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of the battle </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Course_of_the_battle-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Course of the battle subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Course_of_the_battle-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-2012:_Initial_rebel_attack_and_capture_of_Eastern_Aleppo" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#2012:_Initial_rebel_attack_and_capture_of_Eastern_Aleppo"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1 2012: Initial rebel attack and capture of Eastern Aleppo </div> </a> <ul id="toc-2012:_Initial_rebel_attack_and_capture_of_Eastern_Aleppo-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-2013:_Advances_and_counter-advances" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#2013:_Advances_and_counter-advances"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2 2013: Advances and counter-advances </div> </a> <ul id="toc-2013:_Advances_and_counter-advances-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-2014:_Syrian_government_encirclement_of_the_rebels" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#2014:_Syrian_government_encirclement_of_the_rebels"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.3 2014: Syrian government encirclement of the rebels </div> </a> <ul id="toc-2014:_Syrian_government_encirclement_of_the_rebels-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-2015:_War_of_attrition" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#2015:_War_of_attrition"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.4 2015: War of attrition </div> </a> <ul id="toc-2015:_War_of_attrition-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-2016:_Supply_lines_cut,_surrender,_and_evacuation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#2016:_Supply_lines_cut,_surrender,_and_evacuation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.5 2016: Supply lines cut, surrender, and evacuation </div> </a> <ul id="toc-2016:_Supply_lines_cut,_surrender,_and_evacuation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Aftermath" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Aftermath"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Aftermath </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Aftermath-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Strategic_analysis" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Strategic_analysis"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Strategic analysis </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Strategic_analysis-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Strategic analysis subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Strategic_analysis-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-The_role_of_Turkey" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_role_of_Turkey"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1 The role of Turkey </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_role_of_Turkey-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Casualties" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Casualties"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Casualties </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Casualties-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Allegations_of_war_crimes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Allegations_of_war_crimes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Allegations of war crimes </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Allegations_of_war_crimes-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Allegations of war crimes subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Allegations_of_war_crimes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Syrian_government_and_allies" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Syrian_government_and_allies"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.1 Syrian government and allies </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Syrian_government_and_allies-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Rebels" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rebels"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.2 Rebels </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Rebels-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Kurdish-led_forces" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Kurdish-led_forces"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.3 Kurdish-led forces </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Kurdish-led_forces-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Destruction_of_the_city_and_heritage" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Destruction_of_the_city_and_heritage"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 Destruction of the city and heritage </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Destruction_of_the_city_and_heritage-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Reactions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Reactions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 Reactions </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Reactions-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Reactions subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Reactions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Media_coverage" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Media_coverage"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.1 Media coverage </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Media_coverage-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Domestic_reaction" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Domestic_reaction"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.2 Domestic reaction </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Domestic_reaction-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Aleppo_victory_celebrations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Aleppo_victory_celebrations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.2.1 Aleppo victory celebrations </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Aleppo_victory_celebrations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Foreign_reactions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Foreign_reactions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.3 Foreign reactions </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Foreign_reactions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Protests_in_solidarity_with_anti-government_forces_in_Aleppo" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Protests_in_solidarity_with_anti-government_forces_in_Aleppo"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.4 Protests in solidarity with anti-government forces in Aleppo </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Protests_in_solidarity_with_anti-government_forces_in_Aleppo-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Timeline" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Timeline"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 Timeline </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Timeline-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12 Notes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 13 References </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 14 Bibliography </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 15 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Battle of Aleppo (2012–2016)</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 28 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-28" aria-hidden="true" > 28 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%B9%D8%B1%D9%83%D8%A9_%D8%AD%D9%84%D8%A8_(2012%E2%80%932016)" title="معركة حلب (2012–2016) – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="معركة حلب (2012–2016)" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AD%D9%84%D8%A8_%D8%AF%D8%A4%DB%8C%D9%88%D8%B4%D9%88_(%DB%B2%DB%B0%DB%B1%DB%B2%E2%80%93%DB%B2%DB%B0%DB%B1%DB%B6)" title="حلب دؤیوشو (۲۰۱۲–۲۰۱۶) – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="حلب دؤیوشو (۲۰۱۲–۲۰۱۶)" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">تۆرکجه</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%96%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%B0_%D0%B7%D0%B0_%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BF%D0%B0_(2012%E2%80%942016)" title="Бітва за Алепа (2012—2016) – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Бітва за Алепа (2012—2016)" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Batalla_d%27Alep" title="Batalla d'Alep – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Batalla d'Alep" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bitva_o_Aleppo_(2012%E2%80%932016)" title="Bitva o Aleppo (2012–2016) – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Bitva o Aleppo (2012–2016)" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Batalla_de_Alepo_(2012-2016)" title="Batalla de Alepo (2012-2016) – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Batalla de Alepo (2012-2016)" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%AF_%D8%AD%D9%84%D8%A8_(%DB%B2%DB%B0%DB%B1%DB%B2%E2%80%93%DB%B2%DB%B0%DB%B1%DB%B6)" title="نبرد حلب (۲۰۱۲–۲۰۱۶) – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="نبرد حلب (۲۰۱۲–۲۰۱۶)" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bataille_d%27Alep" title="Bataille d'Alep – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Bataille d'Alep" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%95%8C%EB%A0%88%ED%8F%AC_%EC%A0%84%ED%88%AC_(2012%EB%85%84~2016%EB%85%84)" title="알레포 전투 (2012년~2016년) – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="알레포 전투 (2012년~2016년)" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bitka_za_Alep" title="Bitka za Alep – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Bitka za Alep" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pertempuran_Aleppo_2012%E2%80%932016" title="Pertempuran Aleppo 2012–2016 – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Pertempuran Aleppo 2012–2016" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battaglia_di_Aleppo" title="Battaglia di Aleppo – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Battaglia di Aleppo" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pertempuran_Aleppo_2012" title="Pertempuran Aleppo 2012 – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Pertempuran Aleppo 2012" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Jawa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alepp%C3%B3i_csata" title="Aleppói csata – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Aleppói csata" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slag_om_Aleppo" title="Slag om Aleppo – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Slag om Aleppo" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%A2%E3%83%AC%E3%83%83%E3%83%9D%E3%81%AE%E6%88%A6%E3%81%84_(2012-2016%E5%B9%B4)" title="アレッポの戦い (2012-2016年) – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="アレッポの戦い (2012-2016年)" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bitwa_o_Aleppo_(2012%E2%80%932016)" title="Bitwa o Aleppo (2012–2016) – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Bitwa o Aleppo (2012–2016)" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Batalha_de_Alepo" title="Batalha de Alepo – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Batalha de Alepo" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%BE%D0%B8_%D0%B2_%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BF%D0%BF%D0%BE" title="Бои в Алеппо – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Бои в Алеппо" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cummattimentu_di_Aleppu_(2012-osci)" title="Cummattimentu di Aleppu (2012-osci) – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Cummattimentu di Aleppu (2012-osci)" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sicilianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%B7%D0%B0_%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BF_(2012%E2%80%942016)" title="Битка за Алеп (2012—2016) – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Битка за Алеп (2012—2016)" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bitka_za_Alep_(2012%E2%80%932016)" title="Bitka za Alep (2012–2016) – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Bitka za Alep (2012–2016)" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aleppon_taistelu_2012%E2%80%932016" title="Aleppon taistelu 2012–2016 – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Aleppon taistelu 2012–2016" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/X%C3%A4leb_%C3%B6%C3%A7en_su%C4%9F%C4%B1%C5%9F" title="Xäleb öçen suğış – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Xäleb öçen suğış" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Татарча / tatarça</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Halep_Muharebesi_(2012-16)" title="Halep Muharebesi (2012-16) – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Halep Muharebesi (2012-16)" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%B0_%D0%B7%D0%B0_%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BF%D0%BF%D0%BE" title="Битва за Алеппо – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Битва за Алеппо" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tr%E1%BA%ADn_Aleppo_(2012%E2%80%9316)" title="Trận Aleppo (2012–16) – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Trận Aleppo (2012–16)" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E5%8B%92%E9%A0%97%E6%88%B0%E5%BD%B9_(%E6%95%98%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9E%E5%85%A7%E6%88%B0)" title="阿勒頗戰役 (敘利亞內戰) – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="阿勒頗戰役 (敘利亞內戰)" data-language-autonym="中文" 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class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Military confrontation in Aleppo (2012–2016)</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Battle of Aleppo" redirects here. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Aleppo_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Siege of Aleppo (disambiguation)">Siege of Aleppo (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r963460841">@media all and (min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .desktop-float-right{box-sizing:border-box;float:right;clear:right}}.mw-parser-output .infobox.vevent .status>p:first-child{margin:0}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1034237262">.mw-parser-output .stack{box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .stack>div{margin:1px;overflow:hidden}@media all and (min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .stack-clear-left{float:left;clear:left}.mw-parser-output .stack-clear-right{float:right;clear:right}.mw-parser-output .stack-left{float:left}.mw-parser-output .stack-right{float:right}.mw-parser-output .stack-margin-clear-left{float:left;clear:left;margin-right:1em}.mw-parser-output .stack-margin-clear-right{float:right;clear:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .stack-margin-left{float:left;margin-right:1em}.mw-parser-output .stack-margin-right{float:right;margin-left:1em}}</style><div class="stack mw-stack stack-clear-right"><div><table class="infobox vevent" style="width:25.5em;border-spacing:2px;"><tbody><tr><th class="summary" colspan="3" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Battle of Aleppo مَعْرَكَةُ حَلَبَ</th></tr><tr><td colspan="3" style="background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">Part of the <a href="/wiki/Syrian_civil_war" title="Syrian civil war">Syrian civil war</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="3" style="text-align:center;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;line-height:1.5em;"><a href="/wiki/File:Battle_of_Aleppo.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Battle_of_Aleppo.jpg/380px-Battle_of_Aleppo.jpg" decoding="async" width="380" height="214" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Battle_of_Aleppo.jpg/570px-Battle_of_Aleppo.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Battle_of_Aleppo.jpg/760px-Battle_of_Aleppo.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="1126" /></a> <a href="/wiki/File:Battle_of_Aleppo_twin_sieges_map.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Battle_of_Aleppo_twin_sieges_map.png/380px-Battle_of_Aleppo_twin_sieges_map.png" decoding="async" width="380" height="192" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Battle_of_Aleppo_twin_sieges_map.png/570px-Battle_of_Aleppo_twin_sieges_map.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Battle_of_Aleppo_twin_sieges_map.png/760px-Battle_of_Aleppo_twin_sieges_map.png 2x" data-file-width="1293" data-file-height="655" /></a> Clockwise from top-left: A destroyed tank in Aleppo, the <a href="/wiki/Saadallah_al-Jabiri_Square" title="Saadallah al-Jabiri Square">Saadallah al-Jabiri Square</a> buildings after the <a href="/wiki/October_2012_Aleppo_bombings" title="October 2012 Aleppo bombings">October 2012 Aleppo bombings</a>, residents of Aleppo wait in line for food, and a <a href="/wiki/Free_Syrian_Army" title="Free Syrian Army">Free Syrian Army</a> fighter walking among rubble in Aleppo Bottom: The situation in Aleppo on 20 August 2016, when both the rebels and Syrian Government forces besieged each other <div class="collapsible-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="text-align: left;"> <div style="line-height: 1.6em; font-weight: bold; font-weight:normal;background:transparent;text-align:left;"><div>Map Legend</div></div> <ul class="mw-collapsible-content" style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; line-height: inherit; list-style: none; margin-left: 0;"><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r981673959">.mw-parser-output .legend{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .legend-color{display:inline-block;min-width:1.25em;height:1.25em;line-height:1.25;margin:1px 0;text-align:center;border:1px solid black;background-color:transparent;color:black}.mw-parser-output .legend-text{}</style><div class="legend" style="text-align:left;">  <a href="/wiki/Syrian_Arab_Army" class="mw-redirect" title="Syrian Arab Army">Syrian Arab Army</a> control</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend" style="text-align:left;">  Opposition control (including <a href="/wiki/Al-Nusra_Front" title="Al-Nusra Front">al-Nusra Front</a>)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend" style="text-align:left;">  <a href="/wiki/Syrian_Democratic_Forces" title="Syrian Democratic Forces">SDF</a> control</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend" style="text-align:left;">  <a href="/wiki/Islamic_State_of_Iraq_and_the_Levant" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant">Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant</a> control</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend" style="text-align:left;">  Joint <a href="/wiki/Syrian_Arab_Army" class="mw-redirect" title="Syrian Arab Army">SAA</a>-<a href="/wiki/Syrian_Democratic_Forces" title="Syrian Democratic Forces">SDF</a> control</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend" style="text-align:left;">  Confrontation or unclear situation</div> </li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="3"><table style="width:100%;margin:0;padding:0;border:0;display:inline-table"><tbody><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Date</th><td>19 July 2012 – 22 December 2016 (4 years, 5 months and 3 days)<a href="#cite_note-Announcedvictory1-8">[8]</a></td></tr><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Location</th><td><div class="location"><a href="/wiki/Aleppo" title="Aleppo">Aleppo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Aleppo_Governorate" title="Aleppo Governorate">Aleppo Governorate</a>, Syria</div><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Battle_of_Aleppo_(2012%E2%80%932016)&params=36.216667_N_37.166667_E_region:SY_type:event">36°13′00″N 37°10′00″E / 36.216667°N 37.166667°E / 36.216667; 37.166667</a></td></tr><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Result</th><td class="status"> Syrian Army and allied victory<a href="#cite_note-1600days-9">[9]</a><a href="#cite_note-10">[10]</a> <ul><li>City divided between a government-held west and rebel-held east, with two northern districts <a href="/wiki/People%27s_Protection_Units" class="mw-redirect" title="People's Protection Units">YPG</a>-held, from July 2012 to November 2016<a href="#cite_note-Guardian4July2015-11">[11]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UNESCO_World_heritage_site" class="mw-redirect" title="UNESCO World heritage site">UNESCO World heritage site</a> <a href="/wiki/Ancient_City_of_Aleppo" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient City of Aleppo">Ancient City of Aleppo</a> largely damaged in the fighting<a href="#cite_note-Peel2012-12">[12]</a></li> <li>In December 2016, pro-government forces gained control of all of the formerly rebel-held east<a href="#cite_note-1600days-9">[9]</a><a href="#cite_note-98percent-13">[13]</a></li> <li>The YPG controls Kurdish-majority <a href="/wiki/Sheikh_Maqsoud" class="mw-redirect" title="Sheikh Maqsoud">Sheikh Maqsoud</a></li></ul></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><th colspan="3" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Belligerents</th></tr><tr><td style="width:33%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> <a href="/wiki/Syria" title="Syria"><img alt="Syria" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Flag_of_Syria.svg/23px-Flag_of_Syria.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Flag_of_Syria.svg/35px-Flag_of_Syria.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Flag_of_Syria.svg/45px-Flag_of_Syria.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Syrian_Arab_Republic" class="mw-redirect" title="Syrian Arab Republic">Syrian Arab Republic</a> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Flag_of_Iran.svg/23px-Flag_of_Iran.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Flag_of_Iran.svg/35px-Flag_of_Iran.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Flag_of_Iran.svg/46px-Flag_of_Iran.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="630" data-file-height="360" /> <a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a> (from 2013) <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Russian_military_intervention_in_the_Syrian_Civil_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Russian military intervention in the Syrian Civil War">Russia</a> (from September 2015) Allied militias: <a href="/wiki/File:Emblem_of_Liwa_Al-Quds.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Emblem_of_Liwa_Al-Quds.svg/18px-Emblem_of_Liwa_Al-Quds.svg.png" decoding="async" width="18" height="18" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Emblem_of_Liwa_Al-Quds.svg/27px-Emblem_of_Liwa_Al-Quds.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Emblem_of_Liwa_Al-Quds.svg/36px-Emblem_of_Liwa_Al-Quds.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1318" data-file-height="1318" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Liwa_al-Quds" title="Liwa al-Quds">Liwa al-Quds</a><a href="#cite_note-units-1">[1]</a> (from 2013) <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/InfoboxHez.PNG/23px-InfoboxHez.PNG" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/InfoboxHez.PNG/35px-InfoboxHez.PNG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/InfoboxHez.PNG/45px-InfoboxHez.PNG 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400" /> <a href="/wiki/Hezbollah" title="Hezbollah">Hezbollah</a><a href="#cite_note-washingtonpost.com-2">[2]</a> (from 2013) <a href="/wiki/Iraq" title="Iraq"><img alt="Iraq" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Flag_of_Iraq.svg/23px-Flag_of_Iraq.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Flag_of_Iraq.svg/35px-Flag_of_Iraq.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Flag_of_Iraq.svg/45px-Flag_of_Iraq.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Private_militias_in_Iraq" title="Private militias in Iraq">Iraqi Shia militias</a><a href="#cite_note-array-3">[3]</a> (from 2013) <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Liwa_Fatemiyoun_infobox_flag.png/23px-Liwa_Fatemiyoun_infobox_flag.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Liwa_Fatemiyoun_infobox_flag.png/35px-Liwa_Fatemiyoun_infobox_flag.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Liwa_Fatemiyoun_infobox_flag.png/45px-Liwa_Fatemiyoun_infobox_flag.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400" /> <a href="/wiki/Liwa_Fatemiyoun" title="Liwa Fatemiyoun">Liwa Fatemiyoun</a><a href="#cite_note-units-1">[1]</a> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Liwa_Zainebiyoun_infobox_flag.png/23px-Liwa_Zainebiyoun_infobox_flag.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Liwa_Zainebiyoun_infobox_flag.png/35px-Liwa_Zainebiyoun_infobox_flag.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Liwa_Zainebiyoun_infobox_flag.png/45px-Liwa_Zainebiyoun_infobox_flag.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400" /> <a href="/wiki/Liwa_Zainebiyoun" title="Liwa Zainebiyoun">Liwa Zainebiyoun</a><a href="#cite_note-array-3">[3]</a> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Flag_of_the_Ba%27ath_Party.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Ba%27ath_Party.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Flag_of_the_Ba%27ath_Party.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Ba%27ath_Party.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Flag_of_the_Ba%27ath_Party.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Ba%27ath_Party.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /> <a href="/wiki/Ba%27ath_Brigades" title="Ba'ath Brigades">Ba'ath Brigades</a><a href="#cite_note-units-1">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-4">[4]</a> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Flag_of_the_Syrian_Social_Nationalist_Party.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Syrian_Social_Nationalist_Party.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Flag_of_the_Syrian_Social_Nationalist_Party.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Syrian_Social_Nationalist_Party.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Flag_of_the_Syrian_Social_Nationalist_Party.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Syrian_Social_Nationalist_Party.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400" /> <a href="/wiki/Syrian_Social_Nationalist_Party" title="Syrian Social Nationalist Party">SSNP</a><a href="#cite_note-units-1">[1]</a> (from 2013) <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Syrian_Resistance_Flag.svg/23px-Syrian_Resistance_Flag.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Syrian_Resistance_Flag.svg/35px-Syrian_Resistance_Flag.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Syrian_Resistance_Flag.svg/45px-Syrian_Resistance_Flag.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Syrian_Resistance" title="Syrian Resistance">Syrian Resistance</a><a href="#cite_note-5">[5]</a></td><td style="width:33%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;;padding-left:0.25em"> <a href="/wiki/File:Fatah_Halab_operations_room.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Fatah_Halab_operations_room.jpg/23px-Fatah_Halab_operations_room.jpg" decoding="async" width="23" height="23" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Fatah_Halab_operations_room.jpg/35px-Fatah_Halab_operations_room.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Fatah_Halab_operations_room.jpg/46px-Fatah_Halab_operations_room.jpg 2x" data-file-width="433" data-file-height="433" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Fatah_Halab" title="Fatah Halab">Fatah Halab</a> (2015–2016)<a href="#cite_note-archiciv-6">[6]</a> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Al-Liwaa.svg/23px-Al-Liwaa.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Al-Liwaa.svg/35px-Al-Liwaa.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Al-Liwaa.svg/46px-Al-Liwaa.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="500" /> <a href="/wiki/Jaysh_Halab" class="mw-redirect" title="Jaysh Halab">Jaysh Halab</a> (December 2016) <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Emblem_of_the_Jaish_al-Fatah.svg/15px-Emblem_of_the_Jaish_al-Fatah.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Emblem_of_the_Jaish_al-Fatah.svg/22px-Emblem_of_the_Jaish_al-Fatah.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Emblem_of_the_Jaish_al-Fatah.svg/29px-Emblem_of_the_Jaish_al-Fatah.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="307" data-file-height="314" /> <a href="/wiki/Army_of_Conquest" title="Army of Conquest">Army of Conquest</a> (since mid-2016) <a href="/wiki/File:Ansar-al-Sharia-Aleppo.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Ansar-al-Sharia-Aleppo.jpg/23px-Ansar-al-Sharia-Aleppo.jpg" decoding="async" width="23" height="23" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Ansar-al-Sharia-Aleppo.jpg/35px-Ansar-al-Sharia-Aleppo.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Ansar-al-Sharia-Aleppo.jpg/46px-Ansar-al-Sharia-Aleppo.jpg 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="400" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Ansar_al-Sharia_(Syria)" title="Ansar al-Sharia (Syria)">Ansar al-Sharia</a> (2015–2016)<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECafarellaCasagrande20153-7">[7]</a> <a href="/wiki/Syria" title="Syria"><img alt="Syria" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Flag_of_Syria_%281930%E2%80%931958%2C_1961%E2%80%931963%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Syria_%281930%E2%80%931958%2C_1961%E2%80%931963%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Flag_of_Syria_%281930%E2%80%931958%2C_1961%E2%80%931963%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Syria_%281930%E2%80%931958%2C_1961%E2%80%931963%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Flag_of_Syria_%281930%E2%80%931958%2C_1961%E2%80%931963%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Syria_%281930%E2%80%931958%2C_1961%E2%80%931963%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Free_Syrian_Army" title="Free Syrian Army">Free Syrian Army</a></td><td style="width:33%;padding-left:0.25em"> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/People%27s_Protection_Units_Flag.svg/23px-People%27s_Protection_Units_Flag.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/People%27s_Protection_Units_Flag.svg/35px-People%27s_Protection_Units_Flag.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/People%27s_Protection_Units_Flag.svg/46px-People%27s_Protection_Units_Flag.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/People%27s_Protection_Units" class="mw-redirect" title="People's Protection Units">YPG</a><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1041539562">.mw-parser-output .citation{word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}</style><a href="#endnote_YPG">[a]</a> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/YPJ_Flag.svg/23px-YPJ_Flag.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/YPJ_Flag.svg/35px-YPJ_Flag.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/YPJ_Flag.svg/46px-YPJ_Flag.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Women%27s_Protection_Units" title="Women's Protection Units">YPJ</a> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Flag_of_Jaysh_al-Thuwar.svg/21px-Flag_of_Jaysh_al-Thuwar.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Flag_of_Jaysh_al-Thuwar.svg/32px-Flag_of_Jaysh_al-Thuwar.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Flag_of_Jaysh_al-Thuwar.svg/42px-Flag_of_Jaysh_al-Thuwar.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="456" /> <a href="/wiki/Army_of_Revolutionaries" title="Army of Revolutionaries">Army of Revolutionaries</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="3" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Commanders and leaders</th></tr><tr><td style="width:33%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Flag_of_Syria.svg/23px-Flag_of_Syria.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Flag_of_Syria.svg/35px-Flag_of_Syria.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Flag_of_Syria.svg/45px-Flag_of_Syria.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Ali_Abdullah_Ayyoub" title="Ali Abdullah Ayyoub">Ali Abdullah Ayyoub</a><a href="#cite_note-14">[14]</a> (Chief of the General Staff) <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Flag_of_Syria.svg/23px-Flag_of_Syria.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Flag_of_Syria.svg/35px-Flag_of_Syria.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Flag_of_Syria.svg/45px-Flag_of_Syria.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Suheil_al-Hasan" class="mw-redirect" title="Suheil al-Hasan">Suheil al-Hasan</a> (Head of Aleppo military operations)<a href="#cite_note-15">[15]</a> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Flag_of_Iran.svg/23px-Flag_of_Iran.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Flag_of_Iran.svg/35px-Flag_of_Iran.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Flag_of_Iran.svg/46px-Flag_of_Iran.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="630" data-file-height="360" /> <a href="/wiki/Qasem_Soleimani" title="Qasem Soleimani">Qasem Soleimani</a> (Major General of <a href="/wiki/IRGC" class="mw-redirect" title="IRGC">IRGC</a>)<a href="#cite_note-leithfadel-16">[16]</a> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Viktor_Bondarev" title="Viktor Bondarev">Viktor Bondarev</a> (Russian Aerospace Forces Commander-in-Chief) <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Zhuravlyov" title="Alexander Zhuravlyov">Alexander Zhuravlyov</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECafarellaZhou201918-17">[17]</a> (Russian intervention force commander) <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Flag_of_Syria.svg/23px-Flag_of_Syria.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Flag_of_Syria.svg/35px-Flag_of_Syria.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Flag_of_Syria.svg/45px-Flag_of_Syria.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Maher_al-Assad" title="Maher al-Assad">Maher al-Assad</a> (4th Division) <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Flag_of_Syria.svg/23px-Flag_of_Syria.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Flag_of_Syria.svg/35px-Flag_of_Syria.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Flag_of_Syria.svg/45px-Flag_of_Syria.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Mohammed_Akkad" title="Mohammed Akkad">Mohammed Akkad</a> (Governor of Aleppo)<a href="#cite_note-18">[18]</a> <div class="collapsible-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="text-align: left;"> <div style="line-height: 1.6em; font-weight: bold;"><div>KIA:</div></div> <ul class="mw-collapsible-content" style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; line-height: inherit;"><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Flag_of_Syria.svg/23px-Flag_of_Syria.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Flag_of_Syria.svg/35px-Flag_of_Syria.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Flag_of_Syria.svg/45px-Flag_of_Syria.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> Abbas Samii <a href="/wiki/Killed_in_action" title="Killed in action">†</a> (Republican Guard Commander)<a href="#cite_note-19">[19]</a><a href="#cite_note-20">[20]</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Flag_of_Iran.svg/23px-Flag_of_Iran.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Flag_of_Iran.svg/35px-Flag_of_Iran.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Flag_of_Iran.svg/46px-Flag_of_Iran.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="630" data-file-height="360" /> Jabbar Drisawi <a href="/wiki/Killed_in_action" title="Killed in action">†</a> (IRGC General) </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> Zaino Berri <a href="/wiki/Capital_punishment" title="Executed"><img alt="Executed" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Skull_and_Crossbones.svg/14px-Skull_and_Crossbones.svg.png" decoding="async" width="14" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Skull_and_Crossbones.svg/21px-Skull_and_Crossbones.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Skull_and_Crossbones.svg/28px-Skull_and_Crossbones.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="510" data-file-height="490" /></a> (al-Berri tribe leader)<a href="#cite_note-firingsquad-21">[21]</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Flag_of_Iran.svg/23px-Flag_of_Iran.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Flag_of_Iran.svg/35px-Flag_of_Iran.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Flag_of_Iran.svg/46px-Flag_of_Iran.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="630" data-file-height="360" /> <a href="/wiki/Hossein_Hamadani" title="Hossein Hamadani">Hossein Hamadani</a> <a href="/wiki/Killed_in_action" title="Killed in action">†</a> (IRGC General) </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Flag_of_Palestine.svg/23px-Flag_of_Palestine.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Flag_of_Palestine.svg/35px-Flag_of_Palestine.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Flag_of_Palestine.svg/46px-Flag_of_Palestine.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> Mohammad Rafi <a href="/wiki/Killed_in_action" title="Killed in action">†</a> (<a href="/wiki/Liwa_al-Quds" title="Liwa al-Quds">Liwa al-Quds</a> Colonel)<a href="#cite_note-22">[22]</a> </li></ul> </div></td><td style="width:33%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;;padding-left:0.25em"> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Flag_of_the_Syrian_revolution.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Syrian_revolution.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Flag_of_the_Syrian_revolution.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Syrian_revolution.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Flag_of_the_Syrian_revolution.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_Syrian_revolution.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1067" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Abdul_Jabbar_al-Oqaidi" title="Abdul Jabbar al-Oqaidi">Abdul Jabbar al-Oqaidi</a> (FSA Aleppo top commander, 2013)<a href="#cite_note-23">[23]</a> <a href="/wiki/File:Al-Liwaa.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Al-Liwaa.svg/23px-Al-Liwaa.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Al-Liwaa.svg/35px-Al-Liwaa.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Al-Liwaa.svg/46px-Al-Liwaa.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="500" /></a> Taufik Shiabuddin (<a href="/wiki/Nour_al-Din_al-Zenki_Movement" title="Nour al-Din al-Zenki Movement">Nour al-Din al-Zenki Movement</a>)<a href="#cite_note-aa6jan-24">[24]</a><a href="#cite_note-25">[25]</a> <div class="collapsible-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="text-align: left;"> <div style="line-height: 1.6em; font-weight: bold;"><div>KIA:</div></div> <ul class="mw-collapsible-content" style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; line-height: inherit;"><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Abdul_Qader_Saleh" title="Abdul Qader Saleh">Abdul Qader Saleh</a> <a href="/wiki/Killed_in_action" title="Killed in action">†</a><a href="#cite_note-26">[26]</a> (al-Tawhid Brigade top commander)<a href="#cite_note-27">[27]</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Euphrates_Jarabulus_Brigades" class="mw-redirect" title="Euphrates Jarabulus Brigades">Yusef al-Jader</a> <a href="/wiki/Killed_in_action" title="Killed in action">†</a> (al-Tawhid Brigade)<a href="#cite_note-commander_killed-28">[28]</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> Yussef Al-Abbas <a href="/wiki/Killed_in_action" title="Killed in action">†</a><a href="#cite_note-Islamistbrigadestrike-29">[29]</a> (al-Tawhid Brigade) </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Flag_of_the_Syrian_revolution.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Syrian_revolution.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Flag_of_the_Syrian_revolution.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Syrian_revolution.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Flag_of_the_Syrian_revolution.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_Syrian_revolution.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1067" data-file-height="600" /> Khaled Hayani <a href="/wiki/Killed_in_action" title="Killed in action">†</a> (<a href="/wiki/16th_Division_(Syrian_rebel_group)" class="mw-redirect" title="16th Division (Syrian rebel group)">16th Division</a>)<a href="#cite_note-30">[30]</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Abu_Khalid_al-Suri" title="Abu Khalid al-Suri">Abu Khalid al-Suri</a> <a href="/wiki/Killed_in_action" title="Killed in action">†</a> (Islamic Front)<a href="#cite_note-31">[31]</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Flag_of_the_Al-Nusra_Front.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Al-Nusra_Front.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Flag_of_the_Al-Nusra_Front.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Al-Nusra_Front.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Flag_of_the_Al-Nusra_Front.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_Al-Nusra_Front.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="291" data-file-height="173" /> Abdulrahman al-Salameh <a href="/wiki/Killed_in_action" title="Killed in action">†</a> (Al-Nusra Front)<a href="#cite_note-32">[32]</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> Nasif Ismail <a href="/wiki/Killed_in_action" title="Killed in action">†</a> (Harakat Nour al-Din al-Zenki)<a href="#cite_note-33">[33]</a> </li></ul> </div></td><td style="width:33%;padding-left:0.25em"> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/YPJ_Flag.svg/23px-YPJ_Flag.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/YPJ_Flag.svg/35px-YPJ_Flag.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/YPJ_Flag.svg/46px-YPJ_Flag.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="600" /> Zoran Birhat<a href="#cite_note-request-34">[34]</a> (YPJ senior commander) <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/People%27s_Protection_Units_Flag.svg/23px-People%27s_Protection_Units_Flag.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/People%27s_Protection_Units_Flag.svg/35px-People%27s_Protection_Units_Flag.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/People%27s_Protection_Units_Flag.svg/46px-People%27s_Protection_Units_Flag.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="600" /> Sharvan Efrin<a href="#cite_note-request-34">[34]</a> (YPG commander) <a href="#cite_note-35">[35]</a> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/YPJ_Flag.svg/23px-YPJ_Flag.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/YPJ_Flag.svg/35px-YPJ_Flag.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/YPJ_Flag.svg/46px-YPJ_Flag.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="600" /> Nujin Derik<a href="#cite_note-36">[36]</a> (YPJ commander) <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/YPJ_Flag.svg/23px-YPJ_Flag.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/YPJ_Flag.svg/35px-YPJ_Flag.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/YPJ_Flag.svg/46px-YPJ_Flag.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="600" /> Sewsen Bîrhat (YPJ commander) <div class="collapsible-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="text-align: left;"> <div style="line-height: 1.6em; font-weight: bold;"><div>KIA:</div></div> <ul class="mw-collapsible-content" style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; line-height: inherit;"><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Flag_of_the_Syrian_revolution.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Syrian_revolution.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Flag_of_the_Syrian_revolution.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Syrian_revolution.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Flag_of_the_Syrian_revolution.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_Syrian_revolution.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1067" data-file-height="600" /><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Flag_of_Rojava.svg/23px-Flag_of_Rojava.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Flag_of_Rojava.svg/35px-Flag_of_Rojava.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Flag_of_Rojava.svg/45px-Flag_of_Rojava.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> Yusuf Kahia <a href="/wiki/Killed_in_action" title="Killed in action">†</a><a href="#cite_note-37">[37]</a> (Kurdish Front commander) </li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="3" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Units involved</th></tr><tr><td style="width:33%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Flag_of_the_Syrian_Arab_Armed_Forces.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Syrian_Arab_Armed_Forces.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Flag_of_the_Syrian_Arab_Armed_Forces.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Syrian_Arab_Armed_Forces.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Flag_of_the_Syrian_Arab_Armed_Forces.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Syrian_Arab_Armed_Forces.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Syrian_Armed_Forces" title="Syrian Armed Forces">Syrian Armed Forces</a> <div class="collapsible-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="text-align: left;"> <div style="line-height: 1.6em; font-weight: bold;"><div>Units involved</div></div> <ul class="mw-collapsible-content" style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; line-height: inherit;"><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Flag_of_the_Syrian_Arab_Army.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Syrian_Arab_Army.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Flag_of_the_Syrian_Arab_Army.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Syrian_Arab_Army.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Flag_of_the_Syrian_Arab_Army.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Syrian_Arab_Army.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1800" data-file-height="1200" /> <a href="/wiki/Syrian_Army" title="Syrian Army">Syrian Army</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/File:Syrian_4th_Armoured_Division_SSI.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Syrian_4th_Armoured_Division_SSI.svg/22px-Syrian_4th_Armoured_Division_SSI.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="7" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Syrian_4th_Armoured_Division_SSI.svg/33px-Syrian_4th_Armoured_Division_SSI.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Syrian_4th_Armoured_Division_SSI.svg/44px-Syrian_4th_Armoured_Division_SSI.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="232" data-file-height="72" /></a> <a href="/wiki/4th_Armoured_Division_(Syria)" title="4th Armoured Division (Syria)">4th Mechanized Division</a><a href="#cite_note-units-1">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-Syria_Report-38">[38]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/File:Syrian_Republican_Guard_Symbol.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Syrian_Republican_Guard_Symbol.svg/17px-Syrian_Republican_Guard_Symbol.svg.png" decoding="async" width="17" height="21" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Syrian_Republican_Guard_Symbol.svg/26px-Syrian_Republican_Guard_Symbol.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Syrian_Republican_Guard_Symbol.svg/34px-Syrian_Republican_Guard_Symbol.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="231" data-file-height="281" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Republican_Guard_(Syria)" title="Republican Guard (Syria)">Republican Guard</a><a href="#cite_note-39">[39]</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/File:Syrian_Marines_SSI.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Syrian_Marines_SSI.png/25px-Syrian_Marines_SSI.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Syrian_Marines_SSI.png/38px-Syrian_Marines_SSI.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Syrian_Marines_SSI.png/50px-Syrian_Marines_SSI.png 2x" data-file-width="231" data-file-height="70" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Syrian_Marines" title="Syrian Marines">Syrian Marines</a><a href="#cite_note-units-1">[1]</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/File:Syrian_4th_Armoured_Division_SSI.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Syrian_4th_Armoured_Division_SSI.svg/22px-Syrian_4th_Armoured_Division_SSI.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="7" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Syrian_4th_Armoured_Division_SSI.svg/33px-Syrian_4th_Armoured_Division_SSI.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Syrian_4th_Armoured_Division_SSI.svg/44px-Syrian_4th_Armoured_Division_SSI.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="232" data-file-height="72" /></a> <a href="/wiki/4th_Armoured_Division_(Syria)" title="4th Armoured Division (Syria)">4th Armoured Division</a><a href="#cite_note-Syria_Report-38">[38]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/5th_Armoured_Division_(Syria)" class="mw-redirect" title="5th Armoured Division (Syria)">5th Mechanized Division</a><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated1-40">[40]</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Syrian-17thDIV-trf.svg/23px-Syrian-17thDIV-trf.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Syrian-17thDIV-trf.svg/35px-Syrian-17thDIV-trf.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Syrian-17thDIV-trf.svg/46px-Syrian-17thDIV-trf.