytier: Ritter (knight)</li> <li>šachta: Schacht (mine shaft)</li> <li>šindeľ: Schindel (roof shingle)</li> <li>šnúra: Schnur (cord)</li> <li>taška: Tasche (purse)</li> <li>téma: Thema (topic)</li> <li>vaňa: Badewanne (bathtub)</li> <li>Vianoce: Weihnachten (Christmas)</li> <li>vločka: Flocke (flake)</li> <li>žumpa: Sumpf (cesspit)</li></ul> Verbs: <ul><li>študovať: studieren (to study (as in, to major in))</li> <li>vinšovať: wünschen (to wish) <ul><li>Note: colloquially, the standard term in Slovak is želať<a href="#cite_note-41">[41]</a></li></ul></li></ul> Greetings: Servus is commonly used as a greeting or upon parting in Slovak-speaking regions and some German-speaking regions, particularly Austria. Papa is also commonly used upon parting in these regions. Both servus and papa are used in colloquial, informal conversation. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Hungarian">Hungarian</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Slovak_language&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Hungarian">edit</a>]</div> Hungarians and Slovaks have had language interaction ever since the settlement of Hungarians in the <a href="/wiki/Carpathian_Mountains" title="Carpathian Mountains">Carpathian area</a>. Hungarians also adopted many words from various Slavic languages related to agriculture and administration, and a number of <a href="/wiki/Hungarian_language" title="Hungarian language">Hungarian loanwords</a> are found in Slovak. Some examples are as follows: <ul><li>"wicker whip": Slovak korbáč (the standard name for "whip" is bič and korbáč, itself originating from <a href="/wiki/Turkish_language" title="Turkish language">Turkish</a> kırbaç, usually means only one particular type of it—the "wicker whip") – Hungarian korbács;</li> <li>"dragon/kite": Slovak šarkan (rather rare, drak is far more common in this meaning; šarkan often means only "kite", especially a small one that is flown for fun and this term is far more common than drak in this meaning; for the "dragon kite", the term drak is still used almost exclusively)[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify">clarification needed</a>] – Hungarian sárkány.<a href="#cite_note-42">[42]</a></li> <li>"rumour": Slovak chýr, Hungarian hír;</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Camel" title="Camel">camel</a>": Slovak ťava, Hungarian teve;</li> <li>"ditch": Slovak jarok, Hungarian árok;</li> <li>"glass": Slovak pohár, Hungarian pohár;</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sample_text">Sample text</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Slovak_language&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Sample text">edit</a>]</div> Article 1 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights in Slovak: <dl><dd>Všetci ľudia sa rodia slobodní a rovní v dôstojnosti aj právach. Sú obdarení rozumom a svedomím a majú sa k sebe správať v duchu bratstva.<a href="#cite_note-43">[43]</a></dd></dl> Article 1 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights in English: <dl><dd>All human beings are born free and equal in dignity and rights. They are endowed with reason and conscience and should act towards one another in a spirit of brotherhood.<a href="#cite_note-44">[44]</a></dd></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Slovak_language&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Slovak_orthography" title="Slovak orthography">Slovak orthography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slovak_phonology" title="Slovak phonology">Slovak phonology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slovak_declension" title="Slovak declension">Slovak declension</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_language_regulators" title="List of language regulators">List of language regulators</a> for a list of languages with a regulated standard variety</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Slovak_language&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171220044137/http://www.vojvodina.gov.rs/en/autonomous-province-vojvodina">"Autonomous Province of Vojvodina | Покрајинска влада"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.vojvodina.gov.rs/en/autonomous-province-vojvodina">the original</a> on 20 December 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Autonomous+Province+of+Vojvodina+%26%23124%3B+%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%98%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0+%D0%B2%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B0&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.vojvodina.gov.rs%2Fen%2Fautonomous-province-vojvodina&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASlovak+language" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-e25-2">^ <a href="#cite_ref-e25_2-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-e25_2-1">b</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ethnologue.com/25/language/slk">Slovak</a> at <a href="/wiki/Ethnologue" title="Ethnologue">Ethnologue</a> (25th ed., 2022) <a href="/wiki/Paywall" title="closed access publication – behind paywall"><img alt="Closed access icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg/9px-Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg.png" decoding="async" width="9" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg/14px-Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg/18px-Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="1000" /></a> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHabijanec2020" class="citation book cs1">Habijanec, Siniša (2020). "Pannonian Rusyn". In Greenberg, Marc; Grenoble, Lenore (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://referenceworks.brill.com/display/db/eslo">Brill Encyclopedia of Slavic Languages and Linguistics</a>. <a href="/wiki/Brill_Publishers" title="Brill Publishers">Brill Publishers</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1163%2F2589-6229_ESLO_COM_031961">10.1163/2589-6229_ESLO_COM_031961</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2589-6229">2589-6229</a>. Retrieved 1 April 2024. <q>The third theory defines Pannonian Rusyn as a West Slavic language originating in the East Slovak Zemplín and Šariš dialects and being a mixture of the two. 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(2004) Funkčnost česko-slovenských kontaktových jevů v současnosti [The functionality of Czech-Slovak contact phenomena in the present-time]. In Fiala, J. and Machala, L. (eds.) Studia Moravica I (AUPO, Facultas Philosophica Moravica 1). Olomouc: Univerzita Palackého v Olomouci, pp. 133–146.</li> <li>Nábělková, M. (2003) Súčasné kontexty slovensko-českej a česko-slovenskej medzijazykovosti [Contemporary contexts of the Slovak-Czech and Czech-Slovak interlinguality]. In Pospíšil, I. – Zelenka, M. (eds.) Česko-slovenské vztahy v slovanských a středoevropských souvislostech (meziliterárnost a areál). Brno: ÚS FF MU, pp. 89–122.