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<span>Career</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Career-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Historical_context" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Historical_context"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Historical context</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Historical_context-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-First_human-to-human_heart_transplant" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#First_human-to-human_heart_transplant"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>First human-to-human heart transplant</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-First_human-to-human_heart_transplant-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Additional_heart_transplants" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Additional_heart_transplants"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Additional heart transplants</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Additional_heart_transplants-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Public_life" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Public_life"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Public life</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Public_life-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Personal_life" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Personal_life"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Personal life</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Personal_life-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Retirement" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Retirement"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Retirement</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Retirement-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Death" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Death"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Death</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Death-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Books" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Books"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Books</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Books-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Christiaan Barnard</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 56 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-56" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">56 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christiaan_Barnard" title="Christiaan Barnard – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Christiaan Barnard" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%83%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%B3%D8%AA%D9%8A%D8%A7%D9%86_%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AF" title="كريستيان برنارد – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="كريستيان برنارد" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B6%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%9A%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8_%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A1" title="ক্রিশ্চিয়ান বার্নার্ড – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="ক্রিশ্চিয়ান বার্নার্ড" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%BD_%D0%91%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B4" title="Кристиан Барнард – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Кристиан Барнард" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christiaan_Barnard" title="Christiaan Barnard – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Christiaan Barnard" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christiaan_Barnard" title="Christiaan Barnard – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Christiaan Barnard" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christiaan_Barnard" title="Christiaan Barnard – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Christiaan Barnard" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christiaan_Barnard" title="Christiaan Barnard – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Christiaan Barnard" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9A%CF%81%CE%AF%CF%83%CF%84%CE%B9%CE%B1%CE%BD_%CE%9C%CF%80%CE%AC%CF%81%CE%BD%CE%B1%CF%81%CE%BD%CF%84" title="Κρίστιαν Μπάρναρντ – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Κρίστιαν Μπάρναρντ" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christiaan_Barnard" title="Christiaan Barnard – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Christiaan Barnard" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christiaan_Barnard" title="Christiaan Barnard – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Christiaan Barnard" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christiaan_Barnard" title="Christiaan Barnard – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Christiaan Barnard" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%B3%D8%AA%DB%8C%D8%A7%D9%86_%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AF" title="کریستیان بارنارد – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="کریستیان بارنارد" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christiaan_Barnard" title="Christiaan Barnard – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Christiaan Barnard" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christiaan_Barnard" title="Christiaan Barnard – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Christiaan Barnard" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christiaan_Barnard" title="Christiaan Barnard – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Christiaan Barnard" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%81%AC%EB%A6%AC%EC%8A%A4%EC%B2%9C_%EB%B2%84%EB%82%98%EB%93%9C" title="크리스천 버나드 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="크리스천 버나드" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%94%D6%80%D5%AB%D5%BD%D5%BF%D5%AB%D5%A1%D5%B6_%D4%B2%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%B6%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%A4" title="Քրիստիան Բարնարդ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Քրիստիան Բարնարդ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christiaan_Barnard" title="Christiaan Barnard – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Christiaan Barnard" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christiaan_Barnard" title="Christiaan Barnard – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Christiaan Barnard" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zu mw-list-item"><a href="https://zu.wikipedia.org/wiki/UChristiaan_Barnard" title="UChristiaan Barnard – Zulu" lang="zu" hreflang="zu" data-title="UChristiaan Barnard" data-language-autonym="IsiZulu" data-language-local-name="Zulu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>IsiZulu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christiaan_Barnard" title="Christiaan Barnard – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Christiaan Barnard" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9B%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%A1%D7%98%D7%99%D7%90%D7%9F_%D7%91%D7%90%D7%A8%D7%A0%D7%A8%D7%93" title="כריסטיאן בארנרד – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="כריסטיאן בארנרד" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christiaan_N._Barnard" title="Christiaan N. Barnard – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Christiaan N. Barnard" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christiaan_Barnard" title="Christiaan Barnard – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Christiaan Barnard" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christiaan_Barnard" title="Christiaan Barnard – Haitian Creole" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Christiaan Barnard" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Haitian Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kreyòl ayisyen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christianus_Barnard" title="Christianus Barnard – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Christianus Barnard" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kristi%C4%81ns_Barnards" title="Kristiāns Barnards – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Kristiāns Barnards" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christiaan_Barnard" title="Christiaan Barnard – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Christiaan Barnard" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christiaan_Barnard" title="Christiaan Barnard – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Christiaan Barnard" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0%D0%BD_%D0%91%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B4" title="Кристијан Барнард – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Кристијан Барнард" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B1%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%AF%E0%B4%BE%E0%B5%BB_%E0%B4%AC%E0%B5%BC%E0%B4%A3%E0%B4%BE%E0%B5%BC%E0%B4%A1%E0%B5%8D" title="ക്രിസ്റ്റിയാൻ ബർണാർഡ് – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ക്രിസ്റ്റിയാൻ ബർണാർഡ്" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8_%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A1" title="क्रिश्चियान बर्नार्ड – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="क्रिश्चियान बर्नार्ड" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%99%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1%E1%83%A2%E1%83%98%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C_%E1%83%91%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%9C%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%93%E1%83%98" title="კრისტიან ბარნარდი – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="კრისტიან ბარნარდი" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%83%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%B3%D8%AA%D9%8A%D8%A7%D9%86_%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AF" title="كريستيان برنارد – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="كريستيان برنارد" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-min mw-list-item"><a href="https://min.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christiaan_Barnard" title="Christiaan Barnard – Minangkabau" lang="min" hreflang="min" data-title="Christiaan Barnard" data-language-autonym="Minangkabau" data-language-local-name="Minangkabau" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Minangkabau</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christiaan_Barnard" title="Christiaan Barnard – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Christiaan Barnard" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%AF%E3%83%AA%E3%82%B9%E3%83%81%E3%83%A3%E3%83%B3%E3%83%BB%E3%83%90%E3%83%BC%E3%83%8A%E3%83%BC%E3%83%89" title="クリスチャン・バーナード – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="クリスチャン・バーナード" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christiaan_Barnard" title="Christiaan Barnard – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Christiaan Barnard" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christiaan_Barnard" title="Christiaan Barnard – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Christiaan Barnard" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%B3%D9%BC%DB%8C%D8%A7%D9%86_%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%B1%DA%89" title="کریسټیان برنارډ – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="کریسټیان برنارډ" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christiaan_Barnard" title="Christiaan Barnard – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Christiaan Barnard" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christiaan_Barnard" title="Christiaan Barnard – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Christiaan Barnard" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christiaan_Barnard" title="Christiaan Barnard – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Christiaan Barnard" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B4,_%D0%9A%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Барнард, Кристиан – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Барнард, Кристиан" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christiaan_Barnard" title="Christiaan Barnard – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Christiaan Barnard" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christiaan_Barnard" title="Christiaan Barnard – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Christiaan Barnard" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christiaan_Barnard" title="Christiaan Barnard – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Christiaan Barnard" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0%D0%BD_%D0%91%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B4" title="Кристијан Барнард – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Кристијан Барнард" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christian_Barnard" title="Christian Barnard – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Christian Barnard" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christiaan_Barnard" title="Christiaan Barnard – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Christiaan Barnard" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christiaan_Barnard" title="Christiaan Barnard – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Christiaan Barnard" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christiaan_Barnard" title="Christiaan Barnard – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Christiaan Barnard" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christiaan_Barnard" title="Christiaan Barnard – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Christiaan Barnard" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%80%D1%96%D1%81%D1%82%D1%96%D0%B0%D0%BD_%D0%91%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B4" title="Крістіан Барнард – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Крістіан Барнард" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%85%8B%E9%87%8C%E6%96%AF%E8%92%82%E5%AE%89%C2%B7%E5%B7%B4%E7%BA%B3%E5%BE%B7" title="克里斯蒂安·巴纳德 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="克里斯蒂安·巴纳德" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q188803#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div 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data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Chris Barnard" redirects here. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Chris_Barnard_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Chris Barnard (disambiguation)">Chris Barnard (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox biography vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:125%;"><div class="fn">Christiaan Barnard</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Heart_transplant_pioneer_Barnard_here_on_Visit_(FL61733185).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Black-and-white headshot of Christiaan Barnard, a white middle-aged man wearing a white coat." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Heart_transplant_pioneer_Barnard_here_on_Visit_%28FL61733185%29.jpg/170px-Heart_transplant_pioneer_Barnard_here_on_Visit_%28FL61733185%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="246" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Heart_transplant_pioneer_Barnard_here_on_Visit_%28FL61733185%29.jpg/255px-Heart_transplant_pioneer_Barnard_here_on_Visit_%28FL61733185%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Heart_transplant_pioneer_Barnard_here_on_Visit_%28FL61733185%29.jpg/340px-Heart_transplant_pioneer_Barnard_here_on_Visit_%28FL61733185%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1868" data-file-height="2701" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">Barnard in 1972</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data"><div style="display:inline" class="nickname">Christiaan Neethling Barnard</div><br /><span style="display:none">(<span class="bday">1922-11-08</span>)</span>8 November 1922<br /><div style="display:inline" class="birthplace"><a href="/wiki/Beaufort_West" title="Beaufort West">Beaufort West</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cape_Province" title="Cape Province">Cape Province</a>, Union of South Africa</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">2 September 2001<span style="display:none">(2001-09-02)</span> (aged 78)<br /><div style="display:inline" class="deathplace"><a href="/wiki/Paphos" title="Paphos">Paphos</a>, Cyprus</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Education</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Cape_Town" title="University of Cape Town">University of Cape Town</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Minnesota_Medical_Center" class="mw-redirect" title="University of Minnesota Medical Center">University of Minnesota</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Years active</th><td class="infobox-data">1950–2001</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Known for</th><td class="infobox-data">First successful human-to-human heart transplant</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Spouses</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1151524712">.mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin2px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-2px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin3px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-3px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-display-ws{display:inline;white-space:nowrap}</style> <div class="marriage-display-ws"><div style="display:inline-block;line-height:normal;margin-top:1px;white-space:normal;">Aletta Gertruida Louw</div> <div class="marriage-line-margin2px"></div> <div style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:1px;"></div>(<abbr title="married">m.</abbr> 1948; <abbr title="divorced">div.</abbr> 1969)<wbr /></div></li><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1151524712"> <div class="marriage-display-ws"><div style="display:inline-block;line-height:normal;margin-top:1px;white-space:normal;">Barbara Zoellner</div> <div class="marriage-line-margin2px"></div> <div style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:1px;"></div>(<abbr title="married">m.</abbr> 1970; <abbr title="divorced">div.</abbr> 1982)<wbr /></div></li><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1151524712"> <div class="marriage-display-ws"><div style="display:inline-block;line-height:normal;margin-top:1px;white-space:normal;">Karin Setzkorn</div> <div class="marriage-line-margin2px"></div> <div style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:1px;"></div>(<abbr title="married">m.</abbr> 1988; <abbr title="divorced">div.</abbr> 2000)<wbr /></div></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Children</th><td class="infobox-data">6</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Relatives</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Marius_Barnard_(surgeon)" title="Marius Barnard (surgeon)">Marius Barnard</a> (brother)</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><b>Medical career</b></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Profession</th><td class="infobox-data role"><a href="/wiki/Surgeon" title="Surgeon">Surgeon</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Institutions</th><td class="infobox-data org"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Groote_Schuur_Hospital" title="Groote Schuur Hospital">Groote Schuur Hospital</a></li><li>University of Minnesota</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Sub-specialties</th><td class="infobox-data category"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cardiothoracic_surgery" title="Cardiothoracic surgery">Cardiothoracic surgery</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Heart_transplantation" title="Heart transplantation">Heart transplantation</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Christiaan Neethling Barnard</b> (8<span class="nowrap"> </span>November 1922 – 2<span class="nowrap"> </span>September 2001) was a South African <a href="/wiki/Cardiothoracic_surgery" title="Cardiothoracic surgery">cardiac surgeon</a> who performed the world's first human-to-human <a href="/wiki/Heart_transplant" class="mw-redirect" title="Heart transplant">heart transplant</a> operation.