CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html> <html class="client-nojs vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-disabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available" lang="rm" dir="ltr"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <title>Adam Smith – Wikipedia</title> <script>(function(){var className="client-js vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-disabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available";var cookie=document.cookie.match(/(?:^|; )rmwikimwclientpreferences=([^;]+)/);if(cookie){cookie[1].split('%2C').forEach(function(pref){className=className.replace(new RegExp('(^| )'+pref.replace(/-clientpref-\w+$|[^\w-]+/g,'')+'-clientpref-\\w+( |$)'),'$1'+pref+'$2');});}document.documentElement.className=className;}());RLCONF={"wgBreakFrames":false,"wgSeparatorTransformTable":[",\t.",".\t,"],"wgDigitTransformTable":["",""], "wgDefaultDateFormat":"dmy","wgMonthNames":["","schaner","favrer","mars","avrigl","matg","zercladur","fanadur","avust","Settember","october","november","december"],"wgRequestId":"8269fa94-cef5-4e76-976a-4f8b53a27026","wgCanonicalNamespace":"","wgCanonicalSpecialPageName":false,"wgNamespaceNumber":0,"wgPageName":"Adam_Smith","wgTitle":"Adam Smith","wgCurRevisionId":166835,"wgRevisionId":166835,"wgArticleId":12331,"wgIsArticle":true,"wgIsRedirect":false,"wgAction":"view","wgUserName":null,"wgUserGroups":["*"],"wgCategories":["Seiten, die magische ISBN-Links verwenden","Filosofs","Economists","Persunas dal 18avel tschientaner","Umens","Persunas britannicas","Artitgels recumandads (Economia)"],"wgPageViewLanguage":"rm","wgPageContentLanguage":"rm","wgPageContentModel":"wikitext","wgRelevantPageName":"Adam_Smith","wgRelevantArticleId":12331,"wgIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRelevantPageIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRestrictionEdit":[],"wgRestrictionMove":[],"wgNoticeProject":"wikipedia", "wgCiteReferencePreviewsActive":true,"wgMediaViewerOnClick":true,"wgMediaViewerEnabledByDefault":true,"wgPopupsFlags":0,"wgVisualEditor":{"pageLanguageCode":"rm","pageLanguageDir":"ltr","pageVariantFallbacks":"rm"},"wgMFDisplayWikibaseDescriptions":{"search":true,"watchlist":true,"tagline":true,"nearby":true},"wgWMESchemaEditAttemptStepOversample":false,"wgWMEPageLength":50000,"wgRelatedArticlesCompat":[],"wgEditSubmitButtonLabelPublish":true,"wgULSPosition":"interlanguage","wgULSisCompactLinksEnabled":false,"wgVector2022LanguageInHeader":true,"wgULSisLanguageSelectorEmpty":false,"wgWikibaseItemId":"Q9381","wgCheckUserClientHintsHeadersJsApi":["brands","architecture","bitness","fullVersionList","mobile","model","platform","platformVersion"],"GEHomepageSuggestedEditsEnableTopics":true,"wgGETopicsMatchModeEnabled":false,"wgGEStructuredTaskRejectionReasonTextInputEnabled":false,"wgGELevelingUpEnabledForUser":false};RLSTATE={"ext.globalCssJs.user.styles":"ready","site.styles":"ready", "user.styles":"ready","ext.globalCssJs.user":"ready","user":"ready","user.options":"loading","ext.cite.styles":"ready","skins.vector.search.codex.styles":"ready","skins.vector.styles":"ready","skins.vector.icons":"ready","ext.wikimediamessages.styles":"ready","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript":"ready","ext.uls.interlanguage":"ready","wikibase.client.init":"ready","ext.wikimediaBadges":"ready"};RLPAGEMODULES=["ext.cite.ux-enhancements","mediawiki.page.media","site","mediawiki.page.ready","mediawiki.toc","skins.vector.js","ext.centralNotice.geoIP","ext.centralNotice.startUp","ext.urlShortener.toolbar","ext.centralauth.centralautologin","mmv.bootstrap","ext.popups","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.init","ext.visualEditor.targetLoader","ext.echo.centralauth","ext.eventLogging","ext.wikimediaEvents","ext.navigationTiming","ext.uls.interface","ext.cx.eventlogging.campaigns","ext.cx.uls.quick.actions","wikibase.client.vector-2022","ext.checkUser.clientHints", "ext.growthExperiments.SuggestedEditSession","wikibase.sidebar.tracking"];</script> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.loader.impl(function(){return["user.options@12s5i",function($,jQuery,require,module){mw.user.tokens.set({"patrolToken":"+\\","watchToken":"+\\","csrfToken":"+\\"}); }];});});</script> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=rm&modules=ext.cite.styles%7Cext.uls.interlanguage%7Cext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript%7Cext.wikimediaBadges%7Cext.wikimediamessages.styles%7Cskins.vector.icons%2Cstyles%7Cskins.vector.search.codex.styles%7Cwikibase.client.init&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <script async="" src="/w/load.php?lang=rm&modules=startup&only=scripts&raw=1&skin=vector-2022"></script> <meta name="ResourceLoaderDynamicStyles" content=""> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=rm&modules=site.styles&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <meta name="generator" content="MediaWiki 1.44.0-wmf.5"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin-when-cross-origin"> <meta name="robots" content="max-image-preview:standard"> <meta name="format-detection" content="telephone=no"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/AdamSmith.jpg/1200px-AdamSmith.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="1200"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="1791"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/AdamSmith.jpg/800px-AdamSmith.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="800"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="1194"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/AdamSmith.jpg/640px-AdamSmith.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="640"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="955"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=1120"> <meta property="og:title" content="Adam Smith – Wikipedia"> <meta property="og:type" content="website"> <link rel="preconnect" href="//upload.wikimedia.org"> <link rel="alternate" media="only screen and (max-width: 640px)" href="//rm.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adam_Smith"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/x-wiki" title="Modifitgar" href="/w/index.php?title=Adam_Smith&action=edit"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="/static/apple-touch/wikipedia.png"> <link rel="icon" href="/static/favicon/wikipedia.ico"> <link rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="/w/rest.php/v1/search" title="Wikipedia (rm)"> <link rel="EditURI" type="application/rsd+xml" href="//rm.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=rsd"> <link rel="canonical" href="https://rm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adam_Smith"> <link rel="license" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.rm"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/atom+xml" title="Atom Feed da Wikipedia" href="/w/index.php?title=Spezial:Letzte_%C3%84nderungen&feed=atom"> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//meta.wikimedia.org" /> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//login.wikimedia.org"> </head> <body class="skin--responsive skin-vector skin-vector-search-vue mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject mw-editable page-Adam_Smith rootpage-Adam_Smith skin-vector-2022 action-view"><a class="mw-jump-link" href="#bodyContent">Zum Inhalt springen</a> <div class="vector-header-container"> <header class="vector-header mw-header"> <div class="vector-header-start"> <nav class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Website"> <div id="vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-main-menu-dropdown vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Hauptmenü" > <label id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-label" for="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-menu mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-menu"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Hauptmenü</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-main-menu" class="vector-main-menu vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-main-menu-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="main-menu-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-main-menu" data-pinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Hauptmenü</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.pin">In die Seitenleiste verschieben</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.unpin">Verbergen</button> </div> <div id="p-navigation" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-navigation" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Navigaziun </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-mainpage-description" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Pagina_principala" title="Visitar la pagina principala [z]" accesskey="z"><span>Pagina principala</span></a></li><li id="n-portal" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:La_pinta" title="Infurmaziuns davart il project, tge che ti pos far, nua che ti chassas infurmaziuns"><span>Discutar en la pinta</span></a></li><li id="n-randompage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Spezial:Zuf%C3%A4llige_Seite" title="Chargiar ina pagina casuala. [x]" accesskey="x"><span>Artitgel casual</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-participation" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-participation" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Sa participar </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-help" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Agid:Cuntegn" title="Qua chattas agid."><span>Agid</span></a></li><li id="n-Prims-pass" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Agid:Prims_pass"><span>Prims pass</span></a></li><li id="n-recentchanges" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Spezial:Letzte_%C3%84nderungen" title="La glista da las ultimas midadas en la wiki. [r]" accesskey="r"><span>Ultimas midadas</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Pagina_principala" class="mw-logo"> <img class="mw-logo-icon" src="/static/images/icons/wikipedia.png" alt="" aria-hidden="true" height="50" width="50"> <span class="mw-logo-container skin-invert"> <img class="mw-logo-wordmark" alt="Wikipedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-rm.svg" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.25em;"> <img class="mw-logo-tagline" alt="" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-tagline-rm.svg" width="120" height="15" style="width: 7.5em; height: 0.9375em;"> </span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-header-end"> <div id="p-search" role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-collapses vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box-auto-expand-width vector-search-box"> <a href="/wiki/Spezial:Suche" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only search-toggle" title="Intercurir Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-search mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-search"></span> <span>Tschertgar</span> </a> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail cdx-typeahead-search--auto-expand-width"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="searchform" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div id="simpleSearch" class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Tschertgar Wikipedia" aria-label="Tschertgar Wikipedia" autocapitalize="sentences" title="Intercurir Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f" id="searchInput" > <span class="cdx-text-input__icon cdx-text-input__start-icon"></span> </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Spezial:Suche"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Tschertgar</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-user-links vector-user-links-wide" aria-label="Utensils persunals"> <div class="vector-user-links-main"> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-preferences" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-userpage" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Erscheinungsbild"> <div id="vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " title="Änderung des Aussehens der Schriftgröße, -breite und -farbe der Seite" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Erscheinungsbild" > <label id="vector-appearance-dropdown-label" for="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-appearance mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-appearance"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Erscheinungsbild</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="//donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_rm.wikipedia.org&uselang=rm" class=""><span>Donaziuns</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Spezial:Benutzerkonto_anlegen&returnto=Adam+Smith" title="Wir ermutigen dich dazu, ein Benutzerkonto zu erstellen und dich anzumelden. Es ist jedoch nicht zwingend erforderlich." class=""><span>Crear in conto d'utilisader</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Spezial:Anmelden&returnto=Adam+Smith" title="I fiss bun sche ti s'annunziassas, ti na stos dentant betg. [o]" accesskey="o" class=""><span>T'annunziar</span></a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="Weitere Optionen" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Utensils persunals" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-ellipsis mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-ellipsis"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Utensils persunals</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="Benutzermenü" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="//donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_rm.wikipedia.org&uselang=rm"><span>Donaziuns</span></a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spezial:Benutzerkonto_anlegen&returnto=Adam+Smith" title="Wir ermutigen dich dazu, ein Benutzerkonto zu erstellen und dich anzumelden. Es ist jedoch nicht zwingend erforderlich."><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-userAdd mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd"></span> <span>Crear in conto d'utilisader</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spezial:Anmelden&returnto=Adam+Smith" title="I fiss bun sche ti s'annunziassas, ti na stos dentant betg. [o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>T'annunziar</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Seiten für abgemeldete Benutzer <a href="/wiki/Agid:Einf%C3%BChrung" aria-label="Erfahre mehr über das Bearbeiten"><span>Weitere Informationen</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Spezial:Meine_Beitr%C3%A4ge" title="Eine Liste der Bearbeitungen, die von dieser IP-Adresse gemacht wurden [y]" accesskey="y"><span>Contribuziuns</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Spezial:Meine_Diskussionsseite" title="Discussiun davart modificaziuns che derivan da questa adressa dad IP [n]" accesskey="n"><span>Pagina da discussiun da questa IP</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Website"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Inhaltsverzeichnis" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Inhaltsverzeichnis</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">In die Seitenleiste verschieben</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">Verbergen</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">Anfang</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Vita" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Vita"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Vita</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Vita-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Unterabschnitt Vita umschalten</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Vita-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Derivanza" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Derivanza"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Derivanza</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Derivanza-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Studi" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Studi"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Studi</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Studi-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Activitad_d’instrucziun" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Activitad_d’instrucziun"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Activitad d’instrucziun</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Activitad_d’instrucziun-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Viadi_da_furmaziun" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Viadi_da_furmaziun"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span>Viadi da furmaziun</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Viadi_da_furmaziun-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ils_ultims_onns" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ils_ultims_onns"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.5</span> <span>Ils ultims onns</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ils_ultims_onns-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ovras" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ovras"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Ovras</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Ovras-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Unterabschnitt Ovras