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href="/wiki/Help:%E6%96%B0%E6%89%8B%E5%85%A5%E9%97%A8" aria-label="了解有关编辑的更多信息"><span>了解详情</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E6%88%91%E7%9A%84%E8%B4%A1%E7%8C%AE" title="来自此IP地址的编辑列表[y]" accesskey="y"><span>贡献</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E6%88%91%E7%9A%84%E8%AE%A8%E8%AE%BA%E9%A1%B5" title="对于来自此IP地址编辑的讨论[n]" accesskey="n"><span>讨论</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="站点"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="目录" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">目录</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">移至侧栏</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">隐藏</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">序言</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-历史" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#历史"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>历史</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-历史-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>开关历史子章节</span> </button> <ul id="toc-历史-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-古代" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#古代"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>古代</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-古代-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-近代" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#近代"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>近代</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-近代-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-现代" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#现代"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>现代</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-现代-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-宗教" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#宗教"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>宗教</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-宗教-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-另見" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#另見"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>另見</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-另見-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-参考资料" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#参考资料"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>参考资料</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-参考资料-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="目录" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="目录" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="开关目录" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">开关目录</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">河中地区</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="前往另一种语言写成的文章。65种语言可用" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-65" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">65种语言</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%AF_%D9%85%D8%A7_%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%A1_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%86%D9%87%D8%B1" title="بلاد ما وراء النهر – 阿拉伯语" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="بلاد ما وراء النهر" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="阿拉伯语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%B3%D9%88%D9%83%D8%B3%D9%8A%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%A7" title="ترانسوكسيانا – 埃及阿拉伯文" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="ترانسوكسيانا" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="埃及阿拉伯文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mav%C9%99ra%C3%BCnn%C9%99hr" title="Mavəraünnəhr – 阿塞拜疆语" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Mavəraünnəhr" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="阿塞拜疆语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%A1%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%86%D9%87%D8%B1" title="ماوراءالنهر – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="ماوراءالنهر" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D3%99%D2%AF%D3%99%D1%80%D3%99%D0%BD%D0%BD%D3%99%D2%BB%D0%B5%D1%80" title="Мәүәрәннәһер – 巴什基尔语" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Мәүәрәннәһер" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="巴什基尔语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%85%D1%80" title="Маверанахр – 白俄罗斯语" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Маверанахр" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="白俄罗斯语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Трансоксиана – 保加利亚语" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Трансоксиана" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="保加利亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%93%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B9%E0%A6%B0" title="মাওয়ারান্নাহর – 孟加拉语" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="মাওয়ারান্নাহর" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="孟加拉语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transoksijana" title="Transoksijana – 波斯尼亚语" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Transoksijana" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="波斯尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transoxiana" title="Transoxiana – 加泰罗尼亚语" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Transoxiana" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="加泰罗尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transoxanie" title="Transoxanie – 捷克语" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Transoxanie" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="捷克语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transoxanien" title="Transoxanien – 丹麦语" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Transoxanien" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="丹麦语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transoxanien" title="Transoxanien – 德语" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Transoxanien" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="德语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A5%CF%80%CE%B5%CF%81%CF%89%CE%BE%CE%B9%CE%B1%CE%BD%CE%AE" title="Υπερωξιανή – 希腊语" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Υπερωξιανή" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="希腊语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transoxiana" title="Transoxiana – 英语" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Transoxiana" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="英语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transoksiano" title="Transoksiano – 世界语" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Transoksiano" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="世界语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transoxiana" title="Transoxiana – 西班牙语" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Transoxiana" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="西班牙语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transoxiana" title="Transoxiana – 巴斯克语" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Transoxiana" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="巴斯克语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%A1%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%86%D9%87%D8%B1" title="ماوراءالنهر – 波斯语" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="ماوراءالنهر" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="波斯语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transoxiana" title="Transoxiana – 芬兰语" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Transoxiana" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="芬兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transoxiane" title="Transoxiane – 法语" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Transoxiane" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="法语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transoksaanje" title="Transoksaanje – 西弗里西亚语" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Transoksaanje" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="西弗里西亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%98%D7%A8%D7%A0%D7%A1%D7%90%D7%95%D7%A7%D7%A1%D7%90%D7%A0%D7%99%D7%94" title="טרנסאוקסאניה – 希伯来语" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="טרנסאוקסאניה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="希伯来语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%86%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%82-%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0" title="आमू-पार – 印地语" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="आमू-पार" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="印地语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transoksijana" title="Transoksijana – 克罗地亚语" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Transoksijana" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="克罗地亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transzox%C3%A1nia" title="Transzoxánia – 匈牙利语" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Transzoxánia" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="匈牙利语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transoksiana" title="Transoksiana – 印度尼西亚语" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Transoksiana" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="印度尼西亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transoxiana" title="Transoxiana – 伊多语" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Transoxiana" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="伊多语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transoxan%C3%ADa" title="Transoxanía – 冰岛语" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Transoxanía" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="冰岛语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transoxiana" title="Transoxiana – 意大利语" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Transoxiana" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="意大利语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="优良条目"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%9E%E3%83%BC%E3%83%BB%E3%83%AF%E3%83%A9%E3%83%BC%E3%83%BB%E3%82%A2%E3%83%B3%E3%83%8A%E3%83%95%E3%83%AB" title="マー・ワラー・アンナフル – 日语" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="マー・ワラー・アンナフル" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="日语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transoksani" title="Transoksani – 爪哇语" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Transoksani" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="爪哇语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9B%E1%83%90%E1%83%95%E1%83%94%E1%83%A0%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%90%E1%83%B0%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98" title="მავერანაჰრი – 格鲁吉亚语" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="მავერანაჰრი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="格鲁吉亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D3%99%D1%83%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%B0%D2%BB%D1%80" title="Мәуереннаһр – 哈萨克语" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Мәуереннаһр" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="哈萨克语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%8A%B8%EB%9E%80%EC%8A%A4%EC%98%A5%EC%8B%9C%EC%95%84%EB%82%98" title="트란스옥시아나 – 韩语" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="트란스옥시아나" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="韩语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maweraunnehr" title="Maweraunnehr – 库尔德语" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Maweraunnehr" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="库尔德语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%85%D1%80" title="Мавераннахр – 柯尔克孜语" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Мавераннахр" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="柯尔克孜语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transoksiana" title="Transoksiana – 立陶宛语" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Transoksiana" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="立陶宛语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%9F%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%BE%E0%B5%BB%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8B%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B7%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AF%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%A8" title="ട്രാൻസോക്ഷ്യാന – 马拉雅拉姆语" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ട്രാൻസോക്ഷ്യാന" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="马拉雅拉姆语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%85%D1%80" title="Мавереннахр – 蒙古语" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Мавереннахр" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="蒙古语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transoxani%C3%AB" title="Transoxanië – 荷兰语" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Transoxanië" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="荷兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transoxiana" title="Transoxiana – 书面挪威语" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Transoxiana" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="书面挪威语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transoxiana" title="Transoxiana – 奥克语" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Transoxiana" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="奥克语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transoksania" title="Transoksania – 波兰语" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Transoksania" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="波兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%A1_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%86%DB%81%D8%B1" title="ماوراء النہر – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="ماوراء النہر" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%A1%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%86%D9%87%D8%B1" title="ماوراءالنهر – 普什图语" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="ماوراءالنهر" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="普什图语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transoxiana" title="Transoxiana – 葡萄牙语" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Transoxiana" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="葡萄牙语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transoxiana" title="Transoxiana – 罗马尼亚语" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Transoxiana" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="罗马尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%85%D1%80" title="Мавераннахр – 俄语" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Мавераннахр" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="俄语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transoksijana" title="Transoksijana – 塞尔维亚-克罗地亚语" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Transoksijana" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="塞尔维亚-克罗地亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transoxania" title="Transoxania – 斯洛伐克语" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Transoxania" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="斯洛伐克语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transoksanija" title="Transoksanija – 斯洛文尼亚语" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Transoksanija" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="斯洛文尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Трансоксијана – 塞尔维亚语" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Трансоксијана" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="塞尔维亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transoxanien" title="Transoxanien – 瑞典语" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Transoxanien" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="瑞典语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%A9%E0%AE%BE" title="திரான்சாக்சியானா – 泰米尔语" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="திரான்சாக்சியானா" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="泰米尔语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%80%D3%AF%D0%B4" title="Фарорӯд – 塔吉克语" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Фарорӯд" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="塔吉克语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%8B%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%81%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%8B%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B2" title="ทรานซอกเซียนา – 泰语" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ทรานซอกเซียนา" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="泰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%A2ver%C3%A2%C3%BCnnehir" title="Mâverâünnehir – 土耳其语" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Mâverâünnehir" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="土耳其语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%8D%D0%BD%D0%BD%D3%99%D2%BB%D0%B5%D1%80" title="Мавараэннәһер – 鞑靼语" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Мавараэннәһер" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="鞑靼语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%85%D1%80" title="Мавераннахр – 乌克兰语" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Мавераннахр" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="乌克兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%A7_%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%A7_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%86%DB%81%D8%B1" title="ما ورا النہر – 乌尔都语" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="ما ورا النہر" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="乌尔都语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Movarounnahr" title="Movarounnahr – 乌兹别克语" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Movarounnahr" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="乌兹别克语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transoxiana" title="Transoxiana – 越南语" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Transoxiana" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="越南语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%B2%B3%E4%B8%AD%E5%9C%B0%E5%8C%BA" title="河中地区 – 吴语" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="河中地区" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="吴语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transoxiana" title="Transoxiana – 闽南语" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Transoxiana" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="闽南语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q183324#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="编辑跨语言链接" class="wbc-editpage">编辑链接</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="命名空间"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%E6%B2%B3%E4%B8%AD%E5%9C%B0%E5%8C%BA" 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class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">外观</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">移至侧栏</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">隐藏</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">维基百科，自由的百科全书</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="zh" dir="ltr"><figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Chorasan-Transoxanien-Choresmien_neu.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Chorasan-Transoxanien-Choresmien_neu.svg/300px-Chorasan-Transoxanien-Choresmien_neu.svg.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="304" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Chorasan-Transoxanien-Choresmien_neu.svg/450px-Chorasan-Transoxanien-Choresmien_neu.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Chorasan-Transoxanien-Choresmien_neu.svg/600px-Chorasan-Transoxanien-Choresmien_neu.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="582" data-file-height="590" /></a><figcaption>图中Transoxanien为“<a class="mw-selflink selflink">河中地区</a>”，Choresmien为“<a href="/wiki/%E8%8A%B1%E5%89%8C%E5%AD%90%E6%A8%A1" title="花剌子模">花剌子模</a>”，Chorasan为“<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E5%91%BC%E7%BD%97%E7%8F%8A" title="大呼罗珊">大呼罗珊</a>”</figcaption></figure> <p><b>河中</b>（英語：Transoxiana）指<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E4%BA%9A" title="中亚">中亚</a><a href="/wiki/%E9%94%A1%E5%B0%94%E6%B2%B3" title="锡尔河">锡尔河</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E5%A7%86%E6%B2%B3" title="阿姆河">阿姆河</a>流域以及<a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%BD%E6%8B%89%E5%A4%AB%E5%B0%9A%E6%B2%B3" title="泽拉夫尚河">泽拉夫尚河</a>流域，包括今<a href="/wiki/%E4%B9%8C%E5%85%B9%E5%88%AB%E5%85%8B" class="mw-redirect" title="乌兹别克">乌兹别克</a>全境和<a href="/wiki/%E5%93%88%E8%90%A8%E5%85%8B" class="mw-redirect" title="哈萨克">哈萨克</a>西南部。河中为古代欧亚陆路主商道<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%9D%E7%BB%B8%E4%B9%8B%E8%B7%AF" title="丝绸之路">丝绸之路</a>重要通道；自<a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E5%A5%91%E7%BE%8E%E5%B0%BC%E5%BE%B7%E7%8E%8B%E6%9C%9D" title="阿契美尼德王朝">波斯帝国</a>（前559—前336年）時期開始，该地区先后被<a href="/wiki/%E5%B8%8C%E8%85%8A" title="希腊">希腊</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E7%AA%81%E5%8E%A5" class="mw-disambig" title="突厥">突厥</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%94%90%E6%9C%9D" title="唐朝">唐朝</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E6%8B%89%E4%BC%AF%E5%B8%9D%E5%9B%BD" title="阿拉伯帝国">阿拉伯帝国</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E8%90%A8%E6%9B%BC%E7%8E%8B%E6%9C%9D" class="mw-redirect" title="萨曼王朝">萨曼王朝</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%96%80%E5%96%87%E6%B1%97%E7%8E%8B%E6%9C%9D" class="mw-redirect" title="喀喇汗王朝">喀喇汗王朝</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E8%A5%BF%E9%81%BC" class="mw-redirect" title="西遼">西遼</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E8%8A%B1%E5%89%8C%E5%AD%90%E6%A8%A1" title="花剌子模">花剌子模</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%AF%9F%E5%90%88%E5%8F%B0%E6%B1%97%E5%9B%BD" class="mw-redirect" title="察合台汗国">察合台汗国</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%B8%96%E6%9C%A8%E5%84%BF%E5%B8%9D%E5%9B%BD" title="帖木儿帝国">帖木儿帝国</a>等统治。 </p><p>河中地區 Transoxiana / ˌtɹænsɔk͡sɪˈænə /<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>（也拼寫為Transoxania），在阿拉伯語中稱為 MāWarāʾan-Nahr（<a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E6%8B%89%E4%BC%AF%E8%AA%9E" class="mw-redirect" title="阿拉伯語">阿拉伯語</a>：ما وراء النهر‎, [ˈmaː waˈraːʔ anˈnahr] – “過了<a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E5%A7%86%E6%B2%B3" title="阿姆河">阿姆河</a>（Oxus [river]）以外的地方”）在<a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%A2%E6%96%AF%E8%AA%9E" class="mw-redirect" title="波斯語">波斯語</a>則稱為 Farârud（<a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%A2%E6%96%AF%E8%AA%9E" class="mw-redirect" title="波斯語">波斯語</a>：فرارود，[fæɾɒːˈɾuːd̪]-“超出阿姆河（[Amudarya] river）以外的地方”），是<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E4%BA%9E" class="mw-redirect" title="中亞">中亞</a>裡面一個區域的古稱，大約包括現代的<a href="/wiki/%E7%83%8F%E8%8C%B2%E5%88%A5%E5%85%8B" class="mw-redirect" title="烏茲別克">烏茲別克</a>，<a href="/wiki/%E5%A1%94%E5%90%89%E5%85%8B" class="mw-redirect" title="塔吉克">塔吉克</a>，<a href="/wiki/%E5%90%89%E7%88%BE%E5%90%89%E6%96%AF" class="mw-redirect" title="吉爾吉斯">吉爾吉斯</a>南部，和<a href="/wiki/%E5%93%88%E8%96%A9%E5%85%8B" class="mw-redirect" title="哈薩克">哈薩克</a>西南部。在地理上，它是<a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E5%A7%86%E6%B2%B3" title="阿姆河">阿姆河</a>與<a href="/wiki/%E9%8C%AB%E7%88%BE%E6%B2%B3" class="mw-redirect" title="錫爾河">錫爾河</a>之間的地區。<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 古代<a href="/wiki/%E4%BC%8A%E6%9C%97%E4%BA%BA" title="伊朗人">伊朗人</a>將該地區稱為<a href="/wiki/%E5%9B%BE%E5%85%B0" title="图兰">圖蘭</a>（Turan）（波斯民族史詩《<a href="/wiki/%E5%88%97%E7%8E%8B%E7%B4%80_(%E4%BC%8A%E6%9C%97)" title="列王紀 (伊朗)">列王紀</a>》Shahnameh<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>），羅馬人將該地區稱為「外索克薩尼亞」（Transoxania，<a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E5%A7%86%E6%B2%B3" title="阿姆河">阿姆河</a>以外的土地）。阿拉伯人稱為 “Māwarāʼ an-Nahr”（河流以外的土地），這名詞導入<a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%A2%E6%96%AF%E8%AA%9E" class="mw-redirect" title="波斯語">波斯語</a>文學中，並一直持續到<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="後蒙古時代" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Mongol conquest of Central Asia"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%BE%8C%E8%92%99%E5%8F%A4%E6%99%82%E4%BB%A3&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="後蒙古時代（页面不存在）">後蒙古時代</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment"><span class="ilh-paren">（</span><span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mongol_conquest_of_Central_Asia" class="extiw" title="en:Mongol conquest of Central Asia"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Mongol conquest of Central Asia</span></a></span><span class="ilh-paren">）</span></span></span>。<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="历史"><span id=".E5.8E.86.E5.8F.B2"></span>历史</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%B2%B3%E4%B8%AD%E5%9C%B0%E5%8C%BA&action=edit&section=1" title="编辑章节：历史"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="古代"><span id=".E5.8F.A4.E4.BB.A3"></span>古代</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%B2%B3%E4%B8%AD%E5%9C%B0%E5%8C%BA&action=edit&section=2" title="编辑章节：古代"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>該地區是波斯<a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E5%A5%91%E7%BE%8E%E5%B0%BC%E5%BE%B7%E7%8E%8B%E6%9C%9D" title="阿契美尼德王朝">阿契美尼德王朝</a>的<a href="/wiki/%E7%B8%BD%E7%9D%A3" class="mw-redirect" title="總督">總督</a>（satrapies）（省）治理區域之一，稱為<a href="/wiki/%E7%B2%9F%E7%89%B9" title="粟特">粟特</a>（Sogdiana）。它在<a href="/wiki/%E8%90%A8%E7%8F%8A%E5%B8%9D%E5%9B%BD" class="mw-redirect" title="萨珊帝国">薩珊帝國</a>統治之前,先後依序被<a href="/wiki/%E5%A1%9E%E7%90%89%E5%8F%A4%E5%B8%9D%E5%9C%8B" class="mw-redirect" title="塞琉古帝國">塞琉古帝國</a>，<a href="/wiki/%E5%B8%8C%E8%87%98-%E5%B7%B4%E5%85%8B%E7%89%B9%E9%87%8C%E4%BA%9E%E7%8E%8B%E5%9C%8B" class="mw-redirect" title="希臘-巴克特里亞王國">希臘-巴克特里亞王國</a>，<a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%89%E6%81%AF%E5%B8%9D%E5%9C%8B" title="安息帝國">安息帝國</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E8%B2%B4%E9%9C%9C%E5%B8%9D%E5%9C%8B" title="貴霜帝國">貴霜帝國</a>統治。從<a href="/wiki/%E8%90%A8%E7%8F%8A%E5%B8%9D%E5%9B%BD" class="mw-redirect" title="萨珊帝国">薩珊帝國</a>開始<sup id="cite_ref-EncyclopediaBritannica_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EncyclopediaBritannica-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>，<a href="/wiki/%E7%B2%9F%E7%89%B9" title="粟特">粟特</a>（Sogdiana）這個名稱在伊朗的古典世界中使用，來和<a href="/wiki/%E4%BC%8A%E6%9C%97" title="伊朗">伊朗</a>本身，特別是和伊朗東北部的<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E5%91%BC%E7%BD%97%E7%8F%8A" title="大呼罗珊">呼羅珊</a>省有所區別<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> - 儘管早期的阿拉伯歷史學家和地理學家傾向於將該地區納入寬鬆定義的名稱“呼羅珊”之中，以表示更大的區域。<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/%E8%8A%B1%E5%89%8C%E5%AD%90%E6%A8%A1" title="花剌子模">花剌子模</a>（Khwarazm，唐称货利习弥），<a href="/wiki/%E7%B2%9F%E7%89%B9" title="粟特">粟特</a>（Sogdiana），<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="石汗那" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Chaghaniyan"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%9F%B3%E6%B1%97%E9%82%A3&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="石汗那（页面不存在）">石汗那</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment"><span class="ilh-paren">（</span><span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chaghaniyan" class="extiw" title="en:Chaghaniyan"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Chaghaniyan</span></a></span><span class="ilh-paren">）</span></span></span>（Chaghaniyan），和<span class="ilh-all ilh-blue" data-orig-title="骨咄" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Khuttal"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/wiki/%E9%AA%A8%E5%92%84" title="骨咄">骨咄</a></span></span> （Khuttal）的領土位於河中地區的南部。<a href="/wiki/%E5%A1%94%E4%BB%80%E5%B9%B2" title="塔什干">塔什干</a> （Chach，唐称石国），<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="烏什魯薩那" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Osrushana"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%83%8F%E4%BB%80%E9%AD%AF%E8%96%A9%E9%82%A3&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="烏什魯薩那（页面不存在）">烏什魯薩那</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment"><span class="ilh-paren">（</span><span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osrushana" class="extiw" title="en:Osrushana"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Osrushana</span></a></span><span class="ilh-paren">）</span></span></span> （Osrushana，唐稱<a href="/wiki/%E6%9B%B9%E5%9C%8B" title="曹國">曹國</a>）和<a href="/wiki/%E8%B2%BB%E7%88%BE%E5%B9%B2%E7%B4%8D" class="mw-redirect" title="費爾干納">費爾干納</a>（Farghana，唐称拔汗那）位於北部。<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDickens20181531-1532_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDickens20181531-1532-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>河中地區的主要城市和文化中心是<a href="/wiki/%E6%92%92%E9%A6%AC%E7%88%BE%E7%BD%95" title="撒馬爾罕">撒馬爾罕</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E5%B8%83%E5%93%88%E6%8B%89" title="布哈拉">布哈拉</a>。