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margin: 0 0 0.5em 0.5em; text-align:left; border: 1px solid #484329; width:175px;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="font-size: 95%; text-align:center; color:White; background-color:#484329"><b>Light iron-age reading</b><br /><a href="/wiki/The_Bible" class="mw-redirect" title="The Bible"><font size="5" color="White"><b>The Bible</b></font></a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background-color:#dbd8af;" align="center"><a href="/wiki/Category:Bible" title="Category:Bible"><img alt="Icon bible.svg" src="/w/images/thumb/2/29/Icon_bible.svg/100px-Icon_bible.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="100" srcset="/w/images/thumb/2/29/Icon_bible.svg/150px-Icon_bible.svg.png 1.5x, /w/images/thumb/2/29/Icon_bible.svg/200px-Icon_bible.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="200" data-file-height="200" /></a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="font-size: 95%; color:White; background-color:#484329; text-align:center;"><b>Gabbin' with God</b> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="font-size: 95%; background-color:#dbd8af;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Old_Testament" title="Old Testament">Old</a> / <a href="/wiki/New_Testament" title="New Testament">New Testament</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apocrypha" title="Apocrypha">Apocrypha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RationalWiki:Annotated_Bible" title="RationalWiki:Annotated Bible">Annotated Bible</a></li></ul> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="font-size: 95%; color:White; background-color:#484329; text-align:center;"><b>Analysis</b> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="font-size: 95%; background-color:#dbd8af;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Septuagint" title="Septuagint">Septuagint</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biblical_literalism" title="Biblical literalism">Biblical literalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biblical_contradictions" title="Biblical contradictions">Biblical contradictions</a></li></ul> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="font-size: 95%; color:White; background-color:#484329; text-align:center;"><b>Woo</b> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="font-size: 95%; background-color:#dbd8af;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/James_Ussher" title="James Ussher">James Ussher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Institute_for_Creation_Research" title="Institute for Creation Research">Institute for Creation Research</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Creation_Research" title="Creation Research">Creation Research</a></li></ul> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="font-size: 95%; color:White; background-color:#484329; text-align:center;"><b>Figures</b> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="font-size: 95%; background-color:#dbd8af;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jacob" title="Jacob">Jacob</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lot" title="Lot">Lot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Habakkuk" title="Habakkuk">Habakkuk</a></li></ul> <div class="vte plainlinks" style="font-size:smaller; text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Template:Biblenav" title="Template:Biblenav">v</a> - <a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Biblenav" title="Template talk:Biblenav">t</a> - <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://rationalwiki.org/w/index.php?title=Template:Biblenav&action=edit">e</a></div> </td></tr></tbody></table> <table style="margin: auto; border-collapse:collapse; border-style:none; background-color:transparent;" class="cquote"> <tbody><tr> <td><div style="padding:4px 50px;position:relative;"><span style="position:absolute;left:10px;top:-6px;z-index:1;font-family:'Times New Roman',serif;font-weight:bold;color:#B2B7F2;font-size:36px">“</span><span style="position:absolute;right:10px;bottom:-20px;z-index:1;font-family:'Times New Roman',serif;font-weight:bold;color:#B2B7F2;font-size:36px">”</span>Just like the <a href="/wiki/Old_Testament" title="Old Testament">Old Testament</a>, the "New" one is also a work of crude carpentry, hammered together long after its purported events, and full of improvised attempts to make things come out right.</div> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="padding:4px 10px 8px;font-size:smaller;line-height:1.6em;text-align:right;"><cite style="font-style:normal;position:relative;z-index:2">—<a href="/wiki/Christopher_Hitchens" title="Christopher Hitchens">Christopher Hitchens</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/God_Is_Not_Great" class="mw-redirect" title="God Is Not Great">God Is Not Great: How Religion Poisons Everything</a></i><sup id="cite_ref-Hitch_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hitch-1">[1]</a></sup></cite> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Christians have traditionally attributed <b>the authorship of the <a href="/wiki/New_Testament" title="New Testament">New Testament</a></b> to <a href="/wiki/Mythology" title="Mythology">legendary figures</a> from <a href="/wiki/Basic_history_of_Christianity" title="Basic history of Christianity">early Christianity</a>. Following the <a href="/wiki/Jewish" class="mw-redirect" title="Jewish">Jewish</a> literary tradition of <a href="/wiki/Apocrypha" title="Apocrypha">pseudoepigraphic</a> works,<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2">[note 1]</a></sup> an anonymous writer would "speak" in the name of a historical figure. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Gospels" title="Gospels">Gospels</a>, early Christians felt, would <a href="/wiki/Argument_from_authority" title="Argument from authority">more likely be viewed as accurate, authentic, and persuasive</a> if the flock believed that they were written by the <a href="/wiki/Apostle" title="Apostle">disciples</a> of <a href="/wiki/Jesus" title="Jesus">Jesus</a>, eyewitnesses to his ministry. The anonymously authored Canonical Gospels reflect this attitude. </p><p>In addition, <a href="/wiki/Paul_of_Tarsus" title="Paul of Tarsus">Paul</a> became one of the most fundamental figures (some would argue, <a href="/wiki/John_Lennon" title="John Lennon">more influential than Jesus himself</a>) in what was to become the Christianity of the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Roman Empire</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Church" title="Roman Catholic Church">Roman Catholic Church</a>. His letters held (and hold) an authority unlike any other <a href="/wiki/Theology" title="Theology">theological</a> writings of the day. Hence, convincing the priestly elite that Paul had written a given letter increased its likelihood of being included in a formal and final <a href="/wiki/Canon" class="mw-redirect" title="Canon">Canon</a> as an epistle by (say) the 3<sup>rd</sup> century <b><a href="/wiki/CE" class="mw-redirect" title="CE">CE</a></b>. </p> <div id="toc" class="toc" role="navigation" aria-labelledby="mw-toc-heading"><input type="checkbox" role="button" id="toctogglecheckbox" class="toctogglecheckbox" style="display:none" /><div class="toctitle" lang="en" dir="ltr"><h2 id="mw-toc-heading">Contents</h2><span class="toctogglespan"><label class="toctogglelabel" for="toctogglecheckbox"></label></span></div> <ul> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="#Determining_authorship"><span class="tocnumber">1</span> <span class="toctext">Determining authorship</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-2"><a href="#The_Canonical_Gospels"><span class="tocnumber">2</span> <span class="toctext">The Canonical Gospels</span></a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-3"><a href="#Gospel_of_Mark"><span class="tocnumber">2.1</span> <span class="toctext">Gospel of Mark</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-4"><a href="#Gospel_of_Matthew"><span class="tocnumber">2.2</span> <span class="toctext">Gospel of Matthew</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-5"><a href="#Gospel_of_Luke.2FActs_common_authorship"><span class="tocnumber">2.3</span> <span class="toctext">Gospel of Luke/Acts common authorship</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-6"><a href="#Gospel_of_John_and_the_Johannine_question"><span class="tocnumber">2.4</span> <span class="toctext">Gospel of John and the Johannine question</span></a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-7"><a href="#Paul.27s_Epistles"><span class="tocnumber">3</span> <span class="toctext">Paul's Epistles</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-8"><a href="#Other_books"><span class="tocnumber">4</span> <span class="toctext">Other books</span></a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-9"><a href="#Hebrews"><span class="tocnumber">4.1</span> <span class="toctext">Hebrews</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-10"><a href="#James"><span class="tocnumber">4.2</span> <span class="toctext">James</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-11"><a href="#First_and_Second_Epistle_of_Peter"><span class="tocnumber">4.3</span> <span class="toctext">First and Second Epistle of Peter</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-12"><a href="#Jude"><span class="tocnumber">4.4</span> <span class="toctext">Jude</span></a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-13"><a href="#See_also"><span class="tocnumber">5</span> <span class="toctext">See also</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-14"><a href="#External_links"><span class="tocnumber">6</span> <span class="toctext">External links</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-15"><a href="#Notes"><span class="tocnumber">7</span> <span class="toctext">Notes</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-16"><a href="#References"><span class="tocnumber">8</span> <span class="toctext">References</span></a></li> </ul> </div> <h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Determining_authorship">Determining authorship</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Authorship_of_the_New_Testament&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Determining authorship">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2> <p>Determining authorship of any historical work generally starts by looking for a claim within the work of who wrote it. Scholars then look at the language used in a text to see if a single voice or multiple voices are present. Such style clues include: Level of education of the writer which is determined by grammatical accuracy, choice of vocabulary, slang or linguistic codes ("yo dude" vs. "hello, sir"); preferred vocabulary and choice for names of people or important figures (Mr. Obama, vs. President Obama; <i>YHWH</i> vs. <i>Elohim</i>); knowledge of topic, area, or history (<a href="/wiki/Sarah_Palin" title="Sarah Palin">Palin's</a> comments on the <a href="/wiki/Middle_East" title="Middle East">Middle East</a> vs. <a href="/wiki/Joe_Biden" title="Joe Biden">Joe Biden</a>'s comments). Those same linguistic clues identifying multiple voices can be compared against the claimed author. </p><p>Scholars try to date a work, again based on language clues (in English, the word "lol" would indicate a book was written after 1990), on references to historical events ('after the temple burned, people were desperate for leadership' — such a line could not be written before 70 CE), and references to other writings or people. </p><p>Scholars also look for confirming or dis-confirming records in other sources that would list the writing in question. For example, many of <a href="/wiki/Plato" title="Plato">Plato</a>'s (<a href="/wiki/Socrates" title="Socrates">Socrates</a>') works were mentioned by name by his students and contemporaries. </p><p>If two or more works are said to be by the same author, then scholars compare the stylistic markers with each other, looking for inconsistencies. </p><p>At this point scholars can state with a greater or lesser sense of confidence that a book was written by: </p> <ol><li>the person who is named in the book,</li> <li>someone else, who has been identified,</li> <li>someone who has not been identified, but who has also written particular other texts, or</li> <li>an unknown author.