umschalten</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Ovras-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Economia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Economia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Economia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Economia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Martgads_da_chapital" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Martgads_da_chapital"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Martgads da chapital</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Martgads_da_chapital-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Teoria_dal_stadi" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Teoria_dal_stadi"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Teoria dal stadi</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Teoria_dal_stadi-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Recepziun" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Recepziun"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Recepziun</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Recepziun-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Commemoraziun" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Commemoraziun"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Commemoraziun</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Commemoraziun-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ovras_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ovras_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Ovras</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ovras_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Annotaziuns" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Annotaziuns"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Annotaziuns</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Annotaziuns-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Litteratura" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Litteratura"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Litteratura</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Litteratura-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Colliaziuns" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Colliaziuns"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Colliaziuns</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Colliaziuns-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Inhaltsverzeichnis" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Inhaltsverzeichnis umschalten" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Inhaltsverzeichnis umschalten</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Adam Smith</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Zu einem Artikel in einer anderen Sprache gehen. Verfügbar in 157 Sprachen" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-157" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">157 Sprachen</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adam_Smith" title="Adam Smith – afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Adam Smith" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adam_Smith" title="Adam Smith – tudestg svizzer" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Adam Smith" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="tudestg svizzer" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8A%A0%E1%8B%B3%E1%88%9D_%E1%88%B5%E1%88%9A%E1%88%B5" title="አዳም ስሚስ – amaric" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="አዳም ስሚስ" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="amaric" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>አማርኛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adam_Smith" title="Adam Smith – aragonais" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Adam Smith" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="aragonais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-anp mw-list-item"><a href="https://anp.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%90%E0%A4%A1%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%AE_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A5" title="ऐडेम स्मिथ – angika" lang="anp" hreflang="anp" data-title="ऐडेम स्मिथ" data-language-autonym="अंगिका" data-language-local-name="angika" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>अंगिका</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A2%D8%AF%D9%85_%D8%B3%D9%85%D9%8A%D8%AB" title="آدم سميث – arab" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="آدم سميث" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="arab" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%AF%D9%85_%D8%B3%D9%85%D9%8A%D8%AB" title="ادم سميث – Ägyptisches Arabisch" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="ادم سميث" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Ägyptisches Arabisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%8F%E0%A6%A1%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AE_%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A5" title="এডাম স্মিথ – assami" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="এডাম স্মিথ" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="assami" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>অসমীয়া</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adam_Smith" title="Adam Smith – asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Adam Smith" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-awa mw-list-item"><a href="https://awa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%8F%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%AE_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A5" title="एडम स्मिथ – awadhi" lang="awa" hreflang="awa" data-title="एडम स्मिथ" data-language-autonym="अवधी" data-language-local-name="awadhi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>अवधी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ay mw-list-item"><a href="https://ay.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adam_Smith" title="Adam Smith – aymara" lang="ay" hreflang="ay" data-title="Adam Smith" data-language-autonym="Aymar aru" data-language-local-name="aymara" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aymar aru</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adam_Smit" title="Adam Smit – aserbeidschanic" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Adam Smit" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="aserbeidschanic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A2%D8%AF%D8%A7%D9%85_%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%B3%D9%85%DB%8C%D8%AA" title="آدام ایسمیت – Südaserbaidschanisch" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="آدام ایسمیت" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="Südaserbaidschanisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BC_%D0%A1%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%82" title="Адам Смит – baschkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Адам Смит" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="baschkir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adams_Smits" title="Adams Smits – Samogitisch" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" data-title="Adams Smits" data-language-autonym="Žemaitėška" data-language-local-name="Samogitisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Žemaitėška</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BC_%D0%A1%D0%BC%D1%96%D1%82" title="Адам Сміт – bieloruss" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Адам Сміт" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="bieloruss" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BC_%D0%A1%D1%8C%D0%BC%D1%96%D1%82" title="Адам Сьміт – Weißrussisch (Taraschkewiza)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Адам Сьміт" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Weißrussisch (Taraschkewiza)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BC_%D0%A1%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%82" title="Адам Смит – bulgar" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Адам Смит" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="bulgar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%8F%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%AE_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A5" title="एडम स्मिथ – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="एडम स्मिथ" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>भोजपुरी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%85%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A1%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AE_%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A5" title="অ্যাডাম স্মিথ – bengal" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="অ্যাডাম স্মিথ" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="bengal" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adam_Smith" title="Adam Smith – breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Adam Smith" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adam_Smith" title="Adam Smith – bosniac" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Adam Smith" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="bosniac" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-btm mw-list-item"><a href="https://btm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adam_Smith" title="Adam Smith – Batak Mandailing" lang="btm" hreflang="btm" data-title="Adam Smith" data-language-autonym="Batak Mandailing" data-language-local-name="Batak Mandailing" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Batak Mandailing</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adam_Smith" title="Adam Smith – catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Adam Smith" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%82,_%D0%90%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BC" title="Смит, Адам – tschetschen" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="Смит, Адам" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="tschetschen" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Нохчийн</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A6%D8%A7%D8%AF%DB%95%D9%85_%D8%B3%D9%85%DB%8C%D8%AA" title="ئادەم سمیت – curd central" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="ئادەم سمیت" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="curd central" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-co mw-list-item"><a href="https://co.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adam_Smith" title="Adam Smith – cors" lang="co" hreflang="co" data-title="Adam Smith" data-language-autonym="Corsu" data-language-local-name="cors" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Corsu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-crh mw-list-item"><a href="https://crh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adam_Smit" title="Adam Smit – tirc crimean" lang="crh" hreflang="crh" data-title="Adam Smit" data-language-autonym="Qırımtatarca" data-language-local-name="tirc crimean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Qırımtatarca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adam_Smith" title="Adam Smith – tschec" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Adam Smith" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="tschec" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BC_%D0%A1%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%82" title="Адам Смит – tschuvasch" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Адам Смит" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="tschuvasch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adam_Smith" title="Adam Smith – kimric" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Adam Smith" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="kimric" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adam_Smith" title="Adam Smith – danais" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Adam Smith" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="danais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adam_Smith" title="Adam Smith – tudestg" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Adam Smith" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="tudestg" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adam_Smith" title="Adam Smith – Zazaki" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Adam Smith" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Zazaki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Zazaki</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dty mw-list-item"><a href="https://dty.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%8F%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%AE_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A5" title="एडम स्मिथ – Doteli" lang="dty" hreflang="dty" data-title="एडम स्मिथ" data-language-autonym="डोटेली" data-language-local-name="Doteli" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>डोटेली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%86%CE%BD%CF%84%CE%B1%CE%BC_%CE%A3%CE%BC%CE%B9%CE%B8" title="Άνταμ Σμιθ – grec" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Άνταμ Σμιθ" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="grec" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adam_Smith" title="Adam Smith – englais" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Adam Smith" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="englais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adam_Smith" title="Adam Smith – esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Adam Smith" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adam_Smith" title="Adam Smith – spagnol" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Adam Smith" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="spagnol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adam_Smith" title="Adam Smith – eston" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Adam Smith" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="eston" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adam_Smith" title="Adam Smith – basc" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Adam Smith" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="basc" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ext mw-list-item"><a href="https://ext.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adam_Smith" title="Adam Smith – Extremadurisch" lang="ext" hreflang="ext" data-title="Adam Smith" data-language-autonym="Estremeñu" data-language-local-name="Extremadurisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Estremeñu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A2%D8%AF%D8%A7%D9%85_%D8%A7%D8%B3%D9%85%DB%8C%D8%AA" title="آدام اسمیت – persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="آدام اسمیت" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adam_Smith" title="Adam Smith – finlandais" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Adam Smith" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="finlandais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fiu-vro mw-list-item"><a href="https://fiu-vro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smithi_Adam" title="Smithi Adam – Võro" lang="vro" hreflang="vro" data-title="Smithi Adam" data-language-autonym="Võro" data-language-local-name="Võro" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Võro</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adam_Smith" title="Adam Smith – feroais" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Adam Smith" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="feroais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Føroyskt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="exzellenter Artikel"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adam_Smith" title="Adam Smith – franzos" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Adam Smith" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="franzos" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adam_Smith" title="Adam Smith – fris" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Adam Smith" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="fris" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adam_Smith" title="Adam Smith – irlandais" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Adam Smith" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="irlandais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adam_Smith" title="Adam Smith – gaelic scot" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Adam Smith" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="gaelic scot" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gàidhlig</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adam_Smith" title="Adam Smith – galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Adam Smith" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adam_Smith" title="Adam Smith – guarani" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Adam Smith" data-language-autonym="Avañe'ẽ" data-language-local-name="guarani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Avañe'ẽ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gu mw-list-item"><a href="https://gu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AA%86%E0%AA%A6%E0%AA%AE_%E0%AA%B8%E0%AB%8D%E0%AA%AE%E0%AA%BF%E0%AA%A5" title="આદમ સ્મિથ – gujarati" lang="gu" hreflang="gu" data-title="આદમ સ્મિથ" data-language-autonym="ગુજરાતી" data-language-local-name="gujarati" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ગુજરાતી</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-guw