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Available in 19 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-19" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">19 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D8%BA%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%81%D9%8A%D8%A7_%D8%AA%D8%B4%D8%A7%D8%AF" title="جغرافيا تشاد – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="جغرافيا تشاد" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xeograf%C3%ADa_de_Chad" title="Xeografía de Chad – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Xeografía de Chad" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B5%D0%B0%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%84%D1%96%D1%8F_%D0%A7%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B0" title="Геаграфія Чада – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Геаграфія Чада" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B5%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%84%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%A7%D0%B0%D0%B4" title="География на Чад – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="География на Чад" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tchads_geografi" title="Tchads geografi – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Tchads geografi" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geograf%C3%ADa_de_Chad" title="Geografía de Chad – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Geografía de Chad" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D8%BA%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%81%DB%8C%D8%A7%DB%8C_%DA%86%D8%A7%D8%AF" title="جغرافیای چاد – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="جغرافیای چاد" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/G%C3%A9ographie_du_Tchad" title="Géographie du Tchad – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Géographie du Tchad" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ig mw-list-item"><a href="https://ig.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%BB%8Cn%E1%BB%8Dd%E1%BB%A5_ala_nke_Chad" title="Ọnọdụ ala nke Chad – Igbo" lang="ig" hreflang="ig" data-title="Ọnọdụ ala nke Chad" data-language-autonym="Igbo" data-language-local-name="Igbo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Igbo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geografia_del_Ciad" title="Geografia del Ciad – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Geografia del Ciad" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geografi_Chad" title="Geografi Chad – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Geografi Chad" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geografia_Czadu" title="Geografia Czadu – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Geografia Czadu" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geografia_do_Chade" title="Geografia do Chade – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Geografia do Chade" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B5%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%84%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D0%A7%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B0" title="География Чада – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="География Чада" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gjeografia_e_%C3%87adit" title="Gjeografia e Çadit – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Gjeografia e Çadit" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B5%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%84%D1%96%D1%8F_%D0%A7%D0%B0%D0%B4%D1%83" title="Географія Чаду – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Географія Чаду" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giografia_del_Ciad" title="Giografia del Ciad – Venetian" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Giografia del Ciad" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="Venetian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vèneto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%E1%BA%B9%CC%81%E1%BB%8D%CC%81gr%C3%A1f%C3%AC_il%E1%BA%B9%CC%80_Chad" title="Jẹ́ọ́gráfì ilẹ̀ Chad – Yoruba" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Jẹ́ọ́gráfì ilẹ̀ Chad" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="Yoruba" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Yorùbá</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%B9%8D%E5%BE%97%E5%9C%B0%E7%90%86" title="乍得地理 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="乍得地理" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q1999024#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div 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href="/w/index.php?title=Geography_of_Chad&oldid=910076489" title="Geography of Chad">Revision as of 14:18, 9 August 2019</a> <span class="mw-diff-edit"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Geography_of_Chad&action=edit&oldid=910076489" title="Geography of Chad">edit</a></span><span class="mw-diff-timestamp" data-timestamp="2019-08-09T14:18:26Z"></span></strong></div><div id="mw-diff-otitle2"><a href="/wiki/User:John_of_Reading" class="mw-userlink" title="User:John of Reading" data-mw-revid="910076489"><bdi>John of Reading</bdi></a> <span class="mw-usertoollinks">(<a href="/wiki/User_talk:John_of_Reading" class="mw-usertoollinks-talk" title="User talk:John of Reading">talk</a> | <a href="/wiki/Special:Contributions/John_of_Reading" class="mw-usertoollinks-contribs" title="Special:Contributions/John of Reading">contribs</a>)</span><div class="mw-diff-usermetadata"><div class="mw-diff-userroles"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Autopatrolled" title="Wikipedia:Autopatrolled">Autopatrolled</a>, <a 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It allows adding a reason in the summary.">undo</a></span></strong></div><div id="mw-diff-ntitle2"><a href="/wiki/User:BrownHairedGirl" class="mw-userlink" title="User:BrownHairedGirl" data-mw-revid="915242027"><bdi>BrownHairedGirl</bdi></a> <span class="mw-usertoollinks">(<a href="/wiki/User_talk:BrownHairedGirl" class="mw-usertoollinks-talk" title="User talk:BrownHairedGirl">talk</a> | <a href="/wiki/Special:Contributions/BrownHairedGirl" class="mw-usertoollinks-contribs" title="Special:Contributions/BrownHairedGirl">contribs</a>)</span><div class="mw-diff-usermetadata"><div class="mw-diff-userroles"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Autopatrolled" title="Wikipedia:Autopatrolled">Autopatrolled</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Extended_confirmed_editors" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:Extended confirmed editors">Extended confirmed users</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_mover" title="Wikipedia:File mover">File movers</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Reviewing_pending_changes" title="Wikipedia:Reviewing pending changes">Pending changes reviewers</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Rollback" title="Wikipedia:Rollback">Rollbackers</a></div><div class="mw-diff-usereditcount"><span>2,942,733</span> edits</div></div></div><div id="mw-diff-ntitle3"> <span class="comment comment--without-parentheses">Added {{<a href="/wiki/Template:One_source" title="Template:One source">One source</a>}} and {{<a href="/wiki/Template:More_footnotes" class="mw-redirect" title="Template:More footnotes">More footnotes</a>}} tags (within {{<a href="/wiki/Template:Multiple_issues" title="Template:Multiple issues">multiple issues</a>}}) tag to article (<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:TW" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:TW">TW</a>)</span></div><div id="mw-diff-ntitle5"></div><div id="mw-diff-ntitle4"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Geography_of_Chad&diff=next&oldid=915242027" title="Geography of Chad" id="differences-nextlink">Next edit →</a></div></td> </tr><tr><td colspan="4" class="diff-multi" lang="en">(7 intermediate revisions by the same user not shown)</td></tr><tr> <td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno">Line 1:</td> <td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno">Line 1:</td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" class="diff-empty diff-side-deleted"></td> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td> <td class="diff-addedline diff-side-added"><div>{{Multiple issues|</div></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" class="diff-empty diff-side-deleted"></td> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td> <td class="diff-addedline diff-side-added"><div>{{One source|date=September 2019}}</div></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" class="diff-empty diff-side-deleted"></td> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td> <td class="diff-addedline diff-side-added"><div>{{More footnotes|date=September 2019}}</div></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" class="diff-empty diff-side-deleted"></td> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td> <td class="diff-addedline diff-side-added"><div>}}</div></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-deleted"><div>[[File:Un-chad.png|thumb|upright=1.5|A map of Chad]]</div></td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-added"><div>[[File:Un-chad.png|thumb|upright=1.5|A map of Chad]]</div></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-deleted"><div>[[File:LocationChad.svg|thumb|Location of Chad]]</div></td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-added"><div>[[File:LocationChad.svg|thumb|Location of Chad]]</div></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno">Line 10:</td> <td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno">Line 14:</td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-deleted"><br /></td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-added"><br /></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-deleted"><div>==Geographical placement==</div></td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-added"><div>==Geographical placement==</div></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" class="diff-empty diff-side-deleted"></td> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td> <td class="diff-addedline diff-side-added"><div>{{unreferenced section}}</div></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-deleted"><div>[[File:Chad sat.jpg|thumb|250px|A satellite image of Chad.]]</div></td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-added"><div>[[File:Chad sat.jpg|thumb|250px|A satellite image of Chad.]]</div></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-deleted"><div>[[File:Chad nasa satellite.png|thumb|250px|A satellite image of Chad.]]</div></td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-added"><div>[[File:Chad nasa satellite.png|thumb|250px|A satellite image of Chad.]]</div></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno">Line 22:</td> <td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno">Line 27:</td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-deleted"><br /></td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-added"><br /></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-deleted"><div>==Land==</div></td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-added"><div>==Land==</div></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" class="diff-empty diff-side-deleted"></td> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td> <td class="diff-addedline diff-side-added"><div>{{unreferenced section}}</div></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-deleted"><div>Although Chadian society is economically, socially, and culturally fragmented, the country's geography is unified by the [[Lake Chad Basin]]. Once a huge inland sea (the Pale-Chadian Sea) whose only remnant is shallow Lake Chad, this vast depression extends west into Nigeria and Niger. The larger, northern portion of the basin is bounded within Chad by the Tibesti Mountains in the northwest, the Ennedi Plateau in the northeast, the Ouaddaï Highlands in the east along the border with Sudan, the Guéra Massif in central Chad, and the Mandara Mountains along Chad's southwestern border with Cameroon. The smaller, southern part of the basin falls almost exclusively in Chad. It is delimited in the north by the Guéra Massif, in the south by highlands 250 kilometers south of the border with Central African Republic, and in the southwest by the Mandara Mountains.