</li></ol> <p>Most of the New Testament books, other than Paul's writings, fall into the last category. </p> <h2><span class="mw-headline" id="The_Canonical_Gospels">The Canonical Gospels</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Authorship_of_the_New_Testament&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: The Canonical Gospels">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2> <p>Figuring out the authorship of the <a href="/wiki/Gospels" title="Gospels">four Gospels</a> (<a href="/wiki/Gospel_of_Mark" title="Gospel of Mark">Mark</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gospel_of_Matthew" title="Gospel of Matthew">Matthew</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gospel_of_Luke" title="Gospel of Luke">Luke</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gospel_of_John" title="Gospel of John">John</a>) stands to be nearly impossible, because they are <b>anonymous</b>. </p><p>The Gospels as some finalized collection of the <i>Story of Jesus</i> aren't mentioned in Paul's Epistles. This means that they didn't exist at all while he was still alive; that is, until his <a href="/wiki/Death" title="Death">death</a>, which occurred approximately in 64-65 CE, to be more precise.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3">[note 2]</a></sup> </p><p>The entity that later became the <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" class="mw-redirect" title="Catholic Church">Catholic Church</a> did not mention the Gospels by name or content until roughly 150 CE, when Justin Martyr mentions several unnamed writings on the life of Jesus, in his <i>First Apology</i>. The Gospels are not mentioned by name until 180 CE in Irenaeus of Lyons's book <i>On Heresies</i>. </p><p>Moreover neither Paleographic or <a href="/wiki/Carbon_dating" title="Carbon dating">carbon-14</a> is precise enough to demonstrate that there are any fragments before our earliest references to the Gospels. In fact, the often referenced c. 125 CE date for <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rylands_Library_Papyrus_P52" class="extiw" title="wp:Rylands Library Papyrus P52" rel="nofollow"><span style="color:#477979 !important;" title="Wikipedia: Rylands Library Papyrus P52"><i>Rylands Library Papyrus P52</i></span></a><sup><img alt="" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/12px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/18px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png 1.5x, https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/24px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /></sup> comes from 1935; scholarship from 2005 suggests that a range of c. 125-225 CE is far more realistic<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4">[2]</a></sup> and the next oldest piece, Egerton Papyrus 2 (150-200 CE), is not even from any known Gospel. </p><p>The dating of <i><a href="/wiki/Acts" class="mw-redirect" title="Acts">Acts</a></i> is similarly vague, with its traditional dating of 80-90 CE being some time after Paul was dead and gone,<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5">[3]</a></sup> and there are some who suggest the Luke-Acts we have was in response to <a href="/wiki/Marcion_of_Sinope" title="Marcion of Sinope">Marcion of Sinope</a>'s teaching, meaning neither can be earlier than 120 CE. </p><p>Ignatius of Antioch (98 CE) does not mention any of the four Gospels, and nor do the two earliest writings of Paul's Church beyond his epistles, the First Epistle of <a href="/wiki/Clement_I" title="Clement I">Clement</a> (c. 80-140 CE)<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6">[note 3]</a></sup> and the <i><a href="/wiki/Didache" title="Didache">Didache</a></i> (<i>The Teaching of the Twelve Apostles</i>). On the other hand, none of the four Canonical Gospels mention each other, and neither <i>Clement</i> nor the <i>Didache</i> mention each other, and Ignatius does not mention <i>Clement</i> or the <i>Didache</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7">[4]</a></sup> This leads to the likely conclusion that though the words that would become the Synoptic Gospels were around in the 1<sup>st</sup> century, the associated names and traditional "authorship" do not come about till the 2<sup>nd</sup> and even 3<sup>rd</sup> century. </p> <h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Gospel_of_Mark">Gospel of Mark</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Authorship_of_the_New_Testament&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Gospel of Mark">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3> <p>The first written account of the life and ministry of Jesus, the <a href="/wiki/Gospel_of_Mark" title="Gospel of Mark">Gospel of Mark</a>, is generally thought to have been penned c. 65-80 CE<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8">[5]</a></sup>, 30 or more years after Jesus was crucified by the Romans. </p><p>Tradition has it that the author of <i>Mark</i> was John Mark, an associate of <a href="/wiki/Saint_Peter" class="mw-redirect" title="Saint Peter">Peter the Apostle</a>. Eusebius of Caesarea (c. 323 CE) quotes Papias of Hierapolis (c. 130 CE) as hearing from one "presbyter" that Mark had written Peter's memoirs – something generally called "<a href="/wiki/Hearsay" title="Hearsay">hearsay</a>" in legalese, and not overly reliable, nearly 300 years after the fact. Also, several late second-century sources indirectly allude to John Mark's association with Peter. These claims have long been challenged by scholars, primarily because John Mark was a known Jew. </p><p>Setting "tradition" aside, modern linguistic scholarship on the Gospel actually suggests that <i>Mark</i> has two sources/authors, one dating from the 60s, and a second, possibly an editor, dating from the 80s or 90s<sup id="cite_ref-Moore_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Moore-9">[6]</a></sup> One passage often cited as being added is the passage about Jesus' resurrection (<a href="/wiki/RationalWiki:Annotated_Bible/Mark#Mark_16:1-8" title="RationalWiki:Annotated Bible/Mark">Mark 16:1-8</a>), suggesting that the original author of <i>Mark</i> may have been part of a church that had not yet invented the <a href="/wiki/Easter" title="Easter">Resurrection Story</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-who_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-who-10">[7]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-after_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-after-11">[8]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Funk_1993_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Funk_1993-12">[9]</a></sup> However, this remains a topic of debate for <a href="/wiki/Exegesis" title="Exegesis">exegetes</a> and scholars.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13">[10]</a></sup> The author of Mark has long been seen as a collector and compiler of stories and theological ideas.<sup id="cite_ref-Funk_1993_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Funk_1993-12">[9]</a></sup> Biblical scholars generally state that the author of <i>Mark</i> had not seen or heard his stories directly, but was compelled to include legend, rumor, and history in his work.<sup id="cite_ref-who_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-who-10">[7]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-after_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-after-11">[8]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Funk_1993_12-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Funk_1993-12">[9]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Mack_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mack-14">[11]</a></sup> It is fairly well accepted among historians and Biblical scholars that the errors regarding Judean geography and customs, as well as the author's need to explain Jewish law and ideas, indicate the author of <i>Mark</i> was not a low- or middle-class Judean Jew.<sup id="cite_ref-who_10-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-who-10">[7]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Funk_1993_12-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Funk_1993-12">[9]</a></sup> </p><p>The language, theology, and style of <i>Mark</i> suggest that <i>Mark</i> was written for the gentile, not for practicing Jews.<sup id="cite_ref-who_10-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-who-10">[7]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Mack_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mack-14">[11]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Funk_1993_12-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Funk_1993-12">[9]</a></sup> </p><p>Some more extreme theories suggest the Gospel of Mark's intention was solely to write a fictional allegory based on scripture,<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15">[12]</a></sup> possibly despite the absence of a historical Jesus.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16">[13]</a></sup> </p> <h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Gospel_of_Matthew">Gospel of Matthew</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Authorship_of_the_New_Testament&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Gospel of Matthew">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3> <p>Like the other Canonical Gospels, the authorship of <i>Matthew</i> is unknown. The earliest known reference for the tradition of an author, Matthew, comes from Papias of Hierapolis, 120-140 CE. Quickly, the "Matthew" mentioned by Hierapolis came to be associated with "Matthew the tax collector".<sup id="cite_ref-Funk_1993_12-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Funk_1993-12">[9]</a></sup> </p><p><i>Matthew</i> is traditionally (historically) understood to have been originally written in <a href="/wiki/Hebrew" title="Hebrew">Hebrew</a>, sometime between the 50s and 70s CE, then translated, edited, and added to by the actual author of <i>Matthew</i> sometime in the last quarter of the 1<sup>st</sup> century; most scholars agree that <i>Matthew</i> was composed between 80 and 90 CE, with a range of possibility between 70 to 110 CE (a pre-70 date remains a minority view).<sup id="cite_ref-dulling_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dulling-17">[14]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18">[15]</a></sup> While there is linguistic evidence to support the idea that a few distinct passages in <i>Matthew</i> could have been written in Hebrew, linguistic markers in the Greek version of <i>Matthew</i> do not support this theory.<sup id="cite_ref-dulling_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dulling-17">[14]</a></sup> </p><p>In fact, as in <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.amazon.com/Ancient-Mysteries-Wrote-Bible-2-DVDs/dp/B000HBGPJ2">A&E's <i>Ancient Mysteries: Who Wrote the Bible?