</li> <li>Nábělková, M. (2006) V čom bližšie, v čom ďalej... Spisovná slovenčina vo vzťahu k spisovnej češtine a k obecnej češtine [In what closer, in what further... Standard Slovak in relation to Standard Czech and Common Czech]. In Gladkova, H. and Cvrček, V. (eds.) Sociální aspekty spisovných jazyků slovanských. Praha: Euroslavica, pp. 93–106.</li> <li>Nábělková, M. (2007) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1515/IJSL.2007.004">Closely related languages in contact: Czech, Slovak, "Czechoslovak"</a>. International Journal of the Sociology of Language 183, pp. 53–73.</li> <li>Nábělková, M. (2008) Slovenčina a čeština v kontakte: Pokračovanie príbehu. [Slovak and Czech in Contact: Continuation of the Story]. Bratislava/Praha: Veda/Filozofická fakulta Univerzity Karlovy. 364 pp., <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-80-224-1060-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-80-224-1060-1">978-80-224-1060-1</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPavlík2004" class="citation cs2 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Pavlík, Radoslav (2004), Bosák, Ján; Petrufová, Magdaléna (eds.), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.juls.savba.sk/ediela/jc/2004/2/jc2004_2.pdf">"Slovenské hlásky a medzinárodná fonetická abeceda"</a> [Slovak Speech Sounds and the International Phonetic Alphabet] (PDF), Jazykovedný časopis [The Linguistic Journal] (in Slovak) (55/2), Bratislava: Slovak Academic Press, spol. s r. o.: 87–109, <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0021-5597">0021-5597</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Jazykovedn%C3%BD+%C4%8Dasopis&rft.atitle=Slovensk%C3%A9+hl%C3%A1sky+a+medzin%C3%A1rodn%C3%A1+fonetick%C3%A1+abeceda&rft.issue=55%2F2&rft.pages=87-109&rft.date=2004&rft.issn=0021-5597&rft.aulast=Pavl%C3%ADk&rft.aufirst=Radoslav&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.juls.savba.sk%2Fediela%2Fjc%2F2004%2F2%2Fjc2004_2.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASlovak+language" class="Z3988"></li> <li>Sloboda, M. (2004) Slovensko-česká (semi)komunikace a vzájemná (ne)srozumitelnost [Slovak-Czech (semi)communication and the mutual (un)intelligibility]. Čeština doma a ve světě XII, No. 3–4, pp. 208–220.</li> <li>Sokolová, M. (1995) České kontaktové javy v slovenčine [Czech contact phenomena in Slovak]. In Ondrejovič, S. and Šimková, M. (eds.) Sociolingvistické aspekty výskumu súčasnej slovenčiny (Sociolinguistica Slovaca 1). Bratislava: Veda, pp. 188–206.</li> <li>Štolc, Jozef (1968) Reč Slovákov v Juhoslávii I.: Zvuková a gramatická stavba [The speech of the Slovaks in Yugoslavia: phonological and grammatical structure]. Bratislava: Vydavateľstvo Slovenskej akadémie vied.</li> <li>Štolc, Jozef (1994) Slovenská dialektológia [Slovak dialectology]. Ed. I. Ripka. Bratislava: Veda.</li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Slovak_language&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Further reading">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239549316"><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMistrík1988" class="citation cs2">Mistrík, Jozef (1988) [First published 1982], A Grammar of Contemporary Slovak (2nd ed.), Bratislava: Slovenské pedagogické nakladateľstvo</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Grammar+of+Contemporary+Slovak&rft.place=Bratislava&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Slovensk%C3%A9+pedagogick%C3%A9+nakladate%C4%BEstvo&rft.date=1988&rft.aulast=Mistr%C3%ADk&rft.aufirst=Jozef&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASlovak+language" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPaulinyRu̇žičkaŠtolc1968" class="citation cs2">Pauliny, Eugen; Ru̇žička, Jozef; Štolc, Jozef (1968), Slovenská gramatika, Slovenské pedagogické nakladateľstvo</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Slovensk%C3%A1+gramatika&rft.pub=Slovensk%C3%A9+pedagogick%C3%A9+nakladate%C4%BEstvo&rft.date=1968&rft.aulast=Pauliny&rft.aufirst=Eugen&rft.au=Ru%CC%87%C5%BEi%C4%8Dka%2C+Jozef&rft.au=%C5%A0tolc%2C+Jozef&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASlovak+language" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShort2002" class="citation cs2">Short, David (2002), "Slovak", in Comrie, Bernard; Corbett, Greville G. (eds.), The Slavonic Languages, London and New York: Routledge, pp. 533–592, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780415280785" title="Special:BookSources/9780415280785"><bdi>9780415280785</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Slovak&rft.btitle=The+Slavonic+Languages&rft.place=London+and+New+York&rft.pages=533-592&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=9780415280785&rft.aulast=Short&rft.aufirst=David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASlovak+language" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Slovak_language&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox 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Slovak edition</a> of <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia" title="Wikipedia">Wikipedia</a>, the free encyclopedia</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/40px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/60px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/80px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="193" data-file-height="193" /></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikivoyage has a phrasebook for <a href="https://en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Slovak_phrasebook#Q9058" class="extiw" title="wikivoyage:Slovak phrasebook">Slovak</a>.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Slovak_language" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Slovak language">Slovak language</a>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.juls.savba.sk/english.html">Ľ. Štúr Institute of Linguistics – Slovak Academy of Sciences</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://korpus.juls.savba.sk/index_en.html">Slovak National Corpus</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://slovniky.korpus.sk/?lang=en">Slovak Monolingual Dictionaries</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://slovake.eu/en/">Slovake.eu – Online Language Course</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://slovniky.lingea.sk/">Online Translation Dictionaries</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.e-slovak.sk/">E-Slovak – Online Language Course</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://sites.google.com/site/marekhlavac/slovak_lessons_beginner_overview">Slovak Language Lessons for Beginners</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist 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href="/wiki/History_of_Slovakia" title="History of Slovakia">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Slovakia_in_the_Roman_era" title="Slovakia