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<li id="toc-Different_uses_of_text_characters_(pre-1981)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Different_uses_of_text_characters_(pre-1981)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Different uses of text characters (pre-1981)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Different_uses_of_text_characters_(pre-1981)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-ASCII_emoticons_use_in_digital_communication_(1982–mid-1990s)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#ASCII_emoticons_use_in_digital_communication_(1982–mid-1990s)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>ASCII emoticons use in digital communication (1982–mid-1990s)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-ASCII_emoticons_use_in_digital_communication_(1982–mid-1990s)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Graphical_emoticons_and_other_developments_(1990s–present)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Graphical_emoticons_and_other_developments_(1990s–present)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Graphical emoticons and other developments (1990s–present)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Graphical_emoticons_and_other_developments_(1990s–present)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Styles" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Styles"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Styles</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Styles-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Styles subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Styles-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Western" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Western"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Western</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Western-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Kaomoji_(Japan_ASCII_movement)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Kaomoji_(Japan_ASCII_movement)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Kaomoji (Japan ASCII movement)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Kaomoji_(Japan_ASCII_movement)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-2channel" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#2channel"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>2channel</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-2channel-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Korean" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Korean"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Korean</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Korean-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Chinese_ideographic" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Chinese_ideographic"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5</span> <span>Chinese ideographic</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Chinese_ideographic-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Posture_emoticons" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Posture_emoticons"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Posture emoticons</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Posture_emoticons-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Posture emoticons subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Posture_emoticons-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Orz" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Orz"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Orz</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Orz-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-o7" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#o7"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>o7</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-o7-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Multimedia_variations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Multimedia_variations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Multimedia variations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Multimedia_variations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Intellectual_property_rights" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Intellectual_property_rights"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Intellectual property rights</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Intellectual_property_rights-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Unicode" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Unicode"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Unicode</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Unicode-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Explanatory_notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Explanatory_notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Explanatory notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Explanatory_notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Emoticon</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 60 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-60" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">60 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%81%D8%B9%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A9_(%D8%AB%D9%82%D8%A7%D9%81%D8%A9_%D8%A5%D9%86%D8%AA%D8%B1%D9%86%D8%AA)" title="انفعالة (ثقافة إنترنت) – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="انفعالة (ثقافة إنترنت)" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emoticonu" title="Emoticonu – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Emoticonu" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emotikon" title="Emotikon – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Emotikon" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%89%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B8" title="इमोटिकॉन्स – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="इमोटिकॉन्स" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>भोजपुरी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Емотикон – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Емотикон" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emoticona" title="Emoticona – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Emoticona" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emotikon" title="Emotikon – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Emotikon" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hum%C3%B8rikon" title="Humørikon – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Humørikon" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emoticon" title="Emoticon – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Emoticon" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emotikon" title="Emotikon – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Emotikon" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A6%CE%B1%CF%84%CF%83%CE%BF%CF%8D%CE%BB%CE%B5%CF%82" title="Φατσούλες – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Φατσούλες" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emoticono" title="Emoticono – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Emoticono" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miensimbolo" title="Miensimbolo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Miensimbolo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sentikur" title="Sentikur – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Sentikur" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B4%DA%A9%D9%84%DA%A9_(%D9%86%D9%82%D8%B7%D9%87%E2%80%8C%DA%AF%D8%B0%D8%A7%D8%B1%DB%8C)" title="شکلک (نقطه‌گذاری) – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="شکلک (نقطه‌گذاری)" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89motic%C3%B4ne" title="Émoticône – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Émoticône" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cari%C3%B1a" title="Cariña – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Cariña" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%9D%B4%EB%AA%A8%ED%8B%B0%EC%BD%98" title="이모티콘 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="이모티콘" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B7%D5%B4%D5%B8%D5%BF%D5%AB%D5%AF%D5%B8%D5%B6" title="Էմոտիկոն – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Էմոտիկոն" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emocosimbolo" title="Emocosimbolo – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Emocosimbolo" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emotikon" title="Emotikon – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Emotikon" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emoticone" title="Emoticone – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Emoticone" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emoticon" title="Emoticon – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Emoticon" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A8%D7%92%D7%A9%D7%95%D7%9F" title="רגשון – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="רגשון" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%8E%E0%B2%AE%E0%B3%8A%E0%B2%9F%E0%B3%88%E0%B2%95%E0%B2%A8%E0%B3%8D_%E0%B2%8E%E0%B2%AE%E0%B3%8B%E0%B2%9C%E0%B2%BF" title="ಎಮೊಟೈಕನ್ ಎಮೋಜಿ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಎಮೊಟೈಕನ್ ಎಮೋಜಿ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A1%E1%83%98%E1%83%AA%E1%83%98%E1%83%9A%E1%83%90%E1%83%99%E1%83%98" title="სიცილაკი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="სიცილაკი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Эмотикон – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Эмотикон" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emotikons" title="Emotikons – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Emotikons" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%A0ypsen%C4%97l%C4%97" title="Šypsenėlė – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Šypsenėlė" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emoticon" title="Emoticon – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Emoticon" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hangulatjel" title="Hangulatjel – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Hangulatjel" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Емотиконка – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Емотиконка" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AE%E0%B5%88%E0%B4%B2%E0%B4%BF" title="സ്മൈലി – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="സ്മൈലി" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%89%E0%A4%A8" title="इमोटिकॉन – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="इमोटिकॉन" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%8A%D9%85%D9%88%D8%AA%D9%8A%D9%83%D9%88%D9%86" title="ايموتيكون – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="ايموتيكون" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emotikon" title="Emotikon – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Emotikon" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emoticon" title="Emoticon – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Emoticon" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%A1%94%E6%96%87%E5%AD%97" title="顔文字 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="顔文字" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emotikon" title="Emotikon – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Emotikon" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uttrykksikon" title="Uttrykksikon – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Uttrykksikon" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emotikon" title="Emotikon – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Emotikon" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%AD%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%AA%D9%8A_%D9%86%DA%9A%DB%90" title="احساساتي نښې – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="احساساتي نښې" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emoticon" title="Emoticon – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Emoticon" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Low German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emotikon" title="Emotikon – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Emotikon" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emoticon" title="Emoticon – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Emoticon" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emoticon" title="Emoticon – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Emoticon" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Эмотикон – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Эмотикон" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emoticon" title="Emoticon – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Emoticon" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emotikon" title="Emotikon – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Emotikon" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A6%DB%8C%D9%85%DB%86%D8%AA%DB%8C%DA%A9%DB%86%D9%86" title="ئیمۆتیکۆن – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="ئیمۆتیکۆن" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Емотикон – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Емотикон" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hymi%C3%B6" title="Hymiö – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Hymiö" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%8E%E0%B0%AE%E0%B1%8B%E0%B0%9F%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%95%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%A8%E0%B1%8D" title="ఎమోటికాన్ – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="ఎమోటికాన్" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%8D%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B9%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%93%E0%B9%8C" title="สัญรูปอารมณ์ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="สัญรูปอารมณ์" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emoticon" title="Emoticon – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Emoticon" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk badge-Q70893996 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%82%D1%96%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Емотікон – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Емотікон" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" 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							cdx-fr-css-icon--close"></span></button></header><div class="cdx-dialog__body">This is the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Pending_changes" title="Wikipedia:Pending changes">latest accepted revision</a>, <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Log&type=review&page=Special:Badtitle/Message">reviewed</a> on <i>28 October 2024</i>.</div></div><div tabindex="0"></div></div></div></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Pictorial representation of a facial expression using punctuation marks, numbers and letters</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Not to be confused with <a href="/wiki/Emoji" title="Emoji">Emoji</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sticker_(messaging)" title="Sticker (messaging)">Sticker (messaging)</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Enotikon" class="mw-redirect" title="Enotikon">Enotikon</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"O.O" redirects here. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/O.O_(song)" title="O.O (song)">O.O (song)</a> and <a href="/wiki/OO_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="OO (disambiguation)">OO (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1092331828">@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .contains-special-characters{width:22em}}</style><div class="side-box metadata side-box-right contains-special-characters noprint selfref" style="width: 17em;"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Emoji_u263a.svg" title="File:Emoji u263a.svg"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Emoji_u263a.svg/40px-Emoji_u263a.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Emoji_u263a.svg/60px-Emoji_u263a.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Emoji_u263a.svg/80px-Emoji_u263a.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /></a></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><b>This article contains <a href="/wiki/Emoji#In_Unicode" title="Emoji">Unicode emoticons or emojis</a>.</b> Without proper <a href="/wiki/Help:Special_characters" title="Help:Special characters">rendering support</a>, you may see <a href="/wiki/Specials_(Unicode_block)#Replacement_character" title="Specials (Unicode block)">question marks, boxes, or other symbols</a> instead of the intended characters.</div></div> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Emoticon_Smile_Face.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Emoticon_Smile_Face.svg/180px-Emoticon_Smile_Face.svg.png" decoding="async" width="180" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Emoticon_Smile_Face.svg/270px-Emoticon_Smile_Face.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Emoticon_Smile_Face.svg/360px-Emoticon_Smile_Face.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="295" data-file-height="295" /></a><figcaption>A <a href="/wiki/Smiley-face" class="mw-redirect" title="Smiley-face">smiley-face</a> emoticon</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kaomoji.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Kaomoji.png/180px-Kaomoji.png" decoding="async" width="180" height="76" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Kaomoji.png/270px-Kaomoji.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/84/Kaomoji.png 2x" data-file-width="358" data-file-height="151" /></a><figcaption>Examples of <a href="#Kaomoji_(Japan_ASCII_movement)">kaomoji</a> smileys</figcaption></figure> <p>An <b>emoticon</b> (<span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ə/: 'a' in 'about'">ə</span><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'m' in 'my'">m</span><span title="/oʊ/: 'o' in 'code'">oʊ</span><span title="'t' in 'tie'">t</span><span title="/ə/: 'a' in 'about'">ə</span><span title="'k' in 'kind'">k</span><span title="/ɒ/: 'o' in 'body'">ɒ</span><span title="'n' in 'nigh'">n</span></span>/</a></span></span>, <a href="/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key" title="Help:Pronunciation respelling key"><i title="English pronunciation respelling">ə-<span style="font-size:90%">MOH</span>-tə-kon</i></a>, rarely <span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ɪ/: 'i' in 'kit'">ɪ</span><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'m' in 'my'">m</span><span title="/ɒ/: 'o' in 'body'">ɒ</span><span title="'t' in 'tie'">t</span><span title="/ɪ/: 'i' in 'kit'">ɪ</span><span title="'k' in 'kind'">k</span><span title="/ɒ/: 'o' in 'body'">ɒ</span><span title="'n' in 'nigh'">n</span></span>/</a></span></span>, <a href="/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key" title="Help:Pronunciation respelling key"><i title="English pronunciation respelling">ih-<span style="font-size:90%">MOTT</span>-ih-kon</i></a>),<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> short for <b>emotion icon</b>,<sup id="cite_ref-Education_2003_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Education_2003-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> is a pictorial representation of a <a href="/wiki/Facial_expression" title="Facial expression">facial expression</a> using <a href="/wiki/Character_(symbol)" title="Character (symbol)">characters</a>—usually <a href="/wiki/Punctuation_mark" class="mw-redirect" title="Punctuation mark">punctuation marks</a>, <a href="/wiki/Number" title="Number">numbers</a> and <a href="/wiki/Alphabet" title="Alphabet">letters</a>—to express a person's feelings, mood or reaction, without needing to describe it in detail. </p><p>The first <a href="/wiki/ASCII" title="ASCII">ASCII</a> emoticons are generally credited to computer scientist <a href="/wiki/Scott_Fahlman" title="Scott Fahlman">Scott Fahlman</a>, who proposed what came to be known as "smileys"—<code>:-)</code> and <span class="nowrap"><code>:-(</code></span>—in a message on the <a href="/wiki/Bulletin_board_system" title="Bulletin board system">bulletin board system</a> (BBS) of <a href="/wiki/Carnegie_Mellon_University" title="Carnegie Mellon University">Carnegie Mellon University</a> in 1982. In Western countries, emoticons are usually written at a right angle to the direction of the text. <span class="anchor" id="Kaomoji"></span><span class="anchor" id="Verticon"></span>Users from <a href="/wiki/Japan" title="Japan">Japan</a> popularized a kind of emoticon called <i><a href="/wiki/Kaomoji" title="Kaomoji">kaomoji</a></i>, using <a href="/wiki/Kana" title="Kana">Japanese's larger character sets</a>. This style arose on ASCII NET of Japan in 1986.<sup id="cite_ref-aist_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-aist-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-whatjapanthinks2007_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-whatjapanthinks2007-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They are also known as <i>verticons</i> (from <i>vertical icon</i>) due to their readability without rotations.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As <a href="/wiki/SMS" title="SMS">SMS</a> mobile text messaging and the <a href="/wiki/Internet" title="Internet">Internet</a> became widespread in the late 1990s, emoticons became increasingly popular and were commonly used in <a href="/wiki/Texting" class="mw-redirect" title="Texting">texting</a>, <a href="/wiki/Internet_forum" title="Internet forum">Internet forums</a> and <a href="/wiki/Email" title="Email">emails</a>. Emoticons have played a significant role in communication through technology, and some devices and applications have provided stylized pictures that do not use text punctuation. They offer another range of "tone" through texting through facial gestures.<sup id="cite_ref-Williams_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Williams-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Emoticons were the precursors to modern <a href="/wiki/Emoji" title="Emoji">emojis</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Emoticon&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Different_uses_of_text_characters_(pre-1981)"><span id="Different_uses_of_text_characters_.28pre-1981.29"></span>Different uses of text characters (pre-1981)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Emoticon&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Different uses of text characters (pre-1981)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Poire_typo..JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Poire_typo..JPG/220px-Poire_typo..JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="338" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Poire_typo..JPG/330px-Poire_typo..JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Poire_typo..JPG/440px-Poire_typo..JPG 2x" data-file-width="520" data-file-height="800" /></a><figcaption>Cover of the French magazine <i><a href="/wiki/Le_Charivari" title="Le Charivari">Le Charivari</a></i>, text of a legal ruling against it in the shape of a <a href="/wiki/Pear" title="Pear">pear</a>, 1834</figcaption></figure> <p>In 1648, poet <a href="/wiki/Robert_Herrick_(poet)" title="Robert Herrick (poet)">Robert Herrick</a> wrote, "Tumble me down, and I will sit Upon my ruins, (smiling yet:)." Herrick's work predated any other recorded use of <a href="/wiki/Bracket" title="Bracket">brackets</a> as a smiling face by around 200 years. However, experts doubted the inclusion of the <a href="/wiki/Colon_(punctuation)" title="Colon (punctuation)">colon</a> in the poem was deliberate and if it was meant to represent a smiling face. English professor Alan Jacobs argued that "punctuation, in general, was unsettled in the seventeenth century ... Herrick was unlikely to have consistent punctuational practices himself, and even if he did he couldn't expect either his printers or his readers to share them."<sup id="cite_ref-Madrigal_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Madrigal-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 17th century typography practice often placed colons and semicolons within parentheses, including 14 instances of "<span style="font-size:120%">:)</span>" in <a href="/wiki/Richard_Baxter" title="Richard Baxter">Richard Baxter</a>'s 1653 <i>Plain Scripture Proof of Infants Church-membership and Baptism</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Precursors to modern emoticons have existed since the 19th century.<sup id="cite_ref-Evans_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Evans-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Long_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Long-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Giannoulis_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Giannoulis-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <i>National Telegraphic Review and Operators Guide</i> in April 1857 documented the use of the number 73 in <a href="/wiki/Morse_code" title="Morse code">Morse code</a> to express "love and kisses"<sup id="cite_ref-Hey_&_Pápay_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hey_&_Pápay-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (later reduced to the more formal "<a href="/wiki/Best_regards" class="mw-redirect" title="Best regards">best regards</a>"). <i>Dodge's Manual</i> in 1908 documented the reintroduction of "love and kisses" as the number 88. New Zealand academics Joan Gajadhar and John Green comment that both <a href="/wiki/Morse_code_abbreviations" title="Morse code abbreviations">Morse code abbreviations</a> are more succinct than modern abbreviations such as <a href="/wiki/LOL_(Internet_slang)" class="mw-redirect" title="LOL (Internet slang)">LOL</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Gajadhar_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gajadhar-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Alleged_use_of_emoticon,_1862-08-07.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Alleged_use_of_emoticon%2C_1862-08-07.jpg/220px-Alleged_use_of_emoticon%2C_1862-08-07.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="96" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Alleged_use_of_emoticon%2C_1862-08-07.jpg/330px-Alleged_use_of_emoticon%2C_1862-08-07.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Alleged_use_of_emoticon%2C_1862-08-07.jpg/440px-Alleged_use_of_emoticon%2C_1862-08-07.jpg 2x" data-file-width="480" data-file-height="210" /></a><figcaption>Transcript of <a href="/wiki/Abraham_Lincoln" title="Abraham Lincoln">Abraham Lincoln</a>'s speech in 1862</figcaption></figure> <p>The transcript of one of <a href="/wiki/Abraham_Lincoln" title="Abraham Lincoln">Abraham Lincoln</a>'s speeches in 1862 recorded the audience's reaction as: "(applause and laughter ;)".<sup id="cite_ref-Evans_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Evans-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Houston_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Houston-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There has been some debate whether the glyph in Lincoln's speech was a <a href="/wiki/Typo" class="mw-redirect" title="Typo">typo</a>, a legitimate punctuation construct or the first emoticon.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Linguist Philip Seargeant argues that it was a simple <a href="/wiki/Typesetting" title="Typesetting">typesetting</a> error.<sup id="cite_ref-Seargeant_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Seargeant-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Emotikony-kurjer-warszawski-1881-tekst.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Emotikony-kurjer-warszawski-1881-tekst.png/220px-Emotikony-kurjer-warszawski-1881-tekst.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="168" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Emotikony-kurjer-warszawski-1881-tekst.png/330px-Emotikony-kurjer-warszawski-1881-tekst.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Emotikony-kurjer-warszawski-1881-tekst.png/440px-Emotikony-kurjer-warszawski-1881-tekst.png 2x" data-file-width="828" data-file-height="631" /></a><figcaption>"Typographical art" published in the March 5, 1881, issue of <i>Kurjer Warszawski</i></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Emoticons_Puck_1881.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Emoticons_Puck_1881.png/220px-Emoticons_Puck_1881.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="56" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Emoticons_Puck_1881.png/330px-Emoticons_Puck_1881.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/59/Emoticons_Puck_1881.png 2x" data-file-width="434" data-file-height="110" /></a><figcaption>Emoticons in the satirical magazine <i><a href="/wiki/Puck_(magazine)" title="Puck (magazine)">Puck</a></i> on March 30, 1881</figcaption></figure> <p>Before March 1881, the examples of "typographical art" appeared in at least three newspaper articles, including <i><a href="/wiki/Kurier_Warszawski" title="Kurier Warszawski">Kurjer warszawski</a></i> (published in <a href="/wiki/Warsaw" title="Warsaw">Warsaw</a>) from March 5, 1881, using punctuation to represent the emotions of joy, melancholy, indifference and astonishment.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div style="clear:left;" class=""></div><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Emoticons-Telegraphische_Zeichenkunst.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Emoticons-Telegraphische_Zeichenkunst.jpg/220px-Emoticons-Telegraphische_Zeichenkunst.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="218" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Emoticons-Telegraphische_Zeichenkunst.jpg/330px-Emoticons-Telegraphische_Zeichenkunst.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Emoticons-Telegraphische_Zeichenkunst.jpg/440px-Emoticons-Telegraphische_Zeichenkunst.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2282" data-file-height="2262" /></a><figcaption><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Telegraphische Zeichenkunst</i></span> in the German <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Deutsche Postzeitung</i></span>, November 16, 1896<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure><p>In a 1912 essay titled "For Brevity and Clarity", American author <a href="/wiki/Ambrose_Bierce" title="Ambrose Bierce">Ambrose Bierce</a> suggested facetiously<sup id="cite_ref-Evans_12-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Evans-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Houston_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Houston-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> that a bracket could be used to represent a smiling face, proposing "an improvement in punctuation" with which writers could convey <i><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/cachinnation" class="extiw" title="wikt:cachinnation">cachinnation</a></i>, loud or immoderate laughter: "it is written thus ‿ and presents a smiling mouth. It is to be appended, with the full stop, to every jocular or ironical sentence".<sup id="cite_ref-Evans_12-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Evans-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Bierce_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bierce-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In a 1936 <i><a href="/wiki/Harvard_Lampoon" class="mw-redirect" title="Harvard Lampoon">Harvard Lampoon</a></i> article, writer Alan Gregg proposed combining brackets with various other <a href="/wiki/Punctuation_mark" class="mw-redirect" title="Punctuation mark">punctuation marks</a> to represent various moods. Brackets were used for the sides of the mouth or cheeks, with other punctuation used between the brackets to display various emotions: <span style="font-size:120%">(-)</span> for a smile, <span class="nowrap"><span style="font-size:120%">(--)</span></span> (showing more "teeth") for laughter, <span style="font-size:120%">(#)</span> for a frown and <span style="font-size:120%">(*)</span> for a <a href="/wiki/Wink" title="Wink">wink</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Evans_12-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Evans-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> An instance of text characters representing a sideways smiling and frowning face could be found in the <i><a href="/wiki/New_York_Herald_Tribune" title="New York Herald Tribune">New York Herald Tribune</a></i> on March 10, 1953, promoting the film <i>Lili</i> starring <a href="/wiki/Leslie_Caron" title="Leslie Caron">Leslie Caron</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The September 1962 issue of <a href="/wiki/Mad_(magazine)" title="Mad (magazine)"><i>MAD</i> magazine</a> included an article titled "Typewri-toons". The piece, featuring typewriter-generated artwork credited to "Royal Portable", was entirely made up of repurposed typography, including a capital letter P having a bigger 'bust' than a capital I, a lowercase b and d discussing their pregnancies, an <a href="/wiki/Asterisk" title="Asterisk">asterisk</a> on top of a letter to indicate the letter had just come inside from snowfall, and a classroom of lowercase n's interrupted by a lowercase h "raising its hand".<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A further example attributed to a <i><a href="/wiki/The_Baltimore_Sun" title="The Baltimore Sun">Baltimore Sunday Sun</a></i> columnist appeared in a 1967 article in <i><a href="/wiki/Reader%27s_Digest" title="Reader's Digest">Reader's Digest</a></i>, using a <a href="/wiki/Dash" title="Dash">dash</a> and <a href="/wiki/Right_bracket" class="mw-redirect" title="Right bracket">right bracket</a> to represent a <a href="/wiki/Tongue_in_cheek" class="mw-redirect" title="Tongue in cheek">tongue in one's cheek</a>: <span style="font-size:120%">—</span>).<sup id="cite_ref-Evans_12-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Evans-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Houston_17-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Houston-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Mikkelson_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mikkelson-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Prefiguring the modern "smiley" emoticon,<sup id="cite_ref-Evans_12-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Evans-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Seargeant_19-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Seargeant-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> writer <a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Nabokov" title="Vladimir Nabokov">Vladimir Nabokov</a> told an interviewer from <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></i> in 1969, "I often think there should exist a special typographical sign for a smile—some sort of concave mark, a supine round bracket, which I would now like to trace in reply to your question."<sup id="cite_ref-Nabokov_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nabokov-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the 1970s, the <a href="/wiki/PLATO_IV" class="mw-redirect" title="PLATO IV">PLATO IV</a> computer system was launched. It was one of the first computers used throughout educational and professional institutions, but rarely used in a residential setting.<sup id="cite_ref-vice_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-vice-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On the computer system, a student at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Illinois" class="mw-redirect" title="University of Illinois">University of Illinois</a> developed pictograms that resembled different smiling faces. <a href="/wiki/Mary_Kalantzis" title="Mary Kalantzis">Mary Kalantzis</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bill_Cope_(academic)" title="Bill Cope (academic)">Bill Cope</a> stated this likely took place in 1972, and they claimed these to be the first emoticons.<sup id="cite_ref-Kalantzis_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kalantzis-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="ASCII_emoticons_use_in_digital_communication_(1982–mid-1990s)"><span id="ASCII_emoticons_use_in_digital_communication_.281982.E2.80.93mid-1990s.29"></span>ASCII emoticons use in digital communication (1982–mid-1990s)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Emoticon&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: ASCII emoticons use in digital communication (1982–mid-1990s)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Carnegie Mellon computer scientist <a href="/wiki/Scott_Fahlman" title="Scott Fahlman">Scott Fahlman</a> is generally credited with the invention of the digital text-based emoticon in 1982.<sup id="cite_ref-Seargeant_19-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Seargeant-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Doliashvili_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Doliashvili-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Long_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Long-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The use of <a href="/wiki/ASCII" title="ASCII">ASCII</a> symbols, a standard set of codes representing typographical marks, was essential to allow the symbols to be displayed on any computer.