<sup id="cite_ref-Organ_Donation,_GlobalViewpoints,_Margaret_Haerens_editor,_2013_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Organ_Donation,_GlobalViewpoints,_Margaret_Haerens_editor,_2013-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-The_operation_that_took_medicine_into_the_media_age,_BBC,_2017_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-The_operation_that_took_medicine_into_the_media_age,_BBC,_2017-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 3 December 1967, Barnard transplanted the heart of accident victim <a href="/wiki/Denise_Darvall" title="Denise Darvall">Denise Darvall</a> into the chest of 54-year-old <a href="/wiki/Louis_Washkansky" title="Louis Washkansky">Louis Washkansky</a>, who regained full consciousness and was able to talk easily with his wife, before dying 18 days later of pneumonia, largely brought on by the anti-rejection drugs that suppressed his immune system.<sup id="cite_ref-S-Afr-Med-J-Barnard's-first-heart-transplant_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-S-Afr-Med-J-Barnard's-first-heart-transplant-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-mcrae2006_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mcrae2006-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-New-York-Times-2001-obituary-Christiaan-Barnard_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-New-York-Times-2001-obituary-Christiaan-Barnard-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Science-Museum-patient-Louis-Washkansky_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Science-Museum-patient-Louis-Washkansky-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Barnard had told Mr. and Mrs. Washkansky that the operation had an 80% chance of success, an assessment which has been criticised as misleading.<sup id="cite_ref-Calculated-Risks-Gerd-Gigerenzer-2002_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Calculated-Risks-Gerd-Gigerenzer-2002-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Companion-To-Bioethics-Second-Edition-2012_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Companion-To-Bioethics-Second-Edition-2012-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Barnard_stating_to_Mr._and_Mrs._Washkansky_80%_of_success,_in_Every_Second_Counts,_by_Donald_McRae_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Barnard_stating_to_Mr._and_Mrs._Washkansky_80%_of_success,_in_Every_Second_Counts,_by_Donald_McRae-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Barnard's second transplant patient, <a href="/wiki/Philip_Blaiberg" title="Philip Blaiberg">Philip Blaiberg</a>, whose operation was performed at the beginning of 1968, returned home from the hospital and lived for a year and a half.<sup id="cite_ref-New-York-Times-2001-obituary-Christiaan-Barnard_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-New-York-Times-2001-obituary-Christiaan-Barnard-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Chicago-Tribune-Philip-Blaiberg-1968_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Chicago-Tribune-Philip-Blaiberg-1968-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Born in <a href="/wiki/Beaufort_West" title="Beaufort West">Beaufort West</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cape_Province" title="Cape Province">Cape Province</a>, Barnard studied medicine and practised for several years in his native South Africa.<sup id="cite_ref-New-York-Times-2001-obituary-Christiaan-Barnard_5-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-New-York-Times-2001-obituary-Christiaan-Barnard-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As a young doctor experimenting on dogs, Barnard developed a remedy for the infant defect of <a href="/wiki/Intestinal_atresia" title="Intestinal atresia">intestinal atresia</a>. His technique saved the lives of ten babies in <a href="/wiki/Cape_Town" title="Cape Town">Cape Town</a> and was adopted by surgeons in Britain and the United States.<sup id="cite_ref-Every_Second_Counts,_pages_48–49,_Barnard's_work_remedying_intestinal_atresia_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Every_Second_Counts,_pages_48–49,_Barnard's_work_remedying_intestinal_atresia-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1955, he travelled to the United States and was initially assigned further gastrointestinal work by <a href="/wiki/Owen_Harding_Wangensteen" title="Owen Harding Wangensteen">Owen Harding Wangensteen</a> at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Minnesota" title="University of Minnesota">University of Minnesota</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Every_Second_Counts,_page_51_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Every_Second_Counts,_page_51-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was introduced to the heart-lung machine, and Barnard was allowed to transfer to the service run by open heart surgery pioneer <a href="/wiki/C._Walton_Lillehei" title="C. Walton Lillehei">Walt Lillehei</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Every_Second_Counts,_page_53,_Barnard_meets_Vince_Gott_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Every_Second_Counts,_page_53,_Barnard_meets_Vince_Gott-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Upon returning to South Africa in 1958, Barnard was appointed head of the Department of Experimental Surgery at the Groote Schuur Hospital, Cape Town.<sup id="cite_ref-BMJ-Raymond-Hoffenberg-December-2001_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BMJ-Raymond-Hoffenberg-December-2001-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>He retired as head of the Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery in Cape Town in 1983 after <a href="/wiki/Rheumatoid_arthritis" title="Rheumatoid arthritis">rheumatoid arthritis</a> in his hands ended his surgical career. He became interested in anti-aging research, and in 1986 his reputation suffered when he promoted <a href="/w/index.php?title=Glycel&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Glycel (page does not exist)">Glycel</a>, an expensive "anti-aging" skin cream, whose approval was withdrawn by the United States <a href="/wiki/Food_and_Drug_Administration" title="Food and Drug Administration">Food and Drug Administration</a> soon thereafter. During his remaining years, he established the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Christiaan_Barnard_Foundation&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Christiaan Barnard Foundation (page does not exist)">Christiaan Barnard Foundation</a>, dedicated to helping underprivileged children throughout the world. He died in 2001 at the age of 78 after an asthma attack. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_life">Early life</h2></div> <p>Barnard grew up in <a href="/wiki/Beaufort_West" title="Beaufort West">Beaufort West</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cape_Province" title="Cape Province">Cape Province</a>, Union of South Africa. His father, Adam Barnard, was a minister in the <a href="/wiki/Dutch_Reformed_Church_in_South_Africa" title="Dutch Reformed Church in South Africa">Dutch Reformed Church</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-mcrae2006_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mcrae2006-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> One of his four brothers, Abraham, was a "blue baby" who died of a heart problem at the age of three (Barnard would later guess that it was <a href="/wiki/Tetralogy_of_Fallot" title="Tetralogy of Fallot">tetralogy of Fallot</a>). The family also experienced the loss of a daughter who was stillborn and who had been the fraternal twin of Barnard's older brother Johannes, who was twelve years older than Christiaan.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Barnard matriculated from the Beaufort West High School in 1940, and went to study medicine at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Cape_Town" title="University of Cape Town">University of Cape Town</a> Medical School, where he obtained his <a href="/wiki/MBChB" class="mw-redirect" title="MBChB">MB ChB</a> in 1945. </p><p>His father served as a missionary to mixed-race people. His mother, the former Maria Elisabeth de Swart, instilled in the surviving brothers the belief that they could do anything they set their minds to.<sup id="cite_ref-New-York-Times-2001-obituary-Christiaan-Barnard_5-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-New-York-Times-2001-obituary-Christiaan-Barnard-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Career">Career</h2></div> <p>Barnard did his <a href="/wiki/Internship_(medicine)" title="Internship (medicine)">internship</a> and <a href="/wiki/Residency_(medicine)" title="Residency (medicine)">residency</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Groote_Schuur_Hospital" title="Groote Schuur Hospital">Groote Schuur Hospital</a> in Cape Town, after which he worked as a general practitioner in <a href="/wiki/Ceres,_Western_Cape" class="mw-redirect" title="Ceres, Western Cape">Ceres</a>, a rural town in the <a href="/wiki/Cape_Province" title="Cape Province">Cape Province</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-mcrae2006_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mcrae2006-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1951, he returned to Cape Town where he worked at the City Hospital as a Senior Resident Medical Officer, and in the Department of Medicine at Groote Schuur as a registrar.<sup id="cite_ref-mcrae2006_4-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mcrae2006-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He completed his master's degree, receiving Master of Medicine in 1953 from the University of Cape Town. In the same year he obtained a doctorate in medicine (MD) from the same university for a dissertation titled "The treatment of tuberculous meningitis". </p><p>Soon after qualifying as a doctor, Barnard performed experiments on dogs while investigating <a href="/wiki/Intestinal_atresia" title="Intestinal atresia">intestinal atresia</a>, congenital, life-threatening obstructions in the intestines. He followed a medical hunch that this was caused by inadequate blood flow to the fetus. After nine months and forty-three attempts, Barnard was able to reproduce this condition in a fetus puppy by tying off some of the blood supply to a puppy's intestines and then placing the animal back in the womb, after which it was born some two weeks later, with the condition of intestinal atresia. He was also able to cure the condition by removing the piece of intestine with inadequate blood supply. The mistake of previous surgeons had been attempting to reconnect ends of intestine which themselves still had inadequate blood supply. To be successful, it was typically necessary to remove between 15 and 20 centimeters of intestine (6 to 8 inches). Jannie Louw used this innovation in a clinical setting, and Barnard's method saved the lives of ten babies in Cape Town. This technique was also adapted by surgeons in Britain and the US. In addition, Barnard analyzed 259 cases of <a href="/wiki/Tubercular_meningitis" class="mw-redirect" title="Tubercular meningitis">tubercular meningitis</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Every_Second_Counts,_pages_48–49,_Barnard's_work_remedying_intestinal_atresia_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Every_Second_Counts,_pages_48–49,_Barnard's_work_remedying_intestinal_atresia-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Owen_Harding_Wangensteen" title="Owen Harding Wangensteen">Owen Wangensteen</a> at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Minnesota" title="University of Minnesota">University of Minnesota</a> in the United States had been impressed by the work of Alan Thal, a young South African doctor working in Minnesota. Wangensteen asked the Groote Schuur Head of Medicine John Brock if he might recommend any similarly talented South Africans, and Brock recommended Barnard.<sup id="cite_ref-Every_Second_Counts,_page_49,_Barnard_goes_to_Minnesota_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Every_Second_Counts,_page_49,_Barnard_goes_to_Minnesota-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In December 1955, Barnard travelled to <a href="/wiki/Minneapolis,_Minnesota" class="mw-redirect" title="Minneapolis, Minnesota">Minneapolis, Minnesota</a> to begin a two-year scholarship under Chief of Surgery Wangensteen, who assigned Barnard more work on the intestines, which Barnard accepted even though he wanted to move onto something new.<sup id="cite_ref-Every_Second_Counts,_page_51_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Every_Second_Counts,_page_51-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Simply by luck, whenever Barnard needed a break from this work, he could wander across the hall and talk with <a href="/w/index.php?title=Vince_Gott&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Vince Gott (page does not exist)">Vince Gott</a> who ran the lab for open-heart surgery pioneer <a href="/wiki/C._Walton_Lillehei" title="C. Walton Lillehei">Walt Lillehei</a>. Gott had begun to develop a technique of running blood backwards through the veins of the heart so Lillehei could more easily operate on the aortic valve (McRae writes, "It was the type of inspired thinking that entranced Barnard"). In March 1956, Gott asked Barnard to help him run the heart-lung machine for an operation.<sup id="cite_ref-Every_Second_Counts,_page_53,_Barnard_meets_Vince_Gott_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Every_Second_Counts,_page_53,_Barnard_meets_Vince_Gott-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Shortly thereafter, Wangensteen agreed to let Barnard switch to Lillehei's service. It was during this time that Barnard became acquainted with fellow future heart transplantation surgeon <a href="/wiki/Norman_Shumway" title="Norman Shumway">Norman Shumway</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Invest-Surg-2010_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Invest-Surg-2010-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Barnard also became friendly with Gil Campbell, who had demonstrated that a dog's lung could be used to oxygenate blood during open-heart surgery. (The year before Barnard arrived, Lillehei and Campbell had used this procedure for twenty minutes during surgery on a 13-year-old boy with ventricular septal defect, and the boy had made a full recovery.) Barnard and Campbell met regularly for early breakfast.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1958, Barnard received a Master of Science in Surgery for a thesis titled "The <a href="/wiki/Aortic_valve" title="Aortic valve">aortic valve</a> – problems in the fabrication and testing of a prosthetic valve".<sup id="cite_ref-mcrae2006_4-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mcrae2006-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The same year he was awarded a Ph.D. for his dissertation titled "The aetiology of congenital intestinal <a href="/wiki/Atresia" title="Atresia">atresia</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-mcrae2006_4-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mcrae2006-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Barnard described the two years he spent in the United States as "the most fascinating time in my life."<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Upon returning to South Africa in 1958, Barnard was appointed head of the Department of Experimental Surgery at Groote Schuur hospital, as well as holding a joint post at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Cape_Town" title="University of Cape Town">University of Cape Town</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-BMJ-Raymond-Hoffenberg-December-2001_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BMJ-Raymond-Hoffenberg-December-2001-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Dictionary-of-African-Biography-Volume-6-2012_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dictionary-of-African-Biography-Volume-6-2012-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was promoted to full-time lecturer and Director of Surgical Research at the University of Cape Town. In 1960, he flew to Moscow in order to meet <a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Demikhov" title="Vladimir Demikhov">Vladimir Demikhov</a>, a top expert on <a href="/wiki/Organ_transplantation" title="Organ transplantation">organ transplants</a><sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (later he credited Demikhov's accomplishment saying that "if there is a father of heart and lung transplantation then Demikhov certainly deserves this title.")<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1961 he was appointed Head of the Division of Cardiothoracic Surgery at the teaching hospitals of the University of Cape Town. He rose to associate professor in the Department of Surgery at the University of Cape Town in 1962. Barnard's younger brother <a href="/wiki/Marius_Barnard_(surgeon)" title="Marius Barnard (surgeon)">Marius</a>, who also studied medicine, eventually became Barnard's right-hand man at the department of Cardiac Surgery.<sup id="cite_ref-mcrae2006_4-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mcrae2006-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Over time, Barnard became known as a brilliant surgeon with many contributions to the treatment of cardiac diseases, such as the <a href="/wiki/Tetralogy_of_Fallot" title="Tetralogy of Fallot">Tetralogy of Fallot</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ebstein%27s_anomaly" title="Ebstein's anomaly">Ebstein's anomaly</a>. He was promoted to Professor of Surgical Science in the Department of Surgery at the University of Cape Town in 1972. In 1981, Barnard became a founding member of the <a href="/wiki/World_Cultural_Council" title="World Cultural Council">World Cultural Council</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Among the recognition he received over the years, he was named <a href="/wiki/Emeritus" title="Emeritus">Professor Emeritus</a> in 1984. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Historical_context">Historical context</h2></div> <p>Following the first successful <a href="/wiki/Kidney_transplantation" title="Kidney transplantation">kidney transplant</a> in 1953, in the United States, Barnard performed the second kidney transplant in South Africa in October 1967, the first having been done in Johannesburg the previous year.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 23 January 1964, <a href="/wiki/James_Hardy_(surgeon)" title="James Hardy (surgeon)">James Hardy</a> at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Mississippi_Medical_Center" title="University of Mississippi Medical Center">University of Mississippi Medical Center</a> in <a href="/wiki/Jackson,_Mississippi" title="Jackson, Mississippi">Jackson</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mississippi" title="Mississippi">Mississippi</a>, performed the world's first <a href="/wiki/Heart_transplantation" title="Heart transplantation">heart transplant</a> and world's first cardiac <a href="/wiki/Xenotransplantation" title="Xenotransplantation">xenotransplant</a> by transplanting the heart of a chimpanzee into a desperately ill and dying man. This heart did beat in the patient's chest for approximately 60 to 90 minutes. The patient, <a href="/wiki/Boyd_Rush" title="Boyd Rush">Boyd Rush</a>, died without regaining consciousness.