in the Roman era">Roman era</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pannonia_(Roman_province)" class="mw-redirect" title="Pannonia (Roman province)">Pannonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pannonian_Limes" title="Pannonian Limes">Pannonian Limes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Danubian_Limes" title="Danubian Limes">Danubian Limes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tren%C4%8D%C3%ADn" title="Trenčín">Laugaricio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gerulata" title="Gerulata">Gerulata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celemantia" title="Celemantia">Celemantia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Slavs" title="Slavs">Medieval Slavic states</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/West_Slavs" title="West Slavs">West Slavs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samo%27s_Empire" title="Samo's Empire">Samo's Empire</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Samo" title="Samo">Samo</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Nitra" title="Principality of Nitra">Principality of Nitra</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pribina" title="Pribina">Pribina</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Moravia" title="Great Moravia">Great Moravia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/House_of_Mojm%C3%ADr" class="mw-redirect" title="House of Mojmír">House of Mojmír</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Svatopluk_I" class="mw-redirect" title="Svatopluk I">Svatopluk the Great</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balaton_Principality" class="mw-redirect" title="Balaton Principality">Balaton Principality</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Hungary" title="Kingdom of Hungary">Kingdom of Hungary</a> <a href="/wiki/Habsburg_monarchy" title="Habsburg monarchy">Habsburg monarchy</a> <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Hungary" title="Principality of Hungary">Principality of Hungary</a> (895–1000)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Hungary_(1000%E2%80%931301)" title="Kingdom of Hungary (1000–1301)">High Medieval Kingdom of Hungary</a> (1000–1301)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matthew_III_Cs%C3%A1k" title="Matthew III Csák">Matthew III Csák</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Hungary_(1301%E2%80%931526)" title="Kingdom of Hungary (1301–1526)">Late Medieval Kingdom of Hungary</a> (1301–1526)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Moh%C3%A1cs" title="Battle of Mohács">Battle of Mohács</a> (1526)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Hungary" title="Ottoman Hungary">Ottoman Hungary</a> (1541–1699)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Budin_Eyalet" title="Budin Eyalet">Province of Budin</a> (1541–1686)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Transylvania_(1570%E2%80%931711)" title="Principality of Transylvania (1570–1711)">Principality of Transylvania</a> (1570–1711)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Austrian_Empire" title="Austrian Empire">Austrian Empire</a> (1804–1867)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Hungary" class="mw-redirect" title="Royal Hungary">Kingdom of Hungary</a> (1526–1867)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Austria-Hungary" title="Austria-Hungary">Austro-Hungarian Empire</a> (1867–1918)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upper_Hungary" title="Upper Hungary">Upper Hungary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slovak_Uprising_1848%E2%80%9349" class="mw-redirect" title="Slovak Uprising 1848–49">Slovak Uprising</a> (1848–1849) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Slovak_National_Council_(1848%E2%80%9349)" class="mw-redirect" title="Slovak National Council (1848–49)">Slovak National Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demands_of_the_Slovak_Nation" title="Demands of the Slovak Nation">Demands of the Slovak Nation</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Czechoslovakia" title="History of Czechoslovakia">Czechoslovakia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Czechoslovak_declaration_of_independence" title="Czechoslovak declaration of independence">Washington Declaration</a> (1918)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Czechoslovak_Republic" title="First Czechoslovak Republic">First Czechoslovak Republic</a> (1918–1938)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slovak_Soviet_Republic" title="Slovak Soviet Republic">Slovak Soviet Republic</a> (1919)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Munich_Agreement" title="Munich Agreement">Munich Betrayal</a> (1938)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Czechoslovak_Republic" title="Second Czechoslovak Republic">Second Czechoslovak Republic</a> (1938–1939)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Autonomous_Land_of_Slovakia" title="Autonomous Land of Slovakia">Autonomous Land of Slovakia</a> (1938–1939)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occupation_of_Czechoslovakia_(1938%E2%80%931945)" title="Occupation of Czechoslovakia (1938–1945)">Occupation of Czechoslovakia</a> (1938–1945)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Czechoslovak_government-in-exile" title="Czechoslovak government-in-exile">Czechoslovak government-in-exile</a> (1939–1945)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slovak_Republic_(1939%E2%80%931945)" title="Slovak Republic (1939–1945)">First Slovak Republic</a> (1939–1945)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slovak_National_Uprising" title="Slovak National Uprising">Slovak National Uprising</a> (1944)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iron_Curtain" title="Iron Curtain">Iron Curtain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Czechoslovak_Republic" title="Third Czechoslovak Republic">Third Czechoslovak Republic</a> (1945–1948)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1948_Czechoslovak_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1948 Czechoslovak coup d'état">Czechoslovak coup d'état</a> (1948)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Czechoslovak_Socialist_Republic" title="Czechoslovak Socialist Republic">Fourth Czechoslovak Republic</a> (1948–1960)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Czechoslovak_Socialist_Republic" title="Czechoslovak Socialist Republic">Czechoslovak Socialist Republic</a> (1960–1990)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prague_Spring" title="Prague Spring">Prague Spring</a> (1968)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warsaw_Pact_invasion_of_Czechoslovakia" title="Warsaw Pact invasion of Czechoslovakia">Warsaw Pact invasion of Czechoslovakia</a> (1968)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slovak_Socialist_Republic_(1969%E2%80%931990)/Slovak_Republic_(1990%E2%80%931992)" class="mw-redirect" title="Slovak