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-1;" class="lazyload absolute w-full h-full"></div></div><header class="relative overflow-hidden fl fl-center fl-col fl-wrap h-min-340"><div class="absolute w-full h-full"><div style="background-position: center; background-repeat: no-repeat; background-size: cover;" data-bg="https://webassets.mongodb.com/_com_assets/cms/header-au039oiqsr.svg" class="lazyload absolute w-full h-full"></div></div><div class="relative w-full w-max-770 p-20 txt-center"><h1 class="m-t-0 fnt-medium dark-green"><span>A Guide to ACID Properties in Database Management Systems</span></h1><div class="fl fl-center w-full"><a class="reset" target="_blank" href="https://www.mongodb.com/cloud/atlas/register"><button class="relative btn-green btn-sm m-10">Get started free</button></a></div></div></header></div><div style="background: auto;" class="Article__ArticleStyles-sc-14w82yl-0 obHHn relative w-full "><div class="relative w-full w-max-770 p-h-15 p-v-25 m-auto"><div><p>The use of real-time applications and Internet of Things (IoT) devices, plus the exponential growth of unstructured data assets, has organizations transitioning to NoSQL databases in ever-increasing numbers. In fact, the NoSQL market is anticipated to reach US $74.5 billion by 2032, exhibiting a growth rate (CAGR) of 24.9% from 2024 to 2032 (IMARC group, 2024).</p><p>This growth isn't surprising given the ability of NoSQL database management systems (DBMS) to effectively manage large, diverse datasets and the associated big data analysis required. However, many still believe that NoSQL DBMS aren't able to address a key requirement of many organizations — ACID transactions management and compliance. The good news is that some NoSQL DBMS absolutely can!</p><p>In this article, we'll discuss what ACID transactions are, ACID transaction properties, why these transactions are important, and an ACID transaction example in a NoSQL DBMS.</p><br /><p><strong>Table of contents</strong></p><ul class="bullets"><li><a target="_self" href="what-are-acid-transactions">What are ACID transactions?</a></li><li><a target="_self" href="#why-are-acid-transactions-important">Why are ACID transactions important?</a></li><li><a target="_self" href="#acid-transaction-example-in-dbms">ACID transactions example in DBMS</a></li><li><a target="_self" href="#how-do-acid-transactions-work-in-mongodb">How do ACID transactions work in MongoDB?</a></li><li><a target="_self" href="#when-should-i-use-mongodb-multidocument-transactions">When should I use MongoDB multi-document transactions?</a></li><li><a target="_self" href="#what-are-the-best-practices-for-transactions-in-mongodb">What are the best practices for transactions in MongoDB?</a></li><li><a target="_self" href="#next-steps">Next steps</a></li><li><a target="_self" href="#faqs">FAQs</a></li></ul></div></div></div><div style="background: auto;" class="Article__ArticleStyles-sc-14w82yl-0 obHHn relative w-full "><div class="relative w-full w-max-770 p-h-15 p-v-25 m-auto"><div><h2 id="what-are-acid-transactions" style="font-family: Euclid Circular A; font-weight: 500;">What are ACID transactions?</h2><br /><h3 id="transactions-explained">Transactions explained</h3><p>At their most basic level, database transactions are a group of database read and write operations that have been completed successfully according to DBMS definitions (e.g., defined transaction criteria). There are two main types of transactions:</p><ul class="bullets"><li><p><strong>Single transactions</strong>: A single transaction refers to a series of one or more database operations resulting in one action, completed successfully. Once complete, the transaction is accepted and can be found in a transaction log. A common example of a single transaction is the withdrawal of money from an ATM.</p></li><li><p><strong>Multi-transactions</strong>: A multi-transaction, sometimes called a distributed transaction, consists of multiple, interdependent transactions spread across different databases and systems (e.g., distributed systems). Records of these transactions are also found in a transaction log. An example of these transactions includes transferring money from one account to another or an employer issuing a new employee a security badge with a photo.</p></li></ul><p>It's important to note that some transactions are required to adhere to strict standards of data integrity (e.g., data is complete and correct) and data consistency (e.g., the value is the same across all tables/databases). This is often the case where fiduciary responsibility or regulatory compliance is involved. Examples include commercial banking, investment brokerage, and legal settlements. In these situations, a standard adherence to DBMS definitions is not enough, and ACID transactions are required.</p></div></div></div><div style="background: auto;" class="Article__ArticleStyles-sc-14w82yl-0 obHHn relative w-full "><div class="relative w-full w-max-770 p-h-15 p-v-25 m-auto"><div><h3 id="acid-transactions">ACID transactions</h3><p>ACID is an acronym that stands for atomicity, consistency, isolation, and durability (ACID). Together, ACID properties ensure that a set of database operations (grouped together in a transaction) leave the database in a valid state even in the event of unexpected errors. Further, ACID transactions provide the level of transactional guarantees that many regulatory agencies require.</p><p>Below is a general overview of each ACID transaction element, as well as a description of how a NoSQL document database is able to handle that ACID element. For the purposes of this article, <a target="_target" href="https://www.mongodb.com/products/capabilities/transactions">MongoDB Atlas</a> will be used.</p><br /><h4 id="atomicity">Atomicity</h4><p>Atomicity guarantees that all of the commands that make up a transaction are treated as a single unit and either succeed or fail together. This is important in the event of a system failure or power outage, in that if a transaction wasn't completely processed, it will be discarded and the database maintains its data integrity.</p><br /><u>How MongoDB handles atomicity:</u><p> In MongoDB, a write operation is atomic on the level of a single document, even if the operation modifies multiple embedded documents within a single document. For situations that require atomicity of reads and writes to multiple documents (in a single collection or multiple collections), MongoDB supports distributed transactions, including transactions on replica sets and sharded clusters.</p><br /><h4 id="consistency">Consistency</h4><p>Consistency guarantees that changes made within a transaction are populated across the database system (e.g., nodes) and in alignment with DBMS constraints. If data consistency is going to be negatively impacted by a transaction in an inconsistent state, the entire transaction will fail.</p><u>How MongoDB handles consistency:</u><p> MongoDB gives the flexibility to normalize or duplicate data to optimize applications. If data is duplicated in the schema, the developer must decide how to keep duplicated data consistent across multiple collections. Some applications require duplicated data to be made consistent immediately, whereas other applications can tolerate reading stale data. Examples are illustrated below:</p></div></div></div><div class="relative"><div class="absolute w-full h-full overflow-hidden" style="z-index: -1;"><div style="background-position: center; background-repeat: no-repeat; background-size: cover; z-index: -1;" class="lazyload absolute w-full h-full"></div></div><section class="w-full p-b-20"><div class="w-max-1200 m-auto p-t-20 p-h-20"><h2 class="dark-green txt-center fnt-medium"></h2><p class="txt-center"></p></div><div class="p-h-20"><table class="Table__TableContainer-sc-1025gsh-0 jykCsU hide-lt-800 w-max-1170 m-auto"><thead><tr><th class="dark-green txt-center">Method</th><th class="dark-green txt-center">Description</th><th class="dark-green txt-center">Performance Impact</th><th class="dark-green txt-center">Use</th></tr></thead><tbody class="box-shadow"><tr class="striped"><td class="dark-gray " style="flex: 1; text-align: center;"><a target="_target" href="https://www.mongodb.com/docs/manual/core/transactions/#std-label-transactions">Transactions</a></td><td class="dark-gray " style="flex: 1; text-align: center;"><span>Updates to multiple collections occur in a single atomic operation</span></td><td class="dark-gray " style="flex: 1; text-align: center;"><span>Potentially high, due to read contention</span></td><td class="dark-gray " style="flex: 1; text-align: center;"><span>Your application must always return up-to-date data and can tolerate potential negative performance impact during periods of heavy reads.</span></td></tr><tr class="striped"><td class="dark-gray " style="flex: 1; text-align: center;"><a target="_target" href="https://www.mongodb.com/docs/manual/data-modeling/concepts/embedding-vs-references/#std-label-data-modeling-embedding">Embed related data</a></td><td class="dark-gray " style="flex: 1; text-align: center;"><span>Modify the application schema to embed related data in a single collection.</span></td><td class="dark-gray " style="flex: 1; text-align: center;"><span>Low to moderate, depending on document size and indexes</span></td><td class="dark-gray " style="flex: 1; text-align: center;"><span>Your application always reads and updates the related data at the same time. This solution simplifies your schema and prevents the need for <a target="_target" href="https://www.mongodb.com/docs/manual/reference/operator/aggregation/lookup/#mongodb-pipeline-pipe.-lookup">$lookup</a> operations.</span></td></tr><tr class="striped"><td class="dark-gray " style="flex: 1; text-align: center;"><a target="_target" href="https://www.mongodb.com/docs/atlas/app-services/triggers/database-triggers/">Atlas Database Triggers</a></td><td class="dark-gray " style="flex: 1; text-align: center;"><span>When an update occurs in one collection, triggers automatically update another collection.</span></td><td class="dark-gray " style="flex: 1; text-align: center;"><span>Low to moderate, with potential delays in processing triggered events</span></td><td class="dark-gray " style="flex: 1; text-align: center;"><span>Your application can tolerate reading slightly stale data. Users can potentially see outdated data if they run a query immediately after an update, but before the trigger finishes updating the second collection.</span></td></tr></tbody></table><div class="hide-gt-800" style="margin-left: 2px; margin-right: 2px;"><h4 class="dark-gray" style="font-size: 20px;">Method</h4><table class="Table__TableContainer-sc-1025gsh-0 jykCsU w-full m-auto m-b-40"><thead><tr><th class="dark-green " style="padding: 15px 0;">Description</th></tr></thead><tbody class="mobileTable"><tr class="striped"><td class="black "><a target="_target" href="https://www.mongodb.com/docs/manual/core/transactions/#std-label-transactions">Transactions</a></td><td class="dark-gray " style="flex: 1; text-align: center;"><span>Updates to multiple collections occur in a single atomic operation</span></td></tr><tr class="striped"><td class="black "><a target="_target" href="https://www.mongodb.com/docs/manual/data-modeling/concepts/embedding-vs-references/#std-label-data-modeling-embedding">Embed related data</a></td><td class="dark-gray " style="flex: 1; text-align: center;"><span>Modify the application schema to embed related data in a single collection.