<sup id="cite_ref-JAMA-James-Hardy-June-29-1964_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-JAMA-James-Hardy-June-29-1964-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Brief-History-Cross-Species-Transplantation-David-Cooper-2012_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Brief-History-Cross-Species-Transplantation-David-Cooper-2012-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Telegraph-UK-obituary-James-Hardy-2003_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Telegraph-UK-obituary-James-Hardy-2003-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Barnard had experimentally transplanted forty-eight hearts into dogs, which was about a fifth the number that <a href="/wiki/Adrian_Kantrowitz" title="Adrian Kantrowitz">Adrian Kantrowitz</a> had performed at Maimonides Medical Center in New York and about a sixth the number <a href="/wiki/Norman_Shumway" title="Norman Shumway">Norman Shumway</a> had performed at Stanford University in California. Barnard had no dogs which had survived longer than ten days, unlike Kantrowitz and Shumway who had had dogs survive for more than a year.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Daily_I_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Daily_I-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>With the availability of new breakthroughs introduced by several pioneers, also including <a href="/wiki/Richard_Lower_(surgeon)" title="Richard Lower (surgeon)">Richard Lower</a> at the Medical College of Virginia, several surgical teams were in a position to prepare for a human heart transplant.<sup id="cite_ref-mcrae2006_4-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mcrae2006-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Adrian-Kantrowitz-Papers_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Adrian-Kantrowitz-Papers-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Barnard had a patient willing to undergo the procedure, but as with other surgeons, he needed a suitable donor.<sup id="cite_ref-mcrae2006_4-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mcrae2006-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Daily_I_33-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Daily_I-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During the <a href="/wiki/Apartheid" title="Apartheid">Apartheid</a> era in South Africa, non-white persons and citizens were not given equal opportunities in the medical professions. At <a href="/wiki/Groote_Schuur_Hospital" title="Groote Schuur Hospital">Groote Schuur Hospital</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hamilton_Naki" title="Hamilton Naki">Hamilton Naki</a> was an informally taught surgeon. He started out as a gardener and cleaner. One day he was asked to help out with an experiment on a giraffe. From this modest beginning, Naki became principal lab technician and taught hundreds<sup id="cite_ref-NYT_2009_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NYT_2009-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> of surgeons, and assisted with Barnard's organ transplant program. Barnard said, "Hamilton Naki had better technical skills than I did. He was a better craftsman than me, especially when it came to stitching, and had very good hands in the theatre". A popular myth, propagated principally by a widely <a href="/wiki/Hamilton_Naki" title="Hamilton Naki">discredited</a> documentary film called <i>Hidden Heart</i><sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and an erroneous <a href="/wiki/The_Guardian_Newspaper" class="mw-redirect" title="The Guardian Newspaper">newspaper article</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-NYT_2009_35-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NYT_2009-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> maintains incorrectly that <a href="/wiki/Hamilton_Naki" title="Hamilton Naki">Naki</a> was present during the Washkansky transplant.<sup id="cite_ref-NYT_2009_35-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NYT_2009-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Guardian-David-Smith-May-2009_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Guardian-David-Smith-May-2009-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="First_human-to-human_heart_transplant">First human-to-human heart transplant</h2></div> <p>Barnard performed the world's first human-to-human heart transplant operation in the early morning hours of Sunday 3 December 1967.<sup id="cite_ref-S-Afr-Med-J-Barnard's-first-heart-transplant_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-S-Afr-Med-J-Barnard's-first-heart-transplant-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-New-York-Times-2001-obituary-Christiaan-Barnard_5-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-New-York-Times-2001-obituary-Christiaan-Barnard-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Los-Angeles-Times-Jill-Gottesman-March-1988_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Los-Angeles-Times-Jill-Gottesman-March-1988-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Louis_Washkansky" title="Louis Washkansky">Louis Washkansky</a>, a 54-year-old grocer who was suffering from <a href="/wiki/Diabetes_mellitus" class="mw-redirect" title="Diabetes mellitus">diabetes</a> and incurable <a href="/wiki/Cardiovascular_disease" title="Cardiovascular disease">heart disease</a>, was the patient.<sup id="cite_ref-Science-Museum-patient-Louis-Washkansky_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Science-Museum-patient-Louis-Washkansky-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-This_Day_in_Jewish_History_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-This_Day_in_Jewish_History-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Barnard was assisted by his brother Marius Barnard, as well as a team of thirty staff members. The operation lasted approximately five hours.<sup id="cite_ref-Daily_I_33-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Daily_I-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-This_Day_in_Jewish_History_42-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-This_Day_in_Jewish_History-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-South_African_History_Online_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-South_African_History_Online-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Barnard stated to Washkansky and his wife Ann Washkansky that the transplant had an 80% chance of success.<sup id="cite_ref-Calculated-Risks-Gerd-Gigerenzer-2002_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Calculated-Risks-Gerd-Gigerenzer-2002-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Barnard_stating_to_Mr._and_Mrs._Washkansky_80%_of_success,_in_Every_Second_Counts,_by_Donald_McRae_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Barnard_stating_to_Mr._and_Mrs._Washkansky_80%_of_success,_in_Every_Second_Counts,_by_Donald_McRae-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Ethics_of_Scientific_Research,_by_Shrader-Frechette,_1994_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ethics_of_Scientific_Research,_by_Shrader-Frechette,_1994-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This has been criticised by the ethicists <a href="/wiki/Peter_Singer" title="Peter Singer">Peter Singer</a> and <a href="/wiki/Helga_Kuhse" title="Helga Kuhse">Helga Kuhse</a> as making claims for chances of success to the patient and family which were "unfounded" and "misleading".<sup id="cite_ref-Companion-To-Bioethics-Second-Edition-2012_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Companion-To-Bioethics-Second-Edition-2012-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Barnard later wrote, "For a dying man it is not a difficult decision because he knows he is at the end. If a lion chases you to the bank of a river filled with crocodiles, you will leap into the water, convinced you have a chance to swim to the other side." The donor heart came from a young woman, <a href="/wiki/Denise_Darvall" title="Denise Darvall">Denise Darvall</a>, who had been rendered brain dead in an accident on 2 December 1967, while crossing a street in Cape Town.<sup id="cite_ref-mcrae2006_4-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mcrae2006-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On examination at Groote Schuur hospital, Darvall had two serious fractures in her skull, with no electrical activity in her brain detected, and no sign of pain when ice water was poured into her ear.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Coert Venter and Bertie Bosman requested permission from Darvall's father for Denise's heart to be used in the transplant attempt.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The afternoon before his first transplant, Barnard dozed at his home while listening to music. When he awoke, he decided to modify Shumway and Lower's technique. Instead of cutting straight across the back of the atrial chambers of the donor heart, he would avoid damage to the septum and instead cut two small holes for the venae cavae and pulmonary veins.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Prior to the transplant, rather than wait for Darvall's heart to stop beating, at his brother Marius Barnard's urging, Christiaan had injected potassium into her heart to paralyse it and render her technically dead by the whole-body standard.<sup id="cite_ref-mcrae2006_4-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mcrae2006-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Twenty years later, Marius Barnard recounted, "Chris stood there for a few moments, watching, then stood back and said, 'It works.'"<sup id="cite_ref-mcrae2006_4-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mcrae2006-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Daily_I_33-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Daily_I-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Washkansky survived the operation and lived for 18 days; he died from <a href="/wiki/Pneumonia" title="Pneumonia">pneumonia</a>, possibly due to the <a href="/wiki/Immunosuppressive_drug" title="Immunosuppressive drug">immunosuppressive drugs</a> he was taking.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Additional_heart_transplants">Additional heart transplants</h2></div> <p>Barnard and his patient received worldwide publicity.<sup id="cite_ref-Organ_Donation,_GlobalViewpoints,_Margaret_Haerens_editor,_2013_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Organ_Donation,_GlobalViewpoints,_Margaret_Haerens_editor,_2013-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Every_Second_Counts,_regarding_international_publicity_of_Barnard's_first_heart_transplant,_esp._pages_207_and_208_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Every_Second_Counts,_regarding_international_publicity_of_Barnard's_first_heart_transplant,_esp._pages_207_and_208-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A 2017 BBC retrospective article described the occasion as one where "Journalists and film crews flooded into Cape Town's Groote Schuur Hospital, soon making Barnard and Washkansky household names." Barnard himself was described as "charismatic" and "photogenic" while initial reports labeled the operation as "successful" despite the death of Washkansky 18 days later.<sup id="cite_ref-The_operation_that_took_medicine_into_the_media_age,_BBC,_2017_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-The_operation_that_took_medicine_into_the_media_age,_BBC,_2017-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Worldwide, approximately 100 transplants were performed by various doctors during 1968.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, only a third of these patients lived longer than three months. Many medical centers stopped performing transplants. In fact, a US <a href="/wiki/National_Institutes_of_Health" title="National Institutes of Health">National Institutes of Health</a> publication states, "Within several years, only Shumway's team at Stanford was attempting transplants."<sup id="cite_ref-Adrian-Kantrowitz-Papers_34-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Adrian-Kantrowitz-Papers-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Barnard's second transplant operation was conducted on 2 January 1968, and the patient, <a href="/wiki/Philip_Blaiberg" title="Philip Blaiberg">Philip Blaiberg</a>, survived for 19 months.<sup id="cite_ref-New-York-Times-2001-obituary-Christiaan-Barnard_5-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-New-York-Times-2001-obituary-Christiaan-Barnard-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Chicago-Tribune-Philip-Blaiberg-1968_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Chicago-Tribune-Philip-Blaiberg-1968-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Blaiberg's heart was donated by Clive Haupt, a 24-year-old black man who suffered a stroke, inciting controversy (especially in the African-American press) during the time of South African apartheid.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Dirk van Zyl, who received a new heart in 1971, was the longest-lived recipient, surviving over 23 years.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Between December 1967 and November 1974 at Groote Schuur Hospital in Cape Town, South Africa, ten heart transplants were performed, as well as a heart and lung transplant in 1971. Of these ten patients, four lived longer than 18 months, with two of these four becoming long-term survivors. One patient, <a href="/wiki/Dorothy_Fischer" title="Dorothy Fischer">Dorothy Fischer</a>, lived for over thirteen years and another for over twenty-four years.<sup id="cite_ref-South-African-Medical-Journal-2012_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-South-African-Medical-Journal-2012-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Full recovery of donor heart function often takes place over hours or days, during which time considerable damage can occur. Other deaths to patients can occur from preexisting conditions. For example, in pulmonary hypertension the patient's right ventricle has often adapted to the higher pressure over time and, although diseased and hypertrophied, is often capable of maintaining circulation to the lungs. Barnard designed the idea of the heterotopic (or "piggy back" transplant) in which the patient's diseased heart is left in place while the donor heart is added, essentially forming a "double heart". Barnard performed the first such heterotopic heart transplant in 1974.<sup id="cite_ref-South-African-Medical-Journal-2012_54-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-South-African-Medical-Journal-2012-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Postgrad-Medical-Journal-2016_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Postgrad-Medical-Journal-2016-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>From November 1974 through December 1983, 49 consecutive heterotopic heart transplants on 43 patients were performed at Groote Schuur. The survival rate for patients at one year was over 60%, as compared to less than 40% with standard transplants, and the survival rate at five years was over 36% as compared to less than 20% with standard transplants.<sup id="cite_ref-South-African-Medical-Journal-2012_54-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-South-African-Medical-Journal-2012-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Many surgeons gave up cardiac transplantation due to poor results, often due to <a href="/wiki/Transplant_rejection" title="Transplant rejection">rejection of the transplanted heart</a> by the patient's immune system. Barnard persisted until the advent of <a href="/wiki/Ciclosporin" title="Ciclosporin">cyclosporine</a>, an effective immunosuppressive drug, which helped revive the operation throughout the world. He also attempted <a href="/wiki/Xenotransplantation" title="Xenotransplantation">xenotransplantation</a> in two human patients, utilizing a baboon heart and chimpanzee heart, respectively.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Public_life">Public life</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Christiaan_Barnard_1968.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Christiaan_Barnard_1968.jpg/170px-Christiaan_Barnard_1968.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="226" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Christiaan_Barnard_1968.jpg/255px-Christiaan_Barnard_1968.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Christiaan_Barnard_1968.jpg/340px-Christiaan_Barnard_1968.jpg 2x" data-file-width="735" data-file-height="979" /></a><figcaption>Barnard in 1968</figcaption></figure> <p>Barnard was an outspoken opponent of South Africa's laws of apartheid, and was not afraid to criticise his nation's government, although he had to temper his remarks to some extent to travel abroad.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2008)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Rather than leaving his homeland, he used his fame to campaign for a change in the law. Christiaan's brother, <a href="/wiki/Marius_Barnard_(surgeon)" title="Marius Barnard (surgeon)">Marius Barnard</a>, went into politics, and was elected to the <a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_South_Africa" title="Parliament of South Africa">legislature</a> from the <a href="/wiki/Progressive_Federal_Party" title="Progressive Federal Party">Progressive Federal Party</a>. Barnard later stated that the reason he never won the <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Physiology_or_Medicine" title="Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine">Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine</a> was probably because he was a "<a href="/wiki/White_South_African" class="mw-redirect" title="White South African">white South African</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Shortly before his visit to Kenya in 1978, the following was written about his views regarding race relations in South Africa; "While he believes in the participation of Africans in the political process of South Africa, he is opposed to a one-man-one-vote system in South Africa".<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In answering a hypothetical question on how he would solve the race problem were he a "benevolent dictator in South Africa", Barnard stated the following in a long interview at the Weekly Review:<sup id="cite_ref-Hilary_16–17_59-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hilary_16–17-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>While "I would abolish Social discrimination", political discrimination would continue.<sup id="cite_ref-Hilary_16–17_59-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hilary_16–17-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>He favoured the total division of the country along racial lines. His words were; "I somehow feel ... but we may have to divide South Africa into two equal divisions". In a follow-up question about where the coloured people would end up in that scenario, he replied that 'I would include them in the white South Africa".<sup id="cite_ref-Hilary_16–17_59-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hilary_16–17-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>That coloured people have "always been accepted" among whites.