</div></td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-added"><div>Although Chadian society is economically, socially, and culturally fragmented, the country's geography is unified by the [[Lake Chad Basin]]. Once a huge inland sea (the Pale-Chadian Sea) whose only remnant is shallow Lake Chad, this vast depression extends west into Nigeria and Niger. The larger, northern portion of the basin is bounded within Chad by the Tibesti Mountains in the northwest, the Ennedi Plateau in the northeast, the Ouaddaï Highlands in the east along the border with Sudan, the Guéra Massif in central Chad, and the Mandara Mountains along Chad's southwestern border with Cameroon. The smaller, southern part of the basin falls almost exclusively in Chad. It is delimited in the north by the Guéra Massif, in the south by highlands 250 kilometers south of the border with Central African Republic, and in the southwest by the Mandara Mountains.</div></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-deleted"><br /></td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-added"><br /></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno">Line 33:</td> <td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno">Line 39:</td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-deleted"><br /></td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-added"><br /></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-deleted"><div>==Water systems==</div></td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-added"><div>==Water systems==</div></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" class="diff-empty diff-side-deleted"></td> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td> <td class="diff-addedline diff-side-added"><div>{{unreferenced section}}</div></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" class="diff-empty diff-side-deleted"></td> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td> <td class="diff-addedline diff-side-added"><br /></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-deleted"><div>{{Further|List of rivers of Chad|List of lakes of Chad}}</div></td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-added"><div>{{Further|List of rivers of Chad|List of lakes of Chad}}</div></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-deleted"><br /></td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-added"><br /></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno">Line 53:</td> <td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno">Line 61:</td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-deleted"><br /></td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-added"><br /></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-deleted"><div>===Saharan region===</div></td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-added"><div>===Saharan region===</div></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" class="diff-empty diff-side-deleted"></td> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td> <td class="diff-addedline diff-side-added"><div>{{unreferenced section}}</div></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" class="diff-empty diff-side-deleted"></td> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td> <td class="diff-addedline diff-side-added"><br /></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-deleted"><div>[[File:Sand strom Chad.jpg|thumb|250px|A sandstorm at Abéché airport, Chad (2005).]]</div></td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-added"><div>[[File:Sand strom Chad.jpg|thumb|250px|A sandstorm at Abéché airport, Chad (2005).]]</div></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-deleted"><div>The Saharan region covers roughly the northern half of the country, including Borkou-Ennedi-Tibesti Prefecture along with the northern parts of Kanem, Batha, and Biltine prefectures. Much of this area receives only traces of rain during the entire year; at Faya Largeau, for example, annual rainfall averages less than {{convert|30|mm|in|2|sp=us}}. Scattered small oases and occasional wells provide water for a few date palms or small plots of millet and garden crops.</div></td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-added"><div>The Saharan region covers roughly the northern half of the country, including Borkou-Ennedi-Tibesti Prefecture along with the northern parts of Kanem, Batha, and Biltine prefectures. Much of this area receives only traces of rain during the entire year; at Faya Largeau, for example, annual rainfall averages less than {{convert|30|mm|in|2|sp=us}}. Scattered small oases and occasional wells provide water for a few date palms or small plots of millet and garden crops.</div></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno">Line 68:</td> <td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno">Line 78:</td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-deleted"><br /></td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-added"><br /></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-deleted"><div>===Soudanian region===</div></td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-added"><div>===Soudanian region===</div></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" class="diff-empty diff-side-deleted"></td> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td> <td class="diff-addedline diff-side-added"><div>{{unreferenced section}}</div></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-deleted"><div>The humid ''soudanian'' zone includes the southern prefectures of Mayo-Kebbi, Tandjilé, Logone Occidental, Logone Oriental, Moyen-Chari, and southern Salamat. Between April and October, the rainy season brings between {{convert|750|and|1250|mm|in|1|sp=us}} of precipitation. Temperatures are high throughout the year. Daytime readings in Moundou, the major city in the southwest, range from {{convert|27|°C|1}} in the middle of the cool season in January to about {{convert|40|°C}} in the hot months of March, April, and May.</div></td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-added"><div>The humid ''soudanian'' zone includes the southern prefectures of Mayo-Kebbi, Tandjilé, Logone Occidental, Logone Oriental, Moyen-Chari, and southern Salamat. Between April and October, the rainy season brings between {{convert|750|and|1250|mm|in|1|sp=us}} of precipitation. Temperatures are high throughout the year. Daytime readings in Moundou, the major city in the southwest, range from {{convert|27|°C|1}} in the middle of the cool season in January to about {{convert|40|°C}} in the hot months of March, April, and May.</div></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-deleted"><br /></td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-added"><br /></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno">Line 79:</td> <td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno">Line 90:</td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-deleted"><br /></td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-added"><br /></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-deleted"><div>==Area==</div></td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-added"><div>==Area==</div></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" class="diff-empty diff-side-deleted"></td> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td> <td class="diff-addedline diff-side-added"><div>{{unreferenced section}}</div></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-deleted"><div>'''Area:'''</div></td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-added"><div>'''Area:'''</div></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-deleted"><div><br>''total:''</div></td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-added"><div><br>''total:''</div></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno">Line 144:</td> <td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno">Line 156:</td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-deleted"><br /></td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-added"><br /></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-deleted"><div>== Extreme points ==</div></td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-added"><div>== Extreme points ==</div></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" class="diff-empty diff-side-deleted"></td> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td> <td class="diff-addedline diff-side-added"><div>{{unreferenced section}}</div></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-deleted"><br /></td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-added"><br /></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-deleted"><div>This is a list of the extreme points of [[Chad]], the points that are farther north, south, east or west than any other location.</div></td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-added"><div>This is a list of the extreme points of [[Chad]], the points that are farther north, south, east or west than any other location.</div></td> </tr> </table><hr class='diff-hr' id='mw-oldid' /> <h2 class='diff-currentversion-title'>Revision as of 01:30, 12 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src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/40px-Ambox_important.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/60px-Ambox_important.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/80px-Ambox_important.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="40" data-file-height="40" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span"><div class="multiple-issues-text mw-collapsible"><b>This article has multiple issues.</b> Please help <b><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Geography_of_Chad" title="Special:EditPage/Geography of Chad">improve it</a></b> or discuss these issues on the <b><a href="/wiki/Talk:Geography_of_Chad" title="Talk:Geography of Chad">talk page</a></b>. <small><i>(<a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove these messages</a>)</i></small> <div class="mw-collapsible-content"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-One_source plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-one_source" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article <b>relies largely or entirely on a <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Articles_with_a_single_source" 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Please help <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Geography_of_Chad&action=edit">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">introducing citations to additional sources</a>.<br /><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Geography+of+Chad%22">"Geography of Chad"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Geography+of+Chad%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Geography+of+Chad%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Geography+of+Chad%22+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Geography+of+Chad%22">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Geography+of+Chad%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">September 2019</span>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-More_footnotes_needed plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-style ambox-More_footnotes_needed" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Text_document_with_red_question_mark.svg/40px-Text_document_with_red_question_mark.