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="295" /> <a href="/wiki/17th_Division_(Syria)" title="17th Division (Syria)">17th Division (Reserve)</a></li> <li>46th Special Forces (Airborne) Regiment<a href="#cite_note-41">[41]</a></li> <li>80th Army Brigade<a href="#cite_note-42">[42]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syrian_Army#Units_reporting_to_the_Chief_of_Staff" title="Syrian Army">Special Forces</a><a href="#cite_note-array-3">[3]</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Syrian_commando.png/15px-Syrian_commando.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Syrian_commando.png/23px-Syrian_commando.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Syrian_commando.png/30px-Syrian_commando.png 2x" data-file-width="563" data-file-height="563" /> <a href="/wiki/Tiger_Forces" class="mw-redirect" title="Tiger Forces">Tiger Forces</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/File:Suqur_al-Sahara_SSI.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Suqur_al-Sahara_SSI.png/25px-Suqur_al-Sahara_SSI.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Suqur_al-Sahara_SSI.png/38px-Suqur_al-Sahara_SSI.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Suqur_al-Sahara_SSI.png/50px-Suqur_al-Sahara_SSI.png 2x" data-file-width="231" data-file-height="70" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Suqur_al-Sahara" class="mw-redirect" title="Suqur al-Sahara">Desert Hawks Brigade</a></li> <li>629th Battalion<a href="#cite_note-43">[43]</a></li></ul> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/InfoboxNDF.png/22px-InfoboxNDF.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/InfoboxNDF.png/33px-InfoboxNDF.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/InfoboxNDF.png/43px-InfoboxNDF.png 2x" data-file-width="381" data-file-height="268" /> <a href="/wiki/National_Defence_Forces_(Syria)" class="mw-redirect" title="National Defence Forces (Syria)">National Defence Forces</a><a href="#cite_note-UPI-44">[44]</a><a href="#cite_note-Globalist8-45">[45]</a><a href="#cite_note-DNA0913-46">[46]</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Shabiha" title="Shabiha">Shabiha</a><a href="#cite_note-LDF-47">[47]</a> (2011–2012) </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> Local Defence Forces<a href="#cite_note-LDF-47">[47]</a> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Flag_of_Afghanistan_%281880%E2%80%931901%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Afghanistan_%281880%E2%80%931901%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Flag_of_Afghanistan_%281880%E2%80%931901%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Afghanistan_%281880%E2%80%931901%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Flag_of_Afghanistan_%281880%E2%80%931901%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_Afghanistan_%281880%E2%80%931901%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Liwa_al-Baqir" class="mw-redirect" title="Liwa al-Baqir">al-Baqir Brigade</a><a href="#cite_note-array-3">[3]</a></li></ul> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Military_Intelligence_Directorate_(Syria)" title="Military Intelligence Directorate (Syria)">Military Intelligence Directorate</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Military_Security_Shield_Forces" title="Military Security Shield Forces">Military Security Shield Forces</a><a href="#cite_note-array-3">[3]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forces_of_the_Fighters_of_the_Tribes" title="Forces of the Fighters of the Tribes">Forces of the Fighters of the Tribes</a></li></ul> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Flag_of_the_Syrian_Arab_Air_Force.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Syrian_Arab_Air_Force.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Flag_of_the_Syrian_Arab_Air_Force.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Syrian_Arab_Air_Force.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Flag_of_the_Syrian_Arab_Air_Force.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_Syrian_Arab_Air_Force.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="550" data-file-height="350" /> <a href="/wiki/Syrian_Air_Force" title="Syrian Air Force">Syrian Air Force</a> <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Interior_(Syria)" title="Ministry of Interior (Syria)">Syrian Ministry of Interior</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Syrian_Special_Mission_Forces" title="Syrian Special Mission Forces">Special Mission Units</a><a href="#cite_note-units-1">[1]</a></li></ul> </li></ul> </div> <a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran"><img alt="Iran" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Flag_of_Iran.svg/23px-Flag_of_Iran.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Flag_of_Iran.svg/35px-Flag_of_Iran.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Flag_of_Iran.svg/46px-Flag_of_Iran.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="630" data-file-height="360" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Armed_Forces_of_the_Islamic_Republic_of_Iran" class="mw-redirect" title="Armed Forces of the Islamic Republic of Iran">Iranian Armed Forces</a> <div class="collapsible-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="text-align: left;"> <div style="line-height: 1.6em; font-weight: bold;"><div>Units involved</div></div> <ul class="mw-collapsible-content" style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; line-height: inherit;"><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Flag_of_the_Army_of_the_Guardians_of_the_Islamic_Revolution.svg/21px-Flag_of_the_Army_of_the_Guardians_of_the_Islamic_Revolution.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Flag_of_the_Army_of_the_Guardians_of_the_Islamic_Revolution.svg/32px-Flag_of_the_Army_of_the_Guardians_of_the_Islamic_Revolution.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Flag_of_the_Army_of_the_Guardians_of_the_Islamic_Revolution.svg/41px-Flag_of_the_Army_of_the_Guardians_of_the_Islamic_Revolution.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1423" data-file-height="1041" /> <a href="/wiki/Islamic_Revolutionary_Guard_Corps" title="Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps">IRGC</a><a href="#cite_note-48">[48]</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Quds_Force" title="Quds Force">Quds Force</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basij" title="Basij">Basij</a></li></ul> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Iranian_Army" class="mw-redirect" title="Iranian Army">Iranian Army</a><a href="#cite_note-49">[49]</a> </li></ul> </div> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Banner_of_the_Armed_Forces_of_the_Russian_Federation_%28obverse%29.svg/20px-Banner_of_the_Armed_Forces_of_the_Russian_Federation_%28obverse%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Banner_of_the_Armed_Forces_of_the_Russian_Federation_%28obverse%29.svg/30px-Banner_of_the_Armed_Forces_of_the_Russian_Federation_%28obverse%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Banner_of_the_Armed_Forces_of_the_Russian_Federation_%28obverse%29.svg/39px-Banner_of_the_Armed_Forces_of_the_Russian_Federation_%28obverse%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1700" data-file-height="1300" /> <a href="/wiki/Russian_Armed_Forces" title="Russian Armed Forces">Russian Armed Forces</a> <div class="collapsible-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="text-align: left;"> <div style="line-height: 1.6em; font-weight: bold;"><div>Support:</div></div> <ul class="mw-collapsible-content" style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; line-height: inherit;"><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Russian_Air_Force.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Russian_Air_Force.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Russian_Air_Force.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Russian_Air_Force.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Russian_Air_Force.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Russian_Air_Force.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /> <a href="/wiki/Russian_Air_Force" title="Russian Air Force">Russian Air Force</a><a href="#cite_note-Tsvetkova_Lowe_2016-50">[50]</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Naval_ensign_of_Russia.svg/23px-Naval_ensign_of_Russia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Naval_ensign_of_Russia.svg/35px-Naval_ensign_of_Russia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Naval_ensign_of_Russia.svg/45px-Naval_ensign_of_Russia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Russian_Navy" title="Russian Navy">Russian Navy</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Flag_of_the_Russian_Federation_Ground_Forces.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Russian_Federation_Ground_Forces.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Flag_of_the_Russian_Federation_Ground_Forces.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Russian_Federation_Ground_Forces.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Flag_of_the_Russian_Federation_Ground_Forces.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Russian_Federation_Ground_Forces.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="450" data-file-height="300" /> <a href="/wiki/Russian_Ground_Forces" title="Russian Ground Forces">Russian Ground Forces</a><a href="#cite_note-51">[51]</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Flag_of_the_Special_Operations_Forces.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Special_Operations_Forces.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Flag_of_the_Special_Operations_Forces.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Special_Operations_Forces.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Flag_of_the_Special_Operations_Forces.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Special_Operations_Forces.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="342" /> <a href="/wiki/Russian_special_operations_forces" class="mw-redirect" title="Russian special operations forces">Special Operations Forces</a> advisors (Oct–Dec 2016)<a href="#cite_note-52">[52]</a> </li></ul> </div> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Shiism_arabic_blue.svg/23px-Shiism_arabic_blue.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Shiism_arabic_blue.svg/35px-Shiism_arabic_blue.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Shiism_arabic_blue.svg/46px-Shiism_arabic_blue.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="480" /> <a href="/wiki/Private_militias_in_Iraq" title="Private militias in Iraq">Iraqi Shia militias</a> <div class="collapsible-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="text-align: left;"> <div style="line-height: 1.6em; font-weight: bold;"><div>Units involved</div></div> <ul class="mw-collapsible-content" style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; line-height: inherit;"><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Flag_placeholder.svg/23px-Flag_placeholder.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Flag_placeholder.svg/35px-Flag_placeholder.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Flag_placeholder.svg/45px-Flag_placeholder.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="24" data-file-height="16" /> <a href="/wiki/Harakat_Hezbollah_al-Nujaba" title="Harakat Hezbollah al-Nujaba">Harakat Hezbollah al-Nujaba</a> <ul><li>Ammar Yasser Brigade<a href="#cite_note-array-3">[3]</a></li></ul> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Flag_placeholder.svg/23px-Flag_placeholder.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Flag_placeholder.svg/35px-Flag_placeholder.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Flag_placeholder.svg/45px-Flag_placeholder.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="24" data-file-height="16" /> <a href="/wiki/Asa%27ib_Ahl_al-Haq" title="Asa'ib Ahl al-Haq">Asa'ib Ahl al-Haq</a><a href="#cite_note-array-3">[3]</a><a href="#cite_note-karar-53">[53]</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Kata%27ib_al-Imam_Ali" title="Kata'ib al-Imam Ali">Kata'ib al-Imam Ali</a><a href="#cite_note-array-3">[3]</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Flag_placeholder.svg/23px-Flag_placeholder.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Flag_placeholder.svg/35px-Flag_placeholder.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Flag_placeholder.svg/45px-Flag_placeholder.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="24" data-file-height="16" /> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Harakat_al-Abdal&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Harakat al-Abdal (page does not exist)">Harakat al-Abdal</a><a href="#cite_note-array-3">[3]</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Shiite_Resistance_flag.svg/23px-Shiite_Resistance_flag.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Shiite_Resistance_flag.svg/35px-Shiite_Resistance_flag.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Shiite_Resistance_flag.svg/45px-Shiite_Resistance_flag.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kata%27ib_Dir%27_al-Wilaya&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kata'ib Dir' al-Wilaya (page does not exist)">Kata'ib Dir' al-Wilaya</a><a href="#cite_note-array-3">[3]</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Shiite_Resistance_flag.svg/23px-Shiite_Resistance_flag.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Shiite_Resistance_flag.svg/35px-Shiite_Resistance_flag.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Shiite_Resistance_flag.svg/45px-Shiite_Resistance_flag.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Kata%27ib_Hezbollah" title="Kata'ib Hezbollah">Kata'ib Hezbollah</a><a href="#cite_note-leithfadel-16">[16]</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Shiite_Resistance_flag.svg/23px-Shiite_Resistance_flag.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Shiite_Resistance_flag.svg/35px-Shiite_Resistance_flag.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Shiite_Resistance_flag.svg/45px-Shiite_Resistance_flag.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Badr_Organisation" class="mw-redirect" title="Badr Organisation">Badr Organisation</a><a href="#cite_note-Shiite_jihad-54">[54]</a> </li></ul> </div> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/InfoboxHez.PNG/23px-InfoboxHez.PNG" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/InfoboxHez.PNG/35px-InfoboxHez.PNG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/InfoboxHez.PNG/45px-InfoboxHez.PNG 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400" /> Hezbollah <div class="collapsible-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="text-align: left;"> <div style="line-height: 1.6em; font-weight: bold;"><div>Units involved</div></div> <ul class="mw-collapsible-content" style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; line-height: inherit;"><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Syrian_Hezbollah" title="Syrian Hezbollah">Syrian Hezbollah</a> units <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Shiite_Resistance_flag.svg/23px-Shiite_Resistance_flag.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Shiite_Resistance_flag.svg/35px-Shiite_Resistance_flag.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Shiite_Resistance_flag.svg/45px-Shiite_Resistance_flag.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> Junud al-Mahdi<a href="#cite_note-array-3">[3]</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Shiite_Resistance_flag.svg/23px-Shiite_Resistance_flag.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Shiite_Resistance_flag.svg/35px-Shiite_Resistance_flag.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Shiite_Resistance_flag.svg/45px-Shiite_Resistance_flag.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> Imam al Hujja Regiment<a href="#cite_note-array-3">[3]</a></li></ul> </li></ul> </div></td><td style="width:33%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;;padding-left:0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Al-Tawhid_Brigade" title="Al-Tawhid Brigade">Al-Tawhid Brigade</a><a href="#cite_note-emboldened-55">[55]</a> (2012–14)<a href="#cite_note-fn1-56">[a]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sham_Falcons" class="mw-redirect" title="Sham Falcons">Sham Falcons</a><a href="#cite_note-57">[56]</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Ahrar_ash-Sham.svg/23px-Flag_of_Ahrar_ash-Sham.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Ahrar_ash-Sham.svg/35px-Flag_of_Ahrar_ash-Sham.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Ahrar_ash-Sham.svg/45px-Flag_of_Ahrar_ash-Sham.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Ahrar_ash-Sham" class="mw-redirect" title="Ahrar ash-Sham">Ahrar ash-Sham</a><a href="#cite_note-Insight-58">[57]</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Flag_of_the_Knights_of_Justice_Brigade.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Knights_of_Justice_Brigade.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Flag_of_the_Knights_of_Justice_Brigade.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Knights_of_Justice_Brigade.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Flag_of_the_Knights_of_Justice_Brigade.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Knights_of_Justice_Brigade.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="200" data-file-height="133" /> <a href="/wiki/Free_Idlib_Army" title="Free Idlib Army">Free Idlib Army</a><a href="#cite_note-59">[58]</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Logo_of_Jaysh_al-Islam.jpg/23px-Logo_of_Jaysh_al-Islam.jpg" decoding="async" width="23" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Logo_of_Jaysh_al-Islam.jpg/35px-Logo_of_Jaysh_al-Islam.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Logo_of_Jaysh_al-Islam.jpg/46px-Logo_of_Jaysh_al-Islam.jpg 2x" data-file-width="598" data-file-height="337" /> <a href="/wiki/Jaysh_al-Islam" title="Jaysh al-Islam">Jaysh al-Islam</a><a href="#cite_note-With_sudden_advances_in_Aleppo,_Islamic_State_provokes_counteroffensive-60">[59]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fastaqim_Union" title="Fastaqim Union">Fastaqim Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Levant_Front" title="Levant Front">Levant Front</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harakat_Nour_al-Din_al-Zenki" class="mw-redirect" title="Harakat Nour al-Din al-Zenki">Harakat Nour al-Din al-Zenki</a><a href="#cite_note-61">[60]</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Flag_of_the_Army_of_Mujahedeen_%28Syria%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Army_of_Mujahedeen_%28Syria%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Flag_of_the_Army_of_Mujahedeen_%28Syria%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Army_of_Mujahedeen_%28Syria%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Flag_of_the_Army_of_Mujahedeen_%28Syria%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Army_of_Mujahedeen_%28Syria%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="960" data-file-height="640" /> <a href="/wiki/Army_of_Mujahideen" class="mw-redirect" title="Army of Mujahideen">Army of Mujahideen</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Flag_of_Syrian_Turkmens.svg/23px-Flag_of_Syrian_Turkmens.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Flag_of_Syrian_Turkmens.svg/35px-Flag_of_Syrian_Turkmens.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Flag_of_Syrian_Turkmens.svg/45px-Flag_of_Syrian_Turkmens.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1026" data-file-height="684" /> <a href="/wiki/Syrian_Turkmen_Brigades" title="Syrian Turkmen Brigades">Syrian Turkmen Brigades</a><a href="#cite_note-Hurriyet-62">[61]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liwa_al-Haqq_(Idlib,_Syria)" class="mw-redirect" title="Liwa al-Haqq (Idlib, Syria)">Liwa al-Haqq</a><a href="#cite_note-63">[62]</a></li></ul> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Flag_of_the_Al-Nusra_Front.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Al-Nusra_Front.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Flag_of_the_Al-Nusra_Front.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Al-Nusra_Front.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Flag_of_the_Al-Nusra_Front.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_Al-Nusra_Front.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="291" data-file-height="173" /><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Flag_of_Jabhat_Fatah_al-Sham.svg/23px-Flag_of_Jabhat_Fatah_al-Sham.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Flag_of_Jabhat_Fatah_al-Sham.svg/35px-Flag_of_Jabhat_Fatah_al-Sham.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Flag_of_Jabhat_Fatah_al-Sham.svg/46px-Flag_of_Jabhat_Fatah_al-Sham.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1250" data-file-height="688" /> <a href="/wiki/Al-Nusra_Front" title="Al-Nusra Front">Al-Nusra Front</a><a href="#cite_note-friend-64">[63]</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jaish_al-Muhajireen_wal-Ansar" class="mw-redirect" title="Jaish al-Muhajireen wal-Ansar">Jaish al-Muhajireen wal-Ansar</a><a href="#cite_note-lwj-65">[64]</a></li></ul> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Emblem_of_the_Ansar_al-Deen_Front.svg/23px-Emblem_of_the_Ansar_al-Deen_Front.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Emblem_of_the_Ansar_al-Deen_Front.svg/35px-Emblem_of_the_Ansar_al-Deen_Front.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Emblem_of_the_Ansar_al-Deen_Front.svg/46px-Emblem_of_the_Ansar_al-Deen_Front.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="602" data-file-height="352" /> <a href="/wiki/Jabhat_Ansar_al-Din" class="mw-redirect" title="Jabhat Ansar al-Din">Jabhat Ansar al-Din</a> (since mid-2014)<a href="#cite_note-friend-64">[63]</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Harakat_Fajr_ash-Sham_al-Islamiya" class="mw-redirect" title="Harakat Fajr ash-Sham al-Islamiya">Harakat Fajr ash-Sham al-Islamiya</a><a href="#cite_note-winep1-66">[65]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harakat_Sham_al-Islam" class="mw-redirect" title="Harakat Sham al-Islam">Harakat Sham al-Islam</a><a href="#cite_note-maghrebi-67">[66]</a></li></ul> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Flag_of_the_Turkistan_Islamic_Party_in_Syria.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Turkistan_Islamic_Party_in_Syria.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Flag_of_the_Turkistan_Islamic_Party_in_Syria.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Turkistan_Islamic_Party_in_Syria.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Flag_of_the_Turkistan_Islamic_Party_in_Syria.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_Turkistan_Islamic_Party_in_Syria.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="898" data-file-height="533" /> <a href="/wiki/Turkistan_Islamic_Party_in_Syria" title="Turkistan Islamic Party in Syria">Turkistan Islamic Party in Syria</a><a href="#cite_note-68">[67]</a> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Green_Shahada.svg/23px-Green_Shahada.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Green_Shahada.svg/35px-Green_Shahada.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Green_Shahada.svg/46px-Green_Shahada.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="500" /> <a href="/wiki/Movement_of_Salah_al-Din_the_Kurd" title="Movement of Salah al-Din the Kurd">Movement of Salah al-Din the Kurd</a><a href="#cite_note-69">[68]</a></td><td style="width:33%;padding-left:0.25em"> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Flag_of_Jaysh_al-Thuwar.svg/21px-Flag_of_Jaysh_al-Thuwar.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Flag_of_Jaysh_al-Thuwar.svg/32px-Flag_of_Jaysh_al-Thuwar.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Flag_of_Jaysh_al-Thuwar.svg/42px-Flag_of_Jaysh_al-Thuwar.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="456" /> <a href="/wiki/Army_of_Revolutionaries" title="Army of Revolutionaries">Army of Revolutionaries</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jabhat_al-Akrad" class="mw-redirect" title="Jabhat al-Akrad">Jabhat al-Akrad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syrian_opposition" title="Syrian opposition"><img alt="Syrian opposition" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Flag_of_the_Syrian_revolution.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Syrian_revolution.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Flag_of_the_Syrian_revolution.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Syrian_revolution.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Flag_of_the_Syrian_revolution.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_Syrian_revolution.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1067" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Northern_Democratic_Brigade" title="Northern Democratic Brigade">Northern Democratic Brigade</a><a href="#cite_note-70">[69]</a></li></ul></td></tr><tr><th colspan="3" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Strength</th></tr><tr><td style="width:33%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> 20,000 SAA soldiers (2012)<a href="#cite_note-71">[70]</a> 1,500 NDF fighters<a href="#cite_note-liveupdates-72">[71]</a> 2,000–4,000 Lebanese Hezbollah fighters<a href="#cite_note-73">[72]</a> 4,000 Iraqi Hezbollah fighters<a href="#cite_note-leithfadel-16">[16]</a></td><td style="width:33%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;;padding-left:0.25em"> 15,000 fighters (2012)<a href="#cite_note-role-74">[73]</a> <ul><li>2,500 al-Nusra fighters<a href="#cite_note-role-74">[73]</a></li></ul> <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 8,000 fighters (mid-2016)<a href="#cite_note-75">[74]</a> <ul><li>1,000 al-Nusra fighters<a href="#cite_note-Aleppo_may_be_totally_destroyed-76">[75]</a></li></ul></td><td style="width:33%;padding-left:0.25em"> Unknown</td></tr><tr><th colspan="3" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Casualties and losses</th></tr><tr><td colspan="3" style="text-align:center"> 31,273 overall deaths (in the whole province; including 21,452 civilians)<a href="#cite_note-vdc-77">[76]</a><a href="#cite_note-1600days-9">[9]</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="3" style="border-top:1px solid #aaa;"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562">a The YPG was neutral at the start of the battle in 2012, semi-allied with the rebels 2012–2014,<a href="#cite_note-truce-78">[77]</a> neutral 2015–2016, and semi-allied with the Syrian Army during the final offensive in late 2016 (see <a href="/wiki/Aleppo_offensive_(November%E2%80%93December_2016)" title="Aleppo offensive (November–December 2016)">November–December 2016 Aleppo offensive</a>).</td></tr><tr><td colspan="3" style="border-top:1px dotted #aaa;"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238443738">.mw-parser-output .locmap .od{position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .id{position:absolute;line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .locmap .l0{font-size:0;position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pv{line-height:110%;position:absolute;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pl{line-height:110%;position:absolute;top:-0.75em;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pr{line-height:110%;position:absolute;top:-0.75em;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pv>div{display:inline;padding:1px}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pl>div{display:inline;padding:1px;float:right}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pr>div{display:inline;padding:1px;float:left}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pv>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pl>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pr>div{background:#fff!important;color:#000!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .locmap{filter:grayscale(0.6)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data .locmap div{background:transparent!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .locmap{filter:grayscale(0.6)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pv>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pl>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pr>div{background:white!important;color:#000!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data .locmap div{background:transparent!important}}</style><div class="center"><div class="locmap noviewer noresize thumb tnone"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;border:none"><div style="position:relative;width:220px"><a href="/wiki/File:Syria_adm_location_map.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Battle of Aleppo (2012–2016) is located in Syria"><img alt="Battle of Aleppo (2012–2016) is located in Syria" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Syria_adm_location_map.svg/220px-Syria_adm_location_map.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="193" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Syria_adm_location_map.svg/330px-Syria_adm_location_map.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Syria_adm_location_map.svg/440px-Syria_adm_location_map.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="921" data-file-height="806" /></a><div class="od notheme" style="top:24.702%;left:29.06%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-4px;top:-4px"><img alt="Battle of Aleppo (2012–2016)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/8px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/16px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></div></div></div><div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Syria_adm_location_map.svg" title="File:Syria adm location map.svg">class=notpageimage| </a></div>The location of Aleppo within Syria</div></div></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output 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this template" style="color:inherit">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Campaignbox_Syrian_civil_war" title="Template talk:Campaignbox Syrian civil war"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:inherit">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Campaignbox_Syrian_civil_war" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Campaignbox Syrian civil war"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:inherit">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Syrian_civil_war" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Syrian_civil_war" title="Syrian civil war">Syrian civil war</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Syrian_civil_war" title="Timeline of the Syrian civil war">Timeline</a></dt></dl> <ul><li><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Syrian_civil_war_(January%E2%80%93April_2011)" title="Timeline of the Syrian civil war (January–April 2011)">January–April 2011</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Syrian_civil_war_(May%E2%80%93August_2011)" title="Timeline of the Syrian civil war (May–August 2011)">May–August 2011</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Syrian_civil_war_(September%E2%80%93December_2011)" title="Timeline of the Syrian civil war (September–December 2011)">September–December 2011</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Syrian_civil_war_(January%E2%80%93April_2012)" title="Timeline of the Syrian civil war (January–April 2012)">January–April 2012</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Syrian_civil_war_(May%E2%80%93August_2012)" title="Timeline of the Syrian civil war (May–August 2012)">May–August 2012</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Syrian_civil_war_(September%E2%80%93December_2012)" title="Timeline of the Syrian civil war (September–December 2012)">September–December 2012</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Syrian_civil_war_(January%E2%80%93April_2013)" title="Timeline of the Syrian civil war (January–April 2013)">January–April 2013</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Syrian_civil_war_(May%E2%80%93December_2013)" title="Timeline of the Syrian civil war (May–December 2013)">May–December 2013</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Syrian_civil_war_(January%E2%80%93July_2014)" title="Timeline of the Syrian civil war (January–July 2014)">January–July 2014</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Syrian_civil_war_(August%E2%80%93December_2014)" title="Timeline of the Syrian civil war (August–December 2014)">August–December 2014</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Syrian_civil_war_(January%E2%80%93July_2015)" title="Timeline of the Syrian civil war (January–July 2015)">January–July 2015</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Syrian_civil_war_(August%E2%80%93December_2015)" title="Timeline of the Syrian civil war (August–December 2015)">August–December 2015</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Syrian_civil_war_(January%E2%80%93April_2016)" title="Timeline of the Syrian civil war (January–April 2016)">January–April 2016</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Syrian_civil_war_(May%E2%80%93August_2016)" title="Timeline of the Syrian civil war (May–August 2016)">May–August 2016</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Syrian_civil_war_(September%E2%80%93December_2016)" title="Timeline of the Syrian civil war (September–December 2016)">September–December 2016</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Syrian_civil_war_(January%E2%80%93April_2017)" title="Timeline of the Syrian civil war (January–April 2017)">January–April 2017</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Syrian_civil_war_(May%E2%80%93August_2017)" title="Timeline of the Syrian civil war (May–August 2017)">May–August 2017</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Syrian_civil_war_(September%E2%80%93December_2017)" title="Timeline of the Syrian civil war (September–December 2017)">September–December 2017</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Syrian_civil_war_(January%E2%80%93April_2018)" title="Timeline of the Syrian civil war (January–April 2018)">January–April 2018</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Syrian_civil_war_(May%E2%80%93August_2018)" title="Timeline of the Syrian civil war (May–August 2018)">May–August 2018</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Syrian_civil_war_(September%E2%80%93December_2018)" title="Timeline of the Syrian civil war (September–December 2018)">September–December 2018</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Syrian_civil_war_(January%E2%80%93April_2019)" title="Timeline of the Syrian civil war (January–April 2019)">January–April 2019</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Syrian_civil_war_(May%E2%80%93August_2019)" title="Timeline of the Syrian civil war (May–August 2019)">May–August 2019</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Syrian_civil_war_(September%E2%80%93December_2019)" title="Timeline of the Syrian civil war (September–December 2019)">September–December 2019</a> </li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Syrian_civil_war_(2020)" title="Timeline of the Syrian civil war (2020)">2020</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Syrian_civil_war_(2021)" title="Timeline of the Syrian civil war (2021)">2021</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Syrian_civil_war_(2022)" title="Timeline of the Syrian civil war (2022)">2022</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Syrian_civil_war_(2023)" title="Timeline of the Syrian civil war (2023)">2023</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Syrian_civil_war_(2024)" title="Timeline of the Syrian civil war (2024)">2024</a></li></ul></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Background_and_causes_of_the_Syrian_civil_war" class="mw-redirect" title="Background and causes of the Syrian civil war">Background and causes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Casualties_of_the_Syrian_civil_war" title="Casualties of the Syrian civil war">Casualties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Control_of_cities_during_the_Syrian_civil_war" title="Control of cities during the Syrian civil war">Cities</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Template:Syrian_Civil_War_detailed_map" title="Template:Syrian Civil War detailed map">map</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_terrorist_incidents_in_Syria" title="List of terrorist incidents in Syria">Terrorism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_massacres_during_the_Syrian_civil_war" title="List of massacres during the Syrian civil war">Massacres</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;margin: 0; float: right; clear: right; width: 25em; margin-bottom: 0.5em;;float:right; clear:right; margin:0.2em 0 0.2em 0.5em; width:300px; display:table;"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color: #CEE0F2"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Campaignbox_civil_uprising_phase_of_the_Syrian_Civil_War" title="Template:Campaignbox civil uprising phase of the Syrian Civil War"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Campaignbox_civil_uprising_phase_of_the_Syrian_Civil_War" title="Template talk:Campaignbox civil uprising phase of the Syrian Civil War"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Campaignbox_civil_uprising_phase_of_the_Syrian_Civil_War" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Campaignbox civil uprising phase of the Syrian Civil War"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Civil_uprising_in_Syria_(March–August_2011)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Civil_uprising_phase_of_the_Syrian_civil_war" class="mw-redirect" title="Civil uprising phase of the Syrian civil war">Civil uprising in Syria</a> (March–August 2011)</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Daraa" title="Siege of Daraa">Daraa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Baniyas" title="Siege of Baniyas">Baniyas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Homs" title="Siege of Homs">Homs (May–August 2011)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Talkalakh_(May_2011)" title="Siege of Talkalakh (May 2011)">Talkalakh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Rastan_and_Talbiseh" title="Siege of Rastan and Talbiseh">Rastan and Talbiseh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/June_2011_Jisr_ash-Shughur_clashes" title="June 2011 Jisr ash-Shughur clashes">1st Jisr ash-Shughur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Summer_2011_Jabal_al-Zawiya_operation" title="Summer 2011 Jabal al-Zawiya operation">1st Jabal al-Zawiya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Hama_(2011)" title="Siege of Hama (2011)">Hama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Latakia" title="Siege of Latakia">Latakia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-vertical mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;margin:0;float:right;clear:right;width:25em;margin-bottom:0.5em;"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Campaignbox_early_insurgency_phase_of_the_Syrian_Civil_War" title="Template:Campaignbox early insurgency phase of the Syrian Civil War"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:inherit">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Campaignbox_early_insurgency_phase_of_the_Syrian_Civil_War" title="Template talk:Campaignbox early insurgency phase of the Syrian Civil War"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:inherit">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Campaignbox_early_insurgency_phase_of_the_Syrian_Civil_War" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Campaignbox early insurgency phase of the Syrian Civil War"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:inherit">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Start_of_insurgency_(Sept._2011_–_April_2012)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Early_insurgency_phase_of_the_Syrian_civil_war" title="Early insurgency phase of the Syrian civil war">Start of insurgency</a> (Sept. 2011 – April 2012)</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Homs" title="Siege of Homs">Homs (2011–14)</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2012_Homs_offensive" title="2012 Homs offensive">Homs offensive</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Idlib_Governorate_clashes_(September_2011_%E2%80%93_March_2012)" title="Idlib Governorate clashes (September 2011 – March 2012)">1st Idlib Gov.</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/December_2011_Syrian%E2%80%93Turkish_border_clash" title="December 2011 Syrian–Turkish border clash">Syrian–Turkish border</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/December_2011_Jabal_al-Zawiya_massacres" title="December 2011 Jabal al-Zawiya massacres">Jabal al-Zawiya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Idlib_(2012)" title="Battle of Idlib (2012)">1st Idlib City</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Saraqib" title="Battle of Saraqib">Saraqeb</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Rastan_(2011)" title="Battle of Rastan (2011)">1st Rastan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hama_Governorate_clashes_(2011%E2%80%932012)" title="Hama Governorate clashes (2011–2012)">Hama Gov.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shayrat_and_Tiyas_airbase_ambush" title="Shayrat and Tiyas airbase ambush">Shayrat & Tiyas ambush</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daraa_Governorate_clashes_(2011%E2%80%932013)" title="Daraa Governorate clashes (2011–2013)">Daraa Gov.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rif_Dimashq_clashes_(November_2011%E2%80%93March_2012)" title="Rif Dimashq clashes (November 2011–March 2012)">1st Rif Dimashq</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Zabadani_(2012)" title="Battle of Zabadani (2012)">1st Zabadani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Douma" title="Battle of Douma">Douma</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deir_ez-Zor_clashes_(2011%E2%80%932014)" title="Deir ez-Zor clashes (2011–2014)">Deir ez-Zor (2011–2014)</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hatla_massacre" title="Hatla massacre">Hatla</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2012_Aleppo_Governorate_clashes" title="2012 Aleppo Governorate clashes">Aleppo Gov.</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Azaz_(2012)" title="Battle of Azaz (2012)">Azaz</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Rastan_(January%E2%80%93February_2012)" title="Battle of Rastan (January–February 2012)">2nd Rastan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_al-Qusayr_(2012)" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of al-Qusayr (2012)">1st al-Qusayr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/April_2012_Idlib_Governorate_Operation" title="April 2012 Idlib Governorate Operation">2nd Idlib Gov.</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Taftanaz" title="Battle of Taftanaz">Taftanaz</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-vertical mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;margin:0;float:right;clear:right;width:25em;margin-bottom:0.5em;"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Campaignbox_cease-fire_period_and_start_of_the_Syrian_Civil_War" title="Template:Campaignbox cease-fire period and start of the Syrian Civil War"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:inherit">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Campaignbox_cease-fire_period_and_start_of_the_Syrian_Civil_War" title="Template talk:Campaignbox cease-fire period and start of the Syrian Civil War"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:inherit">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Campaignbox_cease-fire_period_and_start_of_the_Syrian_Civil_War" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Campaignbox cease-fire period and start of the Syrian Civil War"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:inherit">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="UN_ceasefire;_Rebel_advances_(May_2012_–_Dec._2013)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Kofi_Annan_Syrian_peace_plan" title="Kofi Annan Syrian peace plan">UN ceasefire</a>; <a href="/wiki/2012%E2%80%932013_escalation_of_the_Syrian_civil_war" title="2012–2013 escalation of the Syrian civil war">Rebel advances</a> (May 2012 – Dec. 2013)</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Rastan_(May_2012)" title="Battle of Rastan (May 2012)">3rd Rastan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Houla_massacre" title="Houla massacre">Houla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Northern_Homs" title="Siege of Northern Homs">Northern Homs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_al-Haffah" title="Battle of al-Haffah">Al-Haffah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Qubeir_massacre" title="Al-Qubeir massacre">Al-Qubeir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Tremseh" title="Battle of Tremseh">Al-Tremseh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Idlib_Governorate_clashes_(June_2012%E2%80%93April_2013)" class="mw-redirect" title="Idlib Governorate clashes (June 2012–April 2013)">3rd Idlib Gov.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Damascus_(2012)" title="Battle of Damascus (2012)">1st Damascus</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/18_July_2012_Damascus_bombing" title="18 July 2012 Damascus bombing">Bombing</a></li></ul></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Aleppo</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Anadan" title="Battle of Anadan">Anadan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Menagh_Air_Base" title="Siege of Menagh Air Base">Menagh Air Base</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Base_46" title="Siege of Base 46">Base 46</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khan_al-Assal_massacre" title="Khan al-Assal massacre">Khan al-Assal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aleppo_offensive_(October%E2%80%93December_2013)" title="Aleppo offensive (October–December 2013)">1st Aleppo offensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Canopus_Star" title="Operation Canopus Star">2nd Aleppo offensive</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rojava_conflict" title="Rojava conflict">Syrian Kurdistan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Rojava%E2%80%93Islamist_conflict" title="Rojava–Islamist conflict">Kurdish–Islamist conflict</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Al-Hasakah_Governorate_campaign_(2012%E2%80%932014)" title="Al-Hasakah Governorate campaign (2012–2014)">Hasaka campaign</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Ras_al-Ayn_(2012%E2%80%9313)" title="Battle of Ras al-Ayn (2012–13)">Ras al-Ayn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_al-Yaarubiyah" title="Battle of al-Yaarubiyah">al-Yaarubiyah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Tell_Hamis_and_Tell_Brak_(2013%E2%80%932014)" title="Battle of Tell Hamis and Tell Brak (2013–2014)">Tell Hamis and Tell Brak</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Tell_Abyad_(2013)" title="Battle of Tell Abyad (2013)">Tell Abyad</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Nubl_and_al-Zahraa" title="Siege of Nubl and al-Zahraa">Nubl & Al-Zahraa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rif_Dimashq_offensive_(August%E2%80%93October_2012)" title="Rif Dimashq offensive (August–October 2012)">2nd Rif Dimashq</a> (<a href="/wiki/Darayya_massacre" title="Darayya massacre">1st Darayya</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Abu_al-Duhur_Airbase" title="Siege of Abu al-Duhur Airbase">Abu al-Duhur Airbase</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quneitra_Governorate_clashes_(2012%E2%80%932014)" title="Quneitra Governorate clashes (2012–2014)">Quneitra Gov.