<sup id="cite_ref-Veszelszki_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Veszelszki-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In Carnegie Mellon's <a href="/wiki/Bulletin_board_system" title="Bulletin board system">bulletin board system</a>, Fahlman proposed colon–<a href="/wiki/Hyphen" title="Hyphen">hyphen</a>–right bracket <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-text mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">:-)</code> as a label for "attempted humor" to try to solve the difficulty of conveying <a href="/wiki/Humour" title="Humour">humor</a> or <a href="/wiki/Sarcasm" title="Sarcasm">sarcasm</a> in plain text.<sup id="cite_ref-Stanton_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Stanton-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Long_13-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Long-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Fahlman sent the following message<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> after an incident where a humorous warning about a <a href="/wiki/Mercury_(element)" title="Mercury (element)">mercury</a> spill in an elevator was misunderstood as serious:<sup id="cite_ref-Houston_17-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Houston-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Seargeant_19-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Seargeant-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Garber_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Garber-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <pre style="border: 0px;">19-Sep-82 11:44 Scott E Fahlman  :-) From: Scott E Fahlman <Fahlman at Cmu-20c> I propose that the following character sequence for joke markers: :-) Read it sideways. Actually, it is probably more economical to mark things that are NOT jokes, given current trends. For this, use :-( </pre> <p>Within a few months, the smiley had spread to the <a href="/wiki/ARPANET" title="ARPANET">ARPANET</a><sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template noprint Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:No_original_research#Primary,_secondary_and_tertiary_sources" title="Wikipedia:No original research"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable secondary sources. (October 2021)">non-primary source needed</span></a></i>]</sup> and <a href="/wiki/Usenet" title="Usenet">Usenet</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template noprint Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:No_original_research#Primary,_secondary_and_tertiary_sources" title="Wikipedia:No original research"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable secondary sources. (October 2021)">non-primary source needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Other suggestions on the forum included an <a href="/wiki/Asterisk" title="Asterisk">asterisk</a> <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-text mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">*</code> and an <a href="/wiki/Ampersand" title="Ampersand">ampersand</a> <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-text mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">&</code>, the latter meant to represent a person doubled over in laughter,<sup id="cite_ref-Hitt_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hitt-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Garber_36-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Garber-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as well as a <a href="/wiki/Percent_sign" title="Percent sign">percent sign</a> <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-text mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">%</code> and a <a href="/wiki/Octothorpe" class="mw-redirect" title="Octothorpe">pound sign</a> <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-text mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">#</code>.<sup id="cite_ref-Baron_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Baron-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Scott Fahlman suggested that not only could his emoticon communicate <a href="/wiki/Emotion" title="Emotion">emotion</a>, but also replace language.<sup id="cite_ref-Stanton_33-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Stanton-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Since the 1990s, emoticons (colon, hyphen and bracket) have become integral to digital communications,<sup id="cite_ref-Giannoulis_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Giannoulis-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and have inspired a variety of other emoticons,<sup id="cite_ref-Long_13-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Long-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEvans2017151–152_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEvans2017151–152-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> including the "winking" face using a <a href="/wiki/Semicolon" title="Semicolon">semicolon</a> <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-text mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">;-)</code>,<sup id="cite_ref-Turns_25_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Turns_25-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-text mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">XD</code>, a representation of the <a href="/wiki/Face_with_Tears_of_Joy_emoji" title="Face with Tears of Joy emoji">Face with Tears of Joy emoji</a> and the acronym <a href="/wiki/LOL" title="LOL">LOL</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESeargeant201947_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESeargeant201947-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1996, <a href="/wiki/The_Smiley_Company" title="The Smiley Company">The Smiley Company</a> was established by Nicolas Loufrani and his father Franklin as a way of commercializing the <a href="/wiki/Smiley" title="Smiley">smiley</a> trademark. As part of this, The Smiley Dictionary website focused on ASCII emoticons, where a catalogue was made of them. Many other people did similar to Loufrani from 1995 onwards, including David Sanderson creating the book <i>Smileys</i> in 1997. James Marshall also hosted an online collection of ASCII emoticons that he completed in 2008.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESeargeant201947_43-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESeargeant201947-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A researcher at <a href="/wiki/Stanford_University" title="Stanford University">Stanford University</a> surveyed the emoticons used in four million <a href="/wiki/Twitter" title="Twitter">Twitter</a> messages and found that the smiling emoticon without a hyphen "nose" <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-text mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">:)</code> was much more common than the original version with the hyphen <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-text mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">:-)</code>. Linguist <a href="/wiki/Vyvyan_Evans" title="Vyvyan Evans">Vyvyan Evans</a> argues that this represents a shift in usage by younger users as a form of <i><a href="/wiki/Covert_prestige" title="Covert prestige">covert prestige</a></i>: rejecting a standard usage in order to demonstrate in-group membership.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEvans2017152–154_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEvans2017152–154-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Graphical_emoticons_and_other_developments_(1990s–present)"><span id="Graphical_emoticons_and_other_developments_.281990s.E2.80.93present.29"></span>Graphical emoticons and other developments (1990s–present)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Emoticon&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Graphical emoticons and other developments (1990s–present)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Loufrani began to use the basic text designs and turned them into graphical representations. They are now known as graphical emoticons. His designs were registered at the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Copyright_Office" title="United States Copyright Office">United States Copyright Office</a> in 1997 and appeared online as <a href="/wiki/GIF" title="GIF">GIF files</a> in 1998.<sup id="cite_ref-light_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-light-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For ASCII emoticons that did not exist to convert into graphical form, Loufrani also backward engineered new ASCII emoticons from the graphical versions he created. These were the first graphical representations of ASCII emoticons.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He published his Smiley icons as well as emoticons created by others, along with their ASCII versions, in an online Smiley Dictionary in 2001.<sup id="cite_ref-light_45-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-light-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This dictionary included 640 different smiley icons<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Hervez_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hervez-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and was published as a book called <i>Dico Smileys</i> in 2002.<sup id="cite_ref-light_45-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-light-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-semiotics_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-semiotics-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2017, British magazine <i>The Drum</i> referred to Loufrani as the "godfather of the emoji" for his work in the field.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On September 23, 2021, it was announced that <a href="/wiki/Scott_Fahlman" title="Scott Fahlman">Scott Fahlman</a> was holding an auction for the original emoticons he created in 1982. The auction was held in <a href="/wiki/Dallas" title="Dallas">Dallas</a>, United States, and sold the two designs as <a href="/wiki/Non-fungible_token" title="Non-fungible token">non-fungible tokens (NFT)</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The online auction ended later that month, with the originals selling for <a href="/wiki/United_States_dollar" title="United States dollar">US$</a>237,500.<sup id="cite_ref-Future_Zone_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Future_Zone-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In some <a href="/wiki/Programming_language" title="Programming language">programming languages</a>, certain operators are known informally by their emoticon-like appearance. This includes the <a href="/wiki/Spaceship_operator" class="mw-redirect" title="Spaceship operator">Spaceship operator</a> <code><=></code> (a comparison), the <a href="/wiki/Generics_in_Java#Diamond_operator" title="Generics in Java">Diamond operator</a> <code><></code> (for type hinting) and the <a href="/wiki/Elvis_operator" title="Elvis operator">Elvis operator</a> <code>?:</code> (a shortened <a href="/wiki/Ternary_operator" class="mw-redirect" title="Ternary operator">ternary operator</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-groovy_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-groovy-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Styles">Styles</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Emoticon&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Styles"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-More_citations_needed plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Emoticon" title="Special:EditPage/Emoticon">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a> in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.<br /><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Emoticon%22">"Emoticon"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Emoticon%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Emoticon%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Emoticon%22+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Emoticon%22">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Emoticon%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">October 2021</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Western">Western</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Emoticon&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Western"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Usually, emoticons in Western style have the eyes on the left, followed by the nose and the mouth. It is commonly placed at the end of a sentence, replacing the full stop. The two-character version <code>:)</code>, which omits the nose, is very popular. The most basic emoticons are relatively consistent in form, but some can be rotated (making them tiny <a href="/wiki/Ambigrams" class="mw-redirect" title="Ambigrams">ambigrams</a>). There are also some variations to emoticons to get new definitions, like changing a character to express another feeling. For example, <span class="nowrap"><code>:(</code></span> equals sad and <span class="nowrap"><code>:((</code></span> equals very sad. Weeping can be written as <code>:'(</code>. A blush can be expressed as <code>:"></code>. Others include wink <code>;)</code>, a grin <code>:D</code>, <code>:P</code> for tongue out, and smug <span class="nowrap"><code>:-></code></span>; they can be used to <a href="/wiki/Tone_indicator" title="Tone indicator">denote</a> a flirting or joking tone, or may be implying a <a href="/wiki/Double_entendre" title="Double entendre">second meaning</a> in the sentence preceding it.<sup id="cite_ref-Dresner_&_Herring_2010_56-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dresner_&_Herring_2010-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <code>;P</code>, such as when <a href="/wiki/Blowing_a_raspberry" title="Blowing a raspberry">blowing a raspberry</a>. An often used combination is also <code><3</code> for a <a href="/wiki/Heart_symbol" title="Heart symbol">heart</a> and <code></3</code> for a broken heart. <code>:O</code> is also sometimes used to depict shock. <code>:/</code> is used to depict melancholy, disappointment or disapproval. <code>:|</code> may be used to depict a neutral face. </p><p>A broad grin is sometimes shown with crinkled eyes to express further amusement; <code>XD</code> and the addition of further "D" letters can suggest laughter or extreme amusement, e.g., <code>XDDDD</code>. The "3" in <code>X3</code> and <code>:3</code> represents an animal's mouth. An equal sign is often used for the eyes in place of the colon, seen as <code>=)</code>. It has become more acceptable to omit the hyphen, whether a colon or an equal sign is used for the eyes.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> One linguistic study has indicated that the use of a nose in an emoticon may be related to the user's age, with younger people less likely to use a nose.<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Some variants are also more common in certain countries due to <a href="/wiki/Keyboard_layout" title="Keyboard layout">keyboard layouts</a>. For example, the smiley <code>=)</code> may occur in <a href="/wiki/Scandinavia" title="Scandinavia">Scandinavia</a>. <a href="/wiki/Diacritic" title="Diacritic">Diacritical</a> marks are sometimes used. The letters <code>Ö</code> and <code>Ü</code> can be seen as emoticons, as the upright versions of <code>:O</code> (meaning that one is surprised) and <code>:D</code> (meaning that one is very happy), respectively. In countries where the <a href="/wiki/Cyrillic_alphabet" class="mw-redirect" title="Cyrillic alphabet">Cyrillic alphabet</a> is used, the right parenthesis <code>)</code> is used as a smiley. Multiple parentheses <code>))))</code> are used to express greater happiness, amusement or laughter. The colon is omitted due to being in a lesser-known position on the <a href="/wiki/JCUKEN" title="JCUKEN">ЙЦУКЕН keyboard layout</a>. The '<a href="/wiki/Shrug" title="Shrug">shrug</a>' emoticon, <span class="nowrap"><code>¯\_(ツ)_/¯</code>,</span> uses the glyph <a href="/wiki/%E3%83%84" class="mw-redirect" title="ツ">ツ</a> from the Japanese <a href="/wiki/Katakana" title="Katakana">katakana</a> writing system. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Kaomoji_(Japan_ASCII_movement)"><span id="Kaomoji_.28Japan_ASCII_movement.29"></span>Kaomoji (Japan ASCII movement)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Emoticon&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Kaomoji (Japan ASCII movement)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Kaomoji" title="Kaomoji">Kaomoji</a></div> <p>Kaomoji are often seen as the Japanese development of emoticons that is separate to the <a href="/wiki/Scott_Fahlman" title="Scott Fahlman">Scott Fahlman</a> movement, which started in 1982. In 1986, a designer began to use brackets and other <a href="/wiki/ASCII" title="ASCII">ASCII text characters</a> to form faces. Over time, they became more often differentiated from each other, although both use ASCII characters. However, more westernised Kaomojis have dropped the brackets, such as <code>owo</code>, <code>uwu</code> and <code>TwT</code>, popularised in internet subcultures such as the <a href="/wiki/Anime" title="Anime">anime</a> and <a href="/wiki/Furry_fandom" title="Furry fandom">furry communities</a>. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kaomoji!_(2334722446).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Kaomoji%21_%282334722446%29.jpg/220px-Kaomoji%21_%282334722446%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Kaomoji%21_%282334722446%29.jpg/330px-Kaomoji%21_%282334722446%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Kaomoji%21_%282334722446%29.jpg/440px-Kaomoji%21_%282334722446%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1536" /></a><figcaption>A kaomoji painting in Japan</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="2channel">2channel</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Emoticon&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: 2channel"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Users of the Japanese discussion board <a href="/wiki/2channel" title="2channel">2channel</a>, in particular, have developed a variety emoticons using characters from various scripts, such as <a href="/wiki/Kannada_alphabet" class="mw-redirect" title="Kannada alphabet">Kannada</a>, as in <a href="/wiki/Look_of_Disapproval" class="mw-redirect" title="Look of Disapproval"><code>ಠ_ಠ</code></a> (for a look of disapproval, disbelief or confusion). Similarly, the letter ರೃ was used in emoticons to represent a monocle and ಥ to represent a tearing eye. They were picked up by <a href="/wiki/4chan" title="4chan">4chan</a> and spread to other Western sites soon after. Some have become characters in their own right like <a href="/wiki/Mona_(ASCII_art)" class="mw-redirect" title="Mona (ASCII art)">Monā</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Korean">Korean</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Emoticon&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Korean"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In <a href="/wiki/South_Korea" title="South Korea">South Korea</a>, emoticons use Korean <a href="/wiki/Hangul" title="Hangul">Hangul</a> letters, and the Western style is rarely used.<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The structures of Korean and Japanese emoticons are somewhat similar, but they have some differences. Korean style contains Korean <a href="/wiki/Hangul_consonant_and_vowel_tables" title="Hangul consonant and vowel tables">jamo</a> (letters) instead of other characters. </p><p>The consonant jamos <code>ㅅ</code>, <code>ㅁ</code> or <code>ㅂ</code> can be used as the mouth or nose component and <code>ㅇ</code>, <code>ㅎ</code> or <code>ㅍ</code> for the eyes. Using quotation marks <code>"</code> and apostrophes <code>'</code> are also commonly used combinations. Vowel jamos such as ㅜ and ㅠ can depict a crying face. Example: <span class="nowrap"><code>ㅜㅜ</code>,</span> (same function as T in Western style). Sometimes ㅡ (not an <a href="/wiki/Em-dash" class="mw-redirect" title="Em-dash">em-dash</a> "—", but a vowel jamo), a comma (<code>,</code>) or an <a href="/wiki/Underscore" title="Underscore">underscore</a> (<code>_</code>) is added, and the two character sets can be mixed together, as in <span class="nowrap"><code>ㅠ.ㅡ</code>,</span> <span class="nowrap"><code>ㅡ^ㅜ</code></span> and <span class="nowrap"><code>ㅜㅇㅡ</code>.</span> Also, semicolons and <a href="/wiki/Caret" title="Caret">carets</a> are commonly used in Korean emoticons; semicolons can mean sweating, examples of it are <code>-;/</code>, <span class="nowrap"><code>--^</code></span> and <span class="nowrap"><code>-_-;;</code></span>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Chinese_ideographic">Chinese ideographic</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Emoticon&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Chinese ideographic"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Jiong" title="Jiong">Jiong</a></div> <p>The character 囧 (U+56E7), which means <span class="gloss-quot">'</span><span class="gloss-text">bright</span><span class="gloss-quot">'</span>, may be combined with the posture emoticon Orz, such as <span class="nowrap">囧rz.</span> The character existed in <a href="/wiki/Oracle_bone_script" title="Oracle bone script">Oracle bone script</a> but was rarely used until its use as an emoticon,<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> documented as early as January 20, 2005.<sup id="cite_ref-nownews-56E7_61-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nownews-56E7-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Other variants of 囧 include 崮 (king 囧), 莔 (queen 囧), 商 (囧 with a hat), 囧興 (turtle) and 卣 (<i><a href="/wiki/Bomberman" title="Bomberman">Bomberman</a></i>). The character 槑 (U+69D1), a variant of 梅 <span class="gloss-quot">'</span><span class="gloss-text">plum</span><span class="gloss-quot">'</span>, is used to represent a double of 呆 <span class="gloss-quot">'</span><span class="gloss-text">dull</span><span class="gloss-quot">'</span> or further magnitude of dullness. In Chinese, normally full characters (as opposed to the stylistic use of 槑) might be <a href="/wiki/Reduplication#Chinese" title="Reduplication">duplicated</a> to express emphasis.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Posture_emoticons">Posture emoticons</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Emoticon&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Posture emoticons"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Orz">Orz</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Emoticon&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Orz"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Dogeza_horizontal.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Dogeza_horizontal.png/220px-Dogeza_horizontal.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="121" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Dogeza_horizontal.png/330px-Dogeza_horizontal.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Dogeza_horizontal.png/440px-Dogeza_horizontal.png 2x" data-file-width="838" data-file-height="459" /></a><figcaption>The emoticon <code>Orz</code> resembles a person performing a Japanese <i><a href="/wiki/Dogeza" title="Dogeza">dogeza</a></i> bow.</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Orz" class="extiw" title="wikt:Orz">Orz</a> (other forms include: <span class="nowrap">Or2</span>, <span class="nowrap">on_</span>, <span class="nowrap">OTZ</span>, <span class="nowrap">OTL</span>, <span class="nowrap">STO</span>, <span class="nowrap">JTO</span>,<sup id="cite_ref-boing-orz_62-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-boing-orz-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <span class="nowrap">_no</span>, <span class="nowrap">＿冂○</span><sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Jiong" title="Jiong">囧</a>rz</span><sup id="cite_ref-nownews-56E7_61-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nownews-56E7-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>) is an emoticon representing a kneeling or bowing person (the Japanese version of which is called <i><a href="/wiki/Dogeza" title="Dogeza">dogeza</a></i>), with the "o" being the head, the "r" being the arms and part of the body, and the "z" being part of the body and the legs. This <a href="/wiki/Stick_figure" title="Stick figure">stick figure</a> can represent respect or <i>kowtowing</i>, but commonly appears along a range of responses, including "frustration, despair, sarcasm, or grudging respect".<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>It was first used in late 2002 at the forum on Techside, a Japanese personal website. At the "Techside FAQ Forum" (<span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">TECHSIDE教えて君BBS(教えてBBS)</span></span>), a poster asked about a cable cover, typing "<span class="nowrap">＿|￣|○</span>" to show a cable and its cover. Others commented that it looked like a kneeling person, and the symbol became popular.<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These comments were soon deleted as they were considered off-topic. By 2005, Orz spawned a <a href="/wiki/Subculture" title="Subculture">subculture</a>: blogs have been devoted to the emoticon, and <a href="/wiki/URL_shortening" title="URL shortening">URL shortening</a> services have been named after it. In Taiwan, Orz is associated with the concept of <a href="/wiki/Nice_guy" title="Nice guy">nice guys</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-boing-orz_62-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-boing-orz-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="o7">o7</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Emoticon&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: o7"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>o7, or O7, is an emoticon that depicts a person <a href="/wiki/Salute" title="Salute">saluting</a>, with the <i>o</i> being the head and the <i>7</i> being its arm.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Multimedia_variations">Multimedia variations</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Emoticon&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Multimedia variations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A <a href="/wiki/Blend_word" title="Blend word">portmanteau</a> of <i>emotion</i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Sound" title="Sound">sound</a></i>, an emotisound is a brief sound transmitted and played back during the viewing of a message, typically an IM message or email message. The sound is intended to communicate an emotional <a href="/wiki/Subtext" title="Subtext">subtext</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some services, such as MuzIcons, combine emoticons and music players in an <a href="/wiki/Adobe_Flash" title="Adobe Flash">Adobe Flash</a>-based widget.<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2004, the <a href="/wiki/Trillian_(software)" title="Trillian (software)">Trillian</a> chat application introduced a feature called "emotiblips", which allows Trillian users to stream files to their instant message recipients "as the voice and video equivalent of an emoticon".<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2007, <a href="/wiki/MTV" title="MTV">MTV</a> and <a href="/wiki/Paramount_Pictures_Home_Entertainment" class="mw-redirect" title="Paramount Pictures Home Entertainment">Paramount Home Entertainment</a> promoted the "emoticlip" as a form of <a href="/wiki/Viral_marketing" title="Viral marketing">viral marketing</a> for the second season of the show <i>The Hills</i>. The emoticlips were twelve short snippets of dialogue from the show, uploaded to YouTube. The emoticlip concept is credited to the Bradley & Montgomery advertising firm, which wrote that they hoped it would be widely adopted as "greeting cards that just happen to be selling something".<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Intellectual_property_rights">Intellectual property rights</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Emoticon&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Intellectual property rights"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:USpatent6987991_emoticon.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/USpatent6987991_emoticon.jpg/220px-USpatent6987991_emoticon.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="215" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/USpatent6987991_emoticon.jpg/330px-USpatent6987991_emoticon.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/USpatent6987991_emoticon.jpg/440px-USpatent6987991_emoticon.jpg 2x" data-file-width="571" data-file-height="559" /></a><figcaption>Patented drop down menu for composing phone mail text message with emoticons<sup id="cite_ref-Nelsonpatent_70-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nelsonpatent-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>In 2000, <a href="/wiki/Despair,_Inc." title="Despair, Inc.">Despair, Inc.</a> obtained a U.S. <a href="/wiki/Trademark" title="Trademark">trademark</a> registration for the "frowny" emoticon <span class="nowrap"><code>:-(</code></span> when used on "greeting cards, posters and art prints". In 2001, they issued a satirical press release, announcing that they would sue Internet users who typed the frowny; the company received protests when its mock release was posted on technology news website <a href="/wiki/Slashdot" title="Slashdot">Slashdot</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A number of <a href="/wiki/Patent_application" title="Patent application">patent applications</a> have been filed on inventions that assist in communicating with emoticons. A few of these have been issued as US <a href="/wiki/Patent" title="Patent">patents</a>. US 6987991,<sup id="cite_ref-Nelsonpatent_70-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nelsonpatent-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> for example, discloses a method developed in 2001 to send emoticons over a cell phone using a drop-down menu. The stated advantage was that it <a href="/wiki/Usability" title="Usability">eases</a> entering emoticons.<sup id="cite_ref-Nelsonpatent_70-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nelsonpatent-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The emoticon <code>:-)</code> was also filed in 2006 and registered in 2008 as a European <a href="/wiki/Community_Trademark" class="mw-redirect" title="Community Trademark">Community Trademark</a> (CTM). In <a href="/wiki/Finland" title="Finland">Finland</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Administrative_Court_of_Finland" title="Supreme Administrative Court of Finland">Supreme Administrative Court</a> ruled in 2012 that the emoticon cannot be trademarked,<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> thus repealing a 2006 administrative decision trademarking the emoticons <code>:-)</code>, <code>=)</code>, <code><span class="nowrap">=(</span></code>, <code>:)</code> and <span class="nowrap"><code>:(</code>.</span><sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2005, a Russian court rejected a legal claim against <a href="/wiki/Siemens" title="Siemens">Siemens</a> by a man who claimed to hold a trademark on the <code>;-)</code> emoticon.<sup id="cite_ref-bbcwink_74-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bbcwink-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2008, Russian entrepreneur Oleg Teterin claimed to have been granted the trademark on the <code>;-)</code> emoticon. A license would not "cost that much—tens of thousands of dollars" for companies but would be free of charge for individuals.<sup id="cite_ref-bbcwink_74-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bbcwink-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Unicode">Unicode</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Emoticon&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Unicode"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Emoticons_(Unicode_block)" title="Emoticons (Unicode block)">Emoticons (Unicode block)</a></div> <p>A different, but related, use of the term "emoticon" is found in the <a href="/wiki/Unicode_Standard" class="mw-redirect" title="Unicode Standard">Unicode Standard</a>, referring to a subset of <a href="/wiki/Emoji" title="Emoji">emoji</a> that display facial expressions.<sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The standard explains this usage with reference to existing systems, which provided functionality for substituting certain textual emoticons with images or emoji of the expressions in question.<sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Some smiley faces were present in Unicode since <a href="/wiki/Unicode_1.1" class="mw-redirect" title="Unicode 1.1">1.1</a>, including a white <a href="/wiki/Frowning" class="mw-redirect" title="Frowning">frowning</a> face, a white <a href="/wiki/Smiling" class="mw-redirect" title="Smiling">smiling</a> face and a black smiling face ("black" refers to a glyph which is filled, "white" refers to a glyph which is unfilled).<sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable nounderlines Unicode" style="border-collapse:collapse;background:var(--background-color-base,#fff);color:inherit;font-size:large;text-align:center"> <tbody><tr> <td colspan="17" style="background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);color:inherit;font-size:small"><b><a href="/wiki/Miscellaneous_Symbols" title="Miscellaneous Symbols">Miscellaneous Symbols</a><span class="nowrap"> </span>(partial)</b><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1041539562">.mw-parser-output .citation{word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}</style><sup class="citation nobold" id="ref_U2600_as_of_Unicode_version"><a href="#endnote_U2600_as_of_Unicode_version">[1]</a></sup><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><sup class="citation nobold" id="ref_U2600_white"><a href="#endnote_U2600_white">[2]</a></sup><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><sup class="citation nobold" id="ref_U263A_U263B"><a href="#endnote_U263A_U263B">[3]</a></sup><br /><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.unicode.org/charts/PDF/U2600.pdf">Official Unicode Consortium code chart</a> (PDF) </td></tr> <tr style="background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);color:inherit;font-size:small"> <td style="width:45pt"> </td> <td style="width:20pt">0</td> <td style="width:20pt">1</td> <td style="width:20pt">2</td> <td style="width:20pt">3</td> <td style="width:20pt">4</td> <td style="width:20pt">5</td> <td style="width:20pt">6</td> <td style="width:20pt">7</td> <td style="width:20pt">8</td> <td style="width:20pt">9</td> <td style="width:20pt">A</td> <td style="width:20pt">B</td> <td style="width:20pt">C</td> <td style="width:20pt">D</td> <td style="width:20pt">E</td> <td style="width:20pt">F </td></tr> <tr style="display:none"> <td style="background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);color:inherit;font-size:small">U+260x </td> <td title="U+2600: BLACK SUN WITH RAYS"><a href="/wiki/%E2%98%80" class="mw-redirect" title="☀">☀</a> </td> <td title="U+2601: CLOUD"><a href="/wiki/%E2%98%81" class="mw-redirect" title="☁">☁</a> </td> <td title="U+2602: UMBRELLA"><a href="/wiki/%E2%98%82" class="mw-redirect" title="☂">☂</a> </td> <td title="U+2603: SNOWMAN"><a href="/wiki/%E2%98%83" class="mw-redirect" title="☃">☃</a> </td> <td title="U+2604: COMET"><a href="/wiki/%E2%98%84" class="mw-redirect" title="☄">☄</a> </td> <td title="U+2605: BLACK STAR"><a href="/wiki/%E2%98%85" class="mw-redirect" title="★">★</a> </td> <td title="U+2606: WHITE STAR"><a href="/wiki/%E2%98%86" class="mw-redirect" title="☆">☆</a> </td> <td title="U+2607: LIGHTNING"><a href="/wiki/%E2%98%87" class="mw-redirect" title="☇">☇</a> </td> <td title="U+2608: THUNDERSTORM"><a href="/wiki/%E2%98%88" class="mw-redirect" title="☈">☈</a> </td> <td title="U+2609: SUN"><a href="/wiki/%E2%98%89" class="mw-redirect" title="☉">☉</a> </td> <td title="U+260A: ASCENDING NODE"><a href="/wiki/%E2%98%8A" class="mw-redirect" title="☊">☊</a> </td> <td title="U+260B: DESCENDING NODE"><a href="/wiki/%E2%98%8B" class="mw-redirect" title="☋">☋</a> </td> <td title="U+260C: CONJUNCTION"><a href="/wiki/%E2%98%8C" class="mw-redirect" title="☌">☌</a> </td> <td title="U+260D: OPPOSITION"><a href="/wiki/%E2%98%8D" class="mw-redirect" title="☍">☍</a> </td> <td title="U+260E: BLACK TELEPHONE"><a href="/wiki/%E2%98%8E" class="mw-redirect" title="☎">☎</a> </td> <td title="U+260F: WHITE TELEPHONE"><a href="/wiki/%E2%98%8F" class="mw-redirect" title="☏">☏</a> </td></tr> <tr style="display:none"> <td style="background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);color:inherit;font-size:small">U+261x </td> <td title="U+2610: BALLOT BOX"><a href="/wiki/%E2%98%90" class="mw-redirect" title="☐">☐</a> </td> <td title="U+2611: BALLOT BOX WITH CHECK"><a href="/wiki/%E2%98%91" class="mw-redirect" title="☑">☑</a> </td> <td title="U+2612: BALLOT BOX WITH X"><a href="/wiki/%E2%98%92" class="mw-redirect" title="☒">☒</a> </td> <td title="U+2613: SALTIRE"><a href="/wiki/%E2%98%93" class="mw-redirect" title="☓">☓</a> </td> <td title="U+2614: UMBRELLA WITH RAIN DROPS"><a href="/wiki/%E2%98%94" class="mw-redirect" title="☔">☔</a> </td> <td title="U+2615: HOT BEVERAGE"><a href="/wiki/%E2%98%95" class="mw-redirect" title="☕">☕</a> </td> <td title="U+2616: WHITE SHOGI PIECE"><a href="/wiki/%E2%98%96" class="mw-redirect" title="☖">☖</a> </td> <td title="U+2617: BLACK SHOGI PIECE"><a href="/wiki/%E2%98%97" class="mw-redirect" title="☗">☗</a> </td> <td title="U+2618: SHAMROCK"><a href="/wiki/%E2%98%98" class="mw-redirect" title="☘">☘</a> </td> <td title="U+2619: REVERSED ROTATED FLORAL HEART BULLET"><a href="/wiki/%E2%98%99" class="mw-redirect" title="☙">☙</a> </td> <td title="U+261A: BLACK LEFT POINTING INDEX"><a href="/wiki/%E2%98%9A" class="mw-redirect" title="☚">☚</a> </td> <td title="U+261B: BLACK RIGHT POINTING INDEX"><a href="/wiki/%E2%98%9B" class="mw-redirect" title="☛">☛</a> </td> <td title="U+261C: WHITE LEFT POINTING INDEX"><a href="/wiki/%E2%98%9C" class="mw-redirect" title="☜">☜</a> </td> <td title="U+261D: WHITE UP POINTING INDEX"><a href="/wiki/%E2%98%9D" class="mw-redirect" title="☝">☝</a> </td> <td title="U+261E: WHITE RIGHT POINTING INDEX"><a href="/wiki/%E2%98%9E" class="mw-redirect" title="☞">☞</a> </td> <td title="U+261F: WHITE DOWN POINTING INDEX"><a href="/wiki/%E2%98%9F" class="mw-redirect" title="☟">☟</a> </td></tr> <tr style="display:none"> <td style="background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);color:inherit;font-size:small">U+262x </td> <td title="U+2620: SKULL AND CROSSBONES"><a href="/wiki/Skull_and_crossbones_(symbol)" class="mw-redirect" title="Skull and crossbones (symbol)">☠</a> </td> <td title="U+2621: CAUTION SIGN"><a href="/wiki/%E2%98%A1" class="mw-redirect" title="☡">☡</a> </td> <td title="U+2622: RADIOACTIVE SIGN"><a href="/wiki/%E2%98%A2" class="mw-redirect" title="☢">☢</a> </td> <td title="U+2623: BIOHAZARD SIGN"><a href="/wiki/%E2%98%A3" class="mw-redirect" title="☣">☣</a> </td> <td title="U+2624: CADUCEUS"><a href="/wiki/%E2%98%A4" class="mw-redirect" title="☤">☤</a> </td> <td title="U+2625: ANKH"><a href="/wiki/%E2%98%A5" class="mw-redirect" title="☥">☥</a> </td> <td title="U+2626: ORTHODOX CROSS"><a href="/wiki/%E2%98%A6" class="mw-redirect" title="☦">☦</a> </td> <td title="U+2627: CHI RHO"><a href="/wiki/%E2%98%A7" class="mw-redirect" title="☧">☧</a> </td> <td title="U+2628: CROSS OF LORRAINE"><a href="/wiki/Cross_of_Lorraine" title="Cross of Lorraine">☨</a> </td> <td title="U+2629: CROSS OF JERUSALEM"><a href="/wiki/%E2%98%A9" class="mw-redirect" title="☩">☩</a> </td> <td title="U+262A: STAR AND CRESCENT"><a href="/wiki/%E2%98%AA" class="mw-redirect" title="☪">☪</a> </td> <td title="U+262B: FARSI SYMBOL"><a href="/wiki/%E2%98%AB" class="mw-redirect" title="☫">☫</a> </td> <td title="U+262C: ADI SHAKTI"><a href="/wiki/%E2%98%AC" class="mw-redirect" title="☬">☬</a> </td> <td title="U+262D: HAMMER AND SICKLE"><a href="/wiki/%E2%98%AD" class="mw-redirect" title="☭">☭</a> </td> <td title="U+262E: PEACE SYMBOL"><a href="/wiki/%E2%98%AE" class="mw-redirect" title="☮">☮</a> </td> <td title="U+262F: YIN YANG"><a href="/wiki/%E2%98%AF" class="mw-redirect" title="☯">☯</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);color:inherit;font-size:small">U+263x </td> <td style="visibility: hidden" title="U+2630: TRIGRAM FOR HEAVEN"><a href="/wiki/%E2%98%B0" class="mw-redirect" title="☰">☰</a> </td> <td style="visibility: hidden" title="U+2631: TRIGRAM FOR LAKE"><a href="/wiki/%E2%98%B1" class="mw-redirect" title="☱">☱</a> </td> <td style="visibility: hidden" title="U+2632: TRIGRAM FOR FIRE"><a href="/wiki/%E2%98%B2" class="mw-redirect" title="☲">☲</a> </td> <td style="visibility: hidden" title="U+2633: TRIGRAM FOR THUNDER"><a href="/wiki/%E2%98%B3" class="mw-redirect" title="☳">☳</a> </td> <td style="visibility: hidden" title="U+2634: TRIGRAM FOR WIND"><a href="/wiki/%E2%98%B4" class="mw-redirect" title="☴">☴</a> </td> <td style="visibility: hidden" title="U+2635: TRIGRAM FOR WATER"><a href="/wiki/%E2%98%B5" class="mw-redirect" title="☵">☵</a> </td> <td style="visibility: hidden" title="U+2636: TRIGRAM FOR MOUNTAIN"><a href="/wiki/%E2%98%B6" class="mw-redirect" title="☶">☶</a> </td> <td style="visibility: hidden" title="U+2637: TRIGRAM FOR EARTH"><a href="/wiki/%E2%98%B7" class="mw-redirect" title="☷">☷</a> </td> <td style="visibility: hidden" title="U+2638: WHEEL OF DHARMA"><a href="/wiki/%E2%98%B8" class="mw-redirect" title="☸">☸</a> </td> <td title="U+2639: WHITE FROWNING FACE"><a href="/wiki/%E2%98%B9" class="mw-redirect" title="☹">☹</a> </td> <td title="U+263A: WHITE SMILING FACE"><a href="/wiki/%E2%98%BA" class="mw-redirect" title="☺">☺</a> </td> <td title="U+263B: BLACK SMILING FACE"><a href="/wiki/%E2%98%BB" class="mw-redirect" title="☻">☻</a> </td> <td style="visibility: hidden" title="U+263C: WHITE SUN WITH RAYS"><a href="/wiki/%E2%98%BC" class="mw-redirect" title="☼">☼</a> </td> <td style="visibility: hidden" title="U+263D: FIRST QUARTER MOON"><a href="/wiki/%E2%98%BD" class="mw-redirect" title="☽">☽</a> </td> <td style="visibility: hidden" title="U+263E: LAST QUARTER MOON"><a href="/wiki/%E2%98%BE" class="mw-redirect" title="☾">☾</a> </td> <td style="visibility: hidden" title="U+263F: MERCURY"><a href="/wiki/%E2%98%BF" class="mw-redirect" title="☿">☿</a> </td></tr> <tr style="display:none"> <td style="background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);color:inherit;font-size:small">U+264x </td> <td title="U+2640: FEMALE SIGN"><a href="/wiki/%E2%99%80" class="mw-redirect" title="♀">♀</a> </td> <td title="U+2641: EARTH"><a href="/wiki/%E2%99%81" class="mw-redirect" title="♁">♁</a> </td> <td title="U+2642: MALE SIGN"><a href="/wiki/%E2%99%82" class="mw-redirect" title="♂">♂</a> </td> <td title="U+2643: JUPITER"><a href="/wiki/%E2%99%83" class="mw-redirect" title="♃">♃</a> </td> <td title="U+2644: SATURN"><a href="/wiki/%E2%99%84" class="mw-redirect" title="♄">♄</a> </td> <td title="U+2645: URANUS"><a href="/wiki/%E2%99%85" class="mw-redirect" title="♅">♅</a> </td> <td title="U+2646: NEPTUNE"><a href="/wiki/%E2%99%86" class="mw-redirect" title="♆">♆</a> </td> <td title="U+2647: PLUTO"><a href="/wiki/%E2%99%87" class="mw-redirect" title="♇">♇</a> </td> <td title="U+2648: ARIES"><a href="/wiki/%E2%99%88" class="mw-redirect" title="♈">♈</a> </td> <td title="U+2649: TAURUS"><a href="/wiki/%E2%99%89" class="mw-redirect" title="♉">♉</a> </td> <td title="U+264A: GEMINI"><a href="/wiki/%E2%99%8A" class="mw-redirect" title="♊">♊</a> </td> <td title="U+264B: CANCER"><a href="/wiki/%E2%99%8B" class="mw-redirect" title="♋">♋</a> </td> <td title="U+264C: LEO"><a href="/wiki/%E2%99%8C" class="mw-redirect" title="♌">♌</a> </td> <td title="U+264D: VIRGO"><a href="/wiki/%E2%99%8D" class="mw-redirect" title="♍">♍</a> </td> <td title="U+264E: LIBRA"><a href="/wiki/%E2%99%8E" class="mw-redirect" title="♎">♎</a> </td> <td title="U+264F: SCORPIUS"><a href="/wiki/%E2%99%8F" class="mw-redirect" title="♏">♏</a> </td></tr> <tr style="display:none"> <td style="background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);color:inherit;font-size:small">U+265x </td> <td title="U+2650: SAGITTARIUS"><a href="/wiki/%E2%99%90" class="mw-redirect" title="♐">♐</a> </td> <td title="U+2651: CAPRICORN"><a href="/wiki/%E2%99%91" class="mw-redirect" title="♑">♑</a> </td> <td title="U+2652: AQUARIUS"><a href="/wiki/%E2%99%92" class="mw-redirect" title="♒">♒</a> </td> <td title="U+2653: PISCES"><a href="/wiki/%E2%99%93" class="mw-redirect" title="♓">♓</a> </td> <td title="U+2654: WHITE CHESS KING"><a href="/wiki/%E2%99%94" class="mw-redirect" title="♔">♔</a> </td> <td title="U+2655: WHITE CHESS QUEEN"><a href="/wiki/%E2%99%95" class="mw-redirect" title="♕">♕</a> </td> <td title="U+2656: WHITE CHESS ROOK"><a href="/wiki/%E2%99%96" class="mw-redirect" title="♖">♖</a> </td> <td title="U+2657: WHITE CHESS BISHOP"><a href="/wiki/%E2%99%97" class="mw-redirect" title="♗">♗</a> </td> <td title="U+2658: WHITE CHESS KNIGHT"><a href="/wiki/%E2%99%98" class="mw-redirect" title="♘">♘</a> </td> <td title="U+2659: WHITE CHESS PAWN"><a href="/wiki/%E2%99%99" class="mw-redirect" title="♙">♙</a> </td> <td title="U+265A: BLACK CHESS KING"><a href="/wiki/%E2%99%9A" class="mw-redirect" title="♚">♚</a> </td> <td title="U+265B: BLACK CHESS QUEEN"><a href="/wiki/%E2%99%9B" class="mw-redirect" title="♛">♛</a> </td> <td title="U+265C: BLACK CHESS ROOK"><a href="/wiki/%E2%99%9C" class="mw-redirect" title="♜">♜</a> </td> <td title="U+265D: BLACK CHESS BISHOP"><a href="/wiki/%E2%99%9D" class="mw-redirect" title="♝">♝</a> </td> <td title="U+265E: BLACK CHESS KNIGHT"><a href="/wiki/%E2%99%9E" class="mw-redirect" title="♞">♞</a> </td> <td title="U+265F: BLACK CHESS PAWN"><a href="/wiki/%E2%99%9F" class="mw-redirect" title="♟">♟</a> </td></tr> <tr style="display:none"> <td style="background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);color:inherit;font-size:small">U+266x </td> <td title="U+2660: BLACK SPADE SUIT"><a href="/wiki/%E2%99%A0" class="mw-redirect" title="♠">♠</a> </td> <td title="U+2661: WHITE HEART SUIT"><a href="/wiki/%E2%99%A1" class="mw-redirect" title="♡">♡</a> </td> <td title="U+2662: WHITE DIAMOND SUIT"><a href="/wiki/%E2%99%A2" class="mw-redirect" title="♢">♢</a> </td> <td title="U+2663: BLACK CLUB SUIT"><a href="/wiki/%E2%99%A3" class="mw-redirect" title="♣">♣</a> </td> <td title="U+2664: WHITE SPADE SUIT"><a href="/wiki/%E2%99%A4" class="mw-redirect" title="♤">♤</a> </td> <td title="U+2665: BLACK HEART SUIT"><a href="/wiki/%E2%99%A5" class="mw-redirect" title="♥">♥</a> </td> <td title="U+2666: BLACK DIAMOND SUIT"><a href="/wiki/%E2%99%A6" class="mw-redirect" title="♦">♦</a> </td> <td title="U+2667: WHITE CLUB SUIT"><a href="/wiki/%E2%99%A7" class="mw-redirect" title="♧">♧</a> </td> <td title="U+2668: HOT SPRINGS"><a href="/wiki/%E2%99%A8" class="mw-redirect" title="♨">♨</a> </td> <td title="U+2669: QUARTER NOTE"><a href="/wiki/%E2%99%A9" class="mw-redirect" title="♩">♩</a> </td> <td title="U+266A: EIGHTH NOTE"><a href="/wiki/%E2%99%AA" class="mw-redirect" title="♪">♪</a> </td> <td title="U+266B: BEAMED EIGHTH NOTES"><a href="/wiki/%E2%99%AB" class="mw-redirect" title="♫">♫</a> </td> <td title="U+266C: BEAMED SIXTEENTH NOTES"><a href="/wiki/%E2%99%AC" class="mw-redirect" title="♬">♬</a> </td> <td title="U+266D: MUSIC FLAT SIGN"><a href="/wiki/%E2%99%AD" class="mw-redirect" title="♭">♭</a> </td> <td title="U+266E: MUSIC NATURAL SIGN"><a href="/wiki/%E2%99%AE" class="mw-redirect" title="♮">♮</a> </td> <td title="U+266F: MUSIC SHARP SIGN"><a href="/wiki/%E2%99%AF" class="mw-redirect" title="♯">♯</a> </td></tr> <tr style="display:none"> <td style="background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);color:inherit;font-size:small">U+267x </td> <td title="U+2670: WEST SYRIAC CROSS"><a href="/wiki/%E2%99%B0" class="mw-redirect" title="♰">♰</a> </td> <td title="U+2671: EAST SYRIAC CROSS"><a href="/wiki/%E2%99%B1" class="mw-redirect" title="♱">♱</a> </td> <td title="U+2672: UNIVERSAL RECYCLING SYMBOL"><a href="/wiki/%E2%99%B2" class="mw-redirect" title="♲">♲</a> </td> <td title="U+2673: RECYCLING SYMBOL FOR TYPE-1 PLASTICS"><a href="/wiki/%E2%99%B3" class="mw-redirect" title="♳">♳</a> </td> <td title="U+2674: RECYCLING SYMBOL FOR TYPE-2 PLASTICS"><a href="/wiki/%E2%99%B4" class="mw-redirect" title="♴">♴</a> </td> <td title="U+2675: RECYCLING SYMBOL FOR TYPE-3 PLASTICS"><a href="/wiki/%E2%99%B5" class="mw-redirect" title="♵">♵</a> </td> <td title="U+2676: RECYCLING SYMBOL FOR TYPE-4 PLASTICS"><a href="/wiki/%E2%99%B6" class="mw-redirect" title="♶">♶</a> </td> <td title="U+2677: RECYCLING SYMBOL FOR TYPE-5 PLASTICS"><a href="/wiki/%E2%99%B7" class="mw-redirect" title="♷">♷</a> </td> <td title="U+2678: RECYCLING SYMBOL FOR TYPE-6 PLASTICS"><a href="/wiki/%E2%99%B8" class="mw-redirect" title="♸">♸</a> </td> <td title="U+2679: RECYCLING SYMBOL FOR TYPE-7 PLASTICS"><a href="/wiki/%E2%99%B9" class="mw-redirect" title="♹">♹</a> </td> <td title="U+267A: RECYCLING SYMBOL FOR GENERIC MATERIALS"><a href="/wiki/%E2%99%BA" class="mw-redirect" title="♺">♺</a> </td> <td title="U+267B: BLACK UNIVERSAL RECYCLING SYMBOL"><a href="/wiki/%E2%99%BB" class="mw-redirect" title="♻">♻</a> </td> <td title="U+267C: RECYCLED PAPER SYMBOL"><a href="/wiki/%E2%99%BC" class="mw-redirect" title="♼">♼</a> </td> <td title="U+267D: PARTIALLY-RECYCLED PAPER SYMBOL"><a href="/wiki/%E2%99%BD" class="mw-redirect" title="♽">♽</a> </td> <td title="U+267E: PERMANENT PAPER SIGN"><a href="/wiki/%E2%99%BE" class="mw-redirect" title="♾">♾</a> </td> <td title="U+267F: WHEELCHAIR SYMBOL"><a href="/wiki/%E2%99%BF" class="mw-redirect" title="♿">♿</a> </td></tr> <tr style="display:none"> <td style="background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);color:inherit;font-size:small">U+268x </td> <td title="U+2680: DIE FACE-1"><a href="/wiki/%E2%9A%80" class="mw-redirect" title="⚀">⚀</a> </td> <td title="U+2681: DIE FACE-2"><a href="/wiki/%E2%9A%81" class="mw-redirect" title="⚁">⚁</a> </td> <td title="U+2682: DIE FACE-3"><a href="/wiki/%E2%9A%82" class="mw-redirect" title="⚂">⚂</a> </td> <td title="U+2683: DIE FACE-4"><a href="/wiki/%E2%9A%83" class="mw-redirect" title="⚃">⚃</a> </td> <td title="U+2684: DIE FACE-5"><a href="/wiki/%E2%9A%84" class="mw-redirect" title="⚄">⚄</a> </td> <td title="U+2685: DIE FACE-6"><a href="/wiki/%E2%9A%85" class="mw-redirect" title="⚅">⚅</a> </td> <td title="U+2686: WHITE CIRCLE WITH DOT RIGHT"><a href="/wiki/%E2%9A%86" class="mw-redirect" title="⚆">⚆</a> </td> <td title="U+2687: WHITE CIRCLE WITH TWO DOTS"><a href="/wiki/%E2%9A%87" class="mw-redirect" title="⚇">⚇</a> </td> <td title="U+2688: BLACK CIRCLE WITH WHITE DOT RIGHT"><a href="/wiki/%E2%9A%88" class="mw-redirect" title="⚈">⚈</a> </td> <td title="U+2689: BLACK CIRCLE WITH TWO WHITE DOTS"><a href="/wiki/%E2%9A%89" class="mw-redirect" title="⚉">⚉</a> </td> <td title="U+268A: MONOGRAM FOR YANG"><a href="/wiki/%E2%9A%8A" class="mw-redirect" title="⚊">⚊</a> </td> <td title="U+268B: MONOGRAM FOR YIN"><a href="/wiki/%E2%9A%8B" class="mw-redirect" title="⚋">⚋</a> </td> <td title="U+268C: DIGRAM FOR GREATER YANG"><a href="/wiki/%E2%9A%8C" class="mw-redirect" title="⚌">⚌</a> </td> <td title="U+268D: DIGRAM FOR LESSER YIN"><a href="/wiki/%E2%9A%8D" class="mw-redirect" title="⚍">⚍</a> </td> <td title="U+268E: DIGRAM FOR LESSER YANG"><a href="/wiki/%E2%9A%8E" class="mw-redirect" title="⚎">⚎</a> </td> <td title="U+268F: DIGRAM FOR GREATER YIN"><a href="/wiki/%E2%9A%8F" class="mw-redirect" title="⚏">⚏</a> </td></tr> <tr style="display:none"> <td style="background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);color:inherit;font-size:small">U+269x </td> <td title="U+2690: WHITE FLAG"><a href="/wiki/%E2%9A%90" class="mw-redirect" title="⚐">⚐</a> </td> <td title="U+2691: BLACK FLAG"><a href="/wiki/%E2%9A%91" class="mw-redirect" title="⚑">⚑</a> </td> <td title="U+2692: HAMMER AND PICK"><a href="/wiki/%E2%9A%92" class="mw-redirect" title="⚒">⚒</a> </td> <td title="U+2693: ANCHOR"><a href="/wiki/%E2%9A%93" class="mw-redirect" title="⚓">⚓</a> </td> <td title="U+2694: CROSSED SWORDS"><a href="/wiki/Sword" title="Sword">⚔</a> </td> <td title="U+2695: STAFF OF AESCULAPIUS"><a href="/wiki/%E2%9A%95" class="mw-redirect" title="⚕">⚕</a> </td> <td title="U+2696: SCALES"><a href="/wiki/%E2%9A%96" class="mw-redirect" title="⚖">⚖</a> </td> <td title="U+2697: ALEMBIC"><a href="/wiki/%E2%9A%97" class="mw-redirect" title="⚗">⚗</a> </td> <td title="U+2698: FLOWER"><a href="/wiki/%E2%9A%98" class="mw-redirect" title="⚘">⚘</a> </td> <td title="U+2699: GEAR"><a href="/wiki/%E2%9A%99" class="mw-redirect" title="⚙">⚙</a> </td> <td title="U+269A: STAFF OF HERMES"><a href="/wiki/%E2%9A%9A" class="mw-redirect" title="⚚">⚚</a> </td> <td title="U+269B: ATOM SYMBOL"><a href="/wiki/%E2%9A%9B" class="mw-redirect" title="⚛">⚛</a> </td> <td title="U+269C: FLEUR-DE-LIS"><a href="/wiki/%E2%9A%9C" class="mw-redirect" title="⚜">⚜</a> </td> <td title="U+269D: OUTLINED WHITE STAR"><a href="/wiki/%E2%9A%9D" class="mw-redirect" title="⚝">⚝</a> </td> <td title="U+269E: THREE LINES CONVERGING RIGHT"><a href="/wiki/%E2%9A%9E" class="mw-redirect" title="⚞">⚞</a> </td> <td title="U+269F: THREE LINES CONVERGING LEFT"><a href="/wiki/%E2%9A%9F" class="mw-redirect" title="⚟">⚟</a> </td></tr> <tr style="display:none"> <td style="background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);color:inherit;font-size:small">U+26Ax </td> <td title="U+26A0: WARNING SIGN"><a href="/wiki/%E2%9A%A0" class="mw-redirect" title="⚠">⚠</a> </td> <td title="U+26A1: HIGH VOLTAGE SIGN"><a href="/wiki/%E2%9A%A1" class="mw-redirect" title="⚡">⚡</a> </td> <td title="U+26A2: DOUBLED FEMALE SIGN"><a href="/wiki/%E2%9A%A2" title="⚢">⚢</a> </td> <td title="U+26A3: DOUBLED MALE SIGN"><a href="/wiki/%E2%9A%A3" title="⚣">⚣</a> </td> <td title="U+26A4: INTERLOCKED FEMALE AND MALE SIGN"><a href="/wiki/%E2%9A%A4" class="mw-redirect" title="⚤">⚤</a> </td> <td title="U+26A5: MALE AND FEMALE SIGN"><a href="/wiki/%E2%9A%A5" class="mw-redirect" title="⚥">⚥</a> </td> <td title="U+26A6: MALE WITH STROKE SIGN"><a href="/wiki/%E2%9A%A6" class="mw-redirect" title="⚦">⚦</a> </td> <td title="U+26A7: MALE WITH STROKE AND MALE AND FEMALE SIGN"><a href="/wiki/%E2%9A%A7" class="mw-redirect" title="⚧">⚧</a> </td> <td title="U+26A8: VERTICAL MALE WITH STROKE SIGN"><a href="/wiki/Iron(II)_sulfate" title="Iron(II) sulfate">⚨</a> </td> <td title="U+26A9: HORIZONTAL MALE WITH STROKE SIGN"><a href="/wiki/%E2%9A%A9" class="mw-redirect" title="⚩">⚩</a> </td> <td title="U+26AA: MEDIUM WHITE CIRCLE"><a href="/wiki/Circle_symbol_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Circle symbol (disambiguation)">⚪</a> </td> <td title="U+26AB: MEDIUM BLACK CIRCLE"><a href="/wiki/Media_controls" class="mw-redirect" title="Media controls"> ⚫</a> </td> <td title="U+26AC: MEDIUM SMALL WHITE CIRCLE"><a href="/wiki/%E2%9A%AC" class="mw-redirect" title="⚬">⚬</a> </td> <td title="U+26AD: MARRIAGE SYMBOL"><a href="/wiki/%E2%9A%AD" class="mw-redirect" title="⚭">⚭</a> </td> <td title="U+26AE: DIVORCE SYMBOL"><a href="/wiki/%E2%9A%AE" class="mw-redirect" title="⚮">⚮</a> </td> <td title="U+26AF: UNMARRIED PARTNERSHIP SYMBOL"><a href="/wiki/%E2%9A%AF" class="mw-redirect" title="⚯">⚯</a> </td></tr> <tr style="display:none"> <td style="background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);color:inherit;font-size:small">U+26Bx </td> <td title="U+26B0: COFFIN"><a href="/wiki/%E2%9A%B0" class="mw-redirect" title="⚰">⚰</a> </td> <td title="U+26B1: FUNERAL URN"><a href="/wiki/%E2%9A%B1" class="mw-redirect" title="⚱">⚱</a> </td> <td title="U+26B2: NEUTER"><a href="/wiki/%E2%9A%B2" class="mw-redirect" title="⚲">⚲</a> </td> <td title="U+26B3: CERES"><a href="/wiki/%E2%9A%B3" class="mw-redirect" title="⚳">⚳</a> </td> <td title="U+26B4: PALLAS"><a href="/wiki/%E2%9A%B4" class="mw-redirect" title="⚴">⚴</a> </td> <td title="U+26B5: JUNO"><a href="/wiki/%E2%9A%B5" class="mw-redirect" title="⚵">⚵</a> </td> <td title="U+26B6: VESTA"><a href="/wiki/%E2%9A%B6" class="mw-redirect" title="⚶">⚶</a> </td> <td title="U+26B7: CHIRON"><a href="/wiki/%E2%9A%B7" class="mw-redirect" title="⚷">⚷</a> </td> <td title="U+26B8: BLACK MOON LILITH"><a href="/wiki/%E2%9A%B8" class="mw-redirect" title="⚸">⚸</a> </td> <td title="U+26B9: SEXTILE"><a href="/wiki/%E2%9A%B9" class="mw-redirect" title="⚹">⚹</a> </td> <td title="U+26BA: SEMISEXTILE"><a href="/wiki/%E2%9A%BA" class="mw-redirect" title="⚺">⚺</a> </td> <td title="U+26BB: QUINCUNX"><a href="/wiki/%E2%9A%BB" class="mw-redirect" title="⚻">⚻</a> </td> <td title="U+26BC: SESQUIQUADRATE"><a href="/wiki/%E2%9A%BC" class="mw-redirect" title="⚼">⚼</a> </td> <td title="U+26BD: SOCCER BALL"><a href="/wiki/%E2%9A%BD" class="mw-redirect" title="⚽">⚽</a> </td> <td title="U+26BE: BASEBALL"><a href="/wiki/%E2%9A%BE" class="mw-redirect" title="⚾">⚾</a> </td> <td title="U+26BF: SQUARED KEY"><a href="/wiki/%E2%9A%BF" class="mw-redirect" title="⚿">⚿</a> </td></tr> <tr style="display:none"> <td style="background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);color:inherit;font-size:small">U+26Cx </td> <td title="U+26C0: WHITE DRAUGHTS MAN"><a href="/wiki/%E2%9B%80" class="mw-redirect" title="⛀">⛀</a> </td> <td title="U+26C1: WHITE DRAUGHTS KING"><a href="/wiki/%E2%9B%81" class="mw-redirect" title="⛁">⛁</a> </td> <td title="U+26C2: BLACK DRAUGHTS MAN"><a href="/wiki/%E2%9B%82" class="mw-redirect" title="⛂">⛂</a> </td> <td title="U+26C3: BLACK DRAUGHTS KING"><a href="/wiki/%E2%9B%83" class="mw-redirect" title="⛃">⛃</a> </td> <td title="U+26C4: SNOWMAN WITHOUT SNOW"><a href="/wiki/%E2%9B%84" class="mw-redirect" title="⛄">⛄</a> </td> <td title="U+26C5: SUN BEHIND CLOUD"><a href="/wiki/%E2%9B%85" class="mw-redirect" title="⛅">⛅</a> </td> <td title="U+26C6: RAIN"><a href="/wiki/%E2%9B%86" class="mw-redirect" title="⛆">⛆</a> </td> <td title="U+26C7: BLACK SNOWMAN"><a href="/wiki/%E2%9B%87" class="mw-redirect" title="⛇">⛇</a> </td> <td title="U+26C8: THUNDER CLOUD AND RAIN"><a href="/wiki/%E2%9B%88" class="mw-redirect" title="⛈">⛈</a> </td> <td title="U+26C9: TURNED WHITE SHOGI PIECE"><a href="/wiki/%E2%9B%89" class="mw-redirect" title="⛉">⛉</a> </td> <td title="U+26CA: TURNED BLACK SHOGI PIECE"><a href="/wiki/%E2%9B%8A" class="mw-redirect" title="⛊">⛊</a> </td> <td title="U+26CB: WHITE DIAMOND IN SQUARE"><a href="/wiki/%E2%9B%8B" class="mw-redirect" title="⛋">⛋</a> </td> <td title="U+26CC: CROSSING LANES"><a href="/wiki/%E2%9B%8C" class="mw-redirect" title="⛌">⛌</a> </td> <td title="U+26CD: DISABLED CAR"><a href="/wiki/%E2%9B%8D" class="mw-redirect" title="⛍">⛍</a> </td> <td title="U+26CE: OPHIUCHUS"><a href="/wiki/%E2%9B%8E" class="mw-redirect" title="⛎">⛎</a> </td> <td title="U+26CF: PICK"><a href="/wiki/%E2%9B%8F" class="mw-redirect" title="⛏">⛏</a> </td></tr> <tr style="display:none"> <td style="background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);color:inherit;font-size:small">U+26Dx </td> <td title="U+26D0: CAR SLIDING"><a href="/wiki/%E2%9B%90" class="mw-redirect" title="⛐">⛐</a> </td> <td title="U+26D1: HELMET WITH WHITE CROSS"><a href="/wiki/%E2%9B%91" class="mw-redirect" title="⛑">⛑</a> </td> <td title="U+26D2: CIRCLED CROSSING LANES"><a href="/wiki/%E2%9B%92" class="mw-redirect" title="⛒">⛒</a> </td> <td title="U+26D3: CHAINS"><a href="/wiki/%E2%9B%93" class="mw-redirect" title="⛓">⛓</a> </td> <td title="U+26D4: NO ENTRY"><a href="/wiki/%E2%9B%94" class="mw-redirect" title="⛔">⛔</a> </td> <td title="U+26D5: ALTERNATE ONE-WAY LEFT WAY TRAFFIC"><a href="/wiki/%E2%9B%95" class="mw-redirect" title="⛕">⛕</a> </td> <td title="U+26D6: BLACK TWO-WAY LEFT WAY TRAFFIC"><a href="/wiki/%E2%9B%96" class="mw-redirect" title="⛖">⛖</a> </td> <td title="U+26D7: WHITE TWO-WAY LEFT WAY TRAFFIC"><a href="/wiki/%E2%9B%97" class="mw-redirect" title="⛗">⛗</a> </td> <td title="U+26D8: BLACK LEFT LANE MERGE"><a href="/wiki/%E2%9B%98" class="mw-redirect" title="⛘">⛘</a> </td> <td title="U+26D9: WHITE LEFT LANE MERGE"><a href="/wiki/%E2%9B%99" class="mw-redirect" title="⛙">⛙</a> </td> <td title="U+26DA: DRIVE SLOW SIGN"><a href="/wiki/%E2%9B%9A" class="mw-redirect" title="⛚">⛚</a> </td> <td title="U+26DB: HEAVY WHITE DOWN-POINTING TRIANGLE"><a href="/wiki/%E2%9B%9B" class="mw-redirect" title="⛛">⛛</a> </td> <td title="U+26DC: LEFT CLOSED ENTRY"><a href="/wiki/%E2%9B%9C" class="mw-redirect" title="⛜">⛜</a> </td> <td title="U+26DD: SQUARED SALTIRE"><a href="/wiki/%E2%9B%9D" class="mw-redirect" title="⛝">⛝</a> </td> <td title="U+26DE: FALLING DIAGONAL IN WHITE CIRCLE IN BLACK SQUARE"><a href="/wiki/%E2%9B%9E" class="mw-redirect" title="⛞">⛞</a> </td> <td title="U+26DF: BLACK TRUCK"><a href="/wiki/%E2%9B%9F" class="mw-redirect" title="⛟">⛟</a> </td></tr> <tr style="display:none"> <td style="background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);color:inherit;font-size:small">U+26Ex </td> <td title="U+26E0: RESTRICTED LEFT ENTRY-1"><a href="/wiki/%E2%9B%A0" class="mw-redirect" title="⛠">⛠</a> </td> <td title="U+26E1: RESTRICTED LEFT ENTRY-2"><a href="/wiki/%E2%9B%A1" class="mw-redirect" title="⛡">⛡</a> </td> <td title="U+26E2: ASTRONOMICAL SYMBOL FOR URANUS"><a href="/wiki/%E2%9B%A2" class="mw-redirect" title="⛢">⛢</a> </td> <td title="U+26E3: HEAVY CIRCLE WITH STROKE AND TWO DOTS ABOVE"><a href="/wiki/%E2%9B%A3" class="mw-redirect" title="⛣">⛣</a> </td> <td title="U+26E4: PENTAGRAM"><a href="/wiki/%E2%9B%A4" class="mw-redirect" title="⛤">⛤</a> </td> <td title="U+26E5: RIGHT-HANDED INTERLACED PENTAGRAM"><a href="/wiki/%E2%9B%A5" class="mw-redirect" title="⛥">⛥</a> </td> <td title="U+26E6: LEFT-HANDED INTERLACED PENTAGRAM"><a href="/wiki/%E2%9B%A6" class="mw-redirect" title="⛦">⛦</a> </td> <td title="U+26E7: INVERTED PENTAGRAM"><a href="/wiki/%E2%9B%A7" class="mw-redirect" title="⛧">⛧</a> </td> <td title="U+26E8: BLACK CROSS ON SHIELD"><a href="/wiki/%E2%9B%A8" class="mw-redirect" title="⛨">⛨</a> </td> <td title="U+26E9: SHINTO SHRINE"><a href="/wiki/%E2%9B%A9" class="mw-redirect" title="⛩">⛩</a> </td> <td title="U+26EA: CHURCH"><a href="/wiki/%E2%9B%AA" class="mw-redirect" title="⛪">⛪</a> </td> <td title="U+26EB: CASTLE"><a href="/wiki/%E2%9B%AB" class="mw-redirect" title="⛫">⛫</a> </td> <td title="U+26EC: HISTORIC SITE"><a href="/wiki/%E2%9B%AC" class="mw-redirect" title="⛬">⛬</a> </td> <td title="U+26ED: GEAR WITHOUT HUB"><a href="/wiki/%E2%9B%AD" class="mw-redirect" title="⛭">⛭</a> </td> <td title="U+26EE: GEAR WITH HANDLES"><a href="/wiki/%E2%9B%AE" class="mw-redirect" title="⛮">⛮</a> </td> <td title="U+26EF: MAP SYMBOL FOR LIGHTHOUSE"><a href="/wiki/%E2%9B%AF" class="mw-redirect" title="⛯">⛯</a> </td></tr> <tr style="display:none"> <td style="background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);color:inherit;font-size:small">U+26Fx </td> <td title="U+26F0: MOUNTAIN"><a href="/wiki/%E2%9B%B0" class="mw-redirect" title="⛰">⛰</a> </td> <td title="U+26F1: UMBRELLA ON GROUND"><a href="/wiki/%E2%9B%B1" class="mw-redirect" title="⛱">⛱</a> </td> <td title="U+26F2: FOUNTAIN"><a href="/wiki/%E2%9B%B2" class="mw-redirect" title="⛲">⛲</a> </td> <td title="U+26F3: FLAG IN HOLE"><a href="/wiki/%E2%9B%B3" class="mw-redirect" title="⛳">⛳</a> </td> <td title="U+26F4: FERRY"><a href="/wiki/%E2%9B%B4" class="mw-redirect" title="⛴">⛴</a> </td> <td title="U+26F5: SAILBOAT"><a href="/wiki/%E2%9B%B5" class="mw-redirect" title="⛵">⛵</a> </td> <td title="U+26F6: SQUARE FOUR CORNERS"><a href="/wiki/%E2%9B%B6" class="mw-redirect" title="⛶">⛶</a> </td> <td title="U+26F7: SKIER"><a href="/wiki/%E2%9B%B7" class="mw-redirect" title="⛷">⛷</a> </td> <td title="U+26F8: ICE SKATE"><a href="/wiki/%E2%9B%B8" class="mw-redirect" title="⛸">⛸</a> </td> <td title="U+26F9: PERSON WITH BALL"><a href="/wiki/%E2%9B%B9" class="mw-redirect" title="⛹">⛹</a> </td> <td title="U+26FA: TENT"><a href="/wiki/%E2%9B%BA" class="mw-redirect" title="⛺">⛺</a> </td> <td title="U+26FB: JAPANESE BANK SYMBOL"><a href="/wiki/%E2%9B%BB" class="mw-redirect" title="⛻">⛻</a> </td> <td title="U+26FC: HEADSTONE GRAVEYARD SYMBOL"><a href="/wiki/%E2%9B%BC" class="mw-redirect" title="⛼">⛼</a> </td> <td title="U+26FD: FUEL PUMP"><a href="/wiki/%E2%9B%BD" class="mw-redirect" title="⛽">⛽</a> </td> <td title="U+26FE: CUP ON BLACK SQUARE"><a href="/wiki/%E2%9B%BE" class="mw-redirect" title="⛾">⛾</a> </td> <td title="U+26FF: WHITE FLAG WITH HORIZONTAL MIDDLE BLACK STRIPE"><a href="/wiki/%E2%9B%BF" class="mw-redirect" title="⛿">⛿</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="17" style="background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);color:inherit;font-size:small;text-align:left"><b>Notes</b> <dl><dd>1.<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><span class="citation wikicite" id="endnote_U2600_as_of_Unicode_version"><b><a href="#ref_U2600_as_of_Unicode_version">^</a></b></span> As of Unicode version 16.0</dd> <dd>2.<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><span class="citation wikicite" id="endnote_U2600_white"><b><a href="#ref_U2600_white">^</a></b></span> Empty areas indicate code points assigned to non-emoticon characters</dd> <dd>3.<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><span class="citation wikicite" id="endnote_U263A_U263B"><b><a href="#ref_U263A_U263B">^</a></b></span> U+263A and U+263B are inherited from Microsoft <a href="/wiki/Code_page_437" title="Code page 437">code page 437</a> introduced in 1981, although inspired by older systems</dd></dl> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Emoticons_(Unicode_block)" title="Emoticons (Unicode block)">Emoticons</a> block was introduced in <a href="/wiki/Unicode" title="Unicode">Unicode</a> Standard <a href="/wiki/Unicode_6.0" class="mw-redirect" title="Unicode 6.0">version 6.0</a> (published in October 2010) and extended by <a href="/wiki/Unicode_7.0" class="mw-redirect" title="Unicode 7.0">7.0</a>. It covers Unicode range from U+1F600 to U+1F64F fully.<sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable nounderlines Unicode" style="border-collapse:collapse;background:var(--background-color-base,#fff);color:inherit;font-size:large;text-align:center"> <tbody><tr> <td colspan="17" style="background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);color:inherit;font-size:small"><b><a href="/wiki/Emoticons_(Unicode_block)" title="Emoticons (Unicode block)">Emoticons</a></b><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><sup class="citation nobold" id="ref_U1F600_as_of_Unicode_version"><a href="#endnote_U1F600_as_of_Unicode_version">[1]</a></sup><br /><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.unicode.org/charts/PDF/U1F600.pdf">Official Unicode Consortium code chart</a> (PDF) </td></tr> <tr style="background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);color:inherit;font-size:small"> <td style="width:45pt"> </td> <td style="width:20pt">0</td> <td style="width:20pt">1</td> <td style="width:20pt">2</td> <td style="width:20pt">3</td> <td style="width:20pt">4</td> <td style="width:20pt">5</td> <td style="width:20pt">6</td> <td style="width:20pt">7</td> <td style="width:20pt">8</td> <td style="width:20pt">9</td> <td style="width:20pt">A</td> <td style="width:20pt">B</td> <td style="width:20pt">C</td> <td style="width:20pt">D</td> <td style="width:20pt">E</td> <td style="width:20pt">F </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);color:inherit;font-size:small">U+1F60x </td> <td title="U+1F600: GRINNING FACE"><a href="/wiki/Smile" title="Smile">😀</a> </td> <td title="U+1F601: GRINNING FACE WITH SMILING EYES"><a href="/wiki/Smile" title="Smile">😁</a> </td> <td title="U+1F602: FACE WITH TEARS OF JOY"><a href="/wiki/Face_with_Tears_of_Joy_emoji" title="Face with Tears of Joy emoji">😂</a> </td> <td title="U+1F603: SMILING FACE WITH OPEN MOUTH"><a href="/wiki/Smile" title="Smile">😃</a> </td> <td title="U+1F604: SMILING FACE WITH OPEN MOUTH AND SMILING EYES"><a href="/wiki/Smile" title="Smile">😄</a> </td> <td title="U+1F605: SMILING FACE WITH OPEN MOUTH AND COLD SWEAT"><a href="/wiki/Embarrassment" title="Embarrassment">😅</a> </td> <td title="U+1F606: SMILING FACE WITH OPEN MOUTH AND TIGHTLY-CLOSED EYES"><a href="/wiki/Smile" title="Smile">😆</a> </td> <td title="U+1F607: SMILING FACE WITH HALO"><a href="/wiki/Angel" title="Angel">😇</a> </td> <td title="U+1F608: SMILING FACE WITH HORNS"><a href="/wiki/Devil" title="Devil">😈</a> </td> <td title="U+1F609: WINKING FACE"><a href="/wiki/Wink" title="Wink">😉</a> </td> <td title="U+1F60A: SMILING FACE WITH SMILING EYES"><a href="/wiki/Smiley" title="Smiley">😊</a> </td> <td title="U+1F60B: FACE SAVOURING DELICIOUS FOOD"><a href="/wiki/Savoring" title="Savoring">😋</a> </td> <td title="U+1F60C: RELIEVED FACE"><a href="/wiki/Relief_(emotion)" title="Relief (emotion)">😌</a> </td> <td title="U+1F60D: SMILING FACE WITH HEART-SHAPED EYES"><a href="/wiki/Face_with_Heart_Eyes_emoji" title="Face with Heart Eyes emoji">😍</a> </td> <td title="U+1F60E: SMILING FACE WITH SUNGLASSES"><a href="/wiki/Cool_(aesthetic)" title="Cool (aesthetic)">😎</a> </td> <td title="U+1F60F: SMIRKING FACE"><a href="/wiki/Smirk" title="Smirk">😏</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);color:inherit;font-size:small">U+1F61x </td> <td title="U+1F610: NEUTRAL FACE"><a href="/wiki/Apathy" title="Apathy">😐</a> </td> <td title="U+1F611: EXPRESSIONLESS FACE"><a href="/wiki/Apathy" title="Apathy">😑</a> </td> <td title="U+1F612: UNAMUSED FACE"><a href="/wiki/Amusement" title="Amusement">😒</a> </td> <td title="U+1F613: FACE WITH COLD SWEAT"><a href="/wiki/Perspiration" title="Perspiration">😓</a> </td> <td title="U+1F614: PENSIVE FACE"><a href="/wiki/Sadness" title="Sadness">😔</a> </td> <td title="U+1F615: CONFUSED FACE"><a href="/wiki/Confusion" title="Confusion">😕</a> </td> <td title="U+1F616: CONFOUNDED FACE"><a href="/wiki/Confusion" title="Confusion">😖</a> </td> <td title="U+1F617: KISSING FACE"><a href="/wiki/Kiss" title="Kiss">😗</a> </td> <td title="U+1F618: FACE THROWING A KISS"><a href="/wiki/Air_kiss" title="Air kiss">😘</a> </td> <td title="U+1F619: KISSING FACE WITH SMILING EYES"><a href="/wiki/Kiss" title="Kiss">😙</a> </td> <td title="U+1F61A: KISSING FACE WITH CLOSED EYES"><a href="/wiki/Kiss" title="Kiss">😚</a> </td> <td title="U+1F61B: FACE WITH STUCK-OUT TONGUE"><a href="/wiki/Tongue#Gestures" title="Tongue">😛</a> </td> <td title="U+1F61C: FACE WITH STUCK-OUT TONGUE AND WINKING EYE"><a href="/wiki/Silliness" title="Silliness">😜</a> </td> <td title="U+1F61D: FACE WITH STUCK-OUT TONGUE AND TIGHTLY-CLOSED EYES"><a href="/wiki/Tongue#Gestures" title="Tongue">😝</a> </td> <td title="U+1F61E: DISAPPOINTED FACE"><a href="/wiki/Disappointment" title="Disappointment">😞</a> </td> <td title="U+1F61F: WORRIED FACE"><a href="/wiki/Worry" title="Worry">😟</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);color:inherit;font-size:small">U+1F62x </td> <td title="U+1F620: ANGRY FACE"><a href="/wiki/Anger" title="Anger">😠</a> </td> <td title="U+1F621: POUTING FACE"><a href="/wiki/Anger" title="Anger">😡</a> </td> <td title="U+1F622: CRYING FACE"><a href="/wiki/Crying" title="Crying">😢</a> </td> <td title="U+1F623: PERSEVERING FACE"><a href="/wiki/Perseveration" title="Perseveration">😣</a> </td> <td title="U+1F624: FACE WITH LOOK OF TRIUMPH"><a href="/wiki/Emoji" title="Emoji">😤</a> </td> <td title="U+1F625: DISAPPOINTED BUT RELIEVED FACE"><a href="/wiki/Disappointment" title="Disappointment">😥</a> </td> <td title="U+1F626: FROWNING FACE WITH OPEN MOUTH"><a href="/wiki/Frown" title="Frown">😦</a> </td> <td title="U+1F627: ANGUISHED FACE"><a href="/wiki/Anguish" title="Anguish">😧</a> </td> <td title="U+1F628: FEARFUL FACE"><a href="/wiki/Fear" title="Fear">😨</a> </td> <td title="U+1F629: WEARY FACE"><a href="/wiki/Fatigue" title="Fatigue">😩</a> </td> <td title="U+1F62A: SLEEPY FACE"><a href="/wiki/Somnolence" title="Somnolence">😪</a> </td> <td title="U+1F62B: TIRED FACE"><a href="/wiki/Fatigue" title="Fatigue">😫</a> </td> <td title="U+1F62C: GRIMACING FACE"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Grimacing_face&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Grimacing face (page does not exist)">😬</a> </td> <td title="U+1F62D: LOUDLY CRYING FACE"><a href="/wiki/Crying" title="Crying">😭</a> </td> <td title="U+1F62E: FACE WITH OPEN MOUTH"><a href="/wiki/Surprise_(emotion)" title="Surprise (emotion)">😮</a> </td> <td title="U+1F62F: HUSHED FACE"><a href="/wiki/Surprise_(emotion)" title="Surprise (emotion)">😯</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);color:inherit;font-size:small">U+1F63x </td> <td title="U+1F630: FACE WITH OPEN MOUTH AND COLD SWEAT"><a href="/wiki/Worry" title="Worry">😰</a> </td> <td title="U+1F631: FACE SCREAMING IN FEAR"><a href="/wiki/Screaming" title="Screaming">😱</a> </td> <td title="U+1F632: ASTONISHED FACE"><a href="/wiki/Surprise_(emotion)" title="Surprise (emotion)">😲</a> </td> <td title="U+1F633: FLUSHED FACE"><a href="/wiki/Flushing_(physiology)" title="Flushing (physiology)">😳</a> </td> <td title="U+1F634: SLEEPING FACE"><a href="/wiki/Sleep" title="Sleep">😴</a> </td> <td title="U+1F635: DIZZY FACE"><a href="/wiki/Emoticons_(Unicode_block)" title="Emoticons (Unicode block)">😵</a> </td> <td title="U+1F636: FACE WITHOUT MOUTH"><a href="/wiki/Silence" title="Silence">😶</a> </td> <td title="U+1F637: FACE WITH MEDICAL MASK"><a href="/wiki/Surgical_mask" title="Surgical mask">😷</a> </td> <td title="U+1F638: GRINNING CAT FACE WITH SMILING EYES"><a href="/wiki/Cat" title="Cat">😸</a> </td> <td title="U+1F639: CAT FACE WITH TEARS OF JOY"><a href="/wiki/Face_with_Tears_of_Joy_emoji" title="Face with Tears of Joy emoji">😹</a> </td> <td title="U+1F63A: SMILING CAT FACE WITH OPEN MOUTH"><a href="/wiki/Cat" title="Cat">😺</a> </td> <td title="U+1F63B: SMILING CAT FACE WITH HEART-SHAPED EYES"><a href="/wiki/Face_with_Heart_Eyes_emoji" title="Face with Heart Eyes emoji">😻</a> </td> <td title="U+1F63C: CAT FACE WITH WRY SMILE"><a href="/wiki/Smirk" title="Smirk">😼</a> </td> <td title="U+1F63D: KISSING CAT FACE WITH CLOSED EYES"><a href="/wiki/Kiss" title="Kiss">😽</a> </td> <td title="U+1F63E: POUTING CAT FACE"><a href="/wiki/Anger" title="Anger">😾</a> </td> <td title="U+1F63F: CRYING CAT FACE"><a href="/wiki/Crying" title="Crying">😿</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);color:inherit;font-size:small">U+1F64x </td> <td title="U+1F640: WEARY CAT FACE"><a href="/wiki/Cat" title="Cat">🙀</a> </td> <td title="U+1F641: SLIGHTLY FROWNING FACE"><a href="/wiki/Frown" title="Frown">🙁</a> </td> <td title="U+1F642: SLIGHTLY SMILING FACE"><a href="/wiki/Smiley" title="Smiley">🙂</a> </td> <td title="U+1F643: UPSIDE-DOWN FACE"><a href="/wiki/Smiley" title="Smiley">🙃</a> </td> <td title="U+1F644: FACE WITH ROLLING EYES"><a href="/wiki/Eye-rolling" title="Eye-rolling">🙄</a> </td> <td title="U+1F645: FACE WITH NO GOOD GESTURE"><a href="/wiki/Yes_and_no" title="Yes and no">🙅</a> </td> <td title="U+1F646: FACE WITH OK GESTURE"><a href="/wiki/OK_gesture" title="OK gesture">🙆</a> </td> <td title="U+1F647: PERSON BOWING DEEPLY"><a href="/wiki/Bowing" title="Bowing">🙇</a> </td> <td title="U+1F648: SEE-NO-EVIL MONKEY"><a href="/wiki/Three_wise_monkeys#Unicode_characters" title="Three wise monkeys">🙈</a> </td> <td title="U+1F649: HEAR-NO-EVIL MONKEY"><a href="/wiki/Three_wise_monkeys#Unicode_characters" title="Three wise monkeys">🙉</a> </td> <td title="U+1F64A: SPEAK-NO-EVIL MONKEY"><a href="/wiki/Three_wise_monkeys#Unicode_characters" title="Three wise monkeys">🙊</a> </td> <td title="U+1F64B: HAPPY PERSON RAISING ONE HAND"><a href="/wiki/Raising_hands" title="Raising hands">🙋</a> </td> <td title="U+1F64C: PERSON RAISING BOTH HANDS IN CELEBRATION"><a href="/wiki/Raising_hands" title="Raising hands">🙌</a> </td> <td title="U+1F64D: PERSON FROWNING"><a href="/wiki/Frown" title="Frown">🙍</a> </td> <td title="U+1F64E: PERSON WITH POUTING FACE"><a href="/wiki/Emoji" title="Emoji">🙎</a> </td> <td title="U+1F64F: PERSON WITH FOLDED HANDS"><a href="/wiki/Prayer" title="Prayer">🙏</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="17" style="background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);color:inherit;font-size:small;text-align:left"><b>Notes</b> <dl><dd>1.