</i></a> (the episode of that name, not the whole series and not Robert Beckford's show of the same name) by the supposed time of Jesus, Hebrew had effectively fallen out of favor as "even though their religious text were still in Hebrew their home language had become entirely Greek" </p><p>Joseph Blenkinsopp, Professor of Old Testament and Biblical Studies at the University of Notre Dame, states "If you couldn't speak Greek by say the time of early Christianity you couldn't get a job. You wouldn't get a good job. a professional job. You had to know Greek in addition to your own language. And so you were getting to a point where Jews… the Jewish community in say Egypt and large cities like Alexandria didn't know Hebrew anymore they only knew Greek. And so you need a Greek version in the synagogue." </p><p>We are then told of the <a href="/wiki/Septuagint" title="Septuagint">Septuagint</a> (3<sup>rd</sup> century BCE) and Rabbi David Wolpe, lecturer at the University of Judaism, explains why this was so important historically. So if Jews especially in the large cities didn't even know Hebrew, why in the name of sanity would anyone with a brain in their head write a Gospel in Hebrew for them? For instance, while Papal encyclicals are still written in <a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19">[16]</a></sup> they are not <i>only</i> written in Latin and they're especially targeting a Catholic clergy which <i>does</i> know Latin and is able to spread the message further in the vernacular. Indeed, the example of the Catholic use of Latin, as its "learned <i>lingua franca</i>", is parallel to the status of Greek in the Roman Empire. </p><p>As to why the notion of <i>Matthew</i> being originally written in Hebrew crept in, it was likely because the early Church fathers either <i>heard</i> of a Jewish Gospel or read some version of what became the Gospel of Matthew with its strong emphasis on Jesus as the <i>Jewish</i> <a href="/wiki/Messiah" title="Messiah">messiah</a> and simply <i>assumed</i> that it must originally have been written in Hebrew. Back on Planet Reality if there ever had been a Jewish Gospel, odds are it would have been written in <b>Greek</b>, not Hebrew. </p><p>Biblical Scholars and linguists generally accept that <i>Matthew</i> is a compiled work from three different sources: <i>Mark</i>, the <a href="/wiki/Q_gospel" title="Q gospel">Q Document</a>, and the religious "church" community the author of <i>Matthew</i> would have been part of. Based on the same language analysis, the author of <i>Matthew</i> was likely a highly-educated Jew who wrote in Greek, but with a Jewish <a href="/wiki/Worldview" title="Worldview">worldview</a> and schooled in Jewish law.<sup id="cite_ref-who_10-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-who-10">[7]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Mack_14-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mack-14">[11]</a></sup> He and his community were on the edge of Jewish society, and his non-Pauline Christianity was in no way mainstream.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20">[17]</a></sup> One alternative, if Q and the two-source hypothesis is discarded, is that Matthew was written as a "corrective" to Mark, exactly because <i>Matthew</i> and his community were dissatisfied with the insufficient Jewish theology and outright errors in depicting Jewish customs and law found in Mark, as well as Mark's general terseness, for instance its lack of a <a href="/wiki/Nativity" title="Nativity">nativity</a> story. </p> <h3><span id="Gospel_of_Luke/Acts_common_authorship"></span><span class="mw-headline" id="Gospel_of_Luke.2FActs_common_authorship">Gospel of Luke/Acts common authorship</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Authorship_of_the_New_Testament&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Gospel of Luke/Acts common authorship">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3> <div role="note" class="hatnote">See the main article on this topic: <a href="/wiki/Luke_the_Evangelist" title="Luke the Evangelist">Luke the Evangelist</a></div> <p>The Gospel of <i>Luke</i> and the <i>Acts of the Apostles</i> were almost certainly written by the same person.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21">[18]</a></sup> They bear significant similarities, both in terms of their theology and in terms of their language use and style; indeed, both books are dedicated to a certain "Theophilus" in <a href="/wiki/RationalWiki:Annotated_Bible/Luke#Luke_1:3" title="RationalWiki:Annotated Bible/Luke">Luke 1:3</a> and <a href="/wiki/RationalWiki:Annotated_Bible/Acts#Acts_1:1" title="RationalWiki:Annotated Bible/Acts">Acts 1:1</a> but there is no evidence of who this person was. In and around the era of <i>Acts</i> Theophilus was both a common name and an honorary title for the learned of a community. </p><p>The Book of <i>Acts</i> is very problematic, for the following reasons: </p> <ul><li>It is the only surviving text which describes the beginning of early Christianity in the Mediterranean World under Roman rule.</li> <li>It is inaccurate and not always a reliable source, from a historical point of view.</li> <li>Its main task is to represent Paul as the "hero" of the Christian movement.</li> <li>It expresses mostly the opinions of gentile Christians (Greeks and Romans) against their own forerunners, the Jewish Christians.</li></ul> <h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Gospel_of_John_and_the_Johannine_question">Gospel of John and the Johannine question</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Authorship_of_the_New_Testament&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Gospel of John and the Johannine question">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3> <p>What do we know about <i>John</i>? Very little. Interestingly, <i>John</i> was the last gospel to be written, yet the general consensus of scholars<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22">[note 4]</a></sup> is that it contains the only snippets (and they are very, very <i>small</i> snippets) of what might be actual eye witnesses to the events.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23">[19]</a></sup> From literary and linguistic analysis, scholars today point to three different levels of writing in the text. The first is a second-person retelling of a witness's story (likely written well before the temple's destruction), the second level adds to that the Johannine theology, and the third edit levels it into the clear, accessible text it is today. </p><p>The authors, and there is little doubt it is many authors, of <i>John</i> are also responsible for the <i>First</i>, <i>Second</i> and <i>Third Epistle of John</i>, as well as the <a href="/wiki/Book_of_revelation" class="mw-redirect" title="Book of revelation">Book of Revelation</a>. The Johannine community, and therefore the authors of <i>John</i>, is clearly <a href="/wiki/Gnostic" class="mw-redirect" title="Gnostic">Gnostic</a> in theology, positing a non-human, divine Jesus who simply "wore the cloak of humanity" to bring his message (despite their Gnostic theology, it and the other Johannine texts remain part of the canon even after the Gnostic texts were purged in the 3<sup>rd</sup> century). The text also shows the community is clearly anti-Jewish.<sup id="cite_ref-who_10-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-who-10">[7]</a></sup> </p> <h2><span id="Paul's_Epistles"></span><span class="mw-headline" id="Paul.27s_Epistles">Paul's Epistles</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Authorship_of_the_New_Testament&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Paul's Epistles">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2> <p>By far the largest section of the New Testament is made of the Epistles that are attributed to <a href="/wiki/Paul_of_Tarsus" title="Paul of Tarsus">Paul of Tarsus</a>. Paul is considered to have lived c. 5 to 67 CE, so the dating of his authentic works is at least restrained to a relatively narrow time frame.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24">[note 5]</a></sup> His influence on the theology, rituals, and cultural beliefs of what is to become "Christianity" in its popular form is far more significant than the (supposed) words of Jesus himself. There are fourteen letters (Epistles) attributed to Paul. Of these, seven are generally undisputed as authentic, and conventionally dated c. 50 - c. 57 CE.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25">[20]</a></sup> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Romans" class="mw-redirect" title="Romans">Romans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galatians" title="Galatians">Galatians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1_Thessalonians" class="mw-redirect" title="1 Thessalonians">1 Thessalonians</a></li> <li>1 <a href="/wiki/Corinthians" title="Corinthians">Corinthians</a></li> <li>2 <a href="/wiki/Corinthians" title="Corinthians">Corinthians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippians" class="mw-redirect" title="Philippians">Philippians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philemon" class="mw-redirect" title="Philemon">Philemon</a></li></ul> <p>Three of the letters are ones that are debated by scholars as to their authenticity. In several cases, it is argued he wrote part of them, but that they were later highly edited and supplemented. </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ephesians" title="Ephesians">Ephesians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colossians" title="Colossians">Colossians</a> and</li> <li><a href="/wiki/2_Thessalonians" class="mw-redirect" title="2 Thessalonians">2 Thessalonians</a></li></ul> <p>It is generally accepted by scholars that 4 are not his work </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_Timothy" class="mw-redirect" title="First Timothy">First Timothy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Timothy" class="mw-redirect" title="Second Timothy">Second Timothy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Titus" class="mw-redirect" title="Titus">Titus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hebrews" class="mw-redirect" title="Hebrews">Hebrews</a> (see below)</li></ul> <h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Other_books">Other books</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Authorship_of_the_New_Testament&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Other books">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2> <h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Hebrews">Hebrews</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Authorship_of_the_New_Testament&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Hebrews">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3> <p>For most of the time between the 5<sup>th</sup> century CE and the <a href="/wiki/Reformation" class="mw-redirect" title="Reformation">Reformation</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Epistle_to_the_Hebrews" title="Epistle to the Hebrews">Hebrews</a></i> was attributed to Paul, and marked as his 14<sup>th</sup> Epistle. Even today, lay persons and ministers with little formal training generally refer to it as one of Paul's letters. This tradition was almost immediately debunked when <a href="/wiki/Lutheran" class="mw-redirect" title="Lutheran">Lutheran</a> ministers, acting as the first real Biblical scholars, found significant evidence that elders in the 4<sup>th</sup> and 5<sup>th</sup> centuries asked it to be included, and only at that time was it considered a letter of Paul's. There is no name, nor mention of any author even unnamed, within the text of <i>Hebrews</i>. </p><p>Theologically, it differs enough from the rest of the New Testament that many religious philosophers have argued over the centuries that it should not have been included in the Canon. </p> <h3><span class="mw-headline" id="James">James</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Authorship_of_the_New_Testament&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: James">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3> <p>Though expressed in the form of a letter, <i><a href="/wiki/Epistle_of_James" title="Epistle of James">James</a></i>, unlike Paul's Epistles, does not have the hallmarks of a true correspondence, but rather a piece of literature. The candidates for <i>James</i> include Jesus' two different apostles, but the tenor of the writer is such that had he had direct knowledge of Jesus, he would have said so. There appears, from generic Christian sources, to be some tradition that the James here is James the Brother of Christ. The counter to this is that, like <i>Matthew</i>, the author of James has been educated in formal Greek, which is not likely for a lower- or middle-class Judean Jew. However, little scholarly work has been done on the actual authorship of James.