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Text_document_with_red_question_mark.svg/60px-Text_document_with_red_question_mark.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Text_document_with_red_question_mark.svg/80px-Text_document_with_red_question_mark.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="48" data-file-height="48" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article includes a list of <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#General_references" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">general references</a>, but <b>it lacks sufficient corresponding <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#Inline_citations" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">inline citations</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help to <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Reliability" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Reliability">improve</a> this article by <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:When_to_cite" title="Wikipedia:When to cite">introducing</a> more precise citations.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">September 2019</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> </div> </div><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Un-chad.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Un-chad.png/330px-Un-chad.png" decoding="async" width="330" height="424" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Un-chad.png/495px-Un-chad.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Un-chad.png/660px-Un-chad.png 2x" data-file-width="1617" data-file-height="2078" /></a><figcaption>A map of Chad</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:LocationChad.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/LocationChad.svg/220px-LocationChad.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="110" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/LocationChad.svg/330px-LocationChad.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/LocationChad.svg/440px-LocationChad.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="500" /></a><figcaption>Location of Chad</figcaption></figure> <p><b><a href="/wiki/Chad" title="Chad">Chad</a></b> is one of the 48 land-locked countries in the world and is located in North Central <a href="/wiki/Africa" title="Africa">Africa</a>, measuring 1,284,000 square kilometers (495,755 sq mi), nearly twice the size of <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a> and slightly more than three times the size of <a href="/wiki/California" title="California">California</a>. Most of its ethnically and linguistically diverse population lives in the south, with densities ranging from 54 persons per square kilometer in the Logone River basin to 0.1 persons in the northern B.E.T. (<a href="/wiki/Borkou-Ennedi-Tibesti_Region" class="mw-redirect" title="Borkou-Ennedi-Tibesti Region">Borkou-Ennedi-Tibesti</a>) desert region, which itself is larger than France. The capital city of <a href="/wiki/N%27Djam%C3%A9na" class="mw-redirect" title="N'Djaména">N'Djaména</a>, situated at the confluence of the <a href="/wiki/Chari_River" title="Chari River">Chari</a> and <a href="/wiki/Logone_River" title="Logone River">Logone Rivers</a>, is cosmopolitan in nature, with a current population in excess of 700,000 people. </p><p>Chad has four bioclimatic zones. The northernmost <a href="/wiki/Sahara" title="Sahara">Saharan</a> zone averages less than 200 mm (7.9 in) of rainfall annually. The sparse human population is largely nomadic, with some livestock, mostly small ruminants and camels. The central Sahelian zone receives between 200 and 600 mm (7.9 and 23.6 in) rainfall and has vegetation ranging from grass/shrub <a href="/wiki/Steppe" title="Steppe">steppe</a> to thorny, open savanna. The southern zone, often referred to as the Sudan zone, receives between 600 and 1,000 mm (23.6 and 39.4 in), with woodland <a href="/wiki/Savanna" title="Savanna">savanna</a> and deciduous forests for vegetation. Rainfall in the Guinea zone, located in Chad's southwestern tip, ranges between 1,000 and 1,200 mm (39.4 and 47.2 in). </p><p>The country's topography is generally flat, with the elevation gradually rising as one moves north and east away from <a href="/wiki/Lake_Chad" title="Lake Chad">Lake Chad</a>. The highest point in Chad is <a href="/wiki/Emi_Koussi" title="Emi Koussi">Emi Koussi</a>, a mountain that rises 3,100 m (10,171 ft) in the northern <a href="/wiki/Tibesti_Mountains" title="Tibesti Mountains">Tibesti Mountains</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Ennedi_Plateau" title="Ennedi Plateau">Ennedi Plateau</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Ouadda%C3%AF_highlands" title="Ouaddaï highlands">Ouaddaï highlands</a> in the east complete the image of a gradually sloping basin, which descends towards Lake Chad. There are also central highlands in the Guera region rising to 1,500 m (4,921 ft). </p><p><a href="/wiki/Lake_Chad" title="Lake Chad">Lake Chad</a> is the second largest lake in west Africa and is one of the most important wetlands on the continent.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Home to 120 species of fish and at least that many species of birds, the lake has shrunk dramatically in the last four decades due to increased water usage from an <a href="/wiki/Human_overpopulation" title="Human overpopulation">expanding population</a> and low rainfall. Bordered by Chad, <a href="/wiki/Niger" title="Niger">Niger</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nigeria" title="Nigeria">Nigeria</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Cameroon" title="Cameroon">Cameroon</a>, Lake Chad currently covers only 1350 square kilometers, down from 25,000 square kilometers in 1963. The Chari and Logone Rivers, both of which originate in the Central African Republic and flow northward, provide most of the surface water entering Lake Chad. Chad is also next to Niger. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Geographical_placement">Geographical placement</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Unreferenced_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Unreferenced" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>does not <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">cite</a> any <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">sources</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Geography_of_Chad" title="Special:EditPage/Geography of Chad">improve this section</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Burden_of_evidence" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">removed</a>.</span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Chad_sat.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Chad_sat.jpg/250px-Chad_sat.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="380" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Chad_sat.jpg/375px-Chad_sat.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Chad_sat.jpg/500px-Chad_sat.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1265" data-file-height="1922" /></a><figcaption>A satellite image of Chad.</figcaption></figure> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Chad_nasa_satellite.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Chad_nasa_satellite.png/250px-Chad_nasa_satellite.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="375" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Chad_nasa_satellite.png/375px-Chad_nasa_satellite.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/5b/Chad_nasa_satellite.png 2x" data-file-width="393" data-file-height="589" /></a><figcaption>A satellite image of Chad.</figcaption></figure> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Chad_Topography.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Chad_Topography.png/250px-Chad_Topography.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="377" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Chad_Topography.png/375px-Chad_Topography.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Chad_Topography.png/500px-Chad_Topography.png 2x" data-file-width="1574" data-file-height="2375" /></a><figcaption>A topographic map of Chad.</figcaption></figure> <p>Located in north-central Africa, Chad stretches for about 1,800 kilometers from its northernmost point to its southern boundary. Except in the far northwest and south, where its borders converge, Chad's average width is about 800 kilometers. Its area of 1,284,000 square kilometers is roughly equal to the combined areas of <a href="/wiki/Idaho" title="Idaho">Idaho</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wyoming" title="Wyoming">Wyoming</a>, <a href="/wiki/Utah" title="Utah">Utah</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nevada" title="Nevada">Nevada</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Arizona" title="Arizona">Arizona</a>. Chad's neighbors include <a href="/wiki/Libya" title="Libya">Libya</a> to the north, <a href="/wiki/Niger" title="Niger">Niger</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nigeria" title="Nigeria">Nigeria</a> to the west, <a href="/wiki/Sudan" title="Sudan">Sudan</a> to the east, <a href="/wiki/Central_African_Republic" title="Central African Republic">Central African Republic</a> to the south, and <a href="/wiki/Cameroon" title="Cameroon">Cameroon</a> to the southwest. </p><p>Chad exhibits two striking geographical characteristics. First, the country is landlocked. <a href="/wiki/N%27Djamena" title="N'Djamena">N'Djamena</a>, the capital, is located more than 1,100 kilometers northeast of the <a href="/wiki/Atlantic_Ocean" title="Atlantic Ocean">Atlantic Ocean</a>; <a href="/wiki/Ab%C3%A9ch%C3%A9" title="Abéché">Abéché</a>, a major city in the east, lies 2,650 kilometers from the <a href="/wiki/Red_Sea" title="Red Sea">Red Sea</a>; and <a href="/wiki/Faya-Largeau" title="Faya-Largeau">Faya-Largeau</a>, a much smaller but strategically important center in the north, is in the middle of the <a href="/wiki/Sahara_Desert" class="mw-redirect" title="Sahara Desert">Sahara Desert</a>, 1,550 kilometers from the <a href="/wiki/Mediterranean_Sea" title="Mediterranean Sea">Mediterranean Sea</a>. These vast distances from the sea have had a profound impact on Chad's historical and contemporary development. </p><p>The second noteworthy characteristic is that the country borders on very different parts of the African continent: <a href="/wiki/North_Africa" title="North Africa">North Africa</a>, with its <a href="/wiki/Islamic_culture" title="Islamic culture">Islamic culture</a> and economic orientation toward the <a href="/wiki/Mediterranean_Basin" class="mw-redirect" title="Mediterranean Basin">Mediterranean Basin</a> and <a href="/wiki/West_Africa" title="West Africa">West Africa</a>, with its diverse religions and cultures and its history of highly developed states and regional economies; </p><p>Chad also borders <a href="/wiki/Horn_of_Africa" title="Horn of Africa">Northeast Africa</a>, oriented toward the <a href="/wiki/Nile" title="Nile">Nile Valley</a> and the Red Sea region - and Central or Equatorial Africa, some of whose people have retained classical African religions while others have adopted <a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christianity</a>, and whose economies were part of the great <a href="/wiki/Congo_River" title="Congo River">Congo River</a> system. Although much of Chad's distinctiveness comes from this diversity of influences, since independence the diversity has also been an obstacle to the creation of a national identity. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Land">Land</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Unreferenced_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Unreferenced" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>does not <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">cite</a> any <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">sources</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Geography_of_Chad" title="Special:EditPage/Geography of Chad">improve this section</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Burden_of_evidence" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">removed</a>.</span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Although Chadian society is economically, socially, and culturally fragmented, the country's geography is unified by the <a href="/wiki/Lake_Chad_Basin" class="mw-redirect" title="Lake Chad Basin">Lake Chad Basin</a>. Once a huge inland sea (the Pale-Chadian Sea) whose only remnant is shallow Lake Chad, this vast depression extends west into Nigeria and Niger. The larger, northern portion of the basin is bounded within Chad by the Tibesti Mountains in the northwest, the Ennedi Plateau in the northeast, the Ouaddaï Highlands in the east along the border with Sudan, the Guéra Massif in central Chad, and the Mandara Mountains along Chad's southwestern border with Cameroon. The smaller, southern part of the basin falls almost exclusively in Chad. It is delimited in the north by the Guéra Massif, in the south by highlands 250 kilometers south of the border with Central African Republic, and in the southwest by the Mandara Mountains. </p><p>Lake Chad, located in the southwestern part of the basin at an altitude of 282 meters, surprisingly does not mark the basin's lowest point; instead, this is found in the <a href="/wiki/Bodele" class="mw-redirect" title="Bodele">Bodele</a> and Djourab regions in the north-central and northeastern parts of the country, respectively. This oddity arises because the great stationary dunes (ergs) of the Kanem region create a dam, preventing lake waters from flowing to the basin's lowest point. At various times in the past, and as late as the 1870s, the Bahr el Ghazal Depression, which extends from the northeastern part of the lake to the Djourab, acted as an overflow canal; since independence, climatic conditions have made overflows impossible. </p><p>North and northeast of Lake Chad, the basin extends for more than 800 kilometers, passing through regions characterized by great rolling dunes separated by very deep depressions. Although vegetation holds the dunes in place in the Kanem region, farther north they are bare and have a fluid, rippling character. From its low point in the Djourab, the basin then rises to the plateaus and peaks of the Tibesti Mountains in the north. The summit of this formation—as well as the highest point in the Sahara Desert—is Emi Koussi, a dormant volcano that reaches 3,414 meters above sea level. </p><p>The basin's northeastern limit is the <a href="/wiki/Ennedi_Plateau" title="Ennedi Plateau">Ennedi Plateau</a>, whose limestone bed rises in steps etched by erosion. East of the lake, the basin rises gradually to the Ouaddaï Highlands, which mark Chad's eastern border and also divide the Chad and Nile watersheds. These highland areas are part of the <a href="/wiki/East_Saharan_montane_xeric_woodlands" title="East Saharan montane xeric woodlands">East Saharan montane xeric woodlands</a> <a href="/wiki/Ecoregion" title="Ecoregion">ecoregion</a>. </p><p>Southeast of Lake Chad, the regular contours of the terrain are broken by the Guéra Massif, which divides the basin into its northern and southern parts. South of the lake lie the floodplains of the Chari and Logone rivers, much of which are inundated during the rainy season. Farther south, the basin floor slopes upward, forming a series of low sand and clay plateaus, called koros, which eventually climb to 615 meters above sea level. South of the Chadian border, the koros divide the Lake Chad Basin from the Ubangi-Zaire river system. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Water_systems">Water systems</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Unreferenced_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Unreferenced" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>does not <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">cite</a> any <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">sources</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Geography_of_Chad" title="Special:EditPage/Geography of Chad">improve this section</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Burden_of_evidence" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">removed</a>.</span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/List_of_rivers_of_Chad" title="List of rivers of Chad">List of rivers of Chad</a> and <a href="/wiki/List_of_lakes_of_Chad" title="List of lakes of Chad">List of lakes of Chad</a></div> <p>Permanent streams do not exist in northern or central Chad. Following infrequent rains in the Ennedi Plateau and Ouaddaï Highlands, water may flow through depressions called enneris and wadis. Often the result of flash floods, such streams usually dry out within a few days as the remaining puddles seep into the sandy clay soil. The most important of these streams is the Batha, which in the rainy season carries water west from the Ouaddaï Highlands and the Guéra Massif to Lake Fitri. </p> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Chari_River.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Chari_River.jpg/240px-Chari_River.jpg" decoding="async" width="240" height="161" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Chari_River.jpg/360px-Chari_River.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/52/Chari_River.jpg 2x" data-file-width="480" data-file-height="321" /></a><figcaption>Chari River</figcaption></figure><p>Chad's major rivers are the <a href="/wiki/Chari_River" title="Chari River">Chari</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Logone_River" title="Logone River">Logone</a> and their tributaries, which flow from the southeast into Lake Chad. Both river systems rise in the highlands of Central African Republic and Cameroon, regions that receive more than 1,250 millimeters of rainfall annually. Fed by rivers of Central African Republic, as well as by the Bahr Salamat, <a href="/wiki/Bahr_Aouk" class="mw-redirect" title="Bahr Aouk">Bahr Aouk</a>, and Bahr Sara rivers of southeastern Chad, the Chari River is about 1,200 kilometers long. From its origins near the city of Sarh, the middle course of the Chari makes its way through swampy terrain; the lower Chari is joined by the Logone River near N'Djamena. The Chari's volume varies greatly, from 17 cubic meters per second during the dry season to 340 cubic meters per second during the wettest part of the year. </p><p>The Logone River is formed by tributaries flowing from Cameroon and Central African Republic. Both shorter and smaller in volume than the Chari, it flows northeast for 960 kilometers; its volume ranges from five to eighty-five cubic meters per second. At N'Djamena the Logone empties into the Chari, and the combined rivers flow together for thirty kilometers through a large delta and into Lake Chad. At the end of the rainy season in the fall, the river overflows its banks and creates a huge floodplain in the delta. </p><p>The seventh largest lake in the world (and the fourth largest in Africa), <a href="/wiki/Lake_Chad" title="Lake Chad">Lake Chad</a> is located in the sahelian zone, a region just south of the Sahara Desert. The Chari River contributes 95 percent of Lake Chad's water, an average annual volume of 40 billion cubic meters, 95% of which is lost to evaporation. The size of the lake is determined by rains in the southern highlands bordering the basin and by temperatures in the Sahel. Fluctuations in both cause the lake to change dramatically in size, from 9,800 square kilometers in the dry season to 25,500 at the end of the rainy season. </p><p>Lake Chad also changes greatly in size from one year to another. In 1870 its maximum area was 28,000 square kilometers. The measurement dropped to 12,700 in 1908. In the 1940s and 1950s, the lake remained small, but it grew again to 26,000 square kilometers in 1963. The droughts of the late 1960s, early 1970s, and mid-1980s caused Lake Chad to shrink once again, however. The only other lakes of importance in Chad are Lake Fitri, in Batha Prefecture, and Lake Iro, in the marshy southeast. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Climate">Climate</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Chad#Climate" title="Chad">Climate</a></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Chad_map_of_K%C3%B6ppen_climate_classification.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Chad_map_of_K%C3%B6ppen_climate_classification.svg/300px-Chad_map_of_K%C3%B6ppen_climate_classification.svg.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="300" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Chad_map_of_K%C3%B6ppen_climate_classification.svg/450px-Chad_map_of_K%C3%B6ppen_climate_classification.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Chad_map_of_K%C3%B6ppen_climate_classification.svg/600px-Chad_map_of_K%C3%B6ppen_climate_classification.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1900" data-file-height="1900" /></a><figcaption>Chad map of Köppen climate classification.</figcaption></figure> <p>The Lake Chad Basin embraces a great range of tropical climates from north to south, although most of these climates tend to be dry. Apart from the far north, most regions are characterized by a cycle of alternating rainy and dry seasons. In any given year, the duration of each season is determined largely by the positions of two great air masses—a maritime mass over the Atlantic Ocean to the southwest and a much drier continental mass. </p><p>During the rainy season, winds from the southwest push the moister maritime system north over the African continent where it meets and slips under the continental mass along a front called the "intertropical convergence zone". At the height of the rainy season, the front may reach as far as Kanem Prefecture. By the middle of the dry season, the intertropical convergence zone moves south of Chad, taking the rain with it. This weather system contributes to the formation of three major regions of climate and vegetation. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Saharan_region">Saharan region</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Unreferenced_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Unreferenced" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>does not <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">cite</a> any <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">sources</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Geography_of_Chad" title="Special:EditPage/Geography of Chad">improve this section</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Burden_of_evidence" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">removed</a>.</span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sand_strom_Chad.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Sand_strom_Chad.jpg/250px-Sand_strom_Chad.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="188" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Sand_strom_Chad.jpg/375px-Sand_strom_Chad.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Sand_strom_Chad.jpg/500px-Sand_strom_Chad.jpg 2x" data-file-width="584" data-file-height="438" /></a><figcaption>A sandstorm at Abéché airport, Chad (2005).