</span></td></tr><tr class="striped"><td class="black "><a target="_target" href="https://www.mongodb.com/docs/atlas/app-services/triggers/database-triggers/">Atlas Database Triggers</a></td><td class="dark-gray " style="flex: 1; text-align: center;"><span>When an update occurs in one collection, triggers automatically update another collection.</span></td></tr></tbody></table><table class="Table__TableContainer-sc-1025gsh-0 jykCsU w-full m-auto m-b-40"><thead><tr><th class="dark-green " style="padding: 15px 0;">Performance Impact</th></tr></thead><tbody class="mobileTable"><tr class="striped"><td class="black "><a target="_target" href="https://www.mongodb.com/docs/manual/core/transactions/#std-label-transactions">Transactions</a></td><td class="dark-gray " style="flex: 1; text-align: center;"><span>Potentially high, due to read contention</span></td></tr><tr class="striped"><td class="black "><a target="_target" href="https://www.mongodb.com/docs/manual/data-modeling/concepts/embedding-vs-references/#std-label-data-modeling-embedding">Embed related data</a></td><td class="dark-gray " style="flex: 1; text-align: center;"><span>Low to moderate, depending on document size and indexes</span></td></tr><tr class="striped"><td class="black "><a target="_target" href="https://www.mongodb.com/docs/atlas/app-services/triggers/database-triggers/">Atlas Database Triggers</a></td><td class="dark-gray " style="flex: 1; text-align: center;"><span>Low to moderate, with potential delays in processing triggered events</span></td></tr></tbody></table><table class="Table__TableContainer-sc-1025gsh-0 jykCsU w-full m-auto m-b-40"><thead><tr><th class="dark-green " style="padding: 15px 0;">Use</th></tr></thead><tbody class="mobileTable"><tr class="striped"><td class="black "><a target="_target" href="https://www.mongodb.com/docs/manual/core/transactions/#std-label-transactions">Transactions</a></td><td class="dark-gray " style="flex: 1; text-align: center;"><span>Your application must always return up-to-date data and can tolerate potential negative performance impact during periods of heavy reads.</span></td></tr><tr class="striped"><td class="black "><a target="_target" href="https://www.mongodb.com/docs/manual/data-modeling/concepts/embedding-vs-references/#std-label-data-modeling-embedding">Embed related data</a></td><td class="dark-gray " style="flex: 1; text-align: center;"><span>Your application always reads and updates the related data at the same time. This solution simplifies your schema and prevents the need for <a target="_target" href="https://www.mongodb.com/docs/manual/reference/operator/aggregation/lookup/#mongodb-pipeline-pipe.-lookup">$lookup</a> operations.</span></td></tr><tr class="striped"><td class="black "><a target="_target" href="https://www.mongodb.com/docs/atlas/app-services/triggers/database-triggers/">Atlas Database Triggers</a></td><td class="dark-gray " style="flex: 1; text-align: center;"><span>Your application can tolerate reading slightly stale data. Users can potentially see outdated data if they run a query immediately after an update, but before the trigger finishes updating the second collection.</span></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></section></div><div style="background: auto;" class="Article__ArticleStyles-sc-14w82yl-0 obHHn relative w-full "><div class="relative w-full w-max-770 p-h-15 p-v-25 m-auto"><div><p><em>Note: Learn more about <a target="_target" href="https://www.mongodb.com/docs/manual/data-modeling/data-consistency/">data consistency</a>.</em></p><br /><h4 id="isolation">Isolation</h4><p>Each transaction is isolated from the other transactions to prevent data conflicts. This also helps database operations in relation to managing multiple entries and multi-level transactions. For example, if two users are trying to modify the same data (or even the same transaction), the DBMS uses a mechanism called a lock manager to suspend other users until the changes being made by the first user are complete.</p><br /><u>How MongoDB handles isolation:</u><p> MongoDB employs a technique called snapshot isolation (e.g., each transaction appears to operate on a personal snapshot of the database taken at the start of the transaction). Transactions can read data from the “snapshot” of data committed at the time the transaction starts, and any conflicting updates will cause the transaction to abort.</p><p>In addition, MongoDB transactions support a <a target="_target" href="https://www.mongodb.com/docs/manual/core/transactions/#transactions-and-read-concern">transaction-level read concern</a> and <a target="_target" href="https://www.mongodb.com/docs/manual/core/transactions/#transactions-and-write-concern">transaction-level write concern</a>. Clients can set an appropriate level of read and write concern, with the most rigorous being snapshot read concern combined with majority write concern. Majority write concern means that the write operations have been durably committed to a calculated majority of the data-bearing nodes (configurable by the developer).</p><br /><h4 id="durability">Durability</h4><p>Durability guarantees that once the transaction completes and changes are written to the database, they are persisted. This ensures that data within the system will persist even in the case of system failures like crashes or power outages. The concept of durability is a key element in data reliability.</p><br /><u>How MongoDB handles durability:</u><p>MongoDB creates an OpLog containing the disk location and bytes changed for each "write." If there is an unforeseen event (e.g., a power outage) during the writing of the transaction, the OpLog can be used when the system starts again to replay any writes that were not flushed to disk before the shutdown. In addition, operations are changed before written in the OpLog so they're idempotent and can be retried multiple times. Transactions, or "writes," are flushed to disk roughly every 60 seconds by default.</p></div></div></div><div style="background: auto;" class="Article__ArticleStyles-sc-14w82yl-0 obHHn relative w-full "><div class="relative w-full w-max-770 p-h-15 p-v-25 m-auto"><div><h2 id="why-are-acid-transactions-important" style="font-family: Euclid Circular A; font-weight: 500;">Why are ACID transactions important?</h2><p>ACID transactions help maintain data integrity and reliability, while also ensuring that vital data which is subject to governmental or industry regulation (e.g., bank account, stock portfolio) meet required standards. Further, ACID compliance is often a prerequisite for implementing data replication and achieving high availability in distributed database systems.</p></div></div></div><div style="background: auto;" class="Article__ArticleStyles-sc-14w82yl-0 obHHn relative w-full "><div class="relative w-full w-max-770 p-h-15 p-v-25 m-auto"><div><h2 id="acid-transaction-example-in-dbms" style="font-family: Euclid Circular A; font-weight: 500;">ACID transaction example in DBMS</h2><p>Using the NoSQL document database MongoDB Atlas, here is an example of how ACID multi-document transactions are handled and how ACID transactions guarantee alignment to minimum ACID property standards.</p></div></div></div><div style="background: auto;" class="Article__ArticleStyles-sc-14w82yl-0 obHHn relative w-full "><div class="relative w-full w-max-770 p-h-15 p-v-25 m-auto"><div><h3 id="acid-multi-document-transactions">ACID multi-document transactions</h3><p>Imagine you are building a function to transfer money from one bank account to another where each account is its own record. If money is successfully taken from the source account but never credited to the destination account, a serious accounting problem has been created. Conversely, if the destination account is credited but the source account is never debited, another serious accounting issue occurs.</p><br /><p align center> <img alt="Diagram showing how the ACID properties impact the flow of transferring money from one bank account to another." src="https://webimages.mongodb.com/_com_assets/cms/l5vhrmvicbxj4o8am-image1.png?auto=format%252Ccompress" /> <em>The diagram demonstrates how the ACID properties impact the flow of transferring money from one bank account to another.</em> </p><br /><p>These two write operations have to either both happen or both not happen to keep the system and its data consistent. Further, this means that if any command in the transaction fails, the database must roll back (e.g., undo) all of the changes it had written in the course of the transaction.</p></div></div></div><div style="background: auto;" class="Article__ArticleStyles-sc-14w82yl-0 obHHn relative w-full "><div class="relative w-full w-max-770 p-h-15 p-v-25 m-auto"><div><br /><p align="center"><img alt="code sample from github in partnership with mongodb" src="https://webimages.mongodb.com/_com_assets/cms/lyhjprfyhwrddbgnn-image1.png?auto=format%252Ccompress" /> </p><p><em>Note: To learn more, visit the <a target="_target" href="https://github.com/mongodb-developer/nodejs-quickstart/blob/master/transaction-bankingexample.js">Node.js Quick Start GitHub repository</a> to get a copy of the full code sample and run it yourself.</em></p><br /><h3 id="impacts-to-remember">Impacts to remember</h3><p>When dealing with multi-document transactions in a distributed system, remember that there is performance overhead impact which may affect resource constraints and performance goals. Further, since the database has to “lock” the involved resources to prevent concurrent writes from interfering with one another (e.g., transaction fails), other clients trying to write data may be stuck waiting for the transaction to complete which can impact application latency and user experience.</p></div></div></div><div style="background: auto;" class="Article__ArticleStyles-sc-14w82yl-0 obHHn relative w-full "><div class="relative w-full w-max-770 p-h-15 p-v-25 m-auto"><div><h2 id="how-do-acid-transactions-work-in-mongodb" style="font-family: Euclid Circular A; font-weight: 500;">How do ACID transactions work in MongoDB?</h2><p>MongoDB's document model allows related data to be stored together in a single document. The document model, combined with atomic document updates, obviates the need for transactions in a majority of use cases. Nonetheless, there are cases where true multi-document, multi-collection MongoDB transactions are the best choice.</p><p>MongoDB transactions work similarly to transactions in other databases. To use a transaction, start a MongoDB session through a driver. Then, use that session to execute your group of database operations. You can run any of the CRUD (create, read, update, and delete) operations across multiple documents, collections, and shards.