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26">[21]</a></sup> </p> <h3><span class="mw-headline" id="First_and_Second_Epistle_of_Peter">First and Second Epistle of Peter</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Authorship_of_the_New_Testament&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: First and Second Epistle of Peter">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3> <p>The <a href="/wiki/First_Epistle_of_Peter" title="First Epistle of Peter">First Epistle of Peter</a> claims to be written by "Peter, an apostle of Jesus" (1 Peter 1:1), who would most likely (and traditionally) be <a href="/wiki/Saint_Peter" class="mw-redirect" title="Saint Peter">Simon Peter</a>. This was accepted without question until true scholarship on the Bible became commonplace, in the late 1700's and forward. Like Mark, the Greek used in the Epistle suggests someone highly familiar and skilled with formal cultured Greek, not a Jew speaking Aramaic. Further, references to the <a href="/wiki/Old_Testament" title="Old Testament">Old Testament</a> come not from the Hebrew bible (which Peter would have studied), but from the Greek translations of the day. The majority of scholars working on 1 Peter date it between 70-120 CE. There is quite serious debate when trying to pin it down more precisely.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27">[22]</a></sup> </p><p>The <i><a href="/wiki/Second_Peter" class="mw-redirect" title="Second Peter">Second Epistle of Peter</a></i> has really never been considered an authentic work of Simon Peter. The spelling of the name "Simon" (Siemon, in this Epistle) suggests it is not even the same author as the First Epistle. The accounts of what should otherwise be intimate moments between Jesus and Peter are formulaic and expedient, again suggesting there is no real knowledge of the actual events here. Ironically, after true biblical exegesis began, a small exception of scholars have challenged the long-held notion that this was <i>not</i> an authentic work of Peter's by looking at the less educated Greek that is used and by noting that details which are common in pseudoepigraphical works are lacking here. </p><p>No one knows who might have actually written either Epistle. The audience for each seems to be Gentile, not Jew, and the letter is addressed to non-Pauline controlled areas of the Diaspora. But those facts tell us little of who might have written it. </p> <h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Jude">Jude</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Authorship_of_the_New_Testament&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Jude">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3> <p>The <i><a href="/wiki/Jude" class="mw-redirect" title="Jude">Epistle of Jude</a></i> claims to be written by Jude brother of James the Just;<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28">[note 6]</a></sup> however the letter actually references the <a href="/wiki/First_Peter" class="mw-redirect" title="First Peter">Epistle(s) of Peter</a>, so it must have been written after <i>Peter</i>, and as was just described above, that means it would have been written only as early as the 70s, and therefore, unless Jude the Brother of James lived a really, really, really long time, it was likely not written by him. </p><p>Further, <i>Jude</i>, in a pattern seen quite frequently in the New Testament, was written in well-educated Greek, and references Gnostic features, which both suggest very late 1<sup>st</sup> century or early 2<sup>nd</sup> century authorship dates. Several comments in the brief letter suggest that the author had copies of Paul's writings, but did not completely agree with Paul's views, so he might have been a leader of a competing church. </p> <h2><span class="mw-headline" id="See_also">See also</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Authorship_of_the_New_Testament&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bible" title="Bible">Bible</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Testament" title="New Testament">New Testament</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genealogy_of_Jesus" title="Genealogy of Jesus">Genealogy of Jesus</a></li></ul> <h2><span class="mw-headline" id="External_links">External links</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Authorship_of_the_New_Testament&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.earlychristianwritings.com/">Early Christian Writings</a></li> <li>Marcus Borg, <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.huffingtonpost.com/marcus-borg/a-chronological-new-testament_b_1823018.html">A Chronological New Testament</a></i>, <i>The Huffington Post</i>, 31 October 2012</li></ul> <h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Notes">Notes</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Authorship_of_the_New_Testament&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Notes">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2> <div class="references-small" style="-moz-column-count:2; -webkit-column-count:2; column-count:2; font-size:90%;"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-2">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Or, as <a href="/wiki/Bart_Ehrman" title="Bart Ehrman">Bart Ehrman</a> refreshingly honestly and straightforwardly called it: <a href="/wiki/Historical_forgery" title="Historical forgery">forgery</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-3">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Church Fathers' traditions state that Paul's trial and execution in Rome occurred in year 68 CE, but this is a too large margin of time, according to scholars.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-6">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Interestingly, Clement does not even mention its own name.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-22">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">See the works of: Paul Anderson, Steven L. Harris, William Temple, Leon Morris as examples.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-24">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">The problem is that the exact birth and death of Paul rests on the <a href="/wiki/Acts_of_the_Apostles" title="Acts of the Apostles">Acts of the Apostles</a>, which is a problematic source for Paul's life as it has several contradictions with the (authentic) Pauline epistles, and the even more suspect Christian tradition which inferred Paul's year of death from Acts and <a href="/wiki/Tacitus" title="Tacitus">Tacitus</a>' reference to <a href="/wiki/Nero" class="mw-redirect" title="Nero">Nero</a>'s persecution of Christians.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-28">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Isn't it great someone in history finally decided to start using last names to help clarify things?</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <h2><span class="mw-headline" id="References">References</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Authorship_of_the_New_Testament&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: References">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2> <div class="references-small" style="-moz-column-count:2; -webkit-column-count:2; column-count:2; font-size:90%;"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Hitch-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Hitch_1-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Christopher_Hitchens" title="Christopher Hitchens">Christopher Hitchens</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/God_Is_Not_Great" class="mw-redirect" title="God Is Not Great">God Is Not Great: How Religion Poisons Everything</a></i>, p. 110.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-4">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://people.uncw.edu/zervosg/papyrology/nongbri%20p52%20misuse.pdf">Nongbr, Brent (2005) "The Use and Abuse of P52: Papyrological Pitfalls in the Dating of the Fourth Gospel." Harvard Theological Review 98:24-52.</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-5">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Delbert Burkett, <i>An introduction to the New Testament and the origins of Christianity</i> (2002), p. 195, Cambridge University Press, ISBN 978-0-521-00720-7.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-7">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.ebonmusings.org/atheism/datingthegospels.html">http://www.ebonmusings.org/atheism/datingthegospels.html</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-8">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.earlychristianwritings.com/mark.html">"Gospel of Mark" <i>Early Christian Writings</i></a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Moore-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Moore_9-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Stephen D. Moore' <i>Turning Mark Inside Out</i>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-who-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-who_10-0">7.0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-who_10-1">7.1</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-who_10-2">7.2</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-who_10-3">7.3</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-who_10-4">7.4</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-who_10-5">7.5</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text">J.D. Crossan, <i>Who Killed Jesus</i> (1995)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-after-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-after_11-0">8.0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-after_11-1">8.1</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text">Discovering What Happened in the Years Immediately After the Execution of Jesus, Crossian (1998)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Funk_1993-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Funk_1993_12-0">9.0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Funk_1993_12-1">9.1</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Funk_1993_12-2">9.2</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Funk_1993_12-3">9.3</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Funk_1993_12-4">9.4</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Funk_1993_12-5">9.5</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"> <i>Five Gospels</i>, Funk, 1993</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-13">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Rudolf Schnackenburg, <i>Das Evangelium nach Markus</i> (1971), Patmos-Verlag, Dusseldorf, Germany.