mw-list-item"><a href="https://guw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adam_Smith" title="Adam Smith – Gun" lang="guw" hreflang="guw" data-title="Adam Smith" data-language-autonym="Gungbe" data-language-local-name="Gun" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gungbe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gv mw-list-item"><a href="https://gv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adam_Smith" title="Adam Smith – manx" lang="gv" hreflang="gv" data-title="Adam Smith" data-language-autonym="Gaelg" data-language-local-name="manx" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaelg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adam_Smith" title="Adam Smith – haussa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Adam Smith" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="haussa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hausa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%93%D7%9D_%D7%A1%D7%9E%D7%99%D7%AA" title="אדם סמית – ebraic" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="אדם סמית" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="ebraic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%8F%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%AE_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A5" title="एडम स्मिथ – hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="एडम स्मिथ" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adam_Smith" title="Adam Smith – Fidschi-Hindi" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="Adam Smith" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="Fidschi-Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Fiji Hindi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adam_Smith" title="Adam Smith – croat" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Adam Smith" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="croat" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adam_Smith" title="Adam Smith – ungarais" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Adam Smith" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="ungarais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B1%D5%A4%D5%A1%D5%B4_%D5%8D%D5%B4%D5%AB%D5%A9" title="Ադամ Սմիթ – armen" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Ադամ Սմիթ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="armen" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adam_Smith" title="Adam Smith – interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Adam Smith" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adam_Smith" title="Adam Smith – indonais" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Adam Smith" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="indonais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adam_Smith" title="Adam Smith – ilocano" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Adam Smith" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="ilocano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ilokano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adam_Smith" title="Adam Smith – ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Adam Smith" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="lesenswerter Artikel"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adam_Smith" title="Adam Smith – islandais" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Adam Smith" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="islandais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adam_Smith" title="Adam Smith – talian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Adam Smith" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="talian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%A2%E3%83%80%E3%83%A0%E3%83%BB%E3%82%B9%E3%83%9F%E3%82%B9" title="アダム・スミス – giapunais" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="アダム・スミス" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="giapunais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jbo mw-list-item"><a href="https://jbo.wikipedia.org/wiki/.adam._smit." title=".adam. smit. – lojban" lang="jbo" hreflang="jbo" data-title=".adam. smit." data-language-autonym="La .lojban." data-language-local-name="lojban" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>La .lojban.</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adam_Smith" title="Adam Smith – javanais" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Adam Smith" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="javanais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%90%E1%83%93%E1%83%90%E1%83%9B_%E1%83%A1%E1%83%9B%E1%83%98%E1%83%97%E1%83%98" title="ადამ სმითი – georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ადამ სმითი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kaa mw-list-item"><a href="https://kaa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adam_Smith" title="Adam Smith – karakalpak" lang="kaa" hreflang="kaa" data-title="Adam Smith" data-language-autonym="Qaraqalpaqsha" data-language-local-name="karakalpak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Qaraqalpaqsha</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kab mw-list-item"><a href="https://kab.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adam_Smith" title="Adam Smith – kabyle" lang="kab" hreflang="kab" data-title="Adam Smith" data-language-autonym="Taqbaylit" data-language-local-name="kabyle" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Taqbaylit</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbp mw-list-item"><a href="https://kbp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adam_Smith" title="Adam Smith – Kabiyé" lang="kbp" hreflang="kbp" data-title="Adam Smith" data-language-autonym="Kabɩyɛ" data-language-local-name="Kabiyé" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kabɩyɛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BC_%D0%A1%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%82" title="Адам Смит – casac" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Адам Смит" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="casac" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%86%E0%B2%A1%E0%B2%AE%E0%B3%8D_%E0%B2%B8%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%AE%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%A4%E0%B3%8D" title="ಆಡಮ್ ಸ್ಮಿತ್ – kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಆಡಮ್ ಸ್ಮಿತ್" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%95%A0%EB%8D%A4_%EC%8A%A4%EB%AF%B8%EC%8A%A4" title="애덤 스미스 – corean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="애덤 스미스" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="corean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adam_Smith" title="Adam Smith – curd" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Adam Smith" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="curd" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adam_Smith" title="Adam Smith – cornic" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Adam Smith" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="cornic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kernowek</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BC_%D0%A1%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%82" title="Адам Смит – kirghis" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Адам Смит" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="kirghis" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adamus_Smith" title="Adamus Smith – latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Adamus Smith" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adam_Smith" title="Adam Smith – luxemburgais" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Adam Smith" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="luxemburgais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adam_Smith" title="Adam Smith – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Adam Smith" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingua Franca Nova</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adam_Smith" title="Adam Smith – limburgais" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Adam Smith" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="limburgais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adam_Smith" title="Adam Smith – Lombardisch" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Adam Smith" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombardisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adam_Smith" title="Adam Smith – lituan" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Adam Smith" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="lituan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%80dams_Smits" title="Ādams Smits – letton" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Ādams Smits" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="letton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mai mw-list-item"><a href="https://mai.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%8F%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%AE_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A5" title="एडम स्मिथ – maithili" lang="mai" hreflang="mai" data-title="एडम स्मिथ" data-language-autonym="मैथिली" data-language-local-name="maithili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मैथिली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adam_Smith" title="Adam Smith – malagassi" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Adam Smith" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="malagassi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-min mw-list-item"><a href="https://min.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adam_Smith" title="Adam Smith – minangkabau" lang="min" hreflang="min" data-title="Adam Smith" data-language-autonym="Minangkabau" data-language-local-name="minangkabau" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Minangkabau</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BC_%D0%A1%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%82" title="Адам Смит – macedon" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Адам Смит" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="macedon" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%86%E0%B4%A1%E0%B4%82_%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AE%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%8D" title="ആഡം സ്മിത്ത് – malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ആഡം സ്മിത്ത്" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BC_%D0%A1%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%82" title="Адам Смит – mongolic" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Адам Смит" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="mongolic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A5%B2%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%AE_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A5" title="ॲडम स्मिथ – marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="ॲडम स्मिथ" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adam_Smith" title="Adam Smith – malaic" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Adam Smith" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="malaic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mwl mw-list-item"><a href="https://mwl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adam_Smith" title="Adam Smith – mirandais" lang="mwl" hreflang="mwl" data-title="Adam Smith" data-language-autonym="Mirandés" data-language-local-name="mirandais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Mirandés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%A1%E1%80%80%E1%80%BA%E1%80%92%E1%80%99%E1%80%BA_%E1%80%85%E1%80%99%E1%80%85%E1%80%BA" title="အက်ဒမ် စမစ် – birman" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="အက်ဒမ် စမစ်" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="birman" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-myv mw-list-item"><a href="https://myv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BC_%D0%A1%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%82" title="Адам Смит – erzya" lang="myv" hreflang="myv" data-title="Адам Смит" data-language-autonym="Эрзянь" data-language-local-name="erzya" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Эрзянь</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A2%D8%AF%D8%A7%D9%85_%D8%A7%D8%B3%D9%85%DB%8C%D8%AA" title="آدام اسمیت – mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="آدام اسمیت" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مازِرونی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adam_Smith" title="Adam Smith – bass tudestg" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Adam Smith" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="bass tudestg" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%8F%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%AE_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A5" title="एडम स्मिथ – nepalais" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="एडम स्मिथ" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="nepalais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adam_Smith" title="Adam Smith – ollandais" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Adam Smith" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="ollandais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adam_Smith" title="Adam Smith – norvegiais nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Adam Smith" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="norvegiais nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adam_Smith" title="Adam Smith – norvegais bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Adam Smith" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="norvegais bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adam_Smith" title="Adam Smith – occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Adam Smith" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-olo mw-list-item"><a href="https://olo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adam_Smith" title="Adam Smith – Olonetzisch" lang="olo" hreflang="olo" data-title="Adam Smith" data-language-autonym="Livvinkarjala" data-language-local-name="Olonetzisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Livvinkarjala</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-or mw-list-item"><a href="https://or.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AC%86%E0%AC%A1%E0%AC%BE%E0%AC%AE%E0%AD%8D_%E0%AC%B8%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%AE%E0%AC%BF%E0%AC%A5%E0%AD%8D" title="ଆଡାମ୍ ସ୍ମିଥ୍ – oriya" lang="or" hreflang="or" data-title="ଆଡାମ୍ ସ୍ମିଥ୍" data-language-autonym="ଓଡ଼ିଆ" data-language-local-name="oriya" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ଓଡ଼ିଆ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%82,_%D0%90%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BC" title="Смит, Адам – ossetic" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Смит, Адам" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="ossetic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ирон</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%90%E0%A8%A1%E0%A8%AE_%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%AE%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%A5" title="ਐਡਮ ਸਮਿਥ – punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਐਡਮ ਸਮਿਥ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adam_Smith" title="Adam Smith – polac" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Adam Smith" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="polac" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adam_Smith" title="Adam Smith – Piemontesisch" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Adam Smith" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piemontesisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Piemontèis</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%DB%8C%DA%88%D9%85_%D8%B3%D9%85%D8%AA%DA%BE" title="ایڈم سمتھ – Westliches Panjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="ایڈم سمتھ" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Westliches Panjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%AF%D9%85_%D8%B3%D9%85%DB%90%D8%AA" title="ادم سمېت – paschto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="ادم سمېت" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="paschto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adam_Smith" title="Adam Smith – portugais" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Adam Smith" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="portugais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adam_Smith" title="Adam Smith – quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Adam Smith" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adam_Smith" title="Adam Smith – rumen" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Adam Smith" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="rumen" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="exzellenter Artikel"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%82,_%D0%90%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BC" title="Смит, Адам – russ" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Смит, Адам" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="russ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BC_%D0%A1%D0%BC%D1%96%D1%82" title="Адам Сміт – Russinisch" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Адам Сміт" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="Russinisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русиньскый</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sa mw-list-item"><a href="https://sa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%8F%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%AE_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A5" title="एडम स्मिथ – sanscrit" lang="sa" hreflang="sa" data-title="एडम स्मिथ" data-language-autonym="संस्कृतम्" data-language-local-name="sanscrit" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>संस्कृतम्</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BC_%D0%A1%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%82" title="Адам Смит – jakut" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Адам Смит" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="jakut" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Саха тыла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sat mw-list-item"><a href="https://sat.