</figcaption></figure> <p>The Saharan region covers roughly the northern half of the country, including Borkou-Ennedi-Tibesti Prefecture along with the northern parts of Kanem, Batha, and Biltine prefectures. Much of this area receives only traces of rain during the entire year; at Faya Largeau, for example, annual rainfall averages less than 30 millimeters (1.18 in). Scattered small oases and occasional wells provide water for a few date palms or small plots of millet and garden crops. </p><p>In much of the north, the average daily maximum temperature is about 32 °C (89.6 °F) during January, the coolest month of the year, and about 45 °C (113 °F) during May, the hottest month. On occasion, strong winds from the northeast produce violent sandstorms. In northern Biltine Prefecture, a region called the Mortcha plays a major role in animal husbandry. Dry for nine months of the year, it receives 350 millimeters (13.8 in) or more of rain, mostly during July and August. </p><p>A carpet of green springs from the desert during this brief wet season, attracting herders from throughout the region who come to pasture their cattle and camels. Because very few wells and springs have water throughout the year, the herders leave with the end of the rains, turning over the land to the antelopes, gazelles, and ostriches that can survive with little groundwater. Northern Chad averages over 3500 hours of sunlight per year, the south somewhat less. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sahelian_region">Sahelian region</h3></div> <p>The semiarid sahelian zone, or Sahel, forms a belt about 500 kilometers (311 mi) wide that runs from Lac and Chari-Baguirmi prefectures eastward through Guéra, Ouaddaï, and northern Salamat prefectures to the Sudanese frontier. The climate in this transition zone between the desert and the southern soudanian zone is divided into a rainy season (from June to early September) and a dry period (from October to May). </p><p>In the northern Sahel, thorny shrubs and acacia trees grow wild, while date palms, cereals, and garden crops are raised in scattered oases. Outside these settlements, nomads tend their flocks during the rainy season, moving southward as forage and surface water disappear with the onset of the dry part of the year. The central Sahel is characterized by drought-resistant grasses and small woods. Rainfall is more abundant there than in the Saharan region. For example, N'Djamena records a maximum annual average rainfall of 580 millimeters (22.8 in), while Ouaddaï Prefecture receives just a bit less. </p><p>During the hot season, in April and May, maximum temperatures frequently rise above 40 °C (104 °F). In the southern part of the Sahel, rainfall is sufficient to permit crop production on unirrigated land, and millet and sorghum are grown. Agriculture is also common in the marshlands east of Lake Chad and near swamps or wells. Many farmers in the region combine subsistence agriculture with the raising of cattle, sheep, goats, and poultry. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Soudanian_region">Soudanian region</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Unreferenced_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Unreferenced" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>does not <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">cite</a> any <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">sources</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Geography_of_Chad" title="Special:EditPage/Geography of Chad">improve this section</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Burden_of_evidence" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">removed</a>.</span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The humid <i>soudanian</i> zone includes the southern prefectures of Mayo-Kebbi, Tandjilé, Logone Occidental, Logone Oriental, Moyen-Chari, and southern Salamat. Between April and October, the rainy season brings between 750 and 1,250 millimeters (29.5 and 49.2 in) of precipitation. Temperatures are high throughout the year. Daytime readings in Moundou, the major city in the southwest, range from 27 °C (80.6 °F) in the middle of the cool season in January to about 40 °C (104 °F) in the hot months of March, April, and May. </p><p>The soudanian region is predominantly <a href="/wiki/East_Sudanian_savanna" title="East Sudanian savanna">East Sudanian savanna</a>, or plains covered with a mixture of tropical or subtropical grasses and woodlands. The growth is lush during the rainy season but turns brown and dormant during the five-month dry season between November and March. Over a large part of the region, however, natural vegetation has yielded to agriculture. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="2010_drought">2010 drought</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/2010_Sahel_drought" class="mw-redirect" title="2010 Sahel drought">2010 Sahel drought</a></div> <p>On 22 June, the temperature reached 47.6 °C (117.7 °F) in Faya, breaking a record set in 1961 at the same location. Similar temperature rises were also reported in <a href="/wiki/Niger" title="Niger">Niger</a>, which began to enter a famine situation.<sup id="cite_ref-MastersNOAA_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MastersNOAA-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 26 July the heat reached near-record levels over <a href="/wiki/Chad" title="Chad">Chad</a> and <a href="/wiki/Niger" title="Niger">Niger</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-wunderground.com_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wunderground.com-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Area">Area</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Unreferenced_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Unreferenced" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>does not <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">cite</a> any <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">sources</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Geography_of_Chad" title="Special:EditPage/Geography of Chad">improve this section</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Burden_of_evidence" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">removed</a>.</span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Area:</b> <br /><i>total:</i> 1.284 million km² <br /><i>land:</i> 1,259,200 km² <br /><i>water:</i> 24,800 km² </p><p><b>Area - comparative:</b> <br />Canada: smaller than the <a href="/wiki/Northwest_Territories" title="Northwest Territories">Northwest Territories</a> <br />US: slightly more than three times the size of <a href="/wiki/California" title="California">California</a> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Boundaries">Boundaries</h2></div> <p><b>Land boundaries:</b> <br /><i>total:</i> 6,406 km <br /><i>border countries:</i> <a href="/wiki/Cameroon" title="Cameroon">Cameroon</a> 1,116 km, <a href="/wiki/Central_African_Republic" title="Central African Republic">Central African Republic</a> 1,556 km, Libya 1,050 km, <a href="/wiki/Niger" title="Niger">Niger</a> 1,196 km, <a href="/wiki/Nigeria" title="Nigeria">Nigeria</a> 85 km, <a href="/wiki/Sudan" title="Sudan">Sudan</a> 1,403 km </p><p><b>Coastline:</b> 0 km (landlocked) </p><p><b>Maritime claims:</b> none (landlocked) </p><p><b>Elevation extremes:</b> <br /><i>lowest point:</i> <a href="/wiki/Djourab_Depression" class="mw-redirect" title="Djourab Depression">Djourab Depression</a> 160 m <br /><i>highest point:'</i> <a href="/wiki/Emi_Koussi" title="Emi Koussi">Emi Koussi</a> 3,415 m </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Land_use_and_resources">Land use and resources</h2></div> <p><b>Natural resources:</b> <a href="/wiki/Petroleum" title="Petroleum">petroleum</a>, <a href="/wiki/Uranium" title="Uranium">uranium</a>, <a href="/wiki/Natron" title="Natron">natron</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kaolin" class="mw-redirect" title="Kaolin">kaolin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fish" title="Fish">fish</a> (<a href="/wiki/Chari_River" title="Chari River">Chari River</a>, <a href="/wiki/Logone_River" title="Logone River">Logone River</a>), <a href="/wiki/Gold" title="Gold">gold</a>, <a href="/wiki/Limestone" title="Limestone">limestone</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sand" title="Sand">sand</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gravel" title="Gravel">gravel</a>, <a href="/wiki/Salt" title="Salt">salt</a> </p><p><b>Land use:</b> <br /><i>arable land:</i> 3.89% <br /><i>permanent crops:</i> 0.03% <br /><i>other:</i> 96.08% (2012) </p><p><b>Irrigated land:</b> 302.7 km² (2003) </p><p><b>Total renewable water resources:</b> 43 km<sup>3</sup> (2011) </p><p><b>Freshwater withdrawal (domestic/industrial/agricultural):</b> <br /><i>total:</i> 0.88 km<sup>3</sup>/yr (12%/12%/76%) <br /><i>per capita:</i> 84.81 m<sup>3</sup>/yr (2005) </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Environmental_issues">Environmental issues</h2></div> <p><b>Natural hazards:</b> hot, dry, dusty, <a href="/wiki/Harmattan" title="Harmattan">Harmattan</a> winds occur in north; periodic droughts; <a href="/wiki/Locust" title="Locust">locust</a> plagues </p><p><b>Environment - current issues:</b> inadequate supplies of potable water; improper waste disposal in rural areas contributes to soil and <a href="/wiki/Water_pollution" title="Water pollution">water pollution</a>; <a href="/wiki/Desertification" title="Desertification">desertification</a> </p><p>Also see- <a href="/wiki/2010_Sahel_drought" class="mw-redirect" title="2010 Sahel drought">2010 Sahel drought</a> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Extreme_points">Extreme points</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Unreferenced_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Unreferenced" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>does not <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">cite</a> any <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">sources</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Geography_of_Chad" title="Special:EditPage/Geography of Chad">improve this section</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Burden_of_evidence" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">removed</a>.</span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>This is a list of the extreme points of <a href="/wiki/Chad" title="Chad">Chad</a>, the points that are farther north, south, east or west than any other location. </p> <ul><li>Northernmost point - an unnamed location on the border with <a href="/wiki/Libya" title="Libya">Libya</a>, <a href="/wiki/Borkou-Ennedi-Tibesti_Region" class="mw-redirect" title="Borkou-Ennedi-Tibesti Region">Borkou-Ennedi-Tibesti region</a></li> <li>Easternmost point - the northern section of the Chad-Sudan border, Borkou-Ennedi-Tibesti region *</li> <li>Southernmost point - unnamed location on the border with <a href="/wiki/Central_Africa_Republic" class="mw-redirect" title="Central Africa Republic">Central Africa Republic</a> at a confluence in the <a href="/w/index.php?title=L%C3%A9b%C3%A9_river&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lébé river (page does not exist)">Lébé river</a>, <a href="/wiki/Logone_Oriental_Region" class="mw-redirect" title="Logone Oriental Region">Logone Oriental region</a></li> <li>Westernmost point - unnamed location west of the town of <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kanirom&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kanirom (page does not exist)">Kanirom</a> and immediately north of <a href="/wiki/Lake_Chad" title="Lake Chad">Lake Chad</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lac_Region" class="mw-redirect" title="Lac Region">Lac Region</a></li></ul> <p><i>*Note: technically Chad does not have an easternmost point, the northern section of the border being formed by the 24° of longitude</i> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div> <ul><li><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237879490">.mw-parser-output .imbox{margin:4px 0;border-collapse:collapse;border:3px solid #36c;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .imbox .mbox-text .imbox{margin:0 -0.5em;display:block}.mw-parser-output .imbox-speedy{border:3px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .imbox-delete{border:3px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .imbox-content{border:3px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .imbox-style{border:3px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .imbox-move{border:3px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .imbox-protection{border:3px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .imbox-license{border:3px solid #88a}.mw-parser-output .imbox-featured{border:3px solid #cba135}.mw-parser-output .imbox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.9em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .imbox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .imbox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .imbox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .imbox .mbox-invalid-type{text-align:center}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .imbox{margin:4px 10%}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .imbox-speedy{background-color:#310402}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .imbox-speedy{background-color:#310402}}</style><table class="plainlinks imbox imbox-notice" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1d/Information_icon4.svg/40px-Information_icon4.