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Mack-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Mack_14-0">11.0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Mack_14-1">11.1</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Mack_14-2">11.2</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text">Mack <i>The Christian Myth</i> 2001</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-15">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Price, R. G. (Oct. 20, 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.rationalrevolution.net/articles/gospel_mark.htm">The Gospel of Mark as Reaction and Allegory</a>." rationalrevolution.net</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-16">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.rationalrevolution.net/articles/jesus_myth_history.htm">Jesus Myth - The Case Against Historical Christ</a>, Robert Price</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-dulling-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-dulling_17-0">14.0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-dulling_17-1">14.1</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text">Dulling, 2010, <i>The Gospel of Matthew</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-18">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">R. T. France, <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=0ruP6J_XPCEC&pg=PA19#v=snippet&q=%22A%20pre-70%20date%20for%20Matthew%22&f=false">The Gospel of Matthew</a></i> (2007), p. 19, Eerdmans, ISBN 978-0-8028-2501-8.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-19">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Pope Francis, <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://w2.vatican.va/content/francesco/la/encyclicals/documents/papa-francesco_20130629_enciclica-lumen-fidei.html">Lumen Fidei</a></i> (29 June 2013), w2.vatican.va</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-20">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Baumgarden, 1997 "Jewish sects in the Maccabian era".</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-21">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>The History and Theology of the New Testament Writings</i> by Udo Schnelle (1998) Fortress Press. ISBN 0800629523.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-23">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>The Riddles of the Fourth Gospel: An Introduction to John</i> by Paul N. Anderson, 2011</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-25">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">See the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia" title="Wikipedia">Wikipedia</a> article on <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pauline_epistles" class="extiw" title="wp:Pauline epistles" rel="nofollow">Pauline epistles</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-26">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Steven Harris, Understanding the Bible</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-27">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Stephen Harris, History of the New Testament, 2008</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div role="navigation" aria-labelledby="the_Bible-navbox" style="clear:both;"> <table class="toccolours collapsible collapsed autocollapse innercollapse outercollapse navbox nowraplinks" style="width:100%;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="4" style="background:#484329; color:White; text-align:center;"><div style="float:left;" class="navbar"><div class="vte plainlinks" style="font-size:smaller; text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Template:Biblebox" title="Template:Biblebox"><span style="color:White">v</span></a> - <a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Biblebox" title="Template talk:Biblebox"><span style="color:White">t</span></a> - <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://rationalwiki.org/w/index.php?title=Template:Biblebox&action=edit"><span style="color:White">e</span></a></div></div><span style="color:White; font-size:120%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Bible" title="Category:Bible"><span style="color:White">Articles</span></a> about <a href="/wiki/Bible" title="Bible"><span id="the_Bible-navbox" style="color:White">the Bible</span></a></span> </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="3" style="background:#484329; width:25%; text-align:right;"><b><a href="/wiki/Category:Old_Testament" title="Category:Old Testament"><span style="color:White; font-size:125%">Old Testament:</span></a></b> </td> <td style="background:#B8B379;"> <a href="/wiki/Goliath" title="Goliath">Goliath</a> • <a href="/wiki/Tamar" title="Tamar">Tamar</a> • <a href="/wiki/Tower_of_Babel" title="Tower of Babel">Tower of Babel</a> • <a href="/wiki/Abel" title="Abel">Abel</a> • <a href="/wiki/Joseph_(Old_Testament)" title="Joseph (Old Testament)">Joseph (Old Testament)</a> • <a href="/wiki/Firmament" title="Firmament">Firmament</a> • <a href="/wiki/Baal" title="Baal">Baal</a> • <a href="/wiki/Noah" title="Noah">Noah</a> • <a href="/wiki/Isaac" title="Isaac">Isaac</a> • <a href="/wiki/Ishmael" title="Ishmael">Ishmael</a> • <a href="/wiki/Amalekites" title="Amalekites">Amalekites</a> • <a href="/wiki/Curse_of_Ham" title="Curse of Ham">Curse of Ham</a> • <a href="/wiki/Jacob" title="Jacob">Jacob</a> • <a href="/wiki/Sodom_and_Gomorrah" title="Sodom and Gomorrah">Sodom and Gomorrah</a> • <a href="/wiki/Ezekiel%27s_wheel" title="Ezekiel's wheel">Ezekiel's wheel</a> • <a href="/wiki/Lot" title="Lot">Lot</a> • <a href="/wiki/Nephilim" title="Nephilim">Nephilim</a> • <a href="/wiki/G%27Tach" title="G'Tach">G'Tach</a> • <a href="/wiki/Joseph_was_Imhotep" title="Joseph was Imhotep">Joseph was Imhotep</a> • <a href="/wiki/Moses" title="Moses">Moses</a> • <a href="/wiki/Global_flood" title="Global flood">Global flood</a> • <a href="/wiki/Cain" title="Cain">Cain</a> • <a href="/wiki/Gibeah" title="Gibeah">Gibeah</a> • <a href="/wiki/Abraham" title="Abraham">Abraham</a> • <a href="/wiki/Old_Testament" title="Old Testament">Old Testament</a> • <a href="/wiki/Incubus_and_succubus_myths" title="Incubus and succubus myths">Incubus and succubus myths</a> • <a href="/wiki/King_David" title="King David">King David</a> • <a href="/wiki/List_of_actions_prohibited_by_the_Bible" title="List of actions prohibited by the Bible">List of actions prohibited by the Bible</a> • <a href="/wiki/Serpent_seed_doctrine" title="Serpent seed doctrine">Serpent seed doctrine</a> • <a href="/wiki/Leviathan" title="Leviathan">Leviathan</a> • <a href="/wiki/Messiah" title="Messiah">Messiah</a> • <a href="/wiki/Mark_of_Cain" title="Mark of Cain">Mark of Cain</a> • <a href="/wiki/Asherah" title="Asherah">Asherah</a> • <a href="/wiki/Nimrod" title="Nimrod">Nimrod</a> • <a href="/wiki/Sirach" title="Sirach">Sirach</a> • <a href="/wiki/Jezebel" title="Jezebel">Jezebel</a> • <a href="/wiki/Adam_and_Eve" title="Adam and Eve">Adam and Eve</a> • <a href="/wiki/Moloch" title="Moloch">Moloch</a> • <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Joel" title="Book of Joel">Book of Joel</a> • <a href="/wiki/Garden_of_Eden" title="Garden of Eden">Garden of Eden</a> • <a href="/wiki/Satan" title="Satan">Satan</a> • </td></tr> <tr> <td style="width:5%;">  </td> <td colspan="2" style="background:#484329; width:20%; text-align:right;"><b><a href="/wiki/Category:Torah" title="Category:Torah"><span style="color:White; font-size:125%">Torah:</span></a></b> </td> <td style="background:#B8B379;"> <a href="/wiki/Torah" title="Torah">Torah</a> • <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Exodus" title="Book of Exodus">Book of Exodus</a> • <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Genesis" title="Book of Genesis">Book of Genesis</a> • <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Leviticus" title="Book of Leviticus">Book of Leviticus</a> • <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Numbers" title="Book of Numbers">Book of Numbers</a> • <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Zechariah" title="Book of Zechariah">Book of Zechariah</a> • <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Deuteronomy" title="Book of Deuteronomy">Book of Deuteronomy</a> • </td></tr> <tr> <td style="width:5%;">  </td> <td colspan="2" style="background:#484329; width:20%; text-align:right;"><b><a href="/wiki/Category:Old_Testament_History" title="Category:Old Testament History"><span style="color:White; font-size:125%">Old Testament History:</span></a></b> </td> <td style="background:#B8B379;"> <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Esther" title="Book of Esther">Book of Esther</a> • <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Ezra" title="Book of Ezra">Book of Ezra</a> • <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Judges" title="Book of Judges">Book of Judges</a> • <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Ruth" title="Book of Ruth">Book of Ruth</a> • <a href="/wiki/Books_of_Chronicles" title="Books of Chronicles">Books of Chronicles</a> • <a href="/wiki/Books_of_Kings" title="Books of Kings">Books of Kings</a> • <a href="/wiki/Books_of_Samuel" title="Books of Samuel">Books of Samuel</a> • <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Joshua" title="Book of Joshua">Book of Joshua</a> • </td></tr> <tr> <td style="width:5%;">  </td> <td colspan="2" style="background:#484329; width:20%; text-align:right;"><b><a href="/wiki/Category:Old_Testament_Wisdom" title="Category:Old Testament Wisdom"><span style="color:White; font-size:125%">Old Testament Wisdom:</span></a></b> </td> <td style="background:#B8B379;"> <a href="/wiki/Ecclesiastes" title="Ecclesiastes">Ecclesiastes</a> • <a href="/wiki/Song_of_Solomon" title="Song of Solomon">Song of Solomon</a> • <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Job" title="Book of Job">Book of Job</a> • <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Proverbs" title="Book of Proverbs">Book of Proverbs</a> • <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Psalms" title="Book of Psalms">Book of Psalms</a> • </td></tr> <tr> <td style="width:5%;">  </td> <td colspan="2" style="background:#484329; width:20%; text-align:right;"><b><a href="/wiki/Category:Major_and_Minor_Prophets" title="Category:Major and Minor Prophets"><span style="color:White; font-size:125%">Major and Minor Prophets:</span></a></b> </td> <td style="background:#B8B379;"> <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Daniel" title="Book of Daniel">Book of Daniel</a> • <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Ezekiel" title="Book of Ezekiel">Book of Ezekiel</a> • <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Isaiah" title="Book of Isaiah">Book of Isaiah</a> • <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Lamentations" title="Book of Lamentations">Book of Lamentations</a> • <a href="/wiki/Books_of_the_Minor_Prophets" title="Books of the Minor Prophets">Books of the Minor Prophets</a> • <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Jeremiah" title="Book of Jeremiah">Book of Jeremiah</a> • </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="3" style="background:#484329; width:25%; text-align:right;"><b><a href="/wiki/Category:New_Testament" title="Category:New Testament"><span style="color:White; font-size:125%">New Testament:</span></a></b> </td> <td style="background:#B8B379;"> <a href="/wiki/Mary_Magdalene" title="Mary Magdalene">Mary Magdalene</a> • <a href="/wiki/New_Testament" title="New Testament">New Testament</a> • <a href="/wiki/Mary_(mother_of_Jesus)" title="Mary (mother of Jesus)">Mary (mother of Jesus)</a> • <a href="/wiki/Joseph_of_Arimathea" title="Joseph of Arimathea">Joseph of Arimathea</a> • <a href="/wiki/Paul_of_Tarsus" title="Paul of Tarsus">Paul of Tarsus</a> • <a href="/wiki/Good_Samaritan" title="Good Samaritan">Good Samaritan</a> • <a href="/wiki/Magi" title="Magi">Magi</a> • <a href="/wiki/John_the_Baptist" title="John the Baptist">John the Baptist</a> • <a href="/wiki/Principalities_and_powers" title="Principalities and powers">Principalities and powers</a> • <a href="/wiki/Joseph_(husband_of_Mary)" title="Joseph (husband of Mary)">Joseph (husband of Mary)</a> • <a href="/wiki/Nag_Hammadi_library" title="Nag Hammadi library">Nag Hammadi library</a> • <a href="/wiki/Messiah" title="Messiah">Messiah</a> • <a href="/wiki/Jesus" title="Jesus">Jesus</a> • <a href="/wiki/Gospel_of_Barnabas" title="Gospel of Barnabas">Gospel of Barnabas</a> • <a href="/wiki/Peter_the_Apostle" title="Peter the