<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><span class="citation wikicite" id="endnote_U1F600_as_of_Unicode_version"><b><a href="#ref_U1F600_as_of_Unicode_version">^</a></b></span> As of Unicode version 16.0</dd></dl> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>After that block had been filled, <a href="/wiki/Unicode_8.0" class="mw-redirect" title="Unicode 8.0">Unicode 8.0</a> (2015), <a href="/wiki/Unicode_9.0" class="mw-redirect" title="Unicode 9.0">9.0</a> (2016) and <a href="/wiki/Unicode_10.0" class="mw-redirect" title="Unicode 10.0">10.0</a> (2017) added additional emoticons in the range from U+1F910 to U+1F9FF. Currently, U+1F90C – U+1F90F, U+1F93F, U+1F94D – U+1F94F, U+1F96C – U+1F97F, U+1F998 – U+1F9CF (excluding U+1F9C0 which contains the <a href="/wiki/Cheese" title="Cheese">🧀</a> emoji) and U+1F9E7 – U+1F9FF do not contain any emoticons since Unicode 10.0. </p> <table class="wikitable nounderlines" style="border-collapse:collapse;background:var(--background-color-base,#fff);color:inherit;font-size:large;text-align:center"> <tbody><tr> <td colspan="17" style="background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);color:inherit;font-size:small"><b><a href="/wiki/Supplemental_Symbols_and_Pictographs" title="Supplemental Symbols and Pictographs">Supplemental Symbols and Pictographs</a></b><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><sup class="citation nobold" id="ref_U1F900_as_of_Unicode_version"><a href="#endnote_U1F900_as_of_Unicode_version">[1]</a></sup><br /><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.unicode.org/charts/PDF/U1F900.pdf">Official Unicode Consortium code chart</a> (PDF) </td></tr> <tr style="background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);color:inherit;font-size:small"> <td style="width:45pt"> </td> <td style="width:20pt">0</td> <td style="width:20pt">1</td> <td style="width:20pt">2</td> <td style="width:20pt">3</td> <td style="width:20pt">4</td> <td style="width:20pt">5</td> <td style="width:20pt">6</td> <td style="width:20pt">7</td> <td style="width:20pt">8</td> <td style="width:20pt">9</td> <td style="width:20pt">A</td> <td style="width:20pt">B</td> <td style="width:20pt">C</td> <td style="width:20pt">D</td> <td style="width:20pt">E</td> <td style="width:20pt">F </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);color:inherit;font-size:small">U+1F90x </td> <td title="U+1F900: CIRCLED CROSS FORMEE WITH FOUR DOTS"><div style="font-family:'Noto Color Emoji', 'Segoe Color Emoji'">🤀</div> </td> <td title="U+1F901: CIRCLED CROSS FORMEE WITH TWO DOTS"><div style="font-family:'Noto Color Emoji', 'Segoe Color Emoji'">🤁</div> </td> <td title="U+1F902: CIRCLED CROSS FORMEE"><div style="font-family:'Noto Color Emoji', 'Segoe Color Emoji'">🤂</div> </td> <td title="U+1F903: LEFT HALF CIRCLE WITH FOUR DOTS"><div style="font-family:'Noto Color Emoji', 'Segoe Color Emoji'">🤃</div> </td> <td title="U+1F904: LEFT HALF CIRCLE WITH THREE DOTS"><div style="font-family:'Noto Color Emoji', 'Segoe Color Emoji'">🤄</div> </td> <td title="U+1F905: LEFT HALF CIRCLE WITH TWO DOTS"><div style="font-family:'Noto Color Emoji', 'Segoe Color Emoji'">🤅</div> </td> <td title="U+1F906: LEFT HALF CIRCLE WITH DOT"><div style="font-family:'Noto Color Emoji', 'Segoe Color Emoji'">🤆</div> </td> <td title="U+1F907: LEFT HALF CIRCLE"><div style="font-family:'Noto Color Emoji', 'Segoe Color Emoji'">🤇</div> </td> <td title="U+1F908: DOWNWARD FACING HOOK"><div style="font-family:'Noto Color Emoji', 'Segoe Color Emoji'">🤈</div> </td> <td title="U+1F909: DOWNWARD FACING NOTCHED HOOK"><div style="font-family:'Noto Color Emoji', 'Segoe Color Emoji'">🤉</div> </td> <td title="U+1F90A: DOWNWARD FACING HOOK WITH DOT"><div style="font-family:'Noto Color Emoji', 'Segoe Color Emoji'">🤊</div> </td> <td title="U+1F90B: DOWNWARD FACING NOTCHED HOOK WITH DOT"><div style="font-family:'Noto Color Emoji', 'Segoe Color Emoji'">🤋</div> </td> <td title="U+1F90C: PINCHED FINGERS"><div style="font-family:'Noto Color Emoji', 'Segoe Color Emoji'">🤌</div> </td> <td title="U+1F90D: WHITE HEART"><div style="font-family:'Noto Color Emoji', 'Segoe Color Emoji'">🤍</div> </td> <td title="U+1F90E: BROWN HEART"><div style="font-family:'Noto Color Emoji', 'Segoe Color Emoji'">🤎</div> </td> <td title="U+1F90F: PINCHING HAND"><div style="font-family:'Noto Color Emoji', 'Segoe Color Emoji'">🤏</div> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);color:inherit;font-size:small">U+1F91x </td> <td title="U+1F910: ZIPPER-MOUTH FACE"><div style="font-family:'Noto Color Emoji', 'Segoe Color Emoji'">🤐</div> </td> <td title="U+1F911: MONEY-MOUTH FACE"><div style="font-family:'Noto Color Emoji', 'Segoe Color Emoji'">🤑</div> </td> <td title="U+1F912: FACE WITH THERMOMETER"><div style="font-family:'Noto Color Emoji', 'Segoe Color Emoji'">🤒</div> </td> <td title="U+1F913: NERD FACE"><div style="font-family:'Noto Color Emoji', 'Segoe Color Emoji'">🤓</div> </td> <td title="U+1F914: THINKING FACE"><div style="font-family:'Noto Color Emoji', 'Segoe Color Emoji'">🤔</div> </td> <td title="U+1F915: FACE WITH HEAD-BANDAGE"><div style="font-family:'Noto Color Emoji', 'Segoe Color Emoji'">🤕</div> </td> <td title="U+1F916: ROBOT FACE"><div style="font-family:'Noto Color Emoji', 'Segoe Color Emoji'">🤖</div> </td> <td title="U+1F917: HUGGING FACE"><div style="font-family:'Noto Color Emoji', 'Segoe Color Emoji'">🤗</div> </td> <td title="U+1F918: SIGN OF THE HORNS"><div style="font-family:'Noto Color Emoji', 'Segoe Color Emoji'">🤘</div> </td> <td title="U+1F919: CALL ME HAND"><div style="font-family:'Noto Color Emoji', 'Segoe Color Emoji'">🤙</div> </td> <td title="U+1F91A: RAISED BACK OF HAND"><div style="font-family:'Noto Color Emoji', 'Segoe Color Emoji'">🤚</div> </td> <td title="U+1F91B: LEFT-FACING FIST"><div style="font-family:'Noto Color Emoji', 'Segoe Color Emoji'">🤛</div> </td> <td title="U+1F91C: RIGHT-FACING FIST"><div style="font-family:'Noto Color Emoji', 'Segoe Color Emoji'">🤜</div> </td> <td title="U+1F91D: HANDSHAKE"><div style="font-family:'Noto Color Emoji', 'Segoe Color Emoji'">🤝</div> </td> <td title="U+1F91E: HAND WITH INDEX AND MIDDLE FINGERS CROSSED"><div style="font-family:'Noto Color Emoji', 'Segoe Color Emoji'">🤞</div> </td> <td title="U+1F91F: I LOVE YOU HAND SIGN"><div style="font-family:'Noto Color Emoji', 'Segoe Color Emoji'">🤟</div> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);color:inherit;font-size:small">U+1F92x </td> <td title="U+1F920: FACE WITH COWBOY HAT"><div style="font-family:'Noto Color Emoji', 'Segoe Color Emoji'">🤠</div> </td> <td title="U+1F921: CLOWN FACE"><div style="font-family:'Noto Color Emoji', 'Segoe Color Emoji'">🤡</div> </td> <td title="U+1F922: NAUSEATED FACE"><div style="font-family:'Noto Color Emoji', 'Segoe Color Emoji'">🤢</div> </td> <td title="U+1F923: ROLLING ON THE FLOOR LAUGHING"><div style="font-family:'Noto Color Emoji', 'Segoe Color Emoji'">🤣</div> </td> <td title="U+1F924: DROOLING FACE"><div style="font-family:'Noto Color Emoji', 'Segoe Color Emoji'">🤤</div> </td> <td title="U+1F925: LYING FACE"><div style="font-family:'Noto Color Emoji', 'Segoe Color Emoji'">🤥</div> </td> <td title="U+1F926: FACE PALM"><div style="font-family:'Noto Color Emoji', 'Segoe Color Emoji'">🤦</div> </td> <td title="U+1F927: SNEEZING FACE"><div style="font-family:'Noto Color Emoji', 'Segoe Color Emoji'">🤧</div> </td> <td title="U+1F928: FACE WITH ONE EYEBROW RAISED"><div style="font-family:'Noto Color Emoji', 'Segoe Color Emoji'">🤨</div> </td> <td title="U+1F929: GRINNING FACE WITH STAR EYES"><div style="font-family:'Noto Color Emoji', 'Segoe Color Emoji'">🤩</div> </td> <td title="U+1F92A: GRINNING FACE WITH ONE LARGE AND ONE SMALL EYE"><div style="font-family:'Noto Color Emoji', 'Segoe Color Emoji'">🤪</div> </td> <td title="U+1F92B: FACE WITH FINGER COVERING CLOSED LIPS"><div style="font-family:'Noto Color Emoji', 'Segoe Color Emoji'">🤫</div> </td> <td title="U+1F92C: SERIOUS FACE WITH SYMBOLS COVERING MOUTH"><div style="font-family:'Noto Color Emoji', 'Segoe Color Emoji'">🤬</div> </td> <td title="U+1F92D: SMILING FACE WITH SMILING EYES AND HAND COVERING MOUTH"><div style="font-family:'Noto Color Emoji', 'Segoe Color Emoji'">🤭</div> </td> <td title="U+1F92E: FACE WITH OPEN MOUTH VOMITING"><div style="font-family:'Noto Color Emoji', 'Segoe Color Emoji'">🤮</div> </td> <td title="U+1F92F: SHOCKED FACE WITH EXPLODING HEAD"><div style="font-family:'Noto Color Emoji', 'Segoe Color Emoji'">🤯</div> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);color:inherit;font-size:small">U+1F93x </td> <td title="U+1F930: PREGNANT WOMAN"><div style="font-family:'Noto Color Emoji', 'Segoe Color Emoji'">🤰</div> </td> <td title="U+1F931: BREAST-FEEDING"><div style="font-family:'Noto Color Emoji', 'Segoe Color Emoji'">🤱</div> </td> <td title="U+1F932: PALMS UP TOGETHER"><div style="font-family:'Noto Color Emoji', 'Segoe Color Emoji'">🤲</div> </td> <td title="U+1F933: SELFIE"><div style="font-family:'Noto Color Emoji', 'Segoe Color Emoji'">🤳</div> </td> <td title="U+1F934: PRINCE"><div style="font-family:'Noto Color Emoji', 'Segoe Color Emoji'">🤴</div> </td> <td title="U+1F935: MAN IN TUXEDO"><div style="font-family:'Noto Color Emoji', 'Segoe Color Emoji'">🤵</div> </td> <td title="U+1F936: MOTHER CHRISTMAS"><div style="font-family:'Noto Color Emoji', 'Segoe Color Emoji'">🤶</div> </td> <td title="U+1F937: SHRUG"><div style="font-family:'Noto Color Emoji', 'Segoe Color Emoji'">🤷</div> </td> <td title="U+1F938: PERSON DOING CARTWHEEL"><div style="font-family:'Noto Color Emoji', 'Segoe Color Emoji'">🤸</div> </td> <td title="U+1F939: JUGGLING"><div style="font-family:'Noto Color Emoji', 'Segoe Color Emoji'">🤹</div> </td> <td title="U+1F93A: FENCER"><div style="font-family:'Noto Color Emoji', 'Segoe Color Emoji'">🤺</div> </td> <td title="U+1F93B: MODERN PENTATHLON"><div style="font-family:'Noto Color Emoji', 'Segoe Color Emoji'">🤻</div> </td> <td title="U+1F93C: WRESTLERS"><div style="font-family:'Noto Color Emoji', 'Segoe Color Emoji'">🤼</div> </td> <td title="U+1F93D: WATER POLO"><div style="font-family:'Noto Color Emoji', 'Segoe Color Emoji'">🤽</div> </td> <td title="U+1F93E: HANDBALL"><div style="font-family:'Noto Color Emoji', 'Segoe Color Emoji'">🤾</div> </td> <td title="U+1F93F: DIVING MASK"><div style="font-family:'Noto Color Emoji', 'Segoe Color Emoji'">🤿</div> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);color:inherit;font-size:small">U+1F94x </td> <td title="U+1F940: WILTED FLOWER"><div style="font-family:'Noto Color Emoji', 'Segoe Color Emoji'">🥀</div> </td> <td title="U+1F941: DRUM WITH DRUMSTICKS"><div style="font-family:'Noto Color Emoji', 'Segoe Color Emoji'">🥁</div> </td> <td title="U+1F942: CLINKING GLASSES"><div style="font-family:'Noto Color Emoji', 'Segoe Color Emoji'">🥂</div> </td> <td title="U+1F943: TUMBLER GLASS"><div style="font-family:'Noto Color Emoji', 'Segoe Color Emoji'">🥃</div> </td> <td title="U+1F944: SPOON"><div style="font-family:'Noto Color Emoji', 'Segoe Color Emoji'">🥄</div> </td> <td title="U+1F945: GOAL NET"><div style="font-family:'Noto Color Emoji', 'Segoe Color Emoji'">🥅</div> </td> <td title="U+1F946: RIFLE"><div style="font-family:'Noto Color Emoji', 'Segoe Color Emoji'">🥆</div> </td> <td title="U+1F947: FIRST PLACE MEDAL"><div style="font-family:'Noto Color Emoji', 'Segoe Color Emoji'">🥇</div> </td> <td title="U+1F948: SECOND PLACE MEDAL"><div style="font-family:'Noto Color Emoji', 'Segoe Color Emoji'">🥈</div> </td> <td title="U+1F949: THIRD PLACE MEDAL"><div style="font-family:'Noto Color Emoji', 'Segoe Color Emoji'">🥉</div> </td> <td title="U+1F94A: BOXING GLOVE"><div style="font-family:'Noto Color Emoji', 'Segoe Color Emoji'">🥊</div> </td> <td title="U+1F94B: MARTIAL ARTS UNIFORM"><div style="font-family:'Noto Color Emoji', 'Segoe Color Emoji'">🥋</div> </td> <td title="U+1F94C: CURLING STONE"><div style="font-family:'Noto Color Emoji', 'Segoe Color Emoji'">🥌</div> </td> <td title="U+1F94D: LACROSSE STICK AND BALL"><div style="font-family:'Noto Color Emoji', 'Segoe Color Emoji'">🥍</div> </td> <td title="U+1F94E: SOFTBALL"><div style="font-family:'Noto Color Emoji', 'Segoe Color Emoji'">🥎</div> </td> <td title="U+1F94F: FLYING DISC"><div style="font-family:'Noto Color Emoji', 'Segoe Color Emoji'">🥏</div> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);color:inherit;font-size:small">U+1F95x </td> <td title="U+1F950: CROISSANT"><div style="font-family:'Noto Color Emoji', 'Segoe Color Emoji'">🥐</div> </td> <td title="U+1F951: AVOCADO"><div style="font-family:'Noto Color Emoji', 'Segoe Color Emoji'">🥑</div> </td> <td title="U+1F952: CUCUMBER"><div style="font-family:'Noto Color Emoji', 'Segoe Color Emoji'">🥒</div> </td> <td title="U+1F953: BACON"><div style="font-family:'Noto Color Emoji', 'Segoe Color Emoji'">🥓</div> </td> <td title="U+1F954: POTATO"><div style="font-family:'Noto Color Emoji', 'Segoe Color Emoji'">🥔</div> </td> <td title="U+1F955: CARROT"><div style="font-family:'Noto Color Emoji', 'Segoe Color Emoji'">🥕</div> </td> <td title="U+1F956: BAGUETTE BREAD"><div style="font-family:'Noto Color Emoji', 'Segoe Color Emoji'">🥖</div> </td> <td title="U+1F957: GREEN SALAD"><div style="font-family:'Noto Color Emoji', 'Segoe Color Emoji'">🥗</div> </td> <td title="U+1F958: SHALLOW PAN OF FOOD"><div style="font-family:'Noto Color Emoji', 'Segoe Color Emoji'">🥘</div> </td> <td title="U+1F959: STUFFED FLATBREAD"><div style="font-family:'Noto Color Emoji', 'Segoe Color Emoji'">🥙</div> </td> <td title="U+1F95A: EGG"><div style="font-family:'Noto Color Emoji', 'Segoe Color Emoji'">🥚</div> </td> <td title="U+1F95B: GLASS OF MILK"><div style="font-family:'Noto Color Emoji', 'Segoe Color Emoji'">🥛</div> </td> <td title="U+1F95C: PEANUTS"><div style="font-family:'Noto Color Emoji', 'Segoe Color Emoji'">🥜</div> </td> <td title="U+1F95D: KIWIFRUIT"><div style="font-family:'Noto Color Emoji', 'Segoe Color Emoji'">🥝</div> </td> <td title="U+1F95E: PANCAKES"><div style="font-family:'Noto Color Emoji', 'Segoe Color Emoji'">🥞</div> </td> <td title="U+1F95F: DUMPLING"><div style="font-family:'Noto Color Emoji', 'Segoe Color Emoji'">🥟</div> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);color:inherit;font-size:small">U+1F96x </td> <td title="U+1F960: FORTUNE COOKIE"><div style="font-family:'Noto Color Emoji', 'Segoe Color Emoji'">🥠</div> </td> <td title="U+1F961: TAKEOUT BOX"><div style="font-family:'Noto Color Emoji', 'Segoe Color Emoji'">🥡</div> </td> <td title="U+1F962: CHOPSTICKS"><div style="font-family:'Noto Color Emoji', 'Segoe Color Emoji'">🥢</div> </td> <td title="U+1F963: BOWL WITH SPOON"><div style="font-family:'Noto Color Emoji', 'Segoe Color Emoji'">🥣</div> </td> <td title="U+1F964: CUP WITH STRAW"><div style="font-family:'Noto Color Emoji', 'Segoe Color Emoji'">🥤</div> </td> <td title="U+1F965: COCONUT"><div style="font-family:'Noto Color Emoji', 'Segoe Color Emoji'">🥥</div> </td> <td title="U+1F966: BROCCOLI"><div style="font-family:'Noto Color Emoji', 'Segoe Color Emoji'">🥦</div> </td> <td title="U+1F967: PIE"><div style="font-family:'Noto Color Emoji', 'Segoe Color Emoji'">🥧</div> </td> <td title="U+1F968: PRETZEL"><div style="font-family:'Noto Color Emoji', 'Segoe Color Emoji'">🥨</div> </td> <td title="U+1F969: CUT OF MEAT"><div style="font-family:'Noto Color Emoji', 'Segoe Color Emoji'">🥩</div> </td> <td title="U+1F96A: SANDWICH"><div style="font-family:'Noto Color Emoji', 'Segoe Color Emoji'">🥪</div> </td> <td title="U+1F96B: CANNED FOOD"><div style="font-family:'Noto Color Emoji', 'Segoe Color Emoji'">🥫</div> </td> <td title="U+1F96C: LEAFY GREEN"><div style="font-family:'Noto Color Emoji', 'Segoe Color Emoji'">🥬</div> </td> <td title="U+1F96D: MANGO"><div style="font-family:'Noto Color Emoji', 'Segoe Color Emoji'">🥭</div> </td> <td title="U+1F96E: MOON CAKE"><div style="font-family:'Noto Color Emoji', 'Segoe Color Emoji'">🥮</div> </td> <td title="U+1F96F: BAGEL"><div style="font-family:'Noto Color Emoji', 'Segoe Color Emoji'">🥯</div> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);color:inherit;font-size:small">U+1F97x </td> <td title="U+1F970: SMILING FACE WITH SMILING EYES AND THREE HEARTS"><div style="font-family:'Noto Color Emoji', 'Segoe Color Emoji'">🥰</div> </td> <td title="U+1F971: YAWNING FACE"><div style="font-family:'Noto Color Emoji', 'Segoe Color Emoji'">🥱</div> </td> <td title="U+1F972: SMILING FACE WITH TEAR"><div style="font-family:'Noto Color Emoji', 'Segoe Color Emoji'">🥲</div> </td> <td title="U+1F973: FACE WITH PARTY HORN AND PARTY HAT"><div style="font-family:'Noto Color Emoji', 'Segoe Color Emoji'">🥳</div> </td> <td title="U+1F974: FACE WITH UNEVEN EYES AND WAVY MOUTH"><div style="font-family:'Noto Color Emoji', 'Segoe Color Emoji'">🥴</div> </td> <td title="U+1F975: OVERHEATED FACE"><div style="font-family:'Noto Color Emoji', 'Segoe Color Emoji'">🥵</div> </td> <td title="U+1F976: FREEZING FACE"><div style="font-family:'Noto Color Emoji', 'Segoe Color Emoji'">🥶</div> </td> <td title="U+1F977: NINJA"><div style="font-family:'Noto Color Emoji', 'Segoe Color Emoji'">🥷</div> </td> <td title="U+1F978: DISGUISED FACE"><div style="font-family:'Noto Color Emoji', 'Segoe Color Emoji'">🥸</div> </td> <td title="U+1F979: FACE HOLDING BACK TEARS"><div style="font-family:'Noto Color Emoji', 'Segoe Color Emoji'">🥹</div> </td> <td title="U+1F97A: FACE WITH PLEADING EYES"><div style="font-family:'Noto Color Emoji', 'Segoe Color Emoji'">🥺</div> </td> <td title="U+1F97B: SARI"><div style="font-family:'Noto Color Emoji', 'Segoe Color Emoji'">🥻</div> </td> <td title="U+1F97C: LAB COAT"><div style="font-family:'Noto Color Emoji', 'Segoe Color Emoji'">🥼</div> </td> <td title="U+1F97D: GOGGLES"><div style="font-family:'Noto Color Emoji', 'Segoe Color Emoji'">🥽</div> </td> <td title="U+1F97E: HIKING BOOT"><div style="font-family:'Noto Color Emoji', 'Segoe Color Emoji'">🥾</div> </td> <td title="U+1F97F: FLAT SHOE"><div style="font-family:'Noto Color Emoji', 'Segoe Color Emoji'">🥿</div> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);color:inherit;font-size:small">U+1F98x </td> <td title="U+1F980: CRAB"><div style="font-family:'Noto Color Emoji', 'Segoe Color Emoji'">🦀</div> </td> <td title="U+1F981: LION FACE"><div style="font-family:'Noto Color Emoji', 'Segoe Color Emoji'">🦁</div> </td> <td title="U+1F982: SCORPION"><div style="font-family:'Noto Color Emoji', 'Segoe Color Emoji'">🦂</div> </td> <td title="U+1F983: TURKEY"><div style="font-family:'Noto Color Emoji', 'Segoe Color Emoji'">🦃</div> </td> <td title="U+1F984: UNICORN FACE"><div style="font-family:'Noto Color Emoji', 'Segoe Color Emoji'">🦄</div> </td> <td title="U+1F985: EAGLE"><div style="font-family:'Noto Color Emoji', 'Segoe Color Emoji'">🦅</div> </td> <td title="U+1F986: DUCK"><div style="font-family:'Noto Color Emoji', 'Segoe Color Emoji'">🦆</div> </td> <td title="U+1F987: BAT"><div style="font-family:'Noto Color Emoji', 'Segoe Color Emoji'">🦇</div> </td> <td title="U+1F988: SHARK"><div style="font-family:'Noto Color Emoji', 'Segoe Color Emoji'">🦈</div> </td> <td title="U+1F989: OWL"><div style="font-family:'Noto Color Emoji', 'Segoe Color Emoji'">🦉</div> </td> <td title="U+1F98A: FOX FACE"><div style="font-family:'Noto Color Emoji', 'Segoe Color Emoji'">🦊</div> </td> <td title="U+1F98B: BUTTERFLY"><div style="font-family:'Noto Color Emoji', 'Segoe Color Emoji'">🦋</div> </td> <td title="U+1F98C: DEER"><div style="font-family:'Noto Color Emoji', 'Segoe Color Emoji'">🦌</div> </td> <td title="U+1F98D: GORILLA"><div style="font-family:'Noto Color Emoji', 'Segoe Color Emoji'">🦍</div> </td> <td title="U+1F98E: LIZARD"><div style="font-family:'Noto Color Emoji', 'Segoe Color Emoji'">🦎</div> </td> <td title="U+1F98F: RHINOCEROS"><div style="font-family:'Noto Color Emoji', 'Segoe Color Emoji'">🦏</div> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);color:inherit;font-size:small">U+1F99x </td> <td title="U+1F990: SHRIMP"><div style="font-family:'Noto Color Emoji', 'Segoe Color Emoji'">🦐</div> </td> <td title="U+1F991: SQUID"><div style="font-family:'Noto Color Emoji', 'Segoe Color Emoji'">🦑</div> </td> <td title="U+1F992: GIRAFFE FACE"><div style="font-family:'Noto Color Emoji', 'Segoe Color Emoji'">🦒</div> </td> <td title="U+1F993: ZEBRA FACE"><div style="font-family:'Noto Color Emoji', 'Segoe Color Emoji'">🦓</div> </td> <td title="U+1F994: HEDGEHOG"><div style="font-family:'Noto Color Emoji', 'Segoe Color Emoji'">🦔</div> </td> <td title="U+1F995: SAUROPOD"><div style="font-family:'Noto Color Emoji', 'Segoe Color Emoji'">🦕</div> </td> <td title="U+1F996: T-REX"><div style="font-family:'Noto Color Emoji', 'Segoe Color Emoji'">🦖</div> </td> <td title="U+1F997: CRICKET"><div style="font-family:'Noto Color Emoji', 'Segoe Color Emoji'">🦗</div> </td> <td title="U+1F998: KANGAROO"><div style="font-family:'Noto Color Emoji', 'Segoe Color Emoji'">🦘</div> </td> <td title="U+1F999: LLAMA"><div style="font-family:'Noto Color Emoji', 'Segoe Color Emoji'">🦙</div> </td> <td title="U+1F99A: PEACOCK"><div style="font-family:'Noto Color Emoji', 'Segoe Color Emoji'">🦚</div> </td> <td title="U+1F99B: HIPPOPOTAMUS"><div style="font-family:'Noto Color Emoji', 'Segoe Color Emoji'">🦛</div> </td> <td title="U+1F99C: PARROT"><div style="font-family:'Noto Color Emoji', 'Segoe Color Emoji'">🦜</div> </td> <td title="U+1F99D: RACCOON"><div style="font-family:'Noto Color Emoji', 'Segoe Color Emoji'">🦝</div> </td> <td title="U+1F99E: LOBSTER"><div style="font-family:'Noto Color Emoji', 'Segoe Color Emoji'">🦞</div> </td> <td title="U+1F99F: MOSQUITO"><div style="font-family:'Noto Color Emoji', 'Segoe Color Emoji'">🦟</div> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);color:inherit;font-size:small">U+1F9Ax </td> <td title="U+1F9A0: MICROBE"><div style="font-family:'Noto Color Emoji', 'Segoe Color Emoji'">🦠</div> </td> <td title="U+1F9A1: BADGER"><div style="font-family:'Noto Color Emoji', 'Segoe Color Emoji'">🦡</div> </td> <td title="U+1F9A2: SWAN"><div style="font-family:'Noto Color Emoji', 'Segoe Color Emoji'">🦢</div> </td> <td title="U+1F9A3: MAMMOTH"><div style="font-family:'Noto Color Emoji', 'Segoe Color Emoji'">🦣</div> </td> <td title="U+1F9A4: DODO"><div style="font-family:'Noto Color Emoji', 'Segoe Color Emoji'">🦤</div> </td> <td title="U+1F9A5: SLOTH"><div style="font-family:'Noto Color Emoji', 'Segoe Color Emoji'">🦥</div> </td> <td title="U+1F9A6: OTTER"><div style="font-family:'Noto Color Emoji', 'Segoe Color Emoji'">🦦</div> </td> <td title="U+1F9A7: ORANGUTAN"><div style="font-family:'Noto Color Emoji', 'Segoe Color Emoji'">🦧</div> </td> <td title="U+1F9A8: SKUNK"><div style="font-family:'Noto Color Emoji', 'Segoe Color Emoji'">🦨</div> </td> <td title="U+1F9A9: FLAMINGO"><div style="font-family:'Noto Color Emoji', 'Segoe Color Emoji'">🦩</div> </td> <td title="U+1F9AA: OYSTER"><div style="font-family:'Noto Color Emoji', 'Segoe Color Emoji'">🦪</div> </td> <td title="U+1F9AB: BEAVER"><div style="font-family:'Noto Color Emoji', 'Segoe Color Emoji'">🦫</div> </td> <td title="U+1F9AC: BISON"><div style="font-family:'Noto Color Emoji', 'Segoe Color Emoji'">🦬</div> </td> <td title="U+1F9AD: SEAL"><div style="font-family:'Noto Color Emoji', 'Segoe Color Emoji'">🦭</div> </td> <td title="U+1F9AE: GUIDE DOG"><div style="font-family:'Noto Color Emoji', 'Segoe Color Emoji'">🦮</div> </td> <td title="U+1F9AF: PROBING CANE"><div style="font-family:'Noto Color Emoji', 'Segoe Color Emoji'">🦯</div> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);color:inherit;font-size:small">U+1F9Bx </td> <td title="U+1F9B0: EMOJI COMPONENT RED HAIR"><div style="font-family:'Noto Color Emoji', 'Segoe Color Emoji'">🦰</div> </td> <td title="U+1F9B1: EMOJI COMPONENT CURLY HAIR"><div style="font-family:'Noto Color Emoji', 'Segoe Color Emoji'">🦱</div> </td> <td title="U+1F9B2: EMOJI COMPONENT BALD"><div style="font-family:'Noto Color Emoji', 'Segoe Color Emoji'">🦲</div> </td> <td title="U+1F9B3: EMOJI COMPONENT WHITE HAIR"><div style="font-family:'Noto Color Emoji', 'Segoe Color Emoji'">🦳</div> </td> <td title="U+1F9B4: BONE"><div style="font-family:'Noto Color Emoji', 'Segoe Color Emoji'">🦴</div> </td> <td title="U+1F9B5: LEG"><div style="font-family:'Noto Color Emoji', 'Segoe Color Emoji'">🦵</div> </td> <td title="U+1F9B6: FOOT"><div style="font-family:'Noto Color Emoji', 'Segoe Color Emoji'">🦶</div> </td> <td title="U+1F9B7: TOOTH"><div style="font-family:'Noto Color Emoji', 'Segoe Color Emoji'">🦷</div> </td> <td title="U+1F9B8: SUPERHERO"><div style="font-family:'Noto Color Emoji', 'Segoe Color Emoji'">🦸</div> </td> <td title="U+1F9B9: SUPERVILLAIN"><div style="font-family:'Noto Color Emoji', 'Segoe Color Emoji'">🦹</div> </td> <td title="U+1F9BA: SAFETY VEST"><div style="font-family:'Noto Color Emoji', 'Segoe Color Emoji'">🦺</div> </td> <td title="U+1F9BB: EAR WITH HEARING AID"><div style="font-family:'Noto Color Emoji', 'Segoe Color Emoji'">🦻</div> </td> <td title="U+1F9BC: MOTORIZED WHEELCHAIR"><div style="font-family:'Noto Color Emoji', 'Segoe Color Emoji'">🦼</div> </td> <td title="U+1F9BD: MANUAL WHEELCHAIR"><div style="font-family:'Noto Color Emoji', 'Segoe Color Emoji'">🦽</div> </td> <td title="U+1F9BE: MECHANICAL ARM"><div style="font-family:'Noto Color Emoji', 'Segoe Color Emoji'">🦾</div> </td> <td title="U+1F9BF: MECHANICAL LEG"><div style="font-family:'Noto Color Emoji', 'Segoe Color Emoji'">🦿</div> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);color:inherit;font-size:small">U+1F9Cx </td> <td title="U+1F9C0: CHEESE WEDGE"><div style="font-family:'Noto Color Emoji', 'Segoe Color Emoji'">🧀</div> </td> <td title="U+1F9C1: CUPCAKE"><div style="font-family:'Noto Color Emoji', 'Segoe Color Emoji'">🧁</div> </td> <td title="U+1F9C2: SALT SHAKER"><div style="font-family:'Noto Color Emoji', 'Segoe Color Emoji'">🧂</div> </td> <td title="U+1F9C3: BEVERAGE BOX"><div style="font-family:'Noto Color Emoji', 'Segoe Color Emoji'">🧃</div> </td> <td title="U+1F9C4: GARLIC"><div style="font-family:'Noto Color Emoji', 'Segoe Color Emoji'">🧄</div> </td> <td title="U+1F9C5: ONION"><div style="font-family:'Noto Color Emoji', 'Segoe Color Emoji'">🧅</div> </td> <td title="U+1F9C6: FALAFEL"><div style="font-family:'Noto Color Emoji', 'Segoe Color Emoji'">🧆</div> </td> <td title="U+1F9C7: WAFFLE"><div style="font-family:'Noto Color Emoji', 'Segoe Color Emoji'">🧇</div> </td> <td title="U+1F9C8: BUTTER"><div style="font-family:'Noto Color Emoji', 'Segoe Color Emoji'">🧈</div> </td> <td title="U+1F9C9: MATE DRINK"><div style="font-family:'Noto Color Emoji', 'Segoe Color Emoji'">🧉</div> </td> <td title="U+1F9CA: ICE CUBE"><div style="font-family:'Noto Color Emoji', 'Segoe Color Emoji'">🧊</div> </td> <td title="U+1F9CB: BUBBLE TEA"><div style="font-family:'Noto Color Emoji', 'Segoe Color Emoji'">🧋</div> </td> <td title="U+1F9CC: TROLL"><div style="font-family:'Noto Color Emoji', 'Segoe Color Emoji'">🧌</div> </td> <td title="U+1F9CD: STANDING PERSON"><div style="font-family:'Noto Color Emoji', 'Segoe Color Emoji'">🧍</div> </td> <td title="U+1F9CE: KNEELING PERSON"><div style="font-family:'Noto Color Emoji', 'Segoe Color Emoji'">🧎</div> </td> <td title="U+1F9CF: DEAF PERSON"><div style="font-family:'Noto Color Emoji', 'Segoe Color Emoji'">🧏</div> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);color:inherit;font-size:small">U+1F9Dx </td> <td title="U+1F9D0: FACE WITH MONOCLE"><div style="font-family:'Noto Color Emoji', 'Segoe Color Emoji'">🧐</div> </td> <td title="U+1F9D1: ADULT"><div style="font-family:'Noto Color Emoji', 'Segoe Color Emoji'">🧑</div> </td> <td title="U+1F9D2: CHILD"><div style="font-family:'Noto Color Emoji', 'Segoe Color Emoji'">🧒</div> </td> <td title="U+1F9D3: OLDER ADULT"><div style="font-family:'Noto Color Emoji', 'Segoe Color Emoji'">🧓</div> </td> <td title="U+1F9D4: BEARDED PERSON"><div style="font-family:'Noto Color Emoji', 'Segoe Color Emoji'">🧔</div> </td> <td title="U+1F9D5: PERSON WITH HEADSCARF"><div style="font-family:'Noto Color Emoji', 'Segoe Color Emoji'">🧕</div> </td> <td title="U+1F9D6: PERSON IN STEAMY ROOM"><div style="font-family:'Noto Color Emoji', 'Segoe Color Emoji'">🧖</div> </td> <td title="U+1F9D7: PERSON CLIMBING"><div style="font-family:'Noto Color Emoji', 'Segoe Color Emoji'">🧗</div> </td> <td title="U+1F9D8: PERSON IN LOTUS POSITION"><div style="font-family:'Noto Color Emoji', 'Segoe Color Emoji'">🧘</div> </td> <td title="U+1F9D9: MAGE"><div style="font-family:'Noto Color Emoji', 'Segoe Color Emoji'">🧙</div> </td> <td title="U+1F9DA: FAIRY"><div style="font-family:'Noto Color Emoji', 'Segoe Color Emoji'">🧚</div> </td> <td title="U+1F9DB: VAMPIRE"><div style="font-family:'Noto Color Emoji', 'Segoe Color Emoji'">🧛</div> </td> <td title="U+1F9DC: MERPERSON"><div style="font-family:'Noto Color Emoji', 'Segoe Color Emoji'">🧜</div> </td> <td title="U+1F9DD: ELF"><div style="font-family:'Noto Color Emoji', 'Segoe Color Emoji'">🧝</div> </td> <td title="U+1F9DE: GENIE"><div style="font-family:'Noto Color Emoji', 'Segoe Color Emoji'">🧞</div> </td> <td title="U+1F9DF: ZOMBIE"><div style="font-family:'Noto Color Emoji', 'Segoe Color Emoji'">🧟</div> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);color:inherit;font-size:small">U+1F9Ex </td> <td title="U+1F9E0: BRAIN"><div style="font-family:'Noto Color Emoji', 'Segoe Color Emoji'">🧠</div> </td> <td title="U+1F9E1: ORANGE HEART"><div style="font-family:'Noto Color Emoji', 'Segoe Color Emoji'">🧡</div> </td> <td title="U+1F9E2: BILLED CAP"><div style="font-family:'Noto Color Emoji', 'Segoe Color Emoji'">🧢</div> </td> <td title="U+1F9E3: SCARF"><div style="font-family:'Noto Color Emoji', 'Segoe Color Emoji'">🧣</div> </td> <td title="U+1F9E4: GLOVES"><div style="font-family:'Noto Color Emoji', 'Segoe Color Emoji'">🧤</div> </td> <td title="U+1F9E5: COAT"><div style="font-family:'Noto Color Emoji', 'Segoe Color Emoji'">🧥</div> </td> <td title="U+1F9E6: SOCKS"><div style="font-family:'Noto Color Emoji', 'Segoe Color Emoji'">🧦</div> </td> <td title="U+1F9E7: RED GIFT ENVELOPE"><div style="font-family:'Noto Color Emoji', 'Segoe Color Emoji'">🧧</div> </td> <td title="U+1F9E8: FIRECRACKER"><div style="font-family:'Noto Color Emoji', 'Segoe Color Emoji'">🧨</div> </td> <td title="U+1F9E9: JIGSAW PUZZLE PIECE"><div style="font-family:'Noto Color Emoji', 'Segoe Color Emoji'">🧩</div> </td> <td title="U+1F9EA: TEST TUBE"><div style="font-family:'Noto Color Emoji', 'Segoe Color Emoji'">🧪</div> </td> <td title="U+1F9EB: PETRI DISH"><div style="font-family:'Noto Color Emoji', 'Segoe Color Emoji'">🧫</div> </td> <td title="U+1F9EC: DNA DOUBLE HELIX"><div style="font-family:'Noto Color Emoji', 'Segoe Color Emoji'">🧬</div> </td> <td title="U+1F9ED: COMPASS"><div style="font-family:'Noto Color Emoji', 'Segoe Color Emoji'">🧭</div> </td> <td title="U+1F9EE: ABACUS"><div style="font-family:'Noto Color Emoji', 'Segoe Color Emoji'">🧮</div> </td> <td title="U+1F9EF: FIRE EXTINGUISHER"><div style="font-family:'Noto Color Emoji', 'Segoe Color Emoji'">🧯</div> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);color:inherit;font-size:small">U+1F9Fx </td> <td title="U+1F9F0: TOOLBOX"><div style="font-family:'Noto Color Emoji', 'Segoe Color Emoji'">🧰</div> </td> <td title="U+1F9F1: BRICK"><div style="font-family:'Noto Color Emoji', 'Segoe Color Emoji'">🧱</div> </td> <td title="U+1F9F2: MAGNET"><div style="font-family:'Noto Color Emoji', 'Segoe Color Emoji'">🧲</div> </td> <td title="U+1F9F3: LUGGAGE"><div style="font-family:'Noto Color Emoji', 'Segoe Color Emoji'">🧳</div> </td> <td title="U+1F9F4: LOTION BOTTLE"><div style="font-family:'Noto Color Emoji', 'Segoe Color Emoji'">🧴</div> </td> <td title="U+1F9F5: SPOOL OF THREAD"><div style="font-family:'Noto Color Emoji', 'Segoe Color Emoji'">🧵</div> </td> <td title="U+1F9F6: BALL OF YARN"><div style="font-family:'Noto Color Emoji', 'Segoe Color Emoji'">🧶</div> </td> <td title="U+1F9F7: SAFETY PIN"><div style="font-family:'Noto Color Emoji', 'Segoe Color Emoji'">🧷</div> </td> <td title="U+1F9F8: TEDDY BEAR"><div style="font-family:'Noto Color Emoji', 'Segoe Color Emoji'">🧸</div> </td> <td title="U+1F9F9: BROOM"><div style="font-family:'Noto Color Emoji', 'Segoe Color Emoji'">🧹</div> </td> <td title="U+1F9FA: BASKET"><div style="font-family:'Noto Color Emoji', 'Segoe Color Emoji'">🧺</div> </td> <td title="U+1F9FB: ROLL OF PAPER"><div style="font-family:'Noto Color Emoji', 'Segoe Color Emoji'">🧻</div> </td> <td title="U+1F9FC: BAR OF SOAP"><div style="font-family:'Noto Color Emoji', 'Segoe Color Emoji'">🧼</div> </td> <td title="U+1F9FD: SPONGE"><div style="font-family:'Noto Color Emoji', 'Segoe Color Emoji'">🧽</div> </td> <td title="U+1F9FE: RECEIPT"><div style="font-family:'Noto Color Emoji', 'Segoe Color Emoji'">🧾</div> </td> <td title="U+1F9FF: NAZAR AMULET"><div style="font-family:'Noto Color Emoji', 'Segoe Color Emoji'">🧿</div> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="17" style="background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);color:inherit;font-size:small;text-align:left"><b>Notes</b> <dl><dd>1.<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><span class="citation wikicite" id="endnote_U1F900_as_of_Unicode_version"><b><a href="#ref_U1F900_as_of_Unicode_version">^</a></b></span> As of Unicode version 16.0</dd></dl> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>For historic and compatibility reasons, some other heads and figures, which mostly represent different aspects like genders, activities, and professions instead of emotions, are also found in <a href="/wiki/Miscellaneous_Symbols_and_Pictographs#Table_of_emojis_with_modifiers" title="Miscellaneous Symbols and Pictographs">Miscellaneous Symbols and Pictographs</a> (especially U+1F466 – U+1F487) and <a href="/wiki/Transport_and_Map_Symbols#Diversity" title="Transport and Map Symbols">Transport and Map Symbols</a>. Body parts, mostly hands, are also encoded in the <a href="/wiki/Dingbat#Skin_tones" title="Dingbat">Dingbat</a> and <a href="/wiki/Miscellaneous_Symbols#Diversity" title="Miscellaneous Symbols">Miscellaneous Symbols</a> blocks. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Emoticon&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 20em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ASCII_art" title="ASCII art">ASCII art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emotion_Markup_Language" title="Emotion Markup Language">Emotion Markup Language</a> (EML)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emotions_in_virtual_communication" title="Emotions in virtual communication">Emotions in virtual communication</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henohenomoheji" title="Henohenomoheji">Henohenomoheji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hieroglyph" class="mw-redirect" title="Hieroglyph">Hieroglyph</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IConji" title="IConji">iConji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internet_slang" title="Internet slang">Internet slang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irony_punctuation" title="Irony punctuation">Irony punctuation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaoani" title="Kaoani">Kaoani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_emoticons" title="List of emoticons">List of emoticons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martian_language" title="Martian language">Martian language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pixel_art" title="Pixel art">Pixel art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smiley" title="Smiley">Smiley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T%C3%AAte_%C3%A0_Toto" title="Tête à Toto">Tête à Toto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Written_language" title="Written language">Text</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Typographic_alignment" title="Typographic alignment">Typographic alignment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Typographic_approximation" title="Typographic approximation">Typographic approximation</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Explanatory_notes">Explanatory notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Emoticon&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Explanatory notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The transcript of the conversation between several computer scientists, including <a href="/wiki/David_Touretzky" class="mw-redirect" title="David Touretzky">David Touretzky</a>, <a href="/wiki/Guy_L._Steele_Jr." title="Guy L. Steele Jr.">Guy Steele</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jaime_Carbonell" title="Jaime Carbonell">Jaime Carbonell</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Fahlman_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fahlman-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> was believed lost before it was recovered 20 years later from old backup tapes.