兩者都在河中地區的南部（儘管仍然在<a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E5%A7%86%E6%B2%B3" title="阿姆河">阿姆河</a>的北部，在<a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%BD%E6%8B%89%E5%A4%AB%E5%B0%9A%E6%B2%B3" title="泽拉夫尚河">澤拉夫尚河</a> （Zeravshan）河邊，該地區的大部分地區都是乾燥但肥沃的平原。在伊斯蘭教徒征服伊朗之後，這兩個城市仍然是波斯文化和文明的中心，並在<a href="/wiki/%E8%96%A9%E6%9B%BC%E5%B0%BC%E5%BE%B7%E5%B8%9D%E5%9C%8B" class="mw-redirect" title="薩曼尼德帝國">薩曼尼德帝國</a>建立後的波斯文化復興中發揮了關鍵作用。 </p><p>在古<a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%A2%E6%96%AF" title="波斯">波斯</a>的<a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E5%A5%91%E7%BE%8E%E5%B0%BC%E5%BE%B7%E7%8E%8B%E6%9C%9D" title="阿契美尼德王朝">阿契美尼德王朝</a>之前，这里是<a href="/wiki/%E7%B1%B3%E5%BA%95%E4%BA%9A%E7%8E%8B%E5%9B%BD" class="mw-redirect" title="米底亚王国">米底亚王国</a>（前678—前553）的领土。河中在<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%9A%E5%8E%86%E5%B1%B1%E5%A4%A7%E5%A4%A7%E5%B8%9D" title="亚历山大大帝">亚历山大大帝</a>东征以前为阿契美尼德王朝之地。公元前3—1世纪为<a href="/wiki/%E5%B8%8C%E8%85%8A" title="希腊">希腊</a>人的<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E5%A4%8F_(%E4%B8%AD%E4%BA%9A%E5%8F%A4%E5%9B%BD)" title="大夏 (中亚古国)">大夏</a>所统辖，由於<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%9E%E6%AD%B7%E5%B1%B1%E5%A4%A7%E5%A4%A7%E5%B8%9D" class="mw-redirect" title="亞歷山大大帝">亞歷山大大帝</a>的征伐功勳，河中地區（Transoxiana）這個名字一直留存在西方意識中，<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%9E%E6%AD%B7%E5%B1%B1%E5%A4%A7%E5%A4%A7%E5%B8%9D" class="mw-redirect" title="亞歷山大大帝">亞歷山大大帝</a>在公元前4世紀入侵，將希臘文化擴展到這個地區。亞歷山大的繼任者繼而建立了<a href="/wiki/%E5%B8%8C%E8%87%98-%E5%B7%B4%E5%85%8B%E7%89%B9%E9%87%8C%E4%BA%9E%E7%8E%8B%E5%9C%8B" class="mw-redirect" title="希臘-巴克特里亞王國">希臘-巴克特里亞王國</a>，在河中地區導入獨特的希臘文化，存在了200多年。位於阿富汗北部<a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E5%A7%86%E6%B2%B3" title="阿姆河">阿姆河</a>上的<a href="/wiki/%E8%89%BE%E5%93%88%E5%8A%AA%E5%A7%86" class="mw-redirect" title="艾哈努姆">艾哈努姆</a>（Ai Khanoum）遺跡仍然是唯一被發現，並廣泛發掘的<a href="/wiki/%E5%B8%8C%E8%87%98-%E5%B7%B4%E5%85%8B%E7%89%B9%E9%87%8C%E4%BA%9E%E7%8E%8B%E5%9C%8B" class="mw-redirect" title="希臘-巴克特里亞王國">希臘-巴克特里亞王國</a>城市。 </p><p>此后，该地区又被<a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E5%B0%94%E6%B2%99%E5%85%8B%E7%8E%8B%E6%9C%9D" class="mw-redirect" title="阿尔沙克王朝">阿萨息斯王朝</a>（安息帝国）（前238—224）与<a href="/wiki/%E8%B4%B5%E9%9C%9C%E5%B8%9D%E5%9B%BD" class="mw-redirect" title="贵霜帝国">贵霜帝国</a>占领。中國探險家<a href="/wiki/%E5%BC%B5%E9%A8%AB" title="張騫">張騫</a>在公元前126年訪問了<a href="/wiki/%E5%B7%B4%E5%85%8B%E7%89%B9%E9%87%8C%E4%BA%9E" title="巴克特里亞">巴克特里亞</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E5%B8%95%E6%8F%90%E4%BA%9A" title="帕提亚">帕提亞</a>的鄰國，也訪問了河中地區，發表了已知是中國首次有關該地區的報導。<a href="/wiki/%E5%BC%B5%E9%A8%AB" title="張騫">張騫</a>明確地將<a href="/wiki/%E5%B8%95%E6%8F%90%E4%BA%9A" title="帕提亚">帕提亞</a>視為擁有先進的城市文明，它種植穀物和葡萄，並鑄造銀幣和製作皮革製品。<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>大约到440年时，河中在<a href="/wiki/%E6%87%A8%E5%99%A0" class="mw-redirect" title="懨噠">恹哒</a>（Hephthalite）（大月氏王寄多罗的后裔，424—558年）与<a href="/wiki/%E8%90%A8%E7%8F%8A%E7%8E%8B%E6%9C%9D" title="萨珊王朝">萨珊王朝</a>（224—651年）之间易手；<a href="/wiki/%E8%90%A8%E7%8F%8A%E5%B8%9D%E5%9B%BD" class="mw-redirect" title="萨珊帝国">薩珊帝國</a>在當地的統治在5世紀末被<a href="/wiki/%E6%87%A8%E5%99%A0" class="mw-redirect" title="懨噠">恹哒</a>人入侵而中斷，直到公元565年它才重歸<a href="/wiki/%E8%90%A8%E7%8F%8A%E5%B8%9D%E5%9B%BD" class="mw-redirect" title="萨珊帝国">薩珊帝國</a>。在波斯<a href="/wiki/%E8%90%A8%E7%8F%8A%E5%B8%9D%E5%9B%BD" class="mw-redirect" title="萨珊帝国">薩珊帝國</a>時期，它通常被稱為<a href="/wiki/%E7%B2%9F%E7%89%B9" title="粟特">粟特</a>，這是從<a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E5%A5%91%E7%BE%8E%E5%B0%BC%E5%BE%B7%E5%B8%9D%E5%9C%8B" class="mw-redirect" title="阿契美尼德帝國">阿契美尼德帝國</a>時期就有的一個省名，用來將其與附近的<a href="/wiki/%E5%B7%B4%E5%85%8B%E7%89%B9%E9%87%8C%E4%BA%9E" title="巴克特里亞">巴克特里亞</a>有所區分，由於<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="北部絲綢之路" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Northern Silk Road"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8C%97%E9%83%A8%E7%B5%B2%E7%B6%A2%E4%B9%8B%E8%B7%AF&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="北部絲綢之路（页面不存在）">北部絲綢之路</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment"><span class="ilh-paren">（</span><span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northern_Silk_Road" class="extiw" title="en:Northern Silk Road"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Northern Silk Road</span></a></span><span class="ilh-paren">）</span></span></span>帶來的財富，該地區成為主要的文化中心。 </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:CMOC_Treasures_of_Ancient_China_exhibit_-_tri-coloured_figurine_of_a_foreigner.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/CMOC_Treasures_of_Ancient_China_exhibit_-_tri-coloured_figurine_of_a_foreigner.jpg/220px-CMOC_Treasures_of_Ancient_China_exhibit_-_tri-coloured_figurine_of_a_foreigner.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="367" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/CMOC_Treasures_of_Ancient_China_exhibit_-_tri-coloured_figurine_of_a_foreigner.jpg/330px-CMOC_Treasures_of_Ancient_China_exhibit_-_tri-coloured_figurine_of_a_foreigner.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/CMOC_Treasures_of_Ancient_China_exhibit_-_tri-coloured_figurine_of_a_foreigner.jpg/440px-CMOC_Treasures_of_Ancient_China_exhibit_-_tri-coloured_figurine_of_a_foreigner.jpg 2x" data-file-width="720" data-file-height="1200" /></a><figcaption>中國<a href="/wiki/%E5%94%90%E6%9C%9D" title="唐朝">唐朝</a>時期（公元618年-907年）的<a href="/wiki/%E5%94%90%E4%B8%89%E5%BD%A9" title="唐三彩">唐三彩</a><a href="/wiki/%E7%B2%9F%E7%89%B9" title="粟特">粟特</a>馬夫陶像</figcaption></figure> <p>之后，它受到<a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%A4%E7%AA%81%E5%8E%A5" title="古突厥">古突厥</a>（Göktürks）（西突厥）的統治。穆斯林入侵波斯後，許多波斯貴族和地主逃到這地區。<a href="/wiki/%E5%94%90%E6%9C%9D" title="唐朝">唐朝</a>平息<a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E5%8F%B2%E9%82%A3%E8%B4%BA%E9%B2%81" title="阿史那贺鲁">阿史那贺鲁</a>之乱后，在此区域设置<a href="/wiki/%E6%BF%9B%E6%B1%A0%E9%83%BD%E6%8A%A4%E5%BA%9C" title="濛池都护府">都护府</a>，册<a href="/wiki/%E6%98%AD%E6%AD%A6%E4%B9%9D%E5%A7%93" title="昭武九姓">昭武九姓</a><a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%81%E7%B8%BB" title="羁縻">羁縻</a>。<a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%B8%E5%BE%BD" title="永徽">永徽</a>年间，以<a href="/wiki/%E5%BA%B7%E5%B1%85" title="康居">康国</a>为<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%BA%B7%E5%B1%85%E9%83%BD%E6%8A%A4%E5%BA%9C&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="康居都护府（页面不存在）">康居都护府</a>（别称<a href="/wiki/%E6%B2%B3%E4%B8%AD%E5%BA%9C" class="mw-disambig" title="河中府">河中府</a>）<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>，以史国为佉沙州<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。<a href="/wiki/%E6%98%BE%E5%BA%86" title="显庆">显庆</a>年间，以<a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%89%E5%9B%BD_(%E6%98%AD%E6%AD%A6%E4%B9%9D%E5%A7%93)" title="安国 (昭武九姓)">安國</a>王為安息州刺史。<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>唐显庆三年（658年）<a href="/wiki/%E7%B1%B3%E5%9B%BD_(%E6%98%AD%E6%AD%A6%E4%B9%9D%E5%A7%93)" title="米国 (昭武九姓)">米国</a>置南谧州，授其君昭武开拙为刺史。<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>此後，此地隶属唐朝<a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%89%E8%A5%BF%E5%A4%A7%E9%83%BD%E6%8A%A4%E5%BA%9C" title="安西大都护府">安西大都护府</a>，直到公元705年至715年間阿拉伯人征服此地為止，該地區被稱為 Māwarāʼ al-Nahr（<a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E6%8B%89%E4%BC%AF%E8%AA%9E" class="mw-redirect" title="阿拉伯語">阿拉伯語</a>，“河流以外的土地”），有時也被稱為“Mavarannahr”。 </p><p>667年 <a href="/wiki/%E5%80%AD%E9%A9%AC%E4%BA%9A%E7%8E%8B%E6%9C%9D" class="mw-redirect" title="倭马亚王朝">倭马亚王朝</a>的势力自北向南渡过乌浒河，开始将影响扩张至其中部分地区，并一直统治到747年。公元706年至715年間將領<a href="/wiki/%E5%B1%88%E5%BA%95%E6%B3%A2%C2%B7%E4%BC%8A%E6%9C%AC%C2%B7%E7%A9%86%E6%96%AF%E6%9E%97" class="mw-redirect" title="屈底波·伊本·穆斯林">屈底波·伊本·穆斯林</a>担任负责该地区经营与扩张事务的<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E5%91%BC%E7%BD%97%E7%8F%8A" title="大呼罗珊">呼羅珊</a>总督。此后，在公元715至738年間被<a href="/wiki/%E5%80%AD%E9%A9%AC%E4%BA%9A%E7%8E%8B%E6%9C%9D" class="mw-redirect" title="倭马亚王朝">倭馬亞王朝</a>鬆散的統治。最後一任的總督<a href="/wiki/%E5%A5%88%E6%96%AF%E5%B0%94%C2%B7%E4%BC%8A%E6%9C%AC%C2%B7%E8%B5%9B%E8%80%B6%E5%B0%94" class="mw-redirect" title="奈斯尔·伊本·赛耶尔">奈斯尔·伊本·赛耶尔</a>在公元738年至740年之間鞏固了這一地區的統治，倭馬亞王朝对這個地區的控制持續到公元750年，751年的<a href="/wiki/%E6%80%9B%E9%80%BB%E6%96%AF%E4%B9%8B%E6%88%98" class="mw-redirect" title="怛逻斯之战">怛逻斯之战</a>以后，由阿拉伯帝国<a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E6%8B%94%E6%96%AF%E7%8E%8B%E6%9C%9D" title="阿拔斯王朝">阿拔斯王朝</a>统治。<a href="/wiki/%E5%94%90%E6%9C%9D" title="唐朝">唐朝</a>在此期间仍控制著該地區的東部地區，直到大約同一時間，發生<a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%89%E5%8F%B2%E4%B9%8B%E4%BA%82" title="安史之亂">安史之亂</a>後而結束控制。 </p> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Transoxiana_8th_century_zh-hans.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Transoxiana_8th_century_zh-hans.svg/340px-Transoxiana_8th_century_zh-hans.svg.png" decoding="async" width="340" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Transoxiana_8th_century_zh-hans.svg/510px-Transoxiana_8th_century_zh-hans.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Transoxiana_8th_century_zh-hans.svg/680px-Transoxiana_8th_century_zh-hans.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1300" data-file-height="630" /></a><figcaption>公元8世纪的河中地区</figcaption></figure> <p>840年漠北霍尔<a href="/wiki/%E5%9B%9E%E9%B9%98" title="回鹘">回鹘</a>汗国覆灭后，由西迁西域的回鹘人汇同其他操<a href="/wiki/%E7%AA%81%E5%8E%A5%E8%AF%AD" class="mw-disambig" title="突厥语">突厥语</a>诸族的十箭回纥和样磨钟云等建立的君主制政权，前者以高昌（西州）地区为中心，后者控制包括天山南部、于阗、河中等广大地区。　　 </p><p>10世纪，波斯<a href="/wiki/%E8%90%A8%E6%9B%BC%E7%8E%8B%E6%9C%9D" class="mw-redirect" title="萨曼王朝">萨曼王朝</a>（819—999年）（<a href="/wiki/%E5%B8%83%E5%93%88%E6%8B%89" title="布哈拉">布哈拉</a>为首都）统治。突厥<a href="/wiki/%E7%83%8F%E5%8F%A4%E6%96%AF%E4%BA%BA" title="烏古斯人">乌古斯人</a>阿弗剌昔牙卜家族的后裔在870年于锡尔河（药杀水三角洲）三角洲建立的<a href="/wiki/%E5%96%80%E5%96%87%E6%B1%97%E5%9B%BD" title="喀喇汗国">喀喇汗国</a>（870—1212年）阿尔斯兰·伊列克·纳斯尔侵入河中于999年10月23日进入布哈拉，监禁了马立克，吞并河中地区。　 </p><p>1032年，阿里特勤仍去世后，喀喇汗国的另一支贝里特勤（桃花石汗）占据河中。11世纪时期，河中地区属于喀喇汗国的领域，<a href="/wiki/%E4%B9%8C%E6%B5%92%E6%B2%B3" class="mw-redirect" title="乌浒河">乌浒河</a>以南今阿富汗之地则属于<a href="/wiki/%E5%8A%A0%E5%85%B9%E5%B0%BC%E7%8E%8B%E6%9C%9D" title="加兹尼王朝">加兹尼王朝</a>（962—1187）。　　 </p><p>1124年（1128年？），<a href="/wiki/%E5%A5%91%E4%B8%B9" class="mw-redirect" title="契丹">契丹</a>人建立的<a href="/wiki/%E8%BE%BD%E6%9C%9D" title="辽朝">辽朝</a>皇族<a href="/wiki/%E8%80%B6%E5%BE%8B%E5%A4%A7%E7%9F%B3" title="耶律大石">耶律大石</a>率众西迁，打败喀喇汗国后在<a href="/wiki/%E4%BC%8A%E5%A1%9E%E5%85%8B%E6%B9%96" title="伊塞克湖">伊塞克湖</a>流出河流的<a href="/wiki/%E6%A5%9A%E6%B2%B3_(%E4%B8%AD%E4%BA%9E)" title="楚河 (中亞)">楚河</a>河畔的托克马克建立<a href="/wiki/%E8%A5%BF%E8%BE%BD" title="西辽">西辽</a>，河中地区为西辽附属国<a href="/wiki/%E8%8A%B1%E5%89%8C%E5%AD%90%E6%A8%A1%E6%B2%99%E6%9C%9D" class="mw-redirect" title="花剌子模沙朝">花剌子模沙朝</a>（1194—1220年）领地。1200年<a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E6%8B%89%E4%B9%8C%E4%B8%81%C2%B7%E6%91%A9%E8%AF%83%E6%9C%AB" title="阿拉乌丁·摩诃末">阿拉乌丁·摩诃末</a>即位，他以1206年<a href="/wiki/%E6%A1%91%E6%89%8E%E5%84%BF%E7%81%AD%E9%87%8C" title="桑扎儿灭里">桑扎儿灭里</a><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="桑贾尔起义" data-lang-code="uz" data-lang-name="烏孜別克语" data-foreign-title="Malik Sanjar qoʻzgʻoloni"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%A1%91%E8%B4%BE%E5%B0%94%E8%B5%B7%E4%B9%89&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="桑贾尔起义（页面不存在）">起义</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment"><span class="ilh-paren">（</span><span class="ilh-lang">烏孜別克语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malik_Sanjar_qo%CA%BBzg%CA%BBoloni" class="extiw" title="uz:Malik Sanjar qoʻzgʻoloni"><span lang="uz" dir="auto">Malik Sanjar qoʻzgʻoloni</span></a></span><span class="ilh-paren">）</span></span></span>推翻<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="布尔罕王朝" data-lang-code="ba" data-lang-name="巴什基尔语" data-foreign-title="Садриҙар"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%B8%83%E5%B0%94%E7%BD%95%E7%8E%8B%E6%9C%9D&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="布尔罕王朝（页面不存在）">布尔罕王朝</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment"><span class="ilh-paren">（</span><span class="ilh-lang">巴什基尔语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%B4%D1%80%D0%B8%D2%99%D0%B0%D1%80" class="extiw" title="ba:Садриҙар"><span lang="ba" dir="auto">Садриҙар</span></a></span><span class="ilh-paren">）</span></span></span>为由大約在1210年8月份—9月份後的短暂时期内完全占领了河中地区<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>，一直到1219年底。 </p><p>13世纪<a href="/wiki/%E8%92%99%E5%8F%A4%E5%B8%9D%E5%9B%BD" title="蒙古帝国">蒙古帝国</a>扩张后，占据河中地区，并先后在撒马儿罕设阿姆河行中书省，管辖河中地区。蒙古帝国創始人<a href="/wiki/%E6%88%90%E5%90%89%E6%80%9D%E6%B1%97" title="成吉思汗">成吉思汗</a>於公元1219年入侵河中地區，灭亡<a href="/wiki/%E8%8A%B1%E5%89%8C%E5%AD%90%E6%A8%A1" title="花剌子模">花剌子模</a>，他在公元1227年去世之前，他將中西部的土地分配給了他的第二個兒子<a href="/wiki/%E5%AF%9F%E5%90%88%E5%8F%B0" title="察合台">察合台</a>，該地區被稱為<a href="/wiki/%E5%AF%9F%E5%90%88%E5%8F%B0%E6%B1%97%E5%9C%8B" title="察合台汗國">察合台汗國</a>。1360年察合台汗国分裂为东、西两部，西部以撒马尔罕为中心，统治河中地区，后被<a href="/wiki/%E5%B8%96%E6%9C%A8%E5%84%BF%E5%B8%9D%E5%9B%BD" title="帖木儿帝国">帖木儿帝国</a>所灭。公元 1369年，<a href="/wiki/%E5%B7%B4%E9%AD%AF%E5%89%8C%E6%80%9D%E6%B0%8F" title="巴魯剌思氏">巴魯剌思氏</a>（Barlas）族的<a href="/wiki/%E5%B8%96%E6%9C%A8%E5%85%92" class="mw-redirect" title="帖木兒">帖木兒</a>（Timur）成為統治者，並把<a href="/wiki/%E6%92%92%E9%A6%AC%E7%88%BE%E7%BD%95" title="撒馬爾罕">撒馬爾罕</a>建為他未來帝國的首都。河中地區在14世紀中葉的繁榮，為人所知。在此一时期，蒙古民族和其他民族在此融合。<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="近代"><span id=".E8.BF.91.E4.BB.A3"></span>近代</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%B2%B3%E4%B8%AD%E5%9C%B0%E5%8C%BA&action=edit&section=3" title="编辑章节：近代"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>16世纪，大部分时段为<a href="/wiki/%E4%B9%8C%E5%AD%9C%E5%88%AB%E5%85%8B%E6%97%8F" title="乌孜别克族">乌兹别克人</a><a href="/wiki/%E7%A9%86%E7%BD%95%E9%BB%98%E5%BE%B7%C2%B7%E6%98%94%E7%8F%AD%E5%B0%BC" title="穆罕默德·昔班尼">昔班尼</a>的后裔控制，一度臣服于<a href="/wiki/%E5%A5%A5%E6%96%AF%E6%9B%BC%E5%B8%9D%E5%9B%BD" title="奥斯曼帝国">奥斯曼帝国</a>。17世纪至18世纪分别被<a href="/wiki/%E5%B8%83%E5%93%88%E6%8B%89%E6%B1%97%E5%9B%BD" title="布哈拉汗国">布哈拉汗国</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E6%B5%A9%E7%BD%95%E6%B1%97%E5%9B%BD" title="浩罕汗国">浩罕汗国</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%B8%8C%E7%93%A6%E6%B1%97%E5%9B%BD" title="希瓦汗国">希瓦汗国</a>三个政权统辖，臣服于伊朗<a href="/wiki/%E8%90%A8%E6%B3%95%E7%BB%B4%E7%8E%8B%E6%9C%9D" class="mw-redirect" title="萨法维王朝">萨法维王朝</a>与<a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E5%A4%AB%E6%B2%99%E5%B0%94%E7%8E%8B%E6%9C%9D" title="阿夫沙尔王朝">阿夫沙尔王朝</a>，并曾向<a href="/wiki/%E6%B8%85%E6%9C%9D" title="清朝">清朝</a>纳贡。 </p><p>1860年代，随着西方列强在中亚殖民扩张，<a href="/wiki/%E4%BF%84%E7%BD%97%E6%96%AF%E5%B8%9D%E5%9B%BD" title="俄罗斯帝国">俄罗斯帝国</a>通过战争吞并了希瓦、布哈拉、浩罕三汗国，在河中地区设立了“<a href="/wiki/%E7%AA%81%E5%8E%A5%E6%96%AF%E5%9D%A6%E6%80%BB%E7%9D%A3%E5%8C%BA" class="mw-redirect" title="突厥斯坦总督区">突厥斯坦总督区</a>”，河中地区被西方称为“<a href="/wiki/%E4%BF%84%E5%9B%BD%E7%AA%81%E5%8E%A5%E6%96%AF%E5%9D%A6" class="mw-redirect" title="俄国突厥斯坦">俄国突厥斯坦</a>”。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="现代"><span id=".E7.8E.B0.E4.BB.A3"></span>现代</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%B2%B3%E4%B8%AD%E5%9C%B0%E5%8C%BA&action=edit&section=4" title="编辑章节：现代"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>1917年<a href="/wiki/%E4%BF%84%E5%9B%BD%E4%BA%8C%E6%9C%88%E9%9D%A9%E5%91%BD" class="mw-redirect" title="俄国二月革命">俄国二月革命</a>之后俄罗斯帝国灭亡，1917年11月7日<a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%81%E6%9C%88%E9%9D%A9%E5%91%BD" title="十月革命">十月革命</a>之后，<a href="/wiki/%E8%8B%8F%E7%BB%B4%E5%9F%83%E4%BF%84%E5%9B%BD" class="mw-redirect" title="苏维埃俄国">苏维埃俄国</a>建立，1918年土耳其斯坦苏维埃社会主义自治共和国成立。1924年实行民族划分，河中被划入<a href="/wiki/%E4%B9%8C%E5%85%B9%E5%88%AB%E5%85%8B%E8%8B%8F%E7%BB%B4%E5%9F%83%E7%A4%BE%E4%BC%9A%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89%E5%85%B1%E5%92%8C%E5%9B%BD" title="乌兹别克苏维埃社会主义共和国">乌兹别克苏维埃社会主义共和国</a>。1991年<a href="/wiki/%E8%8B%8F%E8%81%94" title="苏联">苏联</a>解体，<a href="/wiki/%E4%B9%8C%E5%85%B9%E5%88%AB%E5%85%8B%E6%96%AF%E5%9D%A6%E5%85%B1%E5%92%8C%E5%9B%BD" class="mw-redirect" title="乌兹别克斯坦共和国">乌兹别克斯坦共和国</a>成立。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="宗教"><span id=".E5.AE.97.E6.95.99"></span>宗教</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%B2%B3%E4%B8%AD%E5%9C%B0%E5%8C%BA&action=edit&section=5" title="编辑章节：宗教"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>歷史學家馬克·狄更斯（Mark Dickens）指出：<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDickens20181531-1532_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDickens20181531-1532-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 河中地區（Transoxiana）在伊斯蘭時期之前，主要宗教是<a href="/wiki/%E7%91%A3%E7%BE%85%E4%BA%9E%E6%96%AF%E5%BE%B7%E6%95%99" class="mw-redirect" title="瑣羅亞斯德教">瑣羅亞斯德教</a>，但是用當地的形式表達。<a href="/wiki/%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99" title="佛教">佛教</a>，<a href="/wiki/%E5%9F%BA%E7%9D%A3%E6%95%99" title="基督教">基督教</a>，<a href="/wiki/%E6%91%A9%E5%B0%BC%E6%95%99" title="摩尼教">摩尼教</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E7%8E%9B%E5%85%B9%E8%BE%BE%E5%85%8B%E6%95%99" title="玛兹达克教">玛兹达克教</a>（<a href="/wiki/%E7%91%A3%E7%BE%85%E4%BA%9E%E6%96%AF%E5%BE%B7%E6%95%99" class="mw-redirect" title="瑣羅亞斯德教">瑣羅亞斯德教</a>的旁支派別）也有許多信徒，特別是在城市地區。這些最初的宗教多樣性在阿拉伯人征服之後逐漸受到侵蝕。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="另見"><span id=".E5.8F.A6.E8.A6.8B"></span>另見</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%B2%B3%E4%B8%AD%E5%9C%B0%E5%8C%BA&action=edit&section=6" title="编辑章节：另見"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%83%E6%B2%B3%E5%9C%B0%E5%8D%80" class="mw-redirect" title="七河地區">七河地區</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%96%E8%A5%BF%E5%8C%97" title="外西北">外西北</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="参考资料"><span id=".E5.8F.82.E8.80.83.E8.B5.84.E6.96.99"></span>参考资料</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%B2%B3%E4%B8%AD%E5%9C%B0%E5%8C%BA&action=edit&section=7" title="编辑章节：参考资料"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="reflist" style="list-style-type: decimal;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.definitions.net/pronounce/transoxiana">存档副本</a>. <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">2020-01-13</span>]</span>. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200113022840/https://www.definitions.net/pronounce/transoxiana">存档</a>于2020-01-13）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E6%B2%B3%E4%B8%AD%E5%9C%B0%E5%8C%BA&rft.btitle=%E5%AD%98%E6%A1%A3%E5%89%AF%E6%9C%AC&rft.genre=unknown&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.definitions.net%2Fpronounce%2Ftransoxiana&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/place/Transoxania">Transoxania (historical region, Asia)</a>. Encyclopedia Britannica. <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">2017-11-10</span>]</span>. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170801182635/https://www.britannica.com/place/Transoxania">存档</a>于2017-08-01） <span style="font-family: sans-serif; cursor: default; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d); font-size: 0.8em; bottom: 0.1em; font-weight: bold;" title="连接到英语网页">（英语）</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E6%B2%B3%E4%B8%AD%E5%9C%B0%E5%8C%BA&rft.atitle=Transoxania+%28historical+region%2C+Asia%29&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Encyclopedia+Britannica&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Fplace%2FTransoxania&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Sabloff, Paula L.W. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/794700604">Mapping Mongolia: Situating Mongolia in the World from Geologic Time to the Present</a>. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Museum of Archaeology and Anthropology. 2011: 62. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/1934536180" title="Special:网络书源/1934536180"><span title="国际标准书号">ISBN</span> 1934536180</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.worldcat.org/oclc/794700604"><span title="OCLC">OCLC 794700604</span></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E6%B2%B3%E4%B8%AD%E5%9C%B0%E5%8C%BA&rft.aufirst=Paula+L.W.&rft.aulast=Sabloff&rft.btitle=Mapping+Mongolia%3A+Situating+Mongolia+in+the+World+from+Geologic+Time+to+the+Present&rft.date=2011&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=1934536180&rft.pages=62&rft.place=Philadelphia&rft.pub=University+of+Pennsylvania+Museum+of+Archaeology+and+Anthropology&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldcat.org%2Foclc%2F794700604&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F794700604&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">C. Edmund Bosworth, (2002), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/central-asia-iv">'CENTRAL ASIA iv. In the Islamic Period up to the Mongols'</a> （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20191231200319/http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/central-asia-iv">页面存档备份</a>，存于<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%92%E8%81%94%E7%BD%91%E6%A1%A3%E6%A1%88%E9%A6%86" title="互联网档案馆">互联网档案馆</a>） <i>Encyclopaedia Iranica</i> (online)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-EncyclopediaBritannica-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-EncyclopediaBritannica_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/place/Khorasan-historical-region-Asia">Khorāsān</a>. britannica.com. Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc. <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">14 November</span> 2018]</span>. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200215220558/https://www.britannica.com/place/Khorasan-historical-region-Asia">存档</a>于2020-02-15）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E6%B2%B3%E4%B8%AD%E5%9C%B0%E5%8C%BA&rft.atitle=Khor%C4%81s%C4%81n&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=britannica.com&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Fplace%2FKhorasan-historical-region-Asia&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Svat Soucek, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.co.uk/books/about/A_History_of_Inner_Asia.html?id=7E8gYYcHuk8C&redir_esc=y"><i>A History of Inner Asia</i></a> （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20200113022844/https://books.google.co.uk/books/about/A_History_of_Inner_Asia.html?id=7E8gYYcHuk8C&redir_esc=y">页面存档备份</a>，存于<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%92%E8%81%94%E7%BD%91%E6%A1%A3%E6%A1%88%E9%A6%86" title="互联网档案馆">互联网档案馆</a>）, <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University" class="mw-redirect" title="Cambridge University">Cambridge University Press</a>, 2000, p.4</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">C. Edmund Bosworth, (2002), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/central-asia-iv">'CENTRAL ASIA iv. In the Islamic Period up to the Mongols'</a> （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20191231200319/http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/central-asia-iv">页面存档备份</a>，存于<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%92%E8%81%94%E7%BD%91%E6%A1%A3%E6%A1%88%E9%A6%86" title="互联网档案馆">互联网档案馆</a>） <i>Encyclopaedia Iranica</i> "In early Islamic times Persians tended to identify all the lands to the northeast of Khorasan and lying beyond the Oxus with the region of Turan, which in the <i>Šāh-nāma</i> of Ferdowsī is regarded as the land allotted to Ferēdūn’s son Tūr...At the outset, however, those nearby parts of Central Asia with which the Arabs were familiar were often subsumed into the vast and ill-defined province of Khorasan, embracing all lands to the east of <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ray_County,_Iran&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ray County, Iran（页面不存在）">Ray</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Jibal&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jibal（页面不存在）">Jebāl</a>, and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Fars_Province&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Fars Province（页面不存在）">Fārs.</a>" (online)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">C. Edmund Bosworth, (2011), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/mawara-al-nahr">'MĀ WARĀʾ AL-NAHR'</a> （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20200113022839/http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/mawara-al-nahr">页面存档备份</a>，存于<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%92%E8%81%94%E7%BD%91%E6%A1%A3%E6%A1%88%E9%A6%86" title="互联网档案馆">互联网档案馆</a>） <i>Encyclopaedia Iranica</i> " It was defined by the early Arabic historians and geographers as the lands under Muslim control lying to the north of the middle and upper Oxus or Āmu Daryā, in contrast to Iran proper and its eastern province of Khorasan, sometimes called Mā dun al-nahr (lit. “what lies this side of the river”), although from the perspective of Arab historians writing in distant Iraq, the term “Khorasan” might extend to all lands beyond the Oxus, including <a href="/w/index.php?title=Khwarazm&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Khwarazm（页面不存在）">Khwarazm</a> and Transoxiana." (online)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDickens20181531-1532-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDickens20181531-1532_9-0"><sup><b>9.0</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDickens20181531-1532_9-1"><sup><b>9.1</b></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDickens2018">Dickens 2018</a>，第1531-1532頁.<span class="error harv-error" style="display: none; font-size:100%"> sfn模板錯誤: 無指向目標: CITEREFDickens2018 (<a href="/wiki/Category:%E5%90%AB%E6%9C%89%E5%93%88%E4%BD%9B%E5%8F%82%E8%80%83%E6%96%87%E7%8C%AE%E6%A0%BC%E5%BC%8F%E7%B3%BB%E5%88%97%E6%A8%A1%E6%9D%BF%E9%93%BE%E6%8E%A5%E6%8C%87%E5%90%91%E9%94%99%E8%AF%AF%E7%9A%84%E9%A1%B5%E9%9D%A2" title="Category:含有哈佛参考文献格式系列模板链接指向错误的页面">幫助</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.megalithic.co.uk/article.php?sid=18006"><i>Silk Road, North China</i>, C. Michael Hogan, The Megalithic Portal, ed. A. Burnham (2007)</a>. <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">2020-01-13</span>]</span>. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170628202642/http://www.megalithic.co.uk/article.php?sid=18006">存档</a>于2017-06-28）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E6%B2%B3%E4%B8%AD%E5%9C%B0%E5%8C%BA&rft.btitle=Silk+Road%2C+North+China%2C+C.+Michael+Hogan%2C+The+Megalithic+Portal%2C+ed.+A.+Burnham+%282007%29&rft.genre=unknown&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.megalithic.co.uk%2Farticle.php%3Fsid%3D18006&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">《新唐书·西域传》:「永徽時以其地為康居都督府，即授其王<a href="/wiki/%E6%8B%82%E5%91%BC%E7%B8%B5" class="mw-redirect" title="拂呼縵">拂呼縵</a>為都督。」</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">《新唐书·西域傳》：「顯慶時以其地為佉沙州，授君昭武失阿喝刺史。」</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">《新唐书·西域传》：「顯慶時，以阿濫為安息州，即以其王昭武殺為刺史。」</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">《新唐书·西域传》：「米或曰彌末，曰弭秣賀，北百里距康，其君治缽息德城。永徽時為大食所破，顯慶三年，以其地為南謐州，授其君昭武開拙為刺史，自是朝貢不絕。」</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">魏良弢. 《“布尔罕王朝”与桑贾尔起义》、《花拉子模入侵河中与西部喀喇汗王朝灭亡》. 张秀平 (编). 《中国历史：喀喇汗王朝史西辽史》. 人民出版社. 2010-09: 第102页–105页. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/9787010091563" title="Special:网络书源/9787010091563"><span title="国际标准书号">ISBN</span> 9787010091563</a> <span style="font-family: sans-serif; cursor: default; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d); font-size: 0.8em; bottom: 0.1em; font-weight: bold;" title="连接到中文（中国大陆）网页">（中文（中国大陆））</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E6%B2%B3%E4%B8%AD%E5%9C%B0%E5%8C%BA&rft.atitle=%E3%80%8A%E2%80%9C%E5%B8%83%E5%B0%94%E7%BD%95%E7%8E%8B%E6%9C%9D%E2%80%9D%E4%B8%8E%E6%A1%91%E8%B4%BE%E5%B0%94%E8%B5%B7%E4%B9%89%E3%80%8B%E3%80%81%E3%80%8A%E8%8A%B1%E6%8B%89%E5%AD%90%E6%A8%A1%E5%85%A5%E4%BE%B5%E6%B2%B3%E4%B8%AD%E4%B8%8E%E8%A5%BF%E9%83%A8%E5%96%80%E5%96%87%E6%B1%97%E7%8E%8B%E6%9C%9D%E7%81%AD%E4%BA%A1%E3%80%8B&rft.au=%E9%AD%8F%E8%89%AF%E5%BC%A2&rft.btitle=%E3%80%8A%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E5%8E%86%E5%8F%B2%EF%BC%9A%E5%96%80%E5%96%87%E6%B1%97%E7%8E%8B%E6%9C%9D%E5%8F%B2+%E8%A5%BF%E8%BE%BD%E5%8F%B2%E3%80%8B&rft.date=2010-09&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.isbn=9787010091563&rft.pages=%E7%AC%AC102%E9%A1%B5-105%E9%A1%B5&rft.pub=%E4%BA%BA%E6%B0%91%E5%87%BA%E7%89%88%E7%A4%BE&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span> <span style="display:none;font-size:100%" class="error citation-comment">使用<code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|accessdate=</code>需要含有<code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|url=</code> (<a href="/wiki/Help:%E5%BC%95%E6%96%87%E6%A0%BC%E5%BC%8F1%E9%94%99%E8%AF%AF#accessdate_missing_url" title="Help:引文格式1错误">帮助</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ucalgary.ca/applied_history/tutor/islam/mongols/timurid.html">The Timurid Empire</a> <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" class="mw-redirect" title="Wayback Machine">互联网档案馆</a>的<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090816204247/http://www.ucalgary.ca/applied_history/tutor/islam/mongols/timurid.html">存檔</a>，存档日期2009-08-16.</span> </li> </ol></div>    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