Apostle">Peter the Apostle</a> • <a href="/wiki/Pontius_Pilate" title="Pontius Pilate">Pontius Pilate</a> • <a href="/wiki/Judas_Iscariot" title="Judas Iscariot">Judas Iscariot</a> • <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Revelation" title="Book of Revelation">Book of Revelation</a> • </td></tr> <tr> <td style="width:5%;">  </td> <td colspan="2" style="background:#484329; width:20%; text-align:right;"><b><a href="/wiki/Category:Gospels" title="Category:Gospels"><span style="color:White; font-size:125%">Gospels and Acts:</span></a></b> </td> <td style="background:#B8B379;"> <a href="/wiki/Acts_of_the_Apostles" title="Acts of the Apostles">Acts of the Apostles</a> • <a href="/wiki/Gospels" title="Gospels">Gospels</a> • <a href="/wiki/Q_gospel" title="Q gospel">Q gospel</a> • <a href="/wiki/Gospel_of_John" title="Gospel of John">Gospel of John</a> • <a href="/wiki/Gospel_of_Mark" title="Gospel of Mark">Gospel of Mark</a> • <a href="/wiki/Gospel_of_Luke" title="Gospel of Luke">Gospel of Luke</a> • <a href="/wiki/Gospel_of_Matthew" title="Gospel of Matthew">Gospel of Matthew</a> • </td></tr> <tr> <td style="width:5%;">  </td> <td colspan="2" style="background:#484329; width:20%; text-align:right;"><b><a href="/wiki/Category:Pauline_Epistles" title="Category:Pauline Epistles"><span style="color:White; font-size:125%">Pauline Epistles:</span></a></b> </td> <td style="background:#B8B379;"> <a href="/wiki/Corinthians" title="Corinthians">Corinthians</a> • <a href="/wiki/Galatians" title="Galatians">Galatians</a> • <a href="/wiki/Ephesians" title="Ephesians">Ephesians</a> • <a href="/wiki/Colossians" title="Colossians">Colossians</a> • <a href="/wiki/Epistle_to_the_Philippians" title="Epistle to the Philippians">Epistle to the Philippians</a> • <a href="/wiki/Epistle_to_Philemon" title="Epistle to Philemon">Epistle to Philemon</a> • <a href="/wiki/Epistle_to_the_Romans" title="Epistle to the Romans">Epistle to the Romans</a> • <a href="/wiki/Epistle_to_Titus" title="Epistle to Titus">Epistle to Titus</a> • <a href="/wiki/First_Epistle_to_the_Thessalonians" title="First Epistle to the Thessalonians">First Epistle to the Thessalonians</a> • <a href="/wiki/Second_Epistle_to_the_Thessalonians" title="Second Epistle to the Thessalonians">Second Epistle to the Thessalonians</a> • <a href="/wiki/Second_Epistle_to_Timothy" title="Second Epistle to Timothy">Second Epistle to Timothy</a> • <a href="/wiki/First_Epistle_to_Timothy" title="First Epistle to Timothy">First Epistle to Timothy</a> • </td></tr> <tr> <td style="width:5%;">  </td> <td colspan="2" style="background:#484329; width:20%; text-align:right;"><b><a href="/wiki/Category:General_Epistles" title="Category:General Epistles"><span style="color:White; font-size:125%">General Epistles:</span></a></b> </td> <td style="background:#B8B379;"> <a href="/wiki/Epistle_of_Jude" title="Epistle of Jude">Epistle of Jude</a> • <a href="/wiki/Epistle_of_James" title="Epistle of James">Epistle of James</a> • <a href="/wiki/Epistle_to_the_Hebrews" title="Epistle to the Hebrews">Epistle to the Hebrews</a> • <a href="/wiki/First_Epistle_of_John" title="First Epistle of John">First Epistle of John</a> • <a href="/wiki/First_Epistle_of_Peter" title="First Epistle of Peter">First Epistle of Peter</a> • <a href="/wiki/Second_Epistle_of_John" title="Second Epistle of John">Second Epistle of John</a> • <a href="/wiki/Second_Epistle_of_Peter" title="Second Epistle of Peter">Second Epistle of Peter</a> • <a href="/wiki/Third_Epistle_of_John" title="Third Epistle of John">Third Epistle of John</a> • </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="3" style="background:#484329; width:25%; text-align:right;"><b><a href="/wiki/Category:Bible_analysis" title="Category:Bible analysis"><span style="color:White; font-size:125%">Bible analysis:</span></a></b> </td> <td style="background:#B8B379;"> <a href="/wiki/Apocalyptic_literature" title="Apocalyptic literature">Apocalyptic literature</a> • <a href="/wiki/Bible_interpolation" title="Bible interpolation">Bible interpolation</a> • <a href="/wiki/Biblical_sexism" title="Biblical sexism">Biblical sexism</a> • <a href="/wiki/Bibliolatry" title="Bibliolatry">Bibliolatry</a> • <a href="/wiki/Documentary_hypothesis" title="Documentary hypothesis">Documentary hypothesis</a> • <a href="/wiki/Evidence_for_the_Exodus" title="Evidence for the Exodus">Evidence for the Exodus</a> • <a href="/wiki/Gospels" title="Gospels">Gospels</a> • <a href="/wiki/Horizontal_reading" title="Horizontal reading">Horizontal reading</a> • <a href="/wiki/King_James_Only" title="King James Only">King James Only</a> • <a href="/wiki/List_of_actions_prohibited_by_the_Bible" title="List of actions prohibited by the Bible">List of actions prohibited by the Bible</a> • <a href="/wiki/Pesher" title="Pesher">Pesher</a> • <a href="/wiki/Q_gospel" title="Q gospel">Q gospel</a> • <a href="/wiki/Septuagint" title="Septuagint">Septuagint</a> • <a href="/wiki/Skeptic%27s_Annotated_Bible" title="Skeptic's Annotated Bible">Skeptic's Annotated Bible</a> • <a href="/wiki/Ten_Commandments" title="Ten Commandments">Ten Commandments</a> • <a href="/wiki/Torah" title="Torah">Torah</a> • <a href="/wiki/Bible_translation" title="Bible translation">Bible translation</a> • <a href="/wiki/Word_of_God" title="Word of God">Word of God</a> • <a href="/wiki/Biblical_literalism" title="Biblical literalism">Biblical literalism</a> • <a href="/wiki/Biblical_contradictions" title="Biblical contradictions">Biblical contradictions</a> • <a href="/wiki/Fun:List_of_mistakes_made_by_God" title="Fun:List of mistakes made by God">List of mistakes made by God</a> • <a href="/wiki/Abomination" title="Abomination">Abomination</a> • <a href="/wiki/Firmament" title="Firmament">Firmament</a> • <a href="/wiki/G%27Tach" title="G'Tach">G'Tach</a> • <a href="/wiki/Arsenokoites" title="Arsenokoites">Arsenokoites</a> • <a href="/wiki/Genealogy_of_Jesus" title="Genealogy of Jesus">Genealogy of Jesus</a> • <a href="/wiki/Nag_Hammadi_library" title="Nag Hammadi library">Nag Hammadi library</a> • <a href="/wiki/Noah%27s_Ark" title="Noah's Ark">Noah's Ark</a> • <a href="/wiki/RationalWiki:Annotated_Bible" title="RationalWiki:Annotated Bible">Annotated Bible</a> • <a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_the_Bible" title="Slavery in the Bible">Slavery in the Bible</a> • <a href="/wiki/Examples_of_God_personally_killing_people" title="Examples of God personally killing people">Examples of God personally killing people</a> • <a href="/wiki/Herod" title="Herod">Herod</a> • <a href="/wiki/The_Brick_Testament" title="The Brick Testament">The Brick Testament</a> • <a href="/wiki/Evidence_against_a_recent_creation" title="Evidence against a recent creation">Evidence against a recent creation</a> • <a href="/wiki/Biblical_scientific_errors" title="Biblical scientific errors">Biblical scientific errors</a> • <a href="/wiki/EvilBible.com" title="EvilBible.com">EvilBible.com</a> • </td></tr> <tr> <td style="width:5%;">  </td> <td colspan="2" style="background:#484329; width:20%; text-align:right;"><b><a href="/wiki/Category:Bible_translations" title="Category:Bible translations"><span style="color:White; font-size:125%">Bible translations:</span></a></b> </td> <td style="background:#B8B379;"> <a href="/wiki/Fun:Cockney_Bible" title="Fun:Cockney Bible">Cockney Bible</a> • <a href="/wiki/Douay-Rheims" title="Douay-Rheims">Douay-Rheims</a> • <a href="/wiki/Jefferson_Bible" title="Jefferson Bible">Jefferson Bible</a> • <a href="/wiki/King_James_Only" title="King James Only">King James Only</a> • <a href="/wiki/Septuagint" title="Septuagint">Septuagint</a> • <a href="/wiki/Vetus_Latina" title="Vetus Latina">Vetus Latina</a> • <a href="/wiki/Bible_translation" title="Bible translation">Bible translation</a> • <a href="/wiki/RationalWiki:Annotated_Bible" title="RationalWiki:Annotated Bible">Annotated Bible</a> • </td></tr> <tr> <td style="width:5%;">  </td> <td colspan="2" style="background:#484329; width:20%; text-align:right;"><b><a href="/wiki/Category:Apocrypha" title="Category:Apocrypha"><span style="color:White; font-size:125%">Apocrypha:</span></a></b> </td> <td style="background:#B8B379;"> <a href="/wiki/Didache" title="Didache">Didache</a> • <a href="/wiki/Apocrypha" title="Apocrypha">Apocrypha</a> • <a href="/wiki/Nag_Hammadi_library" title="Nag Hammadi library">Nag Hammadi library</a> • <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Judith" title="Book of Judith">Book of Judith</a> • <a href="/wiki/2_Maccabees" title="2 Maccabees">2 Maccabees</a> • <a href="/wiki/3_Maccabees" title="3 Maccabees">3 Maccabees</a> • <a href="/wiki/4_Maccabees" title="4 Maccabees">4 Maccabees</a> • <a href="/wiki/Books_of_Enoch" title="Books of Enoch">Books of Enoch</a> • <a href="/wiki/Books_of_the_Maccabees" title="Books of the Maccabees">Books of the Maccabees</a> • <a href="/wiki/Gospel_of_Judas" title="Gospel of Judas">Gospel of Judas</a> • <a href="/wiki/Gospel_of_Mary" title="Gospel of Mary">Gospel of Mary</a> • <a href="/wiki/Gospel_of_Philip" title="Gospel of Philip">Gospel of Philip</a> • <a href="/wiki/Gospel_of_Thomas" title="Gospel of Thomas">Gospel of Thomas</a> • <a href="/wiki/Infancy_Gospel_of_James" title="Infancy Gospel of James">Infancy Gospel of James</a> • <a href="/wiki/Infancy_Gospel_of_Thomas" title="Infancy Gospel of Thomas">Infancy Gospel of Thomas</a> • <a href="/wiki/1_Maccabees" title="1 Maccabees">1 Maccabees</a> • </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="3" style="background:#484329; width:25%; text-align:right;"><b><a href="/wiki/Category:Biblical_figures" title="Category:Biblical figures"><span style="color:White; font-size:125%">Biblical figures:</span></a></b> </td> <td style="background:#B8B379;"> <a href="/wiki/Abel" title="Abel">Abel</a> • <a href="/wiki/Cain" title="Cain">Cain</a> • <a href="/wiki/Ishmael" title="Ishmael">Ishmael</a> • <a href="/wiki/Jacob" title="Jacob">Jacob</a> • <a href="/wiki/Joseph_of_Arimathea" title="Joseph of Arimathea">Joseph of Arimathea</a> • <a href="/wiki/Joseph_(Old_Testament)" title="Joseph (Old Testament)">Joseph (Old Testament)</a> • <a href="/wiki/Mary_(mother_of_Jesus)" title="Mary (mother of Jesus)">Mary (mother of Jesus)</a> • <a href="/wiki/Noah" title="Noah">Noah</a> • <a href="/wiki/Paul_of_Tarsus" title="Paul of Tarsus">Paul of Tarsus</a> • <a href="/wiki/Mary_Magdalene" title="Mary Magdalene">Mary Magdalene</a> • <a href="/wiki/Lot" title="Lot">Lot</a> • <a href="/wiki/Goliath" title="Goliath">Goliath</a> • <a href="/wiki/Nephilim" title="Nephilim">Nephilim</a> • <a href="/wiki/Moses" title="Moses">Moses</a> • <a href="/wiki/YHWH" title="YHWH">YHWH</a> • <a href="/wiki/Amalekites" title="Amalekites">Amalekites</a> • <a href="/wiki/Baal" title="Baal">Baal</a> • <a href="/wiki/King_David" title="King David">King David</a> • <a href="/wiki/Joseph_(husband_of_Mary)" title="Joseph (husband of Mary)">Joseph (husband of Mary)</a> • <a href="/wiki/God" title="God">God</a> • <a href="/wiki/Jesus" title="Jesus">Jesus</a> • <a href="/wiki/Asherah" title="Asherah">Asherah</a> • <a href="/wiki/Nimrod" title="Nimrod">Nimrod</a> • <a href="/wiki/Habakkuk" title="Habakkuk">Habakkuk</a> • <a href="/wiki/Adam_and_Eve" title="Adam and Eve">Adam and Eve</a> • <a href="/wiki/Herod" title="Herod">Herod</a> • <a href="/wiki/Pontius_Pilate" title="Pontius Pilate">Pontius Pilate</a> • <a href="/wiki/Jezebel" title="Jezebel">Jezebel</a> • <a href="/wiki/Tamar" title="Tamar">Tamar</a> • <a href="/wiki/Judas_Iscariot" title="Judas Iscariot">Judas Iscariot</a> • <a href="/wiki/Satan" title="Satan">Satan</a> • </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="3" style="background:#484329; width:25%; text-align:right;"><b><a href="/wiki/Category:Bible_woo" title="Category:Bible woo"><span style="color:White; font-size:125%">Bible woo:</span></a></b> </td> <td style="background:#B8B379;"> <a href="/wiki/Jesus_diet" title="Jesus