<sup id="cite_ref-Long_13-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Long-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Emoticon&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://dictionary.cambridge.org/dictionary/english/emoticon?a=british">"emoticon"</a>. <i>Cambridge Advanced Learner's Dictionary</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 22,</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Cambridge+Advanced+Learner%27s+Dictionary&rft.atitle=emoticon&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdictionary.cambridge.org%2Fdictionary%2Fenglish%2Femoticon%3Fa%3Dbritish&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEmoticon" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ahdictionary.com/word/search.html?q=emoticon">"emoticon"</a>. <i>American Heritage Dictionary</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 22,</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=American+Heritage+Dictionary&rft.atitle=emoticon&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ahdictionary.com%2Fword%2Fsearch.html%3Fq%3Demoticon&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEmoticon" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.collinsdictionary.com/dictionary/english/emoticon">"emoticon"</a>. <i>Collins Dictionary</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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(October 2021)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-aist-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-aist_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121203061906/http://staff.aist.go.jp/k.harigaya/doc/kao_his.html">"The History of Smiley Marks"</a>. <i>Staff.aist.go.jp</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://staff.aist.go.jp/k.harigaya/doc/kao_his.html">the original</a> on December 3, 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 29,</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Cross-cultural+investigation+of+Smileys&rft.pub=International+cognition+%26+culture+institute&rft.date=2009-01-08&rft.aulast=N%27Diaye&rft.aufirst=Karim&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcognitionandculture.net%2Fblogs%2Fkarims-blog%2Fcross-cultural-investigation-of-smileys%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEmoticon" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Williams-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Williams_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilliams2007" class="citation news cs1">Williams, Alex (July 29, 2007). <span class="id-lock-limited" title="Free access subject to limited trial, subscription normally required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2007/07/29/fashion/29emoticon.html">"(-: Just Between You and Me ;-)"</a></span>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 22,</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=%28-%3A+Just+Between+You+and+Me+%3B-%29&rft.date=2007-07-29&rft.aulast=Williams&rft.aufirst=Alex&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2007%2F07%2F29%2Ffashion%2F29emoticon.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEmoticon" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Madrigal-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Madrigal_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMadrigal2014" class="citation web cs1">Madrigal, Alexis C. (April 14, 2014). <span class="id-lock-limited" title="Free access subject to limited trial, subscription normally required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theatlantic.com/technology/archive/2014/04/the-first-emoticon-may-have-appeared-in-1648/360622/">"The First Emoticon May have appeared in 1648"</a></span>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Atlantic" title="The Atlantic">The Atlantic</a></i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Atlantic&rft.atitle=The+First+Emoticon+May+have+appeared+in+1648&rft.date=2014-04-14&rft.aulast=Madrigal&rft.aufirst=Alexis+C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theatlantic.com%2Ftechnology%2Farchive%2F2014%2F04%2Fthe-first-emoticon-may-have-appeared-in-1648%2F360622%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEmoticon" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZimmer2014" class="citation web cs1">Zimmer, Ben (April 15, 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://slate.com/human-interest/2014/04/emoticon-robert-herrick-s-17th-century-poem-to-fortune-does-not-contain-a-smiley-face.html">"Sorry, That's Not an Emoticon in a 1648 Poem :("</a>. <i>Slate</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 5,</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Slate&rft.atitle=Sorry%2C+That%27s+Not+an+Emoticon+in+a+1648+Poem+%3A%28&rft.date=2014-04-15&rft.aulast=Zimmer&rft.aufirst=Ben&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fslate.com%2Fhuman-interest%2F2014%2F04%2Femoticon-robert-herrick-s-17th-century-poem-to-fortune-does-not-contain-a-smiley-face.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEmoticon" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Evans-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Evans_12-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Evans_12-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Evans_12-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Evans_12-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Evans_12-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Evans_12-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Evans_12-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEvans2017" class="citation book cs1">Evans, Vyvyan (2017). <i>The Emoji Code: The Linguistics Behind Smiley Faces and Scaredy Cats</i>. New York: Picador. pp. 149–150. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-250-12906-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-250-12906-2"><bdi>978-1-250-12906-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Emoji+Code%3A+The+Linguistics+Behind+Smiley+Faces+and+Scaredy+Cats&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=149-150&rft.pub=Picador&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=978-1-250-12906-2&rft.aulast=Evans&rft.aufirst=Vyvyan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEmoticon" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Long-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Long_13-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Long_13-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Long_13-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Long_13-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Long_13-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLong2008" class="citation magazine cs1">Long, Tony (September 19, 2008). <span class="id-lock-limited" title="Free access subject to limited trial, subscription normally required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wired.com/2008/09/dayintech-0919/">"Sept. 19, 1982: Can't You Take a Joke? :-)"</a></span>. <i>Wired</i>. <q>Fahlman became the acknowledged originator of the ASCII-based emoticon.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Wired&rft.atitle=Sept.+19%2C+1982%3A+Can%27t+You+Take+a+Joke%3F+%3A-%29&rft.date=2008-09-19&rft.aulast=Long&rft.aufirst=Tony&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.wired.com%2F2008%2F09%2Fdayintech-0919%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEmoticon" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Giannoulis-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Giannoulis_14-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Giannoulis_14-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGiannoulisWilde2019" class="citation book cs1">Giannoulis, Elena; Wilde, Lukas R. A., eds. (2019). "Emoticons, Kaomoji, and Emoji: The Transformation of Communication in the Digital Age". <i>Emoticons, </i>Kaomoji<i>, and Emoji: The Transformation of Communication in the Digital Age</i>. New York: Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-429-95884-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-429-95884-7"><bdi>978-0-429-95884-7</bdi></a>. <q>The most commonly used emoticons, the 'smileys', have since become an integral part of digital communication.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Emoticons%2C+Kaomoji%2C+and+Emoji%3A+The+Transformation+of+Communication+in+the+Digital+Age&rft.btitle=Emoticons%2C+Kaomoji%2C+and+Emoji%3A+The+Transformation+of+Communication+in+the+Digital+Age&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2019&rft.isbn=978-0-429-95884-7&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEmoticon" class="Z3988"></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (October 2021)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hey_&_Pápay-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Hey_&_Pápay_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHeyPápay2014" class="citation book cs1">Hey, Tony; Pápay, Gyuri (2014). <i>The Computing Universe: A Journey through a Revolution</i>. Cambridge University Press. p. 241. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-316-12322-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-316-12322-5"><bdi>978-1-316-12322-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Computing+Universe%3A+A+Journey+through+a+Revolution&rft.pages=241&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-1-316-12322-5&rft.aulast=Hey&rft.aufirst=Tony&rft.au=P%C3%A1pay%2C+Gyuri&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEmoticon" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Gajadhar-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Gajadhar_16-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGajadharGreen2005" class="citation journal cs1">Gajadhar, Joan; Green, John (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://er.educause.edu/~/media/files/articles/2005/10/eqm05411.pdf">"The Importance of Nonverbal Elements in Online Chat"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>EDUCAUSE Quarterly</i>. <b>28</b> (4): 63–64. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1528-5324">1528-5324</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=EDUCAUSE+Quarterly&rft.atitle=The+Importance+of+Nonverbal+Elements+in+Online+Chat&rft.volume=28&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=63-64&rft.date=2005&rft.issn=1528-5324&rft.aulast=Gajadhar&rft.aufirst=Joan&rft.au=Green%2C+John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fer.educause.edu%2F~%2Fmedia%2Ffiles%2Farticles%2F2005%2F10%2Feqm05411.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEmoticon" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Houston-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Houston_17-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Houston_17-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Houston_17-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Houston_17-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHouston2013" class="citation news cs1">Houston, Keith (September 28, 2013). <span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB10001424052702304213904579093661814158946">"Something to Smile About"</a></span>. <i>The Wall Street Journal</i>. p. C3. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0099-9660">0099-9660</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Wall+Street+Journal&rft.atitle=Something+to+Smile+About&rft.pages=C3&rft.date=2013-09-28&rft.issn=0099-9660&rft.aulast=Houston&rft.aufirst=Keith&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.wsj.com%2Farticles%2FSB10001424052702304213904579093661814158946&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEmoticon" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLee2009" class="citation news cs1">Lee, Jennifer (January 19, 2009). <span class="id-lock-limited" title="Free access subject to limited trial, subscription normally required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://cityroom.blogs.nytimes.com/2009/01/19/hfo-emoticon/">"Is That an Emoticon in 1862?"</a></span>. City Room. <i>The New York Times</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Is+That+an+Emoticon+in+1862%3F&rft.date=2009-01-19&rft.aulast=Lee&rft.aufirst=Jennifer&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcityroom.blogs.nytimes.com%2F2009%2F01%2F19%2Fhfo-emoticon%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEmoticon" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Seargeant-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Seargeant_19-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Seargeant_19-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Seargeant_19-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Seargeant_19-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSeargeant2019" class="citation book cs1">Seargeant, Philip (2019). <i>The Emoji Revolution: How Technology is Shaping the Future of Communication</i>. Cambridge University Press. pp. 45–46. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-108-49664-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-108-49664-3"><bdi>978-1-108-49664-3</bdi></a>. <q>The history of emoticons conventionally begins with the computer scientist Scott Fahlman who, in 1982, combined a colon, a hyphen and a round bracket as a way of indicating that a given statement was meant as a joke.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Emoji+Revolution%3A+How+Technology+is+Shaping+the+Future+of+Communication&rft.pages=45-46&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2019&rft.isbn=978-1-108-49664-3&rft.aulast=Seargeant&rft.aufirst=Philip&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEmoticon" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://polona.pl/item/kurjer-warszawski-r-61-nr-51-5-marca-1881,MjA0ODAxODg/4/#info:metadata">"Polona"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Polona&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpolona.pl%2Fitem%2Fkurjer-warszawski-r-61-nr-51-5-marca-1881%2CMjA0ODAxODg%2F4%2F%23info%3Ametadata&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEmoticon" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <i>Telegraphische Zeichenkunst</i>. <i>Deutschen Postzeitung</i>, Vol. VII. (No. 22), 1896-11-16, p. 497)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bierce-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Bierce_22-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBierce1912" class="citation book cs1">Bierce, Ambrose (1912). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=3nEcAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA387">"For Brevity and Clarity"</a>. <i>The Collected Works of Ambrose Bierce, XI: Antepenultimata</i>. The Neale Publishing Company. pp. 386–387.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=For+Brevity+and+Clarity&rft.btitle=The+Collected+Works+of+Ambrose+Bierce%2C+XI%3A+Antepenultimata&rft.pages=386-387&rft.pub=The+Neale+Publishing+Company&rft.date=1912&rft.aulast=Bierce&rft.aufirst=Ambrose&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D3nEcAAAAIAAJ%26pg%3DPA387&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEmoticon" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The Harvard Lampoon, Vol. 112 No. 1, September 16, 1936, pp. 30–31. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/search?fq=x0:jrnl&q=n2:0017-8098">0017-8098</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">New York Herald Tribune, 1953-03-10, p. 20, cols. 4–6.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>MAD</i> Magazine No. 73, September 1962, pp. 36–37. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/search?fq=x0:jrnl&q=n2:0024-9319">0024-9319</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Mikkelson-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Mikkelson_26-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMikkelson2007" class="citation web cs1">Mikkelson, David (September 20, 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.snopes.com/fact-check/glyph-notes/">"Fact Check: Emoticon (Smiley) Origin"</a>. <i>Snopes</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Snopes&rft.atitle=Fact+Check%3A+Emoticon+%28Smiley%29+Origin&rft.date=2007-09-20&rft.aulast=Mikkelson&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.snopes.com%2Ffact-check%2Fglyph-notes%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEmoticon" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Nabokov-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Nabokov_27-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNabokov1990" class="citation book cs1">Nabokov, Vladimir (1990). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780679726098"><i>Strong Opinions</i></a></span> (1st Vintage international ed.). New York: Vintage Books. p. 134. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-679-72609-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-679-72609-8"><bdi>978-0-679-72609-8</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1035656350">1035656350</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Strong+Opinions&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=134&rft.edition=1st+Vintage+international&rft.pub=Vintage+Books&rft.date=1990&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1035656350&rft.isbn=978-0-679-72609-8&rft.aulast=Nabokov&rft.aufirst=Vladimir&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fisbn_9780679726098&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEmoticon" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-vice-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-vice_28-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSmith2017" class="citation web cs1">Smith, Ernie (November 13, 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.vice.com/en/article/pa3vvg/the-greatest-computer-network-youve-never-heard-of">"The Greatest Computer Network You've Never Heard Of"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Vice_(magazine)" title="Vice (magazine)">Vice</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Greatest+Computer+Network+You%27ve+Never+Heard+Of&rft.pub=Vice&rft.date=2017-11-13&rft.aulast=Smith&rft.aufirst=Ernie&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.vice.com%2Fen%2Farticle%2Fpa3vvg%2Fthe-greatest-computer-network-youve-never-heard-of&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEmoticon" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kalantzis-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Kalantzis_29-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKalantzisCope2020" class="citation book cs1">Kalantzis, Mary; Cope, Bill (2020). <i>Adding Sense: Context and Interest in a Grammar of Multimodal Meaning</i>. Cambridge University Press. p. 33. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-108-49534-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-108-49534-9"><bdi>978-1-108-49534-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Adding+Sense%3A+Context+and+Interest+in+a+Grammar+of+Multimodal+Meaning&rft.pages=33&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2020&rft.isbn=978-1-108-49534-9&rft.aulast=Kalantzis&rft.aufirst=Mary&rft.au=Cope%2C+Bill&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEmoticon" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCopeKalantzis" class="citation web cs1">Cope, Bill; Kalantzis, Mary. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/351400910">"A Little History of e-Learning"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 26,</span> 2021</span> – via ResearchGate.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=A+Little+History+of+e-Learning&rft.aulast=Cope&rft.aufirst=Bill&rft.au=Kalantzis%2C+Mary&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.researchgate.net%2Fpublication%2F351400910&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEmoticon" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Doliashvili-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Doliashvili_31-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDoliashviliOgawaCrosby2020" class="citation book cs1">Doliashvili, Mariam; Ogawa, Michael-Brian C.; Crosby, Martha E. (2020). "Understanding Challenges Presented Using Emojis as a Form of Augmented Communication". In Schmorrow, Dylan D.; Fidopiastis, Cali M. (eds.). <i>Augmented Cognition. Theoretical and Technological Approaches</i>. Lecture Notes in Computer Science. Vol. 12196. Springer Nature. p. 26. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2F978-3-030-50353-6_2">10.1007/978-3-030-50353-6_2</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-030-50353-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-030-50353-6"><bdi>978-3-030-50353-6</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:220551348">220551348</a>. <q>Scott Fahlman, a computer scientist at Carnegie Mellon University, was credited with popularizing early text-based emoticons in 1982</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Understanding+Challenges+Presented+Using+Emojis+as+a+Form+of+Augmented+Communication&rft.btitle=Augmented+Cognition.+Theoretical+and+Technological+Approaches&rft.series=Lecture+Notes+in+Computer+Science&rft.pages=26&rft.pub=Springer+Nature&rft.date=2020&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A220551348%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2F978-3-030-50353-6_2&rft.isbn=978-3-030-50353-6&rft.aulast=Doliashvili&rft.aufirst=Mariam&rft.au=Ogawa%2C+Michael-Brian+C.&rft.au=Crosby%2C+Martha+E.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEmoticon" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Veszelszki-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Veszelszki_32-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVeszelszki2017" class="citation book cs1">Veszelszki, Ágnes (2017). <i>Digilect: The Impact of Infocommunication Technology on Language</i>. Berlin: Walter de Gruyter. pp. 131–132. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-11-049911-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-11-049911-7"><bdi>978-3-11-049911-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Digilect%3A+The+Impact+of+Infocommunication+Technology+on+Language&rft.place=Berlin&rft.pages=131-132&rft.pub=Walter+de+Gruyter&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=978-3-11-049911-7&rft.aulast=Veszelszki&rft.aufirst=%C3%81gnes&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEmoticon" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Stanton-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Stanton_33-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Stanton_33-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStanton2014" class="citation book cs1">Stanton, Andrea L. (2014). "Islamic Emoticons: Pious Sociability and Community Building in Online Muslim Communities.". In Benski, Tova; Fisher, Eran (eds.). <i>Internet and Emotions</i>. New York: Routledge. p. 84. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-81944-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-81944-2"><bdi>978-0-415-81944-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Islamic+Emoticons%3A+Pious+Sociability+and+Community+Building+in+Online+Muslim+Communities.&rft.btitle=Internet+and+Emotions&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=84&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-0-415-81944-2&rft.aulast=Stanton&rft.aufirst=Andrea+L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEmoticon" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Fahlman-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Fahlman_34-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFahlman" class="citation web cs1">Fahlman, Scott. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cs.cmu.edu/~sef/Orig-Smiley.htm">"Original Bboard Thread in which :-) was proposed"</a>. <i>cs.cmu.edu</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 22,</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=cs.cmu.edu&rft.atitle=Original+Bboard+Thread+in+which+%3A-%29+was+proposed&rft.aulast=Fahlman&rft.aufirst=Scott&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cs.cmu.edu%2F~sef%2FOrig-Smiley.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEmoticon" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Garber-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Garber_36-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Garber_36-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGarber2014" class="citation web cs1">Garber, Megan (June 19, 2014). <span class="id-lock-limited" title="Free access subject to limited trial, subscription normally required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theatlantic.com/technology/archive/2014/06/emoticon-smileys-some-highly-scientific-data/373086/">") or :-)? Some Highly Scientific Data"</a></span>. <i>The Atlantic</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Atlantic&rft.atitle=%29+or+%3A-%29%3F+Some+Highly+Scientific+Data&rft.date=2014-06-19&rft.aulast=Garber&rft.aufirst=Megan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theatlantic.com%2Ftechnology%2Farchive%2F2014%2F06%2Femoticon-smileys-some-highly-scientific-data%2F373086%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEmoticon" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMorris1982" class="citation newsgroup cs1">Morris, James (October 10, 1982). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://groups.google.com/group/net.works/browse_thread/thread/773cc0618cfd7d83q=Scott+Fahlman#35a7598e05d9a09b">"Notes – Communications Breakthrough"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Usenet_newsgroup" title="Usenet newsgroup">Newsgroup</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="news:net.works">net.works</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 18,</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Notes+%26ndash%3B%26%2332%3BCommunications+Breakthrough&rft.pub=net.works&rft.date=1982-10-10&rft.aulast=Morris&rft.aufirst=James&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fgroups.google.com%2Fgroup%2Fnet.works%2Fbrowse_thread%2Fthread%2F773cc0618cfd7d83q%3DScott%2BFahlman%2335a7598e05d9a09b&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEmoticon" class="Z3988"></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged October 2021">dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJackson1982" class="citation newsgroup cs1">Jackson, Curtis (December 3, 1982). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://groups.google.com/group/net.news/browse_thread/thread/b72c333ced0d3adc/e008ed19e251f9ee?#e008ed19e251f9ee">"How to keep from being misunderstood on the net"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Usenet_newsgroup" title="Usenet newsgroup">Newsgroup</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="news:net.news">net.news</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 17,</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=How+to+keep+from+being+misunderstood+on+the+net&rft.pub=net.news&rft.date=1982-12-03&rft.aulast=Jackson&rft.aufirst=Curtis&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fgroups.google.com%2Fgroup%2Fnet.news%2Fbrowse_thread%2Fthread%2Fb72c333ced0d3adc%2Fe008ed19e251f9ee%3F%23e008ed19e251f9ee&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEmoticon" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hitt-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Hitt_39-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHitt2020" class="citation news cs1">Hitt, Tarpley (July 17, 2020). <span class="id-lock-limited" title="Free access subject to limited trial, subscription normally required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thedailybeast.com/the-inventor-of-the-emoticon-tells-all-ive-created-a-virus">"The Inventor of the Emoticon Tells All: 'I've Created a Virus'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a></span>. <i>The Daily Beast</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Daily+Beast&rft.atitle=The+Inventor+of+the+Emoticon+Tells+All%3A+%27I%27ve+Created+a+Virus%27&rft.date=2020-07-17&rft.aulast=Hitt&rft.aufirst=Tarpley&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thedailybeast.com%2Fthe-inventor-of-the-emoticon-tells-all-ive-created-a-virus&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEmoticon" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Baron-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Baron_40-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBaron2009" class="citation book cs1">Baron, Naomi (2009). "The myth of impoverished signal: Dispelling the spoken-language fallacy for emoticons in online communication.". In Vincent, Jane; Fortunati, Leopoldina (eds.). <i>Electronic Emotion: The Mediation of Emotion via Information and Communication Technologies</i>. Bern: Peter Lang. p. 112. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-03911-866-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-03911-866-3"><bdi>978-3-03911-866-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+myth+of+impoverished+signal%3A+Dispelling+the+spoken-language+fallacy+for+emoticons+in+online+communication.&rft.btitle=Electronic+Emotion%3A+The+Mediation+of+Emotion+via+Information+and+Communication+Technologies&rft.place=Bern&rft.pages=112&rft.pub=Peter+Lang&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-3-03911-866-3&rft.aulast=Baron&rft.aufirst=Naomi&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEmoticon" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEvans2017151–152-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEvans2017151–152_41-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFEvans2017">Evans 2017</a>, pp. 151–152.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Turns_25-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Turns_25_42-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071012051803/http://www.cnn.com/2007/TECH/09/18/emoticon.anniversary.ap/index.html">":-) turns 25"</a>. <i>CNN.com</i>. 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Hooks magazine.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Untold+Story+Behind+the+Emoji+Phenomeon&rft.pub=Hooks+magazine&rft.date=2022-03-10&rft.aulast=Hooks&rft.aufirst=Matheus&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.hooksmagazine.com%2Fpost%2Fsilver-screen-the-untold-story-behind-the-emoji-phenomenon&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEmoticon" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hervez-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Hervez_50-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHervez2016" class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Hervez, Marc (May 9, 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190510020859/http://www.leparisien.fr/economie/business/qui-a-invente-le-smiley-son-histoire-va-vous-surprendre-09-05-2016-5777881.php">"Qui a inventé le Smiley ? Son histoire va vous surprendre…"</a> [Who invented the Smiley? Its history will surprise you…]. <i>Le Parisien</i> (in French). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.leparisien.fr/economie/business/qui-a-invente-le-smiley-son-histoire-va-vous-surprendre-09-05-2016-5777881.php">the original</a> on May 10, 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Le+Parisien&rft.atitle=Qui+a+invent%C3%A9+le+Smiley+%3F+Son+histoire+va+vous+surprendre%E2%80%A6&rft.date=2016-05-09&rft.aulast=Hervez&rft.aufirst=Marc&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.leparisien.fr%2Feconomie%2Fbusiness%2Fqui-a-invente-le-smiley-son-histoire-va-vous-surprendre-09-05-2016-5777881.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEmoticon" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-semiotics-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-semiotics_51-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDanesi2016" class="citation book cs1">Danesi, Marcel (2016). <i>The Semiotics of Emoji: The Rise of Visual Language in the Age of the Internet</i>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 14,</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%E5%BF%83%E6%83%85%E5%BE%88orz%E5%97%8E%EF%BC%9F+%E7%B6%B2%E8%B7%AF%E8%B1%A1%E5%BD%A2%E6%96%87%E5%AD%97%E5%B9%BD%E9%BB%98%E4%B8%80%E4%B8%8B&rft.pub=Nownews.com&rft.date=2005-01-20&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nownews.com%2F2005%2F01%2F20%2F327-1744028.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEmoticon" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-boing-orz-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-boing-orz_62-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-boing-orz_62-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJardin2005" class="citation web cs1">Jardin, Xeni (February 7, 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.boingboing.net/2005/02/07/all-about-orz.html">"All about Orz"</a>. <i>Boing Boing</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Hafner, <i>Understanding Digital Literacies: A Practical Introduction</i> (London: Routledge, 2012), 126-27. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781136212888" title="Special:BookSources/9781136212888">9781136212888</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-script cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20030430024441/http://210.136.179.189/cgi-bin/ch/log/log.html"><bdi lang="ja">TECHSIDE FF11板の過去ログです</bdi></a> [TECHSIDE FF11 board archives] (in Japanese). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://210.136.179.189/cgi-bin/ch/log/log.html">the original</a> on April 30, 2003<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 17,</span> 2018</span>. <bdi lang="ja">＜正直＞アフターバーナー予約してしまいました＿|￣|○←早速使ってみるw (12/23 00:20)<br />＜ルン＞/土下座＿|￣| ○のび助　　···駄目だ、完全に遅れた (12/23 23:09)</bdi></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=TECHSIDE+FF11%E6%9D%BF%E3%81%AE%E9%81%8E%E5%8E%BB%E3%83%AD%E3%82%B0%E3%81%A7%E3%81%99&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2F210.136.179.189%2Fcgi-bin%2Fch%2Flog%2Flog.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEmoticon" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTomićMartinezVrbanec2013" class="citation journal cs1">Tomić, Maja Katarina; Martinez, Marijana; Vrbanec, Tedo (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hrcak.srce.hr/file/229898">"Emoticons"</a>. <i>ยืนยันอีเมลแล้วที่</i>. <b>1</b> (1): 41 – via Google Scholar.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%B7%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B5%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%A5%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%A5%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%B5%E0%B9%88&rft.atitle=Emoticons&rft.volume=1&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=41&rft.date=2013&rft.aulast=Tomi%C4%87&rft.aufirst=Maja+Katarina&rft.au=Martinez%2C+Marijana&rft.au=Vrbanec%2C+Tedo&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhrcak.srce.hr%2Ffile%2F229898&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEmoticon" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.muzicons.com">"Muzicons.com – music sharing widget"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.adweek.com/aw/national/article_display.jsp?vnu_content_id=1003623867">the original</a> on December 25, 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=adweek.com&rft.atitle=MTV+Combats+%27Sucky%27+Relationships&rft.date=2007-08-09&rft.aulast=High&rft.aufirst=Kamau&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.adweek.com%2Faw%2Fnational%2Farticle_display.jsp%3Fvnu_content_id%3D1003623867&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEmoticon" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Nelsonpatent-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Nelsonpatent_70-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Nelsonpatent_70-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Nelsonpatent_70-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><span class="citation patent" id="CITEREFNelson2006"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://worldwide.espacenet.com/textdoc?DB=EPODOC&IDX=US6987991">US 6987991</a>, Nelson, Johnathon O., "Emoticon input method and apparatus", published 2006-01-17,  assigned to Wildseed Ltd.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Apatent&rft.number=6987991&rft.cc=US&rft.title=Emoticon+input+method+and+apparatus&rft.inventor=Nelson&rft.assignee=Wildseed+Ltd.&rft.pubdate=2006-01-17"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchwartz2001" class="citation news cs1">Schwartz, John (January 29, 2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2001/01/29/technology/29LOGO.html">"Compressed Data; Don't Mind That Lawsuit, It's Just a Joke"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160817050840/http://www.nytimes.com/2001/01/29/technology/29LOGO.html">Archived</a> from the original on August 17, 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Compressed+Data%3B+Don%27t+Mind+That+Lawsuit%2C+It%27s+Just+a+Joke&rft.date=2001-01-29&rft.aulast=Schwartz&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2001%2F01%2F29%2Ftechnology%2F29LOGO.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEmoticon" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSTT2012" class="citation web cs1">STT (August 13, 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.iltalehti.fi/uutiset/a/2012081315947358">"Hymiölle ei saa tavaramerkkiä | Kotimaan uutiset"</a>. 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Let me explain"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Guardian" title="The Guardian">The Guardian</a></i>. <q>To complicate matters, some emoji are also emoticons […] the emoji which depict emotive faces are separated out as "emoticons".</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Don%27t+know+the+difference+between+emoji+and+emoticons%3F+Let+me+explain&rft.date=2015-02-06&rft.aulast=Hern&rft.aufirst=Alex&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Ftechnology%2F2015%2Ffeb%2F06%2Fdifference-between-emoji-and-emoticons-explained&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEmoticon" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs1">"22.9 Miscellaneous Symbols (§ Emoticons: U+1F600–U+1F64F)". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.unicode.org/versions/Unicode13.0.0/ch22.pdf"><i>The Unicode Standard: Core Specification</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Version 13.0. <a href="/wiki/Unicode_Consortium" title="Unicode Consortium">Unicode Consortium</a>. 2020. p. 866.