<sup id="cite_ref-Hilary_16–17_59-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hilary_16–17-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>That "the black man will not accept this view" of universal suffrage.<sup id="cite_ref-Hilary_16–17_59-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hilary_16–17-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>That "we are still out of the Olympic games" despite the fact that "in the field of sports where we have virtually integrated completely."<sup id="cite_ref-Hilary_16–17_59-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hilary_16–17-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Regarding the <a href="/wiki/Soweto_uprising" title="Soweto uprising">Soweto uprising</a>, he claimed "there was ... a lot of external stirring up of turbulence". Regarding the anger from the black population when <a href="/wiki/Steve_Biko" title="Steve Biko">Steve Biko</a> was murdered, he said that "I think that something like $50,000 came in from outside to work up feelings at that funeral."<sup id="cite_ref-Hilary_16–17_59-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hilary_16–17-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>He stated that the National Party members were as upset about Biko's murder as were blacks; "The white community was thoroughly upset, let me tell you. The nationalists themselves were very upset."<sup id="cite_ref-Hilary_16–17_59-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hilary_16–17-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <p>The interview ended with the following summary from he himself; "I often say that, like <a href="/wiki/King_Lear" title="King Lear">King Lear</a>, South Africa is a country more sinned against than sinning."<sup id="cite_ref-Hilary_16–17_59-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hilary_16–17-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Personal_life">Personal life</h2></div> <p>Barnard's first marriage was to Aletta Gertruida Louw, a nurse, whom he married in 1948 while practising medicine in <a href="/wiki/Ceres,_Western_Cape" class="mw-redirect" title="Ceres, Western Cape">Ceres</a>. The couple had two children: Deirdre (born 1950) and Andre (1951–1984).<sup id="cite_ref-mcrae2006_4-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mcrae2006-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> International fame took a toll on his family, and in 1969, Barnard and his wife divorced. In 1970, he married heiress Barbara Zoellner when she was 19, the same age as his son, and they had two children: Frederick (born 1972) and Christiaan Jr. (born 1974).<sup id="cite_ref-cbarnardbio_61-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cbarnardbio-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He divorced Zoellner in 1982.<sup id="cite_ref-cbarnardbio_61-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cbarnardbio-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Barnard married for a third time in 1988 to Karin Setzkorn, a young model.<sup id="cite_ref-cbarnardbio_61-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cbarnardbio-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They also had two children, Armin (born 1989) and Lara (born 1997). This last marriage also ended in divorce in 2000.<sup id="cite_ref-cbarnardbio_61-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cbarnardbio-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Barnard described in his autobiography <i>The Second Life</i> a one-night extramarital affair with Italian film star <a href="/wiki/Gina_Lollobrigida" title="Gina Lollobrigida">Gina Lollobrigida</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-mcrae2006_4-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mcrae2006-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> that occurred in January 1968. During that visit to Rome he received an audience from <a href="/wiki/Pope_Paul_VI" title="Pope Paul VI">Pope Paul VI</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In October 2016, US Congresswoman <a href="/wiki/Ann_McLane_Kuster" class="mw-redirect" title="Ann McLane Kuster">Ann McLane Kuster</a> stated that Barnard sexually assaulted her when she was 23 years old. According to Kuster, Barnard attempted to grope her under her skirt while she was seated at a business luncheon with US Representative <a href="/wiki/Pete_McCloskey" title="Pete McCloskey">Pete McCloskey</a>, for whom she worked at the time.<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Retirement">Retirement</h2></div> <p>Barnard retired as Head of the Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery in Cape Town in 1983 after developing <a href="/wiki/Rheumatoid_arthritis" title="Rheumatoid arthritis">rheumatoid arthritis</a> in his hands which ended his surgical career. He had struggled with arthritis since 1956, when it was diagnosed during his postgraduate work in the United States.<sup id="cite_ref-mcrae2006_4-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mcrae2006-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After retirement, he spent two years as the Scientist-In-Residence at the Oklahoma Transplantation Institute in the United States and as an acting consultant for various institutions.<sup id="cite_ref-massad_67-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-massad-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>He had by this time become very interested in anti-aging research, and his reputation suffered in 1986 when he promoted <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Glycel&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Glycel (page does not exist)">Glycel</a></i>, an expensive "anti-aging" skin cream, whose approval was withdrawn by the United States <a href="/wiki/Food_and_Drug_Administration" title="Food and Drug Administration">Food and Drug Administration</a> soon thereafter.<sup id="cite_ref-New-York-Times-2001-obituary-Christiaan-Barnard_5-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-New-York-Times-2001-obituary-Christiaan-Barnard-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He also spent time as a research advisor to the Clinique la Prairie, in <a href="/wiki/Switzerland" title="Switzerland">Switzerland</a>, where the controversial "rejuvenation therapy" was practised.<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Barnard divided the remainder of his years between <a href="/wiki/Austria" title="Austria">Austria</a>, where he established the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Christiaan_Barnard_Foundation&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Christiaan Barnard Foundation (page does not exist)">Christiaan Barnard Foundation</a>, dedicated to helping underprivileged children throughout the world, and his game farm in Beaufort West, South Africa.<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In his later years, he had <a href="/wiki/Basal-cell_carcinoma" title="Basal-cell carcinoma">Basal-cell carcinoma</a> (skin cancer) on his face, for which he was treated in <a href="/wiki/Parow,_Western_Cape" class="mw-redirect" title="Parow, Western Cape">Parow</a>, South Africa.<sup id="cite_ref-massad_67-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-massad-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Death">Death</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Netcare_Christiaan_Barnard_Memorial_Hospital.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Netcare_Christiaan_Barnard_Memorial_Hospital.jpg/170px-Netcare_Christiaan_Barnard_Memorial_Hospital.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="227" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Netcare_Christiaan_Barnard_Memorial_Hospital.jpg/255px-Netcare_Christiaan_Barnard_Memorial_Hospital.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Netcare_Christiaan_Barnard_Memorial_Hospital.jpg/340px-Netcare_Christiaan_Barnard_Memorial_Hospital.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3468" data-file-height="4624" /></a><figcaption>Netcare Christiaan Barnard Memorial Hospital in Cape Town</figcaption></figure> <p>Christiaan Barnard died on 2 September 2001, while on holiday in <a href="/wiki/Paphos" title="Paphos">Paphos</a>, Cyprus. Early reports stated that he had died of a heart attack, but an <a href="/wiki/Autopsy" title="Autopsy">autopsy</a> showed his death was caused by a severe <a href="/wiki/Asthma" title="Asthma">asthma</a> attack.<sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Books">Books</h2></div> <p>Barnard wrote two autobiographies. His first book, <i>One Life</i>, was published in 1969 (<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0245599525" title="Special:BookSources/0245599525">0245599525</a>) and sold copies worldwide. Some of the proceeds were used to set up the Chris Barnard Fund for research into heart disease and heart transplants in Cape Town.<sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His second autobiography, <i>The Second Life</i>, was published in 1993, eight years before his death (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0947461388" title="Special:BookSources/0947461388">0947461388</a>). </p><p>Apart from his autobiographies, Barnard wrote books including: </p> <ul><li><i>The Donor</i></li> <li><i>Your Healthy Heart</i></li> <li><i>In the Night Season</i></li> <li><i>The Best Medicine</i></li> <li><i>Arthritis Handbook: How to Live With Arthritis</i></li> <li><i>Good Life Good Death: A Doctor's Case for Euthanasia and Suicide</i></li> <li><i>South Africa: Sharp Dissection</i></li> <li><i>50 Ways to a Healthy Heart</i></li> <li><i>Body Machine</i></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1259569809">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/69/P_vip.svg/28px-P_vip.svg.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/69/P_vip.svg/41px-P_vip.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/69/P_vip.svg/55px-P_vip.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1911" data-file-height="1944" /></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Biography" title="Portal:Biography">Biography portal</a></span></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/WHO_Rod.svg/12px-WHO_Rod.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/WHO_Rod.svg/18px-WHO_Rod.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/WHO_Rod.svg/24px-WHO_Rod.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="107" data-file-height="250" /></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Medicine" title="Portal:Medicine">Medicine portal</a></span></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Flag_of_South_Africa.svg/32px-Flag_of_South_Africa.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="21" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Flag_of_South_Africa.svg/48px-Flag_of_South_Africa.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Flag_of_South_Africa.svg/64px-Flag_of_South_Africa.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:South_Africa" title="Portal:South Africa">South Africa portal</a></span></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Favaloro" title="René Favaloro">René Favaloro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bartley_P._Griffith" title="Bartley P. Griffith">Bartley P. Griffith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Grondin" title="Pierre Grondin">Pierre Grondin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hamilton_Naki" title="Hamilton Naki">Hamilton Naki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geoffrey_Tovey" title="Geoffrey Tovey">Geoffrey Tovey</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Organ_Donation,_GlobalViewpoints,_Margaret_Haerens_editor,_2013-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Organ_Donation,_GlobalViewpoints,_Margaret_Haerens_editor,_2013_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Organ_Donation,_GlobalViewpoints,_Margaret_Haerens_editor,_2013_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=8IRmDwAAQBAJ&dq=%22The+amount+of+publicity+generated+by+the+first+heart+transplant+was+extensive.++Critics+viewed%22&pg=PA18">Organ Donation</a>, GlobalViewpoints, Margaret Haerens editor, Detroit, New York, San Francisco, New Haven, Conn., Waterville, Maine, U.S.; London, England, UK: Greenhaven Press, 2013.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-The_operation_that_took_medicine_into_the_media_age,_BBC,_2017-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-The_operation_that_took_medicine_into_the_media_age,_BBC,_2017_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-The_operation_that_took_medicine_into_the_media_age,_BBC,_2017_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/news/health-42170023">The operation that took medicine into the media age</a>, BBC, Ayesha Nathoo (Centre for Medical History, University of Exeter), 3 December 2017. The photo caption incorrectly states <a href="/wiki/Louis_Washkansky" title="Louis Washkansky">Louis Washkansky</a> was the first heart transplant recipient, when in actuality he was second. <a href="/wiki/Boyd_Rush" title="Boyd Rush">Boyd Rush</a> with physician James D. Hardy was the first person to receive a heart transplant in 1964.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-S-Afr-Med-J-Barnard's-first-heart-transplant-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-S-Afr-Med-J-Barnard's-first-heart-transplant_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-S-Afr-Med-J-Barnard's-first-heart-transplant_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>S Afr Med J</i>, "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.grandroundsjournal.com/articles/gr049002/grhist-001-barnard.pdf">A human cardiac transplant: an interim report of a successful operation performed at Groote Schuur Hospital, Cape Town</a>", Barnard CN, 30 December 1967; <i>41</i>(48): 1271–74.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-mcrae2006-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-mcrae2006_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-mcrae2006_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-mcrae2006_4-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-mcrae2006_4-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-mcrae2006_4-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-mcrae2006_4-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-mcrae2006_4-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-mcrae2006_4-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-mcrae2006_4-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-mcrae2006_4-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-mcrae2006_4-10"><sup><i><b>k</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-mcrae2006_4-11"><sup><i><b>l</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-mcrae2006_4-12"><sup><i><b>m</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-mcrae2006_4-13"><sup><i><b>n</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-mcrae2006_4-14"><sup><i><b>o</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Every Second Counts: The Race to Transplant the First Human Heart</i>, <a href="/wiki/Donald_McRae_(author)" title="Donald McRae (author)">Donald McRae</a>, New York: Penguin (Berkley/Putnam), 2006. See esp. Ch. 10 "The Wait" and Ch. 11 "Fame and Heartbreak", pages 173–214.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-New-York-Times-2001-obituary-Christiaan-Barnard-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-New-York-Times-2001-obituary-Christiaan-Barnard_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-New-York-Times-2001-obituary-Christiaan-Barnard_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-New-York-Times-2001-obituary-Christiaan-Barnard_5-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-New-York-Times-2001-obituary-Christiaan-Barnard_5-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-New-York-Times-2001-obituary-Christiaan-Barnard_5-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-New-York-Times-2001-obituary-Christiaan-Barnard_5-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-New-York-Times-2001-obituary-Christiaan-Barnard_5-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAltman2001" class="citation news cs1">Altman, Lawrence K. (3 September 2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2001/09/03/world/christiaan-barnard-78-surgeon-for-first-heart-transplant-dies.html">"Christiaan Barnard, 78, Surgeon For First Heart Transplant, Dies"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 January</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Christiaan+Barnard%2C+78%2C+Surgeon+For+First+Heart+Transplant%2C+Dies&rft.date=2001-09-03&rft.aulast=Altman&rft.aufirst=Lawrence+K.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2001%2F09%2F03%2Fworld%2Fchristiaan-barnard-78-surgeon-for-first-heart-transplant-dies.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristiaan+Barnard" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Science-Museum-patient-Louis-Washkansky-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Science-Museum-patient-Louis-Washkansky_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Science-Museum-patient-Louis-Washkansky_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sciencemuseum.org.uk/broughttolife/people/louiswashkansky">Louis Washkansky (1913–1967)</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170404034534/http://www.sciencemuseum.org.uk/broughttolife/people/louiswashkansky">Archived</a> 4 April 2017 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Science Museum. Louis was born in Lithuania in 1913 and moved to South Africa in 1922.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Calculated-Risks-Gerd-Gigerenzer-2002-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Calculated-Risks-Gerd-Gigerenzer-2002_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Calculated-Risks-Gerd-Gigerenzer-2002_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=10yfCgAAQBAJ&dq=%22calculated+risks%22+Barnard+Washkansky&pg=PA27">Calculated Risks: How to Know When Numbers Deceive You</a>, Gerd Gigerenzer, Simon & Schuster, 2002.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Companion-To-Bioethics-Second-Edition-2012-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Companion-To-Bioethics-Second-Edition-2012_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Companion-To-Bioethics-Second-Edition-2012_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=_e03TWSl1OIC&dq=%22Barnard+gave+Washkansky+an+unfounded+and+misleading+assurance%22&pg=PT542">A Companion to Bioethics, Second Edition</a>, Helga Kuhse, Peter Singer, Wiley-Blackwell, 2012.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Barnard_stating_to_Mr._and_Mrs._Washkansky_80%_of_success,_in_Every_Second_Counts,_by_Donald_McRae-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Barnard_stating_to_Mr._and_Mrs._Washkansky_80%_of_success,_in_Every_Second_Counts,_by_Donald_McRae_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Barnard_stating_to_Mr._and_Mrs._Washkansky_80%_of_success,_in_Every_Second_Counts,_by_Donald_McRae_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Every Second Counts</i>, McRae, pages 176, 190.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Chicago-Tribune-Philip-Blaiberg-1968-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Chicago-Tribune-Philip-Blaiberg-1968_10-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Chicago-Tribune-Philip-Blaiberg-1968_10-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://archives.chicagotribune.com/1969/10/12/page/254/article/philip-blaiberg-was-dying-this-time-for-certain">Philip Blaiberg was dying—this time for certain</a>, <i>Chicago Tribune</i>, Mrs. Philip Blaiberg, 12 October 1969, page 68.