diet">Jesus diet</a> • <a href="/wiki/Name_it_and_claim_it" title="Name it and claim it">Name it and claim it</a> • <a href="/wiki/Snake_handling" title="Snake handling">Snake handling</a> • <a href="/wiki/Speaking_in_tongues" title="Speaking in tongues">Speaking in tongues</a> • <a href="/wiki/Spiritual_warfare" title="Spiritual warfare">Spiritual warfare</a> • <a href="/wiki/The_Bible_Code" title="The Bible Code">The Bible Code</a> • <a href="/wiki/Gematria" title="Gematria">Gematria</a> • <a href="/wiki/Stigmata" title="Stigmata">Stigmata</a> • <a href="/wiki/Biblical_longevity" title="Biblical longevity">Biblical longevity</a> • <a href="/wiki/Hanzi_of_Genesis" title="Hanzi of Genesis">Hanzi of Genesis</a> • <a href="/wiki/Dr._Bronner%27s_Soap" title="Dr. Bronner's Soap">Dr. Bronner's Soap</a> • <a href="/wiki/Presidential_Prayer_Team" title="Presidential Prayer Team">Presidential Prayer Team</a> • <a href="/wiki/Trinity_Broadcasting_Network" title="Trinity Broadcasting Network">Trinity Broadcasting Network</a> • <a href="/wiki/Zecharia_Sitchin" title="Zecharia Sitchin">Zecharia Sitchin</a> • <a href="/wiki/James_Ussher" title="James Ussher">James Ussher</a> • <a href="/wiki/Creation_Week" title="Creation Week">Creation Week</a> • <a href="/wiki/Zion_Oil_and_Gas" title="Zion Oil and Gas">Zion Oil and Gas</a> • <a href="/wiki/The_Drama_of_the_Lost_Disciples" title="The Drama of the Lost Disciples">The Drama of the Lost Disciples</a> • <a href="/wiki/Roman_Piso" title="Roman Piso">Roman Piso</a> • <a href="/wiki/Jose_Luis_de_Jes%C3%BAs" title="Jose Luis de Jesús">Jose Luis de Jesús</a> • <a href="/wiki/Prayer" title="Prayer">Prayer</a> • <a href="/wiki/Biblical_scientific_foreknowledge" title="Biblical scientific foreknowledge">Biblical scientific foreknowledge</a> • <a href="/wiki/Black_Hebrew_Israelites" title="Black Hebrew Israelites">Black Hebrew Israelites</a> • <a href="/wiki/Jonathan_Otto" title="Jonathan Otto">Jonathan Otto</a> • <a href="/wiki/Benny_Hinn" title="Benny Hinn">Benny Hinn</a> • <a href="/wiki/Presents_Of_God_Ministry" title="Presents Of God Ministry">Presents Of God Ministry</a> • <a href="/wiki/Solfeggio_frequencies" title="Solfeggio frequencies">Solfeggio frequencies</a> • <a href="/wiki/Ken_Ham" title="Ken Ham">Ken Ham</a> • <a href="/wiki/Harold_Camping" title="Harold Camping">Harold Camping</a> • <a href="/wiki/Institute_for_Creation_Research" title="Institute for Creation Research">Institute for Creation Research</a> • <a href="/wiki/Steve_Quayle" title="Steve Quayle">Steve Quayle</a> • <a href="/wiki/Kabbalah_Center" title="Kabbalah Center">Kabbalah Center</a> • <a href="/wiki/Acharya_S" title="Acharya S">Acharya S</a> • <a href="/wiki/Christian_Identity" title="Christian Identity">Christian Identity</a> • <a href="/wiki/Peter_J._Peters" title="Peter J. Peters">Peter J. Peters</a> • <a href="/wiki/Ezekiel%27s_wheel" title="Ezekiel's wheel">Ezekiel's wheel</a> • <a href="/wiki/Creation_Research" title="Creation Research">Creation Research</a> • <a href="/wiki/British_Israelism" title="British Israelism">British Israelism</a> • </td></tr> <tr> <td style="width:5%;">  </td> <td colspan="2" style="background:#484329; width:20%; text-align:right;"><b><a href="/wiki/Category:Biblical_scientific_foreknowledge" title="Category:Biblical scientific foreknowledge"><span style="color:White; font-size:125%">Scientific foreknowledge:</span></a></b> </td> <td style="background:#B8B379;"> <a href="/wiki/Gaps_between_Science_and_the_Bible" title="Gaps between Science and the Bible">Gaps between Science and the Bible</a> • <a href="/wiki/Biblical_scientific_foreknowledge" title="Biblical scientific foreknowledge">Biblical scientific foreknowledge</a> • <a href="/wiki/Scientific_Facts_in_the_Bible:_100_Reasons_to_Believe_the_Bible_is_Supernatural_in_Origin" title="Scientific Facts in the Bible: 100 Reasons to Believe the Bible is Supernatural in Origin">Scientific Facts in the Bible: 100 Reasons to Believe the Bible is Supernatural in Origin</a> • <a href="/wiki/Science_Confirms_the_Bible" title="Science Confirms the Bible">Science Confirms the Bible</a> • <a href="/wiki/Eternal_Productions:_101_Scientific_Facts_and_Foreknowledge" title="Eternal Productions: 101 Scientific Facts and Foreknowledge">Eternal Productions: 101 Scientific Facts and Foreknowledge</a> • <a href="/wiki/Modern_Science_in_the_Bible" title="Modern Science in the Bible">Modern Science in the Bible</a> • </td></tr> </tbody></table> </div> <div role="navigation" aria-labelledby="apologetics_and_counter-apologetics-navbox" style="clear:both;"> <table class="toccolours collapsible collapsed autocollapse innercollapse outercollapse navbox nowraplinks" style="width:100%;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="4" style="background:#484329; color:white; text-align:center;"><div style="float:left;" class="navbar"><div class="vte plainlinks" style="font-size:smaller; text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Template:Apolbox" title="Template:Apolbox"><span style="color:white">v</span></a> - <a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Apolbox" title="Template talk:Apolbox"><span style="color:white">t</span></a> - <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://rationalwiki.org/w/index.php?title=Template:Apolbox&action=edit"><span style="color:white">e</span></a></div></div><span style="color:white; font-size:120%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Apologetics_and_counter-apologetics" title="Category:Apologetics and counter-apologetics"><span style="color:white">Articles</span></a> about <a href="/wiki/Apologetics" title="Apologetics"><span id="apologetics_and_counter-apologetics-navbox" style="color:white">apologetics and counter-apologetics</span></a></span> </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="3" style="background:#484329; width:25%; text-align:right;"><b><a href="/wiki/Category:Apologetics_and_counter-apologetics" title="Category:Apologetics and counter-apologetics"><span style="color:white; font-size:125%">Apologetics and counter-apologetics:</span></a></b> </td> <td style="background:#B8B379;"> <a href="/wiki/Question_Evolution" title="Question Evolution">Question Evolution</a> • <a href="/wiki/Christianity_is_not_a_religion" title="Christianity is not a religion">Christianity is not a religion</a> • <a href="/wiki/Fun:Proof_the_Bible_is_True" title="Fun:Proof the Bible is True">Proof the Bible is True</a> • <a href="/wiki/Fun:Proof_God_is_Always_Right" title="Fun:Proof God is Always Right">Proof God is Always Right</a> • <a href="/wiki/Russell%27s_Teapot" title="Russell's Teapot">Russell's Teapot</a> • <a href="/wiki/New_Apologetics" title="New Apologetics">New Apologetics</a> • <a href="/wiki/Apologetics" title="Apologetics">Apologetics</a> • <a href="/wiki/Zeal_of_the_convert" title="Zeal of the convert">Zeal of the convert</a> • <a href="/wiki/Fun:Statements_that_are_wrong_on_the_level_of_a_Young_Earth" title="Fun:Statements that are wrong on the level of a Young Earth">Statements that are wrong on the level of a Young Earth</a> • <a href="/wiki/Evidence_for_God_from_Science" title="Evidence for God from Science">Evidence for God from Science</a> • <a href="/wiki/Free_will" title="Free will">Free will</a> • <a href="/wiki/Atheists_hate_god" title="Atheists hate god">Atheists hate god</a> • <a href="/wiki/Torah_Philosophy" title="Torah Philosophy">Torah Philosophy</a> • <a href="/wiki/Answering_Islam" title="Answering Islam">Answering Islam</a> • <a href="/wiki/ProphecyFilm.com" title="ProphecyFilm.com">ProphecyFilm.com</a> • <a href="/wiki/Atheist_professor_myth" title="Atheist professor myth">Atheist professor myth</a> • <a href="/wiki/Marian_apparition" title="Marian apparition">Marian apparition</a> • <a href="/wiki/Minimal_facts_argument" title="Minimal facts argument">Minimal facts argument</a> • <a href="/wiki/FAQ_for_the_Newly_Deconverted" title="FAQ for the Newly Deconverted">FAQ for the Newly Deconverted</a> • <a href="/wiki/Nahom" title="Nahom">Nahom</a> • <a href="/wiki/Kuzari_principle" title="Kuzari principle">Kuzari principle</a> • <a href="/wiki/Richard_Dawkins_-_God_Hater" title="Richard Dawkins - God Hater">Richard Dawkins - God Hater</a> • <a href="/wiki/God" title="God">God</a> • <a href="/wiki/Mara_bar_Serapion" title="Mara bar Serapion">Mara bar Serapion</a> • </td></tr> <tr> <td style="width:5%;">  </td> <td colspan="2" style="background:#484329; width:20%; text-align:right;"><b><a href="/wiki/Category:Existence_of_gods" title="Category:Existence of gods"><span style="color:white; font-size:125%">Existence of gods:</span></a></b> </td> <td style="background:#B8B379;"> <a href="/wiki/Religious_scientists" title="Religious scientists">Religious scientists</a> • <a href="/wiki/Omnipotence_paradox" title="Omnipotence paradox">Omnipotence paradox</a> • <a href="/wiki/Ontological_argument" title="Ontological argument">Ontological argument</a> • <a href="/wiki/Presuppositionalism" title="Presuppositionalism">Presuppositionalism</a> • <a href="/wiki/Problem_of_evil" title="Problem of evil">Problem of evil</a> • <a href="/wiki/Transcendental_argument_for_God" title="Transcendental argument for God">Transcendental argument for God</a> • <a href="/wiki/Fun:Oenological_argument" title="Fun:Oenological argument">Oenological argument</a> • <a href="/wiki/God_of_the_gaps" title="God of the gaps">God of the gaps</a> • <a href="/wiki/Evidence_for_God%27s_existence" title="Evidence for God's existence">Evidence for God's existence</a> • <a href="/wiki/Argument_from_morality" title="Argument from morality">Argument from morality</a> • <a href="/wiki/Fun:Argument_from_molarity" title="Fun:Argument from molarity">Argument from molarity</a> • <a href="/wiki/Argument_from_first_cause" title="Argument from first cause">Argument from first cause</a> • <a href="/wiki/Argument_from_fine_tuning" title="Argument from fine tuning">Argument from fine tuning</a> • <a href="/wiki/Argument_from_design" title="Argument from design">Argument from design</a> • <a href="/wiki/Argument_from_beauty" title="Argument from beauty">Argument from beauty</a> • <a href="/wiki/Lewis_Trilemma" title="Lewis Trilemma">Lewis Trilemma</a> • <a href="/wiki/Fun:Magic_sandwich" title="Fun:Magic sandwich">Magic sandwich</a> • <a href="/wiki/Evil_is_the_absence_of_God" title="Evil is the absence of God">Evil is the absence of God</a> • <a href="/wiki/Kissing_Hank%27s_Ass" title="Kissing Hank's Ass">Kissing Hank's Ass</a> • <a href="/wiki/The_Dragon_in_My_Garage" title="The Dragon in My Garage">The Dragon in My Garage</a> • <a href="/wiki/Intelligent_design" title="Intelligent design">Intelligent design</a> • <a href="/wiki/Argument_from_desire" title="Argument from desire">Argument from desire</a> • <a href="/wiki/Arguments_against_the_existence_of_God" title="Arguments against the existence of God">Arguments against the existence of God</a> • </td></tr> <tr> <td style="width:5%;">  </td> <td colspan="2" style="background:#484329; width:20%; text-align:right;"><b><a href="/wiki/Category:Belief_in_gods" title="Category:Belief in gods"><span style="color:white; font-size:125%">Belief in gods:</span></a></b> </td> <td style="background:#B8B379;"> <a href="/wiki/Pascal%27s_wager" title="Pascal's wager">Pascal's wager</a> • <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Inquisition" title="Spanish Inquisition">Spanish Inquisition</a> • <a href="/wiki/List_of_gods_that_theists_don%27t_believe_in" title="List of gods that theists don't believe in">List of gods that theists don't believe in</a> • </td></tr> <tr> <td style="width:5%;">  </td> <td colspan="2" style="background:#484329; width:20%; text-align:right;"><b><a href="/wiki/Category:Science_and_religion" title="Category:Science and religion"><span style="color:white; font-size:125%">Science and religion:</span></a></b> </td> <td style="background:#B8B379;"> <a