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%B1%AE%E1%B1%B0%E1%B1%9F%E1%B1%A2_%E1%B1%A4%E1%B1%A5%E1%B1%A2%E1%B1%A4%E1%B1%9B%E1%B1%B7" title="ᱮᱰᱟᱢ ᱤᱥᱢᱤᱛᱷ – santali" lang="sat" hreflang="sat" data-title="ᱮᱰᱟᱢ ᱤᱥᱢᱤᱛᱷ" data-language-autonym="ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ" data-language-local-name="santali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adam_Smith" title="Adam Smith – sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Adam Smith" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adam_Smith" title="Adam Smith – scot" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Adam Smith" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="scot" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adam_Smith" title="Adam Smith – serbo-croat" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Adam Smith" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="serbo-croat" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%87%E0%B6%A9%E0%B6%B8%E0%B7%8A_%E0%B7%83%E0%B7%8A%E0%B6%B8%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%AD%E0%B7%8A" title="ඇඩම් ස්මිත් – singalais" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="ඇඩම් ස්මිත්" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="singalais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adam_Smith" title="Adam Smith – einfaches Englisch" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Adam Smith" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="einfaches Englisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adam_Smith" title="Adam Smith – slovac" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Adam Smith" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="slovac" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adam_Smith" title="Adam Smith – sloven" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Adam Smith" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="sloven" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adam_Smith" title="Adam Smith – albanais" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Adam Smith" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="albanais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BC_%D0%A1%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%82" title="Адам Смит – serb" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Адам Смит" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="serb" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adam_Smith" title="Adam Smith – svedais" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Adam Smith" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="svedais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adam_Smith" title="Adam Smith – suahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Adam Smith" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="suahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szy mw-list-item"><a href="https://szy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ya-tang-se-mi-si" title="Ya-tang-se-mi-si – Sakizaya" lang="szy" hreflang="szy" data-title="Ya-tang-se-mi-si" data-language-autonym="Sakizaya" data-language-local-name="Sakizaya" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sakizaya</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%86%E0%AE%9F%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%8D" title="ஆடம் சிமித் – tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="ஆடம் சிமித்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%86%E0%B0%A1%E0%B0%82_%E0%B0%B8%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%AE%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%A4%E0%B1%8D" title="ఆడం స్మిత్ – telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="ఆడం స్మిత్" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BC_%D0%A1%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%82" title="Адам Смит – tadjik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Адам Смит" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="tadjik" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%A1_%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%98" title="อดัม สมิธ – tailandais" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="อดัม สมิธ" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="tailandais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adam_Smith" title="Adam Smith – tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Adam Smith" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adam_Smith" title="Adam Smith – tirc" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Adam Smith" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="tirc" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adam_Smit" title="Adam Smit – tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Adam Smit" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BC_%D0%A1%D0%BC%D1%96%D1%82" title="Адам Сміт – ucranais" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Адам Сміт" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="ucranais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A2%D8%AF%D9%85_%D8%B3%D9%85%D8%AA%DA%BE" title="آدم سمتھ – urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="آدم سمتھ" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adam_Smith" title="Adam Smith – usbec" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Adam Smith" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="usbec" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vep mw-list-item"><a href="https://vep.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smit_Adam" title="Smit Adam – Wepsisch" lang="vep" hreflang="vep" data-title="Smit Adam" data-language-autonym="Vepsän kel’" data-language-local-name="Wepsisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vepsän kel’</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adam_Smith" title="Adam Smith – vietnamais" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Adam Smith" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="vietnamais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vls mw-list-item"><a href="https://vls.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adam_Smith" title="Adam Smith – Westflämisch" lang="vls" hreflang="vls" data-title="Adam Smith" data-language-autonym="West-Vlams" data-language-local-name="Westflämisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>West-Vlams</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vo mw-list-item"><a href="https://vo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adam_Smith" title="Adam Smith – volapuk" lang="vo" hreflang="vo" data-title="Adam Smith" data-language-autonym="Volapük" data-language-local-name="volapuk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Volapük</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adam_Smith" title="Adam Smith – waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Adam Smith" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%BA%9A%E5%BD%93%C2%B7%E6%96%AF%E5%AF%86" title="亚当·斯密 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="亚当·斯密" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%90%E1%83%93%E1%83%90%E1%83%9B_%E1%83%A1%E1%83%9B%E1%83%98%E1%83%97%E1%83%98" title="ადამ სმითი – Mingrelisch" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="ადამ სმითი" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%93%D7%9D_%D7%A1%D7%9E%D7%99%D7%98" title="אדם סמיט – jiddic" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="אדם סמיט" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="jiddic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adam_Smith" title="Adam Smith – yoruba" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Adam Smith" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="yoruba" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Yorùbá</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%BA%9A%E5%BD%93%C2%B7%E6%96%AF%E5%AF%86" title="亚当·斯密 – chinais" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="亚当·斯密" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="chinais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%96%AF%E5%AF%86%E4%BA%9E%E4%B8%B9" title="斯密亞丹 – Klassisches Chinesisch" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" data-title="斯密亞丹" data-language-autonym="文言" data-language-local-name="Klassisches Chinesisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>文言</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adam_Smith" title="Adam Smith – Min Nan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Adam Smith" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Min Nan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%BA%9E%E7%95%B6%E5%8F%B2%E5%AF%86%E5%A4%AB" title="亞當史密夫 – cantonais" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="亞當史密夫" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="cantonais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q9381#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Modifitgar las colliaziuns tar autras linguas" class="wbc-editpage">Modifitgar colliaziuns</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Tip da pagina"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Adam_Smith" title="Mussar l'artitgel [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Artitgel</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Discussiun:Adam_Smith" rel="discussion" title="Discussiuns davart il cuntegn da l'artitgel [t]" accesskey="t"><span>Discussiun</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Sprachvariante ändern" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">rumantsch</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Questa pagina"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Adam_Smith"><span>Leger</span></a></li><li id="ca-ve-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Adam_Smith&veaction=edit" title="Modifitgar questa pagina [v]" accesskey="v"><span>Modifitgar</span></a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="collapsible vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Adam_Smith&action=edit" title="Modifitgar il code da funtauna da questa pagina [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Modifitgar il code</span></a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Adam_Smith&action=history" title="Versiuns pli veglias da questa pagina [h]" accesskey="h"><span>Cronologia</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Seitenwerkzeuge"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Utensils" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Utensils</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Werkzeuge</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">In die Seitenleiste verschieben</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">Verbergen</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="Weitere Optionen" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Aktionen </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Adam_Smith"><span>Leger</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-ve-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Adam_Smith&veaction=edit" title="Modifitgar questa pagina [v]" accesskey="v"><span>Modifitgar</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="collapsible vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Adam_Smith&action=edit" title="Modifitgar il code da funtauna da questa pagina [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Modifitgar il code</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Adam_Smith&action=history"><span>Cronologia</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Allgemein </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Spezial:Linkliste/Adam_Smith" title="Glista da tut las paginas vichi che mussan sin questa pagina [j]" accesskey="j"><span>Colliaziuns sin questa pagina</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Spezial:%C3%84nderungen_an_verlinkten_Seiten/Adam_Smith" rel="nofollow" title="Ultimas midadas sin paginas colliadas cun questa pagina [k]" accesskey="k"><span>Modificaziuns sin paginas colliadas</span></a></li><li id="t-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Spezial:Spezialseiten" title="Glista da tut las paginas spezialas [q]" accesskey="q"><span>Paginas spezialas</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Adam_Smith&oldid=166835" title="Link permanent tar questa versiun da la pagina"><span>Colliaziun permanenta</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Adam_Smith&action=info" title="Weitere Informationen über diese Seite"><span>Infurmaziuns da la pagina</span></a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spezial:Zitierhilfe&page=Adam_Smith&id=166835&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Hinweise, wie diese Seite zitiert werden kann"><span>Citar questa pagina</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spezial:URL-K%C3%BCrzung&url=https%3A%2F%2Frm.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FAdam_Smith"><span>Gekürzte URL abrufen</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spezial:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Frm.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FAdam_Smith"><span>QR-Code runterladen</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Stampar/exportar </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-create_a_book" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spezial:Buch&bookcmd=book_creator&referer=Adam+Smith"><span>Crear in cudesch</span></a></li><li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spezial:DownloadAsPdf&page=Adam_Smith&action=show-download-screen"><span>Telechargiar sco PDF</span></a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Adam_Smith&printable=yes" title="Versiun per stampar da questa pagina [p]" accesskey="p"><span>Versiun per stampar</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> En auters projects </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Adam_Smith" hreflang="en"><span>Wikimedia Commons</span></a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q9381" title="Link zum verbundenen Objekt im Datenrepositorium [g]" accesskey="g"><span>Wikidata object</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Seitenwerkzeuge"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Erscheinungsbild"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Erscheinungsbild</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">In die Seitenleiste verschieben</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">Verbergen</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">Ord Wikipedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="rm" dir="ltr"><div style="right:30px; display:none;" class="topicon"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Artitgels_che_mintga_Vichipedia_duai_aver" title="Artitgel dals 1000"><img alt="Artitgel dals 1000" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/1000HA.png/28px-1000HA.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/0a/1000HA.png 1.5x" data-file-width="36" data-file-height="36" /></a></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Datoteca:AdamSmith.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/AdamSmith.jpg/220px-AdamSmith.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="328" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/AdamSmith.jpg/330px-AdamSmith.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/AdamSmith.jpg/440px-AdamSmith.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1456" data-file-height="2173" /></a><figcaption>Adam Smith dal 1787</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/Datoteca:Adam_Smith_signature_1783.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Signatura dal 1783"><img alt="Signatura dal 1783" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Adam_Smith_signature_1783.svg/220px-Adam_Smith_signature_1783.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="33" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Adam_Smith_signature_1783.svg/330px-Adam_Smith_signature_1783.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Adam_Smith_signature_1783.svg/440px-Adam_Smith_signature_1783.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="585" data-file-height="89" /></a><figcaption>Signatura dal 1783</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Adam Smith</b> [smɪθ], (battegià ils 16 da zercladur 1723 a Kirkcaldy, contadi da Fife, <a href="/wiki/Scozia" title="Scozia">Scozia</a>; † 17 da fanadur 1790 ad <a href="/w/index.php?title=Edinburgh&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Edinburgh (n'exista betg)">Edinburgh</a>), è stà in filosof da la morala ed illuminist e vala sco fundatur da l’economia naziunala classica. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Vita">Vita</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Adam_Smith&veaction=edit&section=1" title="Modifitgar secziun: Vita" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifitgar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Adam_Smith&action=edit&section=1" title="Quellcode des Abschnitts bearbeiten: Vita"><span>modifitgar il code</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Derivanza">Derivanza</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Adam_Smith&veaction=edit&section=2" title="Modifitgar secziun: Derivanza" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifitgar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Adam_Smith&action=edit&section=2" title="Quellcode des Abschnitts bearbeiten: Derivanza"><span>modifitgar il code</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Datoteca:Adam_Smith%27s_mother.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Adam_Smith%27s_mother.JPG/160px-Adam_Smith%27s_mother.JPG" decoding="async" width="160" height="213" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Adam_Smith%27s_mother.JPG/240px-Adam_Smith%27s_mother.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Adam_Smith%27s_mother.JPG/320px-Adam_Smith%27s_mother.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1920" data-file-height="2560" /></a><figcaption>Margaret Douglas, la mamma dad Adam Smith</figcaption></figure> <p>Davart la vita da Smith è enconuschent bundant pli pauc che davart si’ovra. Ses bab ch’aveva il medem num sco el era in funcziunari da duana a Kirkcaldy ed è mort avant sia naschientscha. Sia mamma, Margaret Douglas, era la figlia d’in possessur da funs bainstant. Adam Smith e sia mamma han tgirà in cun l’auter ina relaziun fitg stretga. Ella dueva er intimar e promover el en sia furmaziun da pli tard. Adam Smith è vegnì battegià ils 16 da zercladur 1723 a Kirkcaldy. En la vegliadetgna da quatter onns duai Smith esser vegnì rapinà. Durant lur persecuziun al hajan ils rapinaders però pers, uschia ch’el haja pudì vegnir manà a chasa entaifer curt temp. Ultra da quai è enconuschent ch’el ha absolvì la scola fundamentala a Kirkcaldy. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Studi">Studi</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Adam_Smith&veaction=edit&section=3" title="Modifitgar secziun: Studi" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifitgar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Adam_Smith&action=edit&section=3" title="Quellcode des Abschnitts bearbeiten: Studi"><span>modifitgar il code</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A partir da ses 14avel onn da vita ha Adam Smith studegià dal 1737 fin il 1740 a l’universitad da <a href="/w/index.php?title=Glasgow&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Glasgow (n'exista betg)">Glasgow</a>. Tranter auter ha el frequentà las prelecziuns da <a href="/w/index.php?title=Francis_Hutcheson&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Francis Hutcheson (n'exista betg)">Francis Hutcheson</a> ch’al ha influenzà tant en sias ponderaziuns filosoficas sco er economicas. Glasgow era segnà da quel temp d’in ferm svilup economic ed ha er servì pli tard a Smith per far sias observaziuns economicas. Smith ha terminà la scola l’onn 1740 cun bunas notas, quai ch’al ha purtà en in stipendi che dueva pussibilitar ulteriurs studis. </p><p>Dal 1740 al 1746 ha Smith studegià filosofia al Balliol College ad <a href="/w/index.php?title=Oxford&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Oxford (n'exista betg)">Oxford</a>. Fitg bain n’è el però betg sa sentì ad Oxford ch’era da quel temp in lieu vaira contemplativ. En cumparegliaziun cun Glasgow ha el resentì l’atmosfera sco antiquada e la citad sco sutsviluppada. Tranter ses commilitons n’aveva el strusch amis. Ultra dals vegls pregiudizis antiscots ha la sullevaziun dals jacobits dal 1745 pegiurà la situaziun. Adina puspè pativa el er da problems da sanadad. En ina brev rapporta el a sia mamma d’in «scorbut endinà collià cun in trair en il chau». </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Activitad_d’instrucziun"><span id="Activitad_d.E2.80.99instrucziun"></span>Activitad d’instrucziun</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Adam_Smith&veaction=edit&section=4" title="Modifitgar secziun: Activitad d’instrucziun" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifitgar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Adam_Smith&action=edit&section=4" title="Quellcode des Abschnitts bearbeiten: Activitad d’instrucziun"><span>modifitgar il code</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Il 1746 è Smith returnà a Kirkcaldy. El è sa stentà d’obtegnair ina plazza, ma n’ha chattà nagut che fiss stà adattà. Pervi da las bunas relaziuns da la famiglia da vart da la mamma e grazia a la recumandaziun dal giurist e filosof <a href="/w/index.php?title=Lord_Kames&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lord Kames (n'exista betg)">Lord Kames</a> ha el la finala gì il 1748/49 la pussaivladad da tegnair ina seria da prelecziuns publicas ad <a href="/w/index.php?title=Edinburgh&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Edinburgh (n'exista betg)">Edinburgh</a>; quai furmava da quel temp la premissa per pudair exequir in’activitad sco docent universitar. Il spectrum tematic era fitg vast: da la litteratura e retorica englaisa sur la filosofia fin a la giurisprudenza. Entaifer ils circuls academics èsi reussì a Smith da s’acquistar in grond dumber d’aderents. Ses contemporans rapportan d’ina immensa fulla da students, e quai cumbain ch’ils referats na tutgavan betg tar il program d’instrucziun uffizial. Davart il cuntegn da las prelecziun n’è strusch enconuschent insatge; quellas han be pudì vegnir reconstruidas approximativamain a basa da manuscrits dals students. </p><p>L’onn 1751 (u tenor in’autra funtauna il 1750) è Smith daventà en la vegliadetgna da 27 onns professer per logica a l’Universitad da Glasgow; il 1752 è suandada la professura per filosofia da la morala. El ha uschia surpiglià la posiziun da <a href="/w/index.php?title=Hutcherson&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hutcherson (n'exista betg)">Hutcherson</a> ed è er vegnì pajà meglier che quel. La filosofia da la morala cumpigliava in vast spectrum che tanscheva da la teologia sur l’economia politica fin tar l’etica. Ses students eran tranter 14 e 16 onns vegls; il nivel d’instrucziun da Smith vegniva resentì sco pretensius. Lingua d’instrucziun furmava il latin; sco in dals emprims ha Smith però bainbaud cumenzà ad instruir per englais. Da quel temp è er sa sviluppada si’amicizia cun il filosof <a href="/w/index.php?title=David_Hume&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="David Hume (n'exista betg)">David Hume</a>. </p><p>Si’emprima ovra pli gronda, ‹The Theory of Moral Sentiments› (1759), ha gì grond success ed ha bainspert fatg daventar famus ses autur. L’ovra tracta la natira umana en sia relaziun envers la societad. Betg in’instanza superiura, mabain l’uman tschentia a sasez terms. L’illuminist Smith aveva in’idea plitost positiva dal cumportament uman e n’era betg pront d’acceptar il maletg dal mund in pau rubiesti sco ch’el sa manifestescha per exempel en il ‹Leviathan› da <a href="/w/index.php?title=Thomas_Hobbes&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Thomas Hobbes (n'exista betg)">Thomas Hobbes</a> (1651). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Viadi_da_furmaziun">Viadi da furmaziun</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Adam_Smith&veaction=edit&section=5" title="Modifitgar secziun: Viadi da furmaziun" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifitgar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Adam_Smith&action=edit&section=5" title="Quellcode des Abschnitts bearbeiten: Viadi da furmaziun"><span>modifitgar il code</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Datoteca:Toulouse_-_Place_du_Peyrou_-_Wallaert.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Toulouse_-_Place_du_Peyrou_-_Wallaert.jpg/220px-Toulouse_-_Place_du_Peyrou_-_Wallaert.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="149" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Toulouse_-_Place_du_Peyrou_-_Wallaert.jpg/330px-Toulouse_-_Place_du_Peyrou_-_Wallaert.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Toulouse_-_Place_du_Peyrou_-_Wallaert.jpg/440px-Toulouse_-_Place_du_Peyrou_-_Wallaert.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3176" data-file-height="2150" /></a><figcaption>Toulouse l’onn 1760</figcaption></figure> <p>Il 1763 è Smith sa retratg da sia professura per surpigliar il post lucrativ dal tutor dal giuven Henry Scott, 3rd Duke of Buccleuch. Tar quel sa tractavi dal figliaster da Charles Townshend ch’era fitg impressiunà da Smith. El è vegnì accumpagnà da Smith da l’entschatta 1764 fin la fin 1766 sin ses viadi da furmaziun tras il continent europeic (<a href="/wiki/Frantscha" title="Frantscha">Frantscha</a>, <a href="/wiki/Svizra" title="Svizra">Svizra</a>). Quest’activitad da Smith al ha purtà en ina renta da 300 glivras sterlinas per vita duranta. </p><p>Durant l’emprima part dal viadi ha el passentà in entir onn ensemen cun ses protegì a <a href="/w/index.php?title=Toulouse&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Toulouse (n'exista betg)">Toulouse</a>, nua ch’igl existiva ina colonia englaisa. Damai ch’el na chapiva anc betg bain franzos, n’al èsi betg reussì da fitgar pe en la societad franzosa da questa citad ch’era da quel temp fitg impurtanta. El ha perquai gì bler temp liber ed ha cumenzà a scriver l’onn 1764 in cudesch (‹An Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations›). </p><p>Ulteriuras staziuns dal viadi èn stads visitas tar <a href="/w/index.php?title=Voltaire&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Voltaire (n'exista betg)">Voltaire</a> a <a href="/wiki/Genevra" title="Genevra">Genevra</a> e <a href="/wiki/Paris" title="Paris">Paris</a>, nua che ses vegl ami <a href="/w/index.php?title=David_Hume&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="David Hume (n'exista betg)">David Hume</a> – ch’era da quel temp attasché en l’ambassada britannica – al ha introducì en ils saluns. Da quel temp ha el fatg l’enconuschientscha persunala dals economs naziunals <a href="/w/index.php?title=Turgot&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Turgot (n'exista betg)">Turgot</a> e <a href="/w/index.php?title=Fran%C3%A7ois_Quesnay&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="François Quesnay (n'exista betg)">François Quesnay</a>, ils represchentants principals dal fisiocratissem. Quest contact ha segiramain furmà in eveniment decisiv per ses agens studis areguard l’economia publica. Il 1766 ha il viadi stuì vegnir interrut andetgamain, damai ch’il frar giuven dal duca ch’era sa participà a quest viadi è vegnì andetgamain malsaun ed e mort curt temp suenter.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ils_ultims_onns">Ils ultims onns</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Adam_Smith&veaction=edit&section=6" title="Modifitgar secziun: Ils ultims onns" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifitgar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Adam_Smith&action=edit&section=6" title="Quellcode des Abschnitts bearbeiten: Ils ultims onns"><span>modifitgar il code</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Suenter ses return en la <a href="/wiki/Gronda_Britannia" title="Gronda Britannia">Gronda Britannia</a> è cumparì ‹An Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations› (1776). Il cudesch è daventà in success incumparegliabel; gia bainbaud èn suandadas translaziuns en diversas autras linguas. Danovamain descriva Smith l’effect da l’agen interess sin la societad. L’uman saja interessà da meglierar sia situaziun da viver e tendeschia perquai vers il commerzi ed il barat. La ritgezza resultia da la lavur umana. Smith accentuescha la muntada da la divisiun da la lavur e da la spezialisaziun per cuntanscher bainstanza. </p><p>La gronda part dals onns ch’èn suandads ha Smith passentà en sia citad natala Kirkcaldy. Cura ch’el è vegnì tschernì il 1778 sco cumissari da duana da la Scozia è el ì a star en la citad dad Edinburgh vischinanta. En ses cumbat cunter ils cuntrabandists da té e vinars militants è Smith sa mussà sco cumissari ordvart rigurus. En brevs è cumprovà co ch’el ha clamà en agid il militar ed ha laschà endrizzar a la costa vegls bists da navs sco basas militaras. Entaifer dus onns al èsi reussì da sanar las finanzas marodas dal pajais. Da quel temp dateschan er sias amicizias cun il chemicher <a href="/w/index.php?title=Joseph_Black&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Joseph Black (n'exista betg)">Joseph Black</a> ed il scienzià da la natira e geolog <a href="/w/index.php?title=James_Hutton&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="James Hutton (n'exista betg)">James Hutton</a>. </p> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Datoteca:Adam_Smith_Grave.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Adam_Smith_Grave.JPG/160px-Adam_Smith_Grave.JPG" decoding="async" width="160" height="213" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Adam_Smith_Grave.JPG/240px-Adam_Smith_Grave.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Adam_Smith_Grave.JPG/320px-Adam_Smith_Grave.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1920" data-file-height="2560" /></a><figcaption>La fossa dad Adam Smith ad Edinburgh</figcaption></figure> <p>Il triumf da la maschina da vapur da l’inventader <a href="/w/index.php?title=James_Watt&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="James Watt (n'exista betg)">James Watt</a>, che tutgava medemamain tar ses amis, n’ha Smith betg pli vesì; el è mort il 1790. Suenter sia mort èn numerusas scrittiras privatas vegnidas disfatgas, sco che Smith aveva giavischà en ses testament. </p><p>Smith sto avair correspundì al maletg dal professer distract. Igl existan numerusas anecdotas che descrivan co ch’el manava in’existenza plitost spiertala. Uschia duai el per exempel avair manà durant l’entira vita monologs ed ina giada al hajan ins er scuntrà sin via en la mantella da chombra. Pervi da sias ideas criticas sto però er vegnir remartgà che Smith na vegn betg be ad avair sa fatg amis tranter ils impressaris; igl è perquai tuttavia er pussaivel ch’intgins da quels han tratg a niz lur influenza per stgaffir in maletg scurril e sfalsifitgant da sia persuna – da la quala ins sa oramai pauc – per pudair metter en dumonda sias tesas. Da l’autra vart duai Smith tuttavia esser stà ina persuna curtaschaivla. Ses ami <a href="/w/index.php?title=David_Hume&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="David Hume (n'exista betg)">David Hume</a> al descriva en ina brev suandantamain: «Vus vegnis a chattar en el in um ordvart meritaivel, cumbain che sia moda da viver sesenta e retratga han turblà in pau sia cumparsa e demananza sco galantum.»<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Smith ha fatg pliras dumondas da maridar, las qualas èn però tuttas vegnidas refusadas. En il decurs da sia vita ha el endrizzà ina biblioteca privata da grondezza respectabla. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Ovras">Ovras</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Adam_Smith&veaction=edit&section=7" title="Modifitgar secziun: Ovras" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifitgar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Adam_Smith&action=edit&section=7" title="Quellcode des Abschnitts bearbeiten: Ovras"><span>modifitgar il code</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Economia">Economia</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Adam_Smith&veaction=edit&section=8" title="Modifitgar secziun: Economia" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifitgar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Adam_Smith&action=edit&section=8" title="Quellcode des Abschnitts bearbeiten: Economia"><span>modifitgar il code</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Smith ha gì in effect impressiunant e fitg vast entaifer l’economia. Ses temas centrals eran la rolla da la spartiziun da la lavur e la rolla dal martgà liber, la dumonda da la repartiziun, dal commerzi cun l’exteriur e la rolla dal stadi. </p><p>Las prelecziuns da Smith en filosofia da la morala han furmà il 1759 la basa per la publicaziun da si’ovra principala filosofica ‹The Theory of Moral Sentiments›. En quella definescha el la simpatia per ils conumans sco il fundament da la morala e sco motor da la lavur umana. </p><p>Il 1776 è cumparida l’emprima ediziun da sia famusa ovra principala economica ‹An Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations›, vi da la quala el aveva lavurà dapi ses viadi en <a href="/wiki/Frantscha" title="Frantscha">Frantscha</a>. La cumpariziun da quest’ovra vegn resguardada sco ura da naschientscha da l’economia naziunala englaisa. Las scrittiras economicas ch’eran vegnidas publitgadas avant Smith na valevan numnadamain betg sco scientificas, mabain formuladas or da la perspectiva dal stadi (vul dir en in tun cameralistic) ubain da tscherts participants da l’economia (p.ex. manuals per commerziants). Tranter las duas ovras centralas da Smith vesan intgins economs ina cuntradicziun, la quala vegn tematisada en la litteratura dal fatg sco ‹problem dad Adam Smith›. </p><p>En l’ovra ‹Wealth of Nations› designescha Smith la lavur (latin <i>industria</i>, englais <i>industry</i>, perquai er la denominaziun dal sistem da Smith sco ‹sistem industrial›) sco funtauna e mesira per la valur dals bains. Cun quai ha l’economia cumenzà a sa distatgar da la natira sco la pli impurtanta resursa per la producziun da bains; per ils fisiocrats aveva numnadamain la natira anc furmà la suletta funtauna da tutta valur. Cuntrari a l’opiniun dals mercantilists e fisiocrats considerescha el mintga lavur nizzaivla sco productiva (betg part da quella fan pia tenor Smith per exempel la lavur d’ina chantadura d’opera u d’in scriptur). Ensemen cun ils fisiocrats franzos ha el considerà la concurrenza libra senza intervenziuns statalas severas sco basa per ina spartiziun da la lavur che mainia a la bainstanza da la societad. Il traffic liber tant a l’intern sco er a nivel internaziunal mainia tenor Smith betg be ad ina repartiziun adequata, tant locala sco temporala, da las forzas e resursas ed a la gulivaziun dals pretschs e gudogns, mabain promovia a medem temp er il meglier pussaivel il bainstar public. Smith era da quel temp activ sco cummissari da taglia e pledava er per la restricziun la pli massiva dal commerzi cun l’exteriur tras l’acta da navigaziun englaisa; quai na stabiliva per el però nagina cuntradicziun cun sia teoria economica, damai ch’el accordava a la defensiun dal pajais ina pli gronda prioritad che a la ritgezza. La libertad da commerzi na considerava el betg sco in princip che dueva valair adina ed independent da svilups economics reals, mabain che dueva esser lià a situaziuns politicas ed economicas actualas. Uschia ha Smith per exempel defendì l’idea da suttametter las martganzias che vegnivan importadas da l’exteriur a la medema taglia sco ils products indigens. En ses cudesch tracta el per l’emprima giada er dumondas da la paritad dals curs da stgomi, la quala era colliada per el cun l’egualitad dals debits tranter dus stadis. </p> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Datoteca:Wealth_of_Nations_title_RZ.