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title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Self-references to avoid">Self-references</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Words_to_watch" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Words to watch">Words to watch</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background-color: #def; color:black; padding-left: 2px;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_Manual_of_Style_(formatting)" title="Category:Wikipedia Manual of Style (formatting)">Formatting</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Abbreviations" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Abbreviations">Abbreviations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Capital_letters" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Capital letters">Capitalization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers">Dates and numbers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Pronunciation" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Pronunciation">Pronunciation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Spelling" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Spelling">Spelling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Text_formatting" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Text formatting">Text formatting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Titles_of_works" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Titles of works">Titles of works</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background-color: #def; color:black; padding-left: 2px;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_Manual_of_Style_(images)" title="Category:Wikipedia Manual of Style (images)">Images</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Captions" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Captions">Captions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Image_use_policy#Adding_images_to_articles" title="Wikipedia:Image use policy">Image placement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Icons" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Icons">Icons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Images" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Images">Images</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background-color: #def; color:black; padding-left: 2px;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_Manual_of_Style_(layout)" title="Category:Wikipedia Manual of Style (layout)">Layout</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Layout" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Layout">Layout</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Lead_section" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Lead section">Lead section</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Tables" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Tables">Tables</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Trivia_sections" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Trivia sections">Trivia sections</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background-color: #def; color:black; padding-left: 2px;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_Manual_of_Style_(lists)" title="Category:Wikipedia Manual of Style (lists)">Lists</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Lists" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Lists">Lists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Lists_of_works" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Lists of works">Lists of works</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Road_junction_lists" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Road junction lists">Road junctions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Stand-alone_lists" title="Wikipedia:Stand-alone lists">Stand-alone lists</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background-color: #def; color:black; padding-left: 2px;;color: var(--color-base)">By topic area</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks" style="background-color: transparent; color: var( --color-base ); border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background-color: #def; color:black; padding-left: 2px;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_Manual_of_Style_(legal)" title="Category:Wikipedia Manual of Style (legal)">Legal</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Legal" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Legal">Legal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Trademarks" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Trademarks">Trademarks</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background-color: #def; color:black; padding-left: 2px;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_Manual_of_Style_(arts)" title="Category:Wikipedia Manual of Style (arts)">Arts</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks" style="background-color: transparent; color: var( --color-base ); border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Anime_and_manga" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Anime and manga">Anime and manga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Comics" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Comics">Comics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Film" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Film">Film</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Lyrics_and_poetry" title="Wikipedia:Lyrics and poetry">Lyrics and poetry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Novels" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Novels">Novels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Television" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Television">Television</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Video_games" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Video games">Video games</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Visual_arts" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Visual arts">Visual arts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Writing_about_fiction" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Writing about fiction">Writing about fiction</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_Manual_of_Style_(music)" title="Category:Wikipedia Manual of Style (music)">Music</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Music" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Music">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Music_samples" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Music samples">Music samples</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Record_charts" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Record charts">Record charts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Stringed_instrument_tunings" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Stringed instrument tunings">Stringed instruments</a></li></ul></td> </tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background-color: #def; color:black; padding-left: 2px;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_Manual_of_Style_(history)" title="Category:Wikipedia Manual of Style (history)">History</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Blazon" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Blazon">Blazons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Military_history" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Military history">Military history</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background-color: #def; color:black; padding-left: 2px;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_Manual_of_Style_(regional)" title="Category:Wikipedia Manual of Style (regional)">Regional</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Naming_conventions_(geographic_names)#Specific_topics" title="Wikipedia:Naming conventions (geographic names)">Specific naming conventions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Canada-related_articles" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Canada-related articles">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/China-_and_Chinese-related_articles" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/China- and Chinese-related articles">China (and Chinese)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Egypt-related_articles" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Egypt-related articles">Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/France-_and_French-related_articles" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/France- and French-related articles">France (and French)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Hawaii-related_articles" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Hawaii-related articles">Hawaii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/India-related_articles" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/India-related articles">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Indonesia-related_articles" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Indonesia-related articles">Indonesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Ireland-related_articles" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Ireland-related articles">Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Japan-related_articles" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Japan-related articles">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Korea-related_articles" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Korea-related articles">Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Naming_conventions_(Macedonia)" title="Wikipedia:Naming conventions (Macedonia)">Macedonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Malaysia-related_articles" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Malaysia-related articles">Malaysia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Pakistan-related_articles" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Pakistan-related articles">Pakistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Philippines-related_articles" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Philippines-related articles">Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Poland-related_articles" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Poland-related articles">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Singapore-related_articles" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Singapore-related articles">Singapore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Trinidad_and_Tobago/Style_guide" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Trinidad and Tobago/Style guide">Trinidad and Tobago</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background-color: #def; color:black; padding-left: 2px;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_Manual_of_Style_(religion)" title="Category:Wikipedia Manual of Style (religion)">Religion</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Islam-related_articles" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Islam-related articles">Islam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Latter_Day_Saints" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Latter Day Saints">Latter Day Saints</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background-color: #def; color:black; padding-left: 2px;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_Manual_of_Style_(science)" title="Category:Wikipedia Manual of Style (science)">Science</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Chemistry" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Chemistry">Chemistry</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Chemistry/Compound_classes" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Chemistry/Compound classes">Compound classes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Chemistry/Chemicals" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Chemistry/Chemicals">Chemicals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Chemistry/References_and_external_links" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Chemistry/References and external links">References and external links</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Chemistry/Safety" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Chemistry/Safety">Safety</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Chemistry/Structure_drawing" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Chemistry/Structure drawing">Structure drawing</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Computer_science" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Computer science">Computer science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Mathematics" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Mathematics">Mathematics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Medicine-related_articles" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Medicine-related articles">Medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Taxobox/doc" title="Template:Taxobox/doc">Taxonomy</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background-color: #def; color:black; padding-left: 2px;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_Manual_of_Style_(sports)" title="Category:Wikipedia Manual of Style (sports)">Sports</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Cue_sports" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Cue sports">Cue sports</a> (<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Snooker" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Snooker">Snooker</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Figure_skating" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Figure skating">Figure skating</a> (<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Figure_skating_terminology" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Figure skating terminology">Terminology</a>)</li></ul></div></div></td> </tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background-color: #def; color:black; padding-left: 2px;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_Manual_of_Style_(related_guidelines)" title="Category:Wikipedia Manual of Style (related guidelines)">Related guidelines</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Article_size" title="Wikipedia:Article size">Article size</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Article_titles" title="Wikipedia:Article titles">Article titles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Categories,_lists,_and_navigation_templates" title="Wikipedia:Categories, lists, and navigation templates">Categories, lists, and navigation templates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Categorization" title="Wikipedia:Categorization">Categorization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Hatnote" title="Wikipedia:Hatnote">Hatnotes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Subpages" title="Wikipedia:Subpages">Subpages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Make_technical_articles_understandable" title="Wikipedia:Make technical articles understandable">Understandability</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Simplified_Manual_of_Style" title="Wikipedia:Simplified Manual of Style">Overview</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Contents" title="Wikipedia:Manual of 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0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ombox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ombox .mbox-invalid-type{text-align:center}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ombox{margin:4px 10%}.mw-parser-output .ombox.mbox-small{clear:right;float:right;margin:4px 0 4px 1em;width:238px}}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output table.ombox img{max-width:none!important}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .ombox-speedy{background-color:#310402}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .ombox-speedy{background-color:#310402}}</style><table class="plainlinks ombox ombox-notice" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Essay.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Essay.svg/30px-Essay.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="36" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Essay.svg/45px-Essay.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Essay.svg/60px-Essay.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="35" data-file-height="42"/></a></span></td><td class="mbox-text"><div style="padding-top: 6px; padding-bottom: 5px;"><b>This is a <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Council/Guide#Advice_pages" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Council/Guide">WikiProject advice page</a>.</b><br/><div style="font-size: 90%;">It contains the advice or opinions of one or more <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject">WikiProjects</a> on Wikipedia or its <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Process_is_important" title="Wikipedia:Process is important">process</a>, as pertaining to topics within the WikiProject(s) area of interest. This page is not one of <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Policies_and_guidelines" title="Wikipedia:Policies and guidelines">Wikipedia's policies or guidelines</a>, as it has not been <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Consensus#Levels_of_consensus" title="Wikipedia:Consensus">thoroughly vetted by the community</a>.</div></div></td><td class="mbox-imageright"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1252059228">.mw-parser-output .module-shortcutboxplain{float:right;margin:0 0 0 1em;border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);background-color:var(--background-color-base,#fff);padding:0.3em 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em;text-align:center;font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .module-shortcutboxleft{float:left;margin:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .module-shortcutlist{display:inline-block;border-bottom:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);margin-bottom:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .module-shortcutboxplain ul{font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .module-shortcutanchordiv{position:relative;top:-3em}.mw-parser-output li .module-shortcutanchordiv{float:right}.mw-parser-output .mbox-imageright .module-shortcutboxplain{padding:0.4em 1em 0.4em 1em;line-height:1.3;margin:0}</style><div class="module-shortcutanchordiv"><span id="WP:ASTROSTYLE"></span></div><div class="module-shortcutboxplain noprint" role="note"><div class="module-shortcutlist"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Shortcut" title="Wikipedia:Shortcut">Shortcut</a></div><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:ASTROSTYLE&redirect=no">WP:ASTROSTYLE</a></span></li></ul></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238436933"><table class="plainlinks ombox ombox-notice nutshell" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Walnut.png/30px-Walnut.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="30" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Walnut.png/45px-Walnut.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Walnut.png/60px-Walnut.png 2x" data-file-width="192" data-file-height="192"/></span></span></td><td class="mbox-text"><b>This page in a nutshell:</b> Advice for providing consistent style and citations in articles on astronomy topics. It covers naming conventions, image use, units, infoboxes, and useful references.</td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The following is <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Astronomy" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Astronomy">WikiProject Astronomy</a>'s advice for writing and editing clear, encyclopedic, attractive, and interesting articles on astronomy. For matters of style not treated on this subpage, follow the main <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style">Manual of Style</a> and its other subpages to achieve consistency of style throughout Wikipedia. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc"/> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 ext-discussiontools-init-section"><h2 id="Naming_conventions" data-mw-thread-id="h-Naming_conventions"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-Naming_conventions"></span>Naming conventions<span data-mw-comment-end="h-Naming_conventions"></span></h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:WikiProject_Astronomy/Style_advice&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Naming conventions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Naming_conventions_(astronomical_objects)" title="Wikipedia:Naming conventions (astronomical objects)">Wikipedia:Naming conventions (astronomical objects)</a></div> <p>Articles about astronomical objects should use conventional <a href="/wiki/Astronomical_naming_conventions" title="Astronomical naming conventions">astronomical naming conventions</a> for the article title, particularly as specified by the <a href="/wiki/International_Astronomical_Union" title="International Astronomical Union">International Astronomical Union</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-IAU_naming_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IAU_naming-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>For catalogue names, standard astronomy abbreviations can be used. Hence, BD instead of <a href="/wiki/Bonner_Durchmusterung" class="mw-redirect" title="Bonner Durchmusterung">Bonner Durchmusterung</a> and GJ rather than <a href="/wiki/Gliese%E2%80%93Jahrei%C3%9F_Catalogue" class="mw-redirect" title="Gliese–Jahreiß Catalogue">Gliese–Jahreiß</a>. The exception is the <a href="/wiki/Bayer_designation" title="Bayer designation">Bayer designation</a> of a star, which uses the fully <a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Greek" title="Romanization of Greek">Latinized</a> greek letter followed by the genitive form of the constellation name. An example is <a href="/wiki/Sigma_Orionis" title="Sigma Orionis">Sigma Orionis</a>, for σ Ori. </p><p>For components of multiple star system, the convention is to follow the system name by a capital letter. Thus, <a href="/wiki/Alpha_Centauri_A" class="mw-redirect" title="Alpha Centauri A">Alpha Centauri A</a> and <a href="/wiki/Alpha_Centauri_B" class="mw-redirect" title="Alpha Centauri B">Alpha Centauri B</a>. Exoplanets typically use a lower case letter, such as <a href="/wiki/Epsilon_Eridani_b" title="Epsilon Eridani b">Epsilon Eridani b</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 ext-discussiontools-init-section"><h2 id="Capitalizing_object_names" data-mw-thread-id="h-Capitalizing_object_names"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-Capitalizing_object_names"></span>Capitalizing object names<span data-mw-comment-end="h-Capitalizing_object_names"></span></h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:WikiProject_Astronomy/Style_advice&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Capitalizing object names"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The capitalization of specific astronomy objects is discussed at: <a href="/wiki/MOS:CELESTIALBODIES" class="mw-redirect" title="MOS:CELESTIALBODIES">MOS:CELESTIALBODIES</a>. The <i>universe</i>, including the <a href="/wiki/Visible_universe" class="mw-redirect" title="Visible universe">visible universe</a>, uses lower case, except when discussing it in its entirety, such as in a <a href="/wiki/Multiverse" title="Multiverse">multiverse</a> context. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 ext-discussiontools-init-section"><h2 id="Images" data-mw-thread-id="h-Images"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-Images"></span>Images<span data-mw-comment-end="h-Images"></span></h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:WikiProject_Astronomy/Style_advice&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Images"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>An astronomical image is any image file concerning non-artificial objects or phenomena that originate outside the Earth's atmosphere. It can include photographs, diagrams, and illustrations. In addition to the usual standards of image selection outlined by the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Image_use_policy" title="Wikipedia:Image use policy">Wikipedia:Image use policy</a> and <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Images" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Images">Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Images</a>, which cover image quality and pertinence, other considerations apply to articles about astronomy: </p> <ul><li>Wherever possible, the lead image in an astronomical object article should: <ul><li>Show the article object as viewed in natural light, without enhancements of specific spectral bands or frequency shifting. Usually this means an image taken in the V-band of the UBV photometric system. This may not be possible for heavily <a href="/wiki/Redshift" title="Redshift">redshifted</a> or dust-obscured objects, in which case an infrared image will serve. If the lead image has been modified or enhanced, it should state this in the caption.</li> <li>Feature the entire object in full <a href="/wiki/Planetary_phase" title="Planetary phase">phase</a> with no occultations or obstructions. Hence, planet, moon, and asteroid images should show the full disk. Hubble staircase images (with a lower-resolution background field image made by <a href="/wiki/WFPC2" class="mw-redirect" title="WFPC2">WFPC2</a>) should be avoided when a full view image is available.</li> <li>Avoid the use of computer 2D or 3D images when a photograph of the object is available.</li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li>Restrictions on the use of artistic illustrations are discussed at <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:ASTROART" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:ASTROART">WP:ASTROART</a>. When choosing an artistic illustration, select an image with maximum potential to inform the reader and minimum potential for misinformation. Illustrations made by <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Reliable_sources" title="Wikipedia:Reliable sources">reliable sources</a> should be preferred.</li></ul> <ul><li>Any diagrams should include a reliable source for the data used to create the diagram. In most cases, SVG format is preferred for this type of illustration.</li></ul> <p>Careful consideration should be made before adding any <a href="/wiki/Artificial_intelligence" title="Artificial intelligence">AI</a>-generated illustrations. The accuracy of the image should be confirmed by an astronomy expert, and copyright use should follow the guidelines for other Wikipedia images. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 ext-discussiontools-init-section"><h2 id="Units" data-mw-thread-id="h-Units"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-Units"></span>Units<span data-mw-comment-end="h-Units"></span></h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:WikiProject_Astronomy/Style_advice&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Units"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main pages: <a href="/wiki/MOS:UNITS" class="mw-redirect" title="MOS:UNITS">MOS:UNITS</a> and <a href="/wiki/MOS:CONVERSIONS" class="mw-redirect" title="MOS:CONVERSIONS">MOS:CONVERSIONS</a></div> <p>Per the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style">Manual of Style</a>, the conventional units for astronomy science articles are the <a href="/wiki/International_System_of_Units" title="International System of Units">International System of Units</a> (SI) and <a href="/wiki/Non-SI_units_mentioned_in_the_SI#Units_officially_accepted_for_use_with_the_SI" title="Non-SI units mentioned in the SI">units accepted for use with SI</a>; these should be used consistently throughout an article. Astronomy uses certain <a href="/wiki/Astronomical_system_of_units" title="Astronomical system of units">unit conventions</a><sup id="cite_ref-IAU_SI_units_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IAU_SI_units-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> for specific parameters, and these take primacy where appropriate for the scale. When converting to SI/SI-accepted units, it is usually only necessary supply <i>one</i> conversion (e.g. there's no need to convert to <i>both</i> g and kg). </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Light-year" title="Light-year">Light-years</a> (ly), <a href="/wiki/Parsec" title="Parsec">parsecs</a> (pc),<sup id="cite_ref-IAU_units_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IAU_units-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Astronomical_unit" title="Astronomical unit">astronomical units</a> (au) have specific guidelines at <a href="/wiki/MOS:CONVERSIONS" class="mw-redirect" title="MOS:CONVERSIONS">MOS:CONVERSIONS</a>. See <a href="/wiki/MOS:UNITSYMBOLS" class="mw-redirect" title="MOS:UNITSYMBOLS">MOS:UNITSYMBOLS</a> for "au" vs. "AU" and other symbols.</li> <li>Density of a material is given directly in the SI units of <a href="/wiki/G/cm3" class="mw-redirect" title="G/cm3">g/cm<sup>3</sup></a>.</li> <li>The masses and radii of large <a href="/wiki/Astronomical_object" title="Astronomical object">astronomical objects</a> are listed relative to the same quantity for the Sun (<var>M</var><sub>☉</sub>, <var>R</var><sub>☉</sub>), Jupiter (<var>M</var><sub>J</sub>, <var>R</var><sub>J</sub>), Earth (<span class="nowrap"><i>M</i><sub>🜨</sub></span>, <var>R</var><sub>🜨</sub>),<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or the Moon (<var>M</var><sub>L</sub>, <var>R</var><sub>L</sub>). Mass conversions should be to SI <a href="/wiki/Kilogram" title="Kilogram">kilograms</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luminosities" class="mw-redirect" title="Luminosities">Luminosities</a> are listed relative to the Sun (<var>L</var><sub>☉</sub>), converted to SI <a href="/wiki/Watt" title="Watt">watts</a>.</li> <li>Ages are in <a href="/wiki/Kyr" title="Kyr">kyr</a>, <a href="/wiki/Myr" class="mw-redirect" title="Myr">Myr</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Billion_years" class="mw-redirect" title="Billion years">Gyr</a> (no need to convert to SI seconds).</li> <li>Spectral <a href="/wiki/Flux_density" class="mw-redirect" title="Flux density">flux density</a> can be given in <a href="/wiki/Jansky" title="Jansky">Jansky</a>, particularly in <a href="/wiki/Radio_astronomy" title="Radio astronomy">radio astronomy</a>. This is converted to SI units with the treatment noted at <a href="/wiki/MOS:CONVERSIONS" class="mw-redirect" title="MOS:CONVERSIONS">MOS:CONVERSIONS</a>.</li> <li>Units of energy can be given in <a href="/wiki/Electronvolt" title="Electronvolt">electronvolts</a> (eV) which are accepted for use with the SI, or in SI <a href="/wiki/Joule" title="Joule">joules</a>, as appropriate to scale.</li> <li>Surface gravity should be shown in both m/s<sup>2</sup> and <a href="/wiki/Standard_gravity" title="Standard gravity">standard gravity</a> units, with the symbol g<sub>0</sub>. For example: <dl><dd>{{cvt|3.7|m/s2|g0|lk=out}} gives: 3.7 m/s<sup>2</sup> (0.38 <a href="/wiki/Standard_gravity" title="Standard gravity"><i>g</i><sub>0</sub></a>).</dd></dl></li> <li>In astronomical contexts, m/s or km/s (as appropriate depending on magnitude) is preferred for speed or velocity. For planetary weather conditions, km/h is preferred.</li></ul> <p>To reduce clutter, do not use <a href="/wiki/United_States_customary_units" title="United States customary units">United States customary units</a> or <a href="/wiki/Imperial_units" title="Imperial units">imperial units</a> in infoboxes. If a reference uses these units, to allow easy verification, convert value to SI (and if appropriate astronomical unit of measure) using the <span class="nowrap">{{</span><a href="/wiki/Template:Cvt" class="mw-redirect" title="Template:Cvt">cvt</a><span class="nowrap">}}</span> template but only display the output.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For example: </p> <dl><dd>{{convert|140000000|mi|disp=out|au e6km|abbr=unit}} produces: 1.5 au; 230 million km</dd></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 ext-discussiontools-init-section"><h2 id="References" data-mw-thread-id="h-References"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-References"></span>References<span data-mw-comment-end="h-References"></span></h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:WikiProject_Astronomy/Style_advice&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Database sources such as <a href="/wiki/SIMBAD" title="SIMBAD">SIMBAD</a>, <a href="/wiki/NASA/IPAC_Extragalactic_Database" title="NASA/IPAC Extragalactic Database">NED</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Extrasolar_Planets_Encyclopaedia" title="Extrasolar Planets Encyclopaedia">Extrasolar Planets Encyclopaedia</a> are invaluable sites for finding reliable sources. However, they are not stable data sources, being subject to change over time. The data comes from multiple overlapping sources, some of which can later be removed. Hence they should not be used directly, but as sources for more static references. But they are useful as a stable reference for the other designations listing. </p><p>In the case of the <a href="/wiki/JPL_Small-Body_Database" title="JPL Small-Body Database">JPL Small-Body Database</a> lookup, the data is not stable, but the report does not always provide an alternative source for static data. The reported data will change over time, particularly in the later decimal fields. Keeping only a few decimals of accuracy will reduce the need to make updates. </p><p>There are specific templates for citing catalogues. For example <span class="nowrap">{{</span><a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_EPE" title="Template:Cite EPE">Cite EPE</a><span class="nowrap">}}</span> can be used to cite the <a href="/wiki/Extrasolar_Planets_Encyclopaedia" title="Extrasolar Planets Encyclopaedia">Extrasolar Planets Encyclopaedia</a>, <span class="nowrap">{{</span><a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_simbad" title="Template:Cite simbad">Cite simbad</a><span class="nowrap">}}</span> can be used to cite <a href="/wiki/SIMBAD" title="SIMBAD">SIMBAD</a>, and <span class="nowrap">{{</span><a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_Gaia_DR3" title="Template:Cite Gaia DR3">Cite Gaia DR3</a><span class="nowrap">}}</span> can be used for citing <a href="/wiki/Gaia_DR3" class="mw-redirect" title="Gaia DR3">Gaia DR3</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 ext-discussiontools-init-section"><h2 id="Infoboxes" data-mw-thread-id="h-Infoboxes"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-Infoboxes"></span>Infoboxes<span data-mw-comment-end="h-Infoboxes"></span></h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:WikiProject_Astronomy/Style_advice&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Infoboxes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>All object-specific infobox data entries should have inline references specifying reliable sources. </p><p>Whenever the coordinates of an astronomical object is included, it should also list an <a href="/wiki/Epoch_(astronomy)" title="Epoch (astronomy)">epoch</a> so the date context is clear. Typically this is <a href="/wiki/J2000" class="mw-redirect" title="J2000">J2000</a>. For a minor planet, the epoch of the listed orbital elements is used. </p><p>Providing error ranges gives the reader a useful indication of the accuracy of the data. In most cases where an error range exists, there is little need to retain accuracy beyond the first two or three digits of the error margin. For example, <span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="7001488047215840000♠"></span>48.8047215840<span style="margin-left:0.3em;margin-right:0.15em;">±</span>1.9920</span> can be listed as <span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="7001488000000000000♠"></span>48.80<span style="margin-left:0.3em;margin-right:0.15em;">±</span>1.99</span>. </p><p>In some instances, different reliable sources may give data values with error ranges that do not overlap. It may be of interest to provide two or more such data values in the infobox, if this is believed to be of interest to the reader. An example of this are diameter estimates for a minor planet that are derived through different methods. The values should be separated by a comma or a new line, and include the margins of error. </p><p>There is a set of standard infoboxes for astronomical objects and associations of different types: </p> <ul><li>All galaxy types use <span class="nowrap">{{</span><a href="/wiki/Template:Infobox_galaxy" title="Template:Infobox galaxy">Infobox galaxy</a><span class="nowrap">}}</span>. Groups and clusters of galaxies use <span class="nowrap">{{</span><a href="/wiki/Template:Infobox_galaxy_cluster" title="Template:Infobox galaxy cluster">Infobox galaxy cluster</a><span class="nowrap">}}</span>.</li> <li>Open clusters use <span class="nowrap">{{</span><a href="/wiki/Template:Infobox_open_cluster" title="Template:Infobox open cluster">Infobox open cluster</a><span class="nowrap">}}</span>, while globulars use <span class="nowrap">{{</span><a href="/wiki/Template:Infobox_globular_cluster" title="Template:Infobox globular cluster">Infobox globular cluster</a><span class="nowrap">}}</span>.</li> <li>Moving groups and stellar associations use <span class="nowrap">{{</span><a href="/wiki/Template:Infobox_stellar_association" title="Template:Infobox stellar association">Infobox stellar association</a><span class="nowrap">}}</span>.</li> <li>All nebulae use <span class="nowrap">{{</span><a href="/wiki/Template:Infobox_nebula" title="Template:Infobox nebula">Infobox nebula</a><span class="nowrap">}}</span>.</li> <li>Planets, exoplanets, and minor planets use <span class="nowrap">{{</span><a href="/wiki/Template:Infobox_planet" title="Template:Infobox planet">Infobox planet</a><span class="nowrap">}}</span>.</li> <li>Comets use <span class="nowrap">{{</span><a href="/wiki/Template:Infobox_comet" title="Template:Infobox comet">Infobox comet</a><span class="nowrap">}}</span>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Stellar_objects" data-mw-thread-id="h-Stellar_objects-Infoboxes"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-Stellar_objects-Infoboxes"></span>Stellar objects<span data-mw-comment-end="h-Stellar_objects-Infoboxes"></span></h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:WikiProject_Astronomy/Style_advice&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Stellar objects"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Stellar articles generally include an infobox consisting of templates from the starbox group. These start with the <span class="nowrap">{{</span><a href="/wiki/Template:Starbox_begin" title="Template:Starbox begin">Starbox begin</a><span class="nowrap">}}</span> and continue to the <span class="nowrap">{{</span><a href="/wiki/Template:Starbox_end" class="mw-redirect" title="Template:Starbox end">Starbox end</a><span class="nowrap">}}</span>. Typically they will include the <span class="nowrap">{{</span><a href="/wiki/Template:Starbox_observe" title="Template:Starbox observe">Starbox observe</a><span class="nowrap">}}</span>, <span class="nowrap">{{</span><a href="/wiki/Template:Starbox_character" title="Template:Starbox character">Starbox character</a><span class="nowrap">}}</span>, <span class="nowrap">{{</span><a href="/wiki/Template:Starbox_astrometry" title="Template:Starbox astrometry">Starbox astrometry</a><span class="nowrap">}}</span>, and <span class="nowrap">{{</span><a href="/wiki/Template:Starbox_catalogue" class="mw-redirect" title="Template:Starbox catalogue">Starbox catalogue</a><span class="nowrap">}}</span> templates. When a star has more detailed parameter information, <span class="nowrap">{{</span><a href="/wiki/Template:Starbox_detail" title="Template:Starbox detail">Starbox detail</a><span class="nowrap">}}</span> can be included after the Starbox astrometry template. For multi-star systems, the <span class="nowrap">{{</span><a href="/wiki/Template:Starbox_orbit" title="Template:Starbox orbit">Starbox orbit</a><span class="nowrap">}}</span> and <span class="nowrap">{{</span><a href="/wiki/Template:Starbox_relpos" title="Template:Starbox relpos">Starbox relpos</a><span class="nowrap">}}</span> templates are available. </p><p>For stars that are visible to the naked eye, a location chart may be included at the top of the infobox using the <span class="nowrap">{{</span><a href="/wiki/Template:Starbox_image" title="Template:Starbox image">Starbox image</a><span class="nowrap">}}</span> template. These generally use an appropriate constellation map, available from the Wikimedia Commons. The <span class="nowrap">{{</span><a href="/wiki/Template:Location_mark" title="Template:Location mark">Location mark</a><span class="nowrap">}}</span> template is recommended for overlaying a marker identifying the star, as it provides consistent positioning accuracy. See the starbox image template documentation for further information. </p><p>The <span class="nowrap">{{</span><a href="/wiki/Template:Odlist" title="Template:Odlist">odlist</a><span class="nowrap">}}</span> template is strongly recommended for formatting the entries in the Starbox catalogue template. The 'name=' field can be used for a proper name. Positions in the <a href="/wiki/Equatorial_coordinate_system" title="Equatorial coordinate system">equatorial coordinate system</a> can be displayed in a consistent manner using the <span class="nowrap">{{</span><a href="/wiki/Template:RA" class="mw-redirect" title="Template:RA">RA</a><span class="nowrap">}}</span> and <span class="nowrap">{{</span><a href="/wiki/Template:DEC" class="mw-redirect" title="Template:DEC">DEC</a><span class="nowrap">}}</span> templates. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 ext-discussiontools-init-section"><h2 id="See_also" data-mw-thread-id="h-See_also"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-See_also"></span>See also<span data-mw-comment-end="h-See_also"></span></h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:WikiProject_Astronomy/Style_advice&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Naming_conventions_(astronomical_objects)" title="Wikipedia:Naming conventions (astronomical objects)">Wikipedia:Naming conventions (astronomical objects)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Notability_(astronomical_objects)" title="Wikipedia:Notability (astronomical objects)">Wikipedia:Notability (astronomical objects)</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 ext-discussiontools-init-section"><h2 id="References_2" data-mw-thread-id="h-References_2"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-References_2"></span>References<span data-mw-comment-end="h-References_2"></span></h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:WikiProject_Astronomy/Style_advice&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-IAU_naming-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-IAU_naming_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.iau.org/public/themes/naming/">"Naming of Astronomical Objects"</a>. International Astronomical Union<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-07-12</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Naming+of+Astronomical+Objects&rft.pub=International+Astronomical+Union&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.iau.org%2Fpublic%2Fthemes%2Fnaming%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWikipedia%3AWikiProject+Astronomy%2FStyle+advice" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-IAU_SI_units-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-IAU_SI_units_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.iau.org/publications/proceedings_rules/units/">"SI Units"</a>. International Astronomical Union<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-07-12</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=SI+Units&rft.pub=International+Astronomical+Union&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.iau.org%2Fpublications%2Fproceedings_rules%2Funits%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWikipedia%3AWikiProject+Astronomy%2FStyle+advice" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-IAU_units-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-IAU_units_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.iau.org/public/themes/measuring/">"Measuring the Universe"</a>. International Astronomical Union<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-04-15</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Measuring+the+Universe&rft.pub=International+Astronomical+Union&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.iau.org%2Fpublic%2Fthemes%2Fmeasuring%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWikipedia%3AWikiProject+Astronomy%2FStyle+advice" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The Earth symbol may not be rendered properly on systems with limited fonts, so <i>M<sub>E</sub></i> and <i>R<sub>E</sub></i> can be used instead.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See archived <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia_talk:WikiProject_Astronomy/Archive_37#RFC:_Imperial/U.S._customary_units_in_astronomy_object_infobox" title="Wikipedia talk:WikiProject Astronomy/Archive 37">RFC: Imperial/U.S. customary units in astronomy object infobox</a></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output 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href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Styletips" title="Wikipedia:Styletips">Tips</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_Manual_of_Style_(content)" title="Category:Wikipedia Manual of Style (content)">Content</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Accessibility" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Accessibility">Accessibility</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Biography" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Biography">Biography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Disambiguation_pages" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Disambiguation pages">Disambiguation pages</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Organizing_disambiguation_pages_by_subject_area" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Organizing disambiguation pages by subject area">Organizing by subject area</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Gender_identity" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Gender identity">Gender identity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Hidden_text" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Hidden text">Hidden text</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Infoboxes" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Infoboxes">Infoboxes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Linking" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Linking">Linking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Self-references_to_avoid" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Self-references to avoid">Self-references</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Words_to_watch" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Words to watch">Words to watch</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_Manual_of_Style_(formatting)" 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style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_Manual_of_Style_(legal)" title="Category:Wikipedia Manual of Style (legal)">Legal</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Legal" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Legal">Legal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Trademarks" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Trademarks">Trademarks</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_Manual_of_Style_(arts)" title="Category:Wikipedia Manual of Style (arts)">Arts</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Anime_and_manga" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Anime and manga">Anime and manga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Comics" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Comics">Comics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Film" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Film">Film</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Lyrics_and_poetry" title="Wikipedia:Lyrics and poetry">Lyrics and poetry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Novels" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Novels">Novels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Television" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Television">Television</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Video_games" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Video games">Video games</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Visual_arts" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Visual arts">Visual arts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Writing_about_fiction" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Writing about fiction">Writing about fiction</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_Manual_of_Style_(music)" title="Category:Wikipedia Manual of Style (music)">Music</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Music" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Music">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Music_samples" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Music samples">Music samples</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Record_charts" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Record charts">Record charts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Stringed_instrument_tunings" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Stringed instrument tunings">Stringed instruments</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_Manual_of_Style_(history)" title="Category:Wikipedia Manual of Style (history)">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Blazon" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Blazon">Blazons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Military_history" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Military history">Military history</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_Manual_of_Style_(regional)" title="Category:Wikipedia Manual of Style (regional)">Regional</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Naming_conventions_(geographic_names)#Specific_topics" title="Wikipedia:Naming conventions (geographic names)">Specific naming conventions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Canada-related_articles" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Canada-related articles">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/China-_and_Chinese-related_articles" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/China- and Chinese-related articles">China (and Chinese)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/France-_and_French-related_articles" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/France- and French-related articles">France (and French)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Egypt-related_articles" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Egypt-related articles">Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Hawaii-related_articles" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Hawaii-related articles">Hawaii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/India-related_articles" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/India-related articles">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Indonesia-related_articles" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Indonesia-related articles">Indonesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Ireland-related_articles" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Ireland-related articles">Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Japan-related_articles" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Japan-related articles">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Korea-related_articles" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Korea-related articles">Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Malaysia-related_articles" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Malaysia-related articles">Malaysia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Naming_conventions_(Macedonia)" title="Wikipedia:Naming conventions (Macedonia)">Macedonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Pakistan-related_articles" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Pakistan-related articles">Pakistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Philippines-related_articles" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Philippines-related articles">Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Poland-related_articles" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Poland-related articles">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Singapore-related_articles" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Singapore-related articles">Singapore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Trinidad_and_Tobago/Style_guide" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Trinidad and Tobago/Style guide">Trinidad and Tobago</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_Manual_of_Style_(religion)" title="Category:Wikipedia Manual of Style (religion)">Religion</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Islam-related_articles" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Islam-related articles">Islam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Latter_Day_Saints" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Latter Day Saints">Latter Day Saints</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_Manual_of_Style_(science)" title="Category:Wikipedia Manual of Style (science)">Science</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Mathematics" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Mathematics">Mathematics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Medicine-related_articles" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Medicine-related articles">Medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Chemistry" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Chemistry">Chemistry</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Chemistry/Compound_classes" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Chemistry/Compound classes">Compound classes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Chemistry/Chemicals" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Chemistry/Chemicals">Chemicals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Chemistry/References_and_external_links" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Chemistry/References and external links">References and external links</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Chemistry/Safety" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Chemistry/Safety">Safety</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Chemistry/Structure_drawing" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Chemistry/Structure drawing">Structure drawing</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Computer_science" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Computer science">Computer science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Taxobox/doc" title="Template:Taxobox/doc">Taxonomy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_Manual_of_Style_(sports)" title="Category:Wikipedia Manual of Style (sports)">Sports</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Cue_sports" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Cue sports">Cue sports</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Snooker" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Snooker">Snooker</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Figure_skating" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Figure skating">Figure skating</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Figure_skating_terminology" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Figure skating terminology">Terminology</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" 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