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1d/Information_icon4.svg/60px-Information_icon4.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1d/Information_icon4.svg/80px-Information_icon4.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="620" data-file-height="620" /></span></span></td><td class="mbox-text">This image is available from the United States <a href="/wiki/Library_of_Congress" title="Library of Congress">Library of Congress</a> Prints and Photographs Division under the digital ID <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://hdl.loc.gov/loc.pnp/{{{id}}}">{{{id}}}</a><br /><small>This tag does not indicate the copyright status of the attached work. A normal copyright tag is still required. See <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Copyrights" title="Wikipedia:Copyrights">Wikipedia:Copyrights</a> for more information.</small></td><td class="mbox-imageright"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Logo_of_the_United_States_Library_of_Congress.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Logo_of_the_United_States_Library_of_Congress.svg/125px-Logo_of_the_United_States_Library_of_Congress.svg.png" decoding="async" width="125" height="31" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Logo_of_the_United_States_Library_of_Congress.svg/188px-Logo_of_the_United_States_Library_of_Congress.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Logo_of_the_United_States_Library_of_Congress.svg/250px-Logo_of_the_United_States_Library_of_Congress.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="363" data-file-height="90" /></a></span></td></tr></tbody></table></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="Public Domain" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/12px-PD-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/18px-PD-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/24px-PD-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="196" data-file-height="196" /></span></span> This article incorporates <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/about/copyright-and-contributors/">public domain material</a> from <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/"><i>The World Factbook</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/CIA" class="mw-redirect" title="CIA">CIA</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+World+Factbook&rft.pub=CIA&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cia.gov%2Fthe-world-factbook%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeography+of+Chad" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/africa/6261447.stm">BBC News - Lake Chad fishermen pack up their nets</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-MastersNOAA-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-MastersNOAA_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMasters" class="citation web cs1">Masters, Jeff. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100719104107/http://www.wunderground.com/blog/JeffMasters/comment.html?entrynum=1544">"NOAA: June 2010 the globe's 4th consecutive warmest month on record"</a>. <i>Weather Underground</i>. Jeff Masters' WunderBlog. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wunderground.com/blog/JeffMasters/comment.html?entrynum=1544">the original</a> on 19 July 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 July</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Weather+Underground&rft.atitle=NOAA%3A+June+2010+the+globe%27s+4th+consecutive+warmest+month+on+record&rft.aulast=Masters&rft.aufirst=Jeff&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.wunderground.com%2Fblog%2FJeffMasters%2Fcomment.html%3Fentrynum%3D1544&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeography+of+Chad" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_web" title="Template:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: </span><span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment">Unknown parameter <code class="cs1-code">|deadurl=</code> ignored (<code class="cs1-code">|url-status=</code> suggested) (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#parameter_ignored_suggest" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-wunderground.com-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-wunderground.com_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100627220406/http://www.wunderground.com/blog/JeffMasters/comment.html?entrynum=1516">"Wunder Blog : Weather Underground"</a>. Wunderground.com. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wunderground.com/blog/JeffMasters/comment.html?entrynum=1516">the original</a> on 2010-06-27<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2010-07-28</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Wunder+Blog+%3A+Weather+Underground&rft.pub=Wunderground.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.wunderground.com%2Fblog%2FJeffMasters%2Fcomment.html%3Fentrynum%3D1516&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeography+of+Chad" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_web" title="Template:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: </span><span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment">Unknown parameter <code class="cs1-code">|deadurl=</code> ignored (<code class="cs1-code">|url-status=</code> suggested) (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#parameter_ignored_suggest" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>)</span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div> <ul><li><span class="geo-inline"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Geography_of_Chad&params=15_N_19_E_"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">15°N</span> <span class="longitude">19°E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">15°N 19°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">15; 19</span></span></span></a></span></span><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Geo-links for Geography of Chad</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.izf.net/izf/documentation/cartes/Pays/supercartes/tchad.htm">Detailed map of Chad from www.izf.net</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output 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dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 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.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Chad_articles" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Chad_topics" title="Template:Chad topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Chad_topics" title="Template talk:Chad topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Chad_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Chad topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Chad_articles" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Chad" title="Chad">Chad</a> <a href="/wiki/Index_of_Chad-related_articles" title="Index of Chad-related articles">articles</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Chad" title="History of Chad">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kanem_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Kanem Empire">Kanem-Bornu Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Baguirmi" class="mw-redirect" title="Kingdom of Baguirmi">Kingdom of Baguirmi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ouaddai_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Ouaddai Empire">Ouaddai Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colonial_Chad" class="mw-redirect" title="Colonial Chad">French Colonial Period</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tombalbaye_government" title="Tombalbaye government">Tombalbaye government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chadian_Civil_War_(1965%E2%80%931979)" title="Chadian Civil War (1965–1979)">Chadian Civil War (1965–1979)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1975_Chadian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1975 Chadian coup d'état">1975 coup d'état</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chad_under_F%C3%A9lix_Malloum" title="Chad under Félix Malloum">Malloum government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transitional_Government_of_National_Unity_(Chad)" title="Transitional Government of National Unity (Chad)">Transitional government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chadian%E2%80%93Libyan_conflict" class="mw-redirect" title="Chadian–Libyan conflict">Chadian–Libyan conflict</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Toyota_War" title="Toyota War">Toyota War</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1990_Chadian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1990 Chadian coup d'état">1990 coup d'état</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chadian_Civil_War_(2005%E2%80%932010)" title="Chadian Civil War (2005–2010)">Chadian Civil War (2005–2010)</a> <ul><li>Battle of N'Djamena <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_N%27Djamena_(2006)" title="Battle of N'Djamena (2006)">2006</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_N%27Djamena_(2008)" title="Battle of N'Djamena (2008)">2008</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insurgency_in_Chad_(2016%E2%80%93present)" title="Insurgency in Chad (2016–present)">Insurgency in Chad (2016–present)</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2021_Northern_Chad_offensive" title="2021 Northern Chad offensive">2021 offensive</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Chad" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Chad">COVID-19 pandemic</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="5" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_Chad" title="Coat of arms of Chad"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Coat_of_arms_of_Chad.svg/100px-Coat_of_arms_of_Chad.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="87" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Coat_of_arms_of_Chad.svg/150px-Coat_of_arms_of_Chad.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Coat_of_arms_of_Chad.svg/200px-Coat_of_arms_of_Chad.