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=22.9+Miscellaneous+Symbols+%28%C2%A7+Emoticons%3A+U%2B1F600%E2%80%93U%2B1F64F%29&rft.btitle=The+Unicode+Standard%3A+Core+Specification&rft.series=Version+13.0&rft.pages=866&rft.pub=Unicode+Consortium&rft.date=2020&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.unicode.org%2Fversions%2FUnicode13.0.0%2Fch22.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEmoticon" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://emojipedia.org/glossary/#white">"📖 Emoji Glossary"</a>. emojipedia.org<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 25,</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%F0%9F%93%96+Emoji+Glossary&rft.pub=emojipedia.org&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Femojipedia.org%2Fglossary%2F%23white&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEmoticon" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.unicode.org/charts/PDF/Unicode-6.0/U60-1F600.pdf">"Emoticons"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>The Unicode Consortium</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Unicode+Consortium&rft.atitle=Emoticons&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.unicode.org%2Fcharts%2FPDF%2FUnicode-6.0%2FU60-1F600.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEmoticon" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Emoticon&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAsteroff1988" class="citation thesis cs1">Asteroff, Janet (1988). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/ParalanguageInElectronicMail-ACaseStudy/page/n240/mode/1up">"Appendix C: Face Symbols and ASCII Character Set"</a></span>. <i>Paralanguage in Electronic Mail: A Case Study</i> (PhD thesis). Ann Arbor, Mich.: University Microfilms International. pp. 221–228. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/757048921">757048921</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Adissertation&rft.title=Paralanguage+in+Electronic+Mail%3A+A+Case+Study&rft.inst=University+Microfilms+International&rft.date=1988&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F757048921&rft.aulast=Asteroff&rft.aufirst=Janet&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2FParalanguageInElectronicMail-ACaseStudy%2Fpage%2Fn240%2Fmode%2F1up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEmoticon" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Bódi, Zoltán, and Veszelszki, Ágnes (2006). <i>Emotikonok. Érzelemkifejezés az internetes kommunikációban</i> (Emoticons: Expressing Emotions in the Internet Communication). Budapest: Magyar Szemiotikai Társaság.</li> <li>Dresner, Eli, and Herring, Susan C. (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ella.slis.indiana.edu/~herring/emoticons.pdf">"Functions of the Non-verbal in CMC: Emoticons and Illocutionary Force"</a> (preprint copy). <i>Communication Theory 20</i>: 249–268.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWaltherD'Addario2001" class="citation journal cs1">Walther, J. B.; D'Addario, K. P. (2001). "The impacts of emoticons on message interpretation in computer-mediated communication". <i>Social Science Computer Review</i>. <b>19</b> (3): 323–345. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F089443930101900307">10.1177/089443930101900307</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0894-4393">0894-4393</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:16179750">16179750</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Social+Science+Computer+Review&rft.atitle=The+impacts+of+emoticons+on+message+interpretation+in+computer-mediated+communication&rft.volume=19&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=323-345&rft.date=2001&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A16179750%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=0894-4393&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1177%2F089443930101900307&rft.aulast=Walther&rft.aufirst=J.+B.&rft.au=D%27Addario%2C+K.+P.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEmoticon" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Veszelszki, Ágnes (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/5712329/Veszelszki_%C3%81gnes_2012_Connections_of_Image_and_Text_in_Digital_and_Handwritten_Documents_VL2">Connections of Image and Text in Digital and Handwritten Documents</a>. In: Benedek, András, and Nyíri, Kristóf (eds.): <i>The Iconic Turn in Education</i>. Series Visual Learning Vol. 2. Frankfurt am Main et al.: Peter Lang, pp. 97−110.</li> <li>Veszelszki, Ágnes (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/15173853/Veszelszki_Agnes_2015_Emoticons_vs._Reaction-Gifs._Non-Verbal_Communication_on_the_Internet_from_the_Aspects_of_Visuality_Verbality_and_Time._In_Benedek_Andr%C3%A1s_Ny%C3%ADri_Krist%C3%B3f_eds._Beyond_Words._Pictures_Parables_Paradoxes_series_Visual_Learning_vol._5_._Frankfurt_Peter_Lang._131_145">"Emoticons vs. Reaction-Gifs: Non-Verbal Communication on the Internet from the Aspects of Visuality, Verbality and Time"</a>. In: Benedek, András − Nyíri, Kristóf (eds.): <i>Beyond Words: Pictures, Parables, Paradoxes</i> (series Visual Learning, vol. 5). Frankfurt: Peter Lang. 131−145.</li> <li>Wolf, Alecia (2000). "Emotional expression online: Gender differences in emoticon use". <i>CyberPsychology & Behavior 3</i>: 827–833.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSavage2009" class="citation news cs1">Savage, Jon (February 21, 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/artanddesign/2009/feb/21/smiley-face-design-history">"A design for life"</a>. Design. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Guardian" title="The Guardian">The Guardian</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240329231736/https://www.theguardian.com/artanddesign/2009/feb/21/smiley-face-design-history">Archived</a> from the original on March 29, 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 30,</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=A+design+for+life&rft.date=2009-02-21&rft.aulast=Savage&rft.aufirst=Jon&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fartanddesign%2F2009%2Ffeb%2F21%2Fsmiley-face-design-history&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEmoticon" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChurchesNichollsThiessenKohler2014" class="citation journal cs1">Churches, Owen; Nicholls, Mike; Thiessen, Myra; Kohler, Mark; Keage, Hannah (January 6, 2014) [2013-07-17, 2013-12-05]. "Emoticons in mind: An event-related potential study". <i><a href="/wiki/Social_Neuroscience" title="Social Neuroscience">Social Neuroscience</a></i>. <b>9</b> (2): 196–202. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F17470919.2013.873737">10.1080/17470919.2013.873737</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24387045">24387045</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Social+Neuroscience&rft.atitle=Emoticons+in+mind%3A+An+event-related+potential+study&rft.volume=9&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=196-202&rft.date=2014-01-06&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F17470919.2013.873737&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F24387045&rft.aulast=Churches&rft.aufirst=Owen&rft.au=Nicholls%2C+Mike&rft.au=Thiessen%2C+Myra&rft.au=Kohler%2C+Mark&rft.au=Keage%2C+Hannah&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEmoticon" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Emoticon&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img 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navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Open</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Distributed_Data_Protocol" class="mw-redirect" title="Distributed Data Protocol">DDP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Instant_Messaging_and_Presence_Protocol" title="Instant Messaging and Presence Protocol">IMPP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IRC" title="IRC">IRC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matrix_(protocol)" title="Matrix (protocol)">Matrix</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MTProto" class="mw-redirect" title="MTProto">MTProto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Retroshare" title="Retroshare">Retroshare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Signal_Protocol" title="Signal Protocol">Signal Protocol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Session_Initiation_Protocol" title="Session Initiation Protocol">SIP</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Message_Session_Relay_Protocol" title="Message Session Relay Protocol">MSRP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SIMPLE_(instant_messaging_protocol)" title="SIMPLE (instant messaging protocol)">SIMPLE</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tox_(protocol)" title="Tox (protocol)">Tox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/XMPP" title="XMPP">XMPP</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jingle_(protocol)" title="Jingle (protocol)">Jingle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Google_Wave_Federation_Protocol" title="Google Wave Federation Protocol">WFP</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zephyr_(protocol)" title="Zephyr (protocol)">Zephyr</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Closed</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Notification_Protocol" title="Microsoft Notification Protocol">MSNP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OSCAR_protocol" title="OSCAR protocol">OSCAR</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/TOC_protocol" title="TOC protocol">TOC</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skype_protocol" title="Skype protocol">Skype</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Services</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Band_(software)" title="Band (software)">Band</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BBM_Enterprise" title="BBM Enterprise">BBM Enterprise</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beeper_(application)" title="Beeper (application)">Beeper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BiP_(software)" title="BiP (software)">BiP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DingTalk" title="DingTalk">DingTalk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discord" title="Discord">Discord</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Element_(software)" title="Element (software)">Element</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Google_Chat" title="Google Chat">Google Chat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Google_Meet" title="Google Meet">Google Meet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Google_Messages" title="Google Messages">Google Messages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GroupMe" title="GroupMe">GroupMe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guilded" title="Guilded">Guilded</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HipChat" title="HipChat">HipChat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IGap" title="IGap">iGap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IMessage" title="IMessage">iMessage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imo.im" title="Imo.im">Imo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IRC#Networks" title="IRC">IRC Networks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jongla" title="Jongla">Jongla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/KakaoTalk" title="KakaoTalk">KakaoTalk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kik_Messenger" title="Kik Messenger">Kik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lark_(software)" title="Lark (software)">Lark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libon_(service)" title="Libon (service)">Libon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Line_(software)" title="Line (software)">Line</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marco_Polo_(app)" title="Marco Polo (app)">Marco Polo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mattermost" title="Mattermost">Mattermost</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Messenger_(software)" title="Messenger (software)">Messenger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Palace_(computer_program)" title="The Palace (computer program)">The Palace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tencent_QQ" title="Tencent QQ">QQ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Session_(software)" title="Session (software)">Session</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Signal_(software)" title="Signal (software)">Signal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skype" title="Skype">Skype</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slack_(software)" title="Slack (software)">Slack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Snapchat" title="Snapchat">Snapchat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Snow_(app)" title="Snow (app)">Snow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tango_Live" title="Tango Live">Tango Live</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telegram_(software)" title="Telegram (software)">Telegram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Textfree" title="Textfree">Textfree/Pinger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Threema" title="Threema">Threema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tox_(protocol)" title="Tox (protocol)">Tox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trillian_(software)" title="Trillian (software)">Trillian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viber" title="Viber">Viber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/VK_(service)" title="VK (service)">VK Messenger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WeChat" title="WeChat">WeChat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WhatsApp" title="WhatsApp">WhatsApp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wickr" title="Wickr">Wickr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windows_Messenger_service" title="Windows Messenger service">Windows Messenger service</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_World%27s_Online_Festival" title="The World's Online Festival">WOLF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zoom_Video_Communications" title="Zoom Video Communications">Zoom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zulip" title="Zulip">Zulip</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Clients<br />(<a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_cross-platform_instant_messaging_clients" title="Comparison of cross-platform instant messaging clients">comparison</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Single protocol</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baidu" title="Baidu">Baidu Hi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BBM_Enterprise" title="BBM Enterprise">BBM Enterprise</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Briar_(software)" title="Briar (software)">Briar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Element_(software)" title="Element (software)">Element</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FaceTime" title="FaceTime">FaceTime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gadu-Gadu" title="Gadu-Gadu">Gadu-Gadu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GroupMe" title="GroupMe">GroupMe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HCL_Sametime" title="HCL Sametime">HCL Sametime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IMVU" title="IMVU">IMVU</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jami_(software)" title="Jami (software)">Jami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jongla" title="Jongla">Jongla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linphone" title="Linphone">Linphone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Messenger_(software)" title="Messenger (software)">Messenger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tencent_QQ" title="Tencent QQ">QQ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Retroshare" title="Retroshare">Retroshare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ricochet_(software)" title="Ricochet (software)">Ricochet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Session_(software)" title="Session (software)">Session</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Signal_(software)" title="Signal (software)">Signal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skype" title="Skype">Skype</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telegram_(software)" title="Telegram (software)">Telegram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tox_(protocol)" title="Tox (protocol)">Tox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WeChat" title="WeChat">WeChat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WhatsApp" title="WhatsApp">WhatsApp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wickr" title="Wickr">Wickr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wire_(software)" title="Wire (software)">Wire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_World%27s_Online_Festival" title="The World's Online Festival">WOLF</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Multi-protocol</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adium" title="Adium">Adium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ayttm" title="Ayttm">Ayttm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beeper_(application)" title="Beeper (application)">Beeper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BitlBee" title="BitlBee">BitlBee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Centericq" title="Centericq">Centericq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/EBuddy" title="EBuddy">eBuddy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jitsi" title="Jitsi">Jitsi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kopete" title="Kopete">Kopete</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Messages_(Apple)" title="Messages (Apple)">Messages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miranda_NG" title="Miranda NG">Miranda NG</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nimbuzz" title="Nimbuzz">Nimbuzz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pidgin_(software)" title="Pidgin (software)">Pidgin</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Finch_(software)" title="Finch (software)">Finch</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quiet_Internet_Pager" title="Quiet Internet Pager">QIP 2010</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skype_for_Business" title="Skype for Business">Skype for Business</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/KDE_Telepathy" title="KDE Telepathy">Telepathy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mozilla_Thunderbird" title="Mozilla Thunderbird">Thunderbird</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trillian_(software)" title="Trillian (software)">Trillian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/XMPP" title="XMPP">XMPP (Jabber)</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ChatSecure" title="ChatSecure">ChatSecure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conversations_(software)" title="Conversations (software)">Conversations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gajim" title="Gajim">Gajim</a></li> <li>Monal</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psi_(instant_messaging_client)" title="Psi (instant messaging client)">Psi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spark_(XMPP_client)" title="Spark (XMPP client)">Spark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tkabber" title="Tkabber">Tkabber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xabber" title="Xabber">Xabber</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Notification_Protocol" title="Microsoft Notification Protocol">MSNP</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Teams" title="Microsoft Teams">Microsoft Teams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skype" title="Skype">Skype</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Defunct</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_defunct_instant_messaging_platforms" title="List of defunct instant messaging platforms">List of defunct instant messaging platforms</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Backchannel" title="Backchannel">Backchannel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chat_log" title="Chat log">Chat log</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chatbot" title="Chatbot">Chatbot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Circuit_(software)" class="mw-redirect" title="Circuit (software)">Circuit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_user_features_of_messaging_platforms" title="Comparison of user features of messaging platforms">Comparison of user features of messaging platforms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contact_list" title="Contact list">Contact list</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Emoticon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/File_sharing" title="File sharing">File sharing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FirstClass" title="FirstClass">FirstClass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flock_(messaging_service)" title="Flock (messaging service)">Flock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fuze_(company)" title="Fuze (company)">Fuze Box</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hall.com" class="mw-redirect" title="Hall.com">Hall.com</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LAN_messenger" title="LAN messenger">LAN messenger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Online_chat" title="Online chat">Online chat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presence_information" title="Presence information">Presence information</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glip" class="mw-redirect" title="Glip">RingCentral Glip</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SMS_language" title="SMS language">SMS language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Status_message_(instant_messaging)" title="Status message (instant messaging)">Status message</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/U-Report" title="U-Report">U-Report</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Videotelephony" title="Videotelephony">Videotelephony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viva_Engage" title="Viva Engage">Viva Engage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voice_over_IP" title="Voice over IP">VoIP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Webcam" title="Webcam">Webcam</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Internet_slang" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Internet_slang" title="Template:Internet slang"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Internet_slang" title="Template talk:Internet slang"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Internet_slang" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Internet slang"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Internet_slang" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Internet_slang" title="Internet slang">Internet slang</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Abuse" title="Abuse">Abuse</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baizuo" title="Baizuo">Baizuo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Creepy_treehouse" title="Creepy treehouse">Creepy treehouse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyberbullying" title="Cyberbullying">Cyberbullying</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyberstalking" title="Cyberstalking">Cyberstalking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doxing" title="Doxing">Doxing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edgelord" title="Edgelord">Edgelord</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flaming_(Internet)" title="Flaming (Internet)">Flaming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Griefer" title="Griefer">Griefer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hacker_(computer_security)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hacker (computer security)">Hacker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Keylogger" class="mw-redirect" title="Keylogger">Keylogger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Little_Pink" title="Little Pink">Little Pink</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malware" title="Malware">Malware</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sealioning" title="Sealioning">Sealioning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phishing" title="Phishing">Phishing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Script_kiddie" title="Script kiddie">Script kiddie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shitposting" title="Shitposting">Shitposting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shadow_banning" title="Shadow banning">Shadow banning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spamming" title="Spamming">Spamming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tankie" title="Tankie">Tankie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internet_troll" class="mw-redirect" title="Internet troll">Troll</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="5" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Internet_map_1024_-_transparent,_inverted.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Map of the Internet"><img alt="Map of the Internet" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Internet_map_1024_-_transparent%2C_inverted.png/80px-Internet_map_1024_-_transparent%2C_inverted.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Internet_map_1024_-_transparent%2C_inverted.png/120px-Internet_map_1024_-_transparent%2C_inverted.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Internet_map_1024_-_transparent%2C_inverted.png/160px-Internet_map_1024_-_transparent%2C_inverted.png 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="1280" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Chatspeak" class="mw-redirect" title="Chatspeak">Chatspeak</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Emoticon</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Uwu" title="Uwu">uwu</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emoji" title="Emoji">Emoji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hodl" class="mw-redirect" title="Hodl">Hodl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leet" title="Leet">Leet</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Owned_(slang)" title="Owned (slang)">Owned</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pornography" title="Pornography">Pr0n</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pwn" class="mw-redirect" title="Pwn">Pwn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teh" title="Teh">Teh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/W00t" title="W00t">w00t</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Masturbation" title="Masturbation">Fap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LOL" title="LOL">LOL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Not_safe_for_work" title="Not safe for work">NSFW</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Padonkaffsky_jargon" title="Padonkaffsky jargon">Padonkaffsky jargon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexting" title="Sexting">Sexting</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Imageboard" title="Imageboard">Imageboard</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/4chan" title="4chan">4chan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anonymous_(group)" class="mw-redirect" title="Anonymous (group)">Anonymous</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imageboard#Imageboards" title="Imageboard">-chan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Child_pornography" title="Child pornography">CP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clop_(erotic_fan_art)" title="Clop (erotic fan art)">Clop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goatse.cx" title="Goatse.cx">goatse.cx</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lolcat" title="Lolcat">Lolcat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lurker" title="Lurker">Lurk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Newbie" title="Newbie">Newbie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/O_RLY%3F" title="O RLY?">O RLY?</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Original_post" class="mw-redirect" title="Original post">OP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pedobear" title="Pedobear">Pedobear</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rickrolling" title="Rickrolling">Rickrolling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rule_34" title="Rule 34">Rule 34</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rule_63" title="Rule 63">Rule 63</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tripcode" class="mw-redirect" title="Tripcode">Tripcode</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanophilia" title="Japanophilia">Weeaboo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yiff" title="Yiff">Yiff</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Internet_meme" title="Internet meme">Memes</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Internet_phenomena#Advertising_and_products" title="List of Internet phenomena">Advertising and products</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Internet_phenomena#Animation_and_comics" title="List of Internet phenomena">Animation and comics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Internet_phenomena#Challenges" title="List of Internet phenomena">Challenges</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Internet_phenomena#Email" title="List of Internet phenomena">Email</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Internet_phenomena#Film" title="List of Internet phenomena">Film</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Internet_phenomena#Gaming" title="List of Internet phenomena">Gaming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Internet_phenomena#Images" title="List of Internet phenomena">Images</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_viral_music_videos" title="List of viral music videos">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Internet_phenomena#Politics" title="List of Internet phenomena">Politics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_viral_videos" title="List of viral videos">Videos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Internet_phenomena#Other_phenomena" title="List of Internet phenomena">Miscellaneous</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doge_(meme)" title="Doge (meme)">Doge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TL;DR" title="TL;DR">TL;DR</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Usenet" title="Usenet">Usenet</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eternal_September" title="Eternal September">Eternal September</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sporgery" title="Sporgery">Sporgery</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Internet_slang" title="Category:Internet slang"><b>Category</b></a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Symbol_portal_class.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Portal"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/16px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/23px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/31px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Internet" title="Portal:Internet"><b>Portal</b></a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wiktionary-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Wiktionary page"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Wiktionary-logo.svg/16px-Wiktionary-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Wiktionary-logo.svg/24px-Wiktionary-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Wiktionary-logo.svg/32px-Wiktionary-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="370" data-file-height="350" /></a></span> <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Appendix:English_internet_slang" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:Appendix:English internet slang"><b>Wiktionary</b></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Nonverbal_communication" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Nonverbal_communication" title="Template:Nonverbal communication"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Nonverbal_communication" title="Template talk:Nonverbal communication"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Nonverbal_communication" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Nonverbal communication"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Nonverbal_communication" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Nonverbal_communication" title="Nonverbal communication">Nonverbal communication</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Modalities" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Modality_(semiotics)" title="Modality (semiotics)">Modalities</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Physical</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blushing" title="Blushing">Blushing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Body_language" title="Body language">Body language</a> / <a href="/wiki/Kinesics" title="Kinesics">Kinesics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Body-to-body_communication" title="Body-to-body communication">Body-to-body communication</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Facial_expression" title="Facial expression">Facial expression</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Facial_Action_Coding_System" title="Facial Action Coding System">Facial Action Coding System</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microexpression" title="Microexpression">Microexpression</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subtle_expression" title="Subtle expression">Subtle expression</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gesture" title="Gesture">Gesture</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_gestures" title="List of gestures">List</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Speech-independent_gestures" class="mw-redirect" title="Speech-independent gestures">Speech-independent gestures</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haptic_communication" title="Haptic communication">Haptic communication</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imitation" title="Imitation">Imitation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Synchronization#Human_movement" title="Synchronization">Interpersonal synchrony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laughter" title="Laughter">Laughter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oculesics" title="Oculesics">Oculesics</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eye_contact" title="Eye contact">Eye contact</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pupillary_response" title="Pupillary response">Pupil dilation</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olfactic_communication" title="Olfactic communication">Olfaction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Posture_(psychology)" title="Posture (psychology)">Posture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proxemics" title="Proxemics">Proxemics</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Speech" title="Speech">Speech</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Affect_(linguistics)" title="Affect (linguistics)">Affect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emotional_prosody" title="Emotional prosody">Emotional prosody</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paralanguage" title="Paralanguage">Paralanguage</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Intonation_(linguistics)" title="Intonation (linguistics)">Intonation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loudness" title="Loudness">Loudness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prosody_(linguistics)" title="Prosody (linguistics)">Prosody</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhythm" title="Rhythm">Rhythm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stress_(linguistics)" title="Stress (linguistics)">Stress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tone_(linguistics)" title="Tone (linguistics)">Tone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phonation" title="Phonation">Voice quality</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Social_environment" title="Social environment">Social context</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chronemics" title="Chronemics">Chronemics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Convention_(norm)" title="Convention (norm)">Conventions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Display_rules" title="Display rules">Display rules</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Habitus_(sociology)" title="Habitus (sociology)">Habitus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High-context_and_low-context_cultures" title="High-context and low-context cultures">High-context and low-context cultures</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interpersonal_relationship" title="Interpersonal relationship">Interpersonal relationship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_norm" title="Social norm">Social norm</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Emoticon</a> / <a href="/wiki/Smiley" title="Smiley">Smiley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/One-bit_message" title="One-bit