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Wealth_of_Nations_title_RZ.jpg/140px-Wealth_of_Nations_title_RZ.jpg" decoding="async" width="140" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Wealth_of_Nations_title_RZ.jpg/210px-Wealth_of_Nations_title_RZ.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Wealth_of_Nations_title_RZ.jpg/280px-Wealth_of_Nations_title_RZ.jpg 2x" data-file-width="375" data-file-height="537" /></a><figcaption>Frontispizi da l’ovra principala da Smith</figcaption></figure> <p>Sco fundatur da l’economia sco scienza vala Smith surtut perquai ch’el ha collià cun quella in puntg da vista da l’entira societad (enstagl d’interess particulars). L’economia appartegneva als champs ch’el instruiva en rom da la filosofia da la morala. Ina da las dumondas cardinalas aristotelicas da l’etica filosofica, cun la quala Smith è s’occupà sco filosof da la morala, sa cloma sco suonda: «Tge è pli impurtant: la ventira generala da l’entira societad ubain la ventira persunala da l’individi?» Smith ha elavurà questa dumonda en ‹Wealth of Nations› cun agid da conclusiuns empiricas. Ses facit: La ventira generala da l’entira societad vegnia maximada tras quai che mintga individi emprovia d’augmentar sia ventira persunala entaifer ils terms da la societad. Quests terms da la societad èn quai ch’el numna il ‹derschader intern›, il qual sa tschentia avant mintg’acziun la dumonda, schebain quella saja renconuschida e legitimada tras la societad. Smith anticipescha uschia il sur-jau da Freud, il qual è pli tard vegnì explitgà e descrit a moda socio-istorica tar Norbert Elias.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Tras il maun invisibel ch’augmenta sur las activitads dal martgà la bainstanza da la societad vegnia a medem temp er augmentada la ventira generala da l’entira societad – cumbain a moda pli u main casuala. Pertge che la repartiziun dals bains sur il martgà na renda betg tuts tuttina ritgs; ma ils servients e schurnaliers pon profitar dal possess dals possessurs da terren perquai ch’ils ritgs na pon betg mangiar dapli che quai che lur magun tschiffa. L’idea da generalisar il martgà ad in princip directiv universal na po perquai betg vegnir messa senza resalvas en bucca ad Adam Smith e resta dispitada fin oz. </p><p>Smith cumenza l’emprim chapitel da ‹Wealth of Nations› cun in’examinaziun da la spartiziun da la lavur, la quala è tenor el da muntada centrala per bainstanza creschenta.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> L’effect da la spartiziun da la lavur illustrescha el a l’exempel da la producziun da gluvas – in exempel ch’el ha chattà en l’‹Encyclopédie› franzosa. Sche la spartiziun da la lavur n’avess betg fatg da la producziun da gluvas in agen mastergn cun maschinas spezialisadas, sche pudess in lavurer che na fiss betg furmà spezialmain en quest mastergn «segiramain betg producir vegn gluvas a di e forsa schizunt gnanc ina». En ina pitschna manufactura spezialisada produceschian diesch lavurers percunter radund 48 000 gluvas a di, pia mintga lavurer radund 4800. «E quest’immensa creschientscha da la producziun en tut ils mastergns, en consequenza da la spartiziun da la lavur, maina en in stadi bain regì a bainstanza generala, la quala vegn schizunt sentida en las gruppas socialas las pli bassas.»<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>La spartiziun da la lavur sa sviluppia pervi da l’inclinaziun innata da l’uman da stgamiar: «Tuttina sco ch’il negoziar, barattar e cumprar furma il med da proveder in l’auter cun prest tut ils servetschs nizzaivels che nus basegnain, uschia dat l’inclinaziun da barattar la finala er il stausch a la spartiziun da la lavur.» Be l’uman haja tenor las observaziuns da Smith l’inclinaziun natirala da stgamiar. «Nagin n’ha vis insacura in chaun a barattar undraivlamain e ponderadamain in oss cunter in auter...»<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Popular è daventà il term dal ‹maun invisibel› che vegn savens collià cun l’ovra dad Adam Smith. Smith dovra questa metafra, ch’era usitada da ses temp, però be gist en ina passascha da ‹Wealth of Nations›. El tracta en quella restricziuns commerzialas e mussa ch’il singul augmentia gist cun vulair augmentar sia productivitad e ses gudogn per interess persunal er l’interess da la societad a moda pli ferma che sch’el avess vulì promover quest interess a moda directa: «El vegn guidà en quest sco er en blers auters cas d’in maun invisibel per promover in intent, il qual el n’aveva insumma betg l’intenziun da promover.»<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Smith differenziescha tranter il pretsch natiral ed il pretsch che vegn pajà effectivamain, il pretsch da martgà. El parta dal fatg ch’igl existian en mintga societad tariffas usitadas u natiralas areguard il salari, il gudogn da chapital e la renta da basa. «Ina martganzia vegn vendida per quai ch’ins numna ses pretsch natiral, sch’il pretsch correspunda precisamain a la summa ch’i dovra per pajar tenor las tariffas natiralas la renta da basa, la paja ed il gudogn da chapital ch’i dovra per producir, elavurar ed ir sin il martgà cun il product.» Il pretsch da martgà è per Smith «il pretsch effectiv, per il qual ina martganzia vegn vendida per ordinari. Quel po esser pli aut u pli bass ch’il pretsch natiral u correspunder precisamain a quel.» Sch’il pretsch da martgà sa chatta sur il pretsch natiral vegn la purschida a crescher, damai ch’i vala la paina da producir questa rauba. Sa chatta el però sut quel, alura na bastan las entradas betg per cuvrir ils custs da producziun. L’agen interess dals singuls possessurs da terren, commerziants e lavurants procura pia ch’il pretsch e l’offerta s’adatteschian in a l’auter. «Per quest motiv è il pretsch natiral il central, vers il qual tendeschan ils pretschs da tut las martganzias.» Quest mecanissem vegn per ordinari circumscrit sco il maun invisibel dal martgà (cumbain che Smith sez dovra, sco gia vis, questa metafra en in’autra passascha da ses cudesch). </p><p>Monopols e cartels ch’impedeschan la concurrenza libra resguardava Smith sco spezialmain nuschaivels. «Tras lescha na sa laschan talas cunvegnientschas betg scumandar, almain betg cun talas ch’èn cumpatiblas cun libertad ed egualitad u che fissan er be exequiblas. Ma sche reuniuns da persunas dal medem mastergn na sa laschan betg evitar tras leschas, sche duain quellas almain betg vegnir simplifitgadas u schizunt rendidas necessarias tras leschas.»<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Dal temp da Smith ha quel bain constatà che la producziun è creschida in pau, ma la povradad da grondas parts da la populaziun era anc adina frappanta. A la perscrutaziun da quella è Smith sa deditgà intensivamain. «Savens hai jau udì ch’i na saja en ils Highlands Scozais nagut extraordinari ch’ina mamma vegnia da tegnair en vita be dus da ses ventg uffants.»<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Datoteca:Allan_Ramsay_-_David_Hume,_1711_-_1776._Historian_and_philosopher_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Allan_Ramsay_-_David_Hume%2C_1711_-_1776._Historian_and_philosopher_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/160px-Allan_Ramsay_-_David_Hume%2C_1711_-_1776._Historian_and_philosopher_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg" decoding="async" width="160" height="190" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Allan_Ramsay_-_David_Hume%2C_1711_-_1776._Historian_and_philosopher_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/240px-Allan_Ramsay_-_David_Hume%2C_1711_-_1776._Historian_and_philosopher_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Allan_Ramsay_-_David_Hume%2C_1711_-_1776._Historian_and_philosopher_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/320px-Allan_Ramsay_-_David_Hume%2C_1711_-_1776._Historian_and_philosopher_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3365" data-file-height="4001" /></a><figcaption>Il filosof David Hume è stà in bun ami e partenari da discussiun da Smith</figcaption></figure> <p>Tar tractativas da paja vesa Smith ils lavurants en ina posiziun bler pli flaivla ch’ils impressaris. Quai explitgescha el cun la constataziun ch’ils impressaris – damai ch’els sajan bler pli paucs – possian s’unir bler pli tgunsch ad in tschert cartel da paja ch’ils lavurants. Ultra da quai eran reuniuns da lavurants scumandadas da quel temp tenor lescha. Ma er là nua ch’ils lavurants èn tuttina s’unids e sa revoltads, è Smith da l’avis che quai haja purtà ad els pauc: «Ils lavurants han damai be darar in niz da questas colliaziuns violentas e furiusas. Pervi da l’intervenziun da las autoritads, l’insistenza dals patruns e perquai che la gronda part è sfurzada da sa suttametter per gudagnar il da viver, han quellas per ordinari nagin auter effect che da punir u far ir en malura ils agitaturs.» </p><p>Enstagl pledescha Smith per il martgà da lavur liber, en il qual dumonda ed offerta stabileschan l’autezza da la paja: «Sche la dumonda suenter quels che vivan da la paja – lavurants, giarsuns, serviturs – crescha en in pajais cuntinuadamain, sch’i dat mintg’onn ina pli gronda purschida d’occupaziun che l’onn precedent, alura n’han ils lavurants nagin motiv da sa colliar per augmentar la paja. La mancanza da mauns maina tar ils patruns ad ina concurrenza ed els chatschan ad aut las pajas per pudair obtegnair lavurants, uschia che schizunt la cunvegna natirala dals patruns da betg laschar crescher la paja perda ses effect.» </p><p>Auzaments da la paja, uschia Smith, furman ina consequenza logica da la creschientscha economica. Decisiva en quest mecanissem na saja betg l’autezza absoluta da l’entrada naziunala, mabain ina creschientscha cuntinuanta: «I n’èn perquai betg ils pajais bainstants, en ils quals il salari è il pli aut, mabain quels che sa sviluppan il pli spert u daventan il pli spert ritgs.» Smith illustrescha quai a l’exempel da l’<a href="/wiki/America_dal_Nord" title="America dal Nord">America dal Nord</a> che sa sviluppava da quel temp fermamain. Là eran las pajas pli autas ch’en l’<a href="/wiki/Engalterra" title="Engalterra">Engalterra</a> ch’era da quel temp pli ritga. Partind da sias observaziuns dals svilups da ses temp examinescha Smith la relaziun tranter l’autezza da la paja ed il svilup da la populaziun. «L’uman è dependent da pudair viver da sia lavur e sia paja sto almain esser uschè auta ch’el po exister da quella. Per ordinari sto quella schizunt anc esser pli auta, damai ch’i na fiss uschiglio betg pussaivel ad in lavurer da fundar ina famiglia; sia classa sociala muriss alura ora cun la proxima generaziun.» Cura che la paja crescha, pon ils povers proveder meglier lur uffants e consequentamain trair si pli blers dad els. «Ins na duess però betg survesair che quai è be pussaivel en quel grad che la dumonda [dals impressaris] suenter lavur crescha. [...] Restass la paja ina giada sut l’autezza basegnaivla, alura la chatschass la mancanza da forzas da lavur bainprest puspè ad aut. Fiss quella però ina giada pli auta, la smatgass la multiplicaziun surproporziunala bainprest puspè sin l’autezza basegnaivla. En l’emprim cas fiss il martgà sutdotà cun forzas da lavur, en il segund surdotà, uschia che las forzas dal martgà vegnissan a gulivar la paja sin in nivel che correspunda a las relaziuns dal pajais respectivas.» Ina fixaziun da las pajas en la lescha refusa Smith, damai ch’i na saja betg pussaivel «da fixar quella raschunaivlamain tras leschas, cumbain che quai vegn savens pretendì.»<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Significativ per Smith è ses proceder empiric ed istoric. Tut sias conclusiuns vegnan savens cumprovadas cun observaziuns e sa basan per part sin in studi da funtaunas intensiv davart il svilup da pretschs da pli baud.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Ulteriuras publicaziuns dad Adam Smith èn tranter auter ‹A Dictionary of the English Language by Samuel Johnson› ch’el ha publitgà il 1755 a moda anonima e divers essais sut il titel ‹Essays on Philosophical Subjects› ch’èn vegnids publitgads postum il 1795. En preschientscha da ses amis ha Smith ars tut las notizias ed ils manuscrits. El vuleva evitar uschia da surlaschar a la posteriuritad insatge nunfinì. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Martgads_da_chapital">Martgads da chapital</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Adam_Smith&veaction=edit&section=9" title="Modifitgar secziun: Martgads da chapital" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifitgar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Adam_Smith&action=edit&section=9" title="Quellcode des Abschnitts bearbeiten: Martgads da chapital"><span>modifitgar il code</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Smith era cunter in scumond da tschains general: «Sco che l’experientscha mussa, ha in scumond da tschains be anc augmentà l’usuraria, enstagl da l’impedir.»<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Da fixar in tschains maximal, sco quai ch’igl era il cas da ses temp en l’<a href="/wiki/Engalterra" title="Engalterra">Engalterra</a>, al pareva però tuttavia nizzaivel. Tenor el dueva quest tschains maximal fixà en la lescha adina giaschair in pau sur il tschains da martgà usità (vul dir sur quel ch’ils debiturs pajan per ordinari per l’emprest da daners). Vegniss el fixà pli bass, alura fiss el tuttina u prest tuttina nuschaivel sco in scumond da tschains general. </p><p>Il tschains maximal na dueva però er betg vegnir fixà memia aut sur il tschains da martgà usità. «Vegniss el fixà en l’Engalterra per exempel tar 8 u 10 %, alura giessan ils daners ad emprest per gronda part a glieud d’affars dubiusa ed a planisaders (original englais: <i>prodigals and projectors</i>), damai che be quels fissan pronts da pajar in tschains uschè aut.»<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Qua sa mussa l’experientscha che Smith ha fatg cun la scufla dal martgà da chapital a l’entschatta dal 18avel tschientaner, l’uschenumnada <i>South Sea Bubble</i>. El era da l’avis ch’in tschains maximal impedeschia ch’il chapital d’in pajais vegnia retratg da la glieud da fatschenta solida, vul dir da quels ch’al applitgeschian cun gronda tschertezza cun gudogn ed avantatg. «Dapertut là nua ch’il tschains legal è fixà be pauc sur il tschains da martgà il pli bass, dattan ils emprestaders la preferenza a la glieud da fatschenta solida, damai ch’els survegnan dad els prest tuttina bler tschains sco quai ch’els ristgassan d’obtegnair da la glieud da fatschenta betg seriusa, e quai bain savend che lur daners vegnan investids uschia a moda bler pli segira.» </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Teoria_dal_stadi">Teoria dal stadi</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Adam_Smith&veaction=edit&section=10" title="Modifitgar secziun: Teoria dal stadi" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifitgar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Adam_Smith&action=edit&section=10" title="Quellcode des Abschnitts bearbeiten: Teoria dal stadi"><span>modifitgar il code</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Datoteca:Fran%C3%A7ois_Quesnay.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Fran%C3%A7ois_Quesnay.jpg/160px-Fran%C3%A7ois_Quesnay.jpg" decoding="async" width="160" height="203" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Fran%C3%A7ois_Quesnay.jpg/240px-Fran%C3%A7ois_Quesnay.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Fran%C3%A7ois_Quesnay.jpg/320px-Fran%C3%A7ois_Quesnay.