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Every_Second_Counts,_pages_48–49,_Barnard's_work_remedying_intestinal_atresia-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Every_Second_Counts,_pages_48–49,_Barnard's_work_remedying_intestinal_atresia_11-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Every_Second_Counts,_pages_48–49,_Barnard's_work_remedying_intestinal_atresia_11-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Every Second Counts</i>, McRae, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=2Fv9dRT9TC4C&dq=%22Soon+after+qualifying+as+a+doctor%2C+Barnard+produced+a+staggering+piece+of+experimental+research%22&pg=PT45">pages 48–49</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Every_Second_Counts,_page_51-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Every_Second_Counts,_page_51_12-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Every_Second_Counts,_page_51_12-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Every Second Counts</i>, McRae, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=2Fv9dRT9TC4C&dq=%22Wangensteen+considered+gastrointestinal+research+to+be+intellectually+delicious%22&pg=PT48">page 51</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Every_Second_Counts,_page_53,_Barnard_meets_Vince_Gott-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Every_Second_Counts,_page_53,_Barnard_meets_Vince_Gott_13-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Every_Second_Counts,_page_53,_Barnard_meets_Vince_Gott_13-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Every Second Counts</i>, McRae, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=2Fv9dRT9TC4C&dq=%22Whenever+he+needed+a+break+from+the+gullet%2C+Barnard+wandered+across+the+hall%22&pg=PT50">page 53</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-BMJ-Raymond-Hoffenberg-December-2001-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-BMJ-Raymond-Hoffenberg-December-2001_14-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-BMJ-Raymond-Hoffenberg-December-2001_14-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHoffenberg_R2001" class="citation journal cs1">Hoffenberg R (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1121917">"Christiaan Barnard: his first transplants and their impact on concepts of death"</a>. <i>BMJ</i>. <b>323</b> (7327): 1478–80. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1136%2Fbmj.323.7327.1478">10.1136/bmj.323.7327.1478</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1121917">1121917</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11751363">11751363</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BMJ&rft.atitle=Christiaan+Barnard%3A+his+first+transplants+and+their+impact+on+concepts+of+death&rft.volume=323&rft.issue=7327&rft.pages=1478-80&rft.date=2001&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC1121917%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F11751363&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1136%2Fbmj.323.7327.1478&rft.au=Hoffenberg+R&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC1121917&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristiaan+Barnard" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcRae2007" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Donald_McRae_(author)" title="Donald McRae (author)">McRae, Donald</a> (7 August 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=2Fv9dRT9TC4C&dq=%22Chris+and+Marius+often+felt+that+she+was+grieving+over+the+loss+of+her+only+daughter%22&pg=PT44"><i>Every Second Counts: The Race to Transplant the First Human Heart</i></a>. Penguin. p. 46. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4406-2887-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4406-2887-0"><bdi>978-1-4406-2887-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Every+Second+Counts%3A+The+Race+to+Transplant+the+First+Human+Heart&rft.pages=46&rft.pub=Penguin&rft.date=2007-08-07&rft.isbn=978-1-4406-2887-0&rft.aulast=McRae&rft.aufirst=Donald&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D2Fv9dRT9TC4C%26dq%3D%2522Chris%2Band%2BMarius%2Boften%2Bfelt%2Bthat%2Bshe%2Bwas%2Bgrieving%2Bover%2Bthe%2Bloss%2Bof%2Bher%2Bonly%2Bdaughter%2522%26pg%3DPT44&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristiaan+Barnard" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Every_Second_Counts,_page_49,_Barnard_goes_to_Minnesota-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Every_Second_Counts,_page_49,_Barnard_goes_to_Minnesota_16-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Every Second Counts</i>, McRae, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=2Fv9dRT9TC4C&dq=%22In+December+1955%2C+Christiaan+Barnard+flew+to+the+city+of+snow%22&pg=PT47">page 49</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Invest-Surg-2010-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Invest-Surg-2010_17-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFToledo-Pereyra_LH2010" class="citation journal cs1">Toledo-Pereyra LH (2010). "Christiaan Barnard". <i>J Invest Surg</i>. <b>23</b> (2): 72–78. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3109%2F08941939.2010.484321">10.3109/08941939.2010.484321</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20497008">20497008</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:44625805">44625805</a>. <q>under pioneer surgeons C. Walton Lillehei and Richard L. Varco. Many future distinguished cardiac surgeons, such as Shumway, Cabrol, and many others, were his contemporaries at Minnesota.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=J+Invest+Surg&rft.atitle=Christiaan+Barnard&rft.volume=23&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=72-78&rft.date=2010&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A44625805%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F20497008&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3109%2F08941939.2010.484321&rft.au=Toledo-Pereyra+LH&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristiaan+Barnard" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Every Second Counts</i>, McRae, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=2Fv9dRT9TC4C&dq=%22the+South+African+relaxed+a+little+and+became+friendly+with+Gil+Campbell%22&pg=PT51">page 54</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Dictionary-of-African-Biography-Volume-6-2012-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Dictionary-of-African-Biography-Volume-6-2012_19-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Dictionary of African Biography, Volume 6</i>, Emmanuel Kwaku Akyeampong, Henry Louis Gates, Jr., editors-in-chief, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=39JMAgAAQBAJ&dq=%22as+well+as+surgical+work+and+teaching%2C+he+did+advanced+work+in+research+laboratories%22&pg=PA386">Barnard, Christiaan Neethling</a>, Anne Digby, Oxford University Press, 2012.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bosco, Teresio (1968) <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Uomini_come_noi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Uomini come noi (page does not exist)">Uomini come noi</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uomini_come_noi" class="extiw" title="it:Uomini come noi">it</a>]</span></i>, Società Editrice Internazionale</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Fricke, T. A.; Konstantinov, I. E. (2013) <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=pejGYnnkddwC&pg=PA82">Dawn and Evolution of Cardiac Procedures</a></i>, <a href="/wiki/Springer_(publisher)" class="mw-redirect" title="Springer (publisher)">Springer</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.consejoculturalmundial.org/about-us/">"About Us"</a>. <a href="/wiki/World_Cultural_Council" title="World Cultural Council">World Cultural Council</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 November</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=About+Us&rft.pub=World+Cultural+Council&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.consejoculturalmundial.org%2Fabout-us%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristiaan+Barnard" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLederer2008" class="citation book cs1">Lederer, Susan E. (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=JaZn25Uv6XwC&q=flesh+and+blood"><i>Flesh and Blood: Organ Transplantation and Blood Transfusion in Twentieth-Century America</i></a>. Oxford University Press. p. 174. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-516150-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-516150-2"><bdi>978-0-19-516150-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Flesh+and+Blood%3A+Organ+Transplantation+and+Blood+Transfusion+in+Twentieth-Century+America&rft.pages=174&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-19-516150-2&rft.aulast=Lederer&rft.aufirst=Susan+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DJaZn25Uv6XwC%26q%3Dflesh%2Band%2Bblood&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristiaan+Barnard" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMoosa2019" class="citation journal cs1">Moosa, M.R. (2019). "The state of kidney transplantation in South Africa". <i>South African Medical Journal</i>. <b>109</b> (4): 235–240. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.7196%2FSAMJ.2019.v109i4.13548">10.7196/SAMJ.2019.v109i4.13548</a></span> (inactive 10 November 2024). <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2078-5135">2078-5135</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31084688">31084688</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:132459822">132459822</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=South+African+Medical+Journal&rft.atitle=The+state+of+kidney+transplantation+in+South+Africa&rft.volume=109&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=235-240&rft.date=2019&rft.issn=2078-5135&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A132459822%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F31084688&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.7196%2FSAMJ.2019.v109i4.13548&rft.aulast=Moosa&rft.aufirst=M.R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristiaan+Barnard" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_journal" title="Template:Cite journal">cite journal</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of November 2024 (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_DOI_inactive_as_of_November_2024" title="Category:CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of November 2024">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-JAMA-James-Hardy-June-29-1964-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-JAMA-James-Hardy-June-29-1964_25-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHardyChavezKurrusNeely1964" class="citation journal cs1">Hardy, James D.; Chavez, Carlos M.; Kurrus, Fred D.; Neely, William A.; Eraslan, Sadan; Turner, M. Don; Fabian, Leonard W.; Labecki, Thaddeus D. (29 June 1964). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://jamanetwork.com/journals/jama/article-abstract/1163619">"Heart Transplantation in Man: Developmental Studies and Report of a Case"</a>. <i>Journal of the American Medical Association</i>. <b>188</b> (13): 1132–1140. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1001%2Fjama.1964.03060390034008">10.1001/jama.1964.03060390034008</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/14163110">14163110</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+American+Medical+Association&rft.atitle=Heart+Transplantation+in+Man%3A+Developmental+Studies+and+Report+of+a+Case&rft.volume=188&rft.issue=13&rft.pages=1132-1140&rft.date=1964-06-29&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1001%2Fjama.1964.03060390034008&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F14163110&rft.aulast=Hardy&rft.aufirst=James+D.&rft.au=Chavez%2C+Carlos+M.&rft.au=Kurrus%2C+Fred+D.&rft.au=Neely%2C+William+A.&rft.au=Eraslan%2C+Sadan&rft.au=Turner%2C+M.+Don&rft.au=Fabian%2C+Leonard+W.&rft.au=Labecki%2C+Thaddeus+D.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fjamanetwork.com%2Fjournals%2Fjama%2Farticle-abstract%2F1163619&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristiaan+Barnard" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Brief-History-Cross-Species-Transplantation-David-Cooper-2012-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Brief-History-Cross-Species-Transplantation-David-Cooper-2012_26-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCooper_DK2012" class="citation journal cs1">Cooper DK (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3246856">"A brief history of cross-species organ transplantation"</a>. <i>Proc (Bayl Univ Med Cent)</i>. <b>25</b> (1): 49–57. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F08998280.2012.11928783">10.1080/08998280.2012.11928783</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3246856">3246856</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22275786">22275786</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Proc+%28Bayl+Univ+Med+Cent%29&rft.atitle=A+brief+history+of+cross-species+organ+transplantation&rft.volume=25&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=49-57&rft.date=2012&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3246856%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F22275786&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F08998280.2012.11928783&rft.au=Cooper+DK&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3246856&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristiaan+Barnard" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Telegraph-UK-obituary-James-Hardy-2003-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Telegraph-UK-obituary-James-Hardy-2003_27-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/obituaries/1425080/James-Hardy.html">"James Hardy"</a>. Obituary. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Daily_Telegraph" title="The Daily Telegraph">The Daily Telegraph</a></i>. 20 March 2003.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Daily+Telegraph&rft.atitle=James+Hardy&rft.date=2003-03-20&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.telegraph.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fobituaries%2F1425080%2FJames-Hardy.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristiaan+Barnard" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Every Second Counts</i>, McRae, see Ch. 7 "Mississippi Gambling", esp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=2Fv9dRT9TC4C&dq=%22Rush+was+in+a+comatose+state+with+only+a+faint+pulse%22&pg=PT109">pages bottom 122 through 127</a> which talk about the 23 January 1964, operation in which surgeon James Hardy transplanted a chimp's heart into patient Boyd Rush.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2003/02/21/us/james-d-hardy-84-dies-paved-way-for-transplants.html?pagewanted=1">"James D. Hardy, 84, Dies; Paved Way for Transplants – Obituary; Biography"</a>. <i>NYTimes.com</i>. 21 February 2003<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 January</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=NYTimes.com&rft.atitle=James+D.+Hardy%2C+84%2C+Dies%3B+Paved+Way+for+Transplants+%E2%80%93+Obituary%3B+Biography&rft.date=2003-02-21&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2003%2F02%2F21%2Fus%2Fjames-d-hardy-84-dies-paved-way-for-transplants.html%3Fpagewanted%3D1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristiaan+Barnard" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20160524183055/https://www.umc.edu/Education/Schools/Medicine/Clinical_Science/Surgery/Dr__James_D__Hardy.aspx">"Dr. James D. Hardy"</a>. <i>University of Mississippi Medical Center</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.umc.edu/Education/Schools/Medicine/Clinical_Science/Surgery/Dr__James_D__Hardy.asp">the original</a> on 24 May 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=University+of+Mississippi+Medical+Center&rft.atitle=Dr.+James+D.+Hardy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.umc.edu%2FEducation%2FSchools%2FMedicine%2FClinical_Science%2FSurgery%2FDr__James_D__Hardy.asp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristiaan+Barnard" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcRae2006" class="citation news cs1">McRae, Donald (25 June 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/society/2006/jun/26/health.southafrica">"A new heart, a new era"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Guardian" title="The Guardian">The Guardian</a></i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=A+new+heart%2C+a+new+era&rft.date=2006-06-25&rft.aulast=McRae&rft.aufirst=Donald&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fsociety%2F2006%2Fjun%2F26%2Fhealth.southafrica&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristiaan+Barnard" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Every Second Counts</i>, McRae, page 190.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Daily_I-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Daily_I_33-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Daily_I_33-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Daily_I_33-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Daily_I_33-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1">"Memories of the Heart". <i>Daily Intelligencer</i>. Doylestown, Pennsylvania. 29 November 1987. p. A-18.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Daily+Intelligencer&rft.atitle=Memories+of+the+Heart&rft.pages=A-18&rft.date=1987-11-29&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristiaan+Barnard" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Adrian-Kantrowitz-Papers-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Adrian-Kantrowitz-Papers_34-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Adrian-Kantrowitz-Papers_34-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://profiles.nlm.nih.gov/ps/retrieve/Narrative/GN/p-nid/315">"The Adrian Kantrowitz Papers, Replacing Hearts: Left Ventricle Assist Devices and Transplants, 1960–1970"</a>. <i>U.S. National Library of Medicine</i>. National Institutes of Health. 12 March 2019. <q>...Two Stanford surgeons, Norman Shumway and Richard Lower, had started transplanting dog hearts while experimenting with hypothermia during the late 1950s...</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=U.S.+National+Library+of+Medicine&rft.atitle=The+Adrian+Kantrowitz+Papers%2C+Replacing+Hearts%3A+Left+Ventricle+Assist+Devices+and+Transplants%2C+1960%E2%80%931970&rft.date=2019-03-12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fprofiles.nlm.nih.gov%2Fps%2Fretrieve%2FNarrative%2FGN%2Fp-nid%2F315&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristiaan+Barnard" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-NYT_2009-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-NYT_2009_35-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-NYT_2009_35-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-NYT_2009_35-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWines2005" class="citation news cs1">Wines, Michael (27 August 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2005/08/27/world/africa/accounts-of-south-africans-career-now-seen-as-overstated.html">"Accounts of South African's Career Now Seen as Overstated"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Accounts+of+South+African%27s+Career+Now+Seen+as+Overstated&rft.date=2005-08-27&rft.aulast=Wines&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2005%2F08%2F27%2Fworld%2Fafrica%2Faccounts-of-south-africans-career-now-seen-as-overstated.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristiaan+Barnard" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcKay2009" class="citation news cs1">McKay, R. (1 September 2009). "Heart movie skips a beat". <i>Times Live</i>. South Africa.