Socialist Republic (1969–1990)/Slovak Republic (1990–1992)">Slovak Socialist Republic</a> (1969–1990)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Velvet_Revolution" title="Velvet Revolution">Velvet Revolution</a> (1989)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Czech_and_Slovak_Federative_Republic" title="Czech and Slovak Federative Republic">Czech and Slovak Federative Republic</a> (1990–1992)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slovak_Socialist_Republic_(1969%E2%80%931990)/Slovak_Republic_(1990%E2%80%931992)" class="mw-redirect" title="Slovak Socialist Republic (1969–1990)/Slovak Republic (1990–1992)">Slovak Republic</a> (1990–1992)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dissolution_of_Czechoslovakia" title="Dissolution of Czechoslovakia">Velvet Divorce</a> (1992)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="5" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><a href="/wiki/Slovakia" title="Slovakia"><img alt="Slovakia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Coat_of_arms_of_Slovakia.svg/80px-Coat_of_arms_of_Slovakia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Coat_of_arms_of_Slovakia.svg/120px-Coat_of_arms_of_Slovakia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Coat_of_arms_of_Slovakia.svg/160px-Coat_of_arms_of_Slovakia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="640" /></a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Slovakia" title="Geography of Slovakia">Geography</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_castles_in_Slovakia" title="List of castles in Slovakia">Castles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carpathian_Mountains" title="Carpathian Mountains">Carpathians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_and_towns_in_Slovakia" title="List of cities and towns in Slovakia">Cities and towns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Districts_of_Slovakia" title="Districts of Slovakia">Districts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_of_Slovakia" title="List of islands of Slovakia">Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_municipalities_and_towns_in_Slovakia" title="List of municipalities and towns in Slovakia">Municipalities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_national_parks_of_Slovakia" title="List of national parks of Slovakia">National parks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protected_areas_of_Slovakia" title="Protected areas of Slovakia">Protected areas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regions_of_Slovakia" title="Regions of Slovakia">Regions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_rivers_of_Slovakia" title="List of rivers of Slovakia">Rivers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_tourism_regions_of_Slovakia" title="List of tourism regions of Slovakia">Tourism regions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_traditional_regions_of_Slovakia" class="mw-redirect" title="List of traditional regions of Slovakia">Traditional regions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Biota_of_Slovakia" title="Category:Biota of Slovakia">Wildlife</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_World_Heritage_Sites_in_Slovakia" title="List of World Heritage Sites in Slovakia">World Heritage Sites (UNESCO)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Slovakia" title="Politics of Slovakia">Politics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/National_symbols_of_Slovakia" title="National symbols of Slovakia">National symbols</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nad_Tatrou_sa_bl%C3%BDska" title="Nad Tatrou sa blýska">Anthem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_Slovakia" title="Coat of arms of Slovakia">Coat of arms</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Patriarchal_cross" title="Patriarchal cross">Patriarchal cross</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Slovakia" title="Flag of Slovakia">Flag</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Seal_of_Slovakia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Seal of Slovakia (page does not exist)">Seal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Slovakia" title="Constitution of Slovakia">Constitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Slovakia" title="Elections in Slovakia">Elections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Slovakia" title="Foreign relations of Slovakia">Foreign relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_of_Slovakia" title="Government of Slovakia">Government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_in_the_World" title="Freedom in the World">Human rights</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_Slovakia" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in Slovakia">LGBT</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_Slovakia" title="Law enforcement in Slovakia">Law enforcement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_of_Slovakia" class="mw-redirect" title="Military of Slovakia">Military</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Council_(Slovakia)" class="mw-redirect" title="National Council (Slovakia)">National Council (parliament)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_Slovakia" title="List of political parties in Slovakia">Political parties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President_of_Slovakia" title="President of Slovakia">President</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Slovakia" title="Prime Minister of Slovakia">Prime Minister</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Referendums_in_Slovakia" title="Referendums in Slovakia">Referendums</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slovak_Government_Flying_Service" title="Slovak Government Flying Service">Slovak Government Flying Service</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Slovakia" title="Economy of Slovakia">Economy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_banks_in_Slovakia" title="List of banks in Slovakia">Banks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Bank_of_Slovakia" title="National Bank of Slovakia">Central bank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_in_Slovakia" title="Energy in Slovakia">Energy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Euro" title="Euro">Euro (currency)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Privatization_in_Slovakia" title="Privatization in Slovakia">Privatisation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bratislava_Stock_Exchange" title="Bratislava Stock Exchange">Stock exchange</a></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Tatra_Tiger" title="Tatra Tiger">Tatra Tiger</a>"</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Slovakia" title="Telecommunications in