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="686" data-file-height="599" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Geography</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Chad" title="List of cities in Chad">Cities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_of_Chad" class="mw-redirect" title="Climate of Chad">Climate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Departments_of_Chad" title="Departments of Chad">Departments</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geology_of_Chad" title="Geology of Chad">Geology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_lakes_of_Chad" title="List of lakes of Chad">Lakes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prefectures_of_Chad" title="Prefectures of Chad">Prefectures</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_rivers_of_Chad" title="List of rivers of Chad">Rivers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wildlife_of_Chad" title="Wildlife of Chad">Wildlife</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Chad" title="Politics of Chad">Politics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Template:Borders_of_Chad" title="Template:Borders of Chad">Borders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Chad" class="mw-redirect" title="Constitution of Chad">Constitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corruption_in_Chad" title="Corruption in Chad">Corruption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Chad" title="Elections in Chad">Elections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Chad" title="Foreign relations of Chad">Foreign relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Chad" title="Human rights in Chad">Human rights</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_Chad" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in Chad">LGBT</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_Chad" title="Law enforcement in Chad">Law enforcement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chad_National_Army" title="Chad National Army">Military</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chief_of_the_General_Staff_(Chad)" title="Chief of the General Staff (Chad)">Chief of the General Staff</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Assembly_(Chad)" title="National Assembly (Chad)">National Assembly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_Chad" title="List of political parties in Chad">Political parties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_heads_of_state_of_Chad" title="List of heads of state of Chad">President</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vice_President_of_Chad" title="Vice President of Chad">Vice President</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_prime_ministers_of_Chad" title="List of prime ministers of Chad">Prime Minister</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transitional_Military_Council_(Chad)" title="Transitional Military Council (Chad)">Transitional Military Council</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Chad" title="Economy of Chad">Economy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_Chad" title="Agriculture in Chad">Agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_African_CFA_franc" title="Central African CFA franc">Currency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_companies_of_Chad" title="List of companies of Chad">Companies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mining_in_Chad" class="mw-redirect" title="Mining in Chad">Mining</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Chad" title="Telecommunications in Chad">Telecommunications</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_Chad" title="Tourism in Chad">Tourism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trade_unions_in_Chad" title="Trade unions in Chad">Trade unions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Chad" title="Transport in Chad">Transport</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Chad#Culture" title="Chad">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chadian_cuisine" title="Chadian cuisine">Cuisine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Chad" title="Demographics of Chad">Demographics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Chad" title="Education in Chad">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_groups_in_Chad" title="Ethnic groups in Chad">Ethnic groups</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Chad" title="Flag of Chad">Flag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_in_Chad" title="Health in Chad">Health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Chad" title="Languages of Chad">Languages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_Chad" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in Chad">LGBT rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Chadians" title="List of Chadians">List of Chadians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Literature_of_Chad" class="mw-redirect" title="Literature of Chad">Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_of_Chad" class="mw-redirect" title="Media of Chad">Media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Chad" title="Music of Chad">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_holidays_in_Chad" title="Public holidays in Chad">Public holidays</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Chad" title="Religion in Chad">Religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sports_in_Chad" title="Sports in Chad">Sports</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Chad" title="Abortion in Chad">Abortion</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3" style="font-weight:bold;"><div><div style="margin-bottom:-0.4em;"><ul><li><span class="nobold"><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Chad" title="Outline of Chad">Outline</a></span></li><li><span class="nobold"><a href="/wiki/Index_of_Chad-related_articles" title="Index of Chad-related articles">Index</a></span></li></ul></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Chad" title="Category:Chad">Category</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Geography_of_Africa" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Geography_of_Africa" title="Template:Geography of Africa"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Geography_of_Africa" title="Template talk:Geography of Africa"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Geography_of_Africa" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Geography of Africa"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Geography_of_Africa" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Africa" title="Geography of Africa">Geography of Africa</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sovereign states</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist wraplinks" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Algeria" title="Geography of Algeria">Algeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Angola" title="Geography of Angola">Angola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Benin" title="Geography of Benin">Benin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Botswana" title="Geography of Botswana">Botswana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Burkina_Faso" title="Geography of Burkina Faso">Burkina Faso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Burundi" title="Geography of Burundi">Burundi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Cameroon" title="Geography of Cameroon">Cameroon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Cape_Verde" title="Geography of Cape Verde">Cape Verde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_the_Central_African_Republic" title="Geography of the Central African Republic">Central African Republic</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Chad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_the_Comoros" title="Geography of the Comoros">Comoros</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Geography of the Democratic Republic of the Congo">Democratic Republic of the Congo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_the_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Geography of the Republic of the Congo">Republic of the Congo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Djibouti" title="Geography of Djibouti">Djibouti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Egypt" title="Geography of Egypt">Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Equatorial_Guinea" title="Geography of Equatorial Guinea">Equatorial Guinea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Eritrea" title="Geography of Eritrea">Eritrea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Eswatini" title="Geography of Eswatini">Eswatini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Ethiopia" title="Geography of Ethiopia">Ethiopia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Gabon" title="Geography of Gabon">Gabon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_the_Gambia" title="Geography of the Gambia">The Gambia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Ghana" title="Geography of Ghana">Ghana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Guinea" title="Geography of Guinea">Guinea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Guinea-Bissau" title="Geography of Guinea-Bissau">Guinea-Bissau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Ivory_Coast" title="Geography of Ivory Coast">Ivory Coast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Kenya" title="Geography of Kenya">Kenya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Lesotho" title="Geography of Lesotho">Lesotho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Liberia" title="Geography of Liberia">Liberia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Libya" title="Geography of Libya">Libya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Madagascar" title="Geography of Madagascar">Madagascar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Malawi" title="Geography of Malawi">Malawi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Mali" title="Geography of Mali">Mali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Mauritania" title="Geography of Mauritania">Mauritania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Mauritius" title="Geography of Mauritius">Mauritius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Morocco" title="Geography of Morocco">Morocco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Mozambique" title="Geography of Mozambique">Mozambique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Namibia" title="Geography of Namibia">Namibia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Niger" title="Geography of Niger">Niger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Nigeria" title="Geography of Nigeria">Nigeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Rwanda" title="Geography of Rwanda">Rwanda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_S%C3%A3o_Tom%C3%A9_and_Pr%C3%ADncipe" title="Geography of São Tomé and Príncipe">São Tomé and Príncipe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Senegal" title="Geography of Senegal">Senegal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Seychelles" title="Geography of Seychelles">Seychelles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Sierra_Leone" title="Geography of Sierra Leone">Sierra Leone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Somalia" title="Geography of Somalia">Somalia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_South_Africa" title="Geography of South Africa">South Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_South_Sudan" title="Geography of South Sudan">South Sudan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Sudan" title="Geography of Sudan">Sudan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Tanzania" title="Geography of Tanzania">Tanzania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Togo" title="Geography of Togo">Togo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Tunisia" title="Geography of Tunisia">Tunisia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Uganda" title="Geography