</p><p>For specific code samples of how to implement transactions, view the Quick Starts on the MongoDB Developer Center:</p><ul class="bullets"><li><a target="_target" href="https://mongodb.com/developer/quickstart/golang-multi-document-acid-transactions">Multi-Document ACID Transactions in MongoDB with Golang</a></li><li><a target="_target" href="https://mongodb.com/blog/post/java-and-mongodb-40-support-for-multidocument-acid-transactions">Multi-Document ACID Transactions in MongoDB with Java</a></li><li><a target="_target" href="https://mongodb.com/developer/languages/javascript/node-transactions-3-3-2">Multi-Document ACID Transactions in MongoDB with Node.js</a></li><li><a target="_target" href="https://mongodb.com/developer/quickstart/python-acid-transactions">Multi-Document ACID Transactions in MongoDB with Python</a></li></ul><p>Visit the <a target="_target" href="https://docs.mongodb.com/drivers">MongoDB drivers documentation</a> for language-specific guides for each of the languages officially supported by MongoDB. You can also view a <a target="_target" href="https://www.mongodb.com/docs/manual/core/transactions-operations/">list of transaction best practices and production considerations</a>.</p></div></div></div><div style="background: auto;" class="Article__ArticleStyles-sc-14w82yl-0 obHHn relative w-full "><div class="relative w-full w-max-770 p-h-15 p-v-25 m-auto"><div><h2 id="when-should-i-use-mongodb-multidocument-transactions" style="font-family: Euclid Circular A; font-weight: 500;">When should I use MongoDB multi-document transactions?</h2><p>Applications that require transactions typically have use cases where values are exchanged between different parties. These are typically "System of Record" or "Line of Business" applications.</p><p>Example applications that may benefit from multi-document transactions include:</p><ul class="bullets"><li><p><strong>Systems that move funds from one account to another</strong> (e.g., banking applications, payment processing systems, trading platforms).</p></li><li><p><strong>Supply chain and booking systems</strong> where ownership of goods and services is transferred from one party to another.</p></li><li><p><strong>Billing systems</strong> that store information in detailed records as well as summary records.</p></li></ul></div></div></div><div style="background: auto;" class="Article__ArticleStyles-sc-14w82yl-0 obHHn relative w-full "><div class="relative w-full w-max-770 p-h-15 p-v-25 m-auto"><div><h2 id="what-are-the-best-practices-for-transactions-in-mongodb" style="font-family: Euclid Circular A; font-weight: 500;">What are the best practices for transactions in MongoDB?</h2><p>In general, it's recommended to model data so that data accessed together is stored together. When data is modeled in this manner, not only will better performance be achieved, but also, transactions will not be required.</p><p>For applications that do require transactions, adhere to these best practices:</p><ul class="bullets"><li><p><strong>Break long-running transactions into smaller pieces</strong> so they don't exceed the default 60-second timeout. (Note that this timeout can be extended.) Ensure the operations in transactions are using indexes so they run quickly.</p></li><li><p><strong>Limit each transaction to 1,000 document modifications.</strong></p></li><li><p><strong>Ensure the appropriate <a target="_target" href="https://docs.mongodb.com/manual/core/transactions#read-concern-write-concern-read-preference">read and write concerns</a> are configured</strong> (note that beginning in version 5.0, MongoDB <a target="_target" href="https://mongodb.com/blog/post/default-majority-write-concern-providing-stronger-durability-guarantees-out-box">defaults to the necessary majority write concern</a>).</p></li><li><p><strong>Add appropriate error handling</strong> and retry transactions that fail due to transient errors.</p></li><li><p><strong>Remember the performance cost</strong> of transactions affecting multiple shards. For more information on these best practices, check out the Multi-Document ACID Transactions on MongoDB white paper as well as the MongoDB documentation on transactions.</p></li></ul></div></div></div><div style="background: auto;" class="Article__ArticleStyles-sc-14w82yl-0 obHHn relative w-full "><div class="relative w-full w-max-770 p-h-15 p-v-25 m-auto"><div><h2 id="next-steps" style="font-family: Euclid Circular A; font-weight: 500;">Next steps</h2><p>Ready to learn more? <a target="_target" href="https://mongodb.com/cloud/atlas/register">MongoDB Atlas</a> is MongoDB's fully managed database as a service and it’s the easiest way to begin using MongoDB. Get started with transactions by <a target="_target" href="http://cloud.mongodb.com/">creating a free MongoDB Atlas cluster</a>.</p></div></div></div><div style="background: auto;" class="Article__ArticleStyles-sc-14w82yl-0 obHHn relative w-full "><div class="relative w-full w-max-770 p-h-15 p-v-25 m-auto"><h2 id="faqs" style="font-family: Euclid Circular A; font-weight: 500;">FAQs</h2></div></div><div class="relative"><div class="absolute w-full h-full overflow-hidden" style="z-index: -1;"><div style="background-position: center; background-repeat: no-repeat; background-size: cover; z-index: -1;" class="lazyload absolute w-full h-full"></div></div><div class="w-full w-max-770 m-auto p-h-20 p-t-10 p-b-10"><div class="Details__Container-sc-wfooue-0 emWlgh"><div class="fl-1"><h3 id="what-are-multidocument-transactions" class="dark-green m-0 fnt-medium p-v-20">What are multi-document transactions?</h3><div class="overflow-hidden" style="height: auto; max-height: 0; transition: 200ms ease 0ms; opacity: 0;"><div class="m-0 p-b-30 dark-gray fl fl-wrap"><span>A multi-document transaction, sometimes called a distributed transaction, consists of multiple, interdependent transactions spread across different databases and systems.</span></div></div></div><button class="m-l-20 green fnt-24 p-h-20"><div style="transform: rotate(45deg); transition: 200ms ease 0ms;"><mdb-icon name="close_x" style="--icon-size: 15px;"></mdb-icon></div></button></div><div class="Details__Container-sc-wfooue-0 emWlgh"><div class="fl-1"><h3 id="what-are-acid-transactions" class="dark-green m-0 fnt-medium p-v-20">What are ACID transactions?</h3><div class="overflow-hidden" style="height: auto; max-height: 0; transition: 200ms ease 0ms; opacity: 0;"><div class="m-0 p-b-30 dark-gray fl fl-wrap"><span>An ACID transaction is a set of operations in a database system that is in alignment with ACID properties.</span></div></div></div><button class="m-l-20 green fnt-24 p-h-20"><div style="transform: rotate(45deg); transition: 200ms ease 0ms;"><mdb-icon name="close_x" style="--icon-size: 15px;"></mdb-icon></div></button></div><div class="Details__Container-sc-wfooue-0 emWlgh"><div class="fl-1"><h3 id="what-are-the-acid-properties-of-a-transaction" class="dark-green m-0 fnt-medium p-v-20">What are the ACID properties of a transaction?</h3><div class="overflow-hidden" style="height: auto; max-height: 0; transition: 200ms ease 0ms; opacity: 0;"><div class="m-0 p-b-30 dark-gray fl fl-wrap"><span>The four key properties of ACID are atomicity, consistency, isolation, and durability.</span></div></div></div><button class="m-l-20 green fnt-24 p-h-20"><div style="transform: rotate(45deg); transition: 200ms ease 0ms;"><mdb-icon name="close_x" style="--icon-size: 15px;"></mdb-icon></div></button></div></div></div><style data-emotion="css-global wo4i12">@font-face{font-family:Akzidenz-Grotesk Std;src:url(https://static.mongodb.com/com/fonts/EuclidCircularA-Regular-WebXL.woff2) 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more","href":"https://docs.mongodb.com/tools/"},{"title":"How to Guides","text":"Get started in minutes","href":"https://docs.mongodb.com/guides/"}]}],"right":[{"title":"Contact","href":"/contact","button":false},{"title":"Sign In","href":"https://cloud.mongodb.com/user","button":false},{"title":"Try Free","href":"/try","button":true}],"mobile":[{"text":"Contact","href":"/contact"}],"navType":"","banner":{"bannerText":"","bannerHref":"","bannerType":"","bannerTheme":"","pillText":"","href":""},"notSticky":false,"isATF":true},"id":"989b8ca6-b587-4fef-be63-c030fa7b4cac"},{"key":"Header","props":{"h1":"A Guide to ACID Properties in Database Management Systems","titleColor":0,"content":"","cta":{"href":"https://www.mongodb.com/cloud/atlas/register","text":"Get started free","openInNewWindow":true,"faux":false},"cta2":{"href":"","text":"","openInNewWindow":false,"faux":false},"imgsrc":"https://webassets.mongodb.com/_com_assets/cms/header-au039oiqsr.svg","bgColor":"","bgImage":"","isATF":true},"id":1658930811782},{"key":"Article","props":{"content":"The use of real-time applications and Internet of Things (IoT) devices, plus the exponential growth of unstructured data assets, has organizations transitioning to NoSQL databases in ever-increasing numbers. In fact, the NoSQL market is anticipated to reach US $74.5 billion by 2032, exhibiting a growth rate (CAGR) of 24.9% from 2024 to 2032 (IMARC group, 2024).\n\nThis growth isn't surprising given the ability of NoSQL database management systems (DBMS) to effectively manage large, diverse datasets and the associated big data analysis required. However, many still believe that NoSQL DBMS aren't able to address a key requirement of many organizations — ACID transactions management and compliance. The good news is that some NoSQL DBMS absolutely can!\n\nIn this article, we'll discuss what ACID transactions are, ACID transaction properties, why these transactions are important, and an ACID transaction example in a NoSQL DBMS.\n\n<br>\n\n**Table of contents**\n\n- [What are ACID transactions?](what-are-acid-transactions)\n- [Why are ACID transactions important?](#why-are-acid-transactions-important)\n- [ACID transactions example in DBMS](#acid-transaction-example-in-dbms)\n- [How do ACID transactions work in MongoDB?](#how-do-acid-transactions-work-in-mongodb)\n- [When should I use MongoDB multi-document transactions?](#when-should-i-use-mongodb-multidocument-transactions)\n- [What are the best practices for transactions in MongoDB?](#what-are-the-best-practices-for-transactions-in-mongodb)\n- [Next steps](#next-steps)\n- [FAQs](#faqs)\n","textalign":"","background":"","isATF":true},"id":1632854049455},{"key":"Article","props":{"content":"##What are ACID transactions?\n\n<br>\n\n###Transactions explained\nAt their most basic level, database transactions are a group of database read and write operations that have been completed successfully according to DBMS definitions (e.g., defined transaction criteria). There are two main types of transactions:\n\n- **Single transactions**: A single transaction refers to a series of one or more database operations resulting in one action, completed successfully. Once complete, the transaction is accepted and can be found in a transaction log. A common example of a single transaction is the withdrawal of money from an ATM.\n\n- **Multi-transactions**: A multi-transaction, sometimes called a distributed transaction, consists of multiple, interdependent transactions spread across different databases and systems (e.g., distributed systems). Records of these transactions are also found in a transaction log. An example of these transactions includes transferring money from one account to another or an employer issuing a new employee a security badge with a photo.