Slovakia">Telecommunications</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_Slovakia" title="Tourism in Slovakia">Tourism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Slovakia" title="Transport in Slovakia">Transport</a></li> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Society_of_Slovakia" title="Category:Society of Slovakia">Society</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Crime_in_Slovakia" title="Crime in Slovakia">Crime</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Slovak_mafia" title="Slovak mafia">Mafia</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Slovakia" title="Demographics of Slovakia">Demographics</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Slovaks" title="Slovaks">Slovaks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Slovaks" title="List of Slovaks">List of Slovaks</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Slovakia" title="Education in Slovakia">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Healthcare_in_Slovakia" title="Healthcare in Slovakia">Healthcare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slovak_identity_card" title="Slovak identity card">Identity card</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slovak_passport" title="Slovak passport">Passport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_holidays_in_Slovakia" title="Public holidays in Slovakia">Public holidays</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Remembrance_days_in_Slovakia" title="Remembrance days in Slovakia">Remembrance days</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Slovakia" title="Culture of Slovakia">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_Slovakia" title="Architecture of Slovakia">Architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Slovakia" title="Cinema of Slovakia">Cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slovak_cuisine" title="Slovak cuisine">Cuisine</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Beer_in_Slovakia" title="Beer in Slovakia">Beer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slovak_wine" title="Slovak wine">Wine</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slovak_literature" title="Slovak literature">Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Slovakia" title="Music of Slovakia">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Slovakia" title="Religion in Slovakia">Religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shepherd%27s_axe" title="Shepherd's axe">Shepherd's axe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sport_in_Slovakia" title="Sport in Slovakia">Sport</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Mass_media_in_Slovakia" title="Mass media in Slovakia">Media</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_newspapers_in_Slovakia" title="List of newspapers in Slovakia">Newspapers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_radio_stations_in_Slovakia" title="List of radio stations in Slovakia">Radio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Television_in_Slovakia" title="Television in Slovakia">Television</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3" style="font-weight:bold;"><div><div style="margin-bottom:-0.4em;"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Slovakia" title="Outline of Slovakia">Outline</a></li></ul></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Slovakia" title="Category:Slovakia">Category</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portal:Slovakia" title="Portal:Slovakia">Portal</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Languages_of_Slovakia" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Languages_of_Slovakia" title="Template:Languages of Slovakia"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Languages_of_Slovakia" title="Template talk:Languages of Slovakia"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Languages_of_Slovakia" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Languages of Slovakia"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Languages_of_Slovakia" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Slovakia" class="mw-redirect" title="Languages of Slovakia">Languages of Slovakia</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Official language</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Slovak</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Minority languages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Carpathian_Romani" title="Carpathian Romani">Carpathian Romani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rusyn_language" title="Rusyn language">Rusyn</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sign languages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Slovak_Sign_Language" title="Slovak Sign Language">Slovak Sign Language</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Languages_of_Slovakia" title="Category:Languages of Slovakia">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Languages_of_the_Czech_Republic" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Languages_of_the_Czech_Republic" title="Template:Languages of the Czech Republic"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Languages_of_the_Czech_Republic" title="Template talk:Languages of the Czech Republic"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Languages_of_the_Czech_Republic" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Languages of the Czech Republic"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Languages_of_the_Czech_Republic" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_the_Czech_Republic" class="mw-redirect" title="Languages of the Czech Republic">Languages of the Czech Republic</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Official language</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Czech_language" title="Czech language">Czech</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Minority_languages_of_Czech_Republic" class="mw-redirect" title="Minority languages of Czech Republic">Minority languages</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Belarusian_language" title="Belarusian language">Belarusian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Croatian_language" title="Croatian language">Croatian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_language" title="Hungarian language">Hungarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish_language" title="Polish language">Polish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romany_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Romany language">Romany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silesian_language" title="Silesian language">Silesian</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Slovak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_language" title="Ukrainian language">Ukrainian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_language" title="Vietnamese