of Uganda">Uganda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Zambia" title="Geography of Zambia">Zambia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Zimbabwe" title="Geography of Zimbabwe">Zimbabwe</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">States with limited<br />recognition</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist wraplinks" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_the_Sahrawi_Arab_Democratic_Republic" class="mw-redirect" title="Geography of the Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic">Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Somaliland" title="Geography of Somaliland">Somaliland</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Dependencies and<br />other territories</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist wraplinks" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_the_Canary_Islands" class="mw-redirect" title="Geography of the Canary Islands">Canary Islands</a> / <a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Ceuta" class="mw-redirect" title="Geography of Ceuta">Ceuta</a> / <a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Melilla" class="mw-redirect" title="Geography of Melilla">Melilla</a>  <span style="font-size:85%;">(Spain)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Madeira" class="mw-redirect" title="Geography of Madeira">Madeira</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(Portugal)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Mayotte" title="Geography of Mayotte">Mayotte</a> / <a href="/wiki/Geography_of_R%C3%A9union" title="Geography of Réunion">Réunion</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(France)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Saint_Helena" title="Geography of Saint Helena">Saint Helena</a> / <a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Ascension_Island" class="mw-redirect" title="Geography of Ascension Island">Ascension Island</a> / <a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Tristan_da_Cunha" title="Geography of Tristan da Cunha">Tristan da Cunha</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(United Kingdom)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Western_Sahara" title="Geography of Western Sahara">Western Sahara</a></li></ul> </div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Climate_of_Africa" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Africa_topic" title="Template:Africa topic"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Africa_topic" title="Template talk:Africa topic"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Africa_topic" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Africa topic"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Climate_of_Africa" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Climate_of_Africa" title="Climate of Africa">Climate of Africa </a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sovereign states</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist wraplinks" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Climate_of_Algeria" class="mw-redirect" title="Climate of Algeria">Algeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_of_Angola" class="mw-redirect" title="Climate of Angola">Angola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_of_Benin" class="mw-redirect" title="Climate of Benin">Benin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_of_Botswana" class="mw-redirect" title="Climate of Botswana">Botswana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_of_Burkina_Faso" class="mw-redirect" title="Climate of Burkina Faso">Burkina Faso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_of_Burundi" title="Climate of Burundi">Burundi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_of_Cameroon" title="Climate of Cameroon">Cameroon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_of_Cape_Verde" class="mw-redirect" title="Climate of Cape Verde">Cape Verde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_of_the_Central_African_Republic" class="mw-redirect" title="Climate of the Central African Republic">Central African Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_of_Chad" class="mw-redirect" title="Climate of Chad">Chad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_of_the_Comoros" class="mw-redirect" title="Climate of the Comoros">Comoros</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" class="mw-redirect" title="Climate of the Democratic Republic of the Congo">Democratic Republic of the Congo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_of_the_Republic_of_the_Congo" class="mw-redirect" title="Climate of the Republic of the Congo">Republic of the Congo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_of_Djibouti" class="mw-redirect" title="Climate of Djibouti">Djibouti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_of_Egypt" title="Climate of Egypt">Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_of_Equatorial_Guinea" class="mw-redirect" title="Climate of Equatorial Guinea">Equatorial Guinea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_of_Eritrea" class="mw-redirect" title="Climate of Eritrea">Eritrea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_of_Eswatini" class="mw-redirect" title="Climate of Eswatini">Eswatini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_of_Ethiopia" title="Climate of Ethiopia">Ethiopia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_of_Gabon" class="mw-redirect" title="Climate of Gabon">Gabon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_of_the_Gambia" class="mw-redirect" title="Climate of the Gambia">The Gambia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_of_Ghana" title="Climate of Ghana">Ghana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_of_Guinea" class="mw-redirect" title="Climate of Guinea">Guinea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_of_Guinea-Bissau" class="mw-redirect" title="Climate of Guinea-Bissau">Guinea-Bissau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_of_Ivory_Coast" class="mw-redirect" title="Climate of Ivory Coast">Ivory Coast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_of_Kenya" class="mw-redirect" title="Climate of Kenya">Kenya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_of_Lesotho" class="mw-redirect" title="Climate of Lesotho">Lesotho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_of_Liberia" class="mw-redirect" title="Climate of Liberia">Liberia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_of_Libya" class="mw-redirect" title="Climate of Libya">Libya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_of_Madagascar" class="mw-redirect" title="Climate of Madagascar">Madagascar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_of_Malawi" class="mw-redirect" title="Climate of Malawi">Malawi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_of_Mali" class="mw-redirect" title="Climate of Mali">Mali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_of_Mauritania" class="mw-redirect" title="Climate of Mauritania">Mauritania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_of_Mauritius" class="mw-redirect" title="Climate of Mauritius">Mauritius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_of_Morocco" class="mw-redirect" title="Climate of Morocco">Morocco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_of_Mozambique" class="mw-redirect" title="Climate of Mozambique">Mozambique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_of_Namibia" class="mw-redirect" title="Climate of Namibia">Namibia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_of_Niger" class="mw-redirect" title="Climate of Niger">Niger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_of_Nigeria" title="Climate of Nigeria">Nigeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_of_Rwanda" class="mw-redirect" title="Climate of Rwanda">Rwanda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_of_S%C3%A3o_Tom%C3%A9_and_Pr%C3%ADncipe" class="mw-redirect" title="Climate of São Tomé and Príncipe">São Tomé and Príncipe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_of_Senegal" class="mw-redirect" title="Climate of Senegal">Senegal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_of_Seychelles" class="mw-redirect" title="Climate of Seychelles">Seychelles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_of_Sierra_Leone" class="mw-redirect" title="Climate of Sierra Leone">Sierra Leone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_of_Somalia" class="mw-redirect" title="Climate of Somalia">Somalia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_of_South_Africa" title="Climate of South Africa">South Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_of_South_Sudan" class="mw-redirect" title="Climate of South Sudan">South Sudan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_of_Sudan" class="mw-redirect" title="Climate of Sudan">Sudan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_of_Tanzania" class="mw-redirect" title="Climate of Tanzania">Tanzania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_of_Togo" class="mw-redirect" title="Climate of Togo">Togo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_of_Tunisia" title="Climate of Tunisia">Tunisia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_of_Uganda" class="mw-redirect" title="Climate of Uganda">Uganda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_of_Zambia" title="Climate of Zambia">Zambia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_of_Zimbabwe" class="mw-redirect" title="Climate of Zimbabwe">Zimbabwe</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">States with limited<br />recognition</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist wraplinks" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Climate_of_the_Sahrawi_Arab_Democratic_Republic" class="mw-redirect" title="Climate of the Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic">Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_of_Somaliland" class="mw-redirect" title="Climate of Somaliland">Somaliland</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Dependencies and<br />other territories</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist wraplinks" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Climate_of_the_Canary_Islands" class="mw-redirect" title="Climate of the Canary Islands">Canary Islands</a> / <a href="/wiki/Climate_of_Ceuta" class="mw-redirect" title="Climate of Ceuta">Ceuta</a> / <a href="/wiki/Climate_of_Melilla" class="mw-redirect" title="Climate of Melilla">Melilla</a>  <span style="font-size:85%;">(Spain)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_of_Madeira" class="mw-redirect" title="Climate of Madeira">Madeira</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(Portugal)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_of_Mayotte" class="mw-redirect" title="Climate of Mayotte">Mayotte</a> / <a href="/wiki/Climate_of_R%C3%A9union" class="mw-redirect" title="Climate of Réunion">Réunion</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(France)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_of_Saint_Helena" class="mw-redirect" title="Climate of Saint Helena">Saint Helena</a> / <a href="/wiki/Climate_of_Ascension_Island" class="mw-redirect" title="Climate of Ascension Island">Ascension Island</a> / <a href="/wiki/Climate_of_Tristan_da_Cunha" class="mw-redirect" title="Climate of Tristan da Cunha">Tristan da Cunha</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(United Kingdom)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_of_Western_Sahara" class="mw-redirect" title="Climate of Western Sahara">Western Sahara</a></li></ul> </div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/fields/print_2011.html">"FIELD LISTING :: GEOGRAPHIC COORDINATES"</a>.</cite><span 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