\n\nIt's important to note that some transactions are required to adhere to strict standards of data integrity (e.g., data is complete and correct) and data consistency (e.g., the value is the same across all tables/databases). This is often the case where fiduciary responsibility or regulatory compliance is involved. Examples include commercial banking, investment brokerage, and legal settlements. In these situations, a standard adherence to DBMS definitions is not enough, and ACID transactions are required.\n","textalign":"","background":"","isATF":false},"id":1632854073231},{"key":"Article","props":{"content":"\n###ACID transactions\nACID is an acronym that stands for atomicity, consistency, isolation, and durability (ACID). Together, ACID properties ensure that a set of database operations (grouped together in a transaction) leave the database in a valid state even in the event of unexpected errors. Further, ACID transactions provide the level of transactional guarantees that many regulatory agencies require.\n\nBelow is a general overview of each ACID transaction element, as well as a description of how a NoSQL document database is able to handle that ACID element. For the purposes of this article, [MongoDB Atlas](https://www.mongodb.com/products/capabilities/transactions) will be used.\n\n<br>\n\n####Atomicity\nAtomicity guarantees that all of the commands that make up a transaction are treated as a single unit and either succeed or fail together. This is important in the event of a system failure or power outage, in that if a transaction wasn't completely processed, it will be discarded and the database maintains its data integrity.\n\n<br>\n\n<u>How MongoDB handles atomicity:\u003C/u> In MongoDB, a write operation is atomic on the level of a single document, even if the operation modifies multiple embedded documents within a single document. For situations that require atomicity of reads and writes to multiple documents (in a single collection or multiple collections), MongoDB supports distributed transactions, including transactions on replica sets and sharded clusters.\n\n<br>\n\n####Consistency\nConsistency guarantees that changes made within a transaction are populated across the database system (e.g., nodes) and in alignment with DBMS constraints. If data consistency is going to be negatively impacted by a transaction in an inconsistent state, the entire transaction will fail.\n\n<u>How MongoDB handles consistency:\u003C/u> MongoDB gives the flexibility to normalize or duplicate data to optimize applications. If data is duplicated in the schema, the developer must decide how to keep duplicated data consistent across multiple collections. Some applications require duplicated data to be made consistent immediately, whereas other applications can tolerate reading stale data. Examples are illustrated below:\n","textalign":"","background":"","isATF":false},"id":1632854339388},{"key":"Table","props":{"title":"","content":"","mobileComparison":true,"alignment":1,"cellAlign":0,"bg":0,"width":0,"headings":[{"header":"Method","promoted":false,"tooltip":"","columnWidth":""},{"header":"Description","promoted":false,"tooltip":"","columnWidth":""},{"header":"Performance Impact","promoted":false,"tooltip":"","columnWidth":""},{"header":"Use","tooltip":"","promoted":false,"columnWidth":""}],"table":[{"row":[{"cell":"[Transactions](https://www.mongodb.com/docs/manual/core/transactions/#std-label-transactions)"},{"cell":"Updates to multiple collections occur in a single atomic operation"},{"cell":"Potentially high, due to read contention"},{"cell":"Your application must always return up-to-date data and can tolerate potential negative performance impact during periods of heavy reads."}]},{"row":[{"cell":"[Embed related data](https://www.mongodb.com/docs/manual/data-modeling/concepts/embedding-vs-references/#std-label-data-modeling-embedding)"},{"cell":"Modify the application schema to embed related data in a single collection."},{"cell":"Low to moderate, depending on document size and indexes"},{"cell":"Your application always reads and updates the related data at the same time. This solution simplifies your schema and prevents the need for [$lookup](https://www.mongodb.com/docs/manual/reference/operator/aggregation/lookup/#mongodb-pipeline-pipe.-lookup) operations."}]},{"row":[{"cell":"[Atlas Database Triggers](https://www.mongodb.com/docs/atlas/app-services/triggers/database-triggers/)"},{"cell":"When an update occurs in one collection, triggers automatically update another collection."},{"cell":"Low to moderate, with potential delays in processing triggered events"},{"cell":"Your application can tolerate reading slightly stale data. Users can potentially see outdated data if they run a query immediately after an update, but before the trigger finishes updating the second collection."}]}],"bgColor":"","bgImage":"","subscript":"","isATF":false},"id":1720718799528},{"key":"Article","props":{"content":"_Note: Learn more about [data consistency](https://www.mongodb.com/docs/manual/data-modeling/data-consistency/)._\n\n<br>\n\n####Isolation\nEach transaction is isolated from the other transactions to prevent data conflicts. This also helps database operations in relation to managing multiple entries and multi-level transactions. For example, if two users are trying to modify the same data (or even the same transaction), the DBMS uses a mechanism called a lock manager to suspend other users until the changes being made by the first user are complete.\n\n<br>\n\n<u>How MongoDB handles isolation:\u003C/u> MongoDB employs a technique called snapshot isolation (e.g., each transaction appears to operate on a personal snapshot of the database taken at the start of the transaction). Transactions can read data from the “snapshot” of data committed at the time the transaction starts, and any conflicting updates will cause the transaction to abort.\n\nIn addition, MongoDB transactions support a [transaction-level read concern](https://www.mongodb.com/docs/manual/core/transactions/#transactions-and-read-concern) and [transaction-level write concern](https://www.mongodb.com/docs/manual/core/transactions/#transactions-and-write-concern). Clients can set an appropriate level of read and write concern, with the most rigorous being snapshot read concern combined with majority write concern. Majority write concern means that the write operations have been durably committed to a calculated majority of the data-bearing nodes (configurable by the developer).\n\n<br>\n\n####Durability\nDurability guarantees that once the transaction completes and changes are written to the database, they are persisted. This ensures that data within the system will persist even in the case of system failures like crashes or power outages. The concept of durability is a key element in data reliability.\n\n<br>\n\n<u>How MongoDB handles durability:\u003C/u>MongoDB creates an OpLog containing the disk location and bytes changed for each \"write.\" If there is an unforeseen event (e.g., a power outage) during the writing of the transaction, the OpLog can be used when the system starts again to replay any writes that were not flushed to disk before the shutdown. In addition, operations are changed before written in the OpLog so they're idempotent and can be retried multiple times. Transactions, or \"writes,\" are flushed to disk roughly every 60 seconds by default.","textalign":"","background":"","isATF":false},"id":1658930977967},{"key":"Article","props":{"content":"##Why are ACID transactions important?\nACID transactions help maintain data integrity and reliability, while also ensuring that vital data which is subject to governmental or industry regulation (e.g., bank account, stock portfolio) meet required standards. Further, ACID compliance is often a prerequisite for implementing data replication and achieving high availability in distributed database systems.\n","textalign":"","background":"","isATF":false},"id":1658931012436},{"key":"Article","props":{"content":"##ACID transaction example in DBMS\nUsing the NoSQL document database MongoDB Atlas, here is an example of how ACID multi-document transactions are handled and how ACID transactions guarantee alignment to minimum ACID property standards.\n","textalign":"","background":"","isATF":false},"id":1722288152601},{"key":"Article","props":{"content":"###ACID multi-document transactions\nImagine you are building a function to transfer money from one bank account to another where each account is its own record. If money is successfully taken from the source account but never credited to the destination account, a serious accounting problem has been created. Conversely, if the destination account is credited but the source account is never debited, another serious accounting issue occurs.\n\n\n\n<br>\n\n<p align=center>\n\n![Diagram showing how the ACID properties impact the flow of transferring money from one bank account to another.](https://webimages.mongodb.com/_com_assets/cms/l5vhrmvicbxj4o8am-image1.png?auto=format%252Ccompress)\n_The diagram demonstrates how the ACID properties impact the flow of transferring money from one bank account to another._\n\u003C/p>\n\n<br>\n\nThese two write operations have to either both happen or both not happen to keep the system and its data consistent. Further, this means that if any command in the transaction fails, the database must roll back (e.g., undo) all of the changes it had written in the course of the transaction.","textalign":"","background":"","isATF":false},"id":1632854441611},{"key":"Article","props":{"content":"\n\n<br>\n\n<p align=\"center\">\n![code sample from github in partnership with mongodb](https://webimages.mongodb.com/_com_assets/cms/lyhjprfyhwrddbgnn-image1.png?auto=format%252Ccompress)\n\u003C/p>\n\n_Note: To learn more, visit the [Node.js Quick Start GitHub repository](https://github.com/mongodb-developer/nodejs-quickstart/blob/master/transaction-bankingexample.js) to get a copy of the full code sample and run it yourself._\n\n<br>\n\n###Impacts to remember\nWhen dealing with multi-document transactions in a distributed system, remember that there is performance overhead impact which may affect resource constraints and performance goals. Further, since the database has to “lock” the involved resources to prevent concurrent writes from interfering with one another (e.g., transaction fails), other clients trying to write data may be stuck waiting for the transaction to complete which can impact application latency and user experience.\n","textalign":"","background":"","isATF":false},"id":1720719104457},{"key":"Article","props":{"content":"##How do ACID transactions work in MongoDB?\nMongoDB's document model allows related data to be stored together in a single document. The document model, combined with atomic document updates, obviates the need for transactions in a majority of use cases. Nonetheless, there are cases where true multi-document, multi-collection MongoDB transactions are the best choice.\n\nMongoDB transactions work similarly to transactions in other databases. To use a transaction, start a MongoDB session through a driver. Then, use that session to execute your group of database operations. You can run any of the CRUD (create, read, update, and delete) operations across multiple documents, collections, and shards.