language">Vietnamese</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sign languages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Czech_Sign_Language" title="Czech Sign Language">Czech Sign Language</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Languages_of_Hungary" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Languages_of_Hungary" title="Template:Languages of Hungary"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Languages_of_Hungary" title="Template talk:Languages of Hungary"><abbr title="Discuss this 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language">Croatian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_language" title="Greek language">Greek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_Sign_Language" title="Hungarian Sign Language">Hungarian Sign Language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romani_language" title="Romani language">Romani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanian_language" title="Romanian language">Romanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serbian_language" title="Serbian language">Serbian</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Slovak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slovene_language" title="Slovene language">Slovene</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Extinct languages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cuman_language" title="Cuman language">Cuman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jassic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Jassic language">Jassic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kipchak_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Kipchak language">Kipchak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pecheneg_language" title="Pecheneg language">Pecheneg</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>See Also: <a href="/wiki/Minority_languages_of_Hungary" class="mw-redirect" title="Minority languages of Hungary">Minority languages of Hungary</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=Serbia&#124;link=Serbia_Languages_of_Serbia" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Languages_of_Serbia" title="Template:Languages of Serbia"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Languages_of_Serbia" title="Template talk:Languages of Serbia"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Languages_of_Serbia" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Languages of Serbia"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=Serbia&#124;link=Serbia_Languages_of_Serbia" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Serbia" title="Serbia"><img alt="Serbia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Flag_of_Serbia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Serbia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Flag_of_Serbia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Serbia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Flag_of_Serbia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Serbia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1350" data-file-height="900" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Serbia" title="Languages of Serbia">Languages of Serbia</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Official language</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Serbian_language" title="Serbian language">Serbian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Minority languages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Albanian_language" title="Albanian language">Albanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bosnian_language" title="Bosnian language">Bosnian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulgarian_language" title="Bulgarian language">Bulgarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Croatian_language" title="Croatian language">Croatian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_language" title="Hungarian language">Hungarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macedonian_language" title="Macedonian language">Macedonian</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Slovak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romani_language" title="Romani language">Romani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanian_language_in_Serbia" title="Romanian language in Serbia">Romanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pannonian_Rusyn_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Pannonian Rusyn language">Rusyn</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sign languages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yugoslav_Sign_Language" title="Yugoslav Sign Language">Yugoslav Sign Language</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Slavic_languages" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Slavic_languages" title="Template:Slavic languages"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Slavic_languages" title="Template talk:Slavic languages"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Slavic_languages" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Slavic languages"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Slavic_languages" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Slavic_languages" title="Slavic languages">Slavic languages</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Slavic_languages" title="History of the Slavic languages">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Balto-Slavic_language" title="Proto-Balto-Slavic language">Proto-Balto-Slavic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Proto-Slavic" title="History of Proto-Slavic">Up to Proto-Slavic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Slavic_language" title="Proto-Slavic language">Proto-Slavic</a> (<a href="/wiki/Proto-Slavic_accent" title="Proto-Slavic accent">Accent</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Church_Slavonic" title="Church Slavonic">Church Slavonic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Old_Church_Slavonic" title="Old Church Slavonic">Old Church Slavonic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyrillic_script" title="Cyrillic script">Cyrillic script</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glagolitic_script" title="Glagolitic script">Glagolitic script</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Slavic_languages" title="History of the Slavic languages">Modern languages</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/East_Slavic_languages" title="East Slavic languages">East Slavic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Belarusian_language" title="Belarusian language">Belarusian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Simple_speech" title="Simple speech">Simple speech</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_East_Slavic" title="Old East Slavic">Old East