message">One-bit message</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Missed_call" title="Missed call">Missed call</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silent_service_code" title="Silent service code">Silent service code</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Unconscious_communication" title="Unconscious communication">Unconscious</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Microexpression" title="Microexpression">Microexpression</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-verbal_leakage" title="Non-verbal leakage">Non-verbal leakage</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Multi-faceted</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Affect_display" title="Affect display">Affect display</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deception" title="Deception">Deception</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emotion_recognition" title="Emotion recognition">Emotion recognition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_impression_(psychology)" title="First impression (psychology)">First impression</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intimate_relationship" title="Intimate relationship">Intimacy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Broader_concepts" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Broader concepts</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Basic_interpersonal_communicative_skills" class="mw-redirect" title="Basic interpersonal communicative skills">Basic interpersonal communicative skills</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communication" title="Communication">Communication</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emotional_intelligence" title="Emotional intelligence">Emotional intelligence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nunchi" title="Nunchi">Nunchi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People_skills" title="People skills">People skills</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semiotics" title="Semiotics">Semiotics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_behavior" title="Social behavior">Social behavior</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_cue" title="Social cue">Social cue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_competence" title="Social competence">Social competence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_skills" title="Social skills">Social skills</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unsaid" title="Unsaid">Unsaid</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Further_information" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Further information</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Disorders</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aprosodia" title="Aprosodia">Aprosodia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Asperger_syndrome" title="Asperger syndrome">Asperger syndrome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Autism" title="Autism">Autism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fragile_X_syndrome" title="Fragile X syndrome">Fragile X</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pervasive_developmental_disorder_not_otherwise_specified" title="Pervasive developmental disorder not otherwise specified">Pervasive developmental disorder not otherwise specified</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Childhood_disintegrative_disorder" title="Childhood disintegrative disorder">Childhood disintegrative disorder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rett_syndrome" title="Rett syndrome">Rett syndrome</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dyssemia" title="Dyssemia">Dyssemia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nonverbal_learning_disorder" title="Nonverbal learning disorder">Nonverbal learning disorder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_(pragmatic)_communication_disorder" title="Social (pragmatic) communication disorder">Social (pragmatic) communication disorder</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Neuroanatomy" title="Neuroanatomy">Neuroanatomy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Limbic_system" title="Limbic system">Limbic system</a> / <a href="/wiki/Limbic_lobe" title="Limbic lobe">Limbic lobe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mirror_neuron" title="Mirror neuron">Mirror neuron</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Applications</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cold_reading" title="Cold reading">Cold reading</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lie_detection" title="Lie detection">Lie detection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freudian_slip" title="Freudian slip">Freudian slip</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tell_(poker)" title="Tell (poker)">Poker tell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Attention_(advertising)" class="mw-redirect" title="Attention (advertising)">Targeted advertising</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Technology</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Computer_processing_of_body_language" title="Computer processing of body language">Computer processing of body language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emotion_recognition_in_conversation" title="Emotion recognition in conversation">Emotion recognition in conversation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gesture_recognition" title="Gesture recognition">Gesture recognition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_facial_expression_databases" title="List of facial expression databases">List of facial expression databases</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sentiment_analysis" title="Sentiment analysis">Sentiment analysis</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Key people</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ray_Birdwhistell" title="Ray Birdwhistell">Ray Birdwhistell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Darwin" title="Charles Darwin">Charles Darwin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Ekman" title="Paul Ekman">Paul Ekman</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Animal_communication" title="Animal communication">Animal communication</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Behavioral_communication" title="Behavioral communication">Behavioral communication</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aggression" title="Aggression">Aggressive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assertiveness" title="Assertiveness">Assertive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deference" title="Deference">Passive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Passive-aggressive_behavior" title="Passive-aggressive behavior">Passive-aggressive</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Impression_management" title="Impression management">Impression management</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meta-communication" title="Meta-communication">Meta-communication</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monastic_sign_languages" title="Monastic sign languages">Monastic sign lexicons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linguistics" title="Linguistics">Verbal communication</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Non-verbal language</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sign_language" title="Sign language">Sign language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tactile_signing" title="Tactile signing">Tactile signing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tadoma" title="Tadoma">Tadoma</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Art and literature</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mime_artist" title="Mime artist">Mime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mimoplastic_art" title="Mimoplastic art">Mimoplastic art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subtext" title="Subtext">Subtext</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Types_of_writing_systems" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:List_of_writing_systems" title="Template:List of writing systems"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:List_of_writing_systems" title="Template talk:List of writing systems"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:List_of_writing_systems" title="Special:EditPage/Template:List of writing systems"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Types_of_writing_systems" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_writing_systems" title="List of writing systems">Types</a> of <a href="/wiki/Writing_system" title="Writing system">writing systems</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em">Overview</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_writing" title="History of writing">History of writing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grapheme" title="Grapheme">Grapheme</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em">Lists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_writing_systems" title="List of writing systems">Writing systems</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Undeciphered_writing_systems" title="Undeciphered writing systems">undeciphered</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_creators_of_writing_systems" title="List of creators of writing systems">inventors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_constructed_scripts" title="List of constructed scripts">constructed</a></li></ul></li> <li>Languages by writing system / <a href="/wiki/List_of_languages_by_first_written_accounts" class="mw-redirect" title="List of languages by first written accounts">by first written accounts</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible expanded navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Types" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_writing_systems" title="List of writing systems">Types</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Abjads" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Abjad" title="Abjad">Abjads</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Abjad_numerals" title="Abjad numerals">Numerals</a></i></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aramaic_alphabet" title="Aramaic alphabet">Aramaic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hatran_alphabet" class="mw-redirect" title="Hatran alphabet">Hatran</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arabic_script" title="Arabic script">Arabic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Elifba_alphabet" title="Elifba alphabet">Elifba</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egyptian_hieroglyphs" title="Egyptian hieroglyphs">Egyptian hieroglyphs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elymaic" title="Elymaic">Elymaic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hebrew_alphabet" title="Hebrew alphabet">Hebrew</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ktav_Ashuri" title="Ktav Ashuri">Ashuri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cursive_Hebrew" title="Cursive Hebrew">Cursive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rashi_script" title="Rashi script">Rashi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solitreo" title="Solitreo">Solitreo</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tifinagh" title="Tifinagh">Tifinagh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mandaic_alphabet" title="Mandaic alphabet">Mandaic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manichaean_script" title="Manichaean script">Manichaean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nabataean_script" title="Nabataean script">Nabataean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_North_Arabian" title="Ancient North Arabian">Ancient North Arabian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pahlavi_scripts" title="Pahlavi scripts">Pahlavi</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Book_Pahlavi" class="mw-redirect" title="Book Pahlavi">Book</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inscriptional_Pahlavi" title="Inscriptional Pahlavi">Inscriptional</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inscriptional_Parthian" title="Inscriptional Parthian">Inscriptional Parthian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psalter_Pahlavi" title="Psalter Pahlavi">Psalter</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pegon_script" title="Pegon script">Pegon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phoenician_alphabet" title="Phoenician alphabet">Phoenician</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Paleo-Hebrew_alphabet" title="Paleo-Hebrew alphabet">Paleo-Hebrew</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pitman_shorthand" title="Pitman shorthand">Pitman shorthand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Sinaitic_script" title="Proto-Sinaitic script">Proto-Sinaitic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Punic_alphabet" class="mw-redirect" title="Punic alphabet">Punic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samaritan_script" title="Samaritan script">Samaritan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_South_Arabian_script" title="Ancient South Arabian script">South Arabian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_South_Arabian_script#Zabur_script" title="Ancient South Arabian script">Zabur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_South_Arabian_script#Musnad" title="Ancient South Arabian script">Musnad</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sogdian_alphabet" title="Sogdian alphabet">Sogdian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syriac_alphabet" title="Syriac alphabet">Syriac</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Syriac_alphabet#Classical_ʾEsṭrangēlā" title="Syriac alphabet">ʾEsṭrangēlā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syriac_alphabet#West_Syriac_Serṭā" title="Syriac alphabet">Serṭā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syriac_alphabet#East_Syriac_Maḏnḥāyā" title="Syriac alphabet">Maḏnḥāyā</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teeline_Shorthand" class="mw-redirect" title="Teeline Shorthand">Teeline Shorthand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ugaritic_alphabet" title="Ugaritic alphabet">Ugaritic</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Abugidas" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Abugida" title="Abugida">Abugidas</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em"><a href="/wiki/Brahmic_scripts" title="Brahmic scripts">Brahmic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em">Northern</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bengali%E2%80%93Assamese_script" title="Bengali–Assamese script">Bengali–Assamese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhaiksuki_script" title="Bhaiksuki script">Bhaiksuki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brahmi_script" title="Brahmi script">Brahmi script</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Devanagari" title="Devanagari">Devanagari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dogri_script" title="Dogri script">Dogri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gujarati_script" title="Gujarati script">Gujarati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gupta_script" title="Gupta script">Gupta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gurmukhi" title="Gurmukhi">Gurmukhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaithi" title="Kaithi">Kaithi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalinga_script" title="Kalinga script">Kalinga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khema_script" title="Khema script">Khema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khojki_script" title="Khojki script">Khojki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khudabadi_script" title="Khudabadi script">Khudabadi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/La%E1%B9%87%E1%B8%8D%C4%81_scripts" title="Laṇḍā scripts">Laṇḍā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lepcha_script" title="Lepcha script">Lepcha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahajani" title="Mahajani">Mahajani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marchen_script" title="Marchen script">Marchen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meitei_script" title="Meitei script">Meitei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modi_script" title="Modi script">Modi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multani_script" title="Multani script">Multani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/N%C4%81gar%C4%AB_script" title="Nāgarī script">Nagari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nandinagari" title="Nandinagari">Nandinagari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nepalese_scripts" title="Nepalese scripts">Nepalese scripts</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bhujimol_script" title="Bhujimol script">Bhujimol</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Golmol_script&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Golmol script (page does not exist)">Golmol</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Himmol_script&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Himmol script (page does not exist)">Himmol</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kummol_script&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kummol script (page does not exist)">Kummol</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kvemmol_script&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kvemmol script (page does not exist)">Kvemmol</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pachumol_script&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pachumol script (page does not exist)">Pachumol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pracalit_script" title="Pracalit script">Pracalit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ranjana_script" title="Ranjana script">Ranjana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamyig_script" class="mw-redirect" title="Tamyig script">Tamyig</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tirhuta_script" title="Tirhuta script">Tirhuta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Limbu_script" title="Limbu script">Limbu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nepalese_scripts" title="Nepalese scripts">Litumol</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Odia_script" title="Odia script">Odia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Karani_script" title="Karani script">Karani</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%CA%BCPhags-pa_script" title="ʼPhags-pa script">ʼPhags-pa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sharada_script" title="Sharada script">Sharada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siddha%E1%B9%83_script" title="Siddhaṃ script">Siddhaṃ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soyombo_script" title="Soyombo script">Soyombo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sylheti_Nagri" title="Sylheti Nagri">Sylheti Nagri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Takri_script" title="Takri script">Takri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibetan_script" title="Tibetan script">Tibetan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Uchen_script" title="Uchen script">Uchen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Um%C3%AA_script" title="Umê script">Umê</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tocharian_script" title="Tocharian script">Tocharian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zanabazar_square_script" title="Zanabazar square script">Zanabazar square</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em">Southern</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ahom_script" title="Ahom script">Ahom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balinese_script" title="Balinese script">Balinese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Batak_script" title="Batak script">Batak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baybayin" title="Baybayin">Baybayin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhattiprolu_script" title="Bhattiprolu script">Bhattiprolu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buda_script" title="Buda script">Buda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buhid_script" title="Buhid script">Buhid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chakma_script" title="Chakma script">Chakma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cham_script" title="Cham script">Cham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fakkham_script" title="Fakkham script">Fakkham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grantha_script" title="Grantha script">Grantha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goykanadi" title="Goykanadi">Goykanadi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hanunoo_script" title="Hanunoo script">Hanunoo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Javanese_script" title="Javanese script">Javanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kadamba_script" title="Kadamba script">Kadamba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kannada_script" title="Kannada script">Kannada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%27gaw_Karen_alphabet" title="S'gaw Karen alphabet">Karen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kawi_script" title="Kawi script">Kawi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khmer_script" title="Khmer script">Khmer</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Khom_Thai_script" title="Khom Thai script">Khom Thai</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kulitan" title="Kulitan">Kulitan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tai_Tham_script" title="Tai Tham script">Lanna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Langdi" title="Langdi">Langdi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lao_script" title="Lao script">Lao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leke_script" title="Leke script">Leke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lontara_script" title="Lontara script">Lontara</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lontara_Bilang-bilang_script" title="Lontara Bilang-bilang script">Bilang-bilang</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Makasar_script" title="Makasar script">Makasar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malayalam_script" title="Malayalam script">Malayalam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maldivian_writing_systems" title="Maldivian writing systems">Old Maldivian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dhives_Akuru" title="Dhives Akuru">Dhives Akuru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eveyla_Akuru" class="mw-redirect" title="Eveyla Akuru">Eveyla Akuru</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mon%E2%80%93Burmese_script" title="Mon–Burmese script">Mon–Burmese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pallava_script" title="Pallava script">Pallava</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pyu_script" title="Pyu script">Pyu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saurashtra_script" title="Saurashtra script">Saurashtra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shan_alphabet" title="Shan alphabet">Shan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sinhala_script" title="Sinhala script">Sinhala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sukhothai_script" title="Sukhothai script">Sukhothai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sundanese_script" title="Sundanese script">Sundanese</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Old_Sundanese_script" title="Old Sundanese script">Old Sundanese</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tagbanwa_script" title="Tagbanwa script">Tagbanwa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tai_Le_script" title="Tai Le script">Tai Le</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Tai_Lue_alphabet" title="New Tai Lue alphabet">New Tai Lue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tai_Noi_script" title="Tai Noi script">Tai Noi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tai_Tham_script" title="Tai Tham script">Tai Tham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tai_Viet_script" title="Tai Viet script">Tai Viet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lai_Tay_script" title="Lai Tay script">Lai Tay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamil_script" title="Tamil script">Tamil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamil-Brahmi" title="Tamil-Brahmi">Tamil-Brahmi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tanchangya_script" title="Tanchangya script">Tanchangya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telugu_script" title="Telugu script">Telugu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thai_script" title="Thai script">Thai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tigalari_script" title="Tigalari script">Tigalari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulu_scripts" title="Ulu scripts">Ulu scripts</a> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Incung_script&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Incung script (page does not exist)">Incung</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lampung_script" class="mw-redirect" title="Lampung script">Lampung</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lembak_script&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lembak script (page does not exist)">Lembak</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ogan_script&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ogan script (page does not exist)">Ogan</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pasemah_script&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pasemah script (page does not exist)">Pasemah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rejang_script" class="mw-redirect" title="Rejang script">Rejang</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Serawai_script&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Serawai script (page does not exist)">Serawai</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vatteluttu" title="Vatteluttu">Vatteluttu</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kolezhuthu" class="mw-redirect" title="Kolezhuthu">Kolezhuthu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malayanma" title="Malayanma">Malayanma</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bharati_script" title="Bharati script">Bharati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boyd%27s_syllabic_shorthand" title="Boyd's syllabic shorthand">Boyd's syllabic shorthand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_Aboriginal_syllabics" title="Canadian Aboriginal syllabics">Canadian syllabics</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blackfoot_language#Writing_system" title="Blackfoot language">Blackfoot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carrier_syllabics" title="Carrier syllabics">Déné syllabics</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dham_script" title="Dham script">Dham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fox_language#Writing_systems" title="Fox language">Fox I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ge%CA%BDez_script" title="Geʽez script">Geʽez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gunjala_Gondi_script" title="Gunjala Gondi script">Gunjala Gondi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_Braille" title="Japanese Braille">Japanese Braille</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarati" title="Sarati">Sarati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sunwar_language#Writing_Systems" title="Sunwar language">Jenticha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kharosthi" title="Kharosthi">Kharosthi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mandombe_script" title="Mandombe script">Mandombe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gondi_writing" title="Gondi writing">Masaram Gondi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meroitic_script" title="Meroitic script">Meroitic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pollard_script" title="Pollard script">Miao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mwangwego_script" title="Mwangwego script">Mwangwego</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pahawh_Hmong" title="Pahawh Hmong">Pahawh Hmong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sorang_Sompeng_script" title="Sorang Sompeng script">Sorang Sompeng</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tengwar" title="Tengwar">Tengwar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thaana" title="Thaana">Thaana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Natural_Shorthand" title="Thomas Natural Shorthand">Thomas Natural Shorthand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warang_Citi" title="Warang Citi">Warang Citi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mwangwego_script" title="Mwangwego script">Mwangwego</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qiang_language" title="Qiang language">Rma</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Alphabets" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Alphabet" title="Alphabet">Alphabets</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em">Linear</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adlam_script" title="Adlam script">Adlam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ariyaka_script" title="Ariyaka script">Ariyaka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_alphabet" title="Armenian alphabet">Armenian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avestan_alphabet" title="Avestan alphabet">Avestan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pazend" title="Pazend">Pazend</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avoiuli" title="Avoiuli">Avoiuli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bassa_Vah_script" class="mw-redirect" title="Bassa Vah script">Bassa Vah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carian_alphabets" title="Carian alphabets">Carian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caucasian_Albanian_script" title="Caucasian Albanian script">Caucasian Albanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cirth" title="Cirth">Cirth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coelbren_y_Beirdd" title="Coelbren y Beirdd">Coelbren</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coorgi%E2%80%93Cox_alphabet" title="Coorgi–Cox alphabet">Coorgi–Cox alphabet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coptic_alphabet" class="mw-redirect" title="Coptic alphabet">Coptic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyrillic_script" title="Cyrillic script">Cyrillic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bosnian_Cyrillic" title="Bosnian Cyrillic">Bosnian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_Cyrillic_alphabet" title="Early Cyrillic alphabet">Early</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deseret_alphabet" title="Deseret alphabet">Deseret</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duployan_shorthand" title="Duployan shorthand">Duployan shorthand</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Duployan_shorthand#Chinook_writing" title="Duployan shorthand">Chinook</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eclectic_shorthand" title="Eclectic shorthand">Eclectic shorthand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elbasan_script" class="mw-redirect" title="Elbasan script">Elbasan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enochian" title="Enochian">Enochian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Etruscan_alphabet" title="Etruscan alphabet">Etruscan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Psalmanazar#Pseudo-lexicographer" title="George Psalmanazar">Formosan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fox_language#Writing_systems" title="Fox language">Fox II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fraser_script" title="Fraser script">Fraser</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gabelsberger_shorthand" title="Gabelsberger shorthand">Gabelsberger shorthand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gadabuursi_Somali_script" class="mw-redirect" title="Gadabuursi Somali script">Gadabuursi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garay_alphabet" title="Garay alphabet">Garay alphabet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgian_scripts" title="Georgian scripts">Georgian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Asomtavruli" class="mw-redirect" title="Asomtavruli">Asomtavruli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuskhuri" class="mw-redirect" title="Nuskhuri">Nuskhuri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mkhedruli" class="mw-redirect" title="Mkhedruli">Mkhedruli</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Veso_Bey_alphabet" title="Veso Bey alphabet">Veso Bey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glagolitic_script" title="Glagolitic script">Glagolitic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gothic_alphabet" title="Gothic alphabet">Gothic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gregg_shorthand" title="Gregg shorthand">Gregg shorthand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_alphabet" title="Greek alphabet">Greek</a> (<a href="/wiki/Archaic_Greek_alphabets" title="Archaic Greek alphabets">Archaic</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greco-Iberian_alphabet" title="Greco-Iberian alphabet">Greco-Iberian alphabet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hangul" title="Hangul">Hangul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hanifi_Rohingya_script" title="Hanifi Rohingya script">Hanifi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sunwar_language#Writing_Systems" title="Sunwar language">Jenticha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaddare_script" class="mw-redirect" title="Kaddare script">Kaddare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kayah_Li_alphabet" title="Kayah Li alphabet">Kayah Li</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Klingon_scripts" title="Klingon scripts">Klingon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latin_script" title="Latin script">Latin</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Beneventan_script" title="Beneventan script">Beneventan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blackletter" title="Blackletter">Blackletter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carolingian_minuscule" title="Carolingian minuscule">Carolingian minuscule</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fraktur" title="Fraktur">Fraktur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaelic_type" title="Gaelic type">Gaelic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insular_script" title="Insular script">Insular</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interlac" class="mw-redirect" title="Interlac">Interlac</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Phonetic_Alphabet" title="International Phonetic Alphabet">IPA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurrent" title="Kurrent">Kurrent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Merovingian_script" title="Merovingian script">Merovingian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scribal_abbreviation" title="Scribal abbreviation">Sigla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C3%BCtterlin" title="Sütterlin">Sütterlin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tironian_notes" title="Tironian notes">Tironian notes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Visigothic_script" title="Visigothic script">Visigothic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luo_script" title="Luo script">Luo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lycian_alphabet" title="Lycian alphabet">Lycian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lydian_alphabet" title="Lydian alphabet">Lydian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manchu_alphabet" title="Manchu alphabet">Manchu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medefaidrin" title="Medefaidrin">Medefaidrin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Molodtsov_alphabet" class="mw-redirect" title="Molodtsov alphabet">Molodtsov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mru_language#Script" title="Mru language">Mru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mundari_Bani" title="Mundari Bani">Mundari Bani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/N%27Ko_script" title="N'Ko script">N'Ko</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ogham" title="Ogham">Ogham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ol_Chiki_script" title="Ol Chiki script">Ol Chiki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Hungarian_script" title="Old Hungarian script">Old Hungarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Italic_scripts" title="Old Italic scripts">Old Italic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Permic_script" title="Old Permic script">Old Permic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Turkic_script" title="Old Turkic script">Orkhon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Uyghur_alphabet" title="Old Uyghur