\n\nFor specific code samples of how to implement transactions, view the Quick Starts on the MongoDB Developer Center:\n\n- [Multi-Document ACID Transactions in MongoDB with Golang](https://mongodb.com/developer/quickstart/golang-multi-document-acid-transactions)\n- [Multi-Document ACID Transactions in MongoDB with Java](https://mongodb.com/blog/post/java-and-mongodb-40-support-for-multidocument-acid-transactions)\n- [Multi-Document ACID Transactions in MongoDB with Node.js](https://mongodb.com/developer/languages/javascript/node-transactions-3-3-2)\n- [Multi-Document ACID Transactions in MongoDB with Python](https://mongodb.com/developer/quickstart/python-acid-transactions)\n\nVisit the [MongoDB drivers documentation](https://docs.mongodb.com/drivers) for language-specific guides for each of the languages officially supported by MongoDB. You can also view a [list of transaction best practices and production considerations](https://www.mongodb.com/docs/manual/core/transactions-operations/).","textalign":"","background":"","isATF":false},"id":1632857804510},{"key":"Article","props":{"content":"##When should I use MongoDB multi-document transactions?\nApplications that require transactions typically have use cases where values are exchanged between different parties. These are typically \"System of Record\" or \"Line of Business\" applications.\n\nExample applications that may benefit from multi-document transactions include:\n\n- **Systems that move funds from one account to another** (e.g., banking applications, payment processing systems, trading platforms).\n\n- **Supply chain and booking systems** where ownership of goods and services is transferred from one party to another.\n\n- **Billing systems** that store information in detailed records as well as summary records.","textalign":"","background":"","isATF":false},"id":1632857980947},{"key":"Article","props":{"content":"##What are the best practices for transactions in MongoDB?\nIn general, it's recommended to model data so that data accessed together is stored together. When data is modeled in this manner, not only will better performance be achieved, but also, transactions will not be required.\n\nFor applications that do require transactions, adhere to these best practices:\n\n- **Break long-running transactions into smaller pieces** so they don't exceed the default 60-second timeout. (Note that this timeout can be extended.) Ensure the operations in transactions are using indexes so they run quickly.\n\n- **Limit each transaction to 1,000 document modifications.**\n\n- **Ensure the appropriate [read and write concerns](https://docs.mongodb.com/manual/core/transactions#read-concern-write-concern-read-preference) are configured** (note that beginning in version 5.0, MongoDB [defaults to the necessary majority write concern](https://mongodb.com/blog/post/default-majority-write-concern-providing-stronger-durability-guarantees-out-box)).\n\n- **Add appropriate error handling** and retry transactions that fail due to transient errors.\n\n- **Remember the performance cost** of transactions affecting multiple shards.\nFor more information on these best practices, check out the Multi-Document ACID Transactions on MongoDB white paper as well as the MongoDB documentation on transactions.\n","textalign":"","background":"","isATF":false},"id":1632858125848},{"key":"Article","props":{"content":"##Next steps\nReady to learn more? [MongoDB Atlas](https://mongodb.com/cloud/atlas/register) is MongoDB's fully managed database as a service and it’s the easiest way to begin using MongoDB. Get started with transactions by [creating a free MongoDB Atlas cluster](http://cloud.mongodb.com/).","textalign":"","background":"","isATF":false},"id":1722289133726},{"key":"Article","props":{"content":"##FAQs\n","textalign":"","background":"","isATF":false},"id":1632858419905},{"key":"Details","props":{"items":[{"titleColor":0,"title":"What are multi-document transactions?","text":"A multi-document transaction, sometimes called a distributed transaction, consists of multiple, interdependent transactions spread across different databases and systems."},{"titleColor":0,"title":"What are ACID transactions?","text":"An ACID transaction is a set of operations in a database system that is in alignment with ACID properties."},{"titleColor":0,"title":"What are the ACID properties of a transaction?","text":"The four key properties of ACID are atomicity, consistency, isolation, and durability."}],"bgColor":"","bgImage":"","isATF":false},"id":1632858430356},{"key":"Footer","props":{"toggle":0,"column1":{"title":"Resources","maxWidth":"185","hasIcons":0,"className":"","items":[{"href":"/nosql-explained","text":"NoSQL Database Explained","isTarget":""},{"href":"/collateral/mongodb-architecture-guide","text":"MongoDB Architecture Guide","isTarget":""},{"href":"/products/mongodb-enterprise-advanced","text":"MongoDB Enterprise Advanced","isTarget":""},{"href":"/cloud/atlas","text":"MongoDB Atlas","isTarget":""},{"href":"/cloud/stitch","text":"MongoDB Stitch","isTarget":""},{"href":"//engineering.mongodb.com/","text":"MongoDB Engineering Blog","isTarget":"true"}]},"column2":{"title":"Education & Support","maxWidth":"150","hasIcons":0,"className":"","items":[{"href":"//university.mongodb.com/courses/catalog","text":"View Course Catalog","isTarget":"true"},{"href":"//university.mongodb.com/certification","text":"Certification","isTarget":"true"},{"href":"//docs.mongodb.com/manual/","text":"MongoDB Manual","isTarget":"true"},{"href":"//docs.mongodb.com/manual/installation/","text":"Installation","isTarget":"true"},{"href":"//support.mongodb.com/welcome","text":"Support","isTarget":""},{"href":"/faq","text":"FAQ","isTarget":""}]},"column3":{"title":"Popular Topics","maxWidth":"300","hasIcons":0,"className":"be-ix-link-block","items":[{"href":"/cloud/atlas/aws-mongodb","text":"MongoDB on AWS","isTarget":""},{"href":"/cloud/atlas/mongodb-google-cloud","text":"MongoDB on Google Cloud","isTarget":""},{"href":"/cloud/atlas/multicloud-data-distribution","text":"Run MongoDB on Multiple Clouds with MongoDB Atlas","isTarget":""},{"href":"/cloud/atlas/migrate","text":"Migrate to MongoDB Atlas","isTarget":""},{"href":"/cloud-database","text":"What is a Cloud Database?","isTarget":""},{"href":"/blog/post/building-a-rest-api-with-mongodb-stitch","text":"Building a REST API with MongoDB Stitch","isTarget":""}]},"column4":{"title":"About","maxWidth":"100","hasIcons":0,"className":"","items":[{"href":"/company","text":"MongoDB, Inc.","isTarget":""},{"href":"/leadership","text":"Leadership","isTarget":""},{"href":"/pressroom","text":"Press Room","isTarget":""},{"href":"/careers","text":"Careers","isTarget":""},{"href":"https://investors.mongodb.com","text":"Investors","isTarget":""},{"href":"/legal/legal-notices","text":"Legal Notices","isTarget":""},{"href":"/legal/privacy-policy","text":"Privacy Notice","isTarget":""},{"href":"/security","text":"Security Information","isTarget":""},{"href":"/cloud/trust","text":"Trust Center","isTarget":""},{"href":"/office-locations","text":"Office Locations","isTarget":""},{"href":"/community-code-of-conduct","text":"Code of Conduct","isTarget":""}]},"column5":{"title":"Follow Us","maxWidth":"120","hasIcons":1,"className":"","items":[{"href":"//facebook.com/mongodb","text":"Facebook","isTarget":"true"},{"href":"//github.com/mongodb","text":"Github","isTarget":"true"},{"href":"//youtube.com/user/mongodb","text":"Youtube","isTarget":"true"},{"href":"//twitter.com/mongodb","text":"Twitter","isTarget":"true"},{"href":"//www.linkedin.com/company/mongodbinc/","text":"LinkedIn","isTarget":"true"},{"href":"//slackpass.io/mongo-db","text":"Slack","isTarget":"true"},{"href":"//stackoverflow.com/tags/mongodb/info","text":"StackOverflow","isTarget":"true"}]},"isATF":false},"id":"482ecd82-e13d-4d06-af9f-8b7eb49ee32a"}],"created_at":"2021-09-28T18:21:21.986Z","meta":{"title":"ACID Properties In DBMS Explained | MongoDB","description":"ACID properties in DBMS make up the key aspects of an ACID transaction. 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In fact, the NoSQL market is anticipated to reach US $74.5 billion by 2032, exhibiting a growth rate (CAGR) of 24.9% from 2024 to 2032 (IMARC group, 2024).\n\nThis growth isn't surprising given the ability of NoSQL database management systems (DBMS) to effectively manage large, diverse datasets and the associated big data analysis required. However, many still believe that NoSQL DBMS aren't able to address a key requirement of many organizations — ACID transactions management and compliance. The good news is that some NoSQL DBMS absolutely can!\n\nIn this article, we'll discuss what ACID transactions are, ACID transaction properties, why these transactions are important, and an ACID transaction example in a NoSQL DBMS.\n\n<br>\n\n**Table of contents**\n\n- [What are ACID transactions?](what-are-acid-transactions)\n- [Why are ACID transactions important?](#why-are-acid-transactions-important)\n- [ACID transactions example in DBMS](#acid-transaction-example-in-dbms)\n- [How do ACID transactions work in MongoDB?](#how-do-acid-transactions-work-in-mongodb)\n- [When should I use MongoDB multi-document transactions?](#when-should-i-use-mongodb-multidocument-transactions)\n- [What are the best practices for transactions in MongoDB?](#what-are-the-best-practices-for-transactions-in-mongodb)\n- [Next steps](#next-steps)\n- [FAQs](#faqs)\n","textalign":"","background":""},"id":1632854049455},{"key":"Article","props":{"content":"##What are ACID transactions?\n\n<br>\n\n###Transactions explained\nAt their most basic level, database transactions are a group of database read and write operations that have been completed successfully according to DBMS definitions (e.g., defined transaction criteria). There are two main types of transactions:\n\n- **Single transactions**: A single transaction refers to a series of one or more database operations resulting in one action, completed successfully. Once complete, the transaction is accepted and can be found in a transaction log. A common example of a single transaction is the withdrawal of money from an ATM.\n\n- **Multi-transactions**: A multi-transaction, sometimes called a distributed transaction, consists of multiple, interdependent transactions spread across different databases and systems (e.g., distributed systems). Records of these transactions are also found in a transaction log. An example of these transactions includes transferring money from one account to another or an employer issuing a new employee a security badge with a photo.\n\nIt's important to note that some transactions are required to adhere to strict standards of data integrity (e.g., data is complete and correct) and data consistency (e.g., the value is the same across all tables/databases). This is often the case where fiduciary responsibility or regulatory compliance is involved. Examples include commercial banking, investment brokerage, and legal settlements. In these situations, a standard adherence to DBMS definitions is not enough, and ACID transactions are required.