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rif_Dimashq_offensive_(November_2012%E2%80%93February_2013)" title="Rif Dimashq offensive (November 2012–February 2013)">3rd Rif Dimashq</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Yarmouk_Camp_(December_2012)" title="Battle of Yarmouk Camp (December 2012)">1st Yarmouk camp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Darayya_(November_2012%E2%80%93February_2013)" title="Battle of Darayya (November 2012–February 2013)">2nd Darayya</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Darayya_and_Muadamiyat" title="Siege of Darayya and Muadamiyat">Darayya & Muadamiyat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aqrab_massacre" title="Aqrab massacre">Aqrab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2012_Hama_offensive" title="2012 Hama offensive">1st Hama offensive</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Halfaya_massacre_(2012)" title="Halfaya massacre (2012)">Halfaya</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Safira" title="Battle of Safira">1st Safira</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Shaddadi_(2013)" title="Battle of Shaddadi (2013)">Shadadeh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Damascus_offensive_(2013)" title="Damascus offensive (2013)">2nd Damascus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raqqa_campaign_(2012%E2%80%932013)" title="Raqqa campaign (2012–2013)">1st Raqqa campaign</a> (<a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Raqqa_(2013)" title="Battle of Raqqa (2013)">1st Raqqa</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/2013_Daraa_offensive" title="2013 Daraa offensive">1st Daraa offensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rif_Dimashq_offensive_(March%E2%80%93August_2013)" title="Rif Dimashq offensive (March–August 2013)">4th Rif Dimashq</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Jdaidet_al-Fadl" title="Battle of Jdaidet al-Fadl">Jdaidet al-Fadl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tadamon_massacre" title="Tadamon massacre">Tadamon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghouta_chemical_attack" title="Ghouta chemical attack">Ghouta</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Qusayr_offensive" title="Al-Qusayr offensive">Al-Qusayr offensive</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_al-Qusayr_(2013)" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of al-Qusayr (2013)">2nd al-Qusayr</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Eastern_Ghouta" title="Siege of Eastern Ghouta">Eastern Ghouta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2013_Hama_offensive" title="2013 Hama offensive">2nd Hama offensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bayda_and_Baniyas_massacres" title="Bayda and Baniyas massacres">Bayda and Baniyas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2013_Latakia_offensive" title="2013 Latakia offensive">1st Latakia offensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Maaloula" title="Battle of Maaloula">Ma'loula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Sadad" title="Battle of Sadad">Sadad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rif_Dimashq_offensive_(September%E2%80%93November_2013)" title="Rif Dimashq offensive (September–November 2013)">5th Rif Dimashq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Qalamoun_(2013%E2%80%932014)" title="Battle of Qalamoun (2013–2014)">1st Qalamoun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adra_massacre" title="Adra massacre">Adra</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-vertical mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;margin:0;float:right;clear:right;width:25em;margin-bottom:0.5em;"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Campaignbox_rise_of_the_Islamists_in_the_Syrian_Civil_War" title="Template:Campaignbox rise of the Islamists in the Syrian Civil War"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:inherit">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Campaignbox_rise_of_the_Islamists_in_the_Syrian_Civil_War" title="Template talk:Campaignbox rise of the Islamists in the Syrian Civil War"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:inherit">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Campaignbox_rise_of_the_Islamists_in_the_Syrian_Civil_War" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Campaignbox rise of the Islamists in the Syrian Civil War"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:inherit">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Rise_of_ISIS_in_2014" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Inter-rebel_conflict_during_the_Syrian_civil_war" title="Inter-rebel conflict during the Syrian civil war">Rise of ISIS</a> in <a href="/wiki/2014_in_Syria" title="2014 in Syria">2014</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Inter-rebel_conflict_during_the_Syrian_civil_war" title="Inter-rebel conflict during the Syrian civil war">Inter-rebel conflict</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Aleppo_offensive_(February%E2%80%93July_2014)" title="Northern Aleppo offensive (February–July 2014)">Northern Aleppo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Markada" title="Battle of Markada">Markada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deir_ez-Zor_offensive_(April%E2%80%93July_2014)" title="Deir ez-Zor offensive (April–July 2014)">1st Deir ez-Zor offensive</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Otaiba_ambush" title="Al-Otaiba ambush">al-Otaiba ambush</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maan_massacre" title="Maan massacre">Maan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Hosn" title="Battle of Hosn">Hosn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Morek" title="Battle of Morek">Morek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daraa_offensive_(February%E2%80%93May_2014)" title="Daraa offensive (February–May 2014)">2nd Daraa offensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2014_Latakia_offensive" title="2014 Latakia offensive">2nd Latakia offensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2014_Idlib_offensive" title="2014 Idlib offensive">4th Idlib Gov.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Al-Malihah" title="Battle of Al-Malihah">Al-Malihah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Wadi_Deif_(2014)" title="Siege of Wadi Deif (2014)">2nd Wadi Deif</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qalamoun_offensive_(2014)" title="Qalamoun offensive (2014)">2nd Qalamoun</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Arsal_(2014)" title="Battle of Arsal (2014)">Arsal</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Deir_ez-Zor_(2014%E2%80%932017)" title="Siege of Deir ez-Zor (2014–2017)">Deir ez-Zor (2014–2017)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Shaer_gas_field_(July_2014)" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of the Shaer gas field (July 2014)">1st Shaer gas field</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2014_Eastern_Syria_offensive" title="2014 Eastern Syria offensive">1st Eastern Syria</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Tabqa_Airbase" title="Battle of Tabqa Airbase">Tabqa Airbase</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2014_Hama_offensive" title="2014 Hama offensive">3rd Hama offensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rif_Dimashq_offensive_(August%E2%80%93November_2014)" title="Rif Dimashq offensive (August–November 2014)">6th Rif Dimashq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2014_Quneitra_offensive" title="2014 Quneitra offensive">1st Quneitra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Koban%C3%AE" title="Siege of Kobanî">Kobanî</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-vertical mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;margin:0;float:right;clear:right;width:25em;margin-bottom:0.5em;"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Campaignbox_intervention_against_ISIL_in_the_Syrian_Civil_War" title="Template:Campaignbox intervention against ISIL in the Syrian Civil War"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:inherit">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Campaignbox_intervention_against_ISIL_in_the_Syrian_Civil_War" title="Template talk:Campaignbox intervention against ISIL in the Syrian Civil War"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:inherit">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Campaignbox_intervention_against_ISIL_in_the_Syrian_Civil_War" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Campaignbox intervention against ISIL in the Syrian Civil War"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:inherit">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="U.S.-led_intervention,_Rebel_and_ISIL_advances_(Sept._2014_–_Sept._2015)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/American-led_intervention_in_the_Syrian_civil_war" class="mw-redirect" title="American-led intervention in the Syrian civil war">U.S.-led intervention</a>, <a href="/wiki/Northwestern_Syria_offensive_(April%E2%80%93June_2015)" title="Northwestern Syria offensive (April–June 2015)">Rebel</a> and <a href="/wiki/Palmyra_offensive_(May_2015)" title="Palmyra offensive (May 2015)">ISIL advances</a> (Sept. 2014 – Sept. 2015)</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American-led_intervention_in_the_Syrian_civil_war" class="mw-redirect" title="American-led intervention in the Syrian civil war">U.S.-led intervention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homs_school_bombing" title="Homs school bombing">Homs school bombing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daraa_offensive_(October_2014)" title="Daraa offensive (October 2014)">3rd Daraa offensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2014_Al-Safira_offensive" title="2014 Al-Safira offensive">2nd Safira</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2014_raid_on_Idlib_city" title="2014 raid on Idlib city">2014 Idlib city raid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Nusra_Front%E2%80%93SRF/Hazzm_Movement_conflict" title="Al-Nusra Front–SRF/Hazzm Movement conflict">Nusra–FSA conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Shaer_gas_field_(October%E2%80%93November_2014)" title="Battle of the Shaer gas field (October–November 2014)">2nd Shaer gas field</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Al-Shaykh_Maskin_(2014)" title="Battle of Al-Shaykh Maskin (2014)">1st Al-Shaykh Maskin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deir_ez-Zor_offensive_(December_2014)" title="Deir ez-Zor offensive (December 2014)">2nd Deir ez-Zor offensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Rainbow_(Syrian_civil_war)" title="Operation Rainbow (Syrian civil war)">3rd Aleppo offensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2015_Syrian_Air_Force_An-26_crash" title="2015 Syrian Air Force An-26 crash">An-26 crash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daraa_offensive_(January_2015)" title="Daraa offensive (January 2015)">4th Daraa offensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2015_Southern_Syria_offensive" title="2015 Southern Syria offensive">Southern Syria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_al-Hasakah_offensive" title="Eastern al-Hasakah offensive">Eastern al-Hasakah offensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Sarrin_(March%E2%80%93April_2015)" title="Battle of Sarrin (March–April 2015)">1st Sarrin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hama_and_Homs_offensive_(March%E2%80%93April_2015)" title="Hama and Homs offensive (March–April 2015)">Hama/Homs offensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Bosra_(2015)" title="Battle of Bosra (2015)">Bosra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2015_Idlib_offensive" title="2015 Idlib offensive">5th Idlib Gov</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Idlib_(2015)" title="Battle of Idlib (2015)">2nd Idlib city</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_al-Fu%27ah_and_Kafriya" title="Siege of al-Fu'ah and Kafriya">Al-Fu'ah-Kafriya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Nasib_Border_Crossing" title="Battle of Nasib Border Crossing">Nasib</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Yarmouk_Camp_(2015)" title="Battle of Yarmouk Camp (2015)">2nd Yarmouk camp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northwestern_Syria_offensive_(April%E2%80%93June_2015)" title="Northwestern Syria offensive (April–June 2015)">1st Northwestern Syria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qalamoun_offensive_(May%E2%80%93June_2015)" title="Qalamoun offensive (May–June 2015)">3rd Qalamoun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palmyra_offensive_(May_2015)" title="Palmyra offensive (May 2015)">1st Palmyra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_al-Hasakah_offensive" title="Western al-Hasakah offensive">Western al-Hasakah offensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Hasakah_city_offensive" title="Al-Hasakah city offensive">1st Al-Hasakah city</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tell_Abyad_offensive" title="Tell Abyad offensive">Tell Abyad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daraa_and_As-Suwayda_offensive_(June_2015)" title="Daraa and As-Suwayda offensive (June 2015)">Daraa/As-Suwayda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quneitra_offensive_(June_2015)" title="Quneitra offensive (June 2015)">2nd Quneitra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Sarrin_(June%E2%80%93July_2015)" title="Battle of Sarrin (June–July 2015)">2nd Sarrin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daraa_offensive_(June%E2%80%93July_2015)" title="Daraa offensive (June–July 2015)">5th Daraa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_al-Hasakah_(2015)" title="Battle of al-Hasakah (2015)">2nd Al-Hasakah city</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koban%C3%AE_massacre" title="Kobanî massacre">2nd Kobanî</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aleppo_offensive_(July_2015)" title="Aleppo offensive (July 2015)">4th Aleppo offensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Zabadani_(2015)" title="Battle of Zabadani (2015)">2nd Zabadani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palmyra_offensive_(July%E2%80%93August_2015)" title="Palmyra offensive (July–August 2015)">2nd Palmyra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Ghab_offensive_(July%E2%80%93August_2015)" title="Al-Ghab offensive (July–August 2015)">Al-Ghab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_al-Qaryatayn_(2015)" title="Battle of al-Qaryatayn (2015)">1st al-Qaryatayn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Douma_massacre_(2015)" title="Douma massacre (2015)">Douma market</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rif_Dimashq_offensive_(September_2015)" title="Rif Dimashq offensive (September 2015)">7th Rif Dimashq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuweires_offensive" title="Kuweires offensive">Kuweires offensive</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-vertical mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;margin:0;float:right;clear:right;width:25em;margin-bottom:0.5em;"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Campaignbox_Russian_intervention_in_the_Syrian_Civil_War" title="Template:Campaignbox Russian intervention in the Syrian Civil War"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:inherit">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Campaignbox_Russian_intervention_in_the_Syrian_Civil_War" title="Template talk:Campaignbox Russian intervention in the Syrian Civil War"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:inherit">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Campaignbox_Russian_intervention_in_the_Syrian_Civil_War" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Campaignbox Russian intervention in the Syrian Civil War"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:inherit">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Russian_intervention_(Sept._2015_–_March_2016)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Russian_intervention_in_the_Syrian_civil_war" title="Russian intervention in the Syrian civil war">Russian intervention</a> (Sept. 2015 – March 2016)</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Russian_intervention_in_the_Syrian_civil_war" title="Russian intervention in the Syrian civil war">Russian intervention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quneitra_offensive_(October_2015)" title="Quneitra offensive (October 2015)">3rd Quneitra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northwestern_Syria_offensive_(October%E2%80%93November_2015)" title="Northwestern Syria offensive (October–November 2015)">2nd Northwestern Syria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2015%E2%80%932016_Latakia_offensive" title="2015–2016 Latakia offensive">3rd Latakia offensive</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2015_Russian_Sukhoi_Su-24_shootdown" title="2015 Russian Sukhoi Su-24 shootdown">Su-24 shootdown</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aleppo_offensive_(October%E2%80%93December_2015)" title="Aleppo offensive (October–December 2015)">5th Aleppo offensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2015_al-Hawl_offensive" title="2015 al-Hawl offensive">al-Hawl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homs_offensive_(November%E2%80%93December_2015)" title="Homs offensive (November–December 2015)">Homs offensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Aleppo_offensive_(2015%E2%80%932016)" title="East Aleppo offensive (2015–2016)">6th Aleppo offensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2015_Hama_offensive" title="2015 Hama offensive">4th Hama offensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tell_Tamer_bombings" title="Tell Tamer bombings">Tell Tamer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tishrin_Dam_offensive" title="Tishrin Dam offensive">Tishrin Dam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Al-Shaykh_Maskin_(2015%E2%80%932016)" title="Battle of Al-Shaykh Maskin (2015–2016)">2nd Al-Shaykh Maskin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2015_Qamishli_bombings" title="2015 Qamishli bombings">al-Qamishli bombings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orontes_River_offensive" title="Orontes River offensive">Orontes River</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deir_ez-Zor_offensive_(2016)" title="Deir ez-Zor offensive (2016)">3rd Deir ez-Zor offensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2016_Sayyidah_Zaynab_attacks" title="2016 Sayyidah Zaynab attacks">1st Sayyidah Zaynab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Aleppo_offensive_(February_2016)" title="Northern Aleppo offensive (February 2016)">7th Aleppo offensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ithriyah-Raqqa_offensive_(February%E2%80%93March_2016)" title="Ithriyah-Raqqa offensive (February–March 2016)">1st Ithriyah-Raqqa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Shaddadi_offensive_(2016)" title="Al-Shaddadi offensive (2016)">Al-Shaddadi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/February_2016_Homs_bombings" title="February 2016 Homs bombings">Homs bombings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2016_Sayyidah_Zaynab_attacks" title="2016 Sayyidah Zaynab attacks">2nd Sayyidah Zaynab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2016_Khanasir_offensive" title="2016 Khanasir offensive">Khanasir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Tell_Abyad_(2016)" title="Battle of Tell Abyad (2016)">2nd Tel Abyad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Tanf_offensive_(2016)" title="Al-Tanf offensive (2016)">Al-Tanf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_al-Qaryatayn_(2016)" title="Battle of al-Qaryatayn (2016)">2nd Al-Qaryatayn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palmyra_offensive_(March_2016)" title="Palmyra offensive (March 2016)">3rd Palmyra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Maarat_al-Numan_(2016)" title="Battle of Maarat al-Numan (2016)">2nd Maarat al-Nu'man</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-vertical mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;margin:0;float:right;clear:right;width:25em;margin-bottom:0.5em;"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Campaignbox_Aleppo_escalation_period_in_the_Syrian_Civil_War" title="Template:Campaignbox Aleppo escalation period in the Syrian Civil War"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:inherit">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Campaignbox_Aleppo_escalation_period_in_the_Syrian_Civil_War" title="Template talk:Campaignbox Aleppo escalation period in the Syrian Civil War"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:inherit">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Campaignbox_Aleppo_escalation_period_in_the_Syrian_Civil_War" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Campaignbox Aleppo escalation period in the Syrian Civil War"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:inherit">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Aleppo_escalation_and_Euphrates_Shield_(March_2016_–_February_2017)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Aleppo escalation</a> and <a href="/wiki/Operation_Euphrates_Shield" title="Operation Euphrates Shield">Euphrates Shield</a> (March 2016 – February 2017)</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Aleppo_offensive_(March%E2%80%93June_2016)" title="Northern Aleppo offensive (March–June 2016)">8th Aleppo offensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daraa_offensive_(March%E2%80%93April_2016)" title="Daraa offensive (March–April 2016)">6th Daraa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2016_Southern_Aleppo_campaign" title="2016 Southern Aleppo campaign">9th–11th Aleppo offensives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Dumayr_offensive_(April_2016)" title="Al-Dumayr offensive (April 2016)">Al-Dumayr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Ghouta_inter-rebel_conflict_(April%E2%80%93May_2016)" title="East Ghouta inter-rebel conflict (April–May 2016)">1st East Ghouta inter-rebel conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Qamishli_(2016)" title="Battle of Qamishli (2016)">1st Qamishli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aleppo_bombings_(April%E2%80%93July_2016)" title="Aleppo bombings (April–July 2016)">Aleppo bombings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rif_Dimashq_offensive_(April%E2%80%93May_2016)" title="Rif Dimashq offensive (April–May 2016)">8th Rif Dimashq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Shaer_gas_field_(2016)" title="Battle of the Shaer gas field (2016)">3rd Shaer gas field</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Raqqa_offensive" title="Northern Raqqa offensive">Northern Raqqa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/May_2016_Jableh_and_Tartus_bombings" title="May 2016 Jableh and Tartus bombings">Jableh & Tartus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manbij_offensive" title="Manbij offensive">Manbij</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tokhar_airstrike" title="Tokhar airstrike">Tokhar</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ithriyah-Raqqa_offensive_(June_2016)" title="Ithriyah-Raqqa offensive (June 2016)">2nd Ithriyah-Raqqa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rif_Dimashq_offensive_(June%E2%80%93October_2016)" title="Rif Dimashq offensive (June–October 2016)">9th Rif Dimashq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2016_Aleppo_summer_campaign" title="2016 Aleppo summer campaign">12th–14th Aleppo offensives</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aleppo_offensive_(June%E2%80%93July_2016)" title="Aleppo offensive (June–July 2016)">12th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aleppo_offensive_(July%E2%80%93August_2016)" title="Aleppo offensive (July–August 2016)">13th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aleppo_offensive_(August%E2%80%93September_2016)" title="Aleppo offensive (August–September 2016)">14th</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2016_Latakia_offensive" title="2016 Latakia offensive">4th Latakia offensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2016_Abu_Kamal_offensive" title="2016 Abu Kamal offensive">1st Abu Kamal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/July_2016_Qamishli_bombings" title="July 2016 Qamishli bombings">3rd Qamishli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2016_Atmeh_attack" title="2016 Atmeh attack">Atmeh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_al-Rai_(August_2016)" title="Battle of al-Rai (August 2016)">al-Rai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_al-Hasakah_(2016)" title="Battle of al-Hasakah (2016)">3rd Al-Hasakah City</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Euphrates_Shield" title="Operation Euphrates Shield">Operation Euphrates Shield</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Northern_al-Bab_offensive_(September_2016)" title="Northern al-Bab offensive (September 2016)">Northern al-Bab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2016_Dabiq_offensive" title="2016 Dabiq offensive">Dabiq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_al-Bab" title="Battle of al-Bab">al-Bab</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2016_Hama_offensive" title="2016 Hama offensive">5th Hama offensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_al-Bab_offensive_(September_2016)" title="Western al-Bab offensive (September 2016)">1st Western al-Bab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Qalamoun_offensive_(September%E2%80%93October_2016)" title="Eastern Qalamoun offensive (September–October 2016)">1st Eastern Qalamoun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/5_September_2016_Syria_bombings" title="5 September 2016 Syria bombings">September bombings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quneitra_offensive_(September_2016)" title="Quneitra offensive (September 2016)">4th Quneitra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/September_2016_Deir_ez-Zor_air_raid" title="September 2016 Deir ez-Zor air raid">Deir ez-Zor airstrike</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/September_2016_Urum_al-Kubra_aid_convoy_attack" title="September 2016 Urum al-Kubra aid convoy attack">Aleppo aid convoy attack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aleppo_offensive_(September%E2%80%93October_2016)" title="Aleppo offensive (September–October 2016)">15th Aleppo offensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khan_al-Shih_offensive_(October%E2%80%93November_2016)" title="Khan al-Shih offensive (October–November 2016)">Khan al-Shih</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/October_2016_Idlib_Governorate_clashes" title="October 2016 Idlib Governorate clashes">1st Idlib inter-rebel conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_al-Bab_offensive_(October%E2%80%93November_2016)" title="Western al-Bab offensive (October–November 2016)">2nd Western al-Bab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aleppo_offensive_(October%E2%80%93November_2016)" title="Aleppo offensive (October–November 2016)">16th Aleppo offensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raqqa_campaign_(2016%E2%80%932017)" title="Raqqa campaign (2016–2017)">2nd Raqqa campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aleppo_offensive_(November%E2%80%93December_2016)" title="Aleppo offensive (November–December 2016)">17th Aleppo offensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palmyra_offensive_(December_2016)" title="Palmyra offensive (December 2016)">4th Palmyra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wadi_Barada_offensive_(2016%E2%80%932017)" title="Wadi Barada offensive (2016–2017)">Wadi Barada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syrian_Desert_campaign_(December_2016%E2%80%93April_2017)" title="Syrian Desert campaign (December 2016–April 2017)">1st Syrian Desert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/January_2017_Azaz_bombing" title="January 2017 Azaz bombing">Azaz bombings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palmyra_offensive_(2017)" title="Palmyra offensive (2017)">5th Palmyra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deir_ez-Zor_offensive_(January%E2%80%93February_2017)" title="Deir ez-Zor offensive (January–February 2017)">4th Deir ez-Zor offensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Aleppo_offensive_(2017)" title="East Aleppo offensive (2017)">18th Aleppo offensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Idlib_Governorate_clashes_(January%E2%80%93March_2017)" title="Idlib Governorate clashes (January–March 2017)">2nd Idlib inter-rebel conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daraa_offensive_(February%E2%80%93June_2017)" title="Daraa offensive (February–June 2017)">7th Daraa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qaboun_offensive_(2017)" title="Qaboun offensive (2017)">Qaboun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southwestern_Daraa_offensive_(February_2017)" title="Southwestern Daraa offensive (February 2017)">8th Daraa</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-vertical mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;margin:0;float:right;clear:right;width:25em;margin-bottom:0.5em;"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Campaignbox_Collapse_of_Islamic_State_in_Syria" title="Template:Campaignbox Collapse of Islamic State in Syria"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:inherit">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Campaignbox_Collapse_of_Islamic_State_in_Syria" title="Template talk:Campaignbox Collapse of Islamic State in Syria"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:inherit">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Campaignbox_Collapse_of_Islamic_State_in_Syria" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Campaignbox Collapse of Islamic State in Syria"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:inherit">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Collapse_of_ISIS_in_Syria_(2017)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Collapse of <a href="/wiki/ISIS" class="mw-redirect" title="ISIS">ISIS</a> in Syria (<a href="/wiki/2017_in_Syria" title="2017 in Syria">2017</a>)</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Homs_offensive_(2017)" title="Eastern Homs offensive (2017)">Eastern Homs offensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2017_al-Jinah_airstrike" title="2017 al-Jinah airstrike">al-Jina mosque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hama_offensive_(March%E2%80%93April_2017)" title="Hama offensive (March–April 2017)">6th Hama offensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Tabqa" title="Battle of Tabqa">Tabqa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khan_Shaykhun_chemical_attack" title="Khan Shaykhun chemical attack">Khan Shaykhun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2017_Shayrat_missile_strike" title="2017 Shayrat missile strike">US Shayrat strike</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2017_Aleppo_suicide_car_bombing" title="2017 Aleppo suicide car bombing">Aleppo bus bombing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/April_2017_Turkish_airstrikes_in_Syria_and_Iraq" title="April 2017 Turkish airstrikes in Syria and Iraq">April 2017 Turkish airstrikes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Ghouta_inter-rebel_conflict_(April%E2%80%93May_2017)" title="East Ghouta inter-rebel conflict (April–May 2017)">2nd East Ghouta inter-rebel conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syrian_Desert_campaign_(May%E2%80%93July_2017)" title="Syrian Desert campaign (May–July 2017)">2nd Syrian Desert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maskanah_Plains_offensive" title="Maskanah Plains offensive">Maskanah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Hama_offensive_(2017)" title="East Hama offensive (2017)">East Hama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Raqqa_(2017)" title="Battle of Raqqa (2017)">2nd Raqqa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daraa_offensive_(June_2017)" title="Daraa offensive (June 2017)">9th Daraa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2017_Southern_Raqqa_offensive" title="2017 Southern Raqqa offensive">Southern Raqqa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Laylat_al-Qadr" title="Operation Laylat al-Qadr">Iranian Deir ez-Zor strike</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ja%27Din_shootdown_incident" title="Ja'Din shootdown incident">Ja'din</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2017_Jobar_offensive" title="2017 Jobar offensive">Jobar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quneitra_offensive_(June_2017)" title="Quneitra offensive (June 2017)">5th Quneitra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Syria_campaign" title="Central Syria campaign">Central Syria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Idlib_Governorate_clashes_(July_2017)" title="Idlib Governorate clashes (July 2017)">3rd Idlib inter-rebel conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qalamoun_offensive_(2017)" title="Qalamoun offensive (2017)">4th Qalamoun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deir_ez-Zor_campaign_(2017%E2%80%932019)" title="Deir ez-Zor campaign (2017–2019)">Deir ez-Zor (2017–2019)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Syria_campaign_(September%E2%80%93December_2017)" class="mw-redirect" title="Eastern Syria campaign (September–December 2017)">2nd Eastern Syria</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Deir_ez-Zor_offensive_(September%E2%80%93November_2017)" title="Deir ez-Zor offensive (September–November 2017)">Deir ez-Zor city</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Euphrates_Crossing_offensive_(2017)" title="Euphrates Crossing offensive (2017)">Euphrates Crossing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2017_Mayadin_offensive" title="2017 Mayadin offensive">Mayadin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2017_Abu_Kamal_offensive" title="2017 Abu Kamal offensive">2nd Abu Kamal</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hama_offensive_(September_2017)" title="Hama offensive (September 2017)">7th Hama offensive</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-vertical mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;margin:0;float:right;clear:right;width:25em;margin-bottom:0.5em;"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Campaignbox_Idlib_escalation_period_in_the_Syrian_Civil_War" title="Template:Campaignbox Idlib escalation period in the Syrian Civil War"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:inherit">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Campaignbox_Idlib_escalation_period_in_the_Syrian_Civil_War" title="Template talk:Campaignbox Idlib escalation period in the Syrian Civil War"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:inherit">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Campaignbox_Idlib_escalation_period_in_the_Syrian_Civil_War" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Campaignbox Idlib escalation period in the Syrian Civil War"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:inherit">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Rebels_in_retreat_and_Operation_Olive_Branch(Nov._2017_–_Sep._2018)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Rebels in retreat and <a href="/wiki/Operation_Olive_Branch" title="Operation Olive Branch">Operation Olive Branch</a> (Nov. 2017 – Sep. 2018)</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Northwestern_Syria_campaign_(October_2017%E2%80%93February_2018)" title="Northwestern Syria campaign (October 2017–February 2018)">3rd Northwestern Syria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Syria_insurgency" title="Eastern Syria insurgency">Eastern Syria insurgency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atarib_market_massacre" title="Atarib market massacre">Atarib</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Harasta_(2017%E2%80%932018)" title="Battle of Harasta (2017–2018)">Harasta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beit_Jinn_offensive" title="Beit Jinn offensive">Beit Jinn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syrian_Desert_campaign_(December_2017%E2%80%93present)" title="Syrian Desert campaign (December 2017–present)">3rd Syrian Desert</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Deir_ez-Zor_offensive_(2018)" title="Deir ez-Zor offensive (2018)">5th Deir ez-Zor offensive</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Damascus_offensive_(January%E2%80%93February_2018)" title="Southern Damascus offensive (January–February 2018)">1st Southern Damascus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Olive_Branch" title="Operation Olive Branch">Olive Branch</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Afrin_offensive_(January%E2%80%93March_2018)" title="Afrin offensive (January–March 2018)">Afrin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SDF_insurgency_in_Northern_Aleppo" class="mw-redirect" title="SDF insurgency in Northern Aleppo">SDF insurgency</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Khasham" title="Battle of Khasham">Khasham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/February_2018_Israel%E2%80%93Syria_incident" title="February 2018 Israel–Syria incident">Feb 2018 Israel–Syria incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rif_Dimashq_offensive_(February%E2%80%93April_2018)" title="Rif Dimashq offensive (February–April 2018)">10th Rif Dimashq</a> (<a href="/wiki/Douma_chemical_attack" title="Douma chemical attack">Douma</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syrian_Liberation_Front%E2%80%93Tahrir_al-Sham_conflict" title="Syrian Liberation Front–Tahrir al-Sham conflict">4th Idlib inter-rebel conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Damascus_offensive_(March_2018)" title="Southern Damascus offensive (March 2018)">2nd Southern Damascus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/April_2018_missile_strikes_against_Syria" title="April 2018 missile strikes against Syria">U.S.-led missile strikes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Homs_offensive_(April%E2%80%93May_2018)" title="Northern Homs offensive (April–May 2018)">Northern Homs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Qalamoun_offensive_(April_2018)" title="Eastern Qalamoun offensive (April 2018)">2nd Eastern Qalamoun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Damascus_offensive_(April%E2%80%93May_2018)" title="Southern Damascus offensive (April–May 2018)">3rd Southern Damascus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deir_ez-Zor_Governorate_clashes" title="Deir ez-Zor Governorate clashes">Deir ez-Zor SAA-SDF clashes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_House_of_Cards" title="Operation House of Cards">House of Cards</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/As-Suwayda_offensive_(June_2018)" title="As-Suwayda offensive (June 2018)">1st As-Suwayda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2018_Southern_Syria_offensive" title="2018 Southern Syria offensive">2nd Southern Syria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2018_As-Suwayda_attacks" title="2018 As-Suwayda attacks">2nd As-Suwayda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/As-Suwayda_offensive_(August%E2%80%93November_2018)" title="As-Suwayda offensive (August–November 2018)">3rd As-Suwayda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qamishli_clashes_(2018)" title="Qamishli clashes (2018)">2nd Qamishli</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-vertical mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;margin:0;float:right;clear:right;width:25em;margin-bottom:0.5em;"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Campaignbox_Idlib_demilitarization_and_frozen_conflict" title="Template:Campaignbox Idlib demilitarization and frozen conflict"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:inherit">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Campaignbox_Idlib_demilitarization_and_frozen_conflict" title="Template talk:Campaignbox Idlib demilitarization and frozen conflict"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:inherit">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Campaignbox_Idlib_demilitarization_and_frozen_conflict" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Campaignbox Idlib demilitarization and frozen conflict"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:inherit">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Idlib_demilitarization(Sep._2018_–_April_2019)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Idlib_demilitarization_(2018%E2%80%932019)" title="Idlib demilitarization (2018–2019)">Idlib demilitarization</a> (Sep. 2018 – April 2019)</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Idlib_demilitarization_(2018%E2%80%932019)" title="Idlib demilitarization (2018–2019)">Idlib demilitarization</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_Front_for_Liberation%E2%80%93Tahrir_al-Sham_conflict" title="National Front for Liberation–Tahrir al-Sham conflict">5th Idlib inter-rebel conflict</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syria_missile_strikes_(September_2018)" title="Syria missile strikes (September 2018)">Sep. 2018 missile strikes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahvaz_military_parade_attack#Retaliatory_missile_and_drone_strikes" title="Ahvaz military parade attack">Iranian Eastern Euphrates strike</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2018_Syrian-Turkish_border_clashes" class="mw-redirect" title="2018 Syrian-Turkish border clashes">Northern border clashes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daraa_insurgency" title="Daraa insurgency">Daraa insurgency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2019_Manbij_bombing" title="2019 Manbij bombing">Manbij bombing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Baghuz_Fawqani" title="Battle of Baghuz Fawqani">Baghuz Fawqani</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2019_U.S._airstrike_in_Baghuz" title="2019 U.S. airstrike in Baghuz">U.S. airstrike</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-vertical mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;margin:0;float:right;clear:right;width:25em;margin-bottom:0.5em;"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Campaignbox_Failure_of_the_demilitarization_and_renewed_fighting" title="Template:Campaignbox Failure of the demilitarization and renewed fighting"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:inherit">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Campaignbox_Failure_of_the_demilitarization_and_renewed_fighting" title="Template talk:Campaignbox Failure of the demilitarization and renewed fighting"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:inherit">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Campaignbox_Failure_of_the_demilitarization_and_renewed_fighting" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Campaignbox Failure of the demilitarization and renewed fighting"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:inherit">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="First_Idlib_offensive,_Operation_Peace_Spring,_&amp;_Second_Idlib_offensive_(April_2019_–_March_2020)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Northwestern_Syria_offensive_(April%E2%80%93August_2019)" title="Northwestern Syria offensive (April–August 2019)">First Idlib offensive</a>, <a href="/wiki/2019_Turkish_offensive_into_north-eastern_Syria" title="2019 Turkish offensive into north-eastern Syria">Operation Peace Spring</a>, & <a href="/wiki/Northwestern_Syria_offensive_(December_2019%E2%80%93March_2020)" title="Northwestern Syria offensive (December 2019–March 2020)">Second Idlib offensive</a> (April 2019 – March 2020)</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Northwestern_Syria_offensive_(April%E2%80%93August_2019)" title="Northwestern Syria offensive (April–August 2019)">4th Northwestern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2019_Tell_Rifaat_clashes" title="2019 Tell Rifaat clashes">Tell Rifaat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/June_2019_Syria_bombings" title="June 2019 Syria bombings">Raqqa & Azaz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hass_refugee_camp_bombing" title="Hass refugee camp bombing">Hass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syria_missile_strikes_(August_2019)" title="Syria missile strikes (August 2019)">2nd Israeli missile strikes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2019_Turkish_offensive_into_north-eastern_Syria" title="2019 Turkish offensive into north-eastern Syria">Peace Spring</a> (<a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Ras_al-Ayn_(2019)" title="Battle of Ras al-Ayn (2019)">2nd Ras al-Ayn</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Death_of_Abu_Bakr_al-Baghdadi" title="Death of Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi">Kayla Mueller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/November_2019_Syria_bombings" title="November 2019 Syria bombings">Northern bombings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/November_2019_Israeli_missile_strikes_in_Syria" title="November 2019 Israeli missile strikes in Syria">3rd Israeli missile strikes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qah_missile_strike" title="Qah missile strike">Qah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northwestern_Syria_offensive_(December_2019%E2%80%93March_2020)" title="Northwestern Syria offensive (December 2019–March 2020)">5th Northwestern</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2020_Balyun_airstrikes" title="2020 Balyun airstrikes">Balyun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Spring_Shield" title="Operation Spring Shield">Spring Shield</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/December_2019_United_States_airstrikes_in_Iraq_and_Syria" title="December 2019 United States airstrikes in Iraq and Syria">2nd U.S. missile strikes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/March_2020_Daraa_clashes" title="March 2020 Daraa clashes">10th Daraa</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-vertical mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;margin:0;float:right;clear:right;width:25em;margin-bottom:0.5em;"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Campaignbox_Idlib_ceasefire" title="Template:Campaignbox Idlib ceasefire"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:inherit">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Campaignbox_Idlib_ceasefire" title="Template talk:Campaignbox Idlib ceasefire"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:inherit">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Campaignbox_Idlib_ceasefire" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Campaignbox Idlib ceasefire"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:inherit">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Idlib_ceasefire_(March_2020_–_present)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Idlib ceasefire (March 2020 – present)</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Idlib_Governorate_clashes_(June_2020)" title="Idlib Governorate clashes (June 2020)">6th Idlib inter-rebel conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2020%E2%80%932021_Ayn_Issa_clashes" title="2020–2021 Ayn Issa clashes">Ayn Issa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Qamishli_and_Al-Hasakah" title="Siege of Qamishli and Al-Hasakah">Qamishli & Al-Hasakah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syria_missile_strikes_(January_2021)" title="Syria missile strikes (January 2021)">4th Israeli missile strikes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Qamishli_(2021)" title="Battle of Qamishli (2021)">3rd Qamishli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2021_Daraa_offensive" title="2021 Daraa offensive">11th Daraa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tahrir_al-Sham%E2%80%93Junud_al-Sham_conflict" title="Tahrir al-Sham–Junud al-Sham conflict">7th Idlib inter-rebel conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_al-Hasakah_(2022)" title="Battle of al-Hasakah (2022)">3rd Al-Hasakah city</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2022_Ahrar_al-Sham%E2%80%93Levant_Front_clashes" title="2022 Ahrar al-Sham–Levant Front clashes">1st Aleppo inter-rebel conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2022_Jabal_al-Bishr%C4%AB_clashes" title="2022 Jabal al-Bishrī clashes">Jabal al-Bishrī</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Aleppo_clashes_(October_2022)" title="Northern Aleppo clashes (October 2022)">2nd Aleppo inter-rebel conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Claw-Sword" title="Operation Claw-Sword">Claw-Sword</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northwestern_Syria_clashes_(December_2022%E2%80%93present)" title="Northwestern Syria clashes (December 2022–present)">Northwestern clashes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/March_2023_northeastern_Syria_clashes" title="March 2023 northeastern Syria clashes">3rd U.S. missile strikes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/June_2023_Northeastern_Syria_clashes" title="June 2023 Northeastern Syria clashes">2nd Northern clashes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deir_ez-Zor_clashes_(2023)" title="Deir ez-Zor clashes (2023)">Deir ez-Zor (2023)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/October_2023_Northern_Syria_clashes" title="October 2023 Northern Syria clashes">3rd Northern clashes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2023_Homs_drone_strike" title="2023 Homs drone strike">Homs drone strike</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Israel-Hezbollah_conflict_(2023%E2%80%93present)" class="mw-redirect" title="Israel-Hezbollah conflict (2023–present)">Israel–Hezbollah conflict</a> (<a href="/wiki/Iranian_consulate_airstrike_in_Damascus" class="mw-redirect" title="Iranian consulate airstrike in Damascus">Iranian consulate airstrike</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/February_2024_United_States_airstrikes_in_Iraq_and_Syria" title="February 2024 United States airstrikes in Iraq and Syria">February 2024 airstrikes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2024_anti-Turkish_riots_in_Syria" title="2024 anti-Turkish riots in Syria">Anti-Turkish riots</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-vertical mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;margin:0;float:right;clear:right;width:25em;margin-bottom:0.5em;"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Campaignbox_Spillover_of_the_Syrian_Civil_War" title="Template:Campaignbox Spillover of the Syrian Civil War"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:inherit">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Campaignbox_Spillover_of_the_Syrian_Civil_War" title="Template talk:Campaignbox Spillover of the Syrian Civil War"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:inherit">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Campaignbox_Spillover_of_the_Syrian_Civil_War" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Campaignbox Spillover of the Syrian Civil War"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:inherit">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Syrian_War_spillover_and_international_incidents" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Spillover_of_the_Syrian_civil_war" title="Spillover of the Syrian civil war">Syrian War spillover and international incidents</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Syrian_civil_war_spillover_in_Lebanon" title="Syrian civil war spillover in Lebanon">Lebanon spillover</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lebanon%E2%80%93Syria_border_clashes" title="Lebanon–Syria border clashes">Lebanese–Syrian border</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2013_Sidon_clash" title="2013 Sidon clash">Sidon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2013_Iranian_embassy_bombing_in_Beirut" title="2013 Iranian embassy bombing in Beirut">Iranian embassy bombing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Lebanon_clashes_(2014)" title="North Lebanon clashes (2014)">North Lebanon clashes</a></li></ul></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Syrian%E2%80%93Turkish_border_clashes_during_the_Syrian_civil_war" title="Syrian–Turkish border clashes during the Syrian civil war">Syrian–Turkish border incidents</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2012_Turkish_F-4_Phantom_shootdown" title="2012 Turkish F-4 Phantom shootdown">Turkish F4 shootdown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2013_Reyhanl%C4%B1_car_bombings" title="2013 Reyhanlı car bombings">Reyhanlı bombings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_occupation_of_northern_Syria" title="Turkish occupation of northern Syria">Turkish occupation of northern Syria</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2014_Koban%C3%AE_protests" title="2014 Kobanî protests">Kurdish riots</a></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jordanian%E2%80%93Syrian_border_incidents_during_the_Syrian_civil_war" title="Jordanian–Syrian border incidents during the Syrian civil war">Jordanian–Syrian border incidents</a></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Israeli%E2%80%93Syrian_ceasefire_line_incidents_during_the_Syrian_civil_war" title="Israeli–Syrian ceasefire line incidents during the Syrian civil war">Israeli–Syrian ceasefire line</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/February_2018_Israel%E2%80%93Syria_incident" title="February 2018 Israel–Syria incident">February 2018 incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_House_of_Cards" title="Operation House of Cards">May 2018 incident</a></li></ul></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/War_in_Iraq_(2013%E2%80%932017)" title="War in Iraq (2013–2017)">Iraqi–Syrian border incidents</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Akashat_ambush" title="Akashat ambush">Akashat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_al-Shabah" title="Operation al-Shabah">al-Shabah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Nineveh_offensive_(2017)" title="Western Nineveh offensive (2017)">Western Nineveh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2017_Western_Iraq_campaign" title="2017 Western Iraq campaign">Western Iraq</a></li></ul></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li>Spillover in Iran <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2017_Tehran_attacks" title="2017 Tehran attacks">2017 Tehran attacks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Laylat_al-Qadr" title="Operation Laylat al-Qadr">2017 Deir ez-Zor missile strike</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2024_Erbil_attack" class="mw-redirect" title="2024 Erbil attack">2024 Iranian airstrikes in Syria</a></li></ul></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Turkey%E2%80%93Islamic_State_conflict" title="Turkey–Islamic State conflict">Spillover in Turkey</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2015_Russian_Sukhoi_Su-24_shootdown" title="2015 Russian Sukhoi Su-24 shootdown">Russian Su-24 shootdown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assassination_of_Andrei_Karlov" title="Assassination of Andrei Karlov">Andrei Karlov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2020_Balyun_airstrikes" title="2020 Balyun airstrikes">Balyun airstrikes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2020_Kafr_Takharim_airstrike" title="2020 Kafr Takharim airstrike">Kafr Takharim airstrikes</a></li></ul></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Iran%E2%80%93Saudi_Arabia_proxy_conflict" title="Iran–Saudi Arabia proxy conflict">Iran–Saudi Arabia proxy conflict</a></li></ul> <hr /> <hr /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_terrorism_in_Europe" title="Islamic terrorism in Europe">Spillover in Europe</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-vertical mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;margin:0;float:right;clear:right;width:25em;margin-bottom:0.5em;"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Campaignbox_Foreign_involvement_in_the_Syrian_Civil_War" title="Template:Campaignbox Foreign involvement in the Syrian Civil War"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:inherit">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Campaignbox_Foreign_involvement_in_the_Syrian_Civil_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Template talk:Campaignbox Foreign involvement in the Syrian Civil War"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:inherit">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Campaignbox_Foreign_involvement_in_the_Syrian_Civil_War" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Campaignbox Foreign involvement in the Syrian Civil War"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:inherit">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Foreign_involvement_in_the_Syrian_civil_war" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Foreign_involvement_in_the_Syrian_civil_war" title="Foreign involvement in the Syrian civil war">Foreign involvement in the Syrian civil war</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">Foreign intervention on behalf of Syrian Arab Republic <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Russian_involvement_in_the_Syrian_civil_war" title="Russian involvement in the Syrian civil war">Russian involvement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_intervention_in_the_Syrian_civil_war" title="Iranian intervention in the Syrian civil war">Iranian intervention</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Laylat_al-Qadr" title="Operation Laylat al-Qadr">2017 missile strike</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hezbollah_involvement_in_the_Syrian_civil_war" title="Hezbollah involvement in the Syrian civil war">2012 Hezbollah involvement</a></li></ul> Foreign intervention in behalf of Syrian rebels <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_fighters_in_the_Syrian_civil_war" title="Foreign fighters in the Syrian civil war">Foreign rebel fighters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_involvement_in_the_Syrian_civil_war" title="Turkish involvement in the Syrian civil war">Turkish involvement</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Turkey%E2%80%93Islamic_State_conflict" title="Turkey–Islamic State conflict">Turkey–Islamic State conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tomb_of_Suleyman_Shah#Events_during_the_Syrian_civil_war" title="Tomb of Suleyman Shah">Tomb of Suleyman Shah relocation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Euphrates_Shield" title="Operation Euphrates Shield">Euphrates Shield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/April_2017_Turkish_airstrikes_in_Syria_and_Iraq" title="April 2017 Turkish airstrikes in Syria and Iraq">2017 airstrikes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_military_operation_in_Idlib_Governorate" title="Turkish military operation in Idlib Governorate">Idlib Governorate operation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Olive_Branch" title="Operation Olive Branch">Afrin operation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2019_Turkish_offensive_into_north-eastern_Syria" title="2019 Turkish offensive into north-eastern Syria">2019 Turkish offensive into north-eastern Syria</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Israel%27s_role_in_the_Syrian_civil_war" class="mw-redirect" title="Israel's role in the Syrian civil war">Israel's role</a></li></ul> U.S.