alphabet">Old Uyghur</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mongolian_script" title="Mongolian script">Mongolian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Evenki_alphabet" class="mw-redirect" title="Evenki alphabet">Evenki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galik_alphabet" title="Galik alphabet">Galik alphabet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manchu_alphabet" title="Manchu alphabet">Manchu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clear_Script" title="Clear Script">Oirat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vagindra_script" title="Vagindra script">Vagindra</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ol_Onal" title="Ol Onal">Ol Onal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Osage_script" title="Osage script">Osage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Osmanya_script" class="mw-redirect" title="Osmanya script">Osmanya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pau_Cin_Hau_script" title="Pau Cin Hau script">Pau Cin Hau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phrygian_alphabet" title="Phrygian alphabet">Phrygian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pisidian_language" title="Pisidian language">Pisidian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Runes" class="mw-redirect" title="Runes">Runic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Saxon_runes" title="Anglo-Saxon runes">Anglo-Saxon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cipher_runes" title="Cipher runes">Cipher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dalecarlian_runes" title="Dalecarlian runes">Dalecarlian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elder_Futhark" title="Elder Futhark">Elder Futhark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Younger_Futhark" title="Younger Futhark">Younger Futhark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gothic_runic_inscriptions" title="Gothic runic inscriptions">Gothic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marcomannic_runes" class="mw-redirect" title="Marcomannic runes">Marcomannic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medieval_runes" title="Medieval runes">Medieval</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Staveless_runes" title="Staveless runes">Staveless</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shavian_alphabet" title="Shavian alphabet">Shavian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sidetic_language" title="Sidetic language">Sidetic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sorang_Sompeng_script" title="Sorang Sompeng script">Sorang Sompeng</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sunuwar_alphabet" title="Sunuwar alphabet">Sunuwar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tifinagh" title="Tifinagh">Tifinagh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Todhri_script" class="mw-redirect" title="Todhri script">Todhri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurukh_language#Writing_systems" title="Kurukh language">Tolong Siki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vellara_alphabet" title="Vellara alphabet">Vellara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Visible_Speech" title="Visible Speech">Visible Speech</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vithkuqi_script" class="mw-redirect" title="Vithkuqi script">Vithkuqi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wancho_language#Orthography" title="Wancho language">Wancho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warang_Citi" title="Warang Citi">Warang Citi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurdish_alphabets#Yezidi" title="Kurdish alphabets">Yezidi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zaghawa_script" class="mw-redirect" title="Zaghawa script">Zaghawa</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em">Non-linear</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Braille" title="Braille">Braille</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_maritime_signal_flags" title="International maritime signal flags">Maritime flags</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telegraph_code" title="Telegraph code">Telegraph code</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_York_Point" title="New York Point">New York Point</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_semaphore" title="Flag semaphore">Flag semaphore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moon_type" title="Moon type">Moon type</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Ideograms" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Ideogram" title="Ideogram">Ideograms</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adinkra_symbols" title="Adinkra symbols">Adinkra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aztec_script" title="Aztec script">Aztec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blissymbols" title="Blissymbols">Blissymbols</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dongba_symbols" title="Dongba symbols">Dongba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ersu_Shaba_script" title="Ersu Shaba script">Ersu Shaba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emoji" title="Emoji">Emoji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isotype_(picture_language)" title="Isotype (picture language)">Isotype</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaid%C4%81_glyphs" title="Kaidā glyphs">Kaidā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mi%EA%9E%8Ckmaw_hieroglyphic_writing" class="mw-redirect" title="Miꞌkmaw hieroglyphic writing">Miꞌkmaw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mixtec_writing" title="Mixtec writing">Mixtec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Epoch_Notation_Painting" class="mw-redirect" title="New Epoch Notation Painting">New Epoch Notation Painting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nsibidi" title="Nsibidi">Nsibidi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ojibwe_writing_systems#Ojibwe_"hieroglyphs"" title="Ojibwe writing systems">Ojibwe Hieroglyphs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olmec_hieroglyphs" title="Olmec hieroglyphs">Olmec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siglas_poveiras" title="Siglas poveiras">Siglas poveiras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Testerian" title="Testerian">Testerian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yerkish" title="Yerkish">Yerkish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zapotec_script" title="Zapotec script">Zapotec</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Logograms" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Logogram" title="Logogram">Logograms</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em"><a href="/wiki/Chinese_family_of_scripts" title="Chinese family of scripts">Chinese family of scripts</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em"><a href="/wiki/Chinese_characters" title="Chinese characters">Chinese characters</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Simplified_Chinese_characters" title="Simplified Chinese characters">Simplified</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_characters" title="Traditional Chinese characters">Traditional</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oracle_bone_script" title="Oracle bone script">Oracle bone script</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_bronze_inscriptions" title="Chinese bronze inscriptions">Bronze scripts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seal_script" title="Seal script">Seal script</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Large_seal_script" title="Large seal script">large</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Small_seal_script" title="Small seal script">small</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bird-worm_seal_script" title="Bird-worm seal script">bird-worm</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hanja" title="Hanja">Hanja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kanji" title="Kanji">Kanji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ch%E1%BB%AF_N%C3%B4m" title="Chữ Nôm">Chữ Nôm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sawndip" title="Sawndip">Sawndip</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bowen_script" class="mw-redirect" title="Bowen script">Bowen</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em">Chinese-influenced</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jurchen_script" title="Jurchen script">Jurchen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khitan_large_script" title="Khitan large script">Khitan large script</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sui_script" title="Sui script">Sui</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tangut_script" title="Tangut script">Tangut</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em"><a href="/wiki/Cuneiform" title="Cuneiform">Cuneiform</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Akkadian_cuneiform" class="mw-redirect" title="Akkadian cuneiform">Akkadian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assyrian_cuneiform" class="mw-redirect" title="Assyrian cuneiform">Assyrian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elamite_cuneiform" title="Elamite cuneiform">Elamite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hittite_cuneiform" title="Hittite cuneiform">Hittite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuneiform_Luwian" class="mw-redirect" title="Cuneiform Luwian">Luwian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuneiform" title="Cuneiform">Sumerian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em">Other logosyllabic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anatolian_hieroglyphs" title="Anatolian hieroglyphs">Anatolian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bagam_script" title="Bagam script">Bagam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cretan_hieroglyphs" title="Cretan hieroglyphs">Cretan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isthmian_script" title="Isthmian script">Isthmian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maya_script" title="Maya script">Maya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Elamite_script" title="Proto-Elamite script">Proto-Elamite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tenevil" title="Tenevil">Tenevil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yi_script#Classical_Yi" title="Yi script">Yi (Classical)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em">Logoconsonantal</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Demotic_(Egyptian)" title="Demotic (Egyptian)">Demotic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hieratic" title="Hieratic">Hieratic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egyptian_hieroglyphs" title="Egyptian hieroglyphs">Hieroglyphs</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em">Numerals</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hindu%E2%80%93Arabic_numeral_system" title="Hindu–Arabic numeral system">Hindu-Arabic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abjad_numerals" title="Abjad numerals">Abjad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Attic_numerals" title="Attic numerals">Attic (Greek)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muisca_numerals" title="Muisca numerals">Muisca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_numerals" title="Roman numerals">Roman</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sitelen_Pona" title="Sitelen Pona">Sitelen Pona</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Semi-syllabaries" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Semi-syllabaries" class="mw-redirect" title="Semi-syllabaries">Semi-syllabaries</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em">Full</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Linear_Elamite" title="Linear Elamite">Linear Elamite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celtiberian_script" title="Celtiberian script">Celtiberian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northeastern_Iberian_script" title="Northeastern Iberian script">Northeastern Iberian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southeastern_Iberian_script" title="Southeastern Iberian script">Southeastern Iberian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khom_script_(Ong_Kommadam)" title="Khom script (Ong Kommadam)">Khom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dunging_script" title="Dunging script">Dunging</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em">Redundant</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Espanca_script" title="Espanca script">Espanca script</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pahawh_Hmong" title="Pahawh Hmong">Pahawh Hmong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khitan_small_script" title="Khitan small script">Khitan small script</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southwest_Paleohispanic_script" title="Southwest Paleohispanic script">Southwest Paleohispanic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bopomofo" title="Bopomofo">Bopomofo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_writing_in_Vietnam#Quốc_Âm_Tân_Tự" title="History of writing in Vietnam">Quốc Âm Tân Tự</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Sign_languages" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Sign_language" title="Sign language">Sign languages</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ASLwrite" title="ASLwrite">ASLwrite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SignWriting" title="SignWriting">SignWriting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Si5s" title="Si5s">si5s</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stokoe_notation" title="Stokoe notation">Stokoe notation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Syllabaries" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Syllabary" title="Syllabary">Syllabaries</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Afaka_syllabary" title="Afaka syllabary">Afaka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bamum_script" title="Bamum script">Bamum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/B%C3%A9t%C3%A9_syllabary" title="Bété syllabary">Bété</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byblos_syllabary" title="Byblos syllabary">Byblos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_Aboriginal_syllabics" title="Canadian Aboriginal syllabics">Canadian Aboriginal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cherokee_syllabary" title="Cherokee syllabary">Cherokee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cypriot_syllabary" title="Cypriot syllabary">Cypriot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cypro-Minoan_syllabary" title="Cypro-Minoan syllabary">Cypro-Minoan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ditema_tsa_Dinoko" title="Ditema tsa Dinoko">Ditema tsa Dinoko</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eskayan_script" title="Eskayan script">Eskayan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geba_syllabary" title="Geba syllabary">Geba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Lakes_Algonquian_syllabics" title="Great Lakes Algonquian syllabics">Great Lakes Algonquian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iban_language#Alphabet" title="Iban language">Iban</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Idu_script" title="Idu script">Idu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kana" title="Kana">Kana</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hiragana" title="Hiragana">Hiragana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Katakana" title="Katakana">Katakana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Man%27y%C5%8Dgana" title="Man'yōgana">Man'yōgana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hentaigana" title="Hentaigana">Hentaigana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C5%8Dgana" title="Sōgana">Sōgana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jindai_moji" title="Jindai moji">Jindai moji</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mende_Kikakui_script" title="Mende Kikakui script">Kikakui</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kpelle_syllabary" title="Kpelle syllabary">Kpelle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linear_B" title="Linear B">Linear B</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linear_Elamite" title="Linear Elamite">Linear Elamite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lisu_language#Lisu_syllabary" title="Lisu language">Lisu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loma_language#writing_systems" title="Loma language">Loma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/N%C3%BCshu" title="Nüshu">Nüshu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nwagu_Aneke_script" title="Nwagu Aneke script">Nwagu Aneke script</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Persian_cuneiform" title="Old Persian cuneiform">Old Persian cuneiform</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuneiform" title="Cuneiform">Sumerian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vai_syllabary" title="Vai syllabary">Vai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Woleai_script" title="Woleai script">Woleai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yi_script#Modern_Yi" title="Yi script">Yi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yugtun_script" title="Yugtun script">Yugtun</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Braille" title="Template:Braille"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Braille" title="Template talk:Braille"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Braille" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Braille"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Braille_⠃⠗⠁⠊⠇⠇⠑" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Braille" title="Braille">Braille</a><span style="padding-left:0.5em;"> </span>⠃⠗⠁⠊⠇⠇⠑</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Braille cell</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/1829_braille" title="1829 braille">1829 braille</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/International_uniformity_of_braille_alphabets" title="International uniformity of braille alphabets">International uniformity</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Braille_ASCII" title="Braille ASCII">ASCII braille</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Braille_Patterns" title="Braille Patterns">Unicode braille patterns</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Braille scripts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:French-ordered_braille_alphabets" title="Category:French-ordered braille alphabets">French-ordered</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Albanian_Braille" title="Albanian Braille">Albanian</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Azeri_Braille" class="mw-redirect" title="Azeri Braille">Azerbaijani</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Cantonese_Braille" title="Cantonese Braille">Cantonese</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Catalan_Braille" title="Catalan Braille">Catalan</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Mainland_Chinese_Braille" title="Mainland Chinese Braille">Chinese (mainland Mandarin)</a> (largely reassigned)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Czech_Braille" title="Czech Braille">Czech</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Dutch_Braille" title="Dutch Braille">Dutch</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/English_Braille" title="English Braille">English</a> (<a href="/wiki/Unified_English_Braille" title="Unified English Braille">Unified English</a>)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Esperanto_Braille" title="Esperanto Braille">Esperanto</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/French_Braille" title="French Braille">French</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/German_Braille" title="German Braille">German</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Ghanaian_braille" title="Ghanaian braille">Ghanaian</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Guarani_Braille" title="Guarani Braille">Guarani</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Hawaiian_Braille" title="Hawaiian Braille">Hawaiian</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_Braille" title="Hungarian Braille">Hungarian</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/I%C3%B1upiaq_Braille" title="Iñupiaq Braille">Iñupiaq</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/IPA_Braille" title="IPA Braille">IPA</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Irish_Braille" title="Irish Braille">Irish</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Italian_Braille" title="Italian Braille">Italian</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Latvian_Braille" title="Latvian Braille">Latvian</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Lithuanian_Braille" title="Lithuanian Braille">Lithuanian</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Luxembourgish_Braille" title="Luxembourgish Braille">Luxembourgish</a> (extended to 8-dot)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Maltese_Braille" title="Maltese Braille">Maltese</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/M%C4%81ori_Braille" title="Māori Braille">Māori</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Navajo_Braille" title="Navajo Braille">Navajo</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Nigerian_braille" title="Nigerian braille">Nigerian</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Philippine_Braille" title="Philippine Braille">Philippine</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Polish_Braille" title="Polish Braille">Polish</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Braille" title="Portuguese Braille">Portuguese</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Romanian_Braille" title="Romanian Braille">Romanian</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Samoan_Braille" title="Samoan Braille">Samoan</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Slovak_Braille" title="Slovak Braille">Slovak</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/South_African_braille" title="South African braille">South African</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Braille" title="Spanish Braille">Spanish</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Taiwanese_Braille" title="Taiwanese Braille">Taiwanese Mandarin</a> (largely reassigned)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Turkish_Braille" title="Turkish Braille">Turkish</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_Braille" title="Vietnamese Braille">Vietnamese</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Welsh_Braille" title="Welsh Braille">Welsh</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Yugoslav_Braille" title="Yugoslav Braille">Yugoslav</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Zambian_Braille" title="Zambian Braille">Zambian</a></span></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Nordic family</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Estonian_Braille" title="Estonian Braille">Estonian</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Faroese_Braille" title="Faroese Braille">Faroese</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Icelandic_Braille" title="Icelandic Braille">Icelandic</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Scandinavian_Braille" title="Scandinavian Braille">Scandinavian</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap">Danish</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">Finnish</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">Greenlandic</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Northern_S%C3%A1mi_Braille" title="Northern Sámi Braille">Northern Sámi</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">Norwegian</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">Swedish</span></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Russian lineage family<br />i.e. <a href="/wiki/Cyrillic_alphabets" title="Cyrillic alphabets">Cyrillic</a>-mediated scripts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Belarusian_Braille" title="Belarusian Braille">Belarusian</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Bulgarian_Braille" title="Bulgarian Braille">Bulgarian</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Kazakh_Braille" title="Kazakh Braille">Kazakh</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Kyrgyz_Braille" title="Kyrgyz Braille">Kyrgyz</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Mongolian_Braille" title="Mongolian Braille">Mongolian</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Russian_Braille" title="Russian Braille">Russian</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Tatar_Braille" title="Tatar Braille">Tatar</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_Braille" title="Ukrainian Braille">Ukrainian</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Egyptian lineage family<br />i.e. <a href="/wiki/Arabic_script" title="Arabic script">Arabic</a>-mediated scripts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Arabic_Braille" title="Arabic Braille">Arabic</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Persian_Braille" title="Persian Braille">Persian</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Urdu_Braille" title="Urdu Braille">Urdu</a> (Pakistan)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Indian lineage family<br />i.e. <a href="/wiki/Bharati_Braille" title="Bharati Braille">Bharati Braille</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Devanagari_Braille" title="Devanagari Braille">Devanagari (Hindi / Marathi / Nepali)</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Bengali_Braille" title="Bengali Braille">Bengali (Bangla / Assamese)</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Gujarati_Braille" title="Gujarati Braille">Gujarati</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Kannada_Braille" title="Kannada Braille">Kannada</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Malayalam_Braille" title="Malayalam Braille">Malayalam</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Odia_Braille" title="Odia Braille">Odia</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Punjabi_Braille" title="Punjabi Braille">Punjabi</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Sinhala_Braille" title="Sinhala Braille">Sinhala</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Tamil_Braille" title="Tamil Braille">Tamil</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Telugu_Braille" title="Telugu Braille">Telugu</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Urdu_Braille" title="Urdu Braille">Urdu</a> (India)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other scripts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Ge%27ez_Braille" class="mw-redirect" title="Ge'ez Braille">Amharic</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Armenian_Braille" title="Armenian Braille">Armenian</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Burmese_Braille" title="Burmese Braille">Burmese</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Dzongkha_Braille" title="Dzongkha Braille">Dzongkha</a> (Bhutanese)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Georgian_Braille" title="Georgian Braille">Georgian</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Greek_Braille" title="Greek Braille">Greek</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Hebrew_Braille" title="Hebrew Braille">Hebrew</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Inuktitut_Braille" title="Inuktitut Braille">Inuktitut</a> (reassigned vowels)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Khmer_Braille" title="Khmer Braille">Khmer</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Thai_and_Lao_Braille" title="Thai and Lao Braille">Thai and Lao</a> (Japanese vowels)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Tibetan_Braille" title="Tibetan Braille">Tibetan</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Reordered</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Algerian_Braille" title="Algerian Braille">Algerian Braille</a> (obsolete)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Frequency-based</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/American_Braille" title="American Braille">American Braille</a> (obsolete)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Independent</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap">Chinese semi-syllabaries</span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Cantonese_Braille" title="Cantonese Braille">Cantonese</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Mainland_Chinese_Braille" title="Mainland Chinese Braille">Mainland Chinese Mandarin</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Taiwanese_Braille" title="Taiwanese Braille">Taiwanese Mandarin</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Two-cell_Chinese_Braille" title="Two-cell Chinese Braille">Two-cell Chinese (Shuangpin)</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Japanese_Braille" title="Japanese Braille">Japanese</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Korean_Braille" title="Korean Braille">Korean</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Eight-dot</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Luxembourgish_Braille" title="Luxembourgish Braille">Luxembourgish</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Braille_kanji" title="Braille kanji">Kanji</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Gardner%E2%80%93Salinas_braille_codes" title="Gardner–Salinas braille codes">Gardner–Salinas braille codes</a> (GS8)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Symbols in braille</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Braille_music" title="Braille music">Braille music</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Canadian_currency_tactile_feature" title="Canadian currency tactile feature">Canadian currency marks</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Computer_Braille_Code" title="Computer Braille Code">Computer Braille Code</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Gardner%E2%80%93Salinas_braille_codes" title="Gardner–Salinas braille codes">Gardner–Salinas braille codes</a> (science; GS8/GS6)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/IPA_Braille" title="IPA Braille">International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Nemeth_Braille" title="Nemeth Braille">Nemeth braille code</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Braille_technology" title="Braille technology">Braille technology</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Braille_e-book" title="Braille e-book">Braille e-book</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Braille_embosser" title="Braille embosser">Braille embosser</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Braille_translator" title="Braille translator">Braille translator</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Braille_watch" title="Braille watch">Braille watch</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Mountbatten_Brailler" title="Mountbatten Brailler">Mountbatten Brailler</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Optical_braille_recognition" title="Optical braille recognition">Optical braille recognition</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Perforation" title="Perforation">Perforation</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Perkins_Brailler" title="Perkins Brailler">Perkins Brailler</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Refreshable_braille_display" title="Refreshable braille display">Refreshable braille display</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Slate_and_stylus" title="Slate and stylus">Slate and stylus</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Braigo" title="Braigo">Braigo</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Louis_Braille" title="Louis Braille">Louis Braille</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Charles_Barbier" title="Charles Barbier">Charles Barbier</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/R%C3%B3%C5%BCa_Czacka" title="Róża Czacka">Róża Czacka</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Valentin_Ha%C3%BCy" title="Valentin Haüy">Valentin Haüy</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Harris_Mowbray" title="Harris Mowbray">Harris Mowbray</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Thakur_Vishva_Narain_Singh" title="Thakur Vishva Narain Singh">Thakur Vishva Narain Singh</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Sabriye_Tenberken" title="Sabriye Tenberken">Sabriye Tenberken</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/William_Bell_Wait" title="William Bell Wait">William Bell Wait</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Organisations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Braille_Institute_of_America" title="Braille Institute of America">Braille Institute of America</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Braille_Without_Borders" title="Braille Without Borders">Braille Without Borders</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Japan_Braille_Library" title="Japan Braille Library">Japan Braille Library</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/National_Braille_Association" title="National Braille Association">National Braille Association</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Category:Blindness_organizations" title="Category:Blindness organizations">Blindness organizations</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Category:Schools_for_the_blind" title="Category:Schools for the blind">Schools for the blind</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/American_Printing_House_for_the_Blind" title="American Printing House for the Blind">American Printing House for the Blind</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other <a href="/wiki/Tactile_alphabet" title="Tactile alphabet">tactile alphabets</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Decapoint" title="Decapoint">Decapoint</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Moon_type" title="Moon type">Moon type</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/New_York_Point" title="New York Point">New York Point</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Night_writing" title="Night writing">Night writing</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Vibratese" title="Vibratese">Vibratese</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Accessible_publishing" title="Accessible publishing">Accessible publishing</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Braille_literacy" title="Braille literacy">Braille literacy</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/RoboBraille" title="RoboBraille">RoboBraille</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-label="Navbox" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a>: National <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q31963#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4366346-1">Germany</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" 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1,\n [\"Verticon\"] = 1,\n}\ntemplate_list = table#1 {\n [\"!\"] = 6,\n [\"Anchor\"] = 1,\n [\"Authority control\"] = 1,\n [\"Big\"] = 6,\n [\"Citation\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite book\"] = 14,\n [\"Cite journal\"] = 6,\n [\"Cite magazine\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite news\"] = 10,\n [\"Cite newsgroup\"] = 2,\n [\"Cite patent\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite thesis\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite web\"] = 35,\n [\"Clear left\"] = 1,\n [\"Cn\"] = 2,\n [\"Code\"] = 9,\n [\"Commons and category inline\"] = 1,\n [\"Contains special characters\"] = 1,\n [\"Dash\"] = 1,\n [\"Dead link\"] = 1,\n [\"Distinguish\"] = 1,\n [\"Div col\"] = 1,\n [\"Div col end\"] = 1,\n [\"Efn\"] = 1,\n [\"Gloss\"] = 3,\n [\"IPAc-en\"] = 2,\n [\"ISBN\"] = 1,\n [\"ISSN\"] = 1,\n [\"Instant messaging\"] = 1,\n [\"Internet slang\"] = 1,\n [\"Issn\"] = 1,\n [\"Lang\"] = 3,\n [\"List of writing systems\"] = 1,\n [\"Main\"] = 2,\n [\"More citations needed\"] = 1,\n [\"Nonverbal communication\"] = 1,\n [\"Notelist\"] = 1,\n [\"Nowrap\"] = 26,\n [\"Page needed\"] = 3,\n [\"Pp-pc\"] = 1,\n [\"Primary source inline\"] = 2,\n [\"R\"] = 12,\n [\"Redirect\"] = 1,\n [\"Reflist\"] = 1,\n [\"Respell\"] = 2,\n [\"See also\"] = 1,\n [\"Sfn\"] = 4,\n [\"Short description\"] = 1,\n [\"Snd\"] = 6,\n [\"Unicode chart Emoticons\"] = 1,\n [\"Unicode chart Miscellaneous Symbols\"] = 1,\n [\"Unicode chart Supplemental Symbols and Pictographs\"] = 1,\n [\"Use mdy dates\"] = 1,\n [\"Zwsp\"] = 1,\n}\narticle_whitelist = table#1 {\n}\n"},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-web.codfw.main-f69cdc8f6-r24xm","timestamp":"20241122140543","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"Emoticon","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Emoticon","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q31963","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q31963","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2001-09-12T18:27:35Z","image":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/5\/53\/Emoticon_Smile_Face.svg","headline":"pictorial representation of a facial expression using punctuation marks, numbers and letters"}</script> </body> </html>