\n","textalign":"","background":""},"id":1632854073231},{"key":"Article","props":{"content":"\n###ACID transactions\nACID is an acronym that stands for atomicity, consistency, isolation, and durability (ACID). Together, ACID properties ensure that a set of database operations (grouped together in a transaction) leave the database in a valid state even in the event of unexpected errors. Further, ACID transactions provide the level of transactional guarantees that many regulatory agencies require.\n\nBelow is a general overview of each ACID transaction element, as well as a description of how a NoSQL document database is able to handle that ACID element. For the purposes of this article, [MongoDB Atlas](https://www.mongodb.com/products/capabilities/transactions) will be used.\n\n<br>\n\n####Atomicity\nAtomicity guarantees that all of the commands that make up a transaction are treated as a single unit and either succeed or fail together. This is important in the event of a system failure or power outage, in that if a transaction wasn't completely processed, it will be discarded and the database maintains its data integrity.\n\n<br>\n\n<u>How MongoDB handles atomicity:\u003C/u> In MongoDB, a write operation is atomic on the level of a single document, even if the operation modifies multiple embedded documents within a single document. For situations that require atomicity of reads and writes to multiple documents (in a single collection or multiple collections), MongoDB supports distributed transactions, including transactions on replica sets and sharded clusters.\n\n<br>\n\n####Consistency\nConsistency guarantees that changes made within a transaction are populated across the database system (e.g., nodes) and in alignment with DBMS constraints. If data consistency is going to be negatively impacted by a transaction in an inconsistent state, the entire transaction will fail.\n\n<u>How MongoDB handles consistency:\u003C/u> MongoDB gives the flexibility to normalize or duplicate data to optimize applications. If data is duplicated in the schema, the developer must decide how to keep duplicated data consistent across multiple collections. Some applications require duplicated data to be made consistent immediately, whereas other applications can tolerate reading stale data. Examples are illustrated below:\n","textalign":"","background":""},"id":1632854339388},{"key":"Table","props":{"title":"","content":"","mobileComparison":true,"alignment":1,"cellAlign":0,"bg":0,"width":0,"headings":[{"header":"Method","promoted":false,"tooltip":"","columnWidth":""},{"header":"Description","promoted":false,"tooltip":"","columnWidth":""},{"header":"Performance Impact","promoted":false,"tooltip":"","columnWidth":""},{"header":"Use","tooltip":"","promoted":false,"columnWidth":""}],"table":[{"row":[{"cell":"[Transactions](https://www.mongodb.com/docs/manual/core/transactions/#std-label-transactions)"},{"cell":"Updates to multiple collections occur in a single atomic operation"},{"cell":"Potentially high, due to read contention"},{"cell":"Your application must always return up-to-date data and can tolerate potential negative performance impact during periods of heavy reads."}]},{"row":[{"cell":"[Embed related data](https://www.mongodb.com/docs/manual/data-modeling/concepts/embedding-vs-references/#std-label-data-modeling-embedding)"},{"cell":"Modify the application schema to embed related data in a single collection."},{"cell":"Low to moderate, depending on document size and indexes"},{"cell":"Your application always reads and updates the related data at the same time. This solution simplifies your schema and prevents the need for [$lookup](https://www.mongodb.com/docs/manual/reference/operator/aggregation/lookup/#mongodb-pipeline-pipe.-lookup) operations."}]},{"row":[{"cell":"[Atlas Database Triggers](https://www.mongodb.com/docs/atlas/app-services/triggers/database-triggers/)"},{"cell":"When an update occurs in one collection, triggers automatically update another collection."},{"cell":"Low to moderate, with potential delays in processing triggered events"},{"cell":"Your application can tolerate reading slightly stale data. Users can potentially see outdated data if they run a query immediately after an update, but before the trigger finishes updating the second collection."}]}],"bgColor":"","bgImage":"","subscript":""},"id":1720718799528},{"key":"Article","props":{"content":"_Note: Learn more about [data consistency](https://www.mongodb.com/docs/manual/data-modeling/data-consistency/)._\n\n<br>\n\n####Isolation\nEach transaction is isolated from the other transactions to prevent data conflicts. This also helps database operations in relation to managing multiple entries and multi-level transactions. For example, if two users are trying to modify the same data (or even the same transaction), the DBMS uses a mechanism called a lock manager to suspend other users until the changes being made by the first user are complete.\n\n<br>\n\n<u>How MongoDB handles isolation:\u003C/u> MongoDB employs a technique called snapshot isolation (e.g., each transaction appears to operate on a personal snapshot of the database taken at the start of the transaction). Transactions can read data from the “snapshot” of data committed at the time the transaction starts, and any conflicting updates will cause the transaction to abort.\n\nIn addition, MongoDB transactions support a [transaction-level read concern](https://www.mongodb.com/docs/manual/core/transactions/#transactions-and-read-concern) and [transaction-level write concern](https://www.mongodb.com/docs/manual/core/transactions/#transactions-and-write-concern). Clients can set an appropriate level of read and write concern, with the most rigorous being snapshot read concern combined with majority write concern. Majority write concern means that the write operations have been durably committed to a calculated majority of the data-bearing nodes (configurable by the developer).\n\n<br>\n\n####Durability\nDurability guarantees that once the transaction completes and changes are written to the database, they are persisted. This ensures that data within the system will persist even in the case of system failures like crashes or power outages. The concept of durability is a key element in data reliability.\n\n<br>\n\n<u>How MongoDB handles durability:\u003C/u>MongoDB creates an OpLog containing the disk location and bytes changed for each \"write.\" If there is an unforeseen event (e.g., a power outage) during the writing of the transaction, the OpLog can be used when the system starts again to replay any writes that were not flushed to disk before the shutdown. In addition, operations are changed before written in the OpLog so they're idempotent and can be retried multiple times. Transactions, or \"writes,\" are flushed to disk roughly every 60 seconds by default.","textalign":"","background":""},"id":1658930977967},{"key":"Article","props":{"content":"##Why are ACID transactions important?\nACID transactions help maintain data integrity and reliability, while also ensuring that vital data which is subject to governmental or industry regulation (e.g., bank account, stock portfolio) meet required standards. Further, ACID compliance is often a prerequisite for implementing data replication and achieving high availability in distributed database systems.\n","textalign":"","background":""},"id":1658931012436},{"key":"Article","props":{"content":"##ACID transaction example in DBMS\nUsing the NoSQL document database MongoDB Atlas, here is an example of how ACID multi-document transactions are handled and how ACID transactions guarantee alignment to minimum ACID property standards.\n","textalign":"","background":""},"id":1722288152601},{"key":"Article","props":{"content":"###ACID multi-document transactions\nImagine you are building a function to transfer money from one bank account to another where each account is its own record. If money is successfully taken from the source account but never credited to the destination account, a serious accounting problem has been created. Conversely, if the destination account is credited but the source account is never debited, another serious accounting issue occurs.\n\n\n\n<br>\n\n<p align=center>\n\n![Diagram showing how the ACID properties impact the flow of transferring money from one bank account to another.](https://webimages.mongodb.com/_com_assets/cms/l5vhrmvicbxj4o8am-image1.png?auto=format%252Ccompress)\n_The diagram demonstrates how the ACID properties impact the flow of transferring money from one bank account to another._\n\u003C/p>\n\n<br>\n\nThese two write operations have to either both happen or both not happen to keep the system and its data consistent. Further, this means that if any command in the transaction fails, the database must roll back (e.g., undo) all of the changes it had written in the course of the transaction.","textalign":"","background":""},"id":1632854441611},{"key":"Article","props":{"content":"\n\n<br>\n\n<p align=\"center\">\n![code sample from github in partnership with mongodb](https://webimages.mongodb.com/_com_assets/cms/lyhjprfyhwrddbgnn-image1.png?auto=format%252Ccompress)\n\u003C/p>\n\n_Note: To learn more, visit the [Node.js Quick Start GitHub repository](https://github.com/mongodb-developer/nodejs-quickstart/blob/master/transaction-bankingexample.js) to get a copy of the full code sample and run it yourself._\n\n<br>\n\n###Impacts to remember\nWhen dealing with multi-document transactions in a distributed system, remember that there is performance overhead impact which may affect resource constraints and performance goals. Further, since the database has to “lock” the involved resources to prevent concurrent writes from interfering with one another (e.g., transaction fails), other clients trying to write data may be stuck waiting for the transaction to complete which can impact application latency and user experience.\n","textalign":"","background":""},"id":1720719104457},{"key":"Article","props":{"content":"##How do ACID transactions work in MongoDB?\nMongoDB's document model allows related data to be stored together in a single document. The document model, combined with atomic document updates, obviates the need for transactions in a majority of use cases. Nonetheless, there are cases where true multi-document, multi-collection MongoDB transactions are the best choice.\n\nMongoDB transactions work similarly to transactions in other databases. To use a transaction, start a MongoDB session through a driver. Then, use that session to execute your group of database operations. You can run any of the CRUD (create, read, update, and delete) operations across multiple documents, collections, and shards.