Slavic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Old_Novgorod_dialect" title="Old Novgorod dialect">Old Novgorodian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruthenian_language" title="Ruthenian language">Ruthenian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_language" title="Russian language">Russian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Russian_dialects" title="Russian dialects">dialects</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alaskan_Russian" title="Alaskan Russian">Alaskan Russian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doukhobor_Russian" title="Doukhobor Russian">Doukhobor Russian</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rusyn_language" title="Rusyn language">Rusyn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_language" title="Ukrainian language">Ukrainian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_dialects" title="Ukrainian dialects">dialects</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_Ukrainian" title="Canadian Ukrainian">Canadian Ukrainian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simple_speech" title="Simple speech">Simple speech</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/South_Slavic_languages" title="South Slavic languages">South Slavic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Eastern_South_Slavic" title="Eastern South Slavic">Eastern</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bulgarian_language" title="Bulgarian language">Bulgarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Church_Slavonic" title="Church Slavonic">Church Slavonic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Old_Church_Slavonic" title="Old Church Slavonic">Old Church Slavonic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macedonian_language" title="Macedonian language">Macedonian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/South_Slavic_languages#Transitional_South_Slavic_languages" title="South Slavic languages">Transitional</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Torlakian_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Torlakian dialect">Torlakian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Western_South_Slavic" class="mw-redirect" title="Western South Slavic">Western</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Carantanians#Language" title="Carantanians">Alpine Slavic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serbo-Croatian" title="Serbo-Croatian">Serbo-Croatian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bosnian_language" title="Bosnian language">Bosnian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Croatian_language" title="Croatian language">Croatian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montenegrin_language" title="Montenegrin language">Montenegrin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serbian_language" title="Serbian language">Serbian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavomolisano_dialect" title="Slavomolisano dialect">Slavomolisano</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slovene_language" title="Slovene language">Slovene</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/West_Slavic_languages" title="West Slavic languages">West Slavic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Czech%E2%80%93Slovak_languages" title="Czech–Slovak languages">Czech-Slovak</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Czech_language" title="Czech language">Czech</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biblical_Czech_language" title="Biblical Czech language">Biblical Czech</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Czechoslovak_language" title="Czechoslovak language">Czechoslovak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Knaanic_language" title="Knaanic language">Knaanic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moravian_dialects" title="Moravian dialects">Moravian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Croatian_language" title="Croatian language">White Croatian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Slovak</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Camaldolese_Slovak" title="Camaldolese Slovak">Camaldolese Slovak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Slovak_dialects" title="Eastern Slovak dialects">Eastern Slovak</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pannonian_Rusyn" title="Pannonian Rusyn">Pannonian Rusyn</a></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Lechitic_languages" title="Lechitic languages">Lechitic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>East Lechitic <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Polish_language" title="Polish language">Polish</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Masurian_dialects" title="Masurian dialects">Masurian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish_dialects" class="mw-redirect" title="Polish dialects">dialects</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Polish_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Old Polish language">Old Polish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middle_Polish_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Middle Polish language">Middle Polish</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silesian_language" title="Silesian language">Silesian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lach_dialects" title="Lach dialects">Lach</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pomeranian_language" title="Pomeranian language">Pomeranian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kashubian_language" title="Kashubian language">Kashubian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slovincian_language" title="Slovincian language">Slovincian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Lechitic_dialects" title="West Lechitic dialects">West Lechitic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Marcho-Magdeburgian_dialect" title="Marcho-Magdeburgian dialect">Marcho-Magdeburgian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polabian_language" title="Polabian language">Polabian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rani_dialect" title="Rani dialect">Rani</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sorbian_languages" title="Sorbian languages">Sorbian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Upper_Sorbian_language" title="Upper Sorbian language">Upper Sorbian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lower_Sorbian_language" title="Lower Sorbian language">Lower Sorbian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Schleifer_dialect" title="Schleifer dialect">Schleifer</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Slavic_microlanguages" title="Slavic microlanguages">Microlanguages</a> and dialects</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/East_Slavic_languages" title="East Slavic languages">East