href="/wiki/Fideism" title="Fideism">Fideism</a> • <a href="/wiki/God_of_the_gaps" title="God of the gaps">God of the gaps</a> • <a href="/wiki/Intelligent_falling" title="Intelligent falling">Intelligent falling</a> • <a href="/wiki/Non-Overlapping_Magisteria" title="Non-Overlapping Magisteria">Non-Overlapping Magisteria</a> • <a href="/wiki/Faith" title="Faith">Faith</a> • <a href="/wiki/Creation_science" title="Creation science">Creation science</a> • <a href="/wiki/Accommodationism" title="Accommodationism">Accommodationism</a> • <a href="/wiki/Burwell_v._Hobby_Lobby" title="Burwell v. Hobby Lobby">Burwell v. Hobby Lobby</a> • <a href="/wiki/Louis_Pasteur" title="Louis Pasteur">Louis Pasteur</a> • <a href="/wiki/Science_and_religion" title="Science and religion">Science and religion</a> • </td></tr> <tr> <td style="width:5%;">  </td> <td colspan="2" style="background:#484329; width:20%; text-align:right;"><b><a href="/wiki/Category:Morality_and_religion" title="Category:Morality and religion"><span style="color:white; font-size:125%">Morality and religion:</span></a></b> </td> <td style="background:#B8B379;"> <a href="/wiki/Just_world_fallacy" title="Just world fallacy">Just world fallacy</a> • <a href="/wiki/Divine_command_theory" title="Divine command theory">Divine command theory</a> • <a href="/wiki/Euthyphro_dilemma" title="Euthyphro dilemma">Euthyphro dilemma</a> • <a href="/wiki/Birth_as_a_Grave_Misfortune" title="Birth as a Grave Misfortune">Birth as a Grave Misfortune</a> • <a href="/wiki/Responding_to_Sam_Burke%27s_Argument_That_Christianity_Entails_Anti-Natalism" title="Responding to Sam Burke's Argument That Christianity Entails Anti-Natalism">Responding to Sam Burke's Argument That Christianity Entails Anti-Natalism</a> • </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="3" style="background:#484329; width:25%; text-align:right;"><b><a href="/wiki/Category:Scriptures" title="Category:Scriptures"><span style="color:white; font-size:125%">Scriptures:</span></a></b> </td> <td style="background:#B8B379;"> <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Mormon" title="Book of Mormon">Book of Mormon</a> • <a href="/wiki/Dianetics" title="Dianetics">Dianetics</a> • <a href="/wiki/Talmud" title="Talmud">Talmud</a> • <a href="/wiki/Q_gospel" title="Q gospel">Q gospel</a> • <a href="/wiki/Fun:Book_of_Mormon" title="Fun:Book of Mormon">Book of Mormon</a> • <a href="/wiki/Septuagint" title="Septuagint">Septuagint</a> • <a href="/wiki/Essene_Gospel_of_Peace" title="Essene Gospel of Peace">Essene Gospel of Peace</a> • <a href="/wiki/Aquarian_Gospel_of_Jesus_the_Christ" title="Aquarian Gospel of Jesus the Christ">Aquarian Gospel of Jesus the Christ</a> • <a href="/wiki/Torah" title="Torah">Torah</a> • <a href="/wiki/Qur%27an" title="Qur'an">Qur'an</a> • <a href="/wiki/New_Testament" title="New Testament">New Testament</a> • <a href="/wiki/Tao_Te_Ching" title="Tao Te Ching">Tao Te Ching</a> • <a href="/wiki/The_Urantia_Book" title="The Urantia Book">The Urantia Book</a> • <a href="/wiki/Old_Testament" title="Old Testament">Old Testament</a> • <a href="/wiki/Kutub_al-Sittah" title="Kutub al-Sittah">Kutub al-Sittah</a> • <a href="/wiki/Holy_book" title="Holy book">Holy book</a> • <a href="/wiki/Science_and_Health_with_Key_to_the_Scriptures" title="Science and Health with Key to the Scriptures">Science and Health with Key to the Scriptures</a> • <a href="/wiki/Fun:Avenue_Q_gospel" title="Fun:Avenue Q gospel">Avenue Q gospel</a> • <a href="/wiki/Oahspe" title="Oahspe">Oahspe</a> • <a href="/wiki/A_Course_in_Miracles" title="A Course in Miracles">A Course in Miracles</a> • <a href="/wiki/Doctrine_and_Covenants" title="Doctrine and Covenants">Doctrine and Covenants</a> • <a href="/wiki/Books_of_Enoch" title="Books of Enoch">Books of Enoch</a> • <a href="/wiki/Pearl_of_Great_Price" title="Pearl of Great Price">Pearl of Great Price</a> • <a href="/wiki/Hadith" title="Hadith">Hadith</a> • <a href="/wiki/Bible" title="Bible">Bible</a> • <a href="/wiki/List_of_Hindu_texts" title="List of Hindu texts">List of Hindu texts</a> • </td></tr> <tr> <td style="width:5%;">  </td> <td colspan="2" style="background:#484329; width:20%; text-align:right;"><b><a href="/wiki/Category:Bible_analysis" title="Category:Bible analysis"><span style="color:white; font-size:125%">Bible analysis:</span></a></b> </td> <td style="background:#B8B379;"> <a href="/wiki/Apocalyptic_literature" title="Apocalyptic literature">Apocalyptic literature</a> • <a href="/wiki/Bible_interpolation" title="Bible interpolation">Bible interpolation</a> • <a href="/wiki/Biblical_sexism" title="Biblical sexism">Biblical sexism</a> • <a href="/wiki/Bibliolatry" title="Bibliolatry">Bibliolatry</a> • <a href="/wiki/Documentary_hypothesis" title="Documentary hypothesis">Documentary hypothesis</a> • <a href="/wiki/Evidence_for_the_Exodus" title="Evidence for the Exodus">Evidence for the Exodus</a> • <a href="/wiki/Gospels" title="Gospels">Gospels</a> • <a href="/wiki/Horizontal_reading" title="Horizontal reading">Horizontal reading</a> • <a href="/wiki/King_James_Only" title="King James Only">King James Only</a> • <a href="/wiki/List_of_actions_prohibited_by_the_Bible" title="List of actions prohibited by the Bible">List of actions prohibited by the Bible</a> • <a href="/wiki/Pesher" title="Pesher">Pesher</a> • <a href="/wiki/Q_gospel" title="Q gospel">Q gospel</a> • <a href="/wiki/Septuagint" title="Septuagint">Septuagint</a> • <a href="/wiki/Skeptic%27s_Annotated_Bible" title="Skeptic's Annotated Bible">Skeptic's Annotated Bible</a> • <a href="/wiki/Ten_Commandments" title="Ten Commandments">Ten Commandments</a> • <a href="/wiki/Torah" title="Torah">Torah</a> • <a href="/wiki/Bible_translation" title="Bible translation">Bible translation</a> • <a href="/wiki/Word_of_God" title="Word of God">Word of God</a> • <a href="/wiki/Biblical_literalism" title="Biblical literalism">Biblical literalism</a> • <a href="/wiki/Biblical_contradictions" title="Biblical contradictions">Biblical contradictions</a> • <a href="/wiki/Fun:List_of_mistakes_made_by_God" title="Fun:List of mistakes made by God">List of mistakes made by God</a> • <a href="/wiki/Abomination" title="Abomination">Abomination</a> • <a href="/wiki/Firmament" title="Firmament">Firmament</a> • <a href="/wiki/G%27Tach" title="G'Tach">G'Tach</a> • <a href="/wiki/Arsenokoites" title="Arsenokoites">Arsenokoites</a> • <a href="/wiki/Genealogy_of_Jesus" title="Genealogy of Jesus">Genealogy of Jesus</a> • <a href="/wiki/Nag_Hammadi_library" title="Nag Hammadi library">Nag Hammadi library</a> • <a href="/wiki/Noah%27s_Ark" title="Noah's Ark">Noah's Ark</a> • <a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_the_Bible" title="Slavery in the Bible">Slavery in the Bible</a> • <a href="/wiki/Examples_of_God_personally_killing_people" title="Examples of God personally killing people">Examples of God personally killing people</a> • <a href="/wiki/Herod" title="Herod">Herod</a> • <a href="/wiki/The_Brick_Testament" title="The Brick Testament">The Brick Testament</a> • <a href="/wiki/Evidence_against_a_recent_creation" title="Evidence against a recent creation">Evidence against a recent creation</a> • <a href="/wiki/Biblical_scientific_errors" title="Biblical scientific errors">Biblical scientific errors</a> • <a href="/wiki/EvilBible.com" title="EvilBible.com">EvilBible.com</a> • </td></tr> <tr> <td style="width:5%;">  </td> <td colspan="2" style="background:#484329; width:20%; text-align:right;"><b><a href="/wiki/Category:Qur%27an_analysis" title="Category:Qur'an analysis"><span style="color:white; font-size:125%">Qur'an analysis:</span></a></b> </td> <td style="background:#B8B379;"> <a href="/wiki/List_of_actions_prohibited_by_the_Qur%27an" title="List of actions prohibited by the Qur'an">List of actions prohibited by the Qur'an</a> • <a href="/wiki/Qur%27anic_scientific_foreknowledge" title="Qur'anic scientific foreknowledge">Qur'anic scientific foreknowledge</a> • <a href="/wiki/Qur%27anic_scientific_errors" title="Qur'anic scientific errors">Qur'anic scientific errors</a> • <a href="/wiki/Qur%27anic_contradictions" title="Qur'anic contradictions">Qur'anic contradictions</a> • <a href="/wiki/Dhu_al-Qarnayn" title="Dhu al-Qarnayn">Dhu al-Qarnayn</a> • </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="3" style="background:#484329; width:25%; text-align:right;"><b><a href="/wiki/Category:Apologists_and_counter-apologists" title="Category:Apologists and counter-apologists"><span style="color:white; font-size:125%">Apologists and counter-apologists:</span></a></b> </td> <td style="background:#B8B379;"> <a href="/wiki/Matt_Dillahunty" title="Matt Dillahunty">Matt Dillahunty</a> • <a href="/wiki/TheraminTrees" title="TheraminTrees">TheraminTrees</a> • <a href="/wiki/Hemant_Mehta" title="Hemant Mehta">Hemant Mehta</a> • <a href="/wiki/Charles_Templeton" title="Charles Templeton">Charles Templeton</a> • <a href="/wiki/Edward_Current" title="Edward Current">Edward Current</a> • <a href="/wiki/Armoured_Skeptic" title="Armoured Skeptic">Armoured Skeptic</a> • <a href="/wiki/DarkMatter2525" title="DarkMatter2525">DarkMatter2525</a> • <a href="/wiki/Peter_Kreeft" title="Peter Kreeft">Peter Kreeft</a> • </td></tr> <tr> <td style="width:5%;">  </td> <td colspan="2" style="background:#484329; width:20%; text-align:right;"><b><a href="/wiki/Category:Christian_apologists" title="Category:Christian apologists"><span style="color:white; font-size:125%">Christian apologists:</span></a></b> </td> <td style="background:#B8B379;"> <a href="/wiki/C._S._Lewis" title="C. S. Lewis">C. S. Lewis</a> • <a href="/wiki/Jack_Chick" title="Jack Chick">Jack Chick</a> • <a href="/wiki/Anselm_of_Canterbury" title="Anselm of Canterbury">Anselm of Canterbury</a> • <a href="/wiki/Kirk_Cameron" title="Kirk Cameron">Kirk Cameron</a> • <a href="/wiki/Ray_Comfort" title="Ray Comfort">Ray Comfort</a> • <a href="/wiki/Jonathan_Sarfati" title="Jonathan Sarfati">Jonathan Sarfati</a> • <a href="/wiki/Henry_Morris" title="Henry Morris">Henry Morris</a> • <a href="/wiki/Duane_Gish" title="Duane Gish">Duane Gish</a> • <a href="/wiki/Andrew_Snelling" title="Andrew Snelling">Andrew Snelling</a> • <a href="/wiki/Ravi_Zacharias" title="Ravi Zacharias">Ravi Zacharias</a> • <a href="/wiki/Lee_Strobel" title="Lee Strobel">Lee Strobel</a> • <a href="/wiki/Patrick_Glynn" title="Patrick Glynn">Patrick Glynn</a> • <a href="/wiki/David_Ray_Griffin" title="David Ray Griffin">David Ray Griffin</a> • <a href="/wiki/R._J._Rushdoony" title="R. J. Rushdoony">R. J. Rushdoony</a> • <a href="/wiki/Gary_North" title="Gary North">Gary North</a> • <a href="/wiki/Chuck_Baldwin" title="Chuck Baldwin">Chuck Baldwin</a> • <a href="/wiki/Brian_Thomas" title="Brian Thomas">Brian Thomas</a> • <a href="/wiki/Apologetics_Press" title="Apologetics Press">Apologetics Press</a> • <a href="/wiki/Gary_Habermas" title="Gary Habermas">Gary Habermas</a> • <a href="/wiki/J._P._Holding" title="J. P. Holding">J. P. Holding</a> • <a href="/wiki/Herb_Titus" title="Herb Titus">Herb Titus</a> • <a href="/wiki/Jeffrey_Tomkins" title="Jeffrey Tomkins">Jeffrey Tomkins</a> • <a href="/wiki/Lawrence_Ford" title="Lawrence Ford">Lawrence Ford</a> • <a href="/wiki/Nathaniel_Jeanson" title="Nathaniel Jeanson">Nathaniel Jeanson</a> • <a href="/wiki/John_Morris" title="John Morris">John Morris</a> • <a href="/wiki/Tim_Todd" title="Tim Todd">Tim Todd</a> • <a href="/wiki/Sye_Ten_Bruggencate" title="Sye Ten Bruggencate">Sye Ten Bruggencate</a> • <a href="/wiki/Randal_Rauser" title="Randal Rauser">Randal Rauser</a> • <a href="/wiki/Timothy_LaHaye" title="Timothy LaHaye">Timothy LaHaye</a> • <a href="/wiki/Ben_Hobrink" title="Ben Hobrink">Ben Hobrink</a> • <a href="/wiki/Bible_Issues" title="Bible Issues">Bible Issues</a> • <a href="/wiki/WallBuilders" title="WallBuilders">WallBuilders</a> • <a href="/wiki/L._Brent_Bozell_III" title="L. Brent Bozell III">L. 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