\n\nFor specific code samples of how to implement transactions, view the Quick Starts on the MongoDB Developer Center:\n\n- [Multi-Document ACID Transactions in MongoDB with Golang](https://mongodb.com/developer/quickstart/golang-multi-document-acid-transactions)\n- [Multi-Document ACID Transactions in MongoDB with Java](https://mongodb.com/blog/post/java-and-mongodb-40-support-for-multidocument-acid-transactions)\n- [Multi-Document ACID Transactions in MongoDB with Node.js](https://mongodb.com/developer/languages/javascript/node-transactions-3-3-2)\n- [Multi-Document ACID Transactions in MongoDB with Python](https://mongodb.com/developer/quickstart/python-acid-transactions)\n\nVisit the [MongoDB drivers documentation](https://docs.mongodb.com/drivers) for language-specific guides for each of the languages officially supported by MongoDB. You can also view a [list of transaction best practices and production considerations](https://www.mongodb.com/docs/manual/core/transactions-operations/).","textalign":"","background":""},"id":1632857804510},{"key":"Article","props":{"content":"##When should I use MongoDB multi-document transactions?\nApplications that require transactions typically have use cases where values are exchanged between different parties. These are typically \"System of Record\" or \"Line of Business\" applications.\n\nExample applications that may benefit from multi-document transactions include:\n\n- **Systems that move funds from one account to another** (e.g., banking applications, payment processing systems, trading platforms).\n\n- **Supply chain and booking systems** where ownership of goods and services is transferred from one party to another.\n\n- **Billing systems** that store information in detailed records as well as summary records.","textalign":"","background":""},"id":1632857980947},{"key":"Article","props":{"content":"##What are the best practices for transactions in MongoDB?\nIn general, it's recommended to model data so that data accessed together is stored together. When data is modeled in this manner, not only will better performance be achieved, but also, transactions will not be required.\n\nFor applications that do require transactions, adhere to these best practices:\n\n- **Break long-running transactions into smaller pieces** so they don't exceed the default 60-second timeout. (Note that this timeout can be extended.) Ensure the operations in transactions are using indexes so they run quickly.\n\n- **Limit each transaction to 1,000 document modifications.**\n\n- **Ensure the appropriate [read and write concerns](https://docs.mongodb.com/manual/core/transactions#read-concern-write-concern-read-preference) are configured** (note that beginning in version 5.0, MongoDB [defaults to the necessary majority write concern](https://mongodb.com/blog/post/default-majority-write-concern-providing-stronger-durability-guarantees-out-box)).\n\n- **Add appropriate error handling** and retry transactions that fail due to transient errors.\n\n- **Remember the performance cost** of transactions affecting multiple shards.\nFor more information on these best practices, check out the Multi-Document ACID Transactions on MongoDB white paper as well as the MongoDB documentation on transactions.\n","textalign":"","background":""},"id":1632858125848},{"key":"Article","props":{"content":"##Next steps\nReady to learn more? [MongoDB Atlas](https://mongodb.com/cloud/atlas/register) is MongoDB's fully managed database as a service and it’s the easiest way to begin using MongoDB. Get started with transactions by [creating a free MongoDB Atlas cluster](http://cloud.mongodb.com/).","textalign":"","background":""},"id":1722289133726},{"key":"Article","props":{"content":"##FAQs\n","textalign":"","background":""},"id":1632858419905},{"key":"Details","props":{"items":[{"titleColor":0,"title":"What are multi-document transactions?","text":"A multi-document transaction, sometimes called a distributed transaction, consists of multiple, interdependent transactions spread across different databases and systems."},{"titleColor":0,"title":"What are ACID transactions?","text":"An ACID transaction is a set of operations in a database system that is in alignment with ACID properties."},{"titleColor":0,"title":"What are the ACID properties of a transaction?","text":"The four key properties of ACID are atomicity, consistency, isolation, and durability."}],"bgColor":"","bgImage":""},"id":1632858430356},{"key":"Footer","props":{"toggle":0,"column1":{"title":"Resources","maxWidth":"185","hasIcons":0,"className":"","items":[{"href":"/nosql-explained","text":"NoSQL Database Explained","isTarget":""},{"href":"/collateral/mongodb-architecture-guide","text":"MongoDB Architecture Guide","isTarget":""},{"href":"/products/mongodb-enterprise-advanced","text":"MongoDB Enterprise Advanced","isTarget":""},{"href":"/cloud/atlas","text":"MongoDB Atlas","isTarget":""},{"href":"/cloud/stitch","text":"MongoDB Stitch","isTarget":""},{"href":"//engineering.mongodb.com/","text":"MongoDB Engineering Blog","isTarget":"true"}]},"column2":{"title":"Education & Support","maxWidth":"150","hasIcons":0,"className":"","items":[{"href":"//university.mongodb.com/courses/catalog","text":"View Course Catalog","isTarget":"true"},{"href":"//university.mongodb.com/certification","text":"Certification","isTarget":"true"},{"href":"//docs.mongodb.com/manual/","text":"MongoDB Manual","isTarget":"true"},{"href":"//docs.mongodb.com/manual/installation/","text":"Installation","isTarget":"true"},{"href":"//support.mongodb.com/welcome","text":"Support","isTarget":""},{"href":"/faq","text":"FAQ","isTarget":""}]},"column3":{"title":"Popular Topics","maxWidth":"300","hasIcons":0,"className":"be-ix-link-block","items":[{"href":"/cloud/atlas/aws-mongodb","text":"MongoDB on AWS","isTarget":""},{"href":"/cloud/atlas/mongodb-google-cloud","text":"MongoDB on Google Cloud","isTarget":""},{"href":"/cloud/atlas/multicloud-data-distribution","text":"Run MongoDB on Multiple Clouds with MongoDB Atlas","isTarget":""},{"href":"/cloud/atlas/migrate","text":"Migrate to MongoDB Atlas","isTarget":""},{"href":"/cloud-database","text":"What is a Cloud Database?","isTarget":""},{"href":"/blog/post/building-a-rest-api-with-mongodb-stitch","text":"Building a REST API with MongoDB Stitch","isTarget":""}]},"column4":{"title":"About","maxWidth":"100","hasIcons":0,"className":"","items":[{"href":"/company","text":"MongoDB, Inc.","isTarget":""},{"href":"/leadership","text":"Leadership","isTarget":""},{"href":"/pressroom","text":"Press Room","isTarget":""},{"href":"/careers","text":"Careers","isTarget":""},{"href":"https://investors.mongodb.com","text":"Investors","isTarget":""},{"href":"/legal/legal-notices","text":"Legal Notices","isTarget":""},{"href":"/legal/privacy-policy","text":"Privacy Notice","isTarget":""},{"href":"/security","text":"Security Information","isTarget":""},{"href":"/cloud/trust","text":"Trust Center","isTarget":""},{"href":"/office-locations","text":"Office Locations","isTarget":""},{"href":"/community-code-of-conduct","text":"Code of Conduct","isTarget":""}]},"column5":{"title":"Follow Us","maxWidth":"120","hasIcons":1,"className":"","items":[{"href":"//facebook.com/mongodb","text":"Facebook","isTarget":"true"},{"href":"//github.com/mongodb","text":"Github","isTarget":"true"},{"href":"//youtube.com/user/mongodb","text":"Youtube","isTarget":"true"},{"href":"//twitter.com/mongodb","text":"Twitter","isTarget":"true"},{"href":"//www.linkedin.com/company/mongodbinc/","text":"LinkedIn","isTarget":"true"},{"href":"//slackpass.io/mongo-db","text":"Slack","isTarget":"true"},{"href":"//stackoverflow.com/tags/mongodb/info","text":"StackOverflow","isTarget":"true"}]}},"id":"482ecd82-e13d-4d06-af9f-8b7eb49ee32a"}],"created_at":"2021-09-28T18:21:21.986Z","meta":{"title":"ACID Properties In DBMS Explained | MongoDB","description":"ACID properties in DBMS make up the key aspects of an ACID transaction. 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forums"}]},{"title":"Solutions","links":[{"title":"Customers","text":"Who uses MongoDB","href":"/who-uses-mongodb"},{"title":"Use Cases","text":"How MongoDB is used","href":"/use-cases"},{"title":"Consulting","text":"Accelerate success with MongoDB","href":"/products/consulting"},{"title":"Partners","text":"Find or become a partner","href":"/partners"}]},{"title":"Docs","links":[{"title":"Cloud","text":"Atlas, Realm, and more","href":"https://docs.mongodb.com/cloud/"},{"title":"Server","href":"https://docs.mongodb.com/manual/","text":"The database"},{"title":"Drivers","text":"Language APIs","href":"https://docs.mongodb.com/ecosystem/drivers/"},{"title":"Tools","text":"Compass, Charts, Connectors, and more","href":"https://docs.mongodb.com/tools/"},{"title":"How to Guides","text":"Get started in minutes","href":"https://docs.mongodb.com/guides/"}]}],"right":[{"title":"Contact","href":"/contact","button":false},{"title":"Sign 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年までの成長率（CAGR）は 24.9% に達すると予測されています。\n\nNoSQL データベース管理システム（DBMS）が、大規模で多様なデータセットやそれに関連するビッグデータ分析を効果的に管理できることを考慮すると、この成長は驚くべきことではありません。しかし、NoSQL DBMS は多くの組織にとって重要な要件である ACID トランザクション管理やコンプライアンスに対応できていないと考える人もまだ多く存在します。よいニュースとして、実際には一部の NoSQL DBMS は、この問題に対応していることがわかっています。\n\n本記事では、ACID トランザクションとは何か、ACID トランザクションの特性、これらのトランザクションが重要な理由、また、NoSQL DBMS における ACID トランザクションのユースケースについて説明します。\n\n<p><strong>目次\u003C/strong>\n\u003C/p><ul class=\"bullets\"><li><a target=\"_self\" href=\"#what-are-acid-transactions\">ACID トランザクションとは\u003C/a>\n\u003C/li><li><a target=\"_self\" href=\"#why-are-acid-transactions-important\">ACID トランザクションが重要な理由\u003C/a>\n\u003C/li><li><a target=\"_self\" href=\"#acid-transaction-example-in-dbms\">DBMS におけるACIDトランザクションの例\u003C/a>\u003C/li>\n<li><a target=\"_self\" href=\"#how-do-acid-transactions-work-in-mongodb\">MongoDB におけるACID トランザクションの仕組み\u003C/a>\u003C/li>\n<li><a target=\"_self\" href=\"#when-should-i-use-mongodb-multidocument-transactions\">MongoDB のマルチドキュメントトランザクションの最適なユースケース\u003C/a>\u003C/li>\n<li><a target=\"_self\" href=\"#what-are-the-best-practices-for-transactions-in-mongodb\">MongoDB におけるトランザクションのベストプラクティス\u003C/a>\u003C/li>\n<li><a target=\"_self\" href=\"#next-steps\">次のステップ\u003C/a>\u003C/li>\n<li><a target=\"_self\" href=\"#faqs\">よくある質問\u003C/a>\u003C/li>\u003C/ul>\n\n\n","textalign":"","background":"","content#localised":true},"id":1632854049455},{"key":"Article","props":{"content":"##ACID トランザクションとは\n\n<br>\n\n###トランザクションの説明\n最も基本的なレベルでは、データベーストランザクションは、DBMS の定義（定義されたトランザクション基準など）に従って正常に完了したデータベースの読み取りおよび書き込み操作のグループです。トランザクションには主に 2 つのタイプがあります。\n\n- **<strong>シングルトランザクション<strong>**：シングルトランザクションとは、1 つのアクションが正常に完了する一連の 1 つ以上のデータベース操作のことです。完了すると、トランザクションは受理され、トランザクションログに記録されます。シングルトランザクションの一般的な例は、ATM からの現金の引き出しです。\n\n- **マルチトランザクション**：マルチトランザクション（分散トランザクションとも呼ばれる）は、異なるデータベースやシステムにまたがる複数の相互依存するトランザクションで構成されます。例えば、分散システムなどがあります。これらのトランザクションの記録はトランザクションログにもあります。このようなトランザクションの例としては、ある口座から別の口座への送金や、雇用主が新入社員に写真付きのセキュリティバッジを発行することなどがあります。\n\n一部のトランザクションは、データの完全性（例：データが正確で完全であること）やデータの一貫性（例：値が全てのテーブルやデータベースで一致していること）の厳格な基準に従う必要があることを理解しておくことが重要です。このようなケースは、受託者責任や規制遵守が関係する場合によく見られます。例えば、商業銀行業務、投資仲介、法的決済などです。このような状況では、DBMS の定義に標準的に従うだけでは不十分で、ACID トランザクションが必要になります。このような状況では、DBMS の定義に標準的に従うだけでは不十分で、ACID トランザクションが必要になります。\n","textalign":"","background":"","content#localised":true},"id":1632854073231},{"key":"Article","props":{"content":"\n###ACID トランザクション\nACID とは、atomicity（原子性）、consistency（一貫性）、isolation（独立性）、durability（永続性）の頭文字をとったものです。ACID プロパティは、予期しないエラーが発生した場合でも、一連のデータベース操作（トランザクションでグループ化）が有効な状態でデータベースを残すことを保証します。さらに、ACID トランザクションは、多くの規制機関が要求するレベルのトランザクション保証を提供します。\n\n以下は、各 ACID トランザクション要素の概要と、NoSQ Lドキュメントデータベースがその ACID 要素を処理する方法についての説明です。本記事では、[MongoDB Atlas](https://www.mongodb.com/ja-jp/products/capabilities/transactions) を使用します。