Slavic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rusyn_language" title="Rusyn language">Carpathian Rusyn</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lemkos#Language" title="Lemkos">Lemko</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Podlachian_language" title="Podlachian language">Podlachian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Polesian" title="West Polesian">West Polesian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/South_Slavic_languages" title="South Slavic languages">South Slavic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Banat_Bulgarian_dialect" title="Banat Bulgarian dialect">Banat Bulgarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chakavian" title="Chakavian">Chakavian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Burgenland_Croatian" title="Burgenland Croatian">Burgenland Croatian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kajkavian" title="Kajkavian">Kajkavian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pomak_language" title="Pomak language">Pomak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prekmurje_Slovene" title="Prekmurje Slovene">Prekmurje Slovene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Resian_dialect" title="Resian dialect">Resian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shtokavian" title="Shtokavian">Shtokavian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Slavomolisano_dialect" title="Slavomolisano dialect">Slavomolisano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bunjevac_dialect" title="Bunjevac dialect">Bunjevac</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavic_dialects_of_Greece" title="Slavic dialects of Greece">Slavic dialects of Greece</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/West_Slavic_languages" title="West Slavic languages">West Slavic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Slovak_dialects" title="Eastern Slovak dialects">Eastern Slovak</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pannonian_Rusyn" title="Pannonian Rusyn">Pannonian Rusyn</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goral_ethnolect" title="Goral ethnolect">Goral</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silesian_language" title="Silesian language">Silesian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cieszyn_Silesian_dialect" title="Cieszyn Silesian dialect">Cieszyn Silesian</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Mixed_language" title="Mixed language">Mixed languages</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Balachka" title="Balachka">Balachka</a></li> <li>20th century <a href="/wiki/Bohemian_Romani" title="Bohemian Romani">Bohemian Romani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kyakhta_Russian%E2%80%93Chinese_Pidgin" title="Kyakhta Russian–Chinese Pidgin">Kyakhta Russian–Chinese Pidgin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mednyj_Aleut_language" title="Mednyj Aleut language">Mednyj Aleut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ponaschemu" title="Ponaschemu">Ponaschemu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German-Russian_macaronic_language" title="German-Russian macaronic language">Quelia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romano-Serbian_language" title="Romano-Serbian language">Romano-Serbian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Runglish" title="Runglish">Runglish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russenorsk" title="Russenorsk">Russenorsk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solombala_English" title="Solombala English">Solombala English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surzhyk" title="Surzhyk">Surzhyk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taimyr_Pidgin_Russian" title="Taimyr Pidgin Russian">Taimyr Pidgin Russian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trasianka" title="Trasianka">Trasianka</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Constructed_language" title="Constructed language">Constructed languages</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pan-Slavic_language" title="Pan-Slavic language">Pan-Slavic language</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Interslavic" title="Interslavic">Interslavic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lydnevi" title="Lydnevi">Lydnevi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Army_Slavic" title="Army Slavic">Army Slavic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iazychie" title="Iazychie">Iazychie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavonic-Serbian" title="Slavonic-Serbian">Slavonic-Serbian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Historical phonology</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Slavic_first_palatalization" title="Slavic first palatalization">Slavic first palatalization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavic_second_palatalization" title="Slavic second palatalization">Slavic second palatalization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavic_liquid_metathesis_and_pleophony" title="Slavic liquid metathesis and pleophony">Slavic liquid metathesis and pleophony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monophthongization_of_diphthongs_in_Proto-Slavic" title="Monophthongization of diphthongs in Proto-Slavic">Monophthongization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dybo%27s_law" title="Dybo's law">Dybo's law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Havl%C3%ADk%27s_law" title="Havlík's law">Havlík's law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hirt%27s_law" title="Hirt's law">Hirt's law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illi%C4%8D-Svity%C4%8D%27s_law" class="mw-redirect" title="Illič-Svityč's law">Illič-Svityč's law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iv%C5%A1i%C4%87%27s_law" title="Ivšić's law">Ivšić's law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meillet%27s_law" title="Meillet's law">Meillet's law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pedersen%27s_law" title="Pedersen's law">Pedersen's law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruki_sound_law" title="Ruki sound law">Ruki sound law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Van_Wijk%27s_law" class="mw-redirect" title="Van Wijk's law">Van Wijk's law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Winter%27s_law" title="Winter's law">Winter's law</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>Italics indicate <a href="/wiki/Language_death" title="Language death">extinct languages</a>.</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1130092004">.mw-parser-output .portal-bar{font-size:88%;font-weight:bold;display:flex;justify-content:center;align-items:baseline}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-bordered{padding:0 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