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Times+Live&rft.atitle=Heart+movie+skips+a+beat&rft.date=2009-09-01&rft.aulast=McKay&rft.aufirst=R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristiaan+Barnard" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBerger2009" class="citation news cs1">Berger, S. (4 June 2009). "Inspiring tale dismissed as 'rubbish'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>". <i>The National</i>. Abu Dhabi.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+National&rft.atitle=Inspiring+tale+dismissed+as+%27rubbish%27&rft.date=2009-06-04&rft.aulast=Berger&rft.aufirst=S.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristiaan+Barnard" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">October A. Dokkie 'verdraai' Barnard-verhaal.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#What_information_to_include" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="A complete citation is needed. (July 2024)">full citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFABRAHAMS2009" class="citation web cs1">ABRAHAMS, JOHANN (2 June 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110723010408/http://www.sabcnews.co.za/SABCnews.com/Documents/SpecialAssignment/HEART-SCRIPT.pdf">"THE HAMILTON NAKI STORY"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>sabcnews.co.za</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sabcnews.co.za/SABCnews.com/Documents/SpecialAssignment/HEART-SCRIPT.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 23 July 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=sabcnews.co.za&rft.atitle=THE+HAMILTON+NAKI+STORY&rft.date=2009-06-02&rft.aulast=ABRAHAMS&rft.aufirst=JOHANN&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sabcnews.co.za%2FSABCnews.com%2FDocuments%2FSpecialAssignment%2FHEART-SCRIPT.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristiaan+Barnard" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Guardian-David-Smith-May-2009-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Guardian-David-Smith-May-2009_40-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSmith2009" class="citation news cs1">Smith, David (31 May 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/world/2009/may/31/black-surgeon-first-heart-transplant">"Film on black surgeon in first heart transplant team rekindles controversy"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Guardian" title="The Guardian">The Guardian</a></i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Film+on+black+surgeon+in+first+heart+transplant+team+rekindles+controversy&rft.date=2009-05-31&rft.aulast=Smith&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fworld%2F2009%2Fmay%2F31%2Fblack-surgeon-first-heart-transplant&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristiaan+Barnard" class="Z3988"></span> Refers to documentary film <i>Hidden Heart</i> about Hamilton Naki.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Los-Angeles-Times-Jill-Gottesman-March-1988-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Los-Angeles-Times-Jill-Gottesman-March-1988_41-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1988-03-20-tm-1895-story.html">Milestones in Cardiac Care</a>, <i>Los Angeles Times</i>, Jill Gottesman, 20 March 1988.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-This_Day_in_Jewish_History-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-This_Day_in_Jewish_History_42-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-This_Day_in_Jewish_History_42-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.haaretz.com/jewish/this-day-in-jewish-history/.premium-1.561467">1967: First Heart Transplant Patient Goes Under the Knife</a>, <i>Haaretz</i>, This Day in Jewish History, David B. Green, 3 December 2013. ".. When he was 9, his mother took him [Louis Washkansky] and his three siblings to Cape Town, to join their father, who had come ahead of the family .."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Every Second Counts</i>, McRae, 2006, pages 191–96.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-South_African_History_Online-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-South_African_History_Online_44-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sahistory.org.za/people/christiaan-neethling-barnard">Christiaan Neethling Barnard</a>, South African History Online, updated 11 January 2017.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ethics_of_Scientific_Research,_by_Shrader-Frechette,_1994-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Ethics_of_Scientific_Research,_by_Shrader-Frechette,_1994_45-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=PbgzAAAAQBAJ&dq=%22Barnard%27s+failure+to+tell+Washkansky%27s+wife+that+her+husband+was+dying%22&pg=PA38">Ethics of Scientific Research</a>, Kristin Shrader-Frechette, Rowman & Littlefield, 1994, page 38. Along a similar line, this author states, "Barnard's failure to tell Washkansky's wife that her husband was dying," although it's not clear whether this was pre- or post-transplant.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Every Second Counts</i>, McRae, 2006, p. 188.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Every Second Counts</i>, McRae, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=nBYTCwAAQBAJ&dq=%22He+was+still+in+a+daze+when+Coert+Venter+knocked+gently%22&pg=PA189">page 189</a>, "Coert Venter .. [and] Bertie Bosman .. withdrew, stressing that he should take as long as he needed to consider their request. They would understand if he declined to give his consent." Edward Darvall took four minutes to reach his decision, mainly thinking about his daughter, including how she tried to help others. He then told the doctors, "If you can't save my daughter, you must try and save this man."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Every Second Counts</i>, McRae, 2006, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=2Fv9dRT9TC4C&dq=%22Barnard+eventually+became+drowsy+and+he+drifted+in+and+out+of+sleep%22&pg=PT162">page 187</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation magazine cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://content.time.com/time/subscriber/article/0,33009,899915,00.html">"Surgery: Progress, Then a Setback"</a>. <i>Time</i>. 22 December 1967. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0040-781X">0040-781X</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 May</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Time&rft.atitle=Surgery%3A+Progress%2C+Then+a+Setback&rft.date=1967-12-22&rft.issn=0040-781X&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcontent.time.com%2Ftime%2Fsubscriber%2Farticle%2F0%2C33009%2C899915%2C00.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristiaan+Barnard" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Every_Second_Counts,_regarding_international_publicity_of_Barnard's_first_heart_transplant,_esp._pages_207_and_208-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Every_Second_Counts,_regarding_international_publicity_of_Barnard's_first_heart_transplant,_esp._pages_207_and_208_50-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Every Second Counts</i>, McRae, see <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=nBYTCwAAQBAJ&dq=%22On+Monday+morning%2C+as+international+news+teams+flocked+to+Cape+Town%2C+the+BBC+and+CBS+leading+the+first+requests+for+exclusive+interviews%22&pg=PA207">page 207</a> and, regarding publicity in the Soviet Union, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=2Fv9dRT9TC4C&dq=%22In+Moscow%2C+Pravda+gave+over+its+front+page+to+the+news+and+suggested+to+its+readers+that+in+spite+of+South+Africa%27s+backward+place%22&pg=PT180">pages 208–09</a> in which <i>Pravda</i> states, "in spite of South Africa's backward place in the community of nations, positive, creative forces seem to thrive there, as proven by the immense feat of Dr. Chris Barnard."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://dspace.ucalgary.ca/bitstream/1880/48963/1/2009_HMD_Elzinga.pdf">Major Medical Milestones Leading Up to the FirstHuman Heart Transplantation</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160714140947/http://dspace.ucalgary.ca/bitstream/1880/48963/1/2009_HMD_Elzinga.pdf">Archived</a> 14 July 2016 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Kate Elzinga, from <i>Proceedings of the 18th Annual History of Medicine Days Conference 2009: The University of Calgary Faculty of Medicine, Alberta, Canada</i>, Cambridge Scholars Publishing, 2011. ".. following Barnard's landmark heart transplantation on December 3, 1967, 107 human heart transplants were performed by 64 surgical teams in 24 countries in 1968. . "</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKoretzky2016" class="citation journal cs1">Koretzky, Maya Overby (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5914447">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>'A Change of Heart': Racial Politics, Scientific Metaphor and Coverage of 1968 Interracial Heart Transplants in the African American Press"</a>. <i>Social History of Medicine</i>. <b>30</b> (2): 408–428. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fshm%2Fhkw052">10.1093/shm/hkw052</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5914447">5914447</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29713117">29713117</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Social+History+of+Medicine&rft.atitle=%27A+Change+of+Heart%27%3A+Racial+Politics%2C+Scientific+Metaphor+and+Coverage+of+1968+Interracial+Heart+Transplants+in+the+African+American+Press&rft.volume=30&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=408-428&rft.date=2016&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC5914447%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F29713117&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fshm%2Fhkw052&rft.aulast=Koretzky&rft.aufirst=Maya+Overby&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC5914447&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristiaan+Barnard" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1994/07/07/obituaries/dirk-van-zyl-68-had-71-transplant.html">"Dirk van Zyl, 68; Had '71 Transplant"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i>. 7 July 1994<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 March</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Dirk+van+Zyl%2C+68%3B+Had+%2771+Transplant&rft.date=1994-07-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1994%2F07%2F07%2Fobituaries%2Fdirk-van-zyl-68-had-71-transplant.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristiaan+Barnard" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-South-African-Medical-Journal-2012-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-South-African-Medical-Journal-2012_54-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-South-African-Medical-Journal-2012_54-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-South-African-Medical-Journal-2012_54-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.samj.org.za/index.php/samj/article/view/5020/4123">Transplantation of the heart: An overview of 40 years' clinical and research experience at Groote Schuur Hospital and the University of Cape Town</a>, <i>South African Medical Journal</i>, "Part I. Surgical experience and clinical studies." J Hassoulas, Vol. 102, No. 6 (2012).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Postgrad-Medical-Journal-2016-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Postgrad-Medical-Journal-2016_55-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://pmj.bmj.com/content/early/2016/07/27/postgradmedj-2016-134309.extract">"A tale of two hearts"</a>, <i>Postgrad Medical Journal</i>, 27 July 2016. "... HHT [Heterotopic Heart Transplantation] involves transplanting the donor heart without removing the recipient heart, effectively forming a 'double heart'. It was widely used in the pre-cyclosporine era when the donor was not strong enough (eg, the recipient had a much larger body) or the recipient had pre-existing pulmonary hypertension. Christiaan Barnard performed the first HHT ('piggy back' transplant) in 1974 ..."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBarnardWolpowitzLosman1977" class="citation journal cs1">Barnard, C.N.; Wolpowitz, A.; Losman, J.G. (1 December 1977). "Heterotopic cardiac transplantation with a xenograft for assistance of the left heart in cardiogenic shock after cardiopulmonary bypass". <i>South African Medical Journal</i>. <b>52</b> (26): 1035–1038. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/10520%2FAJA20785135_18333">10520/AJA20785135_18333</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/416502">416502</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=South+African+Medical+Journal&rft.atitle=Heterotopic+cardiac+transplantation+with+a+xenograft+for+assistance+of+the+left+heart+in+cardiogenic+shock+after+cardiopulmonary+bypass&rft.volume=52&rft.issue=26&rft.pages=1035-1038&rft.date=1977-12-01&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F10520%2FAJA20785135_18333&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F416502&rft.aulast=Barnard&rft.aufirst=C.N.&rft.au=Wolpowitz%2C+A.&rft.au=Losman%2C+J.G.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristiaan+Barnard" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBarnard1997" class="citation news cs1">Barnard, Christiaan (1–14 November 1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070711210948/http://www.hinduonnet.com/fline/fl1422/14220850.htm">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>'It's the quality of survival that's important'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <i>Frontline: India's National Magazine</i>. Vol. 14, no. 22. Archived from the original on 11 July 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Frontline%3A+India%27s+National+Magazine&rft.atitle=%27It%27s+the+quality+of+survival+that%27s+important%27&rft.volume=14&rft.issue=22&rft.date=1997-11-01%2F1997-11-14&rft.aulast=Barnard&rft.aufirst=Christiaan&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hinduonnet.com%2Ffline%2Ffl1422%2F14220850.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristiaan+Barnard" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_news" title="Template:Cite news">cite news</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: unfit URL (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_unfit_URL" title="Category:CS1 maint: unfit URL">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHilary1978" class="citation journal cs1">Hilary, Ng'weno (5 May 1978). "Dr. Christiaan Barnard Visit to Kenya". <i>The Weekly Review</i>: 13.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Weekly+Review&rft.atitle=Dr.+Christiaan+Barnard+Visit+to+Kenya&rft.pages=13&rft.date=1978-05-05&rft.aulast=Hilary&rft.aufirst=Ng%27weno&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristiaan+Barnard" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hilary_16–17-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Hilary_16–17_59-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hilary_16–17_59-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hilary_16–17_59-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hilary_16–17_59-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hilary_16–17_59-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hilary_16–17_59-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hilary_16–17_59-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hilary_16–17_59-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hilary_16–17_59-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHilary1978" class="citation journal cs1">Hilary, Ng'weno (19 May 1978). "I Would Split South Africa Into Two Parts – Equitably". <i>The Weekly Review</i>: 16–17.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Weekly+Review&rft.atitle=I+Would+Split+South+Africa+Into+Two+Parts+%E2%80%93+Equitably&rft.pages=16-17&rft.date=1978-05-19&rft.aulast=Hilary&rft.aufirst=Ng%27weno&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristiaan+Barnard" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090612234553/http://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/africa/christiaan-barnard-celebrated-pioneer-of-heart-transplant-surgery-dies-aged-78-667863.html">Christiaan Barnard, celebrated pioneer of heart transplant surgery, dies aged 78</a>", <i>The Independent</i>, 3 September 2001. Retrieved 18 September 2010.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-cbarnardbio-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-cbarnardbio_61-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-cbarnardbio_61-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-cbarnardbio_61-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-cbarnardbio_61-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090523102543/http://www.allsands.com/entertainment/people/christiaanbarna_aoi_gn.htm">"Christiaan Barnard Biography"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.allsands.com/entertainment/people/christiaanbarna_aoi_gn.htm">the original</a> on 23 May 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 June</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Christiaan+Barnard+Biography&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.allsands.com%2Fentertainment%2Fpeople%2Fchristiaanbarna_aoi_gn.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristiaan+Barnard" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBarnard1994" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Barnard, Chris (1994). <i>Druhý dech</i> [<i>The Second Life</i>] (in Czech). Prague: Lidové noviny. pp. 70–71. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/80-7106-096-8" title="Special:BookSources/80-7106-096-8"><bdi>80-7106-096-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Druh%C3%BD+dech&rft.place=Prague&rft.pages=70-71&rft.pub=Lidov%C3%A9+noviny&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=80-7106-096-8&rft.aulast=Barnard&rft.aufirst=Chris&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristiaan+Barnard" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=1144&dat=19680130&id=sLcpAAAAIBAJ&pg=5795,4863293&hl=cs">"Pope Tells Barnard Of 'Heart' Prayers"</a>. <i>Pittsburgh Post-Gazette</i>. Pittsburgh. 30 January 1968<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 October</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Pittsburgh+Post-Gazette&rft.atitle=Pope+Tells+Barnard+Of+%27Heart%27+Prayers&rft.date=1968-01-30&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnews.google.com%2Fnewspapers%3Fnid%3D1144%26dat%3D19680130%26id%3DsLcpAAAAIBAJ%26pg%3D5795%2C4863293%26hl%3Dcs&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristiaan+Barnard" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dailyherald.com/article/20161013/news/310139819/">"Trump comments prompt congresswoman to share assault story"</a>. Associated Press. 13 October 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Trump+comments+prompt+congresswoman+to+share+assault+story&rft.date=2016-10-13&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.dailyherald.com%2Farticle%2F20161013%2Fnews%2F310139819%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristiaan+Barnard" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161017230458/http://www.nh1.com/news/rep-annie-kuster-tells-concord-monitor-famous-doctor-sexually-assaulted-her-decades-ago/">"Rep. Annie Kuster tells Concord Monitor famous doctor sexually assaulted her decades ago"</a>. <i>NH1</i>. 13 October 2016. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 October</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=NH1&rft.atitle=Rep.+Annie+Kuster+tells+Concord+Monitor+famous+doctor+sexually+assaulted+her+decades+ago&rft.date=2016-10-13&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nh1.com%2Fnews%2Frep-annie-kuster-tells-concord-monitor-famous-doctor-sexually-assaulted-her-decades-ago%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristiaan+Barnard" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161014060432/http://www.usnews.com/news/politics/articles/2016-10-13/trump-comments-prompt-congresswoman-to-share-assault-story">"Trump comments prompt congresswoman to share assault story"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.usnews.com/news/politics/articles/2016-10-13/trump-comments-prompt-congresswoman-to-share-assault-story">the original</a> on 14 October 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Trump+comments+prompt+congresswoman+to+share+assault+story&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.usnews.com%2Fnews%2Fpolitics%2Farticles%2F2016-10-13%2Ftrump-comments-prompt-congresswoman-to-share-assault-story&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristiaan+Barnard" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-massad-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-massad_67-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-massad_67-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMassad2002" class="citation journal cs1">Massad, Malek G. (January 2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1067%2Fmtc.2002.121042">"Christiaan Neethling Barnard (1922–2001)"</a>. <i>The Journal of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery</i>. <b>123</b> (1): 1–2. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1067%2Fmtc.2002.121042">10.1067/mtc.2002.121042</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11782747">11782747</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Journal+of+Thoracic+and+Cardiovascular+Surgery&rft.atitle=Christiaan+Neethling+Barnard+%281922%E2%80%932001%29&rft.volume=123&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=1-2&rft.date=2002-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1067%2Fmtc.2002.121042&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F11782747&rft.aulast=Massad&rft.aufirst=Malek+G.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1067%252Fmtc.2002.121042&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristiaan+Barnard" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/local/2001/09/03/heart-surgeon-christiaan-barnard-dies/82ab4aae-4854-462e-96b3-dbf042ecadf4/">"Heart Surgeon Christiaan Barnard Dies"</a>. <i>The Washington Post</i>. 3 September 2001<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 March</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Washington+Post&rft.atitle=Heart+Surgeon+Christiaan+Barnard+Dies&rft.date=2001-09-03&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Farchive%2Flocal%2F2001%2F09%2F03%2Fheart-surgeon-christiaan-barnard-dies%2F82ab4aae-4854-462e-96b3-dbf042ecadf4%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristiaan+Barnard" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCooper2001" class="citation news cs1">Cooper, David K. C. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 December</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Obituary%3A+Christiaan+Barnard&rft.date=2001-09-03&rft.aulast=Cooper&rft.aufirst=David+K.+C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fnews%2F2001%2Fsep%2F03%2Fguardianobituaries.medicalscience&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristiaan+Barnard" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181127034052/http://cbheartfoundation.com/the-foundation/">"The Foundation – Christiaan Barnard Heart Foundation"</a>. <i>Christiaan Barnard Heart Foundation</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://cbheartfoundation.com/the-foundation/">the original</a> on 27 November 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 November</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Christiaan+Barnard+Heart+Foundation&rft.atitle=The+Foundation+%E2%80%93+Christiaan+Barnard+Heart+Foundation&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcbheartfoundation.com%2Fthe-foundation%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristiaan+Barnard" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2">"Heart and Blood Vessel Surgery", <i>The First Transplant Surgeon</i>, WORLD SCIENTIFIC, 13 September 2016, pp. 165–187, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1142%2F9789814699389_0007">10.1142/9789814699389_0007</a>, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789814699365" title="Special:BookSources/9789814699365"><bdi>9789814699365</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Heart+and+Blood+Vessel+Surgery&rft.btitle=The+First+Transplant+Surgeon&rft.pages=165-187&rft.pub=WORLD+SCIENTIFIC&rft.date=2016-09-13&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1142%2F9789814699389_0007&rft.isbn=9789814699365&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristiaan+Barnard" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCooper2018" class="citation journal cs1">Cooper, D. K. (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6062759">"Christiaan Barnard—The surgeon who dared: The story of the first human-to-human heart transplant"</a>. <i>Global Cardiology Science & Practice</i>. <b>2018</b> (2): 11. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.21542%2Fgcsp.2018.11">10.21542/gcsp.2018.11</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6062759">6062759</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30083541">30083541</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Global+Cardiology+Science+%26+Practice&rft.atitle=Christiaan+Barnard%E2%80%94The+surgeon+who+dared%3A+The+story+of+the+first+human-to-human+heart+transplant&rft.volume=2018&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=11&rft.date=2018&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC6062759%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F30083541&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.21542%2Fgcsp.2018.11&rft.aulast=Cooper&rft.aufirst=D.+K.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC6062759&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristiaan+Barnard" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070927202905/http://www.cyprus-mail.com/news/main_old.php?id=4655&archive=1">"Autopsy confirms asthma killed Barnard"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Cyprus_Mail" title="Cyprus Mail">Cyprus Mail</a></i>. 5 September 2001. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cyprus-mail.com/news/main_old.php?id=4655&archive=1">the original</a> on 27 September 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 March</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Cyprus+Mail&rft.atitle=Autopsy+confirms+asthma+killed+Barnard&rft.date=2001-09-05&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cyprus-mail.com%2Fnews%2Fmain_old.php%3Fid%3D4655%26archive%3D1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristiaan+Barnard" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrinkHassoulas2009" class="citation journal cs1">Brink JG, Hassoulas J (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4200566">"The first human heart transplant and further advances in cardiac transplantation at Groote Schuur Hospital and the University of Cape Town – with reference to : the operation. A human cardiac transplant : an interim report of a successful operation performed at Groote Schuur Hospital, Cape Town"</a>. <i>Cardiovasc J Afr</i>. <b>20</b> (1): 31–5. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4200566">4200566</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19287813">19287813</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Cardiovasc+J+Afr&rft.atitle=The+first+human+heart+transplant+and+further+advances+in+cardiac+transplantation+at+Groote+Schuur+Hospital+and+the+University+of+Cape+Town+%E2%80%93+with+reference+to+%3A+the+operation.+A+human+cardiac+transplant+%3A+an+interim+report+of+a+successful+operation+performed+at+Groote+Schuur+Hospital%2C+Cape+Town&rft.volume=20&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=31-5&rft.date=2009&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4200566%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F19287813&rft.aulast=Brink&rft.aufirst=JG&rft.au=Hassoulas%2C+J&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4200566&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristiaan+Barnard" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCooper2017" class="citation book cs1">Cooper, David (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=MVZDDwAAQBAJ&printsec=frontcover"><i>Christiaan Barnard: The Surgeon Who Dared</i></a>. Stroud, Gloucestershire, UK: Fonthill Media. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781781556399" title="Special:BookSources/9781781556399"><bdi>9781781556399</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Christiaan+Barnard%3A+The+Surgeon+Who+Dared&rft.place=Stroud%2C+Gloucestershire%2C+UK&rft.pub=Fonthill+Media&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=9781781556399&rft.aulast=Cooper&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DMVZDDwAAQBAJ%26printsec%3Dfrontcover&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristiaan+Barnard" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLogan2003" class="citation book cs1">Logan, Chris (2003). <i>Celebrity Surgeon: Christiaan Barnard: A Life</i>. Johannesburg: Jonathan Ball. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1868421633" title="Special:BookSources/978-1868421633"><bdi>978-1868421633</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Celebrity+Surgeon%3A+Christiaan+Barnard%3A+A+Life&rft.place=Johannesburg&rft.pub=Jonathan+Ball&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-1868421633&rft.aulast=Logan&rft.aufirst=Chris&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristiaan+Barnard" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Christiaan_Barnard" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Christiaan Barnard">Christiaan Barnard</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/34px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="34" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/51px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/68px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikiquote has quotations related to <i><b><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Special:Search/Christiaan_Barnard" class="extiw" title="q:Special:Search/Christiaan Barnard">Christiaan Barnard</a></b></i>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1121917/">Christiaan Barnard: his first transplants and their impact on concepts of death</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111001054057/http://www.heart-transplant.co.uk/barnard.html">To Transplant and Beyond : First Human Heart Transplant</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20061217194135/http://www.ctsnet.org/doc/6272">In Memoriam : Christiaan Neethling Barnard</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120206092146/http://www.info.gov.za/speeches/2007/07113014151003.htm">40th anniversary of first human heart transplant</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.heartofcapetown.co.za">Official Heart Transplant Museum – Heart Of Cape Town</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": 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Anfinsen">Christian B. Anfinsen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Werner_Arber" title="Werner Arber">Werner Arber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Baddiley" title="James Baddiley">James Baddiley</a></li> <li>M. Balasegaram</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frank_Barnaby" title="Frank Barnaby">Frank Barnaby</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Christiaan Barnard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colin_Blakemore" title="Colin Blakemore">Colin Blakemore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aage_Bohr" title="Aage Bohr">Aage N. Bohr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norman_Borlaug" title="Norman Borlaug">Norman Borlaug</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/H._G._Callan" title="H. G. Callan">Harold G. Callan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andr%C3%A9_Fr%C3%A9d%C3%A9ric_Cournand" title="André Frédéric Cournand">André Frédéric Cournand</a></li> <li>William J. Darby</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eduardo_de_Robertis" title="Eduardo de Robertis">Eduardo de Robertis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cornelis_de_Jager" class="mw-redirect" title="Cornelis de Jager">Cornelis de Jager</a></li> <li>Guy Blaudin de Thé</li> <li>Jean-François Denisse</li> <li>Venancio Deulofeu</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frank_J._Dixon" title="Frank J. Dixon">Frank J. Dixon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Doll" title="Richard Doll">Richard S. Doll</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Audouin_Dollfus" title="Audouin Dollfus">Audouin Dollfus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacques-%C3%89mile_Dubois" title="Jacques-Émile Dubois">Jacques-Émile Dubois</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gerald_Durrell" title="Gerald Durrell">Gerald Durrell</a></li> <li>Francisco J. Dy</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Eccles_(neurophysiologist)" title="John Eccles (neurophysiologist)">John C. Eccles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S._Paul_Ehrlich_Jr." title="S. Paul Ehrlich Jr.">Paul Ehrlich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manfred_Eigen" title="Manfred Eigen">Manfred Eigen</a></li> <li>Mohammed El Fasi</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernest_L._Eliel" title="Ernest L. Eliel">Ernest L. Eliel</a></li> <li>Kenneth O. Emergy</li> <li>José Rafael Estrada</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hans_J._Eysenck" class="mw-redirect" title="Hans J. Eysenck">Hans J. Eysenck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Don_W._Fawcett" title="Don W. Fawcett">Don W. Fawcett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D._J._Finney" title="D. J. Finney">David J. Finney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Val_Logsdon_Fitch" title="Val Logsdon Fitch">Val L. Fitch</a></li> <li>Carl G. Gahmberg</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfred_Hershey" title="Alfred Hershey">Alfred D. Hershey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gerhard_Herzberg" title="Gerhard Herzberg">Gerhard Herzberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_H._Hubel" title="David H. Hubel">David H. Hubel</a></li> <li>Osmo H. Järvi</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reginald_Victor_Jones" title="Reginald Victor Jones">Reginald V. Jones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adrian_Kantrowitz" title="Adrian Kantrowitz">Adrian Kantrowitz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nathan_O._Kaplan" title="Nathan O. Kaplan">Nathan O. Kaplan</a></li> <li>Leo A. Kaprio</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vassos_Karageorghis" title="Vassos Karageorghis">Vassos Karageorghis</a></li> <li>Peter E. Kent</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donald_William_Kerst" title="Donald William Kerst">Donald W. Kerst</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seymour_S._Kety" title="Seymour S. Kety">Seymour S. Kety</a></li> <li>Prem N. Kirpal</li> <li>Georges B. Koelle</li> <li>Walther Manshard</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georges_Math%C3%A9" title="Georges Mathé">Georges Mathé</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_D._McElroy" title="William D. McElroy">William D. McElroy</a></li> <li>Henry McIlwain</li> <li>John McMichael</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jerrold_Meinwald" title="Jerrold Meinwald">Jerrold Meinwald</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harry_Melville_(chemist)" title="Harry Melville (chemist)">Harry Melville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Desmond_Morris" title="Desmond Morris">Desmond J. Morris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giuseppe_Moruzzi" title="Giuseppe Moruzzi">Giuseppe Moruzzi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nevill_Francis_Mott" title="Nevill Francis Mott">Nevill F. Mott</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vernon_Benjamin_Mountcastle" title="Vernon Benjamin Mountcastle">Vernon B. Mountcastle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_S._Mulliken" title="Robert S. Mulliken">Robert S. Mulliken</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_H._Munk" class="mw-redirect" title="Walter H. Munk">Walter H. Munk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ilie_G._Murgulescu" title="Ilie G. Murgulescu">Ilie G. Murgulescu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jayant_Narlikar" title="Jayant Narlikar">Jayant V. Narlikar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_N%C3%A9el" title="Louis Néel">Louis E. F. Néel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yuval_Ne%27eman" title="Yuval Ne'eman">Yuval Ne'eman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bernhard_Neumann" title="Bernhard Neumann">Bernhard H. Neumann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Nierenberg" title="William Nierenberg">William A. Nierenberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marshall_Warren_Nirenberg" title="Marshall Warren Nirenberg">Marshall W. Nirenberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Emil_Palade" title="George Emil Palade">George E. Palade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Pardee" title="Arthur Pardee">Arthur B. Pardee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Phillips_(chemist)" title="David Phillips (chemist)">David Phillips</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacques_Piccard" title="Jacques Piccard">Jacques Piccard</a></li> <li>Jens J. Pindborg</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comlan_A._A._Quenum" title="Comlan A. A. Quenum">Comlan A. A. Quenum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hermann_Rahn" title="Hermann Rahn">Hermann Rahn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G._N._Ramachandran" title="G. N. Ramachandran">G. N. Ramachandran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gunnar_Randers" title="Gunnar Randers">Gunnar Randers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C._N._R._Rao" title="C. N. R. Rao">Chintamani N. R. Rao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rex_Richards_(chemist)" title="Rex Richards (chemist)">Rex Richards</a></li> <li>Jean Rösch</li> <li>Abraham J. A. Roux</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Keith_Runcorn" title="Keith Runcorn">Stanley K. Runcorn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donald_Sadler" title="Donald Sadler">Donald H. Sadler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hakim_Said" class="mw-redirect" title="Hakim Said">Hakim Muhammad Saeed</a></li> <li>Nobufusa Saito</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abdus_Salam" title="Abdus Salam">Abdus Salam</a></li> <li>Stuart J. Saunders</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Menahem_Max_Schiffer" title="Menahem Max Schiffer">Menahem Max Schiffer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_G._Schneider" title="William G. Schneider">William G. Schneider</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glenn_T._Seaborg" title="Glenn T. Seaborg">Glenn T. Seaborg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernest_Robert_Sears" title="Ernest Robert Sears">Ernest R. Sears</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederick_Seitz" title="Frederick Seitz">Frederick Seitz</a></li> <li>Leonard