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1543" data-file-height="1961" /></a><figcaption>François Quesnay</figcaption></figure> <p>Tenor Smith sa lascha la bainstanza da la societad realisar il meglier en in sistem che conceda grondas libertads. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Quesnay&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Quesnay (n'exista betg)">Quesnay</a> aveva clamà suenter la libertad da commerzi per far vegnir pli char la granezza e gidar tras quai l’agricultura; tar Smith daventa or da quai l’utopia d’in commerzi liber ch’augmenta la bainstanza dal pajais. </p><p>Sia teoria dal stadi parta da quai che la spartiziun da la lavur cumplitgeschia las relaziuns da producziun talmain ch’ina planisaziun en il detagl tras il stadi na fetschia nagin senn pli. I saja perquai meglier da permetter da persequitar interess privats, pertge ch’uschia vegnia la finamira da stgaffir la ritgezza da l’entira societad cuntanschida il meglier. </p><p>La consequenza logica da quai è in stadi da dretg burgais che na suonda nagins agens interess, mabain metta be a disposiziun a la societad las cundiziuns da basa. Al stadi cumpetan tenor Smith quatter incumbensas centralas: </p> <ol><li>L’organisaziun da la defensiun dal pajais.</li> <li>La protecziun da mintga commember da la societad cunter ingiustia e suppressiun.</li> <li>L’installaziun ed il mantegniment d’instituziuns publicas che na pudessan betg vegnir mantegnidas tras privats, ma ch’èn tuttina da muntada per la generalitad, sco per exempel scolas u vias.</li> <li>La realisaziun e defensiun dal possess privat.</li></ol> <p>Da segirar la furmaziun generala tras il stadi, ha furmà per Smith in tema impurtant, damai ch’el veseva tuttavia ils privels da la spartiziun da la lavur ch’el propagava. Il stadi duaja perquai render accessibel al ‹simpel pievel› ina scolaziun da basa: «La furmaziun da las classas socialas bassas dumonda forsa en ina societad civilisada e commerzianta suenter ina pli gronda attenziun da vart dal stadi che la furmaziun dals nobels e bainstants. (...) Facilitar po il stadi l’acquist da las enconuschientschas da basa cun endrizzar en mintga plaiv u district ina pitschna scola, en la quala ins uffants vegnan instruids per in pitschen daner, il qual er il pli simpel schurnalier po pajar. (...) E la finala po il stadi endrizzar la scola populara sco indispensabla per il pievel cumin cun far passar mintgin in examen che vul s’acquistar il dretg da corporaziun u che vul cumenzar in commerzi en in vitg u ina citad.»<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Tras questas purschidas da furmaziun vegnia pussibilità a l’um cumin da surmuntar tras atgna diligenza la situaziun en la quala el sa chattia tras naschientscha. En il medem senn s’exprima Smith er a favur d’ina concurrenza tranter las universitads. </p><p>Ord vista odierna datti en egl che Smith n’ha betg resguardà sco incumbensa centrala dal stadi da procurar per occupaziun, e quai cuntrari a blers da ses contemporans sco per exempel James Stewart. Smith è partì da la supposiziun (sbagliada) ch’i dettia ina relaziun fixa tranter la dotaziun cun chapital d’in pajais ed il grad d’occupaziun, la quala saja nunmidabla e sa laschia be augmentar sch’i vegnia impundì chapital a moda pli bunmartgada. En cas da libertad da commerzi vegnia quai promovì tras imports favuraivels ils quals sforzian la producziun indigena en il concurs e mainian forzas da lavur e chapital vers auters roms industrials – in effect da la spartiziun da lavur internaziunala. Demobilisaziun e transferiments da chapital sforzian bain da midar plazza, ma qua sa mussian ils lavurants pli flexibels ch’ils schuldads, er perquai che las lavurs en las manufacturas na sa differenzieschian betg tant ina da l’autra. </p><p>Ch’i sa tracta qua d’in mecanissem che na sa lascha betg dumagnar da tut ils pertutgads tuttina bain, è Smith però tuttavia conscient. Entant ch’il finanziader po transferir ses daners senza pli gronds problems d’ina fatschenta a l’autra, èsi tant per l’impressari sco er per il lavurant bundant main simpel da midar: L’emprim n’è per ordinar betg sez commerziant, mabain ha stabilì ina structura da spartiziun da lavur cumplexa ed il segund ha sviluppà in’attaschadadad envers ses lieu da lavur, ses conumans e ses ambient. Perquai di Smith cleramain ch’il commerzi che vegnia restrenschi tras il commerzi cun l’exteriur stoppia vegnir sustegnì temporarmain. </p><p>Tar Smith chattan ins pia motivs etics che pretendan che dazis vegnian be reducids precautamain, sch’in commerzi ch’era fin qua protegì da la concurrenza da l’exteriur era sa sviluppà uschè bain ch’el aveva pudì emploiar lavurants en grond dumber. Pertge ch’ina «aboliziun andetga dals auts dazis e scumonds d’import pudess manar tut surura ad in’inundaziun dal martgà intern cun martganzia bunmartgada da l’exteriur. Uschia perdessan millis da noss cumpatriots dad oz sin damaun lur plazza da lavur e tras quai lur existenza.» Er per ils impressaris tschertga el ina schliaziun gista: «L’impressari d’ina gronda manufactura vegniss senza dubi a subir grondas sperditas sch’il martgà intern vegniss andetgamain avert per concurrents da l’exteriur ed el vegniss tras quai sfurzà da dar si ses manaschi. Quella part da ses chapital ch’el aveva impundì fin qua per cumprar materias primas e per pajar ses lavurants vegniss el a pudair investir senza pli grondas difficultads en auters manaschis; ma quella part ch’el aveva investì en lavuratoris e maschinas na vegniss el strusch a pudair vender senza ina pli gronda sperdita. Per resguard da ses interess giustifitgads èsi perquai necessari da far tals midaments mai a moda andetga, mabain adina plaunsieu, en plirs pass e pir suenter als avair annunzià ditg ordavant.» </p><p>La funcziun centrala dal stadi resta da proteger il possess privat d’usurpaziuns e da garantir che contracts stabilids vegnian tegnids. Smith ha però vivì dal temp dal mercantilissem europeic, il qual sa concentrava surtut sin la controlla dal commerzi cun l’exteriur e che pratitgava uschia in intervenziunissem, cunter il qual Smith argumentava vehementamain. Malgrà quai ha Smith giuditgà il mercantilissem sco ch’el vegniva pratitgà en l’Engalterra en general sco pli liberal che quel da blers stadis vischins, sco per exempel la Frantscha. </p> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Datoteca:Benjamin_Franklin_1767.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Benjamin_Franklin_1767.jpg/160px-Benjamin_Franklin_1767.jpg" decoding="async" width="160" height="201" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Benjamin_Franklin_1767.jpg/240px-Benjamin_Franklin_1767.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Benjamin_Franklin_1767.jpg/320px-Benjamin_Franklin_1767.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2386" data-file-height="3000" /></a><figcaption>Benjamin Franklin</figcaption></figure> <p>Intgins politichers englais da ses temp han stimà autamain la persuna e l’ovra dad Adam Smith. Suenter ses return da la <a href="/wiki/Frantscha" title="Frantscha">Frantscha</a> è el daventà cussegliader dal chancelier dal tresor britannic. L’onn 1787 è el sa scuntrà repetidamain cun il primminister <a href="/w/index.php?title=William_Pitt&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="William Pitt (n'exista betg)">William Pitt</a>, il qual era in grond admiratur da ‹Wealth of Nations› e che sustegneva decididamain ils princips da commerzi liber da Smith.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ultra da quai steva Adam Smith en contact cun <a href="/w/index.php?title=Benjamin_Franklin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Benjamin Franklin (n'exista betg)">Benjamin Franklin</a>, il bab fundatur dals Stadis Unids. A chaschun dal segiurn da Franklin a <a href="/wiki/Londra" title="Londra">Londra</a> ha Smith discutà cun el (e cun auters) mintga chapitel da si’ovra ‹Wealth of Nations› ch’era anc en planisaziun. Plinavant è Smith stà collavuratur dal Political Economy Club, il qual il commerziant a l’engrossa Andrew Cochrane of Brighouse (1693–1777) aveva fundà. En rom da questa collavuraziun ha Smith er obtegnì infurmaziuns economicas, las qualas el ha integrà en si’ovra. </p><p>Smith ha crititgà massivamain la politica coloniala da l’<a href="/wiki/Engalterra" title="Engalterra">Engalterra</a> e d’auters stadis europeics, surtut da la Spagna: «Sco ch’i para èn tuppadad ed ingiustia stads ils motivs centrals ch’han dominà ils plans d’endrizzar las colonias: la tuppadad da currer suenter ad aur ed argient e l’ingiustia da vulair posseder in pajais, dal qual ils indigens innocents na fissan mai vegnids sin l’idea da vulair offender in European.»<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Cuntrari als mercantilists na resguardava Smith betg sco incumbensa statala da sustegnair l’import dad aur e d’argient. Per el n’eri schizunt betg segir che las quantitads dad aur che vegnivan importadas sur la Spagna nà da l’America dal Sid sajan d’avantatg per l’Europa: Bain daventian products dad aur sco cliniez e pusada d’argient pli bunmartgads; ma da l’autra vart sa sminueschia il niz da l’aur sco med da pajament. Ins stoppia adina purtar cun sai pli grondas quantitads dad aur per disponer da la medema capacitad da cumpra.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Tant per motivs morals sco er per motivs da l’effizienza economica pledescha Smith er per abolir la sclavaria: «L’experientscha da tut ils temps e da tut ils pievels cumprova, sco che jau crai, che la lavur d’in sclav è la finala la pli chara.» Be plantaziuns fitg profitaivlas sco tubac u zutger, uschia Smith, vegnian (anc) da purtar ils auts custs da tegnair sclavs. Per mussar che la sclavaria saja incumpatibla cun ils princips liberals ch’el propaghescha, fa Smith er valair ch’in sclav saja protegì meglier en in stadi cun ina regenza arbitraria – la quala intervegn en dumondas privatas – ch’èn in stadi libertin che protegia il possess privat e sa tegna davent da quel. </p><p>Las scrittiras da Smith furman, sper autras, il fundament teoretic dal liberalissem da <a href="/w/index.php?title=Manchester&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Manchester (n'exista betg)">Manchester</a> da pli tard. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Recepziun">Recepziun</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Adam_Smith&veaction=edit&section=11" title="Modifitgar secziun: Recepziun" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifitgar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Adam_Smith&action=edit&section=11" title="Quellcode des Abschnitts bearbeiten: Recepziun"><span>modifitgar il code</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Joseph Schumpeter scriva en sia ‹History of Economics› davart l’ovra da Smith che quella na cuntegnia «gnanc ina idea u metoda analitica e nagin princip analitic che fiss stà il 1776 dal tuttafatg nov». En in’autra ovra caracterisescha Schumpeter la contribuziun da Smith sco sociologia istorica senza relevanza economica. </p><p>La pli gronda critica envers Smith e la perscrutaziun da Smith sur radund 170 onns ha probablamain formulà Murray Rothbard il 1995. Tenor Rothbard n’èsi insumma betg giustifitgà da numnar Smith in exponent da l’economia da martgà libra. Sia critica centrala sa drizza cunter la conclusiun da Smith che la valur vegnia stabilida tras ils custs da producziun objectivs e betg tras il giudicament subjectiv dals consuments. Cun quest sbagl fundamental haja Smith tschentà il fundament teoretic per il marxissem ed ultra da quai negà ils progress da ses antecessurs talentads e manà uschia las scienzas economicas sin la faussa via. </p><p>Envers societads cun responsabladad limitada, surtut societads d’aczias, aveva Adam Smith ina tenuta fitg critica. P.J. O’Rourke ha perquai fatg la remartga che Smith n’haja betg previs la gronda muntada che las societads d’aczias duevan avair pli tard ed haja perquai valita faussamain quest’instituziun. Medemamain haja Smith betg previs la dimensiun che la Revoluziun industriala dueva cuntanscher (la quala ha da princip cumenzà pir suenter sia mort). E quai cumbain che Smith enconuscheva <a href="/w/index.php?title=James_Watt&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="James Watt (n'exista betg)">James Watt</a> ed admirava si’invenziun. Tenor O’Rourke n’haja Smith betg previs la Revoluziun industriala perquai che Smith saja stà da l’avis che quella haja gia gì lieu durant ses agen temp da vita.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Datoteca:Adam_Smith_statue_by_Alexander_Stoddart.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Adam_Smith_statue_by_Alexander_Stoddart.jpg/160px-Adam_Smith_statue_by_Alexander_Stoddart.jpg" decoding="async" width="160" height="240" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Adam_Smith_statue_by_Alexander_Stoddart.jpg/240px-Adam_Smith_statue_by_Alexander_Stoddart.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Adam_Smith_statue_by_Alexander_Stoddart.jpg/320px-Adam_Smith_statue_by_Alexander_Stoddart.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2745" data-file-height="4117" /></a><figcaption>Statua dad Adam Smith ad Edinburgh</figcaption></figure> <p>James Buchan crititgescha che Smith descrivia in mund static che na fetschia quint ni cun creschientscha ni cun diminuziun da la populaziun ed en il qual na cumparian er betg impressaris innovativs. Innovaziun descriva Smith exclusivamain en la furma da meglieraments che succedan en pitschens pass. Impressaris che realiseschan invenziuns fitg innovativas, sco per exempel <a href="/w/index.php?title=Thomas_Edison&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Thomas Edison (n'exista betg)">Thomas Edison</a>, – als quals vegn savens attribuì ina funcziun centrala en analisas economicas modernas – vegnan spretschads da Smith sco <i>projectors</i> che sfarlattian chapital per ideas nunrentablas.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Tant James Buchan sco er Helen Winter & Thomas Rommel crititgeschan plinavant che Smith laschia quasi da la vart dal tuttafatg la muntada da las dunnas sco participantas a la vita economica. Questa constataziun sto però vegnir relativada en quel senn che Smith suonda en questa dumonda la chapientscha generala dal temp.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Cun tutta acribia ha Adam Smith attatgà las restricziuns, cun las qualas stadis mercantilistics impedeschian il traffic transcunfinal da raubas e chapital. Alan Wolfe ha remartgà che Smith n’haja percunter strusch appellà d’allontanar ils impediments areguard l’immigraziun e l’emigraziun da persunas.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>En ‹Wealth of Nations› argumentescha Smith extendidamain cun exempels istorics; tenor R.H. Campbell ed A.S. Skinner na correspunda ses proceder però betg a las reglas da la scienza da l’istorgia. Il materia istoric che Smith dovria, saja be relevant per render chapiblas sias analisas. Problematic daventia quest proceder en cas, nua ch’il material istoric daventia central per l’argumentaziun da Smith.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Alan Greenspan percunter è surstà co che nossa chapientscha odierna da l’effect dal martgà e da la concurrenza libra saja per gronda part gia cuntegnida en las ponderaziuns dad Adam Smith. Per Greenspan furma ‹Wealth of Nations› ina da las pli grondas prestaziuns da l’istorgia spiertala.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Amartya Sen è da l’avis che ‹Wealth of Nations› da Smith haja influenzà a moda monumentala nossa chapientscha da quai che dueva vegnir numnà pli tard ‹chapitalissem›. Sias enconuschientschas hajan mantegnì lur muntada fin il di dad oz. Tenor Sen è Smith stà da l’avis ch’il mecanissem dal martgà be per sai na bastia tuttavia betg. Per che l’economia da martgà funcziunia saja ultra da quai indispensabla la fidanza tranter ils acturs inclusiv las bancas. Smith explitgescha en si’ovra ils mecanissems ch’han per consequenza che questa confidenza vegn magari disturbada. Ils problems actuals da firmas e bancas, uschia Sen, na fissan tuttavia betg misterius per Smith.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Commemoraziun">Commemoraziun</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Adam_Smith&veaction=edit&section=12" title="Modifitgar secziun: Commemoraziun" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifitgar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Adam_Smith&action=edit&section=12" title="Quellcode des Abschnitts bearbeiten: Commemoraziun"><span>modifitgar il code</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Il purtret da Smith cumpara sin ina bancnota da 50 glivras pli veglia d’ina banca da la Scozia e sin la bancnota da 20 glivras sterlinas da la Bank of England ch’è vegnida preschentada il 2006.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ad Edinburgh sa chatta dapi il 2008 en vischinanza da la catedrala da St. Giles in monument che regorda ad Adam Smith. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Ovras_2">Ovras</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Adam_Smith&veaction=edit&section=13" title="Modifitgar secziun: Ovras" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifitgar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Adam_Smith&action=edit&section=13" title="Quellcode des Abschnitts bearbeiten: Ovras"><span>modifitgar il code</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><i>The Theory of Moral Sentiments.</i> 1759 (tud.: <i>Theorie der ethischen Gefühle.