\n\n<br> \n\n####原子性（Atomicity）\n原子性は、トランザクションを構成するすべてのコマンドが 1 つの単位として扱われ、成功または失敗が一貫して処理されることを保証します。これはシステム障害や停電が発生した場合に重要で、トランザクションが完全に処理されなかった場合は破棄され、データベースはデータの整合性を維持します。\n\n<br>\n\n<u>MongoDB における原子性の処理：\u003C/u> MongoDB では、書き込み操作は単一のドキュメントレベルで原子性が保証されます。たとえその操作が複数の埋め込まれたドキュメントを変更する場合でも、単一のドキュメント内では原子性が保たれます。複数のドキュメントへの読み書きが同一のコレクションまたは複数のコレクション内で必要な場合は、MongoDB は分散トランザクションをサポートし、レプリカセットやシャードクラスタでのトランザクションも含まれます。\n\n<br>\n\n####一貫性（Consistency）\n一貫性とは、トランザクション内で行われた変更がデータベースシステム（ノードなど）全体に反映され、DBMS の制約と一致していることを保証するものです。トランザクションが不整合な状態にある場合、その影響でデータの一貫性が損なわれると、トランザクション全体が失敗します。\n\n<u>MongoDB における一貫性の処理：\u003C/u> MongoDB は、アプリケーションを最適化するためにデータの正規化や複製を行う柔軟性を提供します。スキーマ内でデータが重複している場合は、開発者は重複データを複数のコレクションで一貫性を保つ方法を決定する必要があります。アプリケーションによっては、重複したデータをすぐに一貫性を持たせる必要があります。一方で、他のアプリケーションでは古いデータを読み取ることが許容される場合もあります。以下に例を示します。\n","textalign":"","background":"","content#localised":true},"id":1632854339388},{"key":"Table","props":{"title":"","content":"","mobileComparison":true,"alignment":1,"cellAlign":1,"bg":0,"width":0,"headings":[{"header":"メソッド","promoted":false,"tooltip":"","columnWidth":"","header#localised":true},{"header":"概要","promoted":false,"tooltip":"","columnWidth":"","header#localised":true},{"header":"パフォーマンスへの影響度","promoted":false,"tooltip":"","columnWidth":"","header#localised":true},{"header":"推奨される活用方法","tooltip":"","promoted":false,"columnWidth":"","header#localised":true}],"table":[{"row":[{"cell":"[トランザクション](https://www.mongodb.com/ja-jp/docs/manual/core/transactions/#std-label-transactions)","cell#localised":true},{"cell":"複数のコレクションへの更新を単一のアトミック操作で実行する","cell#localised":true},{"cell":"高（読み取り競合による）","cell#localised":true},{"cell":"アプリケーションが常に最新のデータを返す必要があり、読み取りが多い状況での潜在的なパフォーマンス低下を許容できる場合に適している。","cell#localised":true}]},{"row":[{"cell":"[関連データの埋め込み](https://www.mongodb.com/ja-jp/docs/manual/data-modeling/concepts/embedding-vs-references/#std-label-data-modeling-embedding)","cell#localised":true},{"cell":"アプリケーションスキーマを変更して、関連データを単一のコレクションに埋め込む","cell#localised":true},{"cell":"低～中程度（文書サイズとインデックスによる）","cell#localised":true},{"cell":"アプリケーションが関連データを常に同時に読み書きする場合に適しており、スキーマを簡素化し、[$lookup](https://www.mongodb.com/ja-jp/docs/manual/reference/operator/aggregation/lookup/#mongodb-pipeline-pipe.-lookup)操作を不要にする。","cell#localised":true}]},{"row":[{"cell":"[Atlas Database Triggers](https://www.mongodb.com/ja-jp/docs/atlas/app-services/triggers/database-triggers/)","cell#localised":true},{"cell":"あるコレクションで更新が発生すると、トリガーは自動的に別のコレクションを更新する","cell#localised":true},{"cell":"低～中程度（トリガーイベントの処理に遅延が発生する可能性あり）","cell#localised":true},{"cell":"アプリケーションがやや古いデータの読み取りを許容できる場合に適しており、更新直後にクエリを実行すると、トリガーが 2 つ目のコレクションを更新する前のデータが表示される可能性がある。","cell#localised":true}]}],"bgColor":"","bgImage":"","subscript":"","content#localised":false},"id":1720718799528},{"key":"Article","props":{"content":"注: データの一貫性については、[こちら](https://www.mongodb.com/ja-jp/docs/manual/data-modeling/data-consistency/)をご覧ください。\n\n<br>\n\n####独立性（Isolation）\n各トランザクションは、データの競合を防ぐために、他のトランザクションから独立しています。これはまた、複数エントリや複数レベルのトランザクションの管理に関連するデータベース操作にも役立ちます。例えば、2 人のユーザーが同じデータ（あるいは同じトランザクション）を変更しようとしている場合は、DBMS はロックマネージャーと呼ばれるメカニズムを使って、最初のユーザーによる変更が完了するまで他のユーザーを一時停止させます。\n\n<br>\n\n<u>MongoDB における独立性の処理：\u003C/u> MongoDBは「スナップショット独立性」と呼ばれる技術を採用しています（例えば、各トランザクションは、トランザクション開始時に撮影されたデータベースの個別のスナップショットで操作されるように見えます）。トランザクションは、トランザクション開始時にコミットされたデータの「スナップショット」からデータを読み込むことができ、競合する更新があった場合には、そのトランザクションは中断されます。\n\nさらに、MongoDB のトランザクションは[トランザクションレベルの読み込み](https://www.mongodb.com/ja-jp/docs/manual/core/transactions/#transactions-and-read-concern) と[書き込み](https://www.mongodb.com/ja-jp/docs/manual/core/transactions/#transactions-and-write-concern)をサポートしています。クライアントは適切なレベルの読み込みと書き込みを設定できますが、最も厳密なのはスナップショット読み込みと多数派書き込みの組み合わせです。過半数の書き込みに関する懸念とは、書き込み操作がデータ保持ノードの計算上の過半数（開発者が設定可能）に持続的にコミットされていることを意味します。\n\n<br>\n\n####永続性（Durability）\n永続性は、トランザクションが完了し、変更がデータベースに書き込まれると、それが永続化されることを保証します。これにより、クラッシュや停電のようなシステム障害が発生した場合でも、システム内のデータが持続することが保証されます。永続性の概念は、データの信頼性において重要な要素です。\n\n<br>\n\n<u>MongoDB における永続性の処理：\u003C/u>MongoDB は、各「書き込み」で変更されたディスクの場所とバイト数を含む OpLog を作成します。トランザクションの書き込み中に不測の事態（停電など）が発生した場合は、システムが再起動したときに OpLog を使って、シャットダウン前にディスクにフラッシュされなかった書き込みを再生することができます。さらに、操作は OpLog に書き込まれる前に変更されるため、冪等であり、何度も再試行することができます。トランザクションや「書き込み」は、デフォルトではおよそ 60 秒ごとにディスクにフラッシュされます。","textalign":"","background":"","content#localised":true},"id":1658930977967},{"key":"Article","props":{"content":"##ACID トランザクションが重要な理由\nACID トランザクションは、データの整合性と信頼性の維持に役立つと同時に、政府または業界の規制の対象となる重要なデータ（銀行口座、株式ポートフォリオなど）が要求される基準を満たすことを保証します。さらに、ACID準拠は、データのレプリケーションを実装し、分散データベースシステムで高可用性を実現するための前提条件であることがよくあります。\n","textalign":"","background":"","content#localised":true},"id":1658931012436},{"key":"Article","props":{"content":"##DBMS における ACID トランザクションの例\nNoSQL ドキュメントデータベース MongoDB Atlas を使って、ACID マルチドキュメントトランザクションがどのように処理され、ACID トランザクションがどのように最小 ACID プロパティ標準へのアラインメントを保証するかの例を示します。\n","textalign":"","background":"","content#localised":true},"id":1722288152601},{"key":"Article","props":{"content":"###ACID マルチドキュメントトランザクション\n例えば、ある銀行口座から別の銀行口座に送金する機能を作成しているとします。送金元口座から送金されたお金が、送金先口座に入金されなかった場合は、深刻な会計上の問題が発生します。逆に、送金先口座には入金されたのに、送金元口座からは一度も引き落とされなかった場合には、別の深刻な会計上の問題が発生します。\n\n\n\n<br>\n\n<p align=center>\n\n![ACIDの特性が、ある銀行口座から別の銀行口座への送金の流れにどのような影響を与えるかを示す図](https://webimages.mongodb.com/_com_assets/cms/l5vhrmvicbxj4o8am-image1.png?auto=format%252Ccompress)\nこの図は、ACID の特性が、ある銀行口座から別の銀行口座への送金の流れにどのような影響を与えるかを示しています。\n\u003C/p>\n\n<br>\n\nこの 2 つの書き込み操作は、システムとデータの一貫性を保つために、両方が実行されるか、両方とも実行されないかのどちらかでなければなりません。さらにこれは、トランザクションのいずれかのコマンドが失敗した場合には、データベースはトランザクションの過程で書き込まれた全ての変更をロールバック（元に戻すなど）が必要なことを意味します。","textalign":"","background":"","content#localised":true},"id":1632854441611},{"key":"Article","props":{"content":"\n\n<br>\n\n<p align=\"center\">\n![GitHubから、mongodbとパートナーシップを組んでいるサンプルコード](https://webimages.mongodb.com/_com_assets/cms/lyhjprfyhwrddbgnn-image1.png?auto=format%252Ccompress)\n\u003C/p>\n\n備考：詳しくは、 [Node.js クイックスタート GitHub リポジトリ](https://github.com/mongodb-developer/nodejs-quickstart/blob/master/transaction-bankingexample.js)をご確認ください。完全なコードサンプルのコピーを取得して実行できます。\n\n<br>\n\n###影響を考慮するポイント\n分散システムでマルチドキュメントトランザクションを扱う場合は、パフォーマンスにオーバーヘッドが発生し、リソース制約やパフォーマンス目標に影響を与える可能性があることを覚えておくことが重要です。さらに、データベースはリソースを「ロック」して、トランザクションの失敗を防ぐためなど、並行して行われる書き込み操作が干渉しないようにする必要がある場合は、データを書き込もうとする他のクライアントがトランザクションの完了を待たされることがあります。このため、アプリケーションのレイテンシやユーザー体験に影響が出る可能性があります。\n","textalign":"","background":"","content#localised":true},"id":1720719104457},{"key":"Article","props":{"content":"##MongoDB における ACID トランザクションの仕組み\nMongoDB のドキュメントモデルでは、関連するデータを 1 つのドキュメントにまとめて保存できます。このドキュメントモデルと原子性を持つドキュメント更新を組み合わせることで、大多数のユースケースではトランザクションを使用する必要がなくなります。しかし、本当の意味でのマルチドキュメント、マルチコレクションの MongoDB トランザクションが最適な選択となる場合もあります。\n\nMongoDB のトランザクションは、他のデータベースのトランザクションと同じように動作します。トランザクションを使うには、ドライバーで MongoDB セッションを開始します。その後、そのセッションを使用してデータベース操作を実行します。複数のドキュメントやコレクション、シャードに対して CRUD（作成、読み込み、更新、削除）操作を実行できます。\n\nトランザクションを実装する具体的なコードサンプルは、MongoDB Developer Center のクイックスタートを参照ください。\n\n- [Golang による MongoDB のマルチドキュメント ACID トランザクション](https://www.mongodb.com/developer/languages/go/golang-multi-document-acid-transactions/)\n- [Java による MongoDB のマルチドキュメント ACID トランザクション](https://www.mongodb.com/developer/languages/java/java-multi-doc-acid-transactions/)\n- [Node.js による MongoDB のマルチドキュメント ACID トランザクション](https://www.mongodb.com/developer/languages/javascript/node-transactions-3-3-2/)\n- [Python による MongoDB のマルチドキュメント ACID トランザクション](https://www.mongodb.com/developer/languages/python/python-acid-transactions/)\n\nMongoDB が公式にサポートしている各言語のガイドについては [MongoDB ドライバーのドキュメント](https://www.mongodb.com/ja-jp/docs/drivers/) を参照ください。また、トランザクションのベストプラクティスと運用上の注意の一覧は、[こちら](https://www.mongodb.com/ja-jp/docs/manual/core/transactions-operations/)をご覧ください。","textalign":"","background":"","content#localised":true},"id":1632857804510},{"key":"Article","props":{"content":"##MongoDBのマルチドキュメントトランザクションが最適なユースケース\nトランザクションを必要とするアプリケーションは通常、異なる当事者間で値を交換するユースケースを持ちます。これらは通常、「記録管理システム」または「基幹業務（LOB）」アプリケーションです。\n\nマルチドキュメントトランザクションの恩恵を受ける可能性のあるアプリケーションの例には、次のようなものがあります。\n\n- **ある口座から別の口座に資金を移動するシステム（銀行アプリケーション、支払処理システム、取引プラットフォームなど）。\n\r\n- **商品やサービスの所有権がある当事者から別の当事者に移転されるサプライチェーンや予約システム。\n\r\n- **詳細記録と概要記録で情報を保存する請求システム。","textalign":"","background":"","content#localised":true},"id":1632857980947},{"key":"Article","props":{"content":"##MongoDB におけるトランザクションのベストプラクティス\n一般的に、同時にアクセスされるデータは、同じところに格納するようにデータをモデリングすることが推奨されます。このようにデータをモデル化すると、パフォーマンスが向上するだけでなく、トランザクションが不要になります。\n\nトランザクションを必要とするアプリケーションでは、以下のベストプラクティスを遵守してください。\n\n- **デフォルトの 60 秒のタイムアウトを超えないように、長時間実行するトランザクションを分割します。(このタイムアウトは延長可能です) トランザクション内の操作がインデックスを使用していることを確認し、迅速に実行されるようにしてください。\n\n- **各トランザクションのドキュメントの修正は1,000件以内に制限します。\n\n- **[適切な読み取りおよび書き込み](https://www.mongodb.com/ja-jp/docs/manual/core/transactions/#read-concern-write-concern-read-preference) の設定を行うようにします。（MongoDB 5.0 以降では、 [デフォルトで「多数派書き込み」](https://mongodb.com/blog/post/default-majority-write-concern-providing-stronger-durability-guarantees-out-box))に設定されています。）\n\n- **適切なエラー処理を実装し、一時的なエラーによって失敗したトランザクションを再試行します。\n\n- **複数のシャードに影響を与えるトランザクションはパフォーマンスにコストがかかる点を忘れないようにしてください。\nこれらのベストプラクティスについて詳しくは、[MongoDB ホワイトペーパー「MongoDB のマルチドキュメント ACID トランザクション」](https://www.mongodb.com/resources/products/capabilities/mongodb-multi-document-acid-transactions)や、トランザクションについての [MongoDB ドキュメント](https://www.mongodb.com/ja-jp/docs/manual/core/transactions/)を参照ください。\n","textalign":"","background":"","content#localised":true},"id":1632858125848},{"key":"Article","props":{"content":"##次のステップ \n詳しくは、[MongoDB Atlas](https://mongodb.com/cloud/atlas/register) をお試しください。MongoDB Atlas は、MongoDB のサービスとして完全に管理されたデータベースで、MongoDB を使い始める最も簡単な方法です。[MongoDB Atlas クラスタを無料で作成](https://www.mongodb.com/products/platform/cloud)して、トランザクションの利用を開始できます。","textalign":"","background":"","content#localised":true},"id":1722289133726},{"key":"Article","props":{"content":"##よくあるご質問\n","textalign":"","background":"","content#localised":true},"id":1632858419905},{"key":"Details","props":{"items":[{"titleColor":0,"title":"マルチドキュメントトランザクションとは何ですか？","text":"分散トランザクションと呼ばれることもあるマルチドキュメントトランザクションは、異なるデータベースやシステムにまたがる、相互に依存する複数のトランザクションで構成されます。","title#localised":true,"text#localised":true},{"titleColor":0,"title":"ACID トランザクションとは何ですか？","text":"ACID トランザクションとは、ACID の特性に沿ったデータベースシステムにおける一連の操作のことです。","title#localised":true,"text#localised":true},{"titleColor":0,"title":"トランザクションの ACID 特性とは何ですか？","text":"ACID の 4 つの重要な特性は、原子性、一貫性、独立性、永続性です。","title#localised":true,"text#localised":true}],"bgColor":"","bgImage":""},"id":1632858430356},{"key":"Footer","props":{"toggle":0,"column1":{"title":"Resources","maxWidth":"185","hasIcons":0,"className":"","items":[{"href":"/nosql-explained","text":"NoSQL Database Explained","isTarget":""},{"href":"/collateral/mongodb-architecture-guide","text":"MongoDB Architecture Guide","isTarget":""},{"href":"/products/mongodb-enterprise-advanced","text":"MongoDB Enterprise Advanced","isTarget":""},{"href":"/cloud/atlas","text":"MongoDB Atlas","isTarget":""},{"href":"/cloud/stitch","text":"MongoDB Stitch","isTarget":""},{"href":"//engineering.mongodb.com/","text":"MongoDB Engineering Blog","isTarget":"true"}]},"column2":{"title":"Education & Support","maxWidth":"150","hasIcons":0,"className":"","items":[{"href":"//university.mongodb.com/courses/catalog","text":"View Course 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