T. Skeggs</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stefan_%C5%9Alopek" title="Stefan Ślopek">Stefan Ślopek</a></li> <li>George J. Smets</li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Davis_Snell" title="George Davis Snell">George D. Snell</a></li> <li>Leonard Sosnowky</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roger_Wolcott_Sperry" title="Roger Wolcott Sperry">Roger W. Sperry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lyman_Spitzer" title="Lyman Spitzer">Lyman Spitzer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederick_Stewart_(geologist)" title="Frederick Stewart (geologist)">Frederick Stewart</a></li> <li>Heikki Suomalainen</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pol_Swings" title="Pol Swings">Pol Swings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Tanford" title="Charles Tanford">Charles Tanford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Taube" title="Henry Taube">Henry Taube</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Tedder,_2nd_Baron_Tedder" title="John Tedder, 2nd Baron Tedder">John M. Tedder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Teller" title="Edward Teller">Edward Teller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Howard_Martin_Temin" title="Howard Martin Temin">Howard Temin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harold_Warris_Thompson" class="mw-redirect" title="Harold Warris Thompson">Harold Thompson</a></li> <li>Peter C. Thonemann</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phillip_V._Tobias" class="mw-redirect" title="Phillip V. Tobias">Phillip V. Tobias</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_R._Todd" class="mw-redirect" title="Alexander R. Todd">Alexander R. Todd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jan_Peter_Toennies" title="Jan Peter Toennies">Jan Peter Toennies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrzej_Trautman" title="Andrzej Trautman">Andrzej Trautman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Tricart" title="Jean Tricart">Jean L. F. Tricart</a></li> <li>Ioan Ursu</li> <li>Constantin Vago</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eugene_van_Tamelen" title="Eugene van Tamelen">Eugene van Tamelen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulf_von_Euler" title="Ulf von Euler">Ulf S. von Euler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alan_Walsh_(physicist)" title="Alan Walsh (physicist)">Alan Walsh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Joseph_Whelan" title="William Joseph Whelan">William J. Whelan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karel_Wiesner" title="Karel Wiesner">Karel F. Wiesner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rosalyn_Sussman_Yalow" title="Rosalyn Sussman Yalow">Rosalyn S. Yalow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Zachary_Young" title="John Zachary Young">John Z. Young</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Organ_transplantation" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Organ_transplantation" title="Template:Organ transplantation"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Organ_transplantation" title="Template talk:Organ transplantation"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Organ_transplantation" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Organ transplantation"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Organ_transplantation" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Organ_transplantation" title="Organ transplantation">Organ transplantation</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Types</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Allotransplantation" title="Allotransplantation">Allotransplantation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ABO-incompatible_transplantation" title="ABO-incompatible transplantation">ABOi</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Autotransplantation" title="Autotransplantation">Autotransplantation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xenotransplantation" title="Xenotransplantation">Xenotransplantation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Transplantable_organs_and_tissues" title="Transplantable organs and tissues">Organs and tissues</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bone_grafting" title="Bone grafting">Bone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hematopoietic_stem_cell_transplantation" title="Hematopoietic stem cell transplantation">Bone marrow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brain_transplant" title="Brain transplant">Brain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corneal_transplantation" title="Corneal transplantation">Corneal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eye_transplantation" title="Eye transplantation">Eye</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Face_transplant" title="Face transplant">Face</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hand_transplantation" title="Hand transplantation">Hand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Head_transplant" title="Head transplant">Head</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heart_transplantation" title="Heart transplantation">Heart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heart%E2%80%93lung_transplant" title="Heart–lung transplant">Heart–lung</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intestine_transplantation" title="Intestine transplantation">Intestine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kidney_transplantation" title="Kidney transplantation">Kidney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liver_transplantation" title="Liver transplantation">Liver</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lung_transplantation" title="Lung transplantation">Lung</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pancreas_transplantation" title="Pancreas transplantation">Pancreas</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Islet_cell_transplantation" title="Islet cell transplantation">islet cell</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Penis_transplantation" title="Penis transplantation">Penis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skin_grafting" title="Skin grafting">Skin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spleen_transplantation" title="Spleen transplantation">Spleen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thymus_transplantation" title="Thymus transplantation">Thymus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uterus_transplantation" title="Uterus transplantation">Uterus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaginal_transplantation" title="Vaginal transplantation">Vagina</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Graft_(surgery)" title="Graft (surgery)">Medical grafting</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bone_grafting" title="Bone grafting">Bone grafting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skin_grafting" title="Skin grafting">Skin grafting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vascular_bypass" title="Vascular bypass">Vascular bypass</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Organ_donation" title="Organ donation">Organ donation</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Non-heart-beating_donation" title="Non-heart-beating donation">Non-heart-beating donation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organ_procurement" title="Organ procurement">Organ procurement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organ_trade" title="Organ trade">Organ trade</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Complications</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Graft-versus-host_disease" title="Graft-versus-host disease">Graft-versus-host disease</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-transplant_lymphoproliferative_disorder" title="Post-transplant lymphoproliferative disorder">Post-transplant lymphoproliferative disorder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transplant_rejection" title="Transplant rejection">Transplant rejection</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Transplant networks<br />and government<br /> departments</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eurotransplant" title="Eurotransplant">Eurotransplant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gift_of_Life_Marrow_Registry" title="Gift of Life Marrow Registry">Gift of Life Marrow Registry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_Tissue_Authority" title="Human Tissue Authority">Human Tissue Authority</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LifeSharers" title="LifeSharers">LifeSharers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Marrow_Donor_Program" title="National Marrow Donor Program">National Marrow Donor Program</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Organization_for_Organ_and_Tissues_Donation_and_Transplantation_(Lebanon)" title="National Organization for Organ and Tissues Donation and Transplantation (Lebanon)">NOD-Lb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Transplant_Organization" title="National Transplant Organization">National Transplant Organization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NHS_Blood_and_Transplant" title="NHS Blood and Transplant">NHS Blood and Transplant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trillium_Gift_of_Life_Network" title="Trillium Gift of Life Network">Trillium Gift of Life Network</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Network_for_Organ_Sharing" title="United Network for Organ Sharing">United Network for Organ Sharing</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Advocacy<br /> organizations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anthony_Nolan" title="Anthony Nolan">Anthony Nolan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blood_Cancer_UK" title="Blood Cancer UK">Blood Cancer UK</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DKMS" title="DKMS">DKMS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Halachic_Organ_Donor_Society" title="Halachic Organ Donor Society">Halachic Organ Donor Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kidney_Foundation_of_Canada" title="Kidney Foundation of Canada">Kidney Foundation of Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Kidney_Foundation" title="National Kidney Foundation">National Kidney Foundation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ORGANIZE" title="ORGANIZE">ORGANIZE</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Joint societies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_Society_of_Nephrology" title="American Society of Nephrology">American Society of Nephrology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Society_of_Transplantation" title="American Society of Transplantation">American Society of Transplantation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_Society_of_Transplantation" title="Canadian Society of Transplantation">Canadian Society of Transplantation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Countries</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Organ_transplantation_in_China" title="Organ transplantation in China">Organ transplantation in China</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Organ_harvesting_from_Falun_Gong_practitioners_in_China" title="Organ harvesting from Falun Gong practitioners in China">harvesting from Falun Gong</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organ_donation_in_India" title="Organ donation in India">Organ donation in India</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gurgaon_kidney_scandal" title="Gurgaon kidney scandal">Gurgaon kidney scandal</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organ_transplantation_in_Israel" title="Organ transplantation in Israel">Organ transplantation in Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organ_transplantation_in_Japan" title="Organ transplantation in Japan">Organ transplantation in Japan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Heart</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Christiaan Barnard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Hardy_(surgeon)" title="James Hardy (surgeon)"> James D. Hardy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adrian_Kantrowitz" title="Adrian Kantrowitz">Adrian Kantrowitz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Lower_(surgeon)" title="Richard Lower (surgeon)">Richard Lower</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norman_Shumway" title="Norman Shumway">Norman Shumway</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Kidney</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/J._Hartwell_Harrison" title="J. Hartwell Harrison">J. Hartwell Harrison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_P._Merrill" title="John P. Merrill">John P. Merrill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Murray" class="mw-redirect" title="Joseph Murray">Joseph Murray</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_Ward_(British_campaigner)" title="Elizabeth Ward (British campaigner)">Elizabeth Ward</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Woodruff" title="Michael Woodruff">Michael Woodruff</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Liver</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fikri_Alican" title="Fikri Alican">Fikri Alican</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Hardy_(surgeon)" title="James Hardy (surgeon)"> James D. Hardy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Starzl" title="Thomas Starzl">Thomas Starzl</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Lung</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fikri_Alican" title="Fikri Alican">Fikri Alican</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joel_D._Cooper" title="Joel D. Cooper">Joel D. Cooper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Demikhov" title="Vladimir Demikhov">Vladimir Demikhov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Hardy_(surgeon)" title="James Hardy (surgeon)"> James D. Hardy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Pancreas</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Richard_C._Lillehei" title="Richard C. Lillehei">Richard C. Lillehei</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Penis</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Andr%C3%A9_van_der_Merwe" title="André van der Merwe">André van der Merwe</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alexis_Carrel" title="Alexis Carrel">Alexis Carrel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Michel_Dubernard" title="Jean-Michel Dubernard">Jean-Michel Dubernard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donna_Mansell" title="Donna Mansell">Donna Mansell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bruce_Reitz" title="Bruce Reitz">Bruce Reitz</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_organ_transplant_donors_and_recipients" title="List of organ transplant donors and recipients">List of organ transplant donors and recipients</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biomedical_tissue" title="Biomedical tissue">Biomedical tissue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edmonton_protocol" title="Edmonton protocol">Edmonton protocol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eye_bank" title="Eye bank">Eye bank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immunosuppressive_drug" title="Immunosuppressive drug">Immunosuppressive drugs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lung_allocation_score" title="Lung allocation score">Lung allocation score</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Machine_perfusion" title="Machine perfusion">Machine perfusion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Total_body_irradiation" title="Total body irradiation">Total body irradiation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frankenstein%27s_monster" title="Frankenstein's monster">Frankenstein's monster</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188803#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" 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srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000120960939">ISNI</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/49424647">VIAF</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/40763/">FAST</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJcwxQBV7yq4mWdQB7qqQq">WorldCat</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/118652567">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n79090011">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb118902619">France</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb118902619">BnF data</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00955277">Japan</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Barnard, Christiaan"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://opac.sbn.it/nome/CFIV051126">Italy</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nla.gov.au/anbd.aut-an36238826">Australia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=jn19990000455&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX1721345">Spain</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.bnportugal.gov.pt/aut/catbnp/45465">Portugal</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p068561466">Netherlands</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://authority.bibsys.no/authority/rest/authorities/html/90352619">Norway</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://kopkatalogs.lv/F?func=direct&local_base=lnc10&doc_number=000078650&P_CON_LNG=ENG">Latvia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://katalog.nsk.hr/F/?func=direct&doc_number=000055955&local_base=nsk10">Croatia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bncatalogo.cl/F?func=direct&local_base=red10&doc_number=000200653">Chile</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.nlg.gr/cgi-bin/koha/opac-authoritiesdetail.pl?authid=86935">Greece</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lod.nl.go.kr/resource/KAC202106402">Korea</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://libris.kb.se/31fhh52m3rn1lns">Sweden</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dbn.bn.org.pl/descriptor-details/9810598499305606">Poland</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a class="external text" href="https://wikidata-externalid-url.toolforge.org/?p=8034&url_prefix=https://opac.vatlib.it/auth/detail/&id=495/91681">Vatican</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007594239105171">Israel</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cantic.bnc.cat/registre/981058510151206706">Catalonia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://opac.kbr.be/LIBRARY/doc/AUTHORITY/14195913">Belgium</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Academics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ci.nii.ac.jp/author/DA02198973?l=en">CiNii</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Artists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://musicbrainz.org/artist/9f603248-b6fa-4134-9418-a69a96ba9960">MusicBrainz</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://trove.nla.gov.au/people/1234906">Trove</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-biographie.de/pnd118652567.html?language=en">Deutsche Biographie</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-digitale-bibliothek.de/person/gnd/118652567">DDB</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/032486405">IdRef</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://snaccooperative.org/ark:/99166/w6x64269">SNAC</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img 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