</i> Transl. ed edì da Walther Eckstein. Meiner, Hamburg 2004, <a href="/wiki/Spezial:ISBN-Suche/9783787316717" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 978-3-7873-1671-7</a>).</li> <li><i>Considerations Concerning the Formation of Languages and the Different Genius of original and compounded Languages.</i> 1767.</li> <li><i>An Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations.</i> 1776 (tud.: <i>Untersuchung über Wesen und Ursachen des Reichtums der Völker</i>), UTB, 2005, <a href="/wiki/Spezial:ISBN-Suche/3825226557" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 3-8252-2655-7</a> (ediziun en facsimile).</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Annotaziuns">Annotaziuns</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Adam_Smith&veaction=edit&section=14" title="Modifitgar secziun: Annotaziuns" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifitgar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Adam_Smith&action=edit&section=14" title="Quellcode des Abschnitts bearbeiten: Annotaziuns"><span>modifitgar il code</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-1">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Reinhard Blomert: <i>Adam Smiths Reise nach Frankreich</i>. Die Andere Bibliothek, 2012.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-2">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://minahasato.wordpress.com/2011/09/27/7-gebot-der-entwicklungspolitik/"><i>7. Gebot der Entwicklungspolitik.</i></a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-3">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Norbert Elias: <i>Über den Prozess der Zivilisation</i>, 2 toms, Suhrkamp Verlag.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-4">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Wealth of Nations</i>, chapitel 1.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-5">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Wealth of Nations</i>, chapitel 1.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-6">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Wealth of Nations</i>, chapitel 1.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-7">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Wealth of Nations</i>, quart cudesch, chapitel 2.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-8">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Wealth of Nations</i>, emprim cudesch, chapitel 10.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-9">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Wealth of Nations</i>, emprim cudesch, chapitel 8.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-10">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Wealth of Nations</i>, emprim cudesch, chapitel 8.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-11">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Cf. Ian Simpson Ross: <i>Adam Smith</i>, chap. 14.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-12">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Wealth of Nations</i>, segund cudesch, chapitel 4.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-13">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Wealth of Nations</i>, segund cudesch, chapitel 4.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-14">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Wealth of Nations</i>, tschintgavel cudesch, chapitel 1.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-15">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Cf. D.D. Raphael: <i>Adam Smith</i>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-16">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Wealth of Nations</i>, quart cudesch, chapitel 1.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-17">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Wealth of Nations</i>, quart cudesch, chapitel 1.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-18">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">P.J. O’Rourke: <i>On The Wealth of Nations.</i> New York, 2007, <a href="/wiki/Spezial:ISBN-Suche/9780871139498" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 978-0-87113-949-8</a>, p. 82–83.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-19">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">James Buchan: <i>The Autentic ADAM Smith.</i> New York 2006, <a href="/wiki/Spezial:ISBN-Suche/0393329941" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 0-393-32994-1</a>, p. 119.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-20">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Helen Winter, Thomas Rommel: <i>Adam Smith für Anfänger: Der Wohlstand der Nationen.</i> 3. ediziun, Minca 2006, p. 143–146.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-21">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Alan Wolfe: <i>The Future of Liberalism.</i> 1. ed., New York 2009, p. 202.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-22">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">R.H. Campbell, A.S. Skinner: <i>An inquiry into the nature and causes of the wealth on nations.</i> Indianapolis 1979, p. 50–60.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-23">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Alan Greenspan: <i>The Age of Turbulence.</i> Penguin Books, 2008, p. 260–261.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-24">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Amartya Sen: <i>Capitalism Beyond the Crisis.</i> En: <i>The New York Review of Books</i>, tom 56, nr. 5, mars 26, 2009.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-25">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Vannessa Allen: <i>Why not Winston: Anger as little known Scot gets on new note.</i> En: <i>Daily Mirror.</i> 31 d’october 2006, p. 17.</span> </li> </ol> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Litteratura">Litteratura</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Adam_Smith&veaction=edit&section=15" title="Modifitgar secziun: Litteratura" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifitgar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Adam_Smith&action=edit&section=15" title="Quellcode des Abschnitts bearbeiten: Litteratura"><span>modifitgar il code</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Katrin Marçal: <i>Who Cooked Adam Smith’s Dinner? A Story of Women and Economics.</i> 2016, Pegasus.</li> <li>Michael S. Aßländer: <i>Adam Smith zur Einführung.</i> (Retscha: <i>Zur Einführung, 341</i>). Junius, Hamburg 2007, <a href="/wiki/Spezial:ISBN-Suche/9783885066415" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 978-3-88506-641-5</a>.</li> <li>Reinhard Blomert: <i>Adam Smiths Reise nach Frankreich oder die Entstehung der Nationalökonomie</i>. Die Andere Bibliothek, 2012.</li> <li>Thomas Rommel, Helen Winter: <i>Adam Smith für Anfänger: ‹Der Wohlstand der Nationen›.</i> dtv, Minca 1999, <a href="/wiki/Spezial:ISBN-Suche/3423307080" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 3-423-30708-0</a>.</li> <li>Thomas Rommel: <i>Das Selbstinteresse von Mandeville bis Smith. Ökonomisches Denken in ausgewählten Schriften des 18. Jahrhunderts.</i> (Retscha: <i>Anglistische Forschungen, 367</i>). Winter, Heidelberg 2006, <a href="/wiki/Spezial:ISBN-Suche/3825352390" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 3-8253-5239-0</a></li> <li>Karl Ballestrem: <i>Adam Smith</i>. (<i>Beck’sche Reihe: Denker, 561</i>); C.H. Beck, Minca 2001, <a href="/wiki/Spezial:ISBN-Suche/3406459765" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 3-406-45976-5</a>.</li> <li>Peter Bendixen: <i>Der Traum vom Wohlstand der Nationen. Kritik der ökonomischen Vernunft,</i> Facultas / Wiener Universitätsverlag, Vienna 2005, <a href="/wiki/Spezial:ISBN-Suche/3851148878" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 3-85114-887-8</a>.</li> <li>Gerhard Streminger: <i>Adam Smith. Mit Selbstzeugnissen und Bilddokumenten.</i> (<i>Rowohlts Monographien, 440); rororo 50440 Rowohlt Verlag, Reinbek bei Hamburg 1989, 2. ed. cumpl. 1999, <a href="/wiki/Spezial:ISBN-Suche/3499504405" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 3-499-50440-5</a></i></li> <li>Gerhard Streminger: <i>Der natürliche Lauf der Dinge. Essays zu Adam Smith und David Hume.</i> Metropolis, Marburg 1995, <a href="/wiki/Spezial:ISBN-Suche/3895180483" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 3-89518-048-3</a>. Reed. 2010.</li> <li>Norbert Waszek: <i>Adam Smith in Germany, 1776–1832.</i> En: Hiroshi Mizuta, Chuhei Sugiyama (ed.): <i>Adam Smith: International Perspectives.</i> Macmillan, Londra; St. Martin’s Press, New York 1993, <a href="/wiki/Spezial:ISBN-Suche/0312089376" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 0-312-08937-6</a>, p. 163–180.</li> <li>Bernd Otto Weitz: <i>Bedeutende Ökonomen.</i> Oldenbourg, Minca 2008, <a href="/wiki/Spezial:ISBN-Suche/9783486582222" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 978-3-486-58222-2</a>.</li> <li>Ian Simpson Ross: <i>Adam Smith. Leben und Werk</i> (Titel original: <i>The Life of Adam Smith.</i> Transl. da Hans Günther Holl). Verlag Wirtschaft und Finanzen, Düsseldorf 1998, <a href="/wiki/Spezial:ISBN-Suche/3878811233" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 3-87881-123-3</a>.</li> <li>Patric Jake O’Rourke: <i>Adam Smith. Vom Wohlstand der Nationen.</i> dtv, Minca 2008, <a href="/wiki/Spezial:ISBN-Suche/9783423344593" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 978-3-423-34459-3</a>.</li> <li>David Daiches Raphael: <i>Adam Smith.</i> Campus, Frankfurt am Main 1991, <a href="/wiki/Spezial:ISBN-Suche/3593344874" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 3-593-34487-4</a>.</li> <li>Eleonore Kalisch: <i>Von der Ökonomie der Leidenschaften zur Leidenschaft der Ökonomie. Adam Smith und die Actor-Spectator-Kultur im 18. Jahrhundert.</i> Avinus, Berlin 2006, <a href="/wiki/Spezial:ISBN-Suche/3930064685" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 3-930064-68-5</a>.</li> <li>Nicholas Philippson: <i>Adam Smith. An Enlightened Life.</i> Yale University Press, 2010, <a href="/wiki/Spezial:ISBN-Suche/9780300169270" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 978-0-300-16927-0</a>.</li> <li>Siegmund Feilbogen: <i>Smith und Turgot. Ein Beitrag zur Geschichte und Theorie der Nationalökonomie.</i> Vienna 1892 (Reprint Genevra 1970).</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Colliaziuns">Colliaziuns</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Adam_Smith&veaction=edit&section=16" title="Modifitgar secziun: Colliaziuns" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifitgar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Adam_Smith&action=edit&section=16" title="Quellcode des Abschnitts bearbeiten: Colliaziuns"><span>modifitgar il code</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="sisterproject" style="margin:0.1em 0 0 0;"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Commons"><img alt="Commons" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span> <b><span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:_Adam_Smith_(philosopher)?uselang=rm">Commons: Adam Smith</a></span></b> – Collecziun da maletgs, videos e datotecas d'audio</div> <ul><li><i>MetaLibri Digital Library</i>: <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://metalibri.wikidot.com/title:an-inquiry-into-the-nature-and-causes-of-the-wealth-of-nations:smith-a"><i>The Wealth of Nations</i></a>.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://metalibri.wikidot.com/title:theory-of-moral-sentiments:smith-a"><i>The Theory of Moral Sentiments</i></a>.</li></ul></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://oll.libertyfund.org/people/adam-smith">Las ovras da Smith sco ediziun online</a> – <i>Liberty Fund</i>.</li> <li>Josef Bordat: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://jobo72.wordpress.com/2013/02/20/adam-smith-eine-erste-orientierung-zu-leben-und-werk/"><i>Adam Smith – Eine erste Orientierung zu Leben und Werk</i></a>.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://hpd.de/node/9917?page=0,1"><i>Ein ‹Band der Freundschaft› knüpfen</i>.</a> En: <i>Humanistischer Pressedienst</i>. Gerhard Streminger davart l’actualitad da Smith e da si’etica (economica), intervista dals 10 da fanadur 2010, parts 1–7.</li></ul>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1&useformat=desktop" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Da "<a dir="ltr" href="https://rm.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Adam_Smith&oldid=166835">https://rm.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Adam_Smith&oldid=166835</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Spezial:Kategorien" title="Spezial:Kategorien">Categorias</a>: <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Categoria:Seiten,_die_magische_ISBN-Links_verwenden&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Categoria:Seiten, die magische ISBN-Links verwenden (n'exista betg)">Seiten, die magische ISBN-Links verwenden</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Categoria:Filosofs" title="Categoria:Filosofs">Filosofs</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Categoria:Economists" title="Categoria:Economists">Economists</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Categoria:Persunas_dal_18avel_tschientaner" title="Categoria:Persunas dal 18avel tschientaner">Persunas dal 18avel tschientaner</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Categoria:Umens" title="Categoria:Umens">Umens</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Categoria:Persunas_britannicas" title="Categoria:Persunas britannicas">Persunas britannicas</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Categoria:Artitgels_recumandads_(Economia)" title="Categoria:Artitgels recumandads (Economia)">Artitgels recumandads (Economia)</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> Questa pagina è vegnida modifitgada l'ultima giada ils 27. Settember 2024 a las 11:35.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://stats.grok.se/rm/latest30/Adam_Smith">Statistica d'access per questa pagina</a><br /><br /> Text is available under the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/">Creative Commons Attribution/Share-Alike License</a>; additional terms may apply. See <a class="external text" href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms_of_Use">Terms of use</a> for details.</li> </ul> <ul id="footer-places"> <li id="footer-places-privacy"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy/de">Protecziun da datas</a></li> <li id="footer-places-about"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Davart">Davart Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-disclaimers"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Impressum">Impressum</a></li> <li id="footer-places-wm-codeofconduct"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal_Code_of_Conduct">Verhaltenskodex</a></li> <li id="footer-places-developers"><a href="https://developer.wikimedia.org">Sviluppaders</a></li> <li id="footer-places-statslink"><a href="https://stats.wikimedia.org/#/rm.wikipedia.org">Statistiken</a></li> <li id="footer-places-cookiestatement"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Cookie_statement">Stellungnahme zu Cookies</a></li> <li id="footer-places-mobileview"><a href="//rm.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Adam_Smith&mobileaction=toggle_view_mobile" class="noprint stopMobileRedirectToggle">Versiun mobila</a></li> </ul> <ul id="footer-icons" class="noprint"> <li id="footer-copyrightico"><a href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/static/images/footer/wikimedia-button.svg" width="84" height="29" alt="Wikimedia Foundation" loading="lazy"></a></li> <li id="footer-poweredbyico"><a href="https://www.mediawiki.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/w/resources/assets/poweredby_mediawiki.svg" alt="Powered by MediaWiki" width="88" height="31" loading="lazy"></a></li> </ul> </footer> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-settings" id="p-dock-bottom"> <ul></ul> </div><script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-78f4c97c5d-2lq4j","wgBackendResponseTime":214,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"0.080","walltime":"0.335","ppvisitednodes":{"value":429,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":797,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":38,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":4,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":0,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":0,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":9251,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":0,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 30.410 1 -total"," 11.56% 3.515 1 Model:Artitgel_1000"," 10.23% 3.112 1 Model:Commonscat"]},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-web.eqiad.main-55747fd74f-xgwhj","timestamp":"20241125194151","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"Adam Smith","url":"https:\/\/rm.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Adam_Smith","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q9381","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q9381","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Autoren der Wikimedia-Projekte"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2016-08-25T19:01:11Z","dateModified":"2024-09-27T10:35:00Z","image":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/0\/0a\/AdamSmith.jpg"}</script> </body> </html>