-led intervention against ISIL <ul><li><a href="/wiki/US_intervention_in_the_Syrian_civil_war" title="US intervention in the Syrian civil war">US intervention</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_US_intervention_in_the_Syrian_civil_war" title="Timeline of US intervention in the Syrian civil war">Timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_attacks_on_Syria_during_the_Syrian_civil_war" title="List of United States attacks on Syria during the Syrian civil war">List of attacks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2014_American_rescue_mission_in_Syria" title="2014 American rescue mission in Syria">2014 rescue operation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/May_2015_U.S._special_forces_raid_in_Syria" title="May 2015 U.S. special forces raid in Syria">May 2015 raid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2017_Shayrat_missile_strike" title="2017 Shayrat missile strike">2017 missile strikes</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qatari_involvement_in_the_Syrian_civil_war" title="Qatari involvement in the Syrian civil war">Qatari involvement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jordanian_intervention_in_the_Syrian_civil_war" title="Jordanian intervention in the Syrian civil war">Jordanian intervention</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Martyr_Muath" title="Operation Martyr Muath">Operation Martyr Muath</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lebanon%27s_role_in_the_Syrian_civil_war" class="mw-redirect" title="Lebanon's role in the Syrian civil war">Lebanon's role</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saudi_involvement_in_the_Syrian_civil_war" title="Saudi involvement in the Syrian civil war">Saudi involvement</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/April_2018_missile_strikes_against_Syria" title="April 2018 missile strikes against Syria">April 2018 missile strikes</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_involvement_in_the_Syrian_civil_war" title="Dutch involvement in the Syrian civil war">Dutch involvement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_intervention_against_the_Islamic_State" title="German intervention against the Islamic State">German intervention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Op%C3%A9ration_Chammal" title="Opération Chammal">French intervention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Okra" title="Operation Okra">Australian intervention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Shader" title="Operation Shader">UK intervention</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div><div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Battle_of_Aleppo" style="margin:0;float:right;clear:right;width:25.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;margin-left:1em;;padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks navbox-vertical mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Campaignbox_Battle_of_Aleppo" title="Template:Campaignbox Battle of Aleppo"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:inherit">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Campaignbox_Battle_of_Aleppo" title="Template talk:Campaignbox Battle of Aleppo"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:inherit">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Campaignbox_Battle_of_Aleppo" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Campaignbox Battle of Aleppo"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:inherit">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Battle_of_Aleppo" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Battle of Aleppo</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">Combat operations <li><a href="/wiki/Combat_operations_in_2012_during_the_Battle_of_Aleppo" title="Combat operations in 2012 during the Battle of Aleppo">2012</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Combat_operations_in_2013_during_the_Battle_of_Aleppo" title="Combat operations in 2013 during the Battle of Aleppo">2013</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Combat_operations_in_2014_during_the_Battle_of_Aleppo" title="Combat operations in 2014 during the Battle of Aleppo">2014</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Combat_operations_in_2015_during_the_Battle_of_Aleppo" title="Combat operations in 2015 during the Battle of Aleppo">2015</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Combat_operations_in_2016_during_the_Battle_of_Aleppo" title="Combat operations in 2016 during the Battle of Aleppo">2016</a></li> <hr /> 2012 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Anadan" title="Battle of Anadan">Anadan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Menagh_Air_Base" title="Siege of Menagh Air Base">Menagh Air Base</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Base_46" title="Siege of Base 46">Base 46</a></li></ul> 2013 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Safira" title="Battle of Safira">Safira</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khan_al-Assal_massacre" title="Khan al-Assal massacre">Khan al-Assal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aleppo_offensive_(October%E2%80%93December_2013)" title="Aleppo offensive (October–December 2013)">SAA offensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Canopus_Star" title="Operation Canopus Star">Canopus Star</a></li></ul> 2014 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Rainbow_(Syrian_Civil_War)" class="mw-redirect" title="Operation Rainbow (Syrian Civil War)">Rainbow</a></li></ul> 2015 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aleppo_offensive_(July_2015)" title="Aleppo offensive (July 2015)">Rebel offensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuweires_offensive_(2015)" class="mw-redirect" title="Kuweires offensive (2015)">Kuweires offensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aleppo_offensive_(October%E2%80%93December_2015)" title="Aleppo offensive (October–December 2015)">SAA offensive</a></li></ul> 2016 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Aleppo_offensive_(February_2016)" title="Northern Aleppo offensive (February 2016)">Northern offensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2016_Southern_Aleppo_campaign" title="2016 Southern Aleppo campaign">Southern offensives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aleppo_bombings_(April%E2%80%93July_2016)" title="Aleppo bombings (April–July 2016)">Aleppo bombings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2016_Aleppo_summer_campaign" title="2016 Aleppo summer campaign">Summer offensives</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aleppo_offensive_(June%E2%80%93July_2016)" title="Aleppo offensive (June–July 2016)">1st SAA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aleppo_offensive_(July%E2%80%93August_2016)" title="Aleppo offensive (July–August 2016)">Rebel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aleppo_offensive_(August%E2%80%93September_2016)" title="Aleppo offensive (August–September 2016)">2nd SAA</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aleppo_offensive_(September%E2%80%93October_2016)" title="Aleppo offensive (September–October 2016)">SAA offensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aleppo_offensive_(October%E2%80%93November_2016)" title="Aleppo offensive (October–November 2016)">Rebel offensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aleppo_offensive_(November%E2%80%93December_2016)" title="Aleppo offensive (November–December 2016)">Final offensive</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></div> The Battle of Aleppo (<a href="/wiki/Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic</a>: مَعْرَكَةُ حَلَبَ, <a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Arabic" title="Romanization of Arabic">romanized</a>: Maʿrakat Ḥalab) was a major military confrontation in <a href="/wiki/Aleppo" title="Aleppo">Aleppo</a>, the largest city in <a href="/wiki/Syria" title="Syria">Syria</a>,<a href="#cite_note-:1-79">[78]</a> between the <a href="/wiki/Syrian_opposition" title="Syrian opposition">Syrian opposition</a> (including the <a href="/wiki/Free_Syrian_Army" title="Free Syrian Army">Free Syrian Army</a> (FSA) and other largely-<a href="/wiki/Sunni" class="mw-redirect" title="Sunni">Sunni</a> groups, such as the <a href="/wiki/Levant_Front" title="Levant Front">Levant Front</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Al-Qaeda" title="Al-Qaeda">al-Qaeda</a>-affiliated <a href="/wiki/Al-Nusra_Front" title="Al-Nusra Front">al-Nusra Front</a>)<a href="#cite_note-80">[79]</a> against the Syrian government, supported by <a href="/wiki/Hezbollah" title="Hezbollah">Hezbollah</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shia" class="mw-redirect" title="Shia">Shia</a> militias and <a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Shiite_jihad-54">[54]</a><a href="#cite_note-nytimes.com-81">[80]</a> and against the Kurdish-majority <a href="/wiki/People%27s_Protection_Units" class="mw-redirect" title="People's Protection Units">People's Protection Units</a> (YPG). The battle began on 19 July 2012 and was part of the ongoing <a href="/wiki/Syrian_Civil_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Syrian Civil War">Syrian Civil War</a>.<a href="#cite_note-guard-82">[81]</a> A stalemate that had been in place for four years finally ended in July 2016, when Syrian government troops closed the rebels' last supply line into Aleppo with the support of Russian airstrikes. In response, rebel forces launched unsuccessful counteroffensives in September and October that failed to break the siege; in November, government forces embarked on a decisive campaign that resulted in the recapture of all of Aleppo by December 2016.<a href="#cite_note-83">[82]</a> The Syrian government victory was widely seen as a turning point in Syria's civil war.<a href="#cite_note-84">[83]</a><a href="#cite_note-85">[84]</a> The large-scale devastation of the battle and its importance led combatants to name it the "mother of battles"<a href="#cite_note-86">[85]</a> or "Syria's <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Stalingrad" title="Battle of Stalingrad">Stalingrad</a>".<a href="#cite_note-87">[86]</a><a href="#cite_note-88">[87]</a> The battle was marked by widespread violence against civilians,<a href="#cite_note-89">[88]</a> repeated targeting of hospitals and schools (mostly by pro-government air forces<a href="#cite_note-90">[89]</a><a href="#cite_note-91">[90]</a> and to a lesser extent by the rebels),<a href="#cite_note-92">[91]</a><a href="#cite_note-93">[92]</a><a href="#cite_note-94">[93]</a> and indiscriminate aerial strikes and shelling against civilian areas.<a href="#cite_note-nytimes.com-81">[80]</a><a href="#cite_note-95">[94]</a><a href="#cite_note-96">[95]</a><a href="#cite_note-AP_20161007-97">[96]</a> It was also marked by the inability of the <a href="/wiki/International_community" title="International community">international community</a> to resolve the conflict peacefully. The <a href="/wiki/UN_special_envoy_to_Syria" class="mw-redirect" title="UN special envoy to Syria">UN special envoy to Syria</a> proposed to end the battle by giving East Aleppo <a href="/wiki/Autonomy" title="Autonomy">autonomy</a>, but this was rejected by the Syrian government.<a href="#cite_note-98">[97]</a> Hundreds of thousands of residents were displaced by the fighting and efforts to provide aid to civilians or facilitate evacuation were routinely disrupted by continued combat and mistrust between the opposing sides.<a href="#cite_note-independent.co.uk-99">[98]</a><a href="#cite_note-100">[99]</a> There were frequent instances of <a href="/wiki/War_crimes" class="mw-redirect" title="War crimes">war crimes</a> during the battle, including the use of chemical weapons by both Syrian government forces and rebel forces,<a href="#cite_note-101">[100]</a><a href="#cite_note-102">[101]</a> the use of <a href="/wiki/Barrel_bomb" title="Barrel bomb">barrel bombs</a> by the <a href="/wiki/Syrian_Arab_Air_Force" class="mw-redirect" title="Syrian Arab Air Force">Syrian Air Force</a>,<a href="#cite_note-103">[102]</a><a href="#cite_note-104">[103]</a><a href="#cite_note-:0-105">[104]</a><a href="#cite_note-106">[105]</a> the dropping of <a href="/wiki/Cluster_munition" title="Cluster munition">cluster munitions</a> on populated areas by Russian and Syrian forces,<a href="#cite_note-failure_to_acknowledge_civilian_killings-107">[106]</a><a href="#cite_note-War_Crimes_in_Month_of_Bombing_Aleppo-108">[107]</a> the carrying out of <a href="/wiki/Double_tap_strike" title="Double tap strike">"double tap" airstrikes</a> to target rescue workers responding to previous strikes,<a href="#cite_note-109">[108]</a> summary executions of civilians and captured soldiers by both sides,<a href="#cite_note-TORTURE_WAS_MY_PUNISHMENT-110">[109]</a><a href="#cite_note-111">[110]</a> indiscriminate shelling and use of highly inaccurate <a href="/wiki/Improvised_artillery_in_the_Syrian_Civil_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Improvised artillery in the Syrian Civil War">improvised artillery</a> by rebel forces.<a href="#cite_note-Ara_News-112">[111]</a><a href="#cite_note-113">[112]</a> During the <a href="/wiki/Aleppo_offensive_(November%E2%80%93December_2016)" title="Aleppo offensive (November–December 2016)">2016 Syrian government offensive</a>, the <a href="/wiki/UN_High_Commissioner_for_Human_Rights" class="mw-redirect" title="UN High Commissioner for Human Rights">UN High Commissioner for Human Rights</a> warned that "crimes of historic proportions" were being committed in Aleppo.<a href="#cite_note-114">[113]</a> After four years of fighting, the battle represents one of the <a href="/wiki/List_of_sieges" title="List of sieges">longest sieges</a> in modern warfare and one of the bloodiest battles of the Syrian Civil War, leaving over 31,000 people dead,<a href="#cite_note-vdc-77">[76]</a><a href="#cite_note-:2-115">[114]</a> almost a tenth of the estimated overall war casualties at that time.<a href="#cite_note-116">[115]</a> Fighting also caused severe destruction to the <a href="/wiki/Old_City_of_Aleppo" class="mw-redirect" title="Old City of Aleppo">Old City of Aleppo</a>, a <a href="/wiki/UNESCO" title="UNESCO">UNESCO</a> <a href="/wiki/World_Heritage_Site" title="World Heritage Site">World Heritage Site</a>.<a href="#cite_note-117">[116]</a> An estimated 33,500 buildings have been either damaged or destroyed.<a href="#cite_note-Washington_Post_33500-118">[117]</a> It is considered one of the worst urban battles fought in the 21st century, due to its length and destruction.<a href="#cite_note-119">[118]</a><a href="#cite_note-:1-79">[78]</a><a href="#cite_note-120">[119]</a><a href="#cite_note-:2-115">[114]</a> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Background">Background</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Aleppo_(2012%E2%80%932016)&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Background">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Syrian_Civil_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Syrian Civil War">Syrian Civil War</a></div> In 2011, <a href="/wiki/Aleppo" title="Aleppo">Aleppo</a> was <a href="/wiki/Syria" title="Syria">Syria</a>'s largest city, with a population of 2.5 million people. A <a href="/wiki/UNESCO_World_Heritage_Site" class="mw-redirect" title="UNESCO World Heritage Site">UNESCO World Heritage Site</a>, it has been described by <a href="/wiki/Time_(magazine)" title="Time (magazine)">Time</a> as Syria's commercial capital.<a href="#cite_note-121">[120]</a> Author <a href="/wiki/Diana_Darke" title="Diana Darke">Diana Darke</a> has written that "The city has long been multi-cultural, a complex mix of Kurds, Iranians, Turkmen, Armenians and Circassians overlaid on an Arab base in which multi-denominational churches and mosques still share the space."<a href="#cite_note-bbc.co.uk_2016-07-22-122">[121]</a> Nationwide protests against President <a href="/wiki/Bashar_al-Assad" title="Bashar al-Assad">Bashar al-Assad</a> began on 15 March 2011, as part of the <a href="/wiki/Arab_Spring" title="Arab Spring">Arab Spring</a>. Anti-government protests were held in several districts of Aleppo on 12 August 2011, including the city's Sakhour district. At least two protesters were shot dead by security forces during a demonstration in Sakhour with tens of thousands of attendees.<a href="#cite_note-123">[122]</a> Regular large protests started in Aleppo in May 2012.<a href="#cite_note-124">[123]</a> During this period, government-organized rallies in support of Assad also occurred.<a href="#cite_note-GP-125">[124]</a> However, Aleppo remained relatively undisturbed and largely supportive of the government<a href="#cite_note-FPRI-126">[125]</a><a href="#cite_note-127">[126]</a> during the 16-month-long conflict until 22 July 2012, when rebel fighters from the neighboring villages converged and penetrated into the city,<a href="#cite_note-128">[127]</a> to which the government responded with heavy-handed, indiscriminate bombardments.<a href="#cite_note-FPRI-126">[125]</a> On 16 February 2012, the <a href="/wiki/UN_General_Assembly" class="mw-redirect" title="UN General Assembly">UN General Assembly</a> issued a resolution with a vote of 137 in favour, 12 against, and 17 abstentions, and called on Syria "to immediately put an end to all human rights violations and attacks against civilians."<a href="#cite_note-129">[128]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Combatants">Combatants</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Aleppo_(2012%E2%80%932016)&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Combatants">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Major_Yasser_Abdul_Rahim.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Major_Yasser_Abdul_Rahim.png/220px-Major_Yasser_Abdul_Rahim.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Major_Yasser_Abdul_Rahim.png/330px-Major_Yasser_Abdul_Rahim.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Major_Yasser_Abdul_Rahim.png/440px-Major_Yasser_Abdul_Rahim.png 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="720" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Major_(rank)" title="Major (rank)">Major</a> Yasser Abdul Rahim, commander of <a href="/wiki/Fatah_Halab" title="Fatah Halab">Fatah Halab</a> and field commander of the <a href="/wiki/Sham_Legion" title="Sham Legion">Sham Legion</a> in Aleppo, coordinates an attack on <a href="/wiki/People%27s_Protection_Units" class="mw-redirect" title="People's Protection Units">YPG</a> positions in Aleppo, 2 October 2015.</figcaption></figure> At the beginning of the Battle of Aleppo, rebels reportedly had between 6,000<a href="#cite_note-130">[129]</a> and 7,000<a href="#cite_note-new_offensive-131">[130]</a> fighters in 18 battalions.<a href="#cite_note-keycities-132">[131]</a> The largest rebel group was the <a href="/wiki/Al-Tawhid_Brigade" title="Al-Tawhid Brigade">al-Tawhid Brigade</a> and the most prominent was the <a href="/wiki/Free_Syrian_Army" title="Free Syrian Army">Free Syrian Army</a>, largely composed of army defectors. Most of the rebels came from the Aleppo countryside and from towns including <a href="/wiki/Al-Bab" title="Al-Bab">Al-Bab</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mare%27" title="Mare'">Marea</a>, <a href="/wiki/Azaz" title="Azaz">Azaz</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tel_Rifaat" class="mw-redirect" title="Tel Rifaat">Tel Rifaat</a> and <a href="/wiki/Manbij" title="Manbij">Manbij</a>.<a href="#cite_note-133">[132]</a> A resident of Aleppo reportedly accused the rebels of using civilian homes for shelter.<a href="#cite_note-134">[133]</a> On 19 November 2012, the rebel fighters—particularly the al-Tawhid Brigade and the al-Nusra Front—initially rejected the newly formed <a href="/wiki/Syrian_National_Coalition" class="mw-redirect" title="Syrian National Coalition">Syrian National Coalition</a>.<a href="#cite_note-135">[134]</a> However, the next day the rebels withdrew their rejection.<a href="#cite_note-136">[135]</a> By December, rebel fighters were commonly looting for supplies; they switched their loyalties to groups that had more to share. This new approach led to the killing of at least one rebel commander following a dispute; fighters retreating with their loot caused the loss of a frontline position and the failure of an attack on a Kurdish neighborhood. The looting cost the rebel fighters much popular support.<a href="#cite_note-137">[136]</a> Islamic extremists and foreign fighters, many of whom were experienced and came from the ongoing insurgency in neighboring Iraq, joined the battle.<a href="#cite_note-Insight-58">[57]</a> Jihadists reportedly came from across the Muslim world.<a href="#cite_note-Hurriyet-62">[61]</a> Jacques Bérès, a French surgeon who treated wounded fighters, reported a significant number of foreign fighters, most of whom had Islamist goals and were not directly interested in Bashar al-Assad. They included Libyans, Chechens, and Frenchmen. Bérès contrasted the situation in Aleppo with that in <a href="/wiki/Idlib" title="Idlib">Idlib</a> and <a href="/wiki/Homs" title="Homs">Homs</a>, where foreign forces were not common.<a href="#cite_note-Berres-138">[137]</a> Some FSA brigades cooperated with Mujahideen fighters.<a href="#cite_note-Insight-58">[57]</a> By 2016, the rebel factions still included internationally recognized terrorist groups such as <a href="/wiki/Al-Nusra_Front" title="Al-Nusra Front">Al-Nusra Front</a>; they numbered 1,000 fighters in October 2016.<a href="#cite_note-Aleppo_may_be_totally_destroyed-76">[75]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Blown_out_tank_Aleppo.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Blown_out_tank_Aleppo.jpg/220px-Blown_out_tank_Aleppo.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Blown_out_tank_Aleppo.jpg/330px-Blown_out_tank_Aleppo.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Blown_out_tank_Aleppo.jpg/440px-Blown_out_tank_Aleppo.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1059" data-file-height="596" /></a><figcaption>A destroyed government tank on a road in Aleppo</figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Hezbollah" title="Hezbollah">Hezbollah</a>, which by 2013 joined the Syrian Civil War in support for President al-Assad, was also designated as a terrorist group by various organizations.<a href="#cite_note-139">[138]</a> The government retained some support in Aleppo; in 2012 a rebel commander said, "around 70% of Aleppo city is with the regime".<a href="#cite_note-140">[139]</a> During the course of the battle, Assad lost support from Aleppo's wealthy class.<a href="#cite_note-141">[140]</a> In 2012, <a href="/wiki/CBS_News" title="CBS News">CBS News</a> reported that 48 elite businessmen who were the primary financiers for the government switched sides.<a href="#cite_note-cbsnews.com-142">[141]</a> For the first time, the government's <a href="/wiki/Syrian_Arab_Army" class="mw-redirect" title="Syrian Arab Army">Syrian Arab Army</a> engaged in <a href="/wiki/Urban_warfare" title="Urban warfare">urban warfare</a>. They divided their forces into groups of 40 soldiers each. These were armed mostly with automatic rifles and anti-tank rockets and artillery, tanks and helicopters were only used for support. In August 2012, the army deployed its elite units.<a href="#cite_note-143">[142]</a> Eventually, after rebel forces executed Zeino al-Berri, tribal leader of the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Al-Berri_tribe&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Al-Berri tribe (page does not exist)">al-Berri tribe</a>, the tribe joined the fight against the rebels.<a href="#cite_note-144">[143]</a> Initially, the Christian community tried to avoid taking sides in the conflict.<a href="#cite_note-DNA0913-46">[46]</a> However, many Christians supported the Army and some formed militias aligned with the government following the capture of their quarters by the Syrian Army.<a href="#cite_note-UPI-44">[44]</a><a href="#cite_note-Globalist8-45">[45]</a> Many Christian Armenians also supported the Syrian Army. Some of Aleppo's Armenians claimed Turkey supported the FSA to attack Armenians and Arab Christians.<a href="#cite_note-DNA0913-46">[46]</a> In 2012, one Armenian militia had around 150 fighters.<a href="#cite_note-DNA0913-46">[46]</a> At the beginning of the battle, Aleppo's Kurds formed armed groups, most notably the <a href="/wiki/Saladin_Ayubi_Brigade" title="Saladin Ayubi Brigade">Saladin Ayubi Brigade</a>, which worked with the opposition. Units of the <a href="/wiki/Kurdish_Front" title="Kurdish Front">Kurdish Front</a>, part of the FSA and allied with the <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Union_Party_(Syria)" title="Democratic Union Party (Syria)">Democratic Union Party</a> (PYD), were formed later in 2013. The PYD had poor relations with both sides. Its <a href="/wiki/People%27s_Protection_Units" class="mw-redirect" title="People's Protection Units">People's Protection Units</a> (YPG) stayed out of Arab areas and insisted the FSA stay out of the Kurdish area. They did not initially fight the Syrian Army unless attacked.<a href="#cite_note-145">[144]</a> The Kurdish areas in Aleppo mainly came under PYD control.<a href="#cite_note-146">[145]</a> At various points in the conflict, the Kurds joined the opposition against pro-government forces.<a href="#cite_note-truce-78">[77]</a> However, the YPG-controlled neighborhood of <a href="/wiki/Sheikh_Maqsood" title="Sheikh Maqsood">Sheikh Maqsood</a> came under a siege by both Syrian government forces and the rebels. In September 2015, the rebels accused the YPG of having a deal with the government, while the YPG accused the rebels of shelling the neighborhood.<a href="#cite_note-147">[146]</a> Between November and December 2015, the conflict between the rebels and US-backed Kurdish-led <a href="/wiki/Syrian_Democratic_Forces" title="Syrian Democratic Forces">Syrian Democratic Forces</a> (SDF) in the rest of Aleppo province escalated.<a href="#cite_note-YPGallies-148">[147]</a><a href="#cite_note-149">[148]</a> Truce attempts largely failed to stop the fighting.<a href="#cite_note-150">[149]</a><a href="#cite_note-151">[150]</a> The situation escalated in February 2016, when the SDF followed up on advances by the Syrian Armed Forces, backed by <a href="/wiki/Russian_military_intervention_in_the_Syrian_Civil_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Russian military intervention in the Syrian Civil War">Russian airstrikes</a>, and they themselves took territory north of Aleppo city from the rebels.<a href="#cite_note-152">[151]</a><a href="#cite_note-153">[152]</a> Starting in late September 2015, <a href="/wiki/Russian_Air_Force" title="Russian Air Force">Russian warplanes</a> carried out their very first attacks in Syria.<a href="#cite_note-154">[153]</a> The Russian bombing campaign included strikes against rebel forces in Aleppo.<a href="#cite_note-155">[154]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Course_of_the_battle">Course of the battle</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Aleppo_(2012%E2%80%932016)&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Course of the battle">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="2012:_Initial_rebel_attack_and_capture_of_Eastern_Aleppo">2012: Initial rebel attack and capture of Eastern Aleppo</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Aleppo_(2012%E2%80%932016)&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: 2012: Initial rebel attack and capture of Eastern Aleppo">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Combat_operations_in_2012_during_the_Battle_of_Aleppo" title="Combat operations in 2012 during the Battle of Aleppo">Combat operations in 2012 during the Battle of Aleppo</a></div> Gunfire between rebels and security forces broke out in and around <a href="/wiki/Salaheddine_District" title="Salaheddine District">Salaheddine</a>, a district in the city's southwest, on the night of 19 July 2012.<a href="#cite_note-156">[155]</a> In late July and early August 2012, the FSA continued its offensive in Aleppo, with both sides suffering a high level of casualties. Rebel commanders said their main aim was to capture the city center.<a href="#cite_note-armypounds-157">[156]</a> On 30 July, the rebels <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Anadan" title="Battle of Anadan">seized a strategic checkpoint in Anadan</a>, a town north of Aleppo, gaining a direct route between the city and the Turkish border—an important rebel supply base.<a href="#cite_note-158">[157]</a> They also captured <a href="/wiki/Al-Bab" title="Al-Bab">Al-Bab</a>, an army base northeast of the city.<a href="#cite_note-159">[158]</a> Later, rebels attacked the air base at Minakh, 30 km (19 miles) northwest of Aleppo, with arms and tanks captured at the Anadan checkpoint.<a href="#cite_note-160">[159]</a> Opposition forces continued to gain territory in the city, controlling most of eastern and southwestern Aleppo, including Salaheddine and parts of Hamdaniyeh.<a href="#cite_note-independent1-161">[160]</a> They continued to target security centers and police stations as clashes erupted near the Air Force intelligence headquarters in Aleppo's northwestern district <a href="/wiki/Al-Zahraa" title="Al-Zahraa">Zahraa</a>.<a href="#cite_note-162">[161]</a> Rebels over-ran several police stations and posts in the central and southern districts of Bab al-Nerab, Al-Miersa and Salhain, seizing a significant quantity of arms and ammunition.<a href="#cite_note-independent1-161">[160]</a> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 165px;"><a href="/wiki/File:FSA_rebels_hold_a_planning_session.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Free Syrian Army rebels hold a planning session"><img alt="Free Syrian Army rebels hold a planning session" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/FSA_rebels_hold_a_planning_session.jpg/200px-FSA_rebels_hold_a_planning_session.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="112" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/FSA_rebels_hold_a_planning_session.jpg/300px-FSA_rebels_hold_a_planning_session.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/FSA_rebels_hold_a_planning_session.jpg/400px-FSA_rebels_hold_a_planning_session.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1172" data-file-height="659" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Free_Syrian_Army" title="Free Syrian Army">Free Syrian Army</a> rebels hold a planning session</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 165px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Bombed_out_vehicles_Aleppo.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Bombed out vehicles in Aleppo"><img alt="Bombed out vehicles in Aleppo" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Bombed_out_vehicles_Aleppo.jpg/200px-Bombed_out_vehicles_Aleppo.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="109" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Bombed_out_vehicles_Aleppo.jpg/300px-Bombed_out_vehicles_Aleppo.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Bombed_out_vehicles_Aleppo.jpg/400px-Bombed_out_vehicles_Aleppo.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1210" data-file-height="658" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Bombed out vehicles in Aleppo</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 165px;"><video id="mwe_player_0" poster="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Conquest_Brigade_fights_in_Al-Midan_neighborhood_in_Aleppo.webm/180px--Conquest_Brigade_fights_in_Al-Midan_neighborhood_in_Aleppo.webm.jpg" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="180" height="135" data-durationhint="71" data-mwtitle="Conquest_Brigade_fights_in_Al-Midan_neighborhood_in_Aleppo.webm" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/0/07/Conquest_Brigade_fights_in_Al-Midan_neighborhood_in_Aleppo.webm/Conquest_Brigade_fights_in_Al-Midan_neighborhood_in_Aleppo.webm.360p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="360p.vp9.webm" data-width="480" data-height="360" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/0/07/Conquest_Brigade_fights_in_Al-Midan_neighborhood_in_Aleppo.webm/Conquest_Brigade_fights_in_Al-Midan_neighborhood_in_Aleppo.webm.360p.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-transcodekey="360p.webm" data-width="480" data-height="360" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/07/Conquest_Brigade_fights_in_Al-Midan_neighborhood_in_Aleppo.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-width="480" data-height="360" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/0/07/Conquest_Brigade_fights_in_Al-Midan_neighborhood_in_Aleppo.webm/Conquest_Brigade_fights_in_Al-Midan_neighborhood_in_Aleppo.webm.144p.mjpeg.mov" type="video/quicktime" data-transcodekey="144p.mjpeg.mov" data-width="192" data-height="144" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/0/07/Conquest_Brigade_fights_in_Al-Midan_neighborhood_in_Aleppo.webm/Conquest_Brigade_fights_in_Al-Midan_neighborhood_in_Aleppo.webm.240p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="240p.vp9.webm" data-width="320" data-height="240" /></video></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Conquest_Brigade" title="Conquest Brigade">Conquest Brigade</a> fighters battle government forces in <a href="/wiki/Al-Midan" title="Al-Midan">al-Midan</a>, September 2012</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="2013:_Advances_and_counter-advances">2013: Advances and counter-advances</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Aleppo_(2012%E2%80%932016)&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: 2013: Advances and counter-advances">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Combat_operations_in_2013_during_the_Battle_of_Aleppo" title="Combat operations in 2013 during the Battle of Aleppo">Combat operations in 2013 during the Battle of Aleppo</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:ISIL_car_bomb_explodes_in_Menagh_Air_Base.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/ISIL_car_bomb_explodes_in_Menagh_Air_Base.gif/220px-ISIL_car_bomb_explodes_in_Menagh_Air_Base.gif" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/ISIL_car_bomb_explodes_in_Menagh_Air_Base.gif/330px-ISIL_car_bomb_explodes_in_Menagh_Air_Base.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/ISIL_car_bomb_explodes_in_Menagh_Air_Base.gif/440px-ISIL_car_bomb_explodes_in_Menagh_Air_Base.gif 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="338" /></a><figcaption>An <a href="/wiki/ISIL" class="mw-redirect" title="ISIL">ISIL</a> <a href="/wiki/Suicide_attack" title="Suicide attack">suicide bomber</a> detonates a <a href="/wiki/Car_bomb" title="Car bomb">car bomb</a> during the <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Menagh_Air_Base" title="Siege of Menagh Air Base">Siege of Menagh Air Base</a>.</figcaption></figure> In December 2012, the <a href="/wiki/Al-Nusra_Front" title="Al-Nusra Front">al-Nusra Front</a> unilaterally declared a <a href="/wiki/No-fly_zone" title="No-fly zone">no-fly zone</a> and threatened to shoot down commercial aircraft, alleging that the government was using them to transport loyalist troops and military supplies.<a href="#cite_note-163">[162]</a> After multiple attacks on Aleppo International Airport, all flights were suspended on 1 January 2013.<a href="#cite_note-164">[163]</a> The following month, the rebels seized <a href="/wiki/Great_Mosque_of_Aleppo" title="Great Mosque of Aleppo">Umayyad Mosque</a>; and during the battle, the mosque's museum caught fire and its ceiling collapsed.<a href="#cite_note-165">[164]</a> On 9 June, the Syrian Army announced the start of "<a href="/wiki/Aleppo_offensive_(October%E2%80%93December_2013)" title="Aleppo offensive (October–December 2013)">Operation Northern Storm</a>", an attempt to recapture territory in and around the city.<a href="#cite_note-166">[165]</a> Between 7 and 14 June, army troops, government militiamen and <a href="/wiki/Hezbollah" title="Hezbollah">Hezbollah</a> fighters launched the operation. Over a one-week period, government forces advanced in the city and the countryside, pushing back the rebels. However, according to an opposition activist, on 14 June the situation started reversing after rebels halted an armored reinforcement column from Aleppo that was heading for two Shiite villages northwest of the city.<a href="#cite_note-167">[166]</a> On 8 November, the <a href="/wiki/Syrian_Army" title="Syrian Army">Syrian Army</a> started an offensive against the rebel-held Base 80, launching "the heaviest barrage in more than a year".<a href="#cite_note-168">[167]</a> <a href="/wiki/Al_Jazeera_English" title="Al Jazeera English">Al Jazeera</a> wrote that a government victory would cut the rebels' route between the city and al-Bab.<a href="#cite_note-169">[168]</a> Two days later, <a href="/wiki/Reuters" title="Reuters">Reuters</a> reported that the rebels had regrouped to fight the Syrian army.<a href="#cite_note-170">[169]</a> Fifteen rebels were killed and the army recaptured the base.<a href="#cite_note-171">[170]</a> The following month, the army partially besieged the city in <a href="/wiki/Operation_Canopus_Star" title="Operation Canopus Star">Operation Canopus Star</a>.<a href="#cite_note-172">[171]</a> During the offensive, Army helicopters attacked with <a href="/wiki/Barrel_bomb" title="Barrel bomb">barrel bombs</a>, killing more than a thousand people, according to the Free Syrian Army's Abu Firas Al-Halabi.<a href="#cite_note-173">[172]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="2014:_Syrian_government_encirclement_of_the_rebels">2014: Syrian government encirclement of the rebels</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Aleppo_(2012%E2%80%932016)&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: 2014: Syrian government encirclement of the rebels">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Combat_operations_in_2014_during_the_Battle_of_Aleppo" title="Combat operations in 2014 during the Battle of Aleppo">Combat operations in 2014 during the Battle of Aleppo</a></div> Government forces, having lifted the siege of Aleppo in October 2013, continued their offensive in 2014. This culminated in the capture of the Sheikh Najjar industrial district north of Aleppo and the lifting of the siege of Aleppo Central Prison on 22 May 2014, which contained a garrison of government soldiers that had resisted rebel forces since 2012.<a href="#cite_note-174">[173]</a> A <a href="/wiki/Ceasefire" title="Ceasefire">ceasefire</a> proposal was presented by a <a href="/wiki/United_Nations" title="United Nations">UN</a> envoy in November; under the proposal humanitarian aid would be delivered to Aleppo following the cessation of hostilities. President Assad said the ceasefire plan was "worth studying",<a href="#cite_note-175">[174]</a> and according to the UN envoy the Syrian government was "seriously studying" the proposal.<a href="#cite_note-176">[175]</a> The FSA rejected the plan; its military commander Zaher al-Saket said they had "learned not to trust the [Bashar al-] Assad regime because they are cunning and only want to buy time".<a href="#cite_note-177">[176]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="2015:_War_of_attrition">2015: War of attrition</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Aleppo_(2012%E2%80%932016)&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: 2015: War of attrition">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Combat_operations_in_2015_during_the_Battle_of_Aleppo" title="Combat operations in 2015 during the Battle of Aleppo">Combat operations in 2015 during the Battle of Aleppo</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Aleppo_offensive_(October%E2%80%93December_2015)" title="Aleppo offensive (October–December 2015)">Aleppo offensive (October–December 2015)</a> and <a href="/wiki/East_Aleppo_offensive_(2015%E2%80%9316)" class="mw-redirect" title="East Aleppo offensive (2015–16)">East Aleppo offensive (2015–16)</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Aleppians_waiting_in_a_bread_line_during_the_Syrian_civil_war.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Aleppians_waiting_in_a_bread_line_during_the_Syrian_civil_war.jpg/220px-Aleppians_waiting_in_a_bread_line_during_the_Syrian_civil_war.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Aleppians_waiting_in_a_bread_line_during_the_Syrian_civil_war.jpg/330px-Aleppians_waiting_in_a_bread_line_during_the_Syrian_civil_war.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Aleppians_waiting_in_a_bread_line_during_the_Syrian_civil_war.jpg/440px-Aleppians_waiting_in_a_bread_line_during_the_Syrian_civil_war.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1172" data-file-height="661" /></a><figcaption>Aleppo residents waiting in a bread line during the Syrian civil war</figcaption></figure> In early January, the rebels recaptured the Majbal (sawmills) area of al-Brej and captured the southern entrance of the stone quarries known as al-Misat, forcing government troops to retreat to the north.<a href="#cite_note-178">[177]</a> Rebels also seized the Manasher al-Brej area. They tried to advance and take control of al-Brej Hill, with which they could seize the military supply road running between Aleppo Central Prison and the Handarat and al-Mallah areas.<a href="#cite_note-179">[178]</a> At the end of January, the rebels took control over some positions in al-Brej Hill.<a href="#cite_note-180">[179]</a><a href="#cite_note-181">[180]</a> In mid-February, the Syrian Arab Army and its allies launched a major offensive in the northern Aleppo countryside, with the aim of cutting the last rebel supply routes into the city, and relieving the rebel siege of the Shi'a-majority towns Zahra'a and Nubl to the northwest of Aleppo.<a href="#cite_note-182">[181]</a> They quickly captured several villages,<a href="#cite_note-183">[182]</a> but bad weather conditions and an inability to call up reinforcements stalled the government offensive.<a href="#cite_note-AFP_Feb_2015-184">[183]</a> A few days later, the rebels launched a counter-offensive, retaking two of four positions they had lost to Syrian government forces.<a href="#cite_note-185">[184]</a> On 9 March, opposition forces launched an assault on Handarat, north of Aleppo, after reportedly noticing confusion in the ranks of Syrian government troops after the February fighting.<a href="#cite_note-Rebels_advance-186">[185]</a> Opposition sources said the rebels had captured 40–50% of the village, or possibly even 75%, while the Army remained in control of the northern portion of Handarat.<a href="#cite_note-Rebels_advance-186">[185]</a><a href="#cite_note-187">[186]</a> In contrast, a Syrian Army source stated they still controlled 80% of Handarat.<a href="#cite_note-188">[187]</a> On 18 March, after almost 10 days of fighting,<a href="#cite_note-189">[188]</a> the Syrian Army had fully expelled the rebels from Handarat,<a href="#cite_note-190">[189]</a> and re-established control of the village.<a href="#cite_note-191">[190]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><video id="mwe_player_1" poster="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Jdeideh_Jdayde_Aleppo_Avril_2015.webm/220px--Jdeideh_Jdayde_Aleppo_Avril_2015.webm.jpg" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" height="124" data-durationhint="20" data-mwtitle="Jdeideh_Jdayde_Aleppo_Avril_2015.webm" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons" resource="/wiki/File:Jdeideh_Jdayde_Aleppo_Avril_2015.webm"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/e/e2/Jdeideh_Jdayde_Aleppo_Avril_2015.webm/Jdeideh_Jdayde_Aleppo_Avril_2015.webm.360p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="360p.vp9.webm" data-width="640" data-height="360" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/e/e2/Jdeideh_Jdayde_Aleppo_Avril_2015.webm/Jdeideh_Jdayde_Aleppo_Avril_2015.webm.360p.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-transcodekey="360p.webm" data-width="640" data-height="360" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e2/Jdeideh_Jdayde_Aleppo_Avril_2015.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-width="640" data-height="360" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/e/e2/Jdeideh_Jdayde_Aleppo_Avril_2015.webm/Jdeideh_Jdayde_Aleppo_Avril_2015.webm.144p.mjpeg.mov" type="video/quicktime" data-transcodekey="144p.mjpeg.mov" data-width="256" data-height="144" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/e/e2/Jdeideh_Jdayde_Aleppo_Avril_2015.webm/Jdeideh_Jdayde_Aleppo_Avril_2015.webm.240p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="240p.vp9.webm" data-width="426" data-height="240" /></video><figcaption>Rebel forces use tunnel bombs under the <a href="/wiki/Al-Hatab_Square" title="Al-Hatab Square">Al-Hatab Square</a>, in preparation for an assault on government troops in April 2015.</figcaption></figure> On 13 April, Islamist opposition forces and <a href="/wiki/Al-Nusra_Front" title="Al-Nusra Front">al-Nusra Front</a> renewed their assault on the Air Force Intelligence building, utilizing a tunnel bomb followed by an assault.<a href="#cite_note-192">[191]</a> Much of the Air Force Intelligence building was reportedly damaged as a result of the tunnel bomb.<a href="#cite_note-193">[192]</a> Between 27–29 April, the FSA and <a href="/wiki/Ahrar_ash-Sham" class="mw-redirect" title="Ahrar ash-Sham">Ahrar ash-Sham</a> launched an operation in the old city of Aleppo and <a href="/wiki/Al-Hatab_Square" title="Al-Hatab Square">al-Hatab Square</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Al-Jdayde" title="Al-Jdayde">Al-Jdayde</a> (Jdeideh) District, which included tunnel bombs<a href="#cite_note-194">[193]</a> and the shelling of buildings where soldiers were stationed. The rebels claimed to have killed 76 troops in these operations.<a href="#cite_note-195">[194]</a> Sahat Al Hatab square and the buildings around it were left devastated as a result of this operation.<a href="#cite_note-196">[195]</a><a href="#cite_note-197">[196]</a> Numerous monuments, including churches, a mosque, the <a href="/wiki/Waqf_of_Ibshir_Mustafa_Pasha_Complex" title="Waqf of Ibshir Mustafa Pasha Complex">Waqf of Ibshir Mustafa Pasha Complex</a> complex, the wool souk and al-Hatab Square were heavily damaged or destroyed by the explosions.<a href="#cite_note-198">[197]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sham_Legion_launch_rockets_at_YPG_positions_in_Aleppo.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Sham_Legion_launch_rockets_at_YPG_positions_in_Aleppo.png/220px-Sham_Legion_launch_rockets_at_YPG_positions_in_Aleppo.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Sham_Legion_launch_rockets_at_YPG_positions_in_Aleppo.png/330px-Sham_Legion_launch_rockets_at_YPG_positions_in_Aleppo.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Sham_Legion_launch_rockets_at_YPG_positions_in_Aleppo.png/440px-Sham_Legion_launch_rockets_at_YPG_positions_in_Aleppo.png 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="720" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Sham_Legion" title="Sham Legion">Sham Legion</a> <a href="/wiki/Multiple_rocket_launcher" title="Multiple rocket launcher">multiple rocket launcher</a> mounted on a <a href="/wiki/Technical_(vehicle)" title="Technical (vehicle)">technical</a> launches rockets at <a href="/wiki/People%27s_Protection_Units" class="mw-redirect" title="People's Protection Units">YPG</a> positions in Aleppo, 2 October 2015.</figcaption></figure> In preparation for a new offensive, the rebels heavily shelled government-held parts of Aleppo, leaving 43 civilians dead and 190 wounded on 15 June.<a href="#cite_note-199">[198]</a> On 17 June, rebel forces captured the western neighborhood of Rashideen from Syrian government forces.<a href="#cite_note-Rashideen-200">[199]</a><a href="#cite_note-201">[200]</a> Throughout 19 and 20 June, a new round of rebel shelling killed 19 more civilians.<a href="#cite_note-202">[201]</a> In early July, two rebel coalitions launched an <a href="/wiki/Aleppo_offensive_(July_2015)" title="Aleppo offensive (July 2015)">offensive</a> against the government-held western half of the city.<a href="#cite_note-203">[202]</a> During five days of fighting, the rebels seized the Scientific Research Center on Aleppo's western outskirts, which was being used as a military barracks. Two rebel attacks on the Jamiyat al-Zahra area were repelled. Government forces launched an unsuccessful counter-attack against the Scientific Research Center.<a href="#cite_note-Guardian_4July2015-204">[203]</a><a href="#cite_note-205">[204]</a> In mid-October, ISIL captured four rebel-held villages northeast of Aleppo, while the Army seized the Syria-Turkey Free Trade Zone, the al-Ahdath juvenile prison and cement plant.<a href="#cite_note-206">[205]</a> Meanwhile, the SAA and Hezbollah launched an offensive south of Aleppo, reporting they had captured 408 square kilometres (158 square miles) of territory in one month.<a href="#cite_note-207">[206]</a> By late December, reporting that they were in control of 3/4 of the southern Aleppo countryside.<a href="#cite_note-208">[207]</a> By the end of 2015, only 80 doctors were left in eastern, rebel-held part of Aleppo, or only one for 7,000 residents, while only one bakery was left to serve 120,000 people.<a href="#cite_note-Aleppo_Elegy-209">[208]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="2016:_Supply_lines_cut,_surrender,_and_evacuation">2016: Supply lines cut, surrender, and evacuation</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Aleppo_(2012%E2%80%932016)&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: 2016: Supply lines cut, surrender, and evacuation">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Combat_operations_in_2016_during_the_Battle_of_Aleppo" title="Combat operations in 2016 during the Battle of Aleppo">Combat operations in 2016 during the Battle of Aleppo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Northern_Aleppo_offensive_(February_2016)" title="Northern Aleppo offensive (February 2016)">Northern Aleppo offensive (February 2016)</a>, <a href="/wiki/2016_Aleppo_campaign" class="mw-redirect" title="2016 Aleppo campaign">2016 Aleppo campaign</a>, <a href="/wiki/Aleppo_offensive_(September%E2%80%93October_2016)" title="Aleppo offensive (September–October 2016)">Aleppo offensive (September–October 2016)</a>, <a href="/wiki/Aleppo_offensive_(October%E2%80%93November_2016)" title="Aleppo offensive (October–November 2016)">Aleppo offensive (October–November 2016)</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Aleppo_offensive_(November%E2%80%93December_2016)" title="Aleppo offensive (November–December 2016)">Aleppo offensive (November–December 2016)</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Syria-_two_years_of_tragedy_(8557586198).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Syria-_two_years_of_tragedy_%288557586198%29.jpg/220px-Syria-_two_years_of_tragedy_%288557586198%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Syria-_two_years_of_tragedy_%288557586198%29.jpg/330px-Syria-_two_years_of_tragedy_%288557586198%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Syria-_two_years_of_tragedy_%288557586198%29.jpg/440px-Syria-_two_years_of_tragedy_%288557586198%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="1728" /></a><figcaption>Destroyed area in Aleppo</figcaption></figure> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Battle_of_Aleppo_twin_sieges_map.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Battle_of_Aleppo_twin_sieges_map.png/380px-Battle_of_Aleppo_twin_sieges_map.png" decoding="async" width="380" height="192" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Battle_of_Aleppo_twin_sieges_map.png/570px-Battle_of_Aleppo_twin_sieges_map.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Battle_of_Aleppo_twin_sieges_map.png/760px-Battle_of_Aleppo_twin_sieges_map.png 2x" data-file-width="1293" data-file-height="655" /></a><figcaption>The situation in Aleppo on 20 August 2016, when both the rebels and Syrian government forces besieged each other<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend" style="text-align:left;">  <a href="/wiki/Syrian_Arab_Army" class="mw-redirect" title="Syrian Arab Army">Syrian Arab Army</a> control</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend" style="text-align:left;">  Opposition control (including <a href="/wiki/Al-Nusra_Front" title="Al-Nusra Front">al-Nusra Front</a>)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend" style="text-align:left;">  <a href="/wiki/Syrian_Democratic_Forces" title="Syrian Democratic Forces">SDF</a> control</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend" style="text-align:left;">  <a href="/wiki/Islamic_State_of_Iraq_and_the_Levant" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant">Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant</a> control</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend" style="text-align:left;">  Joint <a href="/wiki/Syrian_Arab_Army" class="mw-redirect" title="Syrian Arab Army">SAA</a>-<a href="/wiki/Syrian_Democratic_Forces" title="Syrian Democratic Forces">SDF</a> control</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend" style="text-align:left;">  Confrontation or unclear situation</div></figcaption></figure> By 2016, it was estimated that the population of rebel-held Eastern Aleppo had been reduced to 300,000,<a href="#cite_note-bbc.co.uk_2016-07-22-122">[121]</a> while 1.5 million were living in government-held Western Aleppo.<a href="#cite_note-210">[209]</a> In early February 2016, Syrian government forces and their allies broke a three-year rebel siege of two Shi'ite towns of <a href="/wiki/Nubl" class="mw-redirect" title="Nubl">Nubl</a> and <a href="/wiki/Al-Zahraa" title="Al-Zahraa">Zahraa</a>, cutting off a main insurgent route to nearby Turkey.<a href="#cite_note-211">[210]</a> On 4 February, the towns of <a href="/wiki/Mayer,_Syria" title="Mayer, Syria">Mayer</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kafr_Naya" title="Kafr Naya">Kafr Naya</a> were recaptured by government forces.<a href="#cite_note-212">[211]</a> On 5 February, the government captured the village of <a href="/wiki/Ratyan" title="Ratyan">Ratyan</a>, to the northwest of Aleppo.<a href="#cite_note-213">[212]</a> On 25 June, the Syrian Army and allied forces began their long-awaited North-west Aleppo offensive.<a href="#cite_note-214">[213]</a> The ultimate goal of the offensive was to cut off the Castello highway, which would cut off the last supply route for rebels inside the city, thus fully encircling remaining opposition forces.<a href="#cite_note-bbc.co.uk_2016-07-22-122">[121]</a> By late July, Syrian government forces had managed to sever the last rebel supply line coming from the north, and completely surrounded Aleppo. Both the 4.000 rebels as well as tens of thousands of civilians were trapped in the rebel held part of Aleppo. The Syrian Army asked the rebels to stop their resistance and asked them to lay down arms and surrender. The rebels rejected, vowing they will fight until the last opposition soul remains.<a href="#cite_note-215">[214]</a> However, within days, the rebels launched a large-scale counterattack south of Aleppo, in an attempt to both open a new supply line into rebel-held parts of the city and cut-off the government-held side. The whole campaign, including both the Army's offensive and subsequent rebel counter-offensive, was seen by both sides as possibly deciding the fate of the entire war.<a href="#cite_note-bust-216">[215]</a><a href="#cite_note-intensify-217">[216]</a><a href="#cite_note-roll-218">[217]</a><a href="#cite_note-219">[218]</a><a href="#cite_note-220">[219]</a> After a week of heavy fighting, rebels both inside and outside Aleppo advanced into the Ramouseh neighborhood, linked up and captured it, while also seizing the Al-Ramousah Military Academy. With these advances, the rebels managed to cut the government's supply line into the government-held part of west Aleppo<a href="#cite_note-meet-221">[220]</a><a href="#cite_note-academyloss-222">[221]</a><a href="#cite_note-223">[222]</a> and announced the Army's siege of rebel-held east Aleppo had been broken.<a href="#cite_note-224">[223]</a> However, the new rebel supply line was still under Army artillery fire and being hit by air-strikes,<a href="#cite_note-meet-221">[220]</a> making both sides essentially under siege.<a href="#cite_note-225">[224]</a> Since the rebel offensive started, at least 130 civilians had been killed, most by rebel shelling of government-held districts. 500 fighters on both sides also died, mostly rebels.<a href="#cite_note-226">[225]</a> However, on 4 September, the Syrian Armed forces recaptured the Technical College, Armament college and artillery college, thus imposing the siege on Aleppo once again. Later that week they recaptured the Ramouseh district and reversed almost all rebel gains made since 30 July. The Syrian Government forces then <a href="/wiki/Aleppo_offensive_(September%E2%80%93October_2016)" title="Aleppo offensive (September–October 2016)">started an offensive</a> to capture eastern Aleppo on 22 September, taking 15–20% of the rebel-held part of Aleppo. Rebels started <a href="/wiki/Aleppo_offensive_(October%E2%80%93November_2016)" title="Aleppo offensive (October–November 2016)">an attack on western Aleppo</a> in late October, which failed, with government forces retaking areas in the south-west that they had lost to the rebel's late July offensive. The Syrian Army then <a href="/wiki/Aleppo_offensive_(November%E2%80%93December_2016)" title="Aleppo offensive (November–December 2016)">launched an offensive</a>, aimed at finishing rebel-held Aleppo once and for all, during which they captured the Hanano district, Sakhour district, Jabal Badro district, Bustan al-Basha district, Hellok district, Sheikh Kheder district, Sheikh Fares district Haydariyah district, Ayn al-Tal industrial district and reportedly the research housing south of Jabal Badro. They also captured the Ard' Al Hamra district, reportedly cutting rebel-held territory in Aleppo by 40–45%.<a href="#cite_note-227">[226]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:International_Mine_Action_Center_in_Syria_(Aleppo)_08.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/International_Mine_Action_Center_in_Syria_%28Aleppo%29_08.jpg/220px-International_Mine_Action_Center_in_Syria_%28Aleppo%29_08.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/International_Mine_Action_Center_in_Syria_%28Aleppo%29_08.jpg/330px-International_Mine_Action_Center_in_Syria_%28Aleppo%29_08.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/International_Mine_Action_Center_in_Syria_%28Aleppo%29_08.jpg/440px-International_Mine_Action_Center_in_Syria_%28Aleppo%29_08.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="801" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Russian_Engineer_Troops" title="Russian Engineer Troops">Russian Engineer Troops</a> in a demining operation in Aleppo, 18 December 2016</figcaption></figure> By 13 December 2016, only 5% of the original territory of the city remained in rebel hands.<a href="#cite_note-228">[227]</a> A ceasefire was announced and the fighting stopped in order to allow the evacuation of civilians and rebels. The buses were prepared for the evacuation. However, the deal fell apart the next day, when the Syrian Government resumed their intense bombing of eastern Aleppo, with both sides blaming the other for the resumed fighting.<a href="#cite_note-229">[228]</a> The deal was revived on 15 December with first convoy of evacuees leaving.<a href="#cite_note-230">[229]</a> The evacuation was however suspended on the next day.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] Another deal was reached on 18 December and evacuation resumed later in the day.<a href="#cite_note-resumeburnt-231">[230]</a> The evacuation again stalled on 20 December, but resumed on the following day.<a href="#cite_note-232">[231]</a><a href="#cite_note-233">[232]</a> On 22 December, the evacuation was completed while the Syrian Army declared it had taken complete control of the city.<a href="#cite_note-Announcedvictory2-234">[233]</a> Red Cross later confirmed that the evacuation of all civilians and rebels was complete.<a href="#cite_note-235">[234]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Aftermath">Aftermath</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Aleppo_(2012%E2%80%932016)&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Aftermath">edit</a>]</div> On 22 February 2018, it was reported that the <a href="/wiki/YPG" class="mw-redirect" title="YPG">YPG</a> had agreed to hand over the eastern districts of the city of Aleppo to the Syrian government. According to Syrian state television, this decision was made to reinforce positions around the <a href="/wiki/Afrin_Region" title="Afrin Region">region of Afrin</a>, and to halt <a href="/wiki/Operation_Olive_Branch" title="Operation Olive Branch">Turkey's offensive</a>.<a href="#cite_note-236">[235]</a> This came days after pro-Syrian government fighters agreed to bolster the Kurdish forces in the northwest.<a href="#cite_note-237">[236]</a> SOHR and a witness later said that Syrian government forces had entered the areas controlled by the Kurdish fighters. <a href="/wiki/YPG" class="mw-redirect" title="YPG">YPG</a> spokesman Nouri Mahmoud however denied this claim.<a href="#cite_note-238">[237]</a> A <a href="/wiki/YPG" class="mw-redirect" title="YPG">YPG</a> commander later stated that Kurdish fighters had shifted to <a href="/wiki/Afrin,_Syria" title="Afrin, Syria">Afrin</a> to help repel a Turkish assault. As a result, he said the pro-Syrian government forces had regained control of the districts previously controlled by them.<a href="#cite_note-239">[238]</a> Throughout the start of 2020, the SAA made <a href="/wiki/Northwestern_Syria_offensive_(December_2019%E2%80%93March_2020)" title="Northwestern Syria offensive (December 2019–March 2020)">advances</a> in the Idlib and Aleppo countryside. On the 17th of February, they had regained control of the last rebel-held suburbs in Aleppo city, gaining full control for the first time since 2012.<a href="#cite_note-canberratimes-240">[239]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Strategic_analysis">Strategic analysis</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Aleppo_(2012%E2%80%932016)&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Strategic analysis">edit</a>]</div> Rebel forces expanded into the countryside south of Aleppo to control sections of the <a href="/wiki/M4_Motorway_(Syria)" title="M4 Motorway (Syria)">M4</a> and <a href="/wiki/M5_Motorway_(Syria)" title="M5 Motorway (Syria)">M5 highways</a>, effectively blocking ground reinforcements for the Syrian Army. Before the end of 2012, the Syrian Army in Aleppo was receiving sporadic supplies and ammunition replenishment by air or via backroads.<a href="#cite_note-241">[240]</a> The fall of Base 46, a large complex that reinforced and supplied government troops, was seen by experts as "a tactical turning point that may lead to a strategic shift" in the battle for Aleppo.<a href="#cite_note-242">[241]</a> In a November 2012, intelligence report, American publisher <a href="/wiki/Stratfor" title="Stratfor">Strategic Forecasting, Inc.</a> described the strategic position of government forces in Aleppo as "dire", and said the Free Syrian Army had them "essentially surrounded".<a href="#cite_note-243">[242]</a> On 26 November 2012, rebels captured <a href="/wiki/Tishrin_Dam" title="Tishrin Dam">Tishrin Dam</a>, further isolating government forces in Aleppo and leaving only one route into Aleppo.<a href="#cite_note-244">[243]</a> By late January 2013 Deputy Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Qadri_Jamil" title="Qadri Jamil">Qadri Jamil</a> said all supply routes to Aleppo had been cut off by opposition forces, comparing the situation to the <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Leningrad" title="Siege of Leningrad">Siege of Leningrad</a>.<a href="#cite_note-245">[244]</a> By late February 2013, <a href="/wiki/Aleppo_International_Airport" title="Aleppo International Airport">Aleppo International Airport</a> was almost surrounded by rebel forces.<a href="#cite_note-246">[245]</a> Later, the Syrian Army regained control of the strategic town Tel Sheigeb, allowing them to approach the airport.<a href="#cite_note-247">[246]</a> In November 2013, the Syrian Army retook the town of al-Safira.<a href="#cite_note-248">[247]</a> This opened a road for the government to support the besieged Kuweires Military Airbase and Aleppo Power Plant. In February 2014, it was reported that the army planned to encircle Aleppo and impose blockades and truces. It would also try to recapture <a href="/wiki/Shaykh_Najjar" title="Shaykh Najjar">Sheikh Najjar Industrial City</a> to rebuild the economy and provide jobs.<a href="#cite_note-SAAblockadeAleppo-249">[248]</a> By October 2014, the army had seized Sheikh Najjar, reinforced Aleppo Central Prison and captured Handaraat, almost besieging rebel-held Aleppo. Tensions peaked in early April 2014, when a Syrian Republican Guard officer allegedly killed a Hezbollah commander during an argument over the opposition advance in al-Rashadin,<a href="#cite_note-250">[249]</a> and other pro-government militia groups sent as reinforcements, such as the <a href="/wiki/National_Defence_Forces_(Syria)" class="mw-redirect" title="National Defence Forces (Syria)">National Defence Force</a>, proved to be unreliable in combat.<a href="#cite_note-Al-Sham-251">[250]</a><a href="#cite_note-252">[251]</a> Effectively cutting off access was more difficult in Aleppo because rebels controlled more terrain there than in other cities. Rebels also have a strong presence in the countryside and around the border crossings with Turkey.<a href="#cite_note-253">[252]</a> In April 2014 government commanders inside the city were saying that contrary to implementing such a strategy, "the best [they] can do in Aleppo is just secure ... positions".<a href="#cite_note-254">[253]</a> The attempted encirclement involved the SAA's attacks on Bustan Al-Pasha, Khalidiyyeh, the farms of Mazra'a Halabi, Al-Amariyya and Bustan Al-Qaseer.<a href="#cite_note-255">[254]</a> The rebels' strategic victory at the <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Wadi_Deif" class="mw-redirect" title="Siege of Wadi Deif">Siege of Wadi Deif</a> resulted in threats to several main government supply lines.<a href="#cite_note-256">[255]</a> This cast doubt on government forces' ambitions to control the road from Hama to Aleppo and the Damascus-Aleppo international road, and has been seen as a personal defeat for Syrian Arab Army Col. <a href="/wiki/Suheil_Al_Hassan" class="mw-redirect" title="Suheil Al Hassan">Suheil Al Hassan</a>.<a href="#cite_note-257">[256]</a> <a href="/wiki/Staffan_de_Mistura" title="Staffan de Mistura">Staffan de Mistura</a>, the United Nations and Arab League Envoy to Syria, proposed a pause in fighting, but opinions about implementation were divided.<a href="#cite_note-258">[257]</a> The European Union warned that "cases of forced surrender imposed by the Assad regime through starvation sieges were labelled fallaciously as local cease-fires in the past."<a href="#cite_note-259">[258]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Southern_Front_(Syrian_rebel_group)" title="Southern Front (Syrian rebel group)">Southern Front of the Free Syrian Army</a>, which was gaining ground in Deraa province south of Damascus, warned that a freeze in fighting in Aleppo could hamper their advance, as pro-Assad forces could be redirected from Aleppo.<a href="#cite_note-260">[259]</a> The Syrian government's defeat at the <a href="/wiki/Second_Battle_of_Idlib" class="mw-redirect" title="Second Battle of Idlib">Second Battle of Idlib</a> in late March 2015, which helped expand the influence of the al-Nusra Front, forced the Islamic State (<a href="/wiki/Islamic_State_of_Iraq_and_the_Levant" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant">IS</a>) to expand its attacks in central Syria after it failed to block the Raqqa highway that branches out to the Syrian army's main supply route to Aleppo along the Khanasir-Athriya road. IS's aim would potentially be to establish the necessary conditions to attack Idlib and al-Nusra.<a href="#cite_note-261">[260]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Hama_and_Homs_offensive_(March%E2%80%93April_2015)" title="Hama and Homs offensive (March–April 2015)">March–April IS offensive</a> in central Syria led some volunteers defending the Homs-Aleppo highway to consider deserting to defend their hometowns.<a href="#cite_note-262">[261]</a> According to <a href="/wiki/Jane%27s_Information_Group" class="mw-redirect" title="Jane's Information Group">Jane's Information Group</a>, a possible offensive on Homs by both al-Nusra Front and IS working independently might force the government to move critical forces away from Aleppo to defend key supply routes.<a href="#cite_note-263">[262]</a> There were additional opposition gains during the <a href="/wiki/2015_Jisr_al-Shughur_offensive" class="mw-redirect" title="2015 Jisr al-Shughur offensive">2015 Jisr al-Shughur offensive</a>.<a href="#cite_note-264">[263]</a> Syrian government minister <a href="/wiki/Faisal_Mekdad" title="Faisal Mekdad">Faisal Mekdad</a> stated in June 2015, "All our strategic planning now is to keep the way open to Aleppo to allow our forces to defend it".<a href="#cite_note-265">[264]</a> Media outlets have noted that powerful online campaigns are being conducted in a war of information regarding Aleppo. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_role_of_Turkey">The role of Turkey</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Aleppo_(2012%E2%80%932016)&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: The role of Turkey">edit</a>]</div> Turkey had sponsored rebel forces in Aleppo to a degree that eastern Aleppo was called "a Turkish card guarded by jihadis."<a href="#cite_note-NYT-266">[265]</a> However, Turkish policy changed in August 2016, moving thousands of rebel fighters away from the area west of Aleppo to counter the secular federalist <a href="/wiki/Syrian_Democratic_Forces" title="Syrian Democratic Forces">Syrian Democratic Forces</a> to the north (see <a href="/wiki/Turkish_military_intervention_in_Syria_(August_2016_%E2%80%93_March_2017)" class="mw-redirect" title="Turkish military intervention in Syria (August 2016 – March 2017)">Turkish military intervention in Syria</a>). This reduced the forces available to try to lift the siege of Aleppo, ensuring its fall.<a href="#cite_note-267">[266]</a><a href="#cite_note-NYT-266">[265]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Casualties">Casualties</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Aleppo_(2012%E2%80%932016)&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Casualties">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Syria-_two_years_of_tragedy_(8642756918).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Syria-_two_years_of_tragedy_%288642756918%29.jpg/220px-Syria-_two_years_of_tragedy_%288642756918%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Syria-_two_years_of_tragedy_%288642756918%29.jpg/330px-Syria-_two_years_of_tragedy_%288642756918%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Syria-_two_years_of_tragedy_%288642756918%29.jpg/440px-Syria-_two_years_of_tragedy_%288642756918%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="960" data-file-height="640" /></a><figcaption>Aleppo, Karm al Jabal neighborhood, 2013</figcaption></figure> With over four years of fighting, the Battle of Aleppo represents one of the <a href="/wiki/List_of_sieges" title="List of sieges">longest sieges</a> in modern warfare, which left at least 31,273 people dead,<a href="#cite_note-vdc-77">[76]</a> almost a tenth of the overall Syrian war casualties at the time. The <a href="/wiki/Violations_Documentation_Center_in_Syria" title="Violations Documentation Center in Syria">Violations Documentation Center in Syria</a> assessed the death toll. According to its records, between 19 July 2012 and 15 December 2016 there were 22,633 adult male deaths (73%), 2,849 adult female deaths (9.2%), 3,773 child male deaths (12.2%) and 1,775 child female deaths (5.7%). 23,604 or 76% of all fatalities were civilians, while only 7,406 or 24% were military deaths. Causes of death were explosions (910 deaths), shelling (6,384 deaths), <a href="/wiki/Summary_execution" title="Summary execution">field execution</a> (1,549 deaths), <a href="/wiki/Shooting" title="Shooting">shooting</a> (9,438 deaths), warplane bombardment (11,233 deaths), chemical and toxic gas attacks (46 deaths) and others.<a href="#cite_note-vdc-77">[76]</a> Including both civilians and combatants combined, the casualties are between 35,000 to 45,000.<a href="#cite_note-:2-115">[114]</a> According to a report by <a href="/wiki/Action_on_Armed_Violence" title="Action on Armed Violence">Action on Armed Violence</a>, there were an average 22.9 civilians deaths per casualty-causing airstrike in Aleppo, the highest in modern times.<a href="#cite_note-268">[267]</a><a href="#cite_note-269">[268]</a> The pro-opposition monitoring group the <a href="/wiki/Syrian_Observatory_for_Human_Rights" title="Syrian Observatory for Human Rights">Syrian Observatory for Human Rights</a> (SOHR) gave a similar number: it registered that 1,612 days of fighting for Aleppo left 21,452 civilians dead. Among them were 5,261 children under the age of 18 and 2,777 women over the age of 18.<a href="#cite_note-1600days-9">[9]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Syrian_Network_for_Human_Rights" title="Syrian Network for Human Rights">Syrian Network for Human Rights</a> (SNHR), a pro-opposition non-governmental organization, reported that the Russian bombardments killed at least 1,640 civilians in the Aleppo area: 1,178 civilians died between 30 September 2015 and 1 August 2016,<a href="#cite_note-270">[269]</a> while additional 462 civilians were killed from 19 September 2016 until 30 November 2016.<a href="#cite_note-271">[270]</a> <a href="/wiki/The_International_Committee_of_the_Red_Cross" class="mw-redirect" title="The International Committee of the Red Cross">The International Committee of the Red Cross</a> (ICRC) has described the fighting as one of the most devastating conflicts in modern times. It appealed: "The human cost of the fighting in Aleppo is simply too high. We urge all parties to stop the destruction and indiscriminate attacks, and stop the killing".<a href="#cite_note-272">[271]</a> The ICRC also said that hundreds of civilians perished through the "indiscriminate shelling of residential areas across Aleppo".<a href="#cite_note-273">[272]</a> Several infectious diseases broke out in Aleppo and other areas in Syria during the civil war, including <a href="/wiki/Poliomyelitis" class="mw-redirect" title="Poliomyelitis">poliomyelitis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Measles" title="Measles">measles</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cutaneous_leishmaniasis" title="Cutaneous leishmaniasis">cutaneous leishmaniasis</a>.<a href="#cite_note-ShararaKanj2014-274">[273]</a> Food prices also grew astronomically during the war. A kilogram (two pounds) of <a href="/wiki/Sugar" title="Sugar">sugar</a> cost $21 at one point.<a href="#cite_note-275">[274]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Allegations_of_war_crimes">Allegations of war crimes</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Aleppo_(2012%E2%80%932016)&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Allegations of war crimes">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Syrian_government_and_allies">Syrian government and allies</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Aleppo_(2012%E2%80%932016)&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Syrian government and allies">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Russian%E2%80%93Syrian_hospital_bombing_campaign" title="Russian–Syrian hospital bombing campaign">Russian hospital bombing campaigns in Syria</a></div><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1224211176">.mw-parser-output .quotebox{background-color:#F9F9F9;border:1px solid #aaa;box-sizing:border-box;padding:10px;font-size:88%;max-width:100%}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatleft{margin:.5em 1.4em .8em 0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatright{margin:.5em 0 .8em 1.4em}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.centered{overflow:hidden;position:relative;margin:.5em auto .8em auto}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatleft span,.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatright span{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output .quotebox>blockquote{margin:0;padding:0;border-left:0;font-family:inherit;font-size:inherit}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-title{text-align:center;font-size:110%;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote>:first-child{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote:last-child>:last-child{margin-bottom:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote.quoted:before{font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;font-weight:bold;font-size:large;color:gray;content:" “ ";vertical-align:-45%;line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote.quoted:after{font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;font-weight:bold;font-size:large;color:gray;content:" ” ";line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .left-aligned{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .right-aligned{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .center-aligned{text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .quote-title,.mw-parser-output .quotebox .quotebox-quote{display:block}.mw-parser-output .quotebox cite{display:block;font-style:normal}@media screen and (max-width:640px){.mw-parser-output .quotebox{width:100%!important;margin:0 0 .8em!important;float:none!important}}</style><div class="quotebox pullquote floatright" style="width:20%; ;"> <blockquote class="quotebox-quote left-aligned" style=""> The violations and abuses suffered by people across the country, including the siege and bombardment of eastern Aleppo, are not simply tragedies; they also constitute crimes of historic proportions. </blockquote> <cite class="left-aligned" style=""><a href="/wiki/UN_High_Commissioner_for_Human_Rights" class="mw-redirect" title="UN High Commissioner for Human Rights">UN High Commissioner for Human Rights</a>, <a href="/wiki/Zeid_Ra%27ad_Al_Hussein" class="mw-redirect" title="Zeid Ra'ad Al Hussein">Zeid Ra'ad Al Hussein</a><a href="#cite_note-276">[275]</a></cite> </div> Aleppo suffered catastrophic damage during the four-year siege and battle. According to an <a href="/wiki/Amnesty_International" title="Amnesty International">Amnesty International</a> report, government forces have been responsible for the majority of violations in the conflict in Syria.<a href="#cite_note-TORTURE_WAS_MY_PUNISHMENT-110">[109]</a> Ravina Shamdasani, a spokesperson for the Office of the <a href="/wiki/UN_High_Commissioner_for_Human_Rights" class="mw-redirect" title="UN High Commissioner for Human Rights">UN High Commissioner for Human Rights</a>, issued a statement in November 2016 which said that "strikes against <a href="/wiki/Hospital" title="Hospital">hospitals</a>, <a href="/wiki/School" title="School">schools</a>, <a href="/wiki/Marketplace" title="Marketplace">marketplaces</a>, water facilities and <a href="/wiki/Bakeries" class="mw-redirect" title="Bakeries">bakeries</a> are now commonplace, and may amount to <a href="/wiki/War_crimes" class="mw-redirect" title="War crimes">war crimes</a>". During that phase of the offensive, about 250,000 civilians were left in the city.<a href="#cite_note-277">[276]</a> In November 2016, <a href="/wiki/UNICEF" title="UNICEF">UNICEF</a> estimated that nearly 100,000 children were living under siege in Aleppo.<a href="#cite_note-278">[277]</a> The 2016 offensive cut off the city from food supplies, and last time eastern Aleppo was reached with significant <a href="/wiki/Humanitarian_aid" title="Humanitarian aid">humanitarian supplies</a> before the Syrian re-capture was the beginning of July in 2016.<a href="#cite_note-UN_News_Center_Winter-279">[278]</a> The Syrian government, aided by Russian army, used war planes to <a href="/wiki/Russian%E2%80%93Syrian_hospital_bombing_campaign" title="Russian–Syrian hospital bombing campaign">systematically bombard hospitals</a> in the rebel-held areas of the city.<a href="#cite_note-280">[279]</a><a href="#cite_note-281">[280]</a> By the end of November 2016, no functional hospitals were left, and over 20,000 people were displaced by the fighting.<a href="#cite_note-282">[281]</a> <a href="/wiki/Human_Rights_Watch" title="Human Rights Watch">Human Rights Watch</a> issued a statement reporting that the Syrian and Russian military campaign killed more than 440 civilians, including more than 90 children, between September and October 2016. It also deplored that airstrikes often appeared to be "recklessly indiscriminate".<a href="#cite_note-War_Crimes_in_Month_of_Bombing_Aleppo-108">[107]</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Queiq#Queiq_River_Massacre" title="Queiq">Queiq § Queiq River Massacre</a></div> Between 29 January and 14 March 2013, opposition activists reported about 230 bodies were found on the banks and in the <a href="/wiki/Queiq_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Queiq River">Queiq River</a> in Aleppo. They accused government forces of being the ones who executed the men since the bodies came down the river from the direction of government-held areas of the city. <a href="/wiki/Human_Rights_Watch" title="Human Rights Watch">Human Rights Watch</a> was able to identify at least 147 victims, all male and aged between 11 and 64.<a href="#cite_note-283">[282]</a> <a href="/wiki/Human_Rights_Watch" title="Human Rights Watch">Human Rights Watch</a> reported that family members of many of the victims testified that they were last seen in a government-controlled area or after they set out to cross into the area through two checkpoints, one manned by opposition forces and the other by government forces.<a href="#cite_note-Bodies_in_Aleppo's_River-284">[283]</a><a href="#cite_note-guardian.co.uk-285">[284]</a> In May 2014, the <a href="/wiki/UN_Security_Council" class="mw-redirect" title="UN Security Council">UN Security Council</a> voted for the <a href="/wiki/International_Criminal_Court" title="International Criminal Court">International Criminal Court</a> (ICC) to investigate war crimes in the Syrian Civil War, but the resolution was vetoed by Russia and China.<a href="#cite_note-286">[285]</a> In 2014, the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations" title="United Nations">United Nations</a> adopted Resolution 2139 which ordered the end of using <a href="/wiki/Barrel_bomb" title="Barrel bomb">barrel bombs</a> in the battle.<a href="#cite_note-BB-287">[286]</a> The Syrian Observatory of Human Rights stated that the Syrian army dropped 7,000 barrel bombs in the first five months of 2015, claiming the lives of 3,000 people. <a href="/wiki/Amnesty_International" title="Amnesty International">Amnesty International</a> reported that barrel bombs killed 3,000 people in 2014.<a href="#cite_note-288">[287]</a> <a href="/wiki/Channel4" class="mw-redirect" title="Channel4">Channel4</a> reported that videos have emerged online showing the Syrian army using barrel bombs.<a href="#cite_note-BB-287">[286]</a> The Syrian government was accused of using the barrel bombs many times. Some of them were: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Middle_East_Monitor" title="Middle East Monitor">Middle East Monitor</a> reported 14 deaths allegedly caused by the bombs in the Kallasa and Qasila neighbourhood of the city in June 2015.<a href="#cite_note-289">[288]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CNN-IBN" class="mw-redirect" title="CNN-IBN">CNN-IBN</a> wrote about the government dropping barrel bombs in July in the neighbourhood of al-Bab causing the death of 35 and injuring 50 others.<a href="#cite_note-290">[289]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BBC_News" title="BBC News">BBC News</a> alleged the government dropped the bombs in May, leading to the death of 72 civilians.<a href="#cite_note-291">[290]</a></li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Anadolu_Agency" title="Anadolu Agency">Anadolu Agency</a> of Turkey wrote that the bombs launched by the government forces in July killed 15 people.<a href="#cite_note-292">[291]</a></li> <li>According to the Violations Documentation Center, barrel bomb attacks peaked between April and July 2014, with an average of 107 attacks per month, and decreased to an average of around 17 per month from September 2014 to March 2015.<a href="#cite_note-Death_Everywhere-293">[292]</a></li></ul> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1224211176"><div class="quotebox pullquote floatright" style="width:25em; ;"> <blockquote class="quotebox-quote left-aligned" style=""> Syrian and Russian forces have been deliberately attacking health facilities... But what is truly egregious is that wiping out hospitals appears to have become part of their military strategy.. a strategy that has destroyed scores of medical facilities and killed hundreds of doctors and nurses since the start of the conflict... Hospitals in <a href="/wiki/Syrian_opposition" title="Syrian opposition">opposition</a>-controlled areas around Aleppo became a primary target for the Russian and Syrian government forces. This eliminated a vital lifeline for the civilians living in those embattled areas, leaving them no choice but to flee. </blockquote> <cite class="left-aligned" style="">— <a href="/wiki/Tirana_Hassan" title="Tirana Hassan">Tirana Hassan</a>, then-director of <a href="/wiki/Amnesty_International" title="Amnesty International">Amnesty International</a>’s crisis response program<a href="#cite_note-294">[293]</a></cite> </div> The government denied using barrel bombs.<a href="#cite_note-295">[294]</a> In an interview to BBC, <a href="/wiki/Bashar_al-Assad" title="Bashar al-Assad">Bashar al-Assad</a> denied using "indiscriminate weapons" like barrel bombs in the rebel held territories.<a href="#cite_note-296">[295]</a> Assad said, "I know about the army. They use bullets, missiles and bombs. I haven't heard of the army using barrels, or maybe cooking pots."<a href="#cite_note-297">[296]</a> Amnesty International issued a detailed report about Aleppo in 2015. It warned about the Syrian government use of imprecise explosive weapons on densely populated civilian areas, illustrating it with the example that eight barrel bomb attacks between January 2014 to March 2015 killed at least 188 civilians—while only one rebel was recorded among the fatalities.<a href="#cite_note-Death_Everywhere-293">[292]</a> It concluded that the government forces in Aleppo deliberately targeted civilians and civilian objects, implemented "<a href="/wiki/Forced_disappearance" class="mw-redirect" title="Forced disappearance">forced disappearances</a>", used <a href="/wiki/Torture" title="Torture">torture</a> and other ill-treatment among the prisoners—and that this constitutes a <a href="/wiki/Crime_against_humanity" class="mw-redirect" title="Crime against humanity">crime against humanity</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Death_Everywhere-293">[292]</a> <a href="/wiki/Chemical_attack" class="mw-redirect" title="Chemical attack">Chemical attacks</a> by the Syrian government on opposition-held areas in Aleppo were reported on 10 August<a href="#cite_note-298">[297]</a> and 6 September 2016. After these attacks, the victims reported they were suffering from a shortage of breath, coughing, reddened skin and eyes, and excessive tearing, and sought medical treatment in hospitals. Five people, including three children, died as a result.<a href="#cite_note-299">[298]</a> A UN report found that the Syrian government used the prohibited <a href="/wiki/Chlorine_bombs" class="mw-redirect" title="Chlorine bombs">chlorine bombs</a> in Aleppo, causing "hundreds of civilian casualties".<a href="#cite_note-2017_UN_Report_Aleppo-300">[299]</a> Human Rights Watch also condemned the Russian army for using <a href="/wiki/Incendiary_weapons" class="mw-redirect" title="Incendiary weapons">incendiary weapons</a> in Aleppo, in violation of international law.<a href="#cite_note-301">[300]</a> <a href="/wiki/Cluster_bombs" class="mw-redirect" title="Cluster bombs">Cluster bombs</a> were also used both by the Russian aviation<a href="#cite_note-failure_to_acknowledge_civilian_killings-107">[106]</a> and the Syrian government.<a href="#cite_note-Most_Syrians_killed_in_unlawful_conventional_attacks-302">[301]</a> Russia was directly accused of war crimes several times for its part in the battle at the <a href="/wiki/UN_Security_Council" class="mw-redirect" title="UN Security Council">UN Security Council</a> by the ambassadors of the United Kingdom, the United States and France, due to its use of <a href="/wiki/Bunker_buster" title="Bunker buster">bunker buster</a> and incendiary bombs on urban residential areas.<a href="#cite_note-303">[302]</a> On 19 September 2016, a UN/<a href="/wiki/Syrian_Arab_Red_Crescent" title="Syrian Arab Red Crescent">Syrian Arab Red Crescent</a> (SARC) <a href="/wiki/September_2016_Urum_al-Kubra_Aid_Convoy_attack" class="mw-redirect" title="September 2016 Urum al-Kubra Aid Convoy attack">aid convoy was attacked at night</a>, as well as a SARC warehouse and health clinic in Urum al-Kubra, a rebel-held town 12 km west of Aleppo. 20 civilians and one SARC staff member were killed, while food and medical aid, intended to reach Aleppo, was destroyed. Some witnesses on the ground at the time of the attack said they had heard helicopters during the attack. The United States accused Russian or Syrian government warplanes of perpetrating the attack, while Russia rejected the accusation. The UN said it was not in a position to determine how the attacked unfolded. The UN Operational Satellite Applications Programme (<a href="/wiki/UNOSAT" title="UNOSAT">UNOSAT</a>) said it believed the convoy was attack by airstrikes.<a href="#cite_note-304">[303]</a><a href="#cite_note-305">[304]</a> United Nations investigators later concluded that the Syrian government was responsible for the attack in a "meticulously planned and ruthlessly carried out" air strike.<a href="#cite_note-306">[305]</a><a href="#cite_note-2017_UN_Report_Aleppo-300">[299]</a> The investigators stated in a report that the Syrian Air Force used barrel bombs and rockets to attack the convoy and that, after the initial attack, Syrian government jets strafed the survivors. According to the investigators, since these actions were carried out deliberately they constituted a war crime.<a href="#cite_note-307">[306]</a> Following the re-capture of parts of Aleppo by the Syrian government, the <a href="/wiki/Office_of_the_United_Nations_High_Commissioner_for_Human_Rights" title="Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights">Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights</a> reported that a pro-government <a href="/wiki/Private_militias_in_Iraq" title="Private militias in Iraq">Iraqi Shi'ite paramilitary group</a><a href="#cite_note-308">[307]</a> killed at least 82 civilians, including 11 women and 13 children, in the Bustan al-Qasr, al-Ferdous, al-Kallaseh, and al-Saleheen neighbourhoods on 12 and 13 December 2016.<a href="#cite_note-OHCHR_Aleppo_massacre-309">[308]</a> In January 2017, the Syrian Network for Human Rights (SNHR) and the Violations Documentation Center (VDC) submitted evidence of alleged war crimes committed by militias backed by Russia and Iran to the United Nations Commission of Inquiry on Syria. According to the head of the SNHR, "sometimes the Russians exceed the regime in some kinds of violations" and he noted the similarities between the kinds of war crimes and violations committed by Russian forces and those of the Assad regime.<a href="#cite_note-310">[309]</a> In February 2017, Breaking Aleppo, a report by the <a href="/wiki/Atlantic_Council" title="Atlantic Council">Atlantic Council</a>'s Digital Forensic Research Lab, utilized <a href="/wiki/Open_source" title="Open source">open source</a> and digital forensic research to reveal both the Syrian government's atrocities and those of its supporters in the final months of the siege of Aleppo.<a href="#cite_note-:0-105">[104]</a> In March 2017, the UN <a href="/wiki/Independent_International_Commission_of_Inquiry_on_the_Syrian_Arab_Republic" title="Independent International Commission of Inquiry on the Syrian Arab Republic">Independent International Commission of Inquiry on the Syrian Arab Republic</a> documented violations including chemical attacks and civilian executions perpetrated between 21 July and 22 December 2016.<a href="#cite_note-Simon_Ahren_2017-311">[310]</a> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 160px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Wounded_civilians_arrive_at_hospital_Aleppo.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Wounded civilians arrive at the Aleppo hospital in October 2012"><img alt="Wounded civilians arrive at the Aleppo hospital in October 2012" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Wounded_civilians_arrive_at_hospital_Aleppo.jpg/200px-Wounded_civilians_arrive_at_hospital_Aleppo.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="112" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Wounded_civilians_arrive_at_hospital_Aleppo.jpg/300px-Wounded_civilians_arrive_at_hospital_Aleppo.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Wounded_civilians_arrive_at_hospital_Aleppo.jpg/400px-Wounded_civilians_arrive_at_hospital_Aleppo.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1277" data-file-height="718" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Wounded civilians arrive at the Aleppo hospital in October 2012</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 160px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Aleppo_hospital.PNG" class="mw-file-description" title="Doctors and medical staff treating injured rebel fighters and civilians in Aleppo"><img alt="Doctors and medical staff treating injured rebel fighters and civilians in Aleppo" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Aleppo_hospital.PNG/200px-Aleppo_hospital.PNG" decoding="async" width="200" height="110" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Aleppo_hospital.PNG/300px-Aleppo_hospital.PNG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Aleppo_hospital.PNG/400px-Aleppo_hospital.PNG 2x" data-file-width="854" data-file-height="469" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Doctors and medical staff treating injured rebel fighters and civilians in Aleppo</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Rebels">Rebels</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Aleppo_(2012%E2%80%932016)&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Rebels">edit</a>]</div> A UN envoy warned that rebels may have been committing war crimes due to their indiscriminate rocket warfare targeting civilians in Aleppo, while trying to lift the siege in October and November 2016.<a href="#cite_note-312">[311]</a> The Aleppo rebels used <a href="/wiki/Improvised_artillery_in_the_Syrian_Civil_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Improvised artillery in the Syrian Civil War">improvised artillery</a>, including "<a href="/wiki/Hell_cannon" class="mw-redirect" title="Hell cannon">hell cannons</a>", makeshift <a href="/wiki/Mortar_(weapon)" title="Mortar (weapon)">mortar</a> firing gas cylinders packed with explosives and shrapnel. <a href="/wiki/UN_High_Commissioner_For_Human_Rights" class="mw-redirect" title="UN High Commissioner For Human Rights">UN High Commissioner For Human Rights</a> <a href="/wiki/Zeid_Ra%27ad_Al_Hussein" class="mw-redirect" title="Zeid Ra'ad Al Hussein">Zeid Ra'ad Al Hussein</a> stated that their use was "totally unacceptable" and constituted indiscriminate attacks as they were very difficult to aim correctly, frequently killing and maiming civilians in government-held areas. According to Zeid, their inaccuracy means they had no military purpose so he concluded their use was primarily to "terrorize the inhabitants of western Aleppo".<a href="#cite_note-313">[312]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Syrian_Observatory_for_Human_Rights" title="Syrian Observatory for Human Rights">Syrian Observatory for Human Rights</a> reported in December 2014 that between July and December 2014 the rebels killed 204 civilians using hell cannons.<a href="#cite_note-314">[313]</a> Professor of Law <a href="/w/index.php?title=Mark_A._Summers&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mark A. Summers (page does not exist)">Mark A. Summers</a> of <a href="/wiki/Barry_University_School_of_Law" class="mw-redirect" title="Barry University School of Law">Barry University School of Law</a>, a legal expert previous assigned to the Office of the Prosecutor for the <a href="/wiki/International_Criminal_Tribunal_for_the_Former_Yugoslavia" class="mw-redirect" title="International Criminal Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia">International Criminal Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia</a>, wrote that both the uses of barrel bombs and hell cannons is inaccurate and so randomly destructive that their use is illegal, and thus constitutes either the direct or indiscriminate targeting of civilians and civilian objects.<a href="#cite_note-315">[314]</a> There have been reports that rebels have on multiple occasions indiscriminately shelled the predominantly Kurdish <a href="/wiki/Sheikh_Maqsood" title="Sheikh Maqsood">Sheikh Maqsood</a> neighborhood.<a href="#cite_note-Amnesty_says-316">[315]</a> In mid-June 2016 Russia accused the rebels of causing the death of over 40 civilians in the month. A spokesman for the US-supported SDF also accused the rebels of causing 1,000 civilian deaths and injuries, through shelling of Sheikh Maqsood.<a href="#cite_note-Maqsood-317">[316]</a> There were allegations that the Army of Islam (<a href="/wiki/Jaysh_al-Islam" title="Jaysh al-Islam">Jaysh al-Islam</a>) group may have used chemical weapons in Sheikh Maqsood on 7 and 8 April 2016, based on reports of eight treated patients.<a href="#cite_note-AI_2016-318">[317]</a><a href="#cite_note-Concerns_grow-319">[318]</a><a href="#cite_note-320">[319]</a> In May 2016, <a href="/wiki/Amnesty_International" title="Amnesty International">Amnesty International</a>'s regional director suggested that the attacks on Sheikh Maqsood constitute war crimes.<a href="#cite_note-Amnesty_says-316">[315]</a> Rebel groups such as the al-Nusra Front, the <a href="/wiki/Levant_Front" title="Levant Front">Levant Front</a> and the Ahrar al-Sham established <a href="/wiki/Sharia_law" class="mw-redirect" title="Sharia law">Sharia law</a> in areas they controlled, imposing torture or other ill-treatment as punishment.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELister2015102–103-321">[320]</a> The al-Nusra Front maintained a prison at the "fetid, trash-strewn basement" of the Aleppo Eye Hospital where the group was headquartered. At this prison, some people were held for years and subjected to repeated torture.<a href="#cite_note-simplified-322">[321]</a> Human rights activists, lawyers and journalists have been subjected to kidnappings.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] In 2015, Amnesty International warned that "non-state armed groups have engaged in abductions and hostage-taking, as well as the arbitrary detention, torture, and other mistreatment of prisoners in Aleppo".<a href="#cite_note-Death_Everywhere-293">[292]</a> According to a 2016 Amnesty International report, some of the rebel groups in the city engaged in summary executions, in some cases in public, on the basis of "quasi-judicial institutions". The victims were captured soldiers, government officials, rival group members, as well as civilians.<a href="#cite_note-TORTURE_WAS_MY_PUNISHMENT-110">[109]</a> Russian General Staff Lieutenant General <a href="/w/index.php?title=Viktor_Poznikhir&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Viktor Poznikhir (page does not exist)">Viktor Poznikhir</a> claimed that the Syrian government discovered several prisons in East Aleppo on 15 December 2016 used by the opposition to detain, torture and in some cases murder their opponents, including civilians that refused to fight.<a href="#cite_note-323">[322]</a> At the conclusion of the battle, Syrian state media claimed the Army had found the bodies of 21 executed civilians in rebel prisons, citing the head of Aleppo's forensic unit. The Russian defence ministry also claimed the execution of dozens of people by the rebels, some showing signs of torture. The pro-opposition activist group the SOHR confirmed bodies had been found in the streets but could not verify how they were killed.<a href="#cite_note-324">[323]</a><a href="#cite_note-325">[324]</a><a href="#cite_note-326">[325]</a><a href="#cite_note-327">[326]</a><a href="#cite_note-328">[327]</a> Denial of water and sanitation is considered a war crime.<a href="#cite_note-329">[328]</a> <a href="/wiki/Water_supplies" class="mw-redirect" title="Water supplies">Water supplies</a> in the city for tens of thousands of people were deliberately cut by the Jabhat al-Nusra group for several days in May 2014.<a href="#cite_note-330">[329]</a> Jaysh al-Islam also reportedly prohibited civilians from receiving food and supplies in one neighbourhood they controlled in December 2016.<a href="#cite_note-331">[330]</a> The rebel groups also hoarded food during the siege, allowing civilians to starve while they remained well-fed.<a href="#cite_note-simplified-322">[321]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Aleppo_burnt_buses.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Aleppo_burnt_buses.jpg/220px-Aleppo_burnt_buses.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Aleppo_burnt_buses.jpg/330px-Aleppo_burnt_buses.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Aleppo_burnt_buses.jpg/440px-Aleppo_burnt_buses.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1366" data-file-height="768" /></a><figcaption>JFS rebels burnt buses meant to evacuate sick and elderly civilians from two rebel-besieged villages concurrently to the Aleppo evacuations.</figcaption></figure> During the December 2016 evacuation, Jabhat Fateh al-Sham rebels burnt buses meant to evacuate sick and elderly civilians from two rebel-besieged Shiite villages in Idlib province, concurrently with the Aleppo evacuations.<a href="#cite_note-332">[331]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Kurdish-led_forces">Kurdish-led forces</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Aleppo_(2012%E2%80%932016)&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Kurdish-led forces">edit</a>]</div> Amnesty reported that, according to the <a href="/wiki/Syrian_Network_for_Human_Rights" title="Syrian Network for Human Rights">Syrian Network for Human Rights</a>, "at least 23 civilians were killed by YPG shelling and sniper attacks" in opposition-held areas in the city between February and April 2016.<a href="#cite_note-AI_2016-318">[317]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Destruction_of_the_city_and_heritage">Destruction of the city and heritage</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Aleppo_(2012%E2%80%932016)&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Destruction of the city and heritage">edit</a>]</div> <a href="/wiki/Time_(magazine)" title="Time (magazine)">Time</a> magazine wrote: <blockquote>...the ongoing devastation inflicted on the country's stunning archaeological sites—bullet holes lodged in walls of its ancient Roman cities, the debris of Byzantine churches, early mosques and crusader fortresses—rob Syria of its best chance for a post-conflict economic boom based on tourism, which, until the conflict started 18 months ago, contributed 12% to the national income.<a href="#cite_note-Time-333">[332]</a></blockquote> The <a href="/wiki/Al-Madina_Souq" title="Al-Madina Souq">Al-Madina Souq</a>, a major souq (market) in Aleppo, was affected by a fire in September 2012. The <a href="/wiki/Irish_Times" class="mw-redirect" title="Irish Times">Irish Times</a> reported that around 700 to 1000 shops were destroyed by the fire, which had been caused by firing and shelling.<a href="#cite_note-334">[333]</a> The following month, there were reports of the <a href="/wiki/Great_Mosque_of_Aleppo" title="Great Mosque of Aleppo">Great Mosque of Aleppo</a> being damaged by <a href="/wiki/Rocket-propelled_grenade" title="Rocket-propelled grenade">rocket-propelled grenades</a>.<a href="#cite_note-GMA-335">[334]</a> Fighting with <a href="/wiki/Mortar_(weapon)" title="Mortar (weapon)">mortars</a> and <a href="/wiki/Machine_gun" title="Machine gun">machine guns</a> caused damage to the main gate and the prayer hall.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] The attack continued in the mosque till it was repelled by the army.<a href="#cite_note-GMA-335">[334]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Citadel_of_Aleppo" title="Citadel of Aleppo">Citadel of Aleppo</a> was damaged during Syrian army shelling.<a href="#cite_note-336">[335]</a> On 2 October, <a href="/wiki/Irena_Bokova" class="mw-redirect" title="Irena Bokova">Irena Bokova</a>, the Director-General of <a href="/wiki/UNESCO" title="UNESCO">UNESCO</a>, expressed her "grave concern about possible damage to precious sites" and requested the combatants to "ensure the protection of the outstanding cultural legacy that Syria hosts on its soil".<a href="#cite_note-337">[336]</a> She cited the <a href="/wiki/Hague_Convention_for_the_Protection_of_Cultural_Property_in_the_Event_of_Armed_Conflict" title="Hague Convention for the Protection of Cultural Property in the Event of Armed Conflict">Hague Convention</a> for protecting the heritage sites.<a href="#cite_note-338">[337]</a> A 2014 report by <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Institute_for_Training_and_Research" title="United Nations Institute for Training and Research">UNITAR</a> found, using satellite images, that 22 out of the 210 examined key structures had been completely destroyed. 48 others had sustained severe damage, 33 moderate damage and 32 possible damage. The destroyed sites included the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Carlton_Citadel_Hotel&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Carlton Citadel Hotel (page does not exist)">Carlton Citadel Hotel</a>, destroyed to its foundations in a <a href="/wiki/2014_Aleppo_bombing" class="mw-redirect" title="2014 Aleppo bombing">bombing in 2014</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Madrasa" title="Madrasa">madrasas</a> of <a href="/w/index.php?title=Madrasa_al-Sharafiyya&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Madrasa al-Sharafiyya (page does not exist)">al-Sharafiyya</a> and <a href="/wiki/Khusruwiyah_Mosque" title="Khusruwiyah Mosque">Khusruwiyah</a>. Damage to the <a href="/wiki/Great_Mosque_of_Aleppo" title="Great Mosque of Aleppo">Great Mosque of Aleppo</a>, whose <a href="/wiki/Minaret" title="Minaret">minaret</a> had been destroyed, was confirmed. According to official estimates, 1500 out of the 1600 shops in the souqs had been damaged or destroyed.<a href="#cite_note-339">[338]</a> <a href="/wiki/The_Washington_Post" title="The Washington Post">The Washington Post</a> wrote that the scale of devastation of Aleppo "evoked comparisons with cities like <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Grozny_(1999%E2%80%932000)" title="Battle of Grozny (1999–2000)">Grozny</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_Dresden_in_World_War_II" class="mw-redirect" title="Bombing of Dresden in World War II">Dresden</a>". It noted, however, that the destruction was mostly concentrated in the rebel-held part of the city: about 70 to 80 percent of the destruction was in the east. UN satellite images determined more than 33,500 damaged residential buildings in the city, most of them multi-<a href="/wiki/Apartment_block" class="mw-redirect" title="Apartment block">apartment blocks</a>. The costs of reconstruction were estimated at between $35–40 billion.<a href="#cite_note-Washington_Post_33500-118">[117]</a> Al-Hakam Shaar and Robert Templer proposed that the deliberate destruction of Aleppo was a form of "<a href="/wiki/Urbicide" title="Urbicide">urbicide</a>".<a href="#cite_note-Aleppo_Elegy-209">[208]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Unitar_alleppo_2010_2014_banner.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Unitar_alleppo_2010_2014_banner.jpg/440px-Unitar_alleppo_2010_2014_banner.jpg" decoding="async" width="440" height="121" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Unitar_alleppo_2010_2014_banner.jpg/660px-Unitar_alleppo_2010_2014_banner.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Unitar_alleppo_2010_2014_banner.jpg/880px-Unitar_alleppo_2010_2014_banner.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="440" /></a><figcaption>Satellite photographs taken before (2010) and after (late 2014) the destruction of the Old City of Aleppo near the Citadel, including the <a href="/wiki/Khusruwiyah_Mosque" title="Khusruwiyah Mosque">Al-Khusrawiyah Complex</a> (shown above at the left) and the <a href="/wiki/2014_Aleppo_bombing" class="mw-redirect" title="2014 Aleppo bombing">National Hamidi Hospital</a> (Carlton Hotel, shown in the left centre of the picture)</figcaption></figure> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 180px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Citadel_of_Aleppo.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The Citadel of Aleppo was damaged during the war."><img alt="The Citadel of Aleppo was damaged during the war." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Citadel_of_Aleppo.jpg/200px-Citadel_of_Aleppo.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="98" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Citadel_of_Aleppo.jpg/300px-Citadel_of_Aleppo.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Citadel_of_Aleppo.jpg/400px-Citadel_of_Aleppo.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1709" data-file-height="836" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">The Citadel of Aleppo was damaged during the war.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 180px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Syria-_two_years_of_tragedy_(8556474985).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="A destroyed factory in Aleppo, Karm al Jabl area, 4 March 2013"><img alt="A destroyed factory in Aleppo, Karm al Jabl area, 4 March 2013" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Syria-_two_years_of_tragedy_%288556474985%29.jpg/200px-Syria-_two_years_of_tragedy_%288556474985%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="133" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Syria-_two_years_of_tragedy_%288556474985%29.jpg/300px-Syria-_two_years_of_tragedy_%288556474985%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Syria-_two_years_of_tragedy_%288556474985%29.jpg/400px-Syria-_two_years_of_tragedy_%288556474985%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="1728" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">A destroyed factory in Aleppo, Karm al Jabl area, 4 March 2013</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Reactions">Reactions</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Aleppo_(2012%E2%80%932016)&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Reactions">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Media_coverage">Media coverage</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Aleppo_(2012%E2%80%932016)&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Media coverage">edit</a>]</div> The coverage of the siege of Aleppo in the Western media emphasised the suffering of civilians and often contained graphic pictures of injured and dying children. As there were almost no international journalists there, the reporting was outsourced to local activists linked to the rebels who held the city. This was significantly different from the news coverage of the sieges of <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Raqqa_(2017)" title="Battle of Raqqa (2017)">Raqqa</a> and Mosul carried out by the <a href="/wiki/Combined_Joint_Task_Force_%E2%80%93_Operation_Inherent_Resolve" title="Combined Joint Task Force – Operation Inherent Resolve">Coalition</a> forces, where the civilian losses were downplayed.<a href="#cite_note-340">[339]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Domestic_reaction">Domestic reaction</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Aleppo_(2012%E2%80%932016)&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Domestic reaction">edit</a>]</div> The Syrian President, <a href="/wiki/Bashar_al-Assad" title="Bashar al-Assad">Bashar al-Assad</a>, said on the occasion of the 67th Anniversary of the Syrian Arab Army in August 2012, "the army is engaged in a crucial and heroic battle ... on which the destiny of the nation and its people rests ..."<a href="#cite_note-341">[340]</a> After gaining nearly complete control of eastern Aleppo, Assad referred to this success as an "important point in history of Syria". He also called upon remaining rebel factions to surrender in exchange for amnesty.<a href="#cite_note-342">[341]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Aleppo_victory_celebrations">Aleppo victory celebrations</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Aleppo_(2012%E2%80%932016)&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Aleppo victory celebrations">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Christmas_in_Aleppo.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Christmas_in_Aleppo.png/220px-Christmas_in_Aleppo.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="111" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Christmas_in_Aleppo.png/330px-Christmas_in_Aleppo.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Christmas_in_Aleppo.png/440px-Christmas_in_Aleppo.png 2x" data-file-width="850" data-file-height="427" /></a><figcaption>Several days after the Syrian government's victory, Christmas was celebrated in Aleppo in public for the first time in years.</figcaption></figure> A series of victory celebrations were held in Aleppo following the government forces' victory, attended by government supporters,<a href="#cite_note-latimes-343">[342]</a> including Aleppo's Christian community which has increasingly sided with the government.<a href="#cite_note-independent.co.uk1-344">[343]</a> Large-scale outdoor <a href="/wiki/Christmas" title="Christmas">Christmas</a> celebrations were held publicly for the first time in years, with a Christmas tree lighting ceremony in the Al-Aziziyah neighborhood.<a href="#cite_note-345">[344]</a><a href="#cite_note-latimes-343">[342]</a><a href="#cite_note-346">[345]</a><a href="#cite_note-347">[346]</a> Participants waved Syrian and Russian flags and held portraits of Syrian President <a href="/wiki/Bashar_al-Assad" title="Bashar al-Assad">Bashar al-Assad</a>, Russian President <a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Putin" title="Vladimir Putin">Vladimir Putin</a>, and Hezbollah leader <a href="/wiki/Hassan_Nasrallah" title="Hassan Nasrallah">Hassan Nasrallah</a>. A Mass was held in <a href="/wiki/Saint_Elias_Cathedral" class="mw-redirect" title="Saint Elias Cathedral">Saint Elias Cathedral</a> by Aleppo's Christian community for the first time in four years.<a href="#cite_note-348">[347]</a><a href="#cite_note-349">[348]</a><a href="#cite_note-independent.co.uk1-344">[343]</a> According to Syrian TV, the Christmas celebration, however, was disrupted with a bomb that exploded at the event. The celebration, however, resumed several minutes after the bomb was detonated.<a href="#cite_note-350">[349]</a> A May 2017 <a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times_Magazine" title="The New York Times Magazine">New York Times Magazine</a> report from "Aleppo after the Fall" described the public experience in formerly rebel controlled East Aleppo as "a chaotic wasteland full of feuding militias—some of them radical Islamists—who hoarded food and weapons while the people starved" and quoted local sources as "no one is 100 percent with the regime, but mostly these people are unified by their resistance to the opposition" and people having experienced "a rebellion that is corrupt, brutal and compromised by foreign sponsors".<a href="#cite_note-NYT-266">[265]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Foreign_reactions">Foreign reactions</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Aleppo_(2012%E2%80%932016)&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Foreign reactions">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li>In October and December 2016, the UN held a "Security Council Emergency Briefing on Syria" to discuss the situation in Aleppo. However, no agreement was reached. The United States Ambassador to the United Nations, <a href="/wiki/Samantha_Power" title="Samantha Power">Samantha Power</a> criticized the Syrian government, Russia and Iran, in a speech at the briefing, stating "to the Assad regime, Russia, and Iran—three Member States behind the conquest of and carnage in Aleppo—you bear responsibility for these atrocities." Comparing the situation in Aleppo to the mass killings in <a href="/wiki/Halabja_chemical_attack" class="mw-redirect" title="Halabja chemical attack">Halabja</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rwandan_genocide" title="Rwandan genocide">Rwanda</a> and <a href="/wiki/Srebrenica_Massacre" class="mw-redirect" title="Srebrenica Massacre">Srebrenica</a>, she addressed the Syrian, Russian and Iranian governments, asking them "are you truly incapable of shame?"<a href="#cite_note-351">[350]</a><a href="#cite_note-352">[351]</a><a href="#cite_note-353">[352]</a> UN humanitarian chief <a href="/wiki/Stephen_O%27Brien" title="Stephen O'Brien">Stephen O'Brien</a> appealed to the Security Council to stop the bombardment of eastern Aleppo, describing residents "scrabbling with their bare hands in the street above to reach under concrete rubble trying to reach their young child screaming unseen in the dust and dirt below their feet". The Russian ambassador, <a href="/wiki/Vitaly_Churkin" title="Vitaly Churkin">Vitaly Churkin</a>, dismissed his speech, saying: "If I wanted to be preached at, I'd go to church".<a href="#cite_note-354">[353]</a></li> <li>At an EU summit in December 2016, German Chancellor <a href="/wiki/Angela_Merkel" title="Angela Merkel">Angela Merkel</a> said that Russia and Iran were responsible "for crimes committed against the Syrian population" by the Assad government and that these should not go unpunished. The US secretary of State <a href="/wiki/John_Kerry" title="John Kerry">John Kerry</a> also said that "there is absolutely no justification whatsoever for the indiscriminate and savage brutality against civilians shown by the regime and by its Russian and Iranian allies over the past few weeks, or indeed over the past five years."<a href="#cite_note-355">[354]</a></li> <li>Armenia began sending humanitarian aid to Aleppo in mid-October 2012.<a href="#cite_note-356">[355]</a> The aid was distributed by Red Crescent, the Armenian National Prelacy in Aleppo, the Aleppo Emergency unit, the Embassy of Armenia to Syria, and the Consulate General of Armenia in Aleppo. The Governor of the Aleppo Governorate, Mohammad Wahid Aqqad, said, "the Syrian people highly appreciate this humanitarian gesture of the Armenian people, underlining the strong Syrian-Armenian cooperation".<a href="#cite_note-357">[356]</a></li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Foreign_and_European_Affairs_(France)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ministry of Foreign and European Affairs (France)">French Foreign Ministry</a> said, "With the build-up of heavy weapons around Aleppo, Assad is preparing to carry out a fresh slaughter of his own people". Italy and the UN peacekeeping chief also accused the Syrian government of preparing to massacre civilians.<a href="#cite_note-358">[357]</a></li> <li>As the Battle of Aleppo started, <a href="/wiki/Saeed_Jalili" title="Saeed Jalili">Saeed Jalili</a>, the head of Iran's Supreme National Security Council, met with Assad in Damascus. Jalili said Iran would help Assad to confront "attempts at blatant foreign interference" in Syria's internal affairs, saying, "Iran will not allow the axis of resistance, of which it considers Syria to be an essential part, to be broken in any way".<a href="#cite_note-359">[358]</a> During the Tehran sermon on 16 December 2016, Ayatollah <a href="/wiki/Mohammad_Emami_Kashani" class="mw-redirect" title="Mohammad Emami Kashani">Mohammad Emami Kashani</a> praised the "Aleppo triumph" as a "defeat of the infidels".<a href="#cite_note-360">[359]</a> In contrast, Iranian reformist and former director of Western Asian affairs in the <a href="/wiki/Iranian_Foreign_Ministry" class="mw-redirect" title="Iranian Foreign Ministry">Iranian Foreign Ministry</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mir-Hossein_Mousavi" title="Mir-Hossein Mousavi">Mir-Hossein Mousavi</a>, said that he cannot applaud at what happened in Aleppo, concluding it is "nothing but a two nights' joy and Tehran will be worrying for the next 30 years about it."<a href="#cite_note-361">[360]</a></li> <li>The Russian Foreign Ministry issued an official statement condemning the bombing that occurred on 9 September 2012, in which more than 30 people were killed. The ministry stated, "We firmly condemn the terrorist acts which claim the lives of innocent people", on 11 September. The Foreign Ministry also called on foreign powers to pressure the armed opposition to stop launching "terrorist attacks".<a href="#cite_note-SANA0911-362">[361]</a> The Russian Consulate General in Aleppo suspended operations on 16 January 2013.<a href="#cite_note-363">[362]</a></li> <li>Turkish Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Recep_Tayyip_Erdo%C4%9Fan" title="Recep Tayyip Erdoğan">Recep Tayyip Erdoğan</a> urged international action, saying it was not possible "to remain a spectator" to the government offensive on Aleppo.<a href="#cite_note-364">[363]</a> Reuters reported that Turkey had set up a base with allies Saudi Arabia and Qatar to direct military and communications aid to the Free Syrian Army from the city of <a href="/wiki/Adana" title="Adana">Adana</a>. Reuters also quoted a Doha-based source, which stated that Turkey, Qatar and Saudi Arabia were providing rebel fighters with weapons and training.<a href="#cite_note-365">[364]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Hague" title="William Hague">William Hague</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Secretary_of_State_for_Foreign_and_Commonwealth_Affairs" class="mw-redirect" title="Secretary of State for Foreign and Commonwealth Affairs">British Foreign Minister</a>, said, "the world must speak out to avert a massacre in Aleppo".<a href="#cite_note-366">[365]</a></li> <li>The United States stated it feared "a new massacre" in Aleppo by the Syrian government; "This is the concern: that we will see a massacre in Aleppo and that's what the regime appears to be lining up for".<a href="#cite_note-367">[366]</a> The United States condemned "in the strongest possible terms" the government SCUD missile strikes on Aleppo in late February 2013, saying they were "the latest of the Syrian regime's ruthlessness and its lack of compassion for the Syrian people it claims to represent".<a href="#cite_note-368">[367]</a></li></ul> <a href="/wiki/Jan_Egeland" title="Jan Egeland">Jan Egeland</a>, Special Advisor to the UN Special Envoy for Syria, stated in November 2016: "I have not seen a place where there has been so much <a href="/wiki/Politicization" class="mw-redirect" title="Politicization">politicization</a>, manipulation of <a href="/wiki/Aid" title="Aid">aid</a>, as we have seen in Syria in recent months. It has to stop!".<a href="#cite_note-UN_News_Center_Winter-279">[278]</a> He also called the bombardment and destruction of the city a "dark chapter" in modern history: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote">We all feel strongly that the <a href="/wiki/History_of_Aleppo" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Aleppo">history of Aleppo</a> through this war will be a 'black chapter' in the history of international relations. It took 4,000 years to build Aleppo, hundreds of generations, yet one generation managed to tear it down in four years. Aleppo, for three thousand years, gave to the world civilization and world civilization was not there to assist the people of Aleppo when they needed us the most.<a href="#cite_note-369">[368]</a></blockquote> In his last press conference as the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Secretary-General" class="mw-redirect" title="United Nations Secretary-General">United Nations Secretary-General</a> on 16 December 2016, <a href="/wiki/Ban_Ki-moon" title="Ban Ki-moon">Ban Ki-moon</a> declared: "Aleppo is now a synonym for hell".<a href="#cite_note-370">[369]</a> The <a href="/wiki/UN_High_Commissioner_for_Refugees" class="mw-redirect" title="UN High Commissioner for Refugees">UN High Commissioner for Refugees</a> delivered a statement on 17 December 2016, calling for an immediate end to the war in Syria: "With the situation in Aleppo, Syria's war has reached an historic low... Aleppo has become a metaphor for the disastrous situation that Syria is in today, with half the population having been forced from their homes."<a href="#cite_note-371">[370]</a> <a href="/wiki/The_Washington_Post" title="The Washington Post">The Washington Post</a> compared the destruction of Aleppo to the <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Sarajevo" title="Siege of Sarajevo">siege of Sarajevo</a> in the 1990s.<a href="#cite_note-372">[371]</a> On 20 December 2016, the United Nations Security Council approved "adequate, neutral UN monitoring and direct observation on evacuations from the eastern districts" in Aleppo.<a href="#cite_note-373">[372]</a> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 190px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Manifestation_pro_r%C3%A9volution_syrienne_contre_Assad_et_Poutine_-_Paris,_14-12-2016-9.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="A pro-Syrian Revolution and anti-Assad and anti-Putin protest in Paris, 14 December 2016"><img alt="A pro-Syrian Revolution and anti-Assad and anti-Putin protest in Paris, 14 December 2016" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Manifestation_pro_r%C3%A9volution_syrienne_contre_Assad_et_Poutine_-_Paris%2C_14-12-2016-9.jpg/200px-Manifestation_pro_r%C3%A9volution_syrienne_contre_Assad_et_Poutine_-_Paris%2C_14-12-2016-9.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Manifestation_pro_r%C3%A9volution_syrienne_contre_Assad_et_Poutine_-_Paris%2C_14-12-2016-9.jpg/300px-Manifestation_pro_r%C3%A9volution_syrienne_contre_Assad_et_Poutine_-_Paris%2C_14-12-2016-9.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Manifestation_pro_r%C3%A9volution_syrienne_contre_Assad_et_Poutine_-_Paris%2C_14-12-2016-9.jpg/400px-Manifestation_pro_r%C3%A9volution_syrienne_contre_Assad_et_Poutine_-_Paris%2C_14-12-2016-9.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3264" data-file-height="2448" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">A pro-Syrian Revolution and anti-Assad and anti-Putin protest in Paris, 14 December 2016</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 190px;"><a href="/wiki/File:%22Save_Aleppo%22_demonstration_near_Russian_Embassy_in_Tokyo.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title=""Save Aleppo" demonstration near Russian Embassy in Tokyo, 17 December 2016"><img alt=""Save Aleppo" demonstration near Russian Embassy in Tokyo, 17 December 2016" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/%22Save_Aleppo%22_demonstration_near_Russian_Embassy_in_Tokyo.jpg/200px-%22Save_Aleppo%22_demonstration_near_Russian_Embassy_in_Tokyo.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/%22Save_Aleppo%22_demonstration_near_Russian_Embassy_in_Tokyo.jpg/300px-%22Save_Aleppo%22_demonstration_near_Russian_Embassy_in_Tokyo.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/%22Save_Aleppo%22_demonstration_near_Russian_Embassy_in_Tokyo.jpg/400px-%22Save_Aleppo%22_demonstration_near_Russian_Embassy_in_Tokyo.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3264" data-file-height="2448" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">"Save Aleppo" demonstration near Russian Embassy in Tokyo, 17 December 2016</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Protests_in_solidarity_with_anti-government_forces_in_Aleppo">Protests in solidarity with anti-government forces in Aleppo</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Aleppo_(2012%E2%80%932016)&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Protests in solidarity with anti-government forces in Aleppo">edit</a>]</div> Rallies and demonstrations intended to show solidarity with Aleppo's besieged civilians, as well as protests against the Syrian government and its Iranian and Russian allies, were held in several cities across the world, organized by numerous groups. In Paris, the Eiffel Tower went dark on 14 December 2016, as a symbol of solidarity, and thousands protested in Paris' Stravinsky Square against Russia's role in the destruction of the city. <a href="/wiki/Qatar" title="Qatar">Qatar</a> cancelled its <a href="/wiki/Qatar_National_Day" class="mw-redirect" title="Qatar National Day">national day of celebration</a> on 18 December 2016 in solidarity with Aleppo.<a href="#cite_note-Global_shows_of_solidarity-374">[373]</a> <a href="/wiki/German_government" class="mw-redirect" title="German government">German government</a> spokesperson <a href="/wiki/Steffen_Seibert" title="Steffen Seibert">Steffen Seibert</a> said that "the cries for help of the people caught up in the fighting for the beleaguered city of Aleppo are a harrowing reminder to the world". He also urged: "There must be an end to the killing and dying in Aleppo."<a href="#cite_note-375">[374]</a> Protests were also held in London, Sarajevo, Istanbul, Jerusalem, Gaza City, and Amman, with some protesters burning pictures of <a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Putin" title="Vladimir Putin">Vladimir Putin</a> because of Russia's role in the siege.<a href="#cite_note-Global_shows_of_solidarity-374">[373]</a><a href="#cite_note-376">[375]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Timeline">Timeline</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Aleppo_(2012%E2%80%932016)&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Timeline">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li>Syrian government supply lines cut between October 2012 and October 2013, before being re-established from the south.<a href="#cite_note-strategictown-377">[376]</a><a href="#cite_note-378">[377]</a><a href="#cite_note-379">[378]</a><a href="#cite_note-380">[379]</a></li> <li>From mid-to-late 2014, the Syrian government captures the eastern and northeastern approaches to the city.<a href="#cite_note-381">[380]</a><a href="#cite_note-382">[381]</a><a href="#cite_note-383">[382]</a></li> <li>Syrian government cuts the northern rebel supply route from Turkey in February 2016, and the last road into the rebel-held part of Aleppo city in July 2016.<a href="#cite_note-384">[383]</a></li> <li>Syrian government siege of rebel-held parts of Aleppo from Summer into Fall 2016,<a href="#cite_note-Fadel-385">[384]</a> two rebel counteroffensives repelled.<a href="#cite_note-stumble-386">[385]</a><a href="#cite_note-387">[386]</a></li> <li>On 12 December 2016, Syrian government forces had gained control of 98% of the formerly rebel-held east, and rebels were reportedly "near defeat".<a href="#cite_note-388">[387]</a></li> <li>Syrian government and allies' victory reported on 12 December and declared on 13 December.<a href="#cite_note-389">[388]</a><a href="#cite_note-390">[389]</a><a href="#cite_note-391">[390]</a></li> <li>City divided between a government-held west and rebel-held east, with two northern districts <a href="/wiki/People%27s_Protection_Units" class="mw-redirect" title="People's Protection Units">YPG</a>-held, from July 2012 to November 2016.<a href="#cite_note-Guardian4July2015-11">[11]</a></li> <li>Thirty percent of the UNESCO World Heritage Site <a href="/wiki/Ancient_City_of_Aleppo" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient City of Aleppo">Ancient City of Aleppo</a> has been destroyed in the fighting.<a href="#cite_note-392">[391]</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Aleppo_(2012%E2%80%932016)&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239009302">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><a href="/wiki/File:Asia_(orthographic_projection).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Asia_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/28px-Asia_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Asia_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/42px-Asia_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Asia_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/56px-Asia_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="541" data-file-height="541" /></a><a href="/wiki/Portal:Asia" title="Portal:Asia">Asia portal</a></li></ul> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 25em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Homs" title="Siege of Homs">Siege of Homs</a>—Siege of the city of Homs (2012–2014) during the Syrian Civil War</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rif_Dimashq_Governorate_campaign" title="Rif Dimashq Governorate campaign">Rif Dimashq Governorate campaign</a>—Battle for the control of Damascus and its surroundings</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Eastern_Ghouta" title="Siege of Eastern Ghouta">Siege of Eastern Ghouta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palmyra_offensive_(2017)" title="Palmyra offensive (2017)">Palmyra offensive (2017)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Koban%C3%AE" title="Siege of Kobanî">Siege of Kobanî</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Nubl_and_al-Zahraa" title="Siege of Nubl and al-Zahraa">Siege of Nubl and al-Zahraa</a>—Part of the Battle for Aleppo</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Benghazi_(2014%E2%80%932017)" title="Battle of Benghazi (2014–2017)">Battle of Benghazi (2014–2017)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_al-Bab" title="Battle of al-Bab">Battle of al-Bab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Euphrates_Shield" title="Operation Euphrates Shield">Operation Euphrates Shield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Mosul_(2016%E2%80%932017)" title="Battle of Mosul (2016–2017)">Battle of Mosul (2016–2017)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raqqa_campaign_(2016%E2%80%932017)" title="Raqqa campaign (2016–2017)">Raqqa campaign (2016–2017)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Marawi" title="Siege of Marawi">Siege of Marawi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_wars_and_battles_involving_al-Qaeda" title="List of wars and battles involving al-Qaeda">List of wars and battles involving al-Qaeda</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Aleppo_(2012%E2%80%932016)&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Notes">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-fn1-56"><a href="#cite_ref-fn1_56-0">^</a> Even though the Al-Tawhid Brigade mostly disintegrated in 2014, remnants of the group remained active in Aleppo until 2016.) </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Aleppo_(2012%E2%80%932016)&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-units-1">^ <a href="#cite_ref-units_1-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-units_1-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-units_1-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-units_1-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-units_1-4">e</a> <a 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Worth, New York Times Magazine, 24 May 2017</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190321105340/http://www.agathocledesyracuse.com/archives/category/syria/aleppo">Battle of Aleppo frontline maps</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-38294488">Aleppo: Key dates in battle for strategic Syrian city</a> BBC News, 13 December 2016</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://reliefweb.int/sites/reliefweb.int/files/resources/UNOSAT_A3_Aleppo_DamagePercentage_20160918opt.pdf">Map showing level of building destruction</a>, by <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Institute_for_Training_and_Research" title="United Nations Institute for Training and Research">United Nations Institute for Training and Research</a>, for 18 September 2016</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ohchr.org/en/NewsEvents/Pages/DisplayNews.aspx?NewsID=21256&LangID=E">"Aleppo aerial campaign deliberately targeted hospitals and humanitarian convoy amounting to war crimes"</a>, a Report by the <a href="/wiki/Office_of_the_United_Nations_High_Commissioner_for_Human_Rights" title="Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights">Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights</a>, 1 March 2017</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Syrian_civil_war" style="wide;;padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Syrian_Civil_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Template:Syrian Civil War"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Syrian_Civil_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Template talk:Syrian Civil War"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Syrian_Civil_War" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Syrian Civil War"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Syrian_civil_war" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Syrian_civil_war" title="Syrian civil war">Syrian civil war</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="vertical-align:top;"><div id="Overviews" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Overviews</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.25em;font-weight:normal; vertical-align:top;">Main overviews</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Syria" title="Syria">Syria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rojava" class="mw-redirect" title="Rojava">Rojava</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syrian_civil_war" title="Syrian civil war">Syrian civil war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Syrian_civil_war" title="Timeline of the Syrian civil war">Timeline </a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Background_and_causes_of_the_Syrian_Civil_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Background and causes of the Syrian Civil War">Background and causes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syrian_peace_process" title="Syrian peace process">Syrian peace process</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syrian_government_reactions_to_the_Syrian_civil_war" class="mw-redirect" title="Syrian government reactions to the Syrian civil war">Syrian government reactions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belligerents_in_the_Syrian_civil_war" class="mw-redirect" title="Belligerents in the Syrian civil war">Belligerents </a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inter-rebel_conflict_during_the_Syrian_civil_war" title="Inter-rebel conflict during the Syrian civil war">Inter-rebel conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spillover_of_the_Syrian_civil_war" title="Spillover of the Syrian civil war">Spillover</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Control_of_cities_during_the_Syrian_civil_war" title="Control of cities during the Syrian civil war">Cities and towns </a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sectarianism_and_minorities_in_the_Syrian_civil_war" title="Sectarianism and minorities in the Syrian civil war">Sectarianism and minorities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syrian_Desert_campaign_(December_2017%E2%80%93present)" title="Syrian Desert campaign (December 2017–present)">Syrian Desert campaign (December 2017–present)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.25em;font-weight:normal; vertical-align:top;">Effects and ongoing concerns</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Casualties_of_the_Syrian_civil_war" title="Casualties of the Syrian civil war">Casualties of the Syrian civil war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Refugees_of_the_Syrian_civil_war" title="Refugees of the Syrian civil war">Refugees of the Syrian civil war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humanitarian_aid_during_the_Syrian_civil_war" title="Humanitarian aid during the Syrian civil war">Humanitarian aid during the Syrian civil war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_violations_during_the_Syrian_civil_war" class="mw-redirect" title="Human rights violations during the Syrian civil war">Human rights violations during the Syrian civil war</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.25em;font-weight:normal; vertical-align:top;">Phases and processes</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Syrian_revolution" title="Syrian revolution">Syrian revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_insurgency_phase_of_the_Syrian_civil_war" title="Early insurgency phase of the Syrian civil war">Early insurgency phase</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2012%E2%80%932013_escalation_of_the_Syrian_civil_war" title="2012–2013 escalation of the Syrian civil war">2012–2013 escalation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syrian_civil_war_ceasefires" title="Syrian civil war ceasefires">Ceasefires</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syrian_peace_process" title="Syrian peace process">Syrian peace process</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.25em;font-weight:normal; vertical-align:top;">World reaction</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/International_reactions_to_the_Syrian_civil_war" title="International reactions to the Syrian civil war">International reactions to the Syrian civil war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_involvement_in_the_Syrian_civil_war" title="Foreign involvement in the Syrian civil war">Foreign involvement in the Syrian civil war</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.25em;font-weight:normal; vertical-align:top;">Specific groups and countries</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Russian_involvement_in_the_Syrian_civil_war" title="Russian involvement in the Syrian civil war">Russian involvement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_intervention_in_the_Syrian_civil_war" title="Russian intervention in the Syrian civil war">Russian intervention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_involvement_in_the_Syrian_civil_war" title="Turkish involvement in the Syrian civil war">Turkish involvement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_occupation_of_northern_Syria" title="Turkish occupation of northern Syria">Turkish occupation of northern Syria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Northern_Syria_Buffer_Zone" title="Second Northern Syria Buffer Zone">Second Northern Syria Buffer Zone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Idlib_demilitarization_(2018%E2%80%932019)" title="Idlib demilitarization (2018–2019)">Russian-Turkish agreement on Syria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/US_intervention_in_the_Syrian_civil_war" title="US intervention in the Syrian civil war">US intervention in the Syrian civil war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2023_attacks_on_U.S._bases_in_Iraq_and_Syria" class="mw-redirect" title="2023 attacks on U.S. bases in Iraq and Syria">2023 attacks on U.S. bases in Iraq and Syria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurdish_Area_in_Syria" class="mw-redirect" title="Kurdish Area in Syria">Kurdish Area in Syria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syrian_Democratic_Forces" title="Syrian Democratic Forces">Syrian Democratic Forces</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rojava_conflict" title="Rojava conflict">Rojava conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Combined_Joint_Task_Force_%E2%80%93_Operation_Inherent_Resolve" title="Combined Joint Task Force – Operation Inherent Resolve">U.S. task force</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.25em;font-weight:normal; vertical-align:top;">Agreements and dialogues</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Russian-Turkish_agreement_on_Syria" class="mw-redirect" title="Russian-Turkish agreement on Syria">Russian-Turkish agreement on Syria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AANES%E2%80%93Syria_relations" title="AANES–Syria relations">Relations between Syrian government and Kurdish groups in Syria</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="vertical-align:top;"><div id="Timeline" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Syrian_civil_war" title="Timeline of the Syrian civil war">Timeline</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.25em;font-weight:normal; vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/Background_and_causes_of_the_Syrian_Civil_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Background and causes of the Syrian Civil War">Background</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1963_Syrian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1963 Syrian coup d'état">1963 coup</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1966_Syrian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1966 Syrian coup d'état">1966 coup</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corrective_Movement_(Syria)" title="Corrective Movement (Syria)">Corrective Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamist_uprising_in_Syria" title="Islamist uprising in Syria">Islamist uprising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1999_Latakia_protests" title="1999 Latakia protests">Latakia protests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Damascus_Spring" title="Damascus Spring">Damascus Spring</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2004_Qamishli_riots" title="2004 Qamishli riots">Qamishli riots</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syrian_occupation_of_Lebanon" title="Syrian occupation of Lebanon">Syrian occupation of Lebanon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Damascus_Declaration" title="Damascus Declaration">Damascus Declaration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Syria" title="Human rights in Syria">Human rights in Syria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2010s_in_Syria_political_history" title="2010s in Syria political history">2010s in Syria political history</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.25em;font-weight:normal; vertical-align:top;">2011 <a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Syrian_civil_war_(January%E2%80%93April_2011)" title="Timeline of the Syrian civil war (January–April 2011)">Jan–Apr</a> <a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Syrian_civil_war_(May%E2%80%93August_2011)" title="Timeline of the Syrian civil war (May–August 2011)">May–Aug</a> <a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Syrian_civil_war_(September%E2%80%93December_2011)" title="Timeline of the Syrian civil war (September–December 2011)">Sep–Dec</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Civil_uprising_phase_of_the_Syrian_civil_war" class="mw-redirect" title="Civil uprising phase of the Syrian civil war">Syrian Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Death_of_Hamza_Ali_Al-Khateeb" title="Death of Hamza Ali Al-Khateeb">Death of Hamza Ali Al-Khateeb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Daraa" title="Siege of Daraa">Siege of Daraa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Baniyas" title="Siege of Baniyas">Siege of Baniyas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Talkalakh_(May_2011)" title="Siege of Talkalakh (May 2011)">May Talkalakh siege</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Rastan_and_Talbiseh" title="Siege of Rastan and Talbiseh">Siege of Rastan and Talbiseh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/June_2011_Jisr_ash-Shughur_clashes" title="June 2011 Jisr ash-Shughur clashes">June Jisr ash-Shughur operation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Hama_(2011)" title="Siege of Hama (2011)">Siege of Hama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Homs" title="Siege of Homs">Siege of Homs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Summer_2011_Jabal_al-Zawiya_operation" title="Summer 2011 Jabal al-Zawiya operation">Jabal al-Zawiya operation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Latakia" title="Siege of Latakia">Siege of Latakia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deir_ez-Zor_clashes_(2011%E2%80%932014)" title="Deir ez-Zor clashes (2011–2014)">Deir ez-Zor clashes (2011–2014)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rif_Dimashq_clashes_(November_2011%E2%80%93March_2012)" title="Rif Dimashq clashes (November 2011–March 2012)">Rif Dimashq clashes (Nov 2011-Mar 2012)</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Zabadani_(2012)" title="Battle of Zabadani (2012)">Battle of Zabadani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Douma" title="Battle of Douma">Battle of Douma</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daraa_Governorate_clashes_(2011%E2%80%932013)" title="Daraa Governorate clashes (2011–2013)">Daraa Governorate clashes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Rastan_(2011)" title="Battle of Rastan (2011)">Battle of Rastan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shayrat_and_Tiyas_airbase_ambush" title="Shayrat and Tiyas airbase ambush">Shayrat and Tiyas airbase ambush</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Idlib_Governorate_clashes_(September_2011_%E2%80%93_March_2012)" title="Idlib Governorate clashes (September 2011 – March 2012)">Idlib Governorate clashes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/December_2011_Jabal_al-Zawiya_massacres" title="December 2011 Jabal al-Zawiya massacres">December Jabal al-Zawiya massacres</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.25em;font-weight:normal; vertical-align:top;">2012 <a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Syrian_civil_war_(January%E2%80%93April_2012)" title="Timeline of the Syrian civil war (January–April 2012)">Jan–Apr</a> <a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Syrian_civil_war_(May%E2%80%93August_2012)" title="Timeline of the Syrian civil war (May–August 2012)">May–Aug</a> <a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Syrian_civil_war_(September%E2%80%93December_2012)" title="Timeline of the Syrian civil war (September–December 2012)">Sep–Dec</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/January_2012_al-Midan_bombing" title="January 2012 al-Midan bombing">January al-Midan bombing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Rastan_(January%E2%80%93February_2012)" title="Battle of Rastan (January–February 2012)">Battle of Rastan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Idlib_(2012)" title="Battle of Idlib (2012)">First Battle of Idlib</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_al-Qusayr_(2012)" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of al-Qusayr (2012)">Battle of al-Qusayr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/April_2012_Idlib_Governorate_Operation" title="April 2012 Idlib Governorate Operation">Idlib Governorate operation (Apr)</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Taftanaz" title="Battle of Taftanaz">Battle of Taftanaz</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Rastan_(May_2012)" title="Battle of Rastan (May 2012)">May Battle of Rastan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Houla_massacre" title="Houla massacre">Houla massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_al-Haffah" title="Battle of al-Haffah">Battle of al-Haffah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Qubeir_massacre" title="Al-Qubeir massacre">Al-Qubeir massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Tremseh" title="Battle of Tremseh">Battle of Tremseh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Damascus_(2012)" title="Battle of Damascus (2012)">Battle of Damascus</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/18_July_2012_Damascus_bombing" title="18 July 2012 Damascus bombing">18 July 2012 Damascus bombing</a></li></ul></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Battle of Aleppo</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Anadan" title="Battle of Anadan">Battle of Anadan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Base_46" title="Siege of Base 46">Siege of Base 46</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Hasakah_Governorate_campaign_(2012%E2%80%932013)" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-Hasakah Governorate campaign (2012–2013)">Al-Hasakah Governorate campaign (2012–2013)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rif_Dimashq_offensive_(August%E2%80%93October_2012)" title="Rif Dimashq offensive (August–October 2012)">Rif Dimashq offensive (Aug-Oct)</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Darayya_massacre" title="Darayya massacre">Darayya massacre</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Khirbet_Al-Joz" title="Battle of Khirbet Al-Joz">Battle of Khirbet Al-Joz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Maarrat_al-Numan_(2012)" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Maarrat al-Numan (2012)">Battle of Maarrat al-Numan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Wadi_Deif_(2012%E2%80%932013)" title="Siege of Wadi Deif (2012–2013)">First siege of Wadi Deif</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Harem" title="Battle of Harem">Battle of Harem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rif_Dimashq_offensive_(November_2012%E2%80%93February_2013)" title="Rif Dimashq offensive (November 2012–February 2013)">Rif Dimashq offensive (Nov 2012–Feb 2013)</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Darayya_(November_2012%E2%80%93February_2013)" title="Battle of Darayya (November 2012–February 2013)">Battle of Darayya</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aqrab_massacre" title="Aqrab massacre">Aqrab massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2012_Hama_offensive" title="2012 Hama offensive">Hama offensive</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Halfaya_massacre" class="mw-redirect" title="Halfaya massacre">Halfaya massacre</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Darayya_(November_2012%E2%80%93February_2013)" title="Battle of Darayya (November 2012–February 2013)">Battle of Darayya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quneitra_Governorate_clashes_(2012%E2%80%932014)" title="Quneitra Governorate clashes (2012–2014)">Quneitra Governorate clashes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Talbiseh_bakery_massacre" title="Talbiseh bakery massacre">Talbiseh bakery massacre</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.25em;font-weight:normal; vertical-align:top;">2013 <a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Syrian_civil_war_(January%E2%80%93April_2013)" title="Timeline of the Syrian civil war (January–April 2013)">Jan–Apr</a> <a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Syrian_civil_war_(May%E2%80%93December_2013)" title="Timeline of the Syrian civil war (May–December 2013)">May–Dec</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Safira" title="Battle of Safira">Battle of Safira</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Shaddadi_(2013)" title="Battle of Shaddadi (2013)">Battle of Shadadeh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Damascus_offensive_(2013)" title="Damascus offensive (2013)">Damascus offensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raqqa_campaign_(2012%E2%80%932013)" title="Raqqa campaign (2012–2013)">Raqqa campaign (2012–2013)</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Raqqa_(2013)" title="Battle of Raqqa (2013)">Battle of Raqqa (Mar)</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2013_Daraa_offensive" title="2013 Daraa offensive">Daraa offensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rif_Dimashq_offensive_(March%E2%80%93August_2013)" title="Rif Dimashq offensive (March–August 2013)">Rif Dimashq offensive (Mar–Aug)</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Jdaidet_al-Fadl" title="Battle of Jdaidet al-Fadl">Battle of Jdaidet al-Fadl</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghouta_chemical_attack" title="Ghouta chemical attack">Ghouta chemical attack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Qusayr_offensive" title="Al-Qusayr offensive">Al-Qusayr offensive</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_al-Qusayr_(2013)" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of al-Qusayr (2013)">Battle of al-Qusayr</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bayda_and_Baniyas_massacres" title="Bayda and Baniyas massacres">Bayda and Baniyas massacres</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2013_Hama_offensive" title="2013 Hama offensive">Hama offensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hatla_massacre" title="Hatla massacre">Hatla massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khan_al-Assal_chemical_attack" title="Khan al-Assal chemical attack">Khan al-Assal chemical attack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khan_al-Assal_massacre" title="Khan al-Assal massacre">Khan al-Assal massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adra_massacre" title="Adra massacre">Adra massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Ras_al-Ayn_(2012%E2%80%9313)" title="Battle of Ras al-Ayn (2012–13)">Battle of Ras al-Ayn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Tell_Abyad_(2013)" title="Battle of Tell Abyad (2013)">Battle of Tell Abyad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rif_Dimashq_offensive_(September%E2%80%93November_2013)" title="Rif Dimashq offensive (September–November 2013)">Rif Dimashq offensive (Sep–Nov)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aleppo_offensive_(October%E2%80%93December_2013)" title="Aleppo offensive (October–December 2013)">Aleppo offensive (Oct–Dec)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_al-Yaarubiyah" title="Battle of al-Yaarubiyah">Battle of al-Yaarubiyah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Tell_Hamis_and_Tell_Brak_(December_2013%E2%80%93January_2014)" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Tell Hamis and Tell Brak (December 2013–January 2014)">Battle of Tell Hamis and Tell Brak (Dec–Jan)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.25em;font-weight:normal; vertical-align:top;">2014 <a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Syrian_civil_war_(January%E2%80%93July_2014)" title="Timeline of the Syrian civil war (January–July 2014)">Jan–Jul</a> <a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Syrian_civil_war_(August%E2%80%93December_2014)" title="Timeline of the Syrian civil war (August–December 2014)">Aug–Dec</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Inter-rebel_conflict_during_the_Syrian_civil_war" title="Inter-rebel conflict during the Syrian civil war">First Inter-rebel conflict</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Markada" title="Battle of Markada">Battle of Markada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deir_ez-Zor_offensive_(April%E2%80%93July_2014)" title="Deir ez-Zor offensive (April–July 2014)">Deir ez-Zor offensive</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Morek" title="Battle of Morek">Battle of Morek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daraa_offensive_(February%E2%80%93May_2014)" title="Daraa offensive (February–May 2014)">Daraa offensive (Feb–May)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maan_massacre" title="Maan massacre">Maan massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Otaiba_ambush" title="Al-Otaiba ambush">Al-Otaiba ambush</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2014_Idlib_offensive" title="2014 Idlib offensive">Idlib offensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Hosn" title="Battle of Hosn">Battle of Hosn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2014_Latakia_offensive" title="2014 Latakia offensive">Latakia Offensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Al-Malihah" title="Battle of Al-Malihah">Battle of Al-Malihah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2014_Kafr_Zita_chemical_attack" title="2014 Kafr Zita chemical attack">Kafr Zita chemical attack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Wadi_Deif_(2014)" title="Siege of Wadi Deif (2014)">Second siege of Wadi Deif</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qalamoun_offensive_(2014)" title="Qalamoun offensive (2014)">Qalamoun offensive (Jun–Aug)</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Arsal_(2014)" title="Battle of Arsal (2014)">Battle of Arsal</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Shaer_gas_field_(July_2014)" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of the Shaer gas field (July 2014)">First Battle of the Shaer gas field</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2014_Eastern_Syria_offensive" title="2014 Eastern Syria offensive">Eastern Syria offensive</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Tabqa_Airbase" title="Battle of Tabqa Airbase">Battle of Tabqa Airbase</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Aleppo_offensive_(February%E2%80%93July_2014)" title="Northern Aleppo offensive (February–July 2014)">Northern Aleppo offensive (Feb–Jul)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2014_Hama_offensive" title="2014 Hama offensive">Hama Offensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2014_Quneitra_offensive" title="2014 Quneitra offensive">Quneitra offensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rif_Dimashq_offensive_(August%E2%80%93November_2014)" title="Rif Dimashq offensive (August–November 2014)">Rif Dimashq offensive (Aug–Nov)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Koban%C3%AE" title="Siege of Kobanî">Siege of Kobanî</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homs_school_bombing" title="Homs school bombing">Homs school bombing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daraa_offensive_(October_2014)" title="Daraa offensive (October 2014)">Daraa offensive (Oct)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2014_Al-Safira_offensive" title="2014 Al-Safira offensive">Al-Safira offensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2014_raid_on_Idlib_city" title="2014 raid on Idlib city">Idlib Raid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Nusra_Front%E2%80%93SRF/Hazzm_Movement_conflict" title="Al-Nusra Front–SRF/Hazzm Movement conflict">Second Inter-Rebel Conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Shaer_gas_field_(October%E2%80%93November_2014)" title="Battle of the Shaer gas field (October–November 2014)">Second Battle of the Shaer gas field</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Al-Shaykh_Maskin_(2014)" title="Battle of Al-Shaykh Maskin (2014)">Battle of Al-Shaykh Maskin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deir_ez-Zor_offensive_(December_2014)" title="Deir ez-Zor offensive (December 2014)">Deir ez-Zor offensive (Dec)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.25em;font-weight:normal; vertical-align:top;">2015 <a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Syrian_civil_war_(January%E2%80%93July_2015)" title="Timeline of the Syrian civil war (January–July 2015)">Jan–Jul</a> <a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Syrian_civil_war_(August%E2%80%93December_2015)" title="Timeline of the Syrian civil war (August–December 2015)">Aug–Dec</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2015_Syrian_Air_Force_An-26_crash" title="2015 Syrian Air Force An-26 crash">Air Force An-26 crash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daraa_offensive_(January_2015)" title="Daraa offensive (January 2015)">Daraa Offensive (Jan)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2015_Southern_Syria_offensive" title="2015 Southern Syria offensive">Southern Syria Offensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_al-Hasakah_offensive" title="Eastern al-Hasakah offensive">Eastern al-Hasakah offensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Sarrin_(March%E2%80%93April_2015)" title="Battle of Sarrin (March–April 2015)">Battle of Sarrin (Mar–Apr)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Sarrin_(June%E2%80%93July_2015)" title="Battle of Sarrin (June–July 2015)">Battle of Sarrin (Jun–Jul)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Bosra_(2015)" title="Battle of Bosra (2015)">Battle of Bosra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2015_Idlib_offensive" title="2015 Idlib offensive">Idlib Offensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Idlib_(2015)" title="Battle of Idlib (2015)">Second Battle of Idlib</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Nasib_Border_Crossing" title="Battle of Nasib Border Crossing">Battle of Nasib Border Crossing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Yarmouk_Camp_(2015)" title="Battle of Yarmouk Camp (2015)">Battle of Yarmouk Camp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_al-Hasakah_offensive" title="Western al-Hasakah offensive">Western al-Hasakah offensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palmyra_offensive_(May_2015)" title="Palmyra offensive (May 2015)">Palmyra offensive (May)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2015_Qamishli_bombings" title="2015 Qamishli bombings">Qamishli bombings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tell_Abyad_offensive" title="Tell Abyad offensive">Tell Abyad offensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koban%C3%AE_massacre" title="Kobanî massacre">Kobanî massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quneitra_offensive_(June_2015)" title="Quneitra offensive (June 2015)">Quneitra offensive (Jun)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palmyra_offensive_(July%E2%80%93August_2015)" title="Palmyra offensive (July–August 2015)">Palmyra offensive (Jul–Aug)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rif_Dimashq_offensive_(September_2015)" title="Rif Dimashq offensive (September 2015)">Rif Dimashq offensive (Sep)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northwestern_Syria_offensive_(October%E2%80%93November_2015)" title="Northwestern Syria offensive (October–November 2015)">Northwestern Syria offensive (Oct–Nov)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aleppo_offensive_(October%E2%80%93December_2015)" title="Aleppo offensive (October–December 2015)">Aleppo offensive (Oct–Dec)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2015_al-Hawl_offensive" title="2015 al-Hawl offensive">Al-Hawl offensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homs_offensive_(November%E2%80%93December_2015)" title="Homs offensive (November–December 2015)">Homs offensive (Nov-Dec)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Aleppo_offensive_(2015%E2%80%932016)" title="East Aleppo offensive (2015–2016)">East Aleppo offensive (2015–2016)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2015%E2%80%932016_Latakia_offensive" title="2015–2016 Latakia offensive">2015–2016 Latakia offensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tishrin_Dam_offensive" title="Tishrin Dam offensive">Tishrin Dam offensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2015_Russian_Sukhoi_Su-24_shootdown" title="2015 Russian Sukhoi Su-24 shootdown">Russian Sukhoi Su-24 shootdown</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.25em;font-weight:normal; vertical-align:top;">2016 <a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Syrian_civil_war_(January%E2%80%93April_2016)" title="Timeline of the Syrian civil war (January–April 2016)">Jan–Apr</a> <a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Syrian_civil_war_(May%E2%80%93August_2016)" title="Timeline of the Syrian civil war (May–August 2016)">May–Aug</a> <a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Syrian_civil_war_(September%E2%80%93December_2016)" title="Timeline of the Syrian civil war (September–December 2016)">Sep–Dec</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Al-Shaykh_Maskin_(2015%E2%80%932016)" title="Battle of Al-Shaykh Maskin (2015–2016)">Second Battle of Al-Shaykh Maskin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deir_ez-Zor_offensive_(2016)" title="Deir ez-Zor offensive (2016)">Deir ez-Zor offensive (Jan)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2016_Sayyidah_Zaynab_attacks#January" title="2016 Sayyidah Zaynab attacks">January Sayyidah Zaynab bombings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Aleppo_offensive_(February_2016)" title="Northern Aleppo offensive (February 2016)">Northern Aleppo offensive (Feb)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ithriyah-Raqqa_offensive_(February%E2%80%93March_2016)" title="Ithriyah-Raqqa offensive (February–March 2016)">Ithriyah-Raqqa offensive (Feb–Mar)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Shaddadi_offensive_(2016)" title="Al-Shaddadi offensive (2016)">Al-Shaddadi offensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/February_2016_Homs_bombings" title="February 2016 Homs bombings">February Homs bombings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2016_Sayyidah_Zaynab_attacks#February" title="2016 Sayyidah Zaynab attacks">February Sayyidah Zaynab bombings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2016_Khanasir_offensive" title="2016 Khanasir offensive">Khanasir offensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Tell_Abyad_(2016)" title="Battle of Tell Abyad (2016)">Battle of Tel Abyad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Maarrat_al-Numan_(2016)" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Maarrat al-Numan (2016)">Battle of Maarrat al-Numan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Qamishli_(2016)" title="Battle of Qamishli (2016)">Battle of Qamishli (Apr)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Aleppo_offensive_(March%E2%80%93June_2016)" title="Northern Aleppo offensive (March–June 2016)">Northern Aleppo offensive (Mar–Jun)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palmyra_offensive_(March_2016)" title="Palmyra offensive (March 2016)">Palmyra offensive (Mar)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Ghouta_inter-rebel_conflict_(April%E2%80%93May_2016)" title="East Ghouta inter-rebel conflict (April–May 2016)">East Ghouta inter-rebel conflict (Apr–May)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rif_Dimashq_offensive_(April%E2%80%93May_2016)" title="Rif Dimashq offensive (April–May 2016)">Rif Dimashq offensive (Apr–May)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Raqqa_offensive" title="Northern Raqqa offensive">Northern Raqqa offensive (May)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/May_2016_Jableh_and_Tartous_bombings" class="mw-redirect" title="May 2016 Jableh and Tartous bombings">May Jableh & Tartous bombings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ithriyah-Raqqa_offensive_(June_2016)" title="Ithriyah-Raqqa offensive (June 2016)">Ithriyah-Raqqa offensive (Jun)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rif_Dimashq_offensive_(June%E2%80%93October_2016)" title="Rif Dimashq offensive (June–October 2016)">Rif Dimashq offensive (Jun–Oct)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manbij_offensive" title="Manbij offensive">Manbij offensive</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tokhar_massacre" class="mw-redirect" title="Tokhar massacre">Tokhar massacre</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2016_Southern_Aleppo_campaign" title="2016 Southern Aleppo campaign">Southern Aleppo campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_al-Rai_(August_2016)" title="Battle of al-Rai (August 2016)">Battle of al-Rai (Aug)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Euphrates_Shield" title="Operation Euphrates Shield">Operation Euphrates Shield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2016_Aleppo_summer_campaign" title="2016 Aleppo summer campaign">Aleppo summer campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_al-Bab_offensive_(September_2016)" title="Western al-Bab offensive (September 2016)">Western al-Bab offensive (Sep)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/5_September_2016_Syria_bombings" title="5 September 2016 Syria bombings">5 September bombings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/September_2016_Deir_ez-Zor_air_raid" title="September 2016 Deir ez-Zor air raid">September Deir ez-Zor air raid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/September_2016_Urum_al-Kubra_aid_convoy_attack" title="September 2016 Urum al-Kubra aid convoy attack">September Urum al-Kubra aid convoy attack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aleppo_offensive_(September%E2%80%93October_2016)" title="Aleppo offensive (September–October 2016)">Aleppo offensive (Sep–Oct)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2016_Dabiq_offensive" title="2016 Dabiq offensive">Dabiq offensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_al-Bab_offensive_(October%E2%80%93November_2016)" title="Western al-Bab offensive (October–November 2016)">Western al-Bab offensive (Oct–Nov)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khan_al-Shih_offensive_(October%E2%80%93November_2016)" title="Khan al-Shih offensive (October–November 2016)">Khan al-Shih offensive (Oct–Nov)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raqqa_campaign_(2016%E2%80%932017)" title="Raqqa campaign (2016–2017)">Raqqa campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_al-Bab" title="Battle of al-Bab">Battle of al-Bab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aleppo_offensive_(November%E2%80%93December_2016)" title="Aleppo offensive (November–December 2016)">Aleppo offensive (Nov-Dec)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palmyra_offensive_(December_2016)" title="Palmyra offensive (December 2016)">Palmyra offensive (Dec)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.25em;font-weight:normal; vertical-align:top;">2017 <a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Syrian_civil_war_(January%E2%80%93April_2017)" title="Timeline of the Syrian civil war (January–April 2017)">Jan–Apr</a> <a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Syrian_civil_war_(May%E2%80%93August_2017)" title="Timeline of the Syrian civil war (May–August 2017)">May–Aug</a> <a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Syrian_civil_war_(September%E2%80%93December_2017)" title="Timeline of the Syrian civil war (September–December 2017)">Sep–Dec</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wadi_Barada_offensive_(2016%E2%80%932017)" title="Wadi Barada offensive (2016–2017)">Wadi Barada offensive (2016–2017)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/January_2017_Azaz_bombing" title="January 2017 Azaz bombing">January Azaz bombing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syrian_Desert_campaign_(December_2016%E2%80%93April_2017)" title="Syrian Desert campaign (December 2016–April 2017)">Desert campaign (Dec 16–Apr 17)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Idlib_Governorate_clashes_(January%E2%80%93March_2017)" title="Idlib Governorate clashes (January–March 2017)">Idlib clashes (Jan–Mar)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deir_ez-Zor_offensive_(January%E2%80%93February_2017)" title="Deir ez-Zor offensive (January–February 2017)">Deir ez-Zor offensive (Jan–Feb)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daraa_offensive_(February%E2%80%93June_2017)" title="Daraa offensive (February–June 2017)">Daraa offensive (Feb–Jun)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southwestern_Daraa_offensive_(February_2017)" title="Southwestern Daraa offensive (February 2017)">Southwestern Daraa offensive (Feb)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qaboun_offensive_(2017)" title="Qaboun offensive (2017)">Qaboun offensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palmyra_offensive_(2017)" title="Palmyra offensive (2017)">Palmyra offensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Aleppo_offensive_(2017)" title="East Aleppo offensive (2017)">East Aleppo offensive (Jan–Apr)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/March_2017_Damascus_bombings" title="March 2017 Damascus bombings">March Damascus bombings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2017_al-Jinah_airstrike" title="2017 al-Jinah airstrike">Al-Jinah airstrike</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hama_offensive_(March%E2%80%93April_2017)" title="Hama offensive (March–April 2017)">Hama offensive (Mar–Apr)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Tabqa" title="Battle of Tabqa">Battle of Tabqa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khan_Shaykhun_chemical_attack" title="Khan Shaykhun chemical attack">Khan Shaykhun chemical attack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2017_Shayrat_missile_strike" title="2017 Shayrat missile strike">Shayrat missile strike</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2017_Aleppo_suicide_car_bombing" title="2017 Aleppo suicide car bombing">Aleppo bombing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/April_2017_Turkish_airstrikes_in_Syria_and_Iraq" title="April 2017 Turkish airstrikes in Syria and Iraq">April Turkish airstrikes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Ghouta_inter-rebel_conflict_(April%E2%80%93May_2017)" title="East Ghouta inter-rebel conflict (April–May 2017)">East Ghouta inter-rebel conflict (Apr–May)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syrian_Desert_campaign_(May%E2%80%93July_2017)" title="Syrian Desert campaign (May–July 2017)">Desert campaign (May–Jul)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maskanah_Plains_offensive" title="Maskanah Plains offensive">Maskanah Plains offensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Hama_offensive_(2017)" title="East Hama offensive (2017)">East Hama offensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Raqqa_(2017)" title="Battle of Raqqa (2017)">Battle of Raqqa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daraa_offensive_(June_2017)" title="Daraa offensive (June 2017)">Daraa offensive (Jun)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2017_Southern_Raqqa_offensive" title="2017 Southern Raqqa offensive">Southern Raqqa offensive (Jun)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2017_Jobar_offensive" title="2017 Jobar offensive">Jobar offensive (Jun–Aug)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quneitra_offensive_(June_2017)" title="Quneitra offensive (June 2017)">Quneitra offensive (Jun)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Idlib_Governorate_clashes_(July_2017)" title="Idlib Governorate clashes (July 2017)">Idlib clashes (Jul)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Syria_campaign" title="Central Syria campaign">Central campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qalamoun_offensive_(2017)" title="Qalamoun offensive (2017)">Qalamoun (Jul–Aug)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deir_ez-Zor_campaign_(2017%E2%80%932019)" title="Deir ez-Zor campaign (2017–2019)">Deir ez-Zor offensive (Sep 17–Mar 18)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hama_offensive_(September_2017)" title="Hama offensive (September 2017)">Hama offensive (Sep)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northwestern_Syria_campaign_(October_2017%E2%80%93February_2018)" title="Northwestern Syria campaign (October 2017–February 2018)">Northwestern campaign (Oct 17–Feb 18)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_military_operation_in_Idlib_Governorate" title="Turkish military operation in Idlib Governorate">Turkish military operation in Idlib Governorate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Harasta_(2017%E2%80%932018)" title="Battle of Harasta (2017–2018)">Battle of Harasta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Syria_campaign_(September%E2%80%93December_2017)" class="mw-redirect" title="Eastern Syria campaign (September–December 2017)">Eastern campaign (Sep–Dec)</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2017_Euphrates_Crossing_offensive" class="mw-redirect" title="2017 Euphrates Crossing offensive">Euphrates Crossing offensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2017_Mayadin_offensive" title="2017 Mayadin offensive">Mayadin offensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deir_ez-Zor_offensive_(September%E2%80%93November_2017)" title="Deir ez-Zor offensive (September–November 2017)">Battle of Deir ez-Zor (Sep–Nov)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2017_Abu_Kamal_offensive" title="2017 Abu Kamal offensive">Abu Kamal offensive</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beit_Jinn_offensive" title="Beit Jinn offensive">Beit Jinn offensive</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.25em;font-weight:normal; vertical-align:top;">2018 <a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Syrian_civil_war_(January%E2%80%93April_2018)" title="Timeline of the Syrian civil war (January–April 2018)">Jan–Apr</a> <a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Syrian_civil_war_(May%E2%80%93August_2018)" title="Timeline of the Syrian civil war (May–August 2018)">May–Aug</a> <a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Syrian_civil_war_(September%E2%80%93December_2018)" title="Timeline of the Syrian civil war (September–December 2018)">Sep–Dec</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Olive_Branch" title="Operation Olive Branch">Operation Olive Branch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Khasham" title="Battle of Khasham">Battle of Khasham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rif_Dimashq_offensive_(February%E2%80%93April_2018)" title="Rif Dimashq offensive (February–April 2018)">Rif Dimashq offensive (Feb–Apr)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Damascus_offensive_(January%E2%80%93February_2018)" title="Southern Damascus offensive (January–February 2018)">Southern Damascus offensive (Jan–Feb)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syrian_Liberation_Front%E2%80%93Tahrir_al-Sham_conflict" title="Syrian Liberation Front–Tahrir al-Sham conflict">Syrian Liberation Front–Tahrir al-Sham conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Damascus_offensive_(March_2018)" title="Southern Damascus offensive (March 2018)">Southern Damascus offensive (Mar)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Douma_chemical_attack" title="Douma chemical attack">Douma chemical attack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/April_2018_missile_strikes_against_Syria" title="April 2018 missile strikes against Syria">Missile strikes (Apr)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Homs_offensive_(April%E2%80%93May_2018)" title="Northern Homs offensive (April–May 2018)">Northern Homs offensive (Apr–May)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Qalamoun_offensive_(April_2018)" title="Eastern Qalamoun offensive (April 2018)">Eastern Qalamoun offensive (Apr)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Damascus_offensive_(April%E2%80%93May_2018)" title="Southern Damascus offensive (April–May 2018)">Southern Damascus offensive (Apr–May)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deir_ez-Zor_Governorate_clashes" title="Deir ez-Zor Governorate clashes">Deir ez-Zor clashes (Apr)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deir_ez-Zor_offensive_(2018)" title="Deir ez-Zor offensive (2018)">Deir ez-Zor offensive (May–Jun)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/As-Suwayda_offensive_(June_2018)" title="As-Suwayda offensive (June 2018)">As-Suwayda offensive (Jun)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2018_Southern_Syria_offensive" title="2018 Southern Syria offensive">Southern offensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2018_As-Suwayda_attacks" title="2018 As-Suwayda attacks">As-Suwayda attacks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/As-Suwayda_offensive_(August%E2%80%93November_2018)" title="As-Suwayda offensive (August–November 2018)">As-Suwayda (Aug-Nov)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qamishli_clashes_(2018)" title="Qamishli clashes (2018)">Qamishli clashes (Sep)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syria_missile_strikes_(September_2018)" title="Syria missile strikes (September 2018)">Missile strikes (Sep)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2018_Syrian-Turkish_border_clashes" class="mw-redirect" title="2018 Syrian-Turkish border clashes">Northern border clashes</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.25em;font-weight:normal; vertical-align:top;">2019 <a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Syrian_civil_war_(January%E2%80%93April_2019)" title="Timeline of the Syrian civil war (January–April 2019)">Jan–Apr</a> <a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Syrian_civil_war_(May%E2%80%93August_2019)" title="Timeline of the Syrian civil war (May–August 2019)">May–Aug</a> <a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Syrian_civil_war_(September%E2%80%93December_2019)" title="Timeline of the Syrian civil war (September–December 2019)">Sep–Dec</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_Front_for_Liberation%E2%80%93Tahrir_al-Sham_conflict" title="National Front for Liberation–Tahrir al-Sham conflict">Idlib inter-rebel conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2019_Manbij_bombing" title="2019 Manbij bombing">Manbij bombing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Baghuz_Fawqani" title="Battle of Baghuz Fawqani">Battle of Baghuz Fawqani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISIL_insurgency_in_Deir_ez-Zor_(2019)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISIL insurgency in Deir ez-Zor (2019)">ISIL insurgency in Deir-ez-Zor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D%C3%AArik_prison_escape_attempt" title="Dêrik prison escape attempt">Dêrik prison escape attempt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2019_Tell_Rifaat_clashes" title="2019 Tell Rifaat clashes">Tell Rifaat clashes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northwestern_Syria_offensive_(April%E2%80%93August_2019)" title="Northwestern Syria offensive (April–August 2019)">Northwestern offensive (Apr–Aug)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/June_2019_Syria_bombings" title="June 2019 Syria bombings">June bombings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hass_refugee_camp_bombing" title="Hass refugee camp bombing">Hass refugee camp bombing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syria_missile_strikes_(August_2019)" title="Syria missile strikes (August 2019)">Missile strikes (Aug)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2019_Turkish_offensive_into_north-eastern_Syria" title="2019 Turkish offensive into north-eastern Syria">Turkish offensive into northeast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Death_of_Abu_Bakr_al-Baghdadi" title="Death of Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi">Barisha raid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/November_2019_Syria_bombings" title="November 2019 Syria bombings">November bombings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/November_2019_Israeli_missile_strikes_in_Syria" title="November 2019 Israeli missile strikes in Syria">Israeli missile strikes (Nov)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qah_missile_strike" title="Qah missile strike">Qah missile strike</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northwestern_Syria_offensive_(December_2019%E2%80%93March_2020)" title="Northwestern Syria offensive (December 2019–March 2020)">Northwestern offensive (Dec 19–Mar 20)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/December_2019_United_States_airstrikes_in_Iraq_and_Syria" title="December 2019 United States airstrikes in Iraq and Syria">US airstrikes</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.25em;font-weight:normal; vertical-align:top;">2020 <a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Syrian_civil_war_(2020%E2%80%93present)" class="mw-redirect" title="Timeline of the Syrian civil war (2020–present)">Jan–Dec</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Syria" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Syria">COVID-19 pandemic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2020_Afrin_bombing" title="2020 Afrin bombing">Afrin bombing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Idlib_Governorate_clashes_(June_2020)" title="Idlib Governorate clashes (June 2020)">Idlib Governorate clashes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2020_Kafr_Takharim_airstrike" title="2020 Kafr Takharim airstrike">Kafr-Takharim airstrike</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2020%E2%80%932021_Ayn_Issa_clashes" title="2020–2021 Ayn Issa clashes">Ayn Issa clashes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2020_Deir_ez-Zor_ambush" class="mw-redirect" title="2020 Deir ez-Zor ambush">Deir ez-Zor ambush</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.25em;font-weight:normal; vertical-align:top;">2021 <a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Syrian_civil_war_(2021)" title="Timeline of the Syrian civil war (2021)">Jan–Dec</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Qamishli_and_Al-Hasakah" title="Siege of Qamishli and Al-Hasakah">Siege of Qamishli and Al-Hasakah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syria_missile_strikes_(January_2021)" title="Syria missile strikes (January 2021)">Missile strikes (Jan)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/February_2021_United_States_airstrike_in_Syria" title="February 2021 United States airstrike in Syria">US airstrike (Feb)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Qamishli_(2021)" title="Battle of Qamishli (2021)">Battle of Qamishli (Apr)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/June_2021_United_States_airstrike_in_Syria" title="June 2021 United States airstrike in Syria">US airstrike (Jun)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2021_Daraa_clashes" class="mw-redirect" title="2021 Daraa clashes">Daraa clashes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tahrir_al-Sham%E2%80%93Junud_al-Sham_conflict" title="Tahrir al-Sham–Junud al-Sham conflict">Tahrir al-Sham–Junud al-Sham conflict</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.25em;font-weight:normal; vertical-align:top;">2022 <a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Syrian_civil_war_(2022)" title="Timeline of the Syrian civil war (2022)">Jan–Dec</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_al-Hasakah_(2022)" title="Battle of al-Hasakah (2022)">Battle of al-Hasakah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2022_Ahrar_al-Sham%E2%80%93Levant_Front_clashes" title="2022 Ahrar al-Sham–Levant Front clashes">Ahrar al-Sham–Levant Front clashes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2022_Jabal_al-Bishr%C4%AB_clashes" title="2022 Jabal al-Bishrī clashes">Jabal al-Bishrī clashes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2022_Jarqli_airstrikes" title="2022 Jarqli airstrikes">Jarqli airstrikes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Aleppo_clashes_(October_2022)" title="Northern Aleppo clashes (October 2022)">Northern Aleppo clashes (Oct)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Claw-Sword" title="Operation Claw-Sword">Operation Claw-Sword</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northwestern_Syria_clashes_(December_2022%E2%80%93present)" title="Northwestern Syria clashes (December 2022–present)">Northwest clashes (Dec)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.25em;font-weight:normal; vertical-align:top;">2023 <a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Syrian_civil_war_(2023)" title="Timeline of the Syrian civil war (2023)">Jan-Dec</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2023_Al-Sukhnah_attack" title="2023 Al-Sukhnah attack">Al-Sukhnah attack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2023_Damascus_airstrike" title="2023 Damascus airstrike">Damascus airstrike</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2023_Hama_attack" class="mw-redirect" title="2023 Hama attack">Hama attack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2023_Northern_Syria_clashes" class="mw-redirect" title="2023 Northern Syria clashes">Northern border clashes</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.25em;font-weight:normal; vertical-align:top;;vertical-align:middle;"><a href="/wiki/Spillover_of_the_Syrian_civil_war" title="Spillover of the Syrian civil war">Spillover</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:2em;background:transparent; text-align:right; padding:0; vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/Israeli%E2%80%93Syrian_ceasefire_line_incidents_during_the_Syrian_civil_war" title="Israeli–Syrian ceasefire line incidents during the Syrian civil war">Israel and Golan Heights</a>:</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/March_2017_Israel%E2%80%93Syria_incident" title="March 2017 Israel–Syria incident">March 2017 incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/February_2018_Israel%E2%80%93Syria_incident" title="February 2018 Israel–Syria incident">February 2018 incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_House_of_Cards" title="Operation House of Cards">May 2018 Israel–Iran incidents</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:2em;background:transparent; text-align:right; padding:0; vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_War_in_Iraq_(2014)" title="Timeline of the War in Iraq (2014)">Iraq</a>:</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Akashat_ambush" title="Akashat ambush">Akashat ambush</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_al-Shabah" title="Operation al-Shabah">Operation al-Shabah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_War_in_Iraq_(2014)#April" title="Timeline of the War in Iraq (2014)">April 2014 Iraqi border airstrike</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:2em;background:transparent; text-align:right; padding:0; vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/Jordanian%E2%80%93Syrian_border_incidents_during_the_Syrian_civil_war" title="Jordanian–Syrian border incidents during the Syrian civil war">Jordanian border incidents</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jordanian%E2%80%93Syrian_border_incidents_during_the_Syrian_civil_war#2014" title="Jordanian–Syrian border incidents during the Syrian civil war">April 2014 Jordanian border airstrike</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:2em;background:transparent; text-align:right; padding:0; vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/Syrian_civil_war_spillover_in_Lebanon" title="Syrian civil war spillover in Lebanon">Lebanon</a>:</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lebanon%E2%80%93Syria_border_clashes" title="Lebanon–Syria border clashes">Lebanese border clashes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2013_Sidon_clash" title="2013 Sidon clash">Battle of Sidon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_embassy_bombing_in_Beirut" class="mw-redirect" title="Iranian embassy bombing in Beirut">Iranian embassy bombing in Beirut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Lebanon_clashes_(2014)" title="North Lebanon clashes (2014)">North Lebanon clashes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qalamoun_offensive_(2017)" title="Qalamoun offensive (2017)">Qalamoun (Jul–Aug 2017)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:2em;background:transparent; text-align:right; padding:0; vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/Syrian%E2%80%93Turkish_border_clashes_during_the_Syrian_civil_war" title="Syrian–Turkish border clashes during the Syrian civil war">Turkey</a>:</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/December_2011_Syrian%E2%80%93Turkish_border_clash" title="December 2011 Syrian–Turkish border clash">December 2011 Turkish border clash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2012_Turkish_F-4_Phantom_shootdown" title="2012 Turkish F-4 Phantom shootdown">2012 Turkish F-4 Phantom shootdown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2012_Syrian%E2%80%93Turkish_border_clashes" class="mw-redirect" title="2012 Syrian–Turkish border clashes">2012 Turkish border clashes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2013_Reyhanl%C4%B1_car_bombings" title="2013 Reyhanlı car bombings">2013 Reyhanlı car bombings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/January_2014_Turkish_attack_in_Syria" title="January 2014 Turkish attack in Syria">January 2014 Turkish attack in Syria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assassination_of_Andrei_Karlov" title="Assassination of Andrei Karlov">Assassination of Andrei Karlov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2017_Russian_Air_Force_Al-Bab_incident" title="2017 Russian Air Force Al-Bab incident">Russian Air Force Al-Bab incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2020_Balyun_airstrikes" title="2020 Balyun airstrikes">2020 Balyun airstrikes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Spring_Shield" title="Operation Spring Shield">Operation Spring Shield</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:2em;background:transparent; text-align:right; padding:0; vertical-align:top;">Elsewhere:</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2017_Deir_ez-Zor_missile_strike" class="mw-redirect" title="2017 Deir ez-Zor missile strike">Deir ez-Zor missile strike</a> (Iran)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="vertical-align:top;"><div id="Belligerents" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Belligerents</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.25em">Syria</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Syria" title="Politics of Syria">Politics of Syria</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arab_Socialist_Ba%27ath_Party_%E2%80%93_Syria_Region" title="Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party – Syria Region">Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party – Syria Region</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syrian_Social_Nationalist_Party" title="Syrian Social Nationalist Party">Syrian Social Nationalist Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arab_Socialist_Movement" title="Arab Socialist Movement">Arab Socialist Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syrian_Communist_Party_(Bakdash)" title="Syrian Communist Party (Bakdash)">Syrian Communist Party</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9em;font-weight:normal;">Military and militias</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Syrian_Armed_Forces" title="Syrian Armed Forces">Syrian Armed Forces</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syrian_Resistance" title="Syrian Resistance">Syrian Resistance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Popular_Front_for_the_Liberation_of_Palestine_%E2%80%93_General_Command" title="Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine – General Command">PFLP-GC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liwa_al-Quds" title="Liwa al-Quds">al-Quds Brigade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palestine_Liberation_Army" title="Palestine Liberation Army">Palestine Liberation Army</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Foreign_involvement_in_the_Syrian_civil_war" title="Foreign involvement in the Syrian civil war">Foreign support</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hezbollah_involvement_in_the_Syrian_civil_war" title="Hezbollah involvement in the Syrian civil war">Hezbollah involvement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_intervention_in_the_Syrian_civil_war" title="Iranian intervention in the Syrian civil war">Iranian involvement</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Liwa_Fatemiyoun" title="Liwa Fatemiyoun">Liwa Fatemiyoun</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_involvement_in_the_Syrian_civil_war" title="Russian involvement in the Syrian civil war">Russian involvement</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Russian%E2%80%93Syrian_hospital_bombing_campaign" title="Russian–Syrian hospital bombing campaign">medical facility targeting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_intervention_in_the_Syrian_civil_war" title="Russian intervention in the Syrian civil war">military intervention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wagner_Group" title="Wagner Group">Wagner Group</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russia%E2%80%93Syria%E2%80%93Iran%E2%80%93Iraq_coalition" title="Russia–Syria–Iran–Iraq coalition">Russia–Syria–Iran–Iraq coalition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Popular_Mobilization_Forces" title="Popular Mobilization Forces">Popular Mobilization Forces</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.25em"><a href="/wiki/Syrian_opposition" title="Syrian opposition">Opposition</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Syrian_Interim_Government" title="Syrian Interim Government">Interim government</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_Coalition_of_Syrian_Revolutionary_and_Opposition_Forces" title="National Coalition of Syrian Revolutionary and Opposition Forces">National Coalition</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Local_Coordination_Committees_of_Syria" title="Local Coordination Committees of Syria">Local Coordination Committees</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syrian_National_Council" title="Syrian National Council">Syrian National Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supreme_Council_of_the_Syrian_Revolution" title="Supreme Council of the Syrian Revolution">Supreme Council of the Syrian Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Coordination_Committee_for_Democratic_Change" title="National Coordination Committee for Democratic Change">National Coordination Committee for Democratic Change</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syrian_Revolution_General_Commission" title="Syrian Revolution General Commission">Syrian Revolution General Commission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syrian_Support_Group" title="Syrian Support Group">Syrian Support Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adopt_a_Revolution" title="Adopt a Revolution">Adopt a Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syrian_National_Council#Syrian_Patriotic_Group" title="Syrian National Council">Syrian Patriotic Group</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9em;font-weight:normal;">Opposition militias</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Syrian_National_Army" title="Syrian National Army">Syrian National Army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_Syrian_Army" title="Free Syrian Army">Free Syrian Army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Front_for_Liberation" title="National Front for Liberation">National Front for Liberation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jaysh_al-Izza" title="Jaysh al-Izza">Army of Glory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Authenticity_and_Development_Front" title="Authenticity and Development Front">Authenticity and Development Front</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Army_of_Free_Tribes" title="Army of Free Tribes">Army of Free Tribes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolutionary_Commando_Army" title="Revolutionary Commando Army">Revolutionary Commando Army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muslim_Brotherhood_in_Syria" title="Muslim Brotherhood in Syria">Muslim Brotherhood in Syria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grey_Wolves_(organization)" title="Grey Wolves (organization)">Grey Wolves</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Foreign_involvement_in_the_Syrian_civil_war" title="Foreign involvement in the Syrian civil war">Foreign support</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/US_intervention_in_the_Syrian_civil_war" title="US intervention in the Syrian civil war">US intervention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jordanian_intervention_in_the_Syrian_civil_war" title="Jordanian intervention in the Syrian civil war">Jordanian intervention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qatari_involvement_in_the_Syrian_civil_war" title="Qatari involvement in the Syrian civil war">Qatar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saudi_involvement_in_the_Syrian_civil_war" title="Saudi involvement in the Syrian civil war">Saudi Arabia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_involvement_in_the_Syrian_civil_war" title="Turkish involvement in the Syrian civil war">Turkey</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.25em"><a href="/wiki/Autonomous_Administration_of_North_and_East_Syria" title="Autonomous Administration of North and East Syria">Autonomous Administration of North and East Syria</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Movement_for_a_Democratic_Society" title="Movement for a Democratic Society">DFNS Government</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Union_Party_(Syria)" title="Democratic Union Party (Syria)">Democratic Union Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurdish_National_Council" title="Kurdish National Council">Kurdish National Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_Rojava" title="List of political parties in Rojava">Smaller political parties</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Syrian_Democratic_Forces" title="Syrian Democratic Forces">SDF militias</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Defense_Units" title="People's Defense Units">People's Protection Units</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_Protection_Units" title="Women's Protection Units">Women's Protection Units</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Terror_Units" title="Anti-Terror Units">Anti-Terror Units</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Sanadid_Forces" title="Al-Sanadid Forces">Al-Sanadid Forces</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Army_of_Revolutionaries" title="Army of Revolutionaries">Army of Revolutionaries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syrian_Democratic_Forces_military_councils" title="Syrian Democratic Forces military councils">SDF military councils</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syriac_Military_Council" title="Syriac Military Council">Syriac Military Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liwa_Thuwar_al-Raqqa" title="Liwa Thuwar al-Raqqa">Liwa Thuwar al-Raqqa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Democratic_Brigade" title="Northern Democratic Brigade">Northern Democratic Brigade</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9em;font-weight:normal;">Support</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Patriotic_Union_of_Kurdistan" title="Patriotic Union of Kurdistan">Patriotic Union of Kurdistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurdistan_Workers%27_Party" title="Kurdistan Workers' Party">Kurdistan Workers' Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Freedom_Battalion" title="International Freedom Battalion">International Freedom Battalion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sinjar_Resistance_Units" title="Sinjar Resistance Units">Sinjar Resistance Units</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%8Az%C3%AEdxan_Women%27s_Units" title="Êzîdxan Women's Units">Êzîdxan Women's Units</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.25em"><a href="/wiki/Islamism" title="Islamism">Islamists</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Islamic_State" title="Islamic State">Islamic State</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Military_of_the_Islamic_State" title="Military of the Islamic State">Military activity of ISIL</a> (<a href="/wiki/Al-Barakah_(Islamic_State_administrative_district)" title="Al-Barakah (Islamic State administrative district)">Al-Barakah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dokumac%C4%B1lar" title="Dokumacılar">Dokumacılar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khalid_ibn_al-Walid_Army" title="Khalid ibn al-Walid Army">Khalid ibn al-Walid Army</a> (<a href="/wiki/Yarmouk_Martyrs_Brigade" title="Yarmouk Martyrs Brigade">Yarmouk Martyrs Brigade</a>, <a href="/wiki/Islamic_Muthanna_Movement" title="Islamic Muthanna Movement">Islamic Muthanna Movement</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jaysh_al-Jihad" title="Jaysh al-Jihad">Jaysh al-Jihad</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jund_al-Aqsa" title="Jund al-Aqsa">Liwa al-Aqsa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Group_of_the_One_and_Only" title="Group of the One and Only">Group of the One and Only</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liwa_Dawud" title="Liwa Dawud">Liwa Dawud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liwa_Aqab_al-Islami" title="Liwa Aqab al-Islami">Liwa Aqab al-Islami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Katibah_Nusantara" title="Katibah Nusantara">Katibah Nusantara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Katiba_al-Bittar_al-Libi" title="Katiba al-Bittar al-Libi">Katiba al-Bittar al-Libi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Khansaa_Brigade" title="Al-Khansaa Brigade">Al-Khansaa Brigade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Group_of_the_One_and_Only" title="Group of the One and Only">Group of the One and Only</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Al-Qaeda" title="Al-Qaeda">al-Qaeda</a> and allies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Al-Nusra_Front" title="Al-Nusra Front">Al-Nusra Front</a> (<a href="/wiki/Jabhat_Fatah_al-Sham" class="mw-redirect" title="Jabhat Fatah al-Sham">Jabhat Fatah al-Sham</a> (<a href="/wiki/Khorasan_group" title="Khorasan group">Khorasan group</a>, <a href="/wiki/Suqour_al-Ezz" title="Suqour al-Ezz">Suqour al-Ezz</a>) <a href="/wiki/Jaysh_Muhammad_in_Bilad_al-Sham" title="Jaysh Muhammad in Bilad al-Sham">Jaysh Muhammad in Bilad al-Sham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tahrir_al-Sham" title="Tahrir al-Sham">Tahrir al-Sham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkistan_Islamic_Party_in_Syria" title="Turkistan Islamic Party in Syria">Turkistan Islamic Party in Syria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caucasus_Emirate" title="Caucasus Emirate">Caucasus Emirate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ajnad_al-Kavkaz" title="Ajnad al-Kavkaz">Ajnad al-Kavkaz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Junud_al-Makhdi" title="Junud al-Makhdi">Junud al-Makhdi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rouse_the_Believers_Operations_Room" title="Rouse the Believers Operations Room">Rouse the Believers Operations Room</a> (<a href="/wiki/Ansar_al-Tawhid_(Syria)" title="Ansar al-Tawhid (Syria)">Ansar al-Tawhid</a> (<a href="/wiki/Firqat_al-Ghuraba" title="Firqat al-Ghuraba">Firqat al-Ghuraba</a>), <a href="/wiki/Hurras_al-Din" title="Hurras al-Din">Hurras al-Din</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ansar_al-Din_Front" title="Ansar al-Din Front">Ansar al-Din Front</a> (<a href="/wiki/Harakat_Sham_al-Islam" class="mw-redirect" title="Harakat Sham al-Islam">Harakat Sham al-Islam</a>), <a href="/wiki/Ansar_al-Islam_in_Kurdistan" title="Ansar al-Islam in Kurdistan">Ansar al-Islam in Kurdistan</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jaish_al-Haramoun" title="Jaish al-Haramoun">Jaish al-Haramoun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jaysh_al-Sunna" title="Jaysh al-Sunna">Jaysh al-Sunna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liwa_al-Muhajireen_wal-Ansar" title="Liwa al-Muhajireen wal-Ansar">Liwa al-Muhajireen wal-Ansar</a> (<a href="/wiki/Green_Battalion" title="Green Battalion">Green Battalion</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mujahideen_Shura_Council_(Syria)" title="Mujahideen Shura Council (Syria)">Mujahideen Shura Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malhama_Tactical" title="Malhama Tactical">Malhama Tactical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Katibat_al-Tawhid_wal-Jihad" title="Katibat al-Tawhid wal-Jihad">Katibat al-Tawhid wal-Jihad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jama%27at_Ansar_al-Furqan_in_Bilad_al_Sham" title="Jama'at Ansar al-Furqan in Bilad al Sham">Jama'at Ansar al-Furqan in Bilad al Sham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghuraba_al-Sham" title="Ghuraba al-Sham">Ghuraba al-Sham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taliban" title="Taliban">Taliban</a> (<a href="/wiki/Pakistani_Taliban" title="Pakistani Taliban">Pakistani Taliban</a>, <a href="/wiki/Imam_Bukhari_Jamaat" title="Imam Bukhari Jamaat">Imam Bukhari Jamaat</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fatah_al-Islam" title="Fatah al-Islam">Fatah al-Islam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhajirin_wa-Ansar_Alliance" title="Muhajirin wa-Ansar Alliance">Muhajirin wa-Ansar Alliance</a> (<a href="/wiki/Liwaa_al-Umma" title="Liwaa al-Umma">Liwaa al-Umma</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="vertical-align:top;"><div id="People" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">People</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ammar_Abdulhamid" title="Ammar Abdulhamid">Ammar Abdulhamid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ali_al-Abdallah" title="Ali al-Abdallah">Ali al-Abdallah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adnan_al-Aroor" title="Adnan al-Aroor">Adnan al-Aroor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Assad_family" title="Al-Assad family">al-Assad family</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bashar_al-Assad" title="Bashar al-Assad">Bashar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maher_al-Assad" title="Maher al-Assad">Maher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rifaat_al-Assad" title="Rifaat al-Assad">Rifaat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rami_Makhlouf" title="Rami Makhlouf">Rami Makhlouf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hafez_Makhlouf" title="Hafez Makhlouf">Hafez Makhlouf</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Riad_al-Asaad" title="Riad al-Asaad">Riad al-Asaad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anwar_al-Bunni" title="Anwar al-Bunni">Anwar al-Bunni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fahd_Jassem_al-Freij" title="Fahd Jassem al-Freij">Fahd Jassem al-Freij</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suheil_al-Hassan" class="mw-redirect" title="Suheil al-Hassan">Suheil al-Hassan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haitham_al-Maleh" title="Haitham al-Maleh">Haitham al-Maleh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moaz_al-Khatib" title="Moaz al-Khatib">Moaz al-Khatib</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kamal_al-Labwani" title="Kamal al-Labwani">Kamal al-Labwani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Death_of_Hamza_Ali_Al-Khateeb" title="Death of Hamza Ali Al-Khateeb">Hamza al-Khateeb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tal_al-Mallohi" title="Tal al-Mallohi">Tal al-Mallohi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fida_al-Sayed" title="Fida al-Sayed">Fida al-Sayed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Riad_al-Turk" title="Riad al-Turk">Riad al-Turk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khaled_Khoja" title="Khaled Khoja">Khaled Khoja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ammar_al-Qurabi" title="Ammar al-Qurabi">Ammar al-Qurabi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suheir_Atassi" title="Suheir Atassi">Suheir Atassi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ali_Sadreddine_Al-Bayanouni" title="Ali Sadreddine Al-Bayanouni">Ali Sadreddine Al-Bayanouni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aref_Dalila" title="Aref Dalila">Aref Dalila</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Farid_Ghadry" title="Farid Ghadry">Farid Ghadry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burhan_Ghalioun" title="Burhan Ghalioun">Burhan Ghalioun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Razan_Ghazzawi" title="Razan Ghazzawi">Razan Ghazzawi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghassan_Hitto" title="Ghassan Hitto">Ghassan Hitto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salim_Idris" title="Salim Idris">Salim Idris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Randa_Kassis" title="Randa Kassis">Randa Kassis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abdul_Halim_Khaddam" title="Abdul Halim Khaddam">Abdul Halim Khaddam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michel_Kilo" title="Michel Kilo">Michel Kilo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bassma_Kodmani" title="Bassma Kodmani">Bassma Kodmani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ali_Habib_Mahmud" title="Ali Habib Mahmud">Ali Habib Mahmud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ali_Mahmoud_Othman" title="Ali Mahmoud Othman">Ali Mahmoud Othman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibrahim_Qashoush" title="Ibrahim Qashoush">Ibrahim Qashoush</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dawoud_Rajiha" title="Dawoud Rajiha">Dawoud Rajiha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yassin_al-Haj_Saleh" title="Yassin al-Haj Saleh">Yassin al-Haj Saleh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bouthaina_Shaaban" title="Bouthaina Shaaban">Bouthaina Shaaban</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abdulbaset_Sieda" title="Abdulbaset Sieda">Abdulbaset Sieda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Riad_Seif" title="Riad Seif">Riad Seif</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fadwa_Souleimane" title="Fadwa Souleimane">Fadwa Souleimane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohamad_Anas_Haitham_Soueid" title="Mohamad Anas Haitham Soueid">Mohamad Anas Haitham Soueid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yaser_Tabbara" title="Yaser Tabbara">Yaser Tabbara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Razan_Zaitouneh" title="Razan Zaitouneh">Razan Zaitouneh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rami_Jarrah" title="Rami Jarrah">Rami Jarrah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abdurrahman_Mustafa" title="Abdurrahman Mustafa">Abdurrahman Mustafa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fadlallah_al-Haji" title="Fadlallah al-Haji">Fadlallah al-Haji</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="vertical-align:top;"><div id="Related" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Related</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Elections</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2011_Syrian_local_elections" title="2011 Syrian local elections">2011 local elections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2012_Syrian_parliamentary_election" title="2012 Syrian parliamentary election">2012 parliamentary election</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2014_Syrian_presidential_election" title="2014 Syrian presidential election">2014 presidential election</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2015_Rojava_local_elections" title="2015 Rojava local elections">2015 Northern local elections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2016_Syrian_parliamentary_election" title="2016 Syrian parliamentary election">2016 parliamentary election</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2017_Rojava_local_elections" title="2017 Rojava local elections">2017 Northern local elections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2017_Rojava_regional_elections" title="2017 Rojava regional elections">2017 Northern regional elections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2018_Syrian_local_elections" title="2018 Syrian local elections">2018 local elections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2020_Syrian_parliamentary_election" title="2020 Syrian parliamentary election">2020 parliamentary election</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2021_Syrian_presidential_election" title="2021 Syrian presidential election">2021 presidential election</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Issues</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Casualties_of_the_Syrian_civil_war" title="Casualties of the Syrian civil war">Casualties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cities_and_towns_during_the_Syrian_civil_war" class="mw-redirect" title="Cities and towns during the Syrian civil war">Cities and towns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Use_of_chemical_weapons_in_the_Syrian_civil_war" title="Use of chemical weapons in the Syrian civil war">Chemical weapons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_heritage_sites_damaged_during_the_Syrian_civil_war" title="List of heritage sites damaged during the Syrian civil war">Damaged heritage sites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_involvement_in_the_Syrian_civil_war" title="Foreign involvement in the Syrian civil war">Foreign involvement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_violations_during_the_Syrian_civil_war" class="mw-redirect" title="Human rights violations during the Syrian civil war">Human rights violations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humanitarian_aid_during_the_Syrian_civil_war" title="Humanitarian aid during the Syrian civil war">Humanitarian aid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_demonstrations_and_protests_relating_to_the_Syrian_civil_war" title="International demonstrations and protests relating to the Syrian civil war">International demonstrations and protests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_reactions_to_the_Syrian_civil_war" title="International reactions to the Syrian civil war">International reactions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_massacres_during_the_Syrian_civil_war" title="List of massacres during the Syrian civil war">Massacres</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Refugees_of_the_Syrian_civil_war" title="Refugees of the Syrian civil war">Refugees</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sectarianism_and_minorities_in_the_Syrian_civil_war" title="Sectarianism and minorities in the Syrian civil war">Sectarianism and minorities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Status_of_the_Golan_Heights" class="mw-redirect" title="Status of the Golan Heights">Status of the Golan Heights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syrian_civil_war_spillover_in_Lebanon" title="Syrian civil war spillover in Lebanon">Spillover in Lebanon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syrian_government_reactions_to_the_Syrian_civil_war" class="mw-redirect" title="Syrian government reactions to the Syrian civil war">Syrian government reactions</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Syrian_peace_process" title="Syrian peace process">Peace process</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arab_League_monitors_in_Syria" title="Arab League monitors in Syria">Arab League monitors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friends_of_Syria_Group" title="Friends of Syria Group">Friends of Syria Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kofi_Annan_Syrian_peace_plan" title="Kofi Annan Syrian peace plan">Kofi Annan peace plan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Supervision_Mission_in_Syria" title="United Nations Supervision Mission in Syria">UN supervision mission</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lakhdar_Brahimi_Syrian_peace_plan" title="Lakhdar Brahimi Syrian peace plan">Lakhdar Brahimi peace plan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/U.S.%E2%80%93Russia_peace_proposals_on_Syria" title="U.S.–Russia peace proposals on Syria">U.S.–Russia peace proposals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/39th_G8_summit" title="39th G8 summit">39th G8 summit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Security_Council_Resolution_2118" title="United Nations Security Council Resolution 2118">UN Security Council Resolution 2118</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geneva_II_Conference_on_Syria" title="Geneva II Conference on Syria">Geneva II conference</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2015_Zabadani_cease-fire_agreement" title="2015 Zabadani cease-fire agreement">2015 Zabadani cease-fire agreement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vienna_peace_talks_for_Syria" title="Vienna peace talks for Syria">Vienna talks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geneva_peace_talks_on_Syria_(2016)" title="Geneva peace talks on Syria (2016)">2016 Geneva talks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Idlib_demilitarization_(2018%E2%80%932019)" title="Idlib demilitarization (2018–2019)">Idlib demilitarization (2018–present)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Syria_Buffer_Zone" title="Northern Syria Buffer Zone">First Northern Syria Demilitarization Deal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Northern_Syria_Buffer_Zone" title="Second Northern Syria Buffer Zone">Second Northern Syria Demilitarization Deal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syrian_Constitutional_Committee" title="Syrian Constitutional Committee">Syrian Constitutional Committee</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">War crimes trials</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/V%C3%B6lkerstrafgesetzbuch#Syrian_civil_war" title="Völkerstrafgesetzbuch">Universal jurisdiction trials in Germany</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Exclusive_mandate" title="Exclusive mandate">Exclusive mandate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fourth_Extraordinary_Session_of_the_Islamic_Summit_Conference" title="Fourth Extraordinary Session of the Islamic Summit Conference">Fourth Extraordinary Session of the Islamic Summit Conference</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_recognition_of_the_Syrian_National_Council" title="International recognition of the Syrian National Council">International recognition of the Syrian National Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syria_Files" title="Syria Files">Syria Files</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2014_Syrian_detainee_report" title="2014 Syrian detainee report">Syrian detainee report</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_coverage_of_the_Syrian_civil_war" title="Media coverage of the Syrian civil war">Syrian media coverage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2015_European_migrant_crisis" title="2015 European migrant crisis">2015 European migrant crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syrian_civil_war_in_popular_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Syrian civil war in popular culture">Syrian civil war in popular culture</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Syrian_civil_war" title="Category:Syrian civil war">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Aleppo_(2012–2016)&oldid=1257889438">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Aleppo_(2012–2016)&oldid=1257889438</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Aleppo_in_the_Syrian_civil_war" title="Category:Aleppo in the Syrian civil war">Aleppo in the Syrian civil war</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Battles_of_the_Syrian_civil_war" title="Category:Battles of the Syrian civil war">Battles of the Syrian civil war</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Chemical_weapons_attacks" title="Category:Chemical weapons attacks">Chemical weapons attacks</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Cluster_bomb_attacks" title="Category:Cluster bomb attacks">Cluster bomb attacks</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Iranian_war_crimes" title="Category:Iranian war crimes">Iranian war crimes</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Military_operations_of_the_Syrian_civil_war_involving_chemical_weapons" title="Category:Military operations of the Syrian civil war involving chemical weapons">Military operations of the Syrian civil war involving chemical weapons</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Military_operations_of_the_Syrian_civil_war_in_2012" title="Category:Military operations of the Syrian civil war in 2012">Military operations of the Syrian civil war in 2012</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Military_operations_of_the_Syrian_civil_war_in_2013" title="Category:Military operations of the Syrian civil war in 2013">Military operations of the Syrian civil war in 2013</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Military_operations_of_the_Syrian_civil_war_in_2014" title="Category:Military operations of the Syrian civil war in 2014">Military operations of the Syrian civil war in 2014</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Military_operations_of_the_Syrian_civil_war_in_2015" title="Category:Military operations of the Syrian civil war in 2015">Military operations of the Syrian civil war in 2015</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Military_operations_of_the_Syrian_civil_war_in_2016" title="Category:Military operations of the Syrian civil war in 2016">Military operations of the Syrian civil war in 2016</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Military_operations_of_the_Syrian_civil_war_involving_the_Free_Syrian_Army" title="Category:Military operations of the Syrian civil war involving the Free Syrian Army">Military operations of the Syrian civil war involving the Free Syrian Army</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Military_operations_of_the_Syrian_civil_war_involving_the_al-Nusra_Front" title="Category:Military operations of the Syrian civil war involving the al-Nusra Front">Military operations of the Syrian civil war involving the al-Nusra Front</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Military_operations_of_the_Syrian_civil_war_involving_the_Islamic_State_of_Iraq_and_the_Levant" title="Category:Military operations of the Syrian civil war involving the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant">Military operations of the Syrian civil war involving the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Military_operations_of_the_Syrian_civil_war_involving_the_Syrian_government" title="Category:Military operations of the Syrian civil war involving the Syrian government">Military operations of the Syrian civil war involving the Syrian government</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Military_operations_of_the_Syrian_civil_war_involving_Hezbollah" title="Category:Military operations of the Syrian civil war involving Hezbollah">Military operations of the Syrian civil war involving Hezbollah</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Military_operations_of_the_Syrian_civil_war_involving_Russia" title="Category:Military operations of the Syrian civil war involving Russia">Military operations of the Syrian civil war involving Russia</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Russian_war_crimes_in_Syria" title="Category:Russian war crimes in Syria">Russian war crimes in Syria</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Military_operations_of_the_Syrian_civil_war_involving_Quds_Force" title="Category:Military operations of the Syrian civil war involving Quds Force">Military operations of the Syrian civil war involving Quds Force</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Military_operations_of_the_Syrian_civil_war_involving_the_People%27s_Protection_Units" title="Category:Military operations of the Syrian civil war involving the People's Protection Units">Military operations of the Syrian civil war involving the People's Protection Units</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Military_operations_of_the_Syrian_civil_war_involving_Ahrar_al-Sham" title="Category:Military operations of the Syrian civil war involving Ahrar al-Sham">Military operations of the Syrian civil war involving Ahrar al-Sham</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Military_operations_of_the_Syrian_civil_war_involving_the_Popular_Mobilization_Forces" title="Category:Military operations of the Syrian civil war involving the Popular Mobilization Forces">Military operations of the Syrian civil war involving the Popular Mobilization Forces</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Urban_warfare" title="Category:Urban warfare">Urban warfare</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Attacks_on_hospitals_during_the_Syrian_civil_war" title="Category:Attacks on hospitals during the Syrian civil war">Attacks on hospitals during the Syrian civil war</a></li></ul></div><div 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[\"CITEREFAymenn_Jawad_Al-Tamimi2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAymenn_Jawad_Al-Tamimi2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBabak_Dehghanpisheh_and_Liz_Sly2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBandarin2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBarnardHwaida_Saad2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBarnardSengupta2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBorgerShaheen2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCafarellaCasagrande2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCafarellaZhou2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCaris2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFChris_Tomson2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFChulov2012\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFChulovKhaliliPayne-Frank2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFClarissa_Ward2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCumming-bruceBarnard2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCzuperskiItaniNimmoHiggins2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDantiCheikhmous_AliTate_PauletteKathryn_Franklin2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDark\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDavid\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEdward_Dark_Columnist2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFElwazerSmith-Spark2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEvans2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEyad2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFadel2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFadel2015\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFFadel2016\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFFields2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFisher2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFisk2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGambill2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGebeily2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGhattas2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGiglio2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGrove2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHalabi2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHardingChulov2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHauslohnerRamadan2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHermant2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHolmes2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFIgnatius2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFIvan_Watson2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJoscelyn2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJulian_Borger2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKareem_Shaheen2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKat2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKennedy2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKim_Sengupta2012\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFKozak2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLaila_Bassam2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLaub2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLeith_Fadel2015\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFLeith_Fadel2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLionel_Beehner,_Mike_Jackson2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLister2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLuke_Harding_and_Martin_Chulov2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLund\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMaria_NelsonAlaa_NassarWaleed_Khaled_a-Noufal2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMartin_Chulov2012\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFMartin_Chulov_in_BeirutNour_Ali2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMaster\"] = 4,\n [\"CITEREFMatthew_Weaver2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMatthew_Weaver_and_Brian_Whitaker2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMcDowall2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMcElroy2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMcKernan2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMckernan2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMoris2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMorris2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMroue\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMroue2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMroue2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMroue2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMulcaire2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNabih2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPatrikarakos2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPeel2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPhilip_Smyth2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPiggott2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFR\u0026amp;U_Vid2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRegan_Doherty_and_Amena_Bakr2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRichard_Galpin2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRobert_F._Worth2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRobert_F._Worth2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSanchez2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSayigh2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSchams_ElwazerLaura_Smith-Spark2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFShaheen2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFShaheen2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFShararaKanj2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSherlockMalouf2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSiddique2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSim2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSimonAhren2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSoloman2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSolomon2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSolomon2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSolomonKarounyHeavens2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSpencer2012\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFSpencer2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFStaff\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFStarrLabott2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSurk2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSyria_Report2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTaştekin2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTharoor2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTomson2016\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFTsvetkovaLowe2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFUNESCO2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWilgenburg2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWilla_Frej2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWright2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFZeid_Ra\u0026#039;ad_Al_Hussein2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFal-Haj2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFal-Jaffal2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFal-Khatieb2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFhermes2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFsohranas\"] = 2,\n}\ntemplate_list = table#1 {\n [\"Age in years, months, weeks and days\"] = 1,\n [\"Blockquote\"] = 1,\n [\"Bracket\"] = 1,\n [\"Campaignbox Battle of Aleppo\"] = 1,\n [\"Campaignbox Syrian Civil War\"] = 1,\n [\"Cbignore\"] = 8,\n [\"Circa\"] = 1,\n [\"Citation needed\"] = 3,\n [\"Cite AV media\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite book\"] = 2,\n [\"Cite journal\"] = 3,\n [\"Cite magazine\"] = 6,\n [\"Cite news\"] = 182,\n [\"Cite report\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite tweet\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite web\"] = 180,\n [\"Collapsible list\"] = 9,\n [\"Commons category\"] = 1,\n [\"Convert\"] = 2,\n [\"Coord\"] = 1,\n [\"DEFAULTSORT:Battle of Aleppo (2012-2016)\"] = 1,\n [\"Dead link\"] = 1,\n [\"Div col\"] = 1,\n [\"Div col end\"] = 1,\n [\"Efn\"] = 1,\n [\"Executed\"] = 1,\n [\"Flagdeco\"] = 1,\n [\"Flagicon\"] = 5,\n [\"Flagicon image\"] = 66,\n [\"Further\"] = 1,\n [\"Infobox military conflict\"] = 1,\n [\"KIA\"] = 12,\n [\"Lang\"] = 1,\n [\"Langx\"] = 1,\n [\"Leftlegend\"] = 12,\n [\"Main\"] = 7,\n [\"Note label\"] = 1,\n [\"Notelist\"] = 1,\n [\"Portal\"] = 1,\n [\"Quote box\"] = 2,\n [\"Redirect\"] = 1,\n [\"Ref label\"] = 1,\n [\"Reflist\"] = 1,\n [\"See also\"] = 1,\n [\"Sfn\"] = 2,\n [\"Sfnp\"] = 1,\n [\"Short description\"] = 1,\n [\"Sic\"] = 1,\n [\"Small\"] = 2,\n [\"Syrian Civil War\"] = 1,\n [\"Use dmy dates\"] = 1,\n [\"Webarchive\"] = 1,\n}\narticle_whitelist = table#1 {\n}\n","limitreport-profile":[["?","600","23.8"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::callParserFunction